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= The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) =
The Fault in Our Stars is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Josh Boone , based on the novel of the same name by John Green . The film stars Shailene Woodley , Ansel Elgort , and Nat Wolff , with Laura Dern , Sam Trammell , and Willem Dafoe playing supporting roles . Woodley plays Hazel Grace Lancaster , a sixteen @-@ year @-@ old cancer patient who is forced by her parents to attend a support group , where she subsequently meets and falls in love with Augustus Waters , another cancer patient , played by Elgort .
Development of The Fault in Our Stars began in January 2012 when Fox 2000 , a division of 20th Century Fox , optioned the rights to adapt the novel into a feature film . Principal photography began on August 26 , 2013 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with a few additional days in Amsterdam , Netherlands , before concluding on October 16 , 2013 . Pittsburgh doubled for all the scenes set in Indianapolis , Indiana , as well as for some interior scenes set in Amsterdam .
The Fault in Our Stars was released on June 6 , 2014 , in the United States to positive critical reception , with praise going to Woodley 's performance as well as the script . The film was also a blockbuster , becoming number one at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over US $ 307 million worldwide against its budget of $ 12 million . It was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD on September 16 , 2014 .
= = Plot = =
Hazel Grace Lancaster ( Shailene Woodley ) is an intelligent and witty teenager living in Indianapolis , who has terminal thyroid cancer that has since spread to her lungs . Believing she is depressed , Hazel 's mother Frannie ( Laura Dern ) urges her to attend a weekly cancer patient support group to help her make friends who are going through the same thing .
One week , Hazel meets Augustus Waters ( Ansel Elgort ) , a charming teenager who lost a leg from bone cancer years earlier but has since been cancer @-@ free . He invites Hazel to his house and she accepts , where they bond over their hobbies and agree to read each other 's favorite book . Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction , a novel about a cancer @-@ stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel 's experience , and Augustus gives Hazel Counter Insurgence . They keep in touch via text over the weeks that follow and grow closer . After Augustus finishes the book , he expresses frustration with its abrupt ending ( it ends in the middle of a sentence ) . Hazel explains that the novel 's mysterious author , Peter Van Houten ( Willem Dafoe ) , retreated to Amsterdam following the novel 's publication and has not been heard from since .
Weeks later , Augustus tells Hazel that he has traced Van Houten 's assistant , Lidewij ( Lotte Verbeek ) , and has corresponded with Van Houten by email . Hazel then writes to him to find out more about the novel 's ambiguous ending and Van Houten replies that he is only willing to answer her questions in person . Overwhelmed and excited , Hazel asks her mother if she can travel to Amsterdam to visit him , but Frannie rejects it because of financial and medical constraints . Augustus suggests that she use her " cancer wish " since children and young adults with life @-@ threatening illnesses receive one arranged experience of their choice , but Hazel explains that she already used hers to visit Disney World when she was younger . Augustus and Hazel go on a picnic date and soon begin to fall in love . Augustus also surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam after using his wish on her . However , days before the trip , Hazel suffers from pleural effusion and is sent to an intensive care unit ( ICU ) . Although initially concerned , her doctors eventually agree to allow the trip , since they expect that she will soon become incapable of doing anything at all .
Hazel and Augustus arrive in Amsterdam and are presented with reservations at an expensive restaurant , pre @-@ paid for by Van Houten . During the meal , Augustus confesses his love for Hazel . The following afternoon , they get the bus into the city and head to Van Houten 's house , but are soon shocked to find he is a mean @-@ spirited alcoholic ; Lidewij arranged the meeting and their dinner on his behalf without him knowing anything about it . Angered by his assistant 's actions , he taunts Hazel for seeking serious answers to a piece of fiction and belittles her medical condition . She leaves , utterly distraught . On their way back to the hotel , Lidewij invites them to go sightseeing to make up for their ruined experience . The three visit the Anne Frank House , where Hazel struggles to climb the house 's many stairs . At the end of the tour , Augustus and Hazel kiss to the applause of many fellow tourists . They spend that night together in their hotel and have sex for the first time . The next day while out in the city , Augustus tells Hazel that his cancer has relapsed , has spread throughout his body and is terminal . Hazel is heartbroken , expressing how unfair life can be .
After their return to Indianapolis , Augustus ' health worsens each week . Hazel receives a desperate call from him late at night after he tries to get a new pack of cigarettes at the gas station . He is taken to the ICU for a few days and realizes he is close to death . Augustus invites his blind best friend Isaac ( Nat Wolff ) and Hazel to his pre @-@ funeral , where they deliver eulogies they 've both prepared . Hazel tells him she would not trade their short time together for anything , since he " gave me a forever within the numbered days . "
Augustus dies eight days later . At his funeral , Hazel is astonished to find Van Houten in attendance . He tells her he maintained correspondence with Augustus after Amsterdam and that Augustus had demanded he attend his funeral to make up for the spoiled trip . He then tells Hazel that his novel is based on the experiences of his daughter Anna , who died from leukemia at a young age . Van Houten tries to tell Hazel about the fate of Anna 's mother ; he gives Hazel a piece of paper . Hazel , still upset with his behavior in Amsterdam , crumples up the paper and asks him to leave . Later , talking with Isaac , Hazel learns that Augustus had asked Van Houten to help him write a eulogy for her . She retrieves the crumpled paper and reads Augustus ' words , which state his acceptance of death and his love for Hazel . Hazel lies on her back on her lawn looking up at the stars , smiling as she remembers Augustus and says " Okay . "
= = = An Imperial Affliction = = =
The book An Imperial Affliction , which features within both the original novel and the film , is fictitious , as is its author Peter Van Houten ; both are used to enhance the themes and story .
= = = Differences between the novel and film = = =
According to Lindsey Weber of Vulture.com , the differences between the book and the film include Hazel mentioning the band the Hectic Glow many times in the book , but not in the film . Gus is also 17 in the book , and this is changed in the film to him being 18 . In the book , Gus has an ex @-@ girlfriend , Caroline , who died from cancer . This does not occur in the film . Hazel 's former best friend Kaitlyn does not appear in the film . In the book , Hazel and Gus meet when Hazel turns around to find Gus staring at her , while in the film , they meet on the way to their support groups . Gus dies more quickly in the film than in the book . In the book , Hazel searches for the letter , while in the film , Van Houten gives it to her . In the book , Hazel shows forgiveness towards van Houten after Gus 's funeral , while in the film she demands that he leave . In the book , Hazel is a vegetarian but this is not referenced in the film . A scene in the film , in which Gus comes in a limousine to pick up Hazel and her mother when they are leaving for Amsterdam , does not appear in the book . However , in the book , Gus is late when Hazel and her mother arrive at his house in a taxi because he appears to be fighting with his parents over his cancer relapse and his trip .
= = Cast = =
Shailene Woodley as Hazel Grace Lancaster
Lily Kenna as young Hazel
Ansel Elgort as Augustus " Gus " Waters
Nat Wolff as Isaac , Augustus ' best friend
Laura Dern as Frannie Lancaster , Hazel 's mother
Sam Trammell as Michael Lancaster , Hazel 's father
Willem Dafoe as Peter van Houten
Lotte Verbeek as Lidewij Vliegenthart , van Houten 's assistant
Mike Birbiglia as Patrick , the Support Group leader
Ana Dela Cruz as Dr. Maria
Milica Govich as Mrs. Waters , Augustus 's mother
David Whalen as Mr. Waters , Augustus 's father
Emily Peachey as Monica
Emily Bach as Monica 's Mom
Carole Weyers ( voice ) as Anne Frank
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
On January 31 , 2012 , it was announced that Fox 2000 , a division of 20th Century Fox , had optioned the rights to adapt the John Green novel The Fault in Our Stars into a feature film . Wyck Godfrey with Marty Bowen were due to produce the film with their production company , Temple Hill Entertainment . Stephen Chbosky , who directed The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( also filmed in Pittsburgh ) , was in talks for directing the film . Yet he turned it down due to it being so resemblant of his latest project Perks . On February 19 , 2013 , Josh Boone was hired as director ; Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber were hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay — their second adaptation for Fox , after Rosaline .
= = = Casting = = =
On March 19 , 2013 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Shailene Woodley ( who had recently been cast in and was filming Divergent ) would play Hazel Grace Lancaster . Director Josh Boone said , " We read close to 150 actresses for the role , and I saw about 50 of those . Within ten or fifteen seconds of Shailene 's audition , I knew she was Hazel . She held up her script pages and just her eyes were peeking over them . " On May 10 , 2013 , Ansel Elgort was cast as Hazel 's love interest , Augustus Waters . On July 23 , Laura Dern joined the cast as Hazel 's mother Frannie Lancaster , and Nat Wolff as Issac , Augustus ' best friend . Wolff told HuffPost Live , " It 's exciting , I feel really lucky . The fact that I get to work with these super talented people — I mean , that 's part of the reason why , I 'm good in the movie , that 's the reason . " On August 14 , Sam Trammell was cast as Hazel 's father Michael Lancaster , and on August 28 , author John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick . On September 6 , he tweeted that Willem Dafoe would play Peter van Houten .
Prior to these announcements , author John Green had tweeted that he would be happy if Mae Whitman played Hazel , and in February 2013 , there had been speculation that Shailene Woodley and Hailee Steinfeld were among those being considered for the lead role .
John Green filmed a cameo appearance ; his scene was cut from the film but is included in the deleted scenes section of the film 's DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases . In the cut scene , Green plays the father of a young girl who asks about Hazel 's cannula while at the airport . Green said , " They cut [ the scene ] because it was totally unnecessary to the movie @-@ slash @-@ I was terrible " .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began on August 26 , 2013 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Film locations included Oakmont , Pittsburgh Children 's Hospital , and the historic " Mansions on Fifth " hotel . The church scenes were filmed at St. Paul 's Episcopal Church in the Pittsburgh suburb Mt . Lebanon . Filming in Pennsylvania continued until October 10 , then the production moved to Amsterdam , where filming began on October 14 . Filming was officially completed on October 16 , 2013 .
In Amsterdam , three days of filming took place . Woodley and Elgort were filmed on a canal @-@ side public bench . On July 2 , 2014 , The Guardian reported that the bench had gone missing , and city officials said they did not know where it was . Amsterdam city spokesman , Stephan van der Hoek said , " It 's a bit embarrassing , because we do keep good track of them , but it 's gone all right " . He promised to install a new bench within weeks . Just a week later , Entertainment Weekly said the Amsterdam film office had tweeted a photograph taken during the installation of the stolen bench ; Amsterdam film commissioner Simon Brester said it was the same bench , not a replacement .
Filming in Pittsburgh included the interior scenes at the Anne Frank House , which was recreated on a soundstage at Pittsburgh Studios located in the quaint community of Churchill Borough , Pennsylvania in the East suburbs of Pittsburgh . Production designer Molly Hughes and art director Greg Weimerskirch built three different studio sets in Pittsburgh , one for each floor . Also , the Funky Bones art monument in Indianapolis was recreated in Pittsburgh with the help of the sculpture 's creator , Dutch artist Joep Van Lieshout .
Author John Green , though an Indianapolis native , was pleased with the selection of Pittsburgh for filming . He commented that " Pittsburgh has an amazing community of really talented film professionals that ’ s been built up over the last 20 years . I ’ ve been blown away by their professionalism , their confidence , their dedication . There aren ’ t a lot of cities like that . You kind of have to find the city that can be Indianapolis . And Pittsburgh , even though it has a lot of hills , it can be Indianapolis . We just have to find a couple of flat streets . "
= = = Music = = =
Mike Mogis and Nate Walcott of Bright Eyes scored the film . The full album track list was released on April 13 , 2014 , featuring songs from artists including M83 , Grouplove , Kodaline , Jake Bugg , Tom Odell , Birdy , Ed Sheeran and Charli XCX , who performed " Boom Clap " , one of the main songs from the movie , which became an international success , due in part to its exposure during the film . The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on May 19 in the U.S , and on June 23 in the UK .
= = Release = =
The Fault in Our Stars premiered to 300 guests at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City on June 2 , 2014 . At the premiere , Green said , " I didn 't want to sell it , because Hollywood sucks at making unsentimental movies about illness " . The film was released on June 6 , 2014 . After the New York premiere , Evangeline Earl , a student , announced that Green 's book , from which the film was adapted , had been inspired by her sister Esther Earl , who had also been an author . Esther suffered from thyroid cancer and died in 2010 . Evangeline said Esther had met Green at LeakyCon , a Harry Potter convention held in Boston in 2009 . Green said , " I could never have written The Fault in Our Stars without knowing Esther . Every word on that book depends on her . " Author John Green said he used the word " okay " in the book and the film because Hazel and Augustus used it to express their love for each other ; it becomes a special word between them . The original novel was inspired by the late author Esther Earl , who used the word " okay " with her sister Abigail .
= = = Marketing = = =
The first trailer was released on January 29 , 2014 . The trailer had over three million views in fewer than 24 hours , and more than 15 million views in its first seven days . A video clip was shown before the show at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards on April 13 , 2014 . An extended trailer was released on April 28 , 2014 , and Fox released more clips via YouTube as part of the film 's pre @-@ release promotion . On April 2 , 2014 , the studio announced the launch of a promotional tour program named " Demand Our Stars " , in which Green , Woodley , Elgort , and Wolff would visit the states that got most votes from fans re @-@ blogging their states ' map outlines . Four states won ; the tour program started in Miami , Florida , on May 6 , Cleveland , Ohio , on May 7 , Nashville , Tennessee , on May 8 , and ended in Dallas , Texas , on May 9 .
= = = Home media = = =
The Fault in Our Stars was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 16 , 2014 . The " Little Infinities " Blu @-@ ray edition features the theatrical 126 @-@ minute and extended 133 @-@ minute versions of the film , a number of deleted scenes including the John Green cameo , and featurettes .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The Fault in Our Stars received positive reviews from critics , with Woodley 's performance and Neustadter and Weber 's screenplay receiving praise . It received a " Certified Fresh " rating from review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , which reported an 80 % approval rating from critics with an average score of 6 @.@ 9 / 10 , based on 199 reviews . The site 's consensus says , " Wise , funny , and heartbreaking without resorting to exploitation , The Fault in Our Stars does right by its bestselling source material " . Metacritic gave the film a 69 out of 100 , based on reviews from 45 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . CinemaScore gave the film an " A " on an A + to F scale .
Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film a score of 3 out of 4 ; he said , " Woodley ... balances grace with gravity , wit with heart " . A. O. Scott writing for The New York Times said , " The film sets out to make you weep — not just sniffle or choke up a little , but sob until your nose runs and your face turns blotchy . It succeeds . " The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr gave the film a rating of 2 @.@ 5 out 4 and said , " If Elgort 's Gus is glibly charming and ultimately affecting , " The Fault in Our Stars " belongs to Woodley , a performer who always seems to be backing warily into her own movies . "
Quickflix 's Simon Miraudo rated the film 3 / 5 , and said , " The Fault in Our Stars undeniably sets us up to knock us down " . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film 4 stars . He said her performance as Hazel was " transcendent , pure and authentic " , stating that , " she 's that memorable " . Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine said the film is " exceptionally high @-@ quality mainstream entertainment " and called it " a genuine work of art " . Anna Smith of Empire said it was a , " touching romance and Shailene Woodley 's best performance yet " . Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy wrote " The Fault in Our Stars is a sharp and emotionally @-@ sophisticated weepie that imbues its teenage characters with rare intelligence , and tackles its bleak subject matter with acerbic wit and tenderness " . Andy Lea of the Daily Star said , " as teen romances go , this is powerful stuff " . Wilson Morales at BlackFilm.com praised Woodley and Elgort 's performances , saying they " are so captivating and genuine in their performances , they manage to make this intensely poignant film very moving , romantic and highly entertaining " .
Time magazine 's Richard Corliss wrote , " Hazel and Augustus will live in film lore because of the young actors who play them " . Chris Vongar of Dallas Morning News gave the film a B + as " the movie is witty and alive and only very occasionally maudlin " . USA Today 's Claudia Puig called the film " well @-@ written , well @-@ acted , acerbic , funny and wisely observed " , giving it 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly called the film a " funny , sweet , three @-@ hankie tearjerker " and gave the B grade . Geoff Pevere of The Globe and Mail said , " While it may not conform to one 's real @-@ life expectations it certainly hews tightly to teen @-@ flick conventions . " Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald called it a , " sweet , romantic film full of sudden warmth and humor " . A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a " B " saying that it is , " blessed with sparks of wit and buoyed by the talents of a charismatic cast " .
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film a negative review , likening it to " being mugged by a professional whose skills in mixed martial arts you can 't help but notice and appreciate , even as you are savagely beaten , then dragged upright , bruised and bleeding , and forced to watch as your assailant gives fully 45 % of your money to charity " . Christy Lemire writing for Roger Ebert 's website gave it two stars out of four and criticized the film for being " emotionally inert , despite its many moments that are meant to put a lump in our throats " . Lemire criticized Elgort 's performance and praised Woodley 's " abiding , disarming naturalism " . Robbie Collin writing for The Daily Telegraph said , " Gus is something of a manic pixie dreamboat : the lesser @-@ spotted male version of the kooky , adoring girlfriend @-@ type sometimes played by Kirsten Dunst , Natalie Portman , and Zooey Deschanel " . David Edelstein of NPR said , " I know people who cried at the trailer of the romantic teen cancer movie The Fault in Our Stars — at the movie they 'll need a life preserver to keep from drowning in a flood of tears . Me , I didn 't cry , though at times my tear ducts tingled ; I was on the verge . The film is a little slick for my taste , too engineered . But it 's gently directed by Josh Boone and beautifully acted . Whatever the faults , it 's not in the stars . " Shalini Langer of The Indian Express gave the film two and a half stars and said , " The film is faithful to a fault from the dialogues to the clothes , the setting and the food , even while skipping over some of the unpleasant details " . Dana Stevens writing for Slate Magazine said , " What in the name of God is wrong with me that I didn 't cry once — I , who just the day before wept through the entirety of my child 's thoroughly upbeat school play " .
Two Christian reviewers and some theologians have mentioned the presence of Christian themes in the film . Writing for Catholic News Agency , Robert Barron said , " I don ’ t think it is the least bit accidental that Waters ( Gus ’ s last name ) and Grace ( Hazel ’ s middle name ) met in the sacred heart of Christ and thereby , despite their shared suffering , managed to give life to one another ... [ and so ] Hazel effectively repudiates her nihilism and materialism as she responds across the barrier of death to Gus ’ s ' okay ' " . He also said , " [ Is ] this film a satisfying presentation of Christianity ? Hardly . But for those who are struggling to find their way to meaning and faith , it 's not an entirely bad place to start . "
The film 's studio , 20th Century Fox , mounted a campaign to have Shailene Woodley to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , as well as the film 's screenplay , but neither was ultimately awarded .
= = = Box office = = =
The Fault in Our Stars earned US $ 124 @,@ 872 @,@ 350 in North America and $ 181 @,@ 645 @,@ 551 in other countries for a worldwide total of $ 306 @,@ 517 @,@ 901 .
In North America , the film 's income received a boost from " The Night Before Our Stars " , a premium @-@ priced event for which tickets sold for up to $ 25 , which included a screening of the film and a simulcast question and answer session with cast and crew including Woodley , Elgort , Wolff , and Green . The film earned $ 8 @.@ 2 million from Thursday night showings and $ 26 @.@ 1 million on its opening day . During its opening weekend , the film accumulated $ 48 @,@ 002 @,@ 573 from 3 @,@ 173 theaters at an average of $ 15 @,@ 128 per theater , making it number one in North America .
In locations outside North America , The Fault in Our Stars earned $ 16 @.@ 59 million from 2 @,@ 892 screens in 17 markets in its opening weekend , placing at No. 4 behind Edge of Tomorrow ( $ 81 million ) , Maleficent ( $ 61 @.@ 7 million ) and X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past ( $ 41 @.@ 1 million ) . Brazil , Mexico and Australia generated the highest income with $ 5 @.@ 8 million , $ 3 @.@ 8 million and $ 3 @.@ 7 million respectively . The following week the film earned $ 16 @.@ 1 million from 40 markets remiaining at No. 4 again .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
= = Hindi remake = =
On August 6 , 2014 , India 's Fox Star Studios announced its intention to produce a remake of The Fault in Our Stars in Hindi . The studio 's CEO , Vijay Singh , said the English version of the film , which was released in India in July 2014 , had earned over $ 1 million there . On September 19 , it was announced that Homi Adajania , the director of Finding Fanny ( 2014 ) , and producer Dinesh Vijan would be working with Fox Star to develop the film , which will be co @-@ produced by Vijan 's company Maddock Films . On September 25 , Deepika Padukone and Varun Dhawan were confirmed to be playing the lead roles .
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= Boeing 777 =
The Boeing 777 is a family of long @-@ range wide @-@ body twin @-@ engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . It is the world 's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers , with a range of 5 @,@ 235 to 9 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 695 to 17 @,@ 594 km ) . Commonly referred to as the " Triple Seven " , its distinguishing features include the largest @-@ diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft , six wheels on each main landing gear , fully circular fuselage cross @-@ section , and a blade @-@ shaped tail cone . Developed in consultation with eight major airlines , the 777 was designed to replace older wide @-@ body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing 's 767 and 747 . As Boeing 's first fly @-@ by @-@ wire airliner , it has computer @-@ mediated controls . It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer @-@ aided design .
The 777 is produced in two fuselage lengths as of 2014 . The original 777 @-@ 200 variant entered commercial service in 1995 , followed by the extended @-@ range 777 @-@ 200ER in 1997 . The stretched 777 @-@ 300 , which is 33 @.@ 25 ft ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) longer , followed in 1998 . The longer @-@ range 777 @-@ 300ER and 777 @-@ 200LR variants entered service in 2004 and 2006 respectively , while the 777F , a freighter version , debuted in February 2009 ; these variants all feature General Electric GE90 engines and extended raked wingtips . The earlier 777 @-@ 200 , -200ER and -300 versions are equipped with GE90 , Pratt & Whitney PW4000 , or Rolls @-@ Royce Trent 800 engines . The 777 @-@ 200LR is the world 's longest @-@ range airliner , able to fly more than halfway around the globe , and holds the record for the longest distance flown non @-@ stop by a commercial aircraft .
The 777 first entered commercial service with United Airlines on June 7 , 1995 . It has received more orders than any other wide @-@ body airliner ; as of June 2016 , 60 customers had placed orders for 1 @,@ 893 aircraft of all variants , with 1 @,@ 412 delivered . The most common and successful variant is the 777 @-@ 300ER with 660 delivered and 800 orders ; Emirates operates the largest 777 fleet , with 144 passenger and freighter aircraft as of July 2015 . The 777 has been involved in five hull losses as of October 2015 ; the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident in July 2013 was its first fatal crash in 18 years of service .
The 777 ranks as one of Boeing 's best @-@ selling models . Airlines have acquired the type as a comparatively fuel @-@ efficient alternative to other wide @-@ body jets and have increasingly deployed the aircraft on long @-@ haul transoceanic routes . Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330 @-@ 300 , newly launched Airbus A350 XWB , and the out @-@ of @-@ production A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 11 . The 787 Dreamliner , which entered service in 2011 , shares design features with the 777 . In November 2013 , Boeing announced the development of upgraded 777 @-@ 8 and 777 @-@ 9 variants , collectively named 777X , featuring composite wings and GE9X engines and further technologies developed for the 787 . The 777X series is planned to enter service by 2020 .
= = Development = =
= = = Background = = =
In the early 1970s , the Boeing 747 , McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 , and the Lockheed L @-@ 1011 TriStar became the first generation of wide @-@ body passenger airliners to enter service . In 1978 , Boeing unveiled three new models : the twin @-@ engine Boeing 757 to replace its venerable 727 , the twin @-@ engine 767 to challenge the Airbus A300 , and a trijet 777 concept to compete with the DC @-@ 10 and L @-@ 1011 . The mid @-@ size 757 and 767 launched to market success , due in part to 1980s extended @-@ range twin @-@ engine operational performance standards ( ETOPS ) regulations governing transoceanic twinjet operations . These regulations allowed twin @-@ engine airliners to make ocean crossings at up to three hours ' distance from emergency diversionary airports . Under ETOPS rules , airlines began operating the 767 on long @-@ distance overseas routes that did not require the capacity of larger airliners . The trijet 777 was later dropped , following marketing studies that favored the 757 and 767 variants . Boeing was left with a size and range gap in its product line between the 767 @-@ 300ER and the 747 @-@ 400 .
By the late 1980s , DC @-@ 10 and L @-@ 1011 models were approaching retirement age , prompting manufacturers to develop replacement designs . McDonnell Douglas was working on the MD @-@ 11 , a stretched and upgraded successor of the DC @-@ 10 , while Airbus was developing their A330 and A340 . In 1986 , Boeing unveiled proposals for an enlarged 767 , tentatively named 767 @-@ X , to target the replacement market for first @-@ generation wide @-@ bodies like the DC @-@ 10 , and to complement existing 767 and 747 models in the company lineup . The initial proposal featured a longer fuselage and larger wings than the existing 767 , along with winglets . Later plans expanded the fuselage cross @-@ section but retained the existing 767 flight deck , nose , and other elements .
Airline customers were unimpressed with the 767 @-@ X proposals , and instead wanted an even wider fuselage cross @-@ section , fully flexible interior configurations , short- to intercontinental @-@ range capability , and an operating cost lower than any 767 stretch . Airline planners ' requirements for larger aircraft had become increasingly specific , adding to the heightened competition among aircraft manufacturers . By 1988 , Boeing realized that the only answer was a new design , which became the 777 twinjet . The company opted for the twin @-@ engine configuration given past design successes , projected engine developments , and reduced @-@ cost benefits . On December 8 , 1989 , Boeing began issuing offers to airlines for the 777 .
= = = Design effort = = =
The design phase for the new twinjet was different from Boeing 's previous commercial jetliners . For the first time , eight major airlines – All Nippon Airways , American Airlines , British Airways , Cathay Pacific , Delta Air Lines , Japan Airlines , Qantas , and United Airlines – had a role in the development . This was a departure from industry practice , where manufacturers typically designed aircraft with minimal customer input . The eight airlines that contributed to the design process became known within Boeing as the " Working Together " group . At the first group meeting in January 1990 , a 23 @-@ page questionnaire was distributed to the airlines , asking what each wanted in the design . By March 1990 , Boeing and the airlines had decided upon a basic design configuration : a cabin cross @-@ section close to the 747 's , capacity up to 325 passengers , flexible interiors , a glass cockpit , fly @-@ by @-@ wire controls , and 10 percent better seat @-@ mile costs than the A330 and MD @-@ 11 . Boeing selected its Everett factory in Washington , home of 747 production , as the 777 's final assembly site .
On October 14 , 1990 , United Airlines became the 777 's launch customer when it placed an order for 34 Pratt & Whitney @-@ powered aircraft valued at US $ 11 billion with options on an additional 34 . The development phase coincided with United 's replacement program for its aging DC @-@ 10s . United required that the new aircraft be capable of flying three different routes : Chicago to Hawaii , Chicago to Europe , and non @-@ stop from Denver , a hot and high airport , to Hawaii . ETOPS certification was also a priority for United , given the overwater portion of United 's Hawaii routes . In January 1993 , a team of United developers joined other airline teams and Boeing designers at the Everett factory . The 240 design teams , with up to 40 members each , addressed almost 1 @,@ 500 design issues with individual aircraft components . The fuselage diameter was increased to suit Cathay Pacific , the baseline model grew longer for All Nippon Airways , and British Airways ' input led to added built @-@ in testing and interior flexibility , along with higher operating weight options .
The 777 was the first commercial aircraft designed entirely by computer . Each design drawing was created on a three @-@ dimensional CAD software system known as CATIA , sourced from Dassault Systemes and IBM . This lets engineers assemble a virtual aircraft , in simulation , to check for interference and verify that the thousands of parts fit properly — thus reducing costly rework . Boeing developed their own high @-@ performance visualization system , FlyThru , later called IVT ( Integrated Visualization Tool ) to support large @-@ scale collaborative engineering design reviews , production illustrations , and other uses of the CAD data outside of engineering . Boeing was initially not convinced of CATIA 's abilities and built a physical mock @-@ up of the nose section to verify its results . The test was so successful that additional mock @-@ ups were canceled .
= = = Production and testing = = =
The production process included substantial international content , an unprecedented level of global subcontracting for a Boeing jetliner , later exceeded by the 787 . International contributors included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries ( fuselage panels ) , Fuji Heavy Industries , Ltd . ( center wing section ) , Hawker de Havilland ( elevators ) , and Aerospace Technologies of Australia ( rudder ) . An agreement between Boeing and the Japan Aircraft Development Corporation , representing Japanese aerospace contractors , made the latter risk @-@ sharing partners for 20 percent of the entire development program . The initial 777 @-@ 200 model was launched with propulsion options from three manufacturers , General Electric , Pratt & Whitney , and Rolls @-@ Royce , giving the airlines their choice of engines from competing firms . Each manufacturer agreed to develop an engine in the 77 @,@ 000 lbf ( 340 kN ) and higher thrust class ( a measure of jet engine output ) for the world 's largest twinjet .
To accommodate production of its new airliner , Boeing doubled the size of the Everett factory at the cost of nearly US $ 1 @.@ 5 billion to provide space for two new assembly lines . New production methodologies were developed , including a turn machine that could rotate fuselage subassemblies 180 degrees , giving workers access to upper body sections . Major assembly of the first aircraft began on January 4 , 1993 . By the start of production , the program had amassed 118 firm orders , with options for 95 more from 10 airlines . Total investment in the program was estimated at over US $ 4 billion from Boeing , with an additional US $ 2 billion from suppliers .
On April 9 , 1994 , the first 777 , line number WA001 , was rolled out in a series of 15 ceremonies held during the day to accommodate the 100 @,@ 000 invited guests . The first flight took place on June 12 , 1994 , under the command of chief test pilot John E. Cashman . This marked the start of an 11 @-@ month flight test program that was more extensive than testing for any previous Boeing model . Nine aircraft fitted with General Electric , Pratt & Whitney , and Rolls @-@ Royce engines were flight tested at locations ranging from the desert airfield at Edwards Air Force Base in California to frigid conditions in Alaska , mainly Fairbanks International Airport . To satisfy ETOPS requirements , eight 180 @-@ minute single @-@ engine test flights were performed . The first aircraft built was used by Boeing 's nondestructive testing campaign from 1994 to 1996 , and provided data for the -200ER and -300 programs . At the successful conclusion of flight testing , the 777 was awarded simultaneous airworthiness certification by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) and European Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) on April 19 , 1995 .
= = = Entry into service = = =
Boeing delivered the first 777 to United Airlines on May 15 , 1995 . The FAA awarded 180 @-@ minute ETOPS clearance ( " ETOPS @-@ 180 " ) for the Pratt & Whitney PW4084 @-@ engined aircraft on May 30 , 1995 , making it the first airliner to carry an ETOPS @-@ 180 rating at its entry into service . The first commercial flight took place on June 7 , 1995 , from London Heathrow Airport to Dulles International Airport near Washington , D.C. Longer ETOPS clearance of 207 minutes was approved in October 1996 .
On November 12 , 1995 , Boeing delivered the first model with General Electric GE90 @-@ 77B engines to British Airways , which entered service five days later . Initial service was affected by gearbox bearing wear issues , which caused British Airways to temporarily withdraw its 777 fleet from transatlantic service in 1997 , returning to full service later that year ; General Electric subsequently announced engine upgrades .
The first Rolls @-@ Royce Trent 877 @-@ powered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31 , 1996 , completing the introduction of the three powerplants initially developed for the airliner . Each engine @-@ aircraft combination had secured ETOPS @-@ 180 certification from the point of entry into service . By June 1997 , orders for the 777 numbered 323 from 25 airlines , including satisfied launch customers that had ordered additional aircraft . Operations performance data established the consistent capabilities of the twinjet over long @-@ haul transoceanic routes , leading to additional sales . By 1998 , the 777 fleet had approached 900 @,@ 000 flight hours . Boeing states that the 777 fleet has a dispatch reliability ( rate of departure from the gate with no more than 15 minutes delay due to technical issues ) above 99 percent .
= = = Initial derivatives = = =
After the original model , Boeing developed an increased gross weight variant of the 777 @-@ 200 with greater range and payload capability . Initially named 777 @-@ 200IGW , the 777 @-@ 200ER first flew on October 7 , 1996 , received FAA and JAA certification on January 17 , 1997 , and entered service with British Airways on February 9 , 1997 . Offering greater long @-@ haul performance , the variant became the most widely ordered version of the aircraft through the early 2000s . On April 2 , 1997 , a Malaysia Airlines -200ER named " Super Ranger " broke the great circle " distance without landing " record for an airliner by flying eastward from Boeing Field , Seattle to Kuala Lumpur , a distance of 10 @,@ 823 nautical miles ( 20 @,@ 044 km ) , in 21 hours and 23 minutes .
Following the introduction of the -200ER , Boeing turned its attention to a stretched version of the airliner . On October 16 , 1997 , the 777 @-@ 300 made its first flight . At 242 @.@ 4 ft ( 73 @.@ 9 m ) in length , the -300 became the longest airliner yet produced ( until the A340 @-@ 600 ) , and had a 20 percent greater overall capacity than the standard length model . The -300 was awarded type certification simultaneously from the FAA and JAA on May 4 , 1998 , and entered service with launch customer Cathay Pacific on May 27 , 1998 .
From the program 's start , Boeing had considered building ultra @-@ long @-@ range variants . Early plans centered on a 777 @-@ 100X proposal , a shortened variant of the -200 with reduced weight and increased range , similar to the 747SP . However , the -100X would have carried fewer passengers than the -200 while having similar operating costs , leading to a higher cost per seat . By the late 1990s , design plans shifted to longer @-@ range versions of existing models . A more powerful engine in the 100 @,@ 000 lbf ( 440 kN ) and higher thrust class was required , leading to talks between Boeing and engine manufacturers . General Electric offered to develop the GE90 @-@ 115B engine , while Rolls @-@ Royce proposed developing the Trent 8104 engine . In 1999 , Boeing announced an agreement with General Electric , beating out rival proposals . Under the deal with General Electric , Boeing agreed to only offer GE90 engines on new 777 versions .
= = = Longer @-@ range models = = =
On February 29 , 2000 , Boeing launched its next @-@ generation twinjet program , initially called 777 @-@ X , and began issuing offers to airlines . Development was slowed by an industry downturn during the early 2000s . The first model to emerge from the program , the 777 @-@ 300ER , was launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air France , along with additional commitments . On February 24 , 2003 , the -300ER made its first flight , and the FAA and EASA ( European Aviation Safety Agency , successor to the JAA ) certified the model on March 16 , 2004 . The first delivery to Air France took place on April 29 , 2004 . The -300ER , which combined the -300 's added capacity with the -200ER 's range , became the top @-@ selling 777 variant in the late 2000s , benefitting as airlines replaced comparable four @-@ engine models with twinjets for their lower operating costs .
The second long @-@ range model , the 777 @-@ 200LR , rolled out on February 15 , 2005 , and completed its first flight on March 8 , 2005 . The -200LR was certified by both the FAA and EASA on February 2 , 2006 , and the first delivery to Pakistan International Airlines occurred on February 26 , 2006 . On November 10 , 2005 , the first -200LR set a record for the longest non @-@ stop flight of a passenger airliner by flying 11 @,@ 664 nautical miles ( 21 @,@ 602 km ) eastward from Hong Kong to London . Lasting 22 hours and 42 minutes , the flight surpassed the -200LR 's standard design range and was logged in the Guinness World Records .
The production freighter model , the 777F , rolled out on May 23 , 2008 . The maiden flight of the 777F , which used the structural design and engine specifications of the -200LR along with fuel tanks derived from the -300ER , occurred on July 14 , 2008 . FAA and EASA type certification for the freighter was received on February 6 , 2009 , and the first delivery to launch customer Air France took place on February 19 , 2009 .
Initially second to the 747 as Boeing 's most profitable jetliner , the 777 became the company 's most lucrative model in the 2000s . Program sales accounted for an estimated US $ 400 million of Boeing 's pretax earnings in 2000 , US $ 50 million more than the 747 . By 2004 , the airliner comprised the bulk of wide @-@ body revenues for the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division . In 2007 , orders for second @-@ generation 777 models approached 350 aircraft , and in November of that year , Boeing announced that all production slots were sold out to 2012 . The program backlog of 356 orders was valued at US $ 95 billion at list prices in 2008 .
= = = Production updates and improvements = = =
In 2010 , Boeing announced plans to increase production from 5 aircraft per month to 7 aircraft per month by mid @-@ 2011 , and 8 @.@ 3 per month by early 2013 . Complete assembly of each 777 @-@ 300ER requires 49 days . In November 2011 , assembly began on the 1,000th 777 , a -300ER model for Emirates ; which was rolled out in March 2012 . In late 2011 , the FAA assigned a common type rating to the 787 and 777 , allowing pilots qualified on either aircraft to operate both models , due to related design features . The smaller 787 was the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project . Reportedly , the 777 could eventually be replaced by a new aircraft family , Yellowstone 3 , which would draw upon technologies from the 787 .
By the late 2000s , the 777 was facing increased potential competition from Airbus ' planned A350 XWB and internally from proposed 787 variants , both airliners that promise fuel efficiency improvements . As a consequence , the 777 @-@ 300ER received an engine and aerodynamics improvement package for reduced drag and weight . In 2010 , the variant further received a 5 @,@ 000 lb ( 2 @,@ 300 kg ) maximum zero @-@ fuel weight increase , equivalent to a higher payload of 20 – 25 passengers ; its GE90 @-@ 115B1 engines received a 1 – 2 @.@ 5 percent thrust enhancement for increased takeoff weights at higher @-@ altitude airports . More changes were targeted for late 2012 , including possible extension of the wingspan , along with other major changes , including a composite wing , new powerplant , and different fuselage lengths . Emirates was reportedly working closely with Boeing on the project , possibly being the launch customer for new 777 versions . China Airlines ordered ten 777 @-@ 300ER aircraft to replace 747 @-@ 400s on routes between Taipei and Los Angeles and New York City , telling Aviation Week and Space Technology that the 777 @-@ 300ER 's per seat cost is about 20 % lower than the 747 's costs ( varying due to fuel prices ) . Four of the 777 aircraft were already flying as of February 2015 .
Mindful of the long time required to bring the 777X to the market , Boeing continued to develop improvement packages which improve fuel efficiency , as well as lower prices for the existing product . As of February 2015 , the backlog of undelivered 777s totals 278 aircraft , representing just under three years of current production at 8 @.@ 3 aircraft per month , causing Boeing to ponder the 2018 @-@ 2020 time frame . In January 2015 , United Airlines ordered 10 Boeing 777 @-@ 300ERs , normally costing around $ 150 million each but paid around $ 130 million , a discount to bridge the production gap to the 777X . Boeing has worked with General Electric to offer a 2 % improvement in fuel efficiency to new aircraft beginning in 2016 . GE will improve the fan module and the high pressure compressor stage @-@ 1 blisk in the GE @-@ 90 @-@ 115 turbofan , as well as reduce clearances between the tips of the turbine blades and the shroud during cruise . These improvements , of which the latter is the most important and was derived from work to develop the 787 , will , GE says , lower fuel burn by 0 @.@ 5 % . Boeing 's wing modification will deliver the remainder . Boeing stated that every 1 % improvement in the 777 @-@ 300ER 's fuel burn translates into being able to fly the aircraft another 75 nautical miles on the same load of fuel , or add ten passengers or 2 @,@ 400 lb of cargo to a " load limited " flight .
In March 2015 , additional details of the improvement package were published in Aviation Week & Space Technology . The 777 @-@ 300ER is to shed 1 @,@ 800 lb . Boeing will replace the fuselage crown with tie rods and composite integration panels , similar to those used on the 787 . New flight control software is to eliminate the need for the tail skid by keeping the tail off the runway surface regardless of the extent to which pilots command the elevators . Boeing is also redesigning the inboard flap fairings to reduce drag by reducing pressure on the underside of the wing . The outboard raked wingtip is to have a divergent trailing edge , described as a " poor man 's airfoil " by Boeing ; this originally developed for the McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 12 project . Another change involves elevator trim bias . These changes are to increase fuel efficiency and allow airlines to add 14 additional seats to the airplane , increasing per seat fuel efficiency by 5 % .
= = = 777X program = = =
In September 2011 , Boeing released more details on proposed third @-@ generation 777 versions , collectively referred to as 777X and tentatively designated 777 @-@ 8 and 777 @-@ 9 . The 777 @-@ 9 was to feature a fuselage stretch of 7 @.@ 0 ft ( 2 @.@ 13 m ) to a total length of 250 ft 11 in ( 76 @.@ 5 m ) to accommodate 407 passengers , while the ultra long @-@ range 777 @-@ 8 , a replacement for the 777 @-@ 200LR , was slated to be 228 @.@ 17 ft ( 69 @.@ 5 m ) in length . Wingspan for both models was expected to increase from the current 212 ft 7 in ( 64 @.@ 8 m ) to 234 ft ( 71 @.@ 3 m ) , and incorporate the use of carbon @-@ fiber @-@ reinforced polymer in its construction . In February 2012 , General Electric disclosed studies on a new engine , dubbed the GE9X , to power the 777X . Rolls @-@ Royce and Pratt & Whitney also proposed powerplants for the 777X , including the RB3025 concept , based on the Trent 1000 and Trent XWB engines , and an adaptation of PW1000G engine architecture to produce up to 100 @,@ 000 lbf ( 440 kN ) of thrust . However , in March 2013 the General Electric GE9X was selected as the exclusive engine to power the 777X .
In May 2013 , Boeing 's board of directors gave formal permission for its Commercial Airplanes division to start offering the 777X to customers . The 777X program includes two models : the 777 @-@ 9 , which is stretched beyond the length of the 777 @-@ 300ER , and the 777 @-@ 8 , which is sized close to the 777 @-@ 300ER but with ultra @-@ long range capability . On September 19 , 2013 , Lufthansa 's supervisory board gave approval to order 34 Boeing 777 @-@ 9 aircraft to replace their 747 @-@ 400s , in advance of the program 's official launch . In October 2013 , Boeing announced that its U.S. facilities in Charleston , Huntsville , Long Beach , Philadelphia , and St. Louis as well as Russian facilities in Moscow would support the 777X design effort .
Boeing officially launched the 777X at the 2013 Dubai Airshow in November 2013 , announcing a total of 259 orders and commitments worth more than US $ 95 billion , constituting the largest product launch by dollar value in the history of commercial aviation . These included orders for 150 aircraft from Emirates , 25 aircraft from Etihad Airways , and 50 aircraft from Qatar Airways ; the former two orders encompass both 777 @-@ 8 and 777 @-@ 9 variants and the latter is entirely for the 777 @-@ 9 . By April 2014 , with cumulative sales surpassing those of the 747 , the 777 became the best @-@ selling wide @-@ body airliner ; at existing production rates , the aircraft was on track to become the most @-@ delivered wide @-@ body airliner by mid @-@ 2016 .
= = Design = =
Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design , including fully digital fly @-@ by @-@ wire controls , fully software @-@ configurable avionics , Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays , and the first use of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner . Boeing made use of work done on the cancelled Boeing 7J7 regional jet , which utilized similar versions of the chosen technologies . In 2003 , Boeing began offering the option of cockpit electronic flight bag computer displays . In 2013 , Boeing announced that the upgraded 777X models would incorporate airframe , systems , and interior technologies from the 787 .
= = = Fly @-@ by @-@ wire = = =
In designing the 777 as its first fly @-@ by @-@ wire commercial aircraft , Boeing decided to retain conventional control yokes rather than change to sidestick controllers as used in many fly @-@ by @-@ wire fighter aircraft and in many Airbus airliners . Along with traditional yoke and rudder controls , the cockpit features a simplified layout that retains similarities to previous Boeing models . The fly @-@ by @-@ wire system also incorporates flight envelope protection , a system that guides pilot inputs within a computer @-@ calculated framework of operating parameters , acting to prevent stalls , overspeeds , and excessively stressful maneuvers . This system can be overridden by the pilot if deemed necessary . The fly @-@ by @-@ wire system is supplemented by mechanical backup .
= = = Airframe and systems = = =
The wings on the 777 feature a supercritical airfoil design that is swept back at 31 @.@ 6 degrees and optimized for cruising at Mach 0 @.@ 83 ( revised upward after flight tests to Mach 0 @.@ 84 ) . The wings are designed with increased thickness and a longer span than previous airliners , resulting in greater payload and range , improved takeoff performance , and a higher cruising altitude . The wings also serve as fuel storage , with longer @-@ range models able to carry up to 47 @,@ 890 US gallons ( 181 @,@ 300 L ) of fuel . This capacity allows the 777 @-@ 200LR to operate ultra @-@ long @-@ distance , trans @-@ polar routes such as Toronto to Hong Kong . In 2013 , a new wing made of composite materials was introduced for the upgraded 777X , with a wider span and design features based on the 787 's wings .
Large folding wingtips , 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 40 m ) long , were offered when the 777 was first launched , to appeal to airlines who might use gates made to accommodate smaller aircraft , but no airline purchased this option . Folding wingtips reemerged as a design feature at the announcement of the upgraded 777X in 2013 . Smaller folding wingtips of 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 35 m ) in length will allow 777X models to use the same airport gates and taxiways as earlier 777s . These smaller folding wingtips are less complex than those proposed for earlier 777s , and internally only affect the wiring needed for wingtip lights .
The airframe incorporates the use of composite materials , which comprise nine percent of its original structural weight ( all models outside the 777 @-@ 8 and 777 @-@ 9 ) . Elements made from composite material include the cabin floor and rudder . The main fuselage cross @-@ section is circular and tapers rearward into a blade @-@ shaped tail cone with a port @-@ facing auxiliary power unit . The aircraft also features the largest landing gear and the biggest tires ever used in a commercial jetliner . The six @-@ wheel bogies are designed to spread the load of the aircraft over a wide area without requiring an additional centerline gear . This helps reduce weight and simplifies the aircraft 's braking and hydraulic systems . Each tire of a 777 @-@ 300ER six @-@ wheel main landing gear can carry a load of 59 @,@ 490 lb ( 26 @,@ 980 kg ) , which is heavier than other wide @-@ bodies such as the 747 @-@ 400 . The aircraft has triple redundant hydraulic systems with only one system required for landing . A ram air turbine – a small retractable propeller which can provide emergency power – is also fitted in the wing root fairing .
= = = Interior = = =
The original 777 interior , also known as the Boeing Signature Interior , features curved panels , larger overhead bins , and indirect lighting . Seating options range from six abreast in first class up to 10 across in economy . The 777 's windows were the largest of any current commercial airliner until the 787 , and measure 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) by 10 @-@ inch ( 250 mm ) in size ( all models outside the 777 @-@ 8 and -9 ) . The cabin also features " Flexibility Zones " , which entails deliberate placement of water , electrical , pneumatic , and other connection points throughout the interior space , allowing airlines to move seats , galleys , and lavatories quickly and more easily when adjusting cabin arrangements . Several aircraft have also been fitted with VIP interiors for non @-@ airline use . Boeing designed a hydraulically damped toilet seat cover hinge that closes slowly .
In 2003 , Boeing introduced overhead crew rests as an option on the 777 . Located above the main cabin and connected via staircases , the forward flight crew rest contains two seats and two bunks , while the aft cabin crew rest features multiple bunks . The Signature Interior has since been adapted for other Boeing wide @-@ body and narrow @-@ body aircraft , including 737NG , 747 @-@ 400 , 757 @-@ 300 , and newer 767 models , including all 767 @-@ 400ER models . The 747 @-@ 8 and 767 @-@ 400ER have also adopted the larger , more rounded windows of the original 777 .
In 2011 , Flight International reported that Boeing is considering replacing the Signature Interior on the 777 with a new interior similar to that on the 787 , as part of a move towards a " common cabin experience " across all Boeing platforms . With the launch of the 777X in 2013 , Boeing confirmed that the aircraft would be receiving a new interior featuring 787 cabin elements and larger windows . Further details released in 2014 included re @-@ sculpted cabin sidewalls for greater interior room , noise @-@ dampening technology , and higher cabin humidity .
= = Variants = =
Boeing uses two characteristics , fuselage length and range , to define their 777 models . Fuselage length affects the number of passengers and amount of cargo that can be carried ; the 777 @-@ 200 and derivatives are the base size , and the aircraft was stretched into the 777 @-@ 300 in 1998 . In terms of range , the aircraft has been categorized into three segments based on design criteria . The A @-@ market would cover domestic and regional operations , the B @-@ market would cover routes from Europe to the US West coast and the C @-@ market the longest transpacific routes .
These were initially defined as the following :
A @-@ market : up to 4 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 800 km )
B @-@ market : 6 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 200 km )
C @-@ market : 7 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 400 km )
When referring to different variants , Boeing and airlines often collapse the model number ( 777 ) and the variant designator ( -200 or -300 ) into a truncated form ( e.g. , " 772 " or " 773 " ) . The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) aircraft type designator system adds a preceding manufacturer letter ( e.g. , " B772 " or " B773 " ) . Subsequent to the capacity number , designations may or may not append the range identifier ( e.g. , 777 @-@ 300ER as " 773ER " , " 773B " , " 77W " , or " B77W " ) . These notations may be found in aircraft manuals or airline timetables .
= = = 777 @-@ 200 = = =
The 777 @-@ 200 was the initial A @-@ market model . The first -200 was delivered to United Airlines on May 15 , 1995 . With a maximum range of 5 @,@ 240 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 700 km ) , the -200 was chiefly aimed at U.S. domestic airline operators . Nine different -200 customers have taken delivery of 88 aircraft , with 79 in airline service as of July 2015 . A British Airways 777 @-@ 200 became the fastest subsonic New York to London flight at 5 hours and 16 minutes in January 2015 due to strong winds . The competing aircraft from Airbus is the A330 @-@ 300 .
= = = 777 @-@ 200ER = = =
The 777 @-@ 200ER ( " ER " for Extended Range ) , the B @-@ market version of the -200 , was originally known as the 777 @-@ 200IGW ( increased gross weight ) . The -200ER has additional fuel capacity and an increased maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) over the -200 . Aimed at international airlines operating transatlantic routes , the -200ER 's maximum range is 7 @,@ 730 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 320 km ) . In addition to breaking the eastbound great circle " distance without landing " record , the -200ER also holds the record for the longest ETOPS @-@ related emergency flight diversion ( 177 minutes under one engine ) , on a United Airlines flight carrying 255 passengers on March 17 , 2003 , over the Pacific Ocean .
The first -200ER was delivered to British Airways on February 6 , 1997 . Singapore Airlines , one of the type 's largest customers , ordered over half of its -200ERs with reduced engine thrust specifications ( de @-@ rated ) for use on medium @-@ length routes . The de @-@ rated engines lower MTOW , which reduces the aircraft 's purchase price and landing fees , and can be re @-@ rated to full -200ER standard for long @-@ haul operations . As of June 2016 , -200ER deliveries to 33 different customers totaled 422 with no unfilled orders . As of July 2015 , 390 examples of the -200ER were in airline service . The competing aircraft from Airbus are the A340 @-@ 300 and the A350 @-@ 900 .
= = = 777 @-@ 200LR = = =
The 777 @-@ 200LR ( " LR " for Longer Range ) , the C @-@ market model , became the world 's longest @-@ range commercial airliner upon entering service in 2006 . Boeing named it Worldliner as it could connect almost any two airports in the world , although it remains subject to ETOPS restrictions . It holds the world record for the longest nonstop flight by a commercial airliner , having a maximum range of 9 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 600 km ) . The -200LR was intended for ultra @-@ long @-@ haul routes such as Los Angeles to Singapore .
Developed alongside the -300ER , the -200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold . Other new features include raked wingtips , redesigned main landing gear , and additional structural strengthening . As with the -300ER and 777F , the -200LR is equipped with wingtip extensions of 12 @.@ 8 ft ( 3 @.@ 90 m ) . The -200LR is powered by GE90 @-@ 110B1 or GE90 @-@ 115B turbofans . The first -200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines on February 26 , 2006 . As of June 2016 , eleven different -200LR customers have taken delivery of 59 aircraft , with no unfilled orders . Airlines operated 55 of the -200LR variant as of July 2015 . The closest competing aircraft from Airbus was the A340 @-@ 500HGW .
= = = 777 @-@ 300 = = =
The stretched 777 @-@ 300 was designed as an A @-@ market replacement for 747 @-@ 100s and 747 @-@ 200s . Compared to the older 747s , the stretched 777 has comparable passenger capacity and range , but burns one @-@ third less fuel and has 40 percent lower maintenance costs . The -300 features a 33 @.@ 3 ft ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) fuselage stretch over the baseline -200 . This allows seating for up to 550 passengers in a single class high @-@ density configuration , an arrangement adopted for heavily trafficked Japanese routes . Because of the aircraft 's length , the -300 is equipped with a tailskid and ground maneuvering cameras to aid pilots during taxi . The maximum range is 6 @,@ 015 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 140 km ) , allowing the -300 to operate trunk routes previously flown by older 747s .
After being certified simultaneously by the FAA and JAA , the first -300 was delivered to Cathay Pacific on May 21 , 1998 . Eight -300 customers have taken delivery of 60 aircraft , 58 of which were in service as of July 2015 . However , following the introduction of the longer @-@ range -300ER in 2004 , operators have selected that variant instead . The -300 has no direct Airbus rival , but the A340 @-@ 600 was offered in competition .
= = = 777 @-@ 300ER = = =
The 777 @-@ 300ER ( " ER " for Extended Range ) is the C @-@ market version of the -300 , its higher MTOW and increased fuel capacity permits a maximum range of 7 @,@ 370 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 650 km ) with 396 passengers in a two @-@ class seating arrangement . The 777 @-@ 300ER features raked and extended wingtips , a strengthened fuselage and wings and a modified main landing gear . Its wings have an aspect ratio of 9 @.@ 0 . It is powered by the GE90 @-@ 115B turbofan , the most powerful jet engine with a maximum thrust of 115 @,@ 300 lbf ( 513 kN ) . Following flight testing , aerodynamic refinements have reduced fuel burn by an additional 1 @.@ 4 % .
Since its launch , the model has been a primary driver of the twinjet 's sales past the rival A330 / 340 series , its direct competitors have included the Airbus A340 @-@ 600 and the A350 @-@ 1000 . Using two engines produces a typical operating cost advantage of around 8 – 9 % for the -300ER over the A340 @-@ 600 . Several airlines have acquired the -300ER as a 747 @-@ 400 replacement amid rising fuel prices given its 20 % fuel burn advantage .
The first -300ER was delivered to Air France on April 29 , 2004 . The -300ER is the best @-@ selling 777 variant , having surpassed the -200ER in orders in 2010 and deliveries in 2013 . As of June 2016 , -300ER deliveries to 41 different customers totalled 660 , with 140 unfilled orders . In February 2016 , 619 -300ERs are in service within 35 operators .
= = = 777 Freighter = = =
The 777 Freighter ( 777F ) is an all @-@ cargo version of the twinjet , and shares features with the -200LR ; these include its airframe , engines , and fuel capacity . With a maximum payload of 226 @,@ 000 lb ( 103 @,@ 000 kg ) , cargo capacity is similar to the 243 @,@ 000 lb ( 110 @,@ 000 kg ) of the 747 @-@ 200F . The freighter has a range of 4 @,@ 900 nmi ( 9 @,@ 070 km ) at maximum payload , although greater range is possible if less cargo weight is carried .
As the aircraft promises improved operating economics compared to older freighters , airlines have viewed the 777F as a replacement for freighters such as the 747 @-@ 200F , MD @-@ 10 , and MD @-@ 11F . The first 777F was delivered to Air France on February 19 , 2009 . As of June 2016 , 123 freighters had been delivered to 16 different customers , with 35 unfilled orders . Operators had 108 of the 777F in service as of July 2015 .
In the 2000s , Boeing began studying the conversion of 777 @-@ 200ER and -200 passenger airliners into freighters , under the name 777 BCF ( Boeing Converted Freighter ) . The company has been in discussion with several airline customers , including FedEx Express , UPS Airlines , and GE Capital Aviation Services , to provide launch orders for a 777 BCF program .
= = = 777 @-@ 8 and -9 = = =
The 777 @-@ 8 and the larger 777 @-@ 9 , are the two variants which comprise the Boeing 777X program , launched in 2013 . Both models incorporate a new carbon @-@ fiber @-@ reinforced polymer wing with folding wingtips , a wider , more comfortable redesigned cabin , and other upgraded systems . Service entry of the first 777X variant , the 777 @-@ 9 , is scheduled for 2020 .
= = = Government and corporate = = =
Versions of the 777 have been acquired by government and private customers . The main purpose has been for VIP transport , including as an air transport for heads of state , although the aircraft has also been proposed for other military applications .
777 Business Jet ( 777 VIP ) – the Boeing Business Jet version of the 777 that is sold to corporate customers . Boeing has received orders for 777 VIP aircraft based on the 777 @-@ 200LR and 777 @-@ 300ER passenger models . The aircraft are fitted with private jet cabins by third party contractors , and completion may take 3 years .
777 Tanker ( KC @-@ 777 ) – the KC @-@ 777 is a proposed tanker version of the 777 . In September 2006 , Boeing announced that it would produce the KC @-@ 777 if the United States Air Force ( USAF ) required a larger tanker than the KC @-@ 767 , able to transport more cargo or personnel . In April 2007 , Boeing offered its 767 @-@ based KC @-@ 767 Advanced Tanker instead of the KC @-@ 777 to replace the smaller Boeing KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker under the USAF 's KC @-@ X program . Boeing officials have described the KC @-@ 777 as suitable for the related KC @-@ Z program to replace the wide @-@ body McDonnell Douglas KC @-@ 10 Extender .
In 2014 , the Japanese government chose to procure two 777 @-@ 300ERs to serve as the official air transport for the Emperor of Japan and Prime Minister of Japan . The aircraft , to be operated by the Japan Air Self @-@ Defense Force under the callsign Japanese Air Force One , are scheduled to enter service in 2019 and replace two 747 @-@ 400s . Besides VIP transport , the 777s are also intended for use in emergency relief missions .
777s have served as official government transports for nations including Gabon ( VIP @-@ configured 777 @-@ 200ER ) , Turkmenistan ( VIP @-@ configured 777 @-@ 200LR ) , and the United Arab Emirates ( VIP @-@ configured 777 @-@ 200ER and 777 @-@ 300ER operated by Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight ) . Prior to returning to power as Prime Minister of Lebanon , Rafic Hariri acquired a 777 @-@ 200ER as an official transport .
In 2014 , the USAF examined the possibility of adopting modified 777 @-@ 300ERs or 777 @-@ 9Xs to replace the Boeing 747 @-@ 200 aircraft used as Air Force One . Although the USAF had preferred a four engine aircraft , this was mainly due to precedent ( the existing aircraft were purchased when the 767 was just beginning to prove itself with ETOPS ; decades later , the 777 and other twin jets established a comparable level of performance as quad @-@ jet aircraft ) . Ultimately , the air force decided against the 777 , and selected instead the Boeing 747 @-@ 8 to be the next presidential aircraft .
= = Operators = =
Boeing customers that have received the most 777s are ILFC , Emirates , Singapore Airlines , United Airlines , and Air France . Emirates is the largest airline operator as of July 2015 , and is the only customer to have operated all 777 variants produced , including the -200 , -200ER , -200LR , -300 , -300ER , and 777F . The 1,000th 777 off the production line , a -300ER set to be Emirates ' 102nd 777 , was unveiled at a factory ceremony in March 2012 .
A total of 1 @,@ 265 aircraft ( all variants ) were in airline service as of July 2015 , with Emirates ( 144 ) , United Airlines ( 74 ) , Cathay Pacific ( 68 ) , Air France ( 66 ) , American Airlines ( 64 ) , British Airways ( 58 ) , All Nippon Airways ( 57 ) , Singapore Airlines ( 55 ) , and other operators with fewer aircraft of the type .
= = = Orders and deliveries = = =
Orders and deliveries through June 30 , 2016
Orders and deliveries through June 30 , 2016
Boeing 777 orders and deliveries ( cumulative , by year ) :
Orders
Deliveries
Orders and deliveries through June 30 , 2016
= = Incidents and accidents = =
As of October 2015 , the 777 has been in 14 aviation accidents and incidents , including four hull @-@ loss accidents , one hull @-@ loss due to criminal act , and three hijackings , for a total of 540 fatalities . Before 2013 , the only fatality involving the twinjet occurred in a refueling fire at Denver International Airport on September 5 , 2001 , during which a ground worker had sustained fatal burns . The aircraft , operated by British Airways , suffered fire damage to the lower wing panels and engine housing ; it was later repaired and returned to service .
The type 's first hull @-@ loss occurred on January 17 , 2008 , when British Airways Flight 38 , a 777 @-@ 200ER with Rolls @-@ Royce Trent 895 engines flying from Beijing to London , crash @-@ landed approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) short of Heathrow Airport 's runway 27L and slid onto the runway 's threshold . There were 47 injuries and no fatalities . The impact damaged the landing gear , wing roots and engines . The aircraft was written off . Upon investigation , the accident was blamed on ice crystals from the fuel system clogging the fuel @-@ oil heat exchanger ( FOHE ) . Two other minor momentary losses of thrust with Trent 895 engines occurred in 2008 . Investigators found these were also caused by ice in the fuel clogging the fuel @-@ oil heat exchanger . As a result , the heat exchanger was redesigned .
The type 's second hull @-@ loss occurred on July 29 , 2011 , when EgyptAir Flight 667 a 777 @-@ 200ER registered as SU @-@ GBP suffered a cockpit fire while parked at the gate at Cairo International Airport . The plane was successfully evacuated with no injuries , and airport fire teams extinguished the fire . The aircraft sustained structural , heat and smoke damage . This aircraft was written off . Investigators focused on a possible electrical fault with a supply hose in the cockpit crew oxygen system .
On July 6 , 2013 , Asiana Airlines Flight 214 , 777 @-@ 200ER registered HL7742 , crashed while landing at San Francisco International Airport after touching down short of the runway . Surviving passengers and crew evacuated before fire destroyed the aircraft . The crash led to the death of three of the 307 people on board . These were the first fatalities in a crash involving a 777 since entering service in 1995 . The NTSB accident investigation concluded in June 2014 that the pilots committed 20 to 30 minor to significant errors in their final approach , and that complexities of the automated controls contributed to the accident .
On March 8 , 2014 , Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 , 777 @-@ 200ER registered 9M @-@ MRO , carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew , en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing was reported missing . Air Traffic Control 's last reported coordinates for the aircraft were over the South China Sea at 6 ° 55 ′ 15 ″ N 103 ° 34 ′ 43 ″ E. After the search for the aircraft began , Malaysia 's prime minister announced on March 24 , 2014 that after analysis of new satellite data it is now to be assumed " beyond reasonable doubt " that the plane was lost and there were no survivors . As of July 2015 , the cause remains unknown , but the Malaysian Government declared it was an accident in January 2015 . On July 29 , 2015 an aircraft piece was found on the French island of Réunion . The piece was sent to France where it was later identified as the flaperon of a Boeing 777 . On August 5 , 2015 Malaysian authorities confirmed that the piece was in fact from Flight 370 .
On July 17 , 2014 , Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , a 777 @-@ 200ER registered 9M @-@ MRD , bound for Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam broke up in mid @-@ air and crashed in the Donetsk province in eastern Ukraine , after being hit by an anti @-@ aircraft missile . All 298 people ( 283 passengers and 15 crew ) on board were killed . The incident was linked to the ongoing Donbass insurgency in the region . The official accident report , released in October 2015 , states that airliner was shot down by a Buk missile from pro @-@ Russian held territory .
On September 8 , 2015 , British Airways Flight 2276 , a 777 @-@ 200ER registered G @-@ VIIO , caught fire during take @-@ off at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport after a General Electric GE90 @-@ 85B engine suffered a serious uncontained engine failure . Take @-@ off was aborted and all crew and passengers were evacuated with only minor injuries occurring . Investigators discovered that the engine case had ' multiple breaches ' .
On May 27 , 2016 , on Korean Air Flight 2708 , a 777 @-@ 300 , registered HL7534 , an engine caught fire before take off at Tokyo International Airport , commonly known as Haneda Airport . Shortly before take @-@ off , the number 1 engine , a Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engine , started to smoke and caught fire . All 17 crew members and 302 passengers evacuated safely . Fire fighters put out the fire within an hour . The incident is under investigation .
On June 27 , 2016 , Singapore Airlines Flight 368 , a Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER , suffered an oil leak in the right engine while en route from Singapore to Milan . It was diverted back to Singapore Changi Airport for an emergency landing . The right engine and wing caught fire during landing roll and sustained serious fire damage . There were no injuries .
= = Specifications = =
Sources : Boeing 777 specification pages , Boeing 777 Airport planning reports , initial 777X data and other sources .
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= American Creation =
American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic is a 2007 non @-@ fiction book written by American historian Joseph Ellis and published by Alfred A. Knopf , examining the successes and failures of the Founding Fathers . Structured episodically , the book examines six turning points in the early history of the United States : the writing of the Declaration of Independence , George Washington 's winter at Valley Forge , James Madison 's debate with Patrick Henry over Constitutional ratification , Washington 's treaty with Creek leader Alexander McGillivray , Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's founding of the Democratic @-@ Republican Party , and the Louisiana Purchase .
Ellis , who had previously won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for History , wanted to write a book portraying the Founders neither as demigods nor villains , but as flawed men who were improvising in response to immediate crises . The book reached # 4 on The New York Times Best Seller list , and received largely positive reviews from critics .
= = Background = =
Joseph Ellis is an American professor of history who held an endowed Ford Foundation Chair at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts . His previous works on the Founding Fathers had received several awards , including a 1997 National Book Award for American Sphinx : The Character of Thomas Jefferson and the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for History for his Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation . American Creation was his sixth book .
Ellis states in American Creation 's foreword that the book was prompted by repeated questions he received on his 2000 book tour for Founding Brothers negatively comparing presidential candidates George W. Bush and Al Gore to the Founders . His difficulty in properly assessing the Founders made him want to write a book that both acknowledged their achievements and punctured the myth that they were " demigods " . He stated in an interview that he wanted to show that " these folks didn 't completely understand what they were doing ... They were improvising on the edge of catastrophe . " Ellis did the research for the book personally , rather than working with research assistants . He wrote the manuscript by hand with a rollerball pen .
= = Content = =
American Creation consists of a prologue , six chapters , and an afterword . In the prologue , Ellis discusses what he calls the " stunning achievement " of the Founders in creating a nation that became " the accepted global formula for national success " . He criticizes the " wildly extravagant claims and equally hyperbolic counterclaims " that deify or vilify the Founders , particularly those of academic historians who treat the Founders as " racists , classists , and sexists " . In contrast , Ellis states his intention to present a balanced portrayal of Founders — acknowledging their successes , such as the creation of a nation @-@ sized , secular republic governed by political parties , as well as their failures to deal with slavery and to reach a just settlement with Native Americans .
The book 's first chapter , " The Year " , examines the Declaration of Independence as well as the American Revolutionary War . Ellis discusses how , " latently and surreptitiously " , the Declaration held more long @-@ term revolutionary implications than the Founders realized . The second chapter , " The Winter " , discusses General George Washington 's achievement in holding the Continental Army together during a hard winter at Valley Forge . The army 's poor condition causes a critical shift in strategy that would prove decisive for the Americans , forcing Washington to attempt to control the countryside rather than stage a decisive battle with the British .
The third chapter , " The Argument " , details James Madison 's efforts to secure a strong federal government at the 1787 Constitutional Convention . Madison fails to win approval for a national government that can veto state laws , and initially considers the convention a failure . Instead the Constitution creates a political system in which sovereignty is shared and " blurred " , providing a framework for ongoing debate . Madison emphasizes this advantage , as well as the weakness of the prior Articles of Confederation government during the Revolutionary War , to defeat Anti @-@ Federalist orator Patrick Henry in a debate over Virginia 's ratification of the Constitution . Chapter Four , " The Treaty " , considers Washington 's failure as president to reach an equitable settlement with Native Americans , with particular consideration to his treaty with Creek leader Alexander McGillivray . Though Washington declares the issue one of his highest priorities and successfully negotiates a treaty , it proves worthless in the face of the relentless expansion of white settlers into Creek territory , the intransigence of the Georgian legislature , and McGillivray 's attempts to ally with Spain . Ellis calls the inability to make a fair peace with Native Americans " the greatest failure of the revolutionary generation " , second only to their failure to end slavery .
The fifth chapter , " The Conspiracy " , presents the achievement of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in creating American party politics by forming the Democratic @-@ Republican Party . Even as he works to undermine Washington 's administration from within , however , Jefferson disparages party politics and denies that he is capable of acting in a partisan fashion , thus failing to understand his own accomplishment . " The Purchase " , the book 's final chapter , explores the story behind the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , discussing President Jefferson 's achievement in making the Purchase but also his failure to prohibit slavery in the new territory . Ellis argues that Jefferson thus set the nation on the course that would lead to the Civil War , and that as a result , " tragedy trumped triumph in the story of the Purchase " . In the afterword , Ellis states that " perhaps the most creative act of the founding era " was " an expanding liberal mandate that left room , up ahead , for an Abraham Lincoln and a Martin Luther King to join the list of founders . "
= = Reception = =
American Creation sold well on release , rising to # 4 on the The New York Times Best Seller list in November 2007 .
Publishers Weekly gave the book a starred review , stating , " This subtle , brilliant examination of the period between the War of Independence and the Louisiana Purchase puts Pulitzer @-@ winner Ellis ( Founding Brothers ) among the finest of America 's narrative historians . " Jon Meacham , reviewing the book for The New York Times , called the book " illuminating " , writing that it goes " beyond the familiar critique of the founding to explore a point that remains underappreciated : that America was constructed to foster arguments , not to settle them " . Michiko Kakutani of The New York Times also praised the book , writing that " It is Ellis 's achievement that he leaves us with a keen appreciation of the good fortune America had in having the right men in the right places at the right times " .
In the Chicago Tribune , Debby Applegate stated that " ' American Creation ' is one of the most enjoyable and thought @-@ provoking books I 've read in years . " Cindy Kibbe , writing in the New Hampshire Business Review , said of the book , " Filled with powerful , masterfully drawn word @-@ pictures and eye @-@ opening insights , Ellis 's ' American Creation ' should be a must @-@ read for anyone prior to going to the voting polls ... ' American Creation ' lets us know we still have much to learn from , both good and bad , from the founding of our nation " .
In The Boston Globe , H.W. Brands called Ellis " the reigning master of the episodic approach to history " ; he complimented the book 's style but disagreed with Ellis ' conclusion that blurred sovereignty was one of the Constitution 's greatest strengths . Jonathan Yardley of The Washington Post wrote that he felt Ellis ' portrait of the Founders was largely accurate , but that in his reading of the slavery issue , he was " a trifle guilty of the ' presentism ' -- seeing the past through the prism of the present -- that he elsewhere deplores " . Reviewing for The Christian Science Monitor , Randy Dotinga wrote that the book 's close examination of " dry and tedious " political debates " makes for rough sledding at times " , and criticized Ellis ' dismissal of academic historians . However , he concluded that " Ellis 's sharp writing style and appreciation for irony are saving graces " .
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= Landcruisin ' =
" Landcruisin ' " is a song by English musician Anup Paul , professionally known as A.K. Paul . It was released as his debut solo single on 24 March 2016 . Written and produced by Paul , it is an R & B track backed by synths , guitars and percussion , whose sonority was likened to that of various artists .
It is the first release of Paul Institute , a platform founded by A.K. Paul and his brother Jai Paul . The song premiered on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 radio show before receiving digital , streaming , and 7 @-@ inch vinyl releases . Most music critics gave the song favorable reviews , comparing it to the works of Prince , D 'Angelo , and Miguel , saying it matched expectations . However , a minority of reviewers dismissed it as inferior to the works of Jai Paul . It managed to enter the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists chart .
= = Background = =
A.K. Paul 's first single as a main performer was a 2014 collaboration with English singer Nao on the title track of her So Good EP . Until then , he had written and produced songs for other artists , including " Next to Me " by Emeli Sandé and " Flesh " by Miguel . He was also involved in the recording of his brother Jai Paul 's two singles " BTSTU ( Demo ) " and " Jasmine " . Journalists have characterised A.K. Paul as " elusive " and observed that until the release of " Landcruisin ' " , he has preferred " hanging out in the shadows " . " Landcruisin ' " was recorded at the Spicy Benefit Studio and The Doogh in London . A.K. Paul produced , engineered , mixed , and mastered the song , which features his songwriting , instrumentation , and programming . He is also responsible for the song 's sound design and effects .
= = Composition = =
" Landcruisin ' " was categorized by critics as an R & B song . The song opens with the sound of horns and a motorbike engine , described by Connick as " the perfect opening salvo " , progressing into an ever @-@ changing " sexy and slightly abrasive groove " . Instrumentation is provided by synthesisers reminiscent of science fiction and Hong Kong action cinema , glam rock @-@ influenced guitars , and " curiously evolving shuffle @-@ percussion " , which includes what Aurora Mitchell of Spin described as a : " clacking pinball lever drum " . Mitchell felt that " Landcruisin ' " sounded like : " the soundtrack to the opening scene of an action film " . Tom Connick , writing for DIY , elaborated :
( ... ) it ’ s top speed , glitching electronics that drag everything along . Backed by skyscraping swells of bass , it comes off like Hans Zimmer chucking his Inception soundtrack through a blender , A.K. lending his yearning vocal to give a human edge to all the razor @-@ edged sound .
Critics have suggested affinities between " Landcruisin ' " and the works of other artists . Marc Hogan of Pitchfork considered D 'Angelo 's third studio album Black Messiah ( 2014 ) as an inspiration for the song ; Chris Kelly wrote in Fact that it reminds him of " Miguel circa Art Dealer Chic " . Additionally , Prince was frequently cited by journalists reviewing the track , as exemplified by ShortList contributor David Cornish analysing " Landcruisin ' " as " a blockbuster soundscape " characterised by " overdrive riffs " and " lyrical tones " resemblant of the aforementioned artist .
= = Release and reception = =
On 21 March 2016 , Pitchfork Media reported that Jai and A.K. Paul had created the Paul Institute . Although the nature of this project was not disclosed at the time , a press release revealed that it is a collaboration between the brothers , and artist Muz Azar , with the intent of also potentially introducing other artists . Devoid of information , its website prompted visitors to provide their country and telephone number in order to receive a passcode which granted access to updates . DIY writer Tom Connick commented on the attention the project captured saying : " With little effort and even less output , Jai and A.K. Paul quickly built up the kind of mystique thousands of bedroom producers and their pricey publicists would kill for . Zane Lowe premiered " Landcruisin ' " three days later on his Beats 1 radio programme , where it was played three consecutive times ; he described it as " Blade Runner pop " . The song was made available that day for Paul Institute members through digital download and streaming , while public SoundCloud and iTunes releases were enabled on 25 March . A limited @-@ edition , autographed 7 " vinyl record , exclusive to registered users of the Paul Institute , was also released .
" Landcruisin ' " garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics . Pitchfork Media 's Marc Hogan opined that the song " both lives up to the expectations and sidesteps them " , writing : " With a sound like this , why stay on land ? " Similarly , Collin Brennan , of Consequence of Sound , said it was " totally worth all the buzz " , and Stereogum writer James Rettig dubbed the track : " more than good enough on its own , an enticing and theatrical piece of futuristic pop music " . Fact published a review of " Landcruisin ' " , to which five journalists contributed with commentary , and their score out of 10 points . Daniel Montesinos @-@ Donaghy and Tayyab Amin awarded it a rating of 9 – the latter deemed it " wonderfully complete " , whereas Montesinos @-@ Donaghy stated : " [ it ] has a Technicolour ambition held within its blog @-@ cycle frame , and Paul sounds as eager as possible to outgrow his frame as soon as possible . " Aurora Mitchell of the same publication explained her score of 8 by saying she was " definitely here for it " . With respective ratings of 5 and 6 , Chris Kelly and Son Raw were more critical of the song – both negatively compared A.K. Paul 's artistry to that of Jai , as Kelly called the single " fun but forgettable " and Raw quipped : " this is not the Paul you are looking for , move along . " It entered the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists chart on the week ending 9 April 2016 , at number 12 .
= = Release history = =
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= Cyber Sunday ( 2007 ) =
Cyber Sunday ( 2007 ) was the fourth annual Cyber Sunday professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Fathead and took place on October 28 , 2007 , at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. The most important feature of Cyber Sunday is the ability for fans to vote online through WWE.com on certain aspects of every match .
The main match on the SmackDown ! brand was Batista versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Batista won by pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb . The Special Guest Referee , which was either Stone Cold Steve Austin , John " Bradshaw " Layfield or Mick Foley . The predominant match on the Raw brand was for the WWE Championship between Randy Orton and the fans ' choice of either Shawn Michaels , Jeff Hardy or Mr. Kennedy . The voting for the event started on October 9 , 2007 , and ended during the event .
Most of the existing feuds continued after the event . Notably , Shawn Michaels would continue to feud with Randy Orton over the WWE Championship , which led to a match at Survivor Series for the championship , which Orton won . After losing to Batista , Undertaker challenged Batista to a Hell in a Cell match at Survivor Series for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Batista won after Edge interfered . Edge then became a part of the feud and it became a Triple Threat match at Armageddon for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Edge won . After beating Umaga in a Street Fight , Triple H faced off against Umaga in a Survivor Series match . Triple H 's team won the match and their feud ended .
The event had 194 @,@ 000 buys , down from the Cyber Sunday 2006 figure of 228 @,@ 000 buys .
= = Background = =
The main feud heading into Cyber Sunday on the Raw brand was between Randy Orton and Shawn Michaels , with the two battling over the WWE Championship . This feud began in May when Michaels faced Edge in Edge 's last match on Raw . Michaels won the match by pinfall after Sweet Chin Music . After the match , when Michaels was celebrating , Orton come out and attacked Michaels , which was preceded by a punt to the head . At Judgment Day , Orton attacked Michaels , putting him out of action for several months . Their feud restarted on the October 8 , 2007 episode of Raw , the night after Orton won the WWE Championship . Michaels returned during Orton 's appreciation ceremony and hit him with Sweet Chin Music , when Orton was going to hit Michaels with the WWE Championship belt . Afterwards , a match was made for Cyber Sunday where Orton would defend the WWE Championship against the fans ' choice of either Michaels , Jeff Hardy , or Mr. Kennedy . The next week on Raw , Orton faced his three possible opponents in individual matches . Kennedy interfered and attacked Hardy in his match with Orton . Hardy attacked Kennedy in his match , and Kennedy assaulted Michaels in his match , leading to Hardy making the save . Despite this , Michaels hit Orton with Sweet Chin Music to end the show . On October 22 , on Raw , Orton teamed with Kennedy against Michaels and Hardy . Hardy scored the pinfall on Kennedy after a Swanton Bomb . After the match , Michaels hit Orton with Sweet Chin Music for the third week in a row , when Hardy pushed Orton into Michaels when Orton went to deliver Hardy an RKO .
The main feud on the SmackDown ! brand was between Batista and The Undertaker , with the two feuding over the World Heavyweight Championship . Their feud began at WrestleMania 23 when The Undertaker won the title from Batista . It ended when The Undertaker faced Batista in a Steel Cage match . The match became a draw , when both Undertaker and Batista 's feet both hit the ground at the same time . After the match , the returning Mark Henry came out and attacked The Undertaker . Edge then came out and cashed in his Money in the Bank contract that he won from Mr. Kennedy the same week on Raw . Edge then speared and pinned the Undertaker to win the World Heavyweight Championship , which then ended the feud between The Undertaker and Batista . Undertaker was sidelined due to the injury , but was booked to return at Unforgiven . Soon after returning at Unforgiven in September , their feud restarted . A match between the two was made for Cyber Sunday with a Special Guest Referee selected by the fans between Stone Cold Steve Austin , John " Bradshaw " Layfield , and Mick Foley . Neither Foley or Austin appeared before Cyber Sunday , while Layfield began campaigning with banners , T @-@ shirts , and buttons .
The main feud on the ECW brand involved CM Punk and his ECW Championship . Punk had just retained his title against Big Daddy V at No Mercy , the previous pay @-@ per @-@ view . John Morrison , whom Punk defeated for the title , returned on the October 9 episode of ECW , after a brief absence , and defeated Punk in a non @-@ title match . The Cyber Sunday match was then made to be CM Punk defending the ECW Championship against the fans ' choice between Big Daddy V , Morrison , and The Miz . The next week on ECW , Punk , along with Kane , defeated his three possible opponents in a 3 @-@ on @-@ 2 Handicap match . Morrison and The Miz ( who were a tag team ) turned on each other , and they faced each other in a match later in the show , which was interrupted by Big Daddy V. On the October 23 episode of ECW , Big Daddy V faced Kane , and Punk teamed with Balls Mahoney to face The Miz and Morrison in a tag team match . Punk and Mahoney won due to a miscommunication between The Miz and Morrison .
The feuds between Triple H and Umaga , Rey Mysterio and Finlay , and Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter also continued , resulting in their matches at Cyber Sunday . Fans could vote for the match type of these three matches . Hardy , however , suffered a head injury on the October 26 episode of SmackDown ! .
= = Event = =
Before the event went live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Jesse and Festus defeated Deuce ' n Domino in a dark match . Throughout the event , the WWE Divas were shown in Halloween costumes in a contest where the winner would be determined by the fans .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first match that aired was between Rey Mysterio and Finlay , voted by the fans to be a Stretcher match . Finlay managed to retrieve his shillelagh and attacked Mysterio 's legs . Mysterio fought back and hit the 619 on Finlay , sending him onto the stretcher . Mysterio then hit a senton and pushed Finlay over the line for the win .
It was announced that Matt Hardy was not medically cleared to compete ( due to an injury suffered on a previous episode of SmackDown ) , and a match was announced with Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) defending his WWE United States Championship against the fans ' choice between Kane , The Great Khali , and Mark Henry . The second match was for the ECW Championship between CM Punk and The Miz , the winner of the voting . The match was back and forth for the first half of the match . The Miz gained the advantage after forcing Punk to fall from the second rope . Punk came back after hip tossing The Miz from the top rope . Punk won the match after a GTS .
The voting results for the WWE Championship match were then revealed , with Shawn Michaels winning . A bonus match was made between the two losers in the voting , Jeff Hardy and Mr. Kennedy . Hardy gained the advantage after dropkicking Kennedy off the apron to ringside . Kennedy came back after throwing Hardy out of the ring . Hardy regained control with a top rope Hurricanrana . Kennedy won the match via pinfall after Hardy missed a rope @-@ aided corner dropkick .
The fourth match was between MVP and Kane for the United States Championship . Kane quickly gained control , but MVP had the advantage after attacking Kane 's injured ribs . Kane came back , and targeted MVP 's ribs . Kane dominated until MVP rolled outside the ring and was counted out . Kane won the match , and MVP retained his title as a title could not change hands on a countout .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The WWE Championship match between Randy Orton and Shawn Michaels followed . After starting back and forth , Michaels took advantage by targeting Orton 's left arm . Orton regained the advantage after a Belly to back suplex to Michaels onto the security wall , and subsequent attacks to the back . Near the end of the match , Michaels regained the upper hand , but as he was attempting " Sweet Chin Music " , Orton delivered a low blow to Michaels . Michaels won the match by disqualification , and Orton retained his title . After the match , Orton attempted a running punt to the fallen Michaels , but before he could , Michaels got up , and hit a superkick on Orton .
The sixth match was between Triple H and Umaga , voted by the fans to be a Street Fight , where the match could take place anywhere in the arena , and any weapon could be used . The match began in the entrance area and involved Umaga getting speared through the stage setting . The match moved to into the audience before returning to the ring . Several weapons were used , and Umaga splashed Triple H through an announce table . The match ended when Triple H hit Umaga with a sledgehammer and a Pedigree to score the victory via pinfall . Mickie James was then announced to be the winner of the Divas Halloween costume contest .
The main event was the World Heavyweight Championship match between Batista and The Undertaker . Stone Cold Steve Austin was announced as the Special Guest Referee . Both John " Bradshaw " Layfield and Mick Foley came into the ring and fought before Austin came down and delivered a Stone Cold Stunner to both men . Both Batista and The Undertaker had the match in their advantage . Batista hit a series of powerslams and throws on the Undertaker . Undertaker , however , hit a chokeslam on Batista , but only got a two count . Undertaker then followed up with a devastating Last Ride but for a shock kickout at two . Undertaker then went for a Tombstone Piledriver , but Batista reversed the move into a Spinebuster , but got a two @-@ count . Batista then executed a Batista Bomb on The Undertaker , but Undertaker kicked out . Batista then executed another devastating Batista Bomb and pinned The Undertaker to successfully retain the World Heavyweight Championship .
= = Aftermath = =
The feud between Randy Orton and Shawn Michaels continued the following night on Raw , when Michaels demanded a title rematch due to how the match ended . Their rematch was made for the following pay @-@ per @-@ view , Survivor Series . As in added stipulation the title match , Michaels was banned from using the " Sweet Chin Music " by orders of Raw General Manager William Regal . In the same stipulation , if Orton caused a disqualification of any sort , he would lose the WWE Championship . Using the special stipulations of the match , Orton pinned Michaels after an " RKO " ( a jumping cutter ) to retain the title . After the pay @-@ per view their feud ended .
The feud between Batista and The Undertaker also continued , with both agreeing to compete in a Hell in a Cell match at Survivor Series on the November 2 episode of SmackDown . Near the end of the match at Survivor Series , The Undertaker looked to have Batista defeated , but Edge returned and joined the feud by attacking The Undertaker and letting Batista retain the World Heavyweight Championship .
The feud between Triple H and Umaga continued after Cyber Sunday with the two choosing four other men to make a five @-@ on @-@ five elimination tag team match at Survivor Series . Matt Hardy , who was chosen to be on Triple H 's team suffered an injury caused by Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) on the November 16 episode of SmackDown , which made the match at Survivor Series a four @-@ on @-@ five elimination tag team match . Triple H 's team won the match after Jeff Hardy pinned Umaga .
= = Results = =
= = = Voting results = = =
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= 1999 Scottish Challenge Cup Final =
The 1999 Scottish Challenge Cup Final , also known as the Bell 's Challenge Cup Final for sponsorship reasons , was a football match between Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Alloa Athletic on 21 November 1999 at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie . It was the ninth final of the Scottish Challenge Cup since it was first organised in 1990 to celebrate the centenary of the Scottish Football League .
Both teams progressed through four elimination rounds to reach the final . The match was Alloa Athletic 's first national cup final in its 121 @-@ year history whilst it was Inverness Caledonian Thistle 's first since the club was founded five years beforehand in 1994 . The tournament was contested by clubs below the Scottish Premier League ; Inverness Caledonian Thistle from the First Division and Alloa Athletic from the Second Division .
Alloa led the match 2 – 1 at half @-@ time but only two minutes after the interval both teams scored to make it 3 – 2 by the 47th minute . Paul Sheerin scored a second penalty for Inverness in the 56th minute to make the score 3 – 3 which is how the scoreline remained after 90 minutes , which forced an additional 30 minutes of extra time to be played . Martin Cameron scored his second goal for Alloa in the 104th minute to take a 4 – 3 lead but was cancelled out when Sheerin completed a hat @-@ trick of goals for Inverness to make it 4 – 4 and take the game to penalties . Alloa Athletic emerged victorious after winning the shoot @-@ out 5 – 4 .
= = Route to the final = =
The competition is a knock @-@ out tournament and in 1999 was contested by the 30 teams that played in the First , Second and Third Divisions of the Scottish Football League . 28 of the teams entered the first round and two received random byes into the second round to even the number of fixtures . Teams were paired at random and the winner of each match progressed to the next round and the loser was eliminated . The tournament returned for the first time since 1997 after it was suspended for one season due to the absence of a sponsor .
= = = Inverness Caledonian Thistle = = =
Newly promoted to the First Division as runners @-@ up in the Second Division the previous season , Inverness entered the first round and faced fellow First Division club St. Mirren at Caledonian Stadium . Inverness won the match 1 – 0 with a late goal in the 88th minute from Mike Teasdale to progress to the second round . The second round draw paired the club with Second Division club Hamilton Academical at Douglas Park . Inverness comfortably won the tie 3 – 0 with two goals from Iain Stewart and one from Scott McLean to advance to the quarter @-@ finals .
Inverness faced a home game against Clydebank in the quarter @-@ finals . Goals in each half from Martin Glancy and Barry Robson resulted in a 2 – 0 win for Inverness over the First Division club . With four teams left in the competition , Inverness were drawn against Livingston , also from the First Division . The scoreline was 0 – 0 most of the game until Paul Sheerin scored a late winner for Inverness in the 88th minute to win the match 1 – 0 for the club . The result meant that Inverness kept four clean sheets before qualifying for the first national cup final in the club 's history .
= = = Alloa Athletic = = =
Alloa Athletic also entered the first round and were drawn against Third Division club Cowdenbeath away from home . Goals from Martin Cameron , David Beaton , Gregor McKechnie and an own goal from Scott Sneddon was enough for Alloa to comfortably win 4 – 0 at Central Park and advance to the next round . The second round also saw Alloa drawn away from home ; facing First Division club Airdrieonians at Excelsior Stadium . With Airdrie the favourites to win the match , Alloa took a shock 2 – 0 lead with goals from Mark Nelson and Gregor McKechnie . Airdrie scored a consolation goal in the last minute from Forbes Johnston to make it 2 – 1 , but Alloa held on to win and progressed to the quarter @-@ finals .
In the quarter @-@ finals , Alloa faced another away game , this time at fellow Second Division club Ross County . George Shaw scored to give Ross County a 1 – 0 lead before half @-@ time and Alloa equalised late in the second half through Mark Donaghy in the 82nd minute which made the score 1 – 1 to force extra time . Willie Irvine scored the winner for Alloa in the 113th minute to send the club through to the semi @-@ finals . With the last four clubs left in the tournament , Alloa was drawn against local rival Stirling Albion with both clubs aiming to reach the first national cup final in their history . Stirling took the lead in the first half but were reduced to 10 @-@ men after Chris Wood was sent off in the 71st minute . Alloa replied with a goal from Scott Bannerman and then a penalty in the 80th minute from Willie Irvine to win 2 – 1 and reach the final .
= = Pre @-@ match = =
= = = Venue = = =
The 1999 final marked the first time the event was hosted at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie , the home of Airdrieonians . The venue opened only a year before the final in 1998 and was officially known as Shyberry Excelsior Stadium , after its sponsor . Alloa had previously played at the stadium during the same tournament having eliminated Airdrieonians 2 – 1 away from home in the second round . Inverness travelled around 180 miles ( 289 @.@ 7 km ) to the venue whereas Alloa had to travel only around 30 miles ( 48 @.@ 3 km ) .
= = = Analysis = = =
In order to reach the final , Alloa played all four matches in the preceding rounds away from home , keeping only one clean sheet and recording three successive 2 – 1 away wins . Inverness kept a clean sheet in all four matches , scoring seven goals without reply in the rounds before the final .
Alloa were in good form before the match , losing only three of their previous 22 games in all competitions since the start of the season in late July . At the time of the final , Alloa were equal on points at the top of the Second Division table but ranked third on goal difference . Inverness were favourites to win the match being the higher ranked club as a competitor in the First Division , one tier above Alloa who were in the Second Division . Inverness were ranked seventh from ten in the First Division at the time of the final , 20 points behind runaway leaders St. Mirren . After five games unbeaten in the league , Inverness lost their last league game before the final 5 – 1 away to Morton .
Terry Christie , the Alloa manager , had won the Scottish Challenge Cup once before with Second Division club Stenhousemuir after a surprise penalty shoot @-@ out win against Dundee United in the 1995 final and hoped to replicate his success with Alloa . The two finalists had met in the Scottish Challenge Cup once before ; Alloa won 2 – 1 away to Caledonian Thistle at Telford Street Park in the first round of the 1995 – 96 tournament , the same year Christie won with Stenhousemuir .
= = Match = =
= = = First half = = =
Inverness played in a 4 – 4 – 2 formation whilst Alloa played a 3 – 4 – 3 arrangement . After ten minutes , Alloa missed a goal scoring opportunity when Martin Cameron 's shot went above the cross @-@ bar after a pass from Gary Clark and three minutes later Mark Wilson 's shot forced a save from Inverness goalkeeper Les Fridge . Alloa scored the first goal of the game in the 19th minute with a 12 @-@ yard shot from Gary Clark when Inverness failed to clear the ball from a corner kick . Shortly after , Alloa went close to doubling their lead when Fridge was forced to make another save . Alloa dominated the match for most of the first half @-@ hour but Inverness equalised the score at 1 – 1 on 28 minutes when Alloa goalkeeper Mark Cairns deflected the ball into the path of striker Barry Wilson after making his first save of the game from a shot by Davide Xausa . Three minutes later , Alloa midfielder Mark Wilson ran clear down the right wing and shot the ball past goalkeeper Fridge to restore Alloa 's lead to 2 – 1 before half @-@ time .
= = = Second half = = =
Only one minute into the second half , Alloa player Derek Clark committed a foul on Dennis Wyness in the penalty box and Inverness were awarded a penalty kick . Inverness midfielder Paul Sheerin took the penalty kick in the 46th minute and equalised the score to 2 – 2 . One minute after the penalty , Alloa restored their lead when Cameron dispossessed the ball from defender Mike Teasdale and scored to take a 3 – 2 lead after 47 minutes . Referee Jim McCluskey awarded Inverness their second penalty kick of the game ten minutes later when Alloa defender David Beaton handled the ball in the box and Sheerin again equalised the scoreline at 3 – 3 . Between the 65th and 67th minute , Alloa made the first substitutions of the game : Mark Wilson and Gary Clark were replaced by Gregor McKechnie and Max Christie respectively . Five minutes later , Inverness substituted defender Stuart Golabek with Kevin Byers . After the equalising goal , Inverness players Sheerin and Charlie Christie started to dominate the midfield area of the pitch and Christie and Xausa both had chances to win the match for Inverness . Alloa managed to keep the score at 3 – 3 for the rest of the match until the full @-@ time whistle to force the game into extra time .
= = = Extra time and penalties = = =
Cameron had a chance to score for Alloa in the 92nd minute but his shot was blocked by goalkeeper Fridge . However , he then scored his second goal of the game in the 103rd minute after a pass from Max Christie . Ten minutes later , Sheerin then completed a hat @-@ trick of goals for Inverness in the 112th minute , becoming only the second player to score three goals in the final match of the competition after Billy Dodds in 1990 . With the score equal at 4 – 4 at the end of extra time , the game was decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out .
The shoot @-@ out was a best @-@ of @-@ five and Willie Irvine took the first penalty for Alloa and scored . Paul Sheerin took Inverness 's first penalty and despite scoring three goals during the game , two of which were from penalty kicks , he missed . David Beaton then struck the bar and missed for Alloa and Mark McCulloch levelled the score for Inverness to 2 – 2 . Both teams then scored their next three penalties to make it 4 @-@ all from five attempts so the shoot @-@ out went to sudden death . Alloa goalkeeper Cairns took the penalty and scored ; he then saved Teasdale 's attempt to ensure Alloa won 5 – 4 in the shoot @-@ out .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
The trophy was presented to Alloa captain Craig Valentine after the game by Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden .
Jim McCluskey , the referee of the game , retired a year after the final and when reflecting on his time as a referee , mentioned the game was one of the highlights of his career saying : " It was an unbelievable game of football between two teams who were appearing in their first major cup final and they both just went for it . I was proud to have refereed it . "
The two clubs were drawn against each other at the first possible opportunity in the first round of the 2000 – 01 tournament . Inverness won the match 3 – 2 despite Alloa scoring the fastest goal in the history of the tournament to take a 1 – 0 lead after 54 seconds .
Both clubs have made further appearances in the final of the tournament since the match ; Alloa lost to Airdrieonians and Livingston in the 2001 and 2015 finals respectively , whilst Inverness beat Airdrie United in 2003 and lost to Dundee in 2009 .
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= 1910 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1910 Atlantic hurricane season was the period during the summer and fall of 1910 in which tropical cyclones formed in the North Atlantic Ocean . The season was fairly inactive , with only five storms ; however , three grew into hurricanes and one became a major hurricane . The season got off to a late start with the formation of a tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea on August 23 . September saw two storms , and the final tropical cyclone — Hurricane Five — existed during October . All but one of the storms made landfall , and the only cyclone which remained at sea had some effects on the island of Bermuda .
The season 's first storm had limited reported impacts on land , and the subsequent system caused more severe damage in southern Texas and northern Mexico . Hurricane Three dropped torrential rainfall on Puerto Rico before striking the same region as the previous cyclone . Hurricane Four bypassed Bermuda to the east , where some property damage was reported . Hurricane Five was the most catastrophic storm of the season , buffeting western Cuba for an extended period of time as it slowly executed a counterclockwise loop . Death tolls from the hurricane are estimated in the hundreds .
In addition to the five official tropical cyclones , a disturbance in the middle of September that tracked from east of the Lesser Antilles to off the coast of Canada was studied for potential classification . Despite producing gale @-@ force winds , the system was likely extratropical in nature , and any time it may have spent as a tropical storm was brief .
= = Timeline = =
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Storm One = = =
The first tropical cyclone of the season developed on August 23 , in the eastern Caribbean Sea . Not believed to have strengthened further , the storm tracked west @-@ northwestward and struck southwestern Hispaniola . It quickly weakened to a tropical depression as it turned more toward the northwest and crossed northern Cuba . On August 26 , the depression passed through the Bahamas , east of the Florida Peninsula . Heading due north , the storm had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by the next day . An area of high pressure to the north and east of the storm was said to have prevented it from recurving out to sea , and the cyclone skirted the eastern coast of North Carolina before being listed as dissipated east of the Delmarva Peninsula . The storm reportedly caused heavy precipitation on August 29 and 30 in Georgia and the Carolinas , while ships at sea reported high winds , rough seas and heavy rainfall .
= = = Tropical Storm Two = = =
On August 26 , a tropical depression formed in the central Gulf of Mexico . It drifted westward for several days , and by August 30 it intensified into a tropical storm while turning more southwestward . The storm peaked in intensity as a weak tropical storm shortly thereafter . On August 31 the storm moved inland near the mouth of the Rio Grande , and weakened as it swept inland . Advisories were issued for coastal areas before which strong winds and high tides affected the Texas coast . The cyclone inflicted some property damage in the Brownsville area . Winds unroofed houses at Port Isabel and destroyed some Mexican huts . The storm also blew fishing craft aground . No initial reports of fatalities were received , but two towns were left cut off from communication with Brownsville .
= = = San Zacarias Hurricane = = =
A tropical storm developed east of the Leeward Islands on September 5 and quickly became the season 's first hurricane . It continued westward through the islands and is estimated to have attained winds corresponding to Category 2 status on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . On the night of September 6 , San Zacarias Hurricane passed south of Puerto Rico ; winds blew up to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) at San Juan . The hurricane weakened somewhat on September 7 as it skirted the southern coast of Hispaniola , and curving northwestward , it passed along northern Jamaica . On September 10 , it moved through the Yucatán Channel , restrengthening upon emerging into the Gulf of Mexico . Now on a northwesterly course , the storm reached its peak windspeeds on September 12 . Two days later , it made landfall along the Texas coast .
The storm dropped torrential rainfall on Puerto Rico , amounting to 13 in ( 330 mm ) in a period of 12 hours at one location . Rivers swelled to " unprecedented " levels , and the hurricane resulted in " great havoc " to telephone and telegraph wires on the island . The United States Weather Bureau issued extensive warnings in association with the storm . High tides occurred along the coasts of Texas and Louisiana , accompanied by heavy rainfall . A large storm surge raised the water level at Corpus Christi to its highest in years and completely inundated Padre Island , where barometers recorded pressures as low as 28 @.@ 50 inHg ( 965 @.@ 12 mb ) on the southern half of the island .
= = = Hurricane Four = = =
In the Atlantic hurricane database , the fourth hurricane of the season is listed as having formed on September 24 , several hundred miles southeast of Bermuda . Strengthening , the storm moved northwestward and is estimated to have peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . It gradually turned toward the northeast as it bypassed Bermuda to the east . On September 27 , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and turned eastward . It dissipated several days later . The storm caused some damage to property on the island , and blew a barque aground .
= = = Hurricane Five = = =
The final storm of the season formed in the extreme southern Caribbean on October 9 , and steadily intensified as it moved northwestward . Shortly after making landfall on the western tip of Cuba , the storm peaked as a severe hurricane corresponding to Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale and completed a counterclockwise loop . During its loop , the pressure in its eye dropped to 924 mb ( 27 @.@ 29 inHg ) with an unofficial reading of 27 @.@ 10 inHg ( 917 @.@ 71 mb ) aboard the steamship Brazos . The cyclone began weakening and tracking toward the United States , and moved ashore near Fort Myers , Florida , with winds of 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) corresponding to those of a strong Category 2 hurricane . After moving through the state , it hugged the coast of the Southeastern United States on its way out to sea . Due to the storm 's tight and poorly documented loop , initial reports suggested that it was actually two separate cyclones that developed and affected land in rapid succession . Its track was subject to much debate at the time , and eventually it was identified as a single storm . Additionally , observations on the event resulted in a greater understanding of other weather features that took similar paths .
In Cuba , the storm was considered one of the most severe natural disasters in the island 's history . Damage was extensive , and thousands of peasants were reportedly left homeless . Throughout Florida , the storm also had widespread , yet more moderate , impacts , including damage to houses and the flooding of low @-@ lying land . The pressure at Fort Myers dropped to 28 @.@ 20 inHg ( 954 @.@ 96 mb ) during the storm . Although total monetary damage from the storm is unknown , estimates of losses in Havana , Cuba , exceed $ 1 million and in the Florida Keys , $ 250 @,@ 000 ( 1910 USD ) . At least 100 deaths occurred in Cuba alone .
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= Beaumaris Castle =
Beaumaris Castle , located in the town of the same name on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales , was built as part of Edward I 's campaign to conquer the north of Wales after 1282 . Plans were probably first made to construct the castle in 1284 , but this was delayed due to lack of funds and work only began in 1295 following the Madog ap Llywelyn uprising . A substantial workforce was employed in the initial years under the direction of James of St George . Edward 's invasion of Scotland soon diverted funding from the project , however , and work stopped , only recommencing after an invasion scare in 1306 . When work finally ceased around 1330 a total of £ 15 @,@ 000 had been spent , a huge sum for the period , but the castle remained incomplete .
Beaumaris Castle was taken by Welsh forces in 1403 during the Owain Glyndŵr rebellion , but recaptured by royal forces in 1405 . Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 , the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I , holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies . Despite forming part of a local royalist rebellion in 1648 the castle escaped slighting and was garrisoned by Parliament , but fell into ruin around 1660 , eventually forming part of a local stately home and park in the 19th century . In the 21st century the ruined castle is managed by Cadw as a tourist attraction .
Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris Castle as Britain 's " most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning " . The fortification is built of local stone , with a moated outer ward guarded by twelve towers and two gatehouses , overlooked by an inner ward with two large , D @-@ shaped gatehouses and six massive towers . The inner ward was designed to contain ranges of domestic buildings and accommodation able to support two major households . The south gate could be reached by ship , allowing the castle to be directly supplied by sea . UNESCO considers Beaumaris to be one of " the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe " , and it is classed as a World Heritage site .
= = History = =
= = = 13th – 14th centuries = = =
The kings of England and the Welsh princes had vied for control of North Wales since the 1070s and the conflict had been renewed during the 13th century , leading to Edward I intervening in North Wales for the second time during his reign in 1282 . Edward invaded with a huge army , pushing north from Carmarthen and westwards from Montgomery and Chester . Edward decided to permanently colonise North Wales and provisions for its governance were set out in the Statute of Rhuddlan , enacted on 3 March 1284 . Wales was divided into counties and shires , emulating how England was governed , with three new shires created in the north @-@ west , Caernarfon , Merioneth and Anglesey . New towns with protective castles were established at Caernarfon and Harlech , the administrative centres of the first two shires , with another castle and walled town built in nearby Conwy , and plans were probably made to establish a similar castle and settlement near the town of Llanfaes on Anglesey . Llanfaes was the wealthiest borough in Wales and largest in terms of population , an important trading port and on the preferred route from North Wales to Ireland . The huge cost of the building the other castles , however , meant that the Llanfaes project had to be postponed .
In 1294 Madog ap Llywelyn rebelled against English rule . The revolt was bloody and amongst the casualties was Roger de Pulesdon , the sheriff of Anglesey . Edward suppressed the rebellion over the winter and once Anglesey was reoccupied in April 1295 he immediately began to progress the delayed plans to fortify the area . The chosen site was called Beaumaris , meaning " fair marsh " , whose name derives from the Norman @-@ French Beau Mareys , and in Latin the castle was termed de Bello Marisco . This was about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Llanfaes and the decision was therefore taken to move the Welsh population of Llanfaes some 12 miles ( 19 km ) south @-@ west , where a settlement by the name of Newborough was created for them . The deportation of the local Welsh opened the way for the construction of a prosperous English town , protected by a substantial castle .
The castle was positioned in one corner of the town , following a similar town plan to that in the town of Conwy , although in Beaumaris no town walls were constructed at first , despite some foundations being laid . Work began in the summer of 1295 , overseen by Master James of St George . James had been appointed the " master of the king 's works in Wales " , reflecting the responsibility he had in their construction and design . From 1295 onwards , Beaumaris became his primary responsibility and more frequently he was given the title " magister operacionum de Bello Marisco " . The work was recorded in considerable detail on the pipe rolls , the continuous records of medieval royal expenditure , and , as a result , the early stages of construction at Beaumaris are relatively well understood for the period .
A huge amount of work was undertaken in the first summer , with an average of 1 @,@ 800 workmen , 450 stonemasons and 375 quarriers on the site . This consumed around £ 270 a week in wages and the project rapidly fell into arrears , forcing officials to issue leather tokens instead of paying the workforce with normal coinage . The centre of the castle was filled with temporary huts to house the workforce over the winter . The following spring , James explained to his employers some of the difficulties and the high costs involved :
In case you should wonder where so much money could go in a week , we would have you know that we have needed – and shall continue to need 400 masons , both cutters and layers , together with 2 @,@ 000 less skilled workmen , 100 carts , 60 wagons and 30 boats bringing stone and sea coal ; 200 quarrymen ; 30 smiths ; and carpenters for putting in the joists and floor boards and other necessary jobs . All this takes no account of the garrison ... nor of purchases of material . Of which there will have to be a great quantity ... The men 's pay has been and still is very much in arrears , and we are having the greatest difficulty in keeping them because they have simply nothing to live on .
The construction slowed during 1296 , although debts continued to build up , and work dropped off further the following year , stopping entirely by 1300 , by when around £ 11 @,@ 000 had been spent . The halt was primarily the result of Edward 's new wars in Scotland , which had begun to consume his attention and financial resources , but it left the castle only partially complete : the inner walls and towers were only a fraction of their proper height and the north and north @-@ west sides lacked outer defences altogether . In 1306 Edward became concerned about a possible Scottish invasion of North Wales , but the unfinished castle had already fallen into a poor state of repair . Work recommenced on completing the outer defences , first under James ' direction and then , after his death in 1309 , Master Nicolas de Derneford . This work finally halted in 1330 with the castle still not built to its intended height ; by the end of the project , £ 15 @,@ 000 had been spent , a colossal sum for the period . A royal survey in 1343 suggested that at least a further £ 684 would be needed to complete the castle , but this was never invested .
= = = 15th – 21st centuries = = =
In 1400 a revolt broke out in North Wales against English rule , led by Owain Glyndŵr . Beaumaris Castle was placed under siege and captured by the rebels in 1403 , being retaken by royal forces in 1405 . The castle was ill @-@ maintained and fell into disrepair and by 1534 , when Roland de Velville was the castle constable , rain was leaking into most of the rooms . In 1539 a report complained that it was protected by an arsenal of only eight or ten small guns and forty bows , which the castle 's new constable , Richard Bulkeley , considered to be completely inadequate for protecting the fortress against a potential Scottish attack . Matters worsened and by 1609 the castle was classed as " utterlie decayed " .
The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament . Beaumaris Castle was a strategic location in the war , as it controlled part of the route between the king 's bases in Ireland and his operations in England . Thomas Bulkeley , whose family had been involved in the management of the castle for several centuries , held Beaumaris for the king and may have spent around £ 3 @,@ 000 improving its defences . By 1646 , however , Parliament had defeated the royal armies and the castle was surrendered by Colonel Richard Bulkeley in June . Anglesey revolted against Parliament again in 1648 , and Beaumaris was briefly reoccupied by royalist forces , surrendering for a second time in October that year .
After the war many castles were slighted , damaged to put them beyond military use , but Parliament was concerned about the threat of a royalist invasion from Scotland and Beaumaris was spared . Colonel John Jones became the castle governor and a garrison was installed inside , at a cost of £ 1 @,@ 703 a year . When Charles II returned to the throne in 1660 and restored the Bulkeley family as castle constables , Beaumaris appears to have been stripped of its valuable lead and remaining resources , including the roofs .
Lord Thomas Bulkeley bought the castle from the Crown in 1807 for £ 735 , incorporating it into the park that surrounded his local residence , Baron Hill . By then the castles of North Wales had become attractive locations for visiting painters and travellers , who considered the ivy @-@ clad ruins romantic . Although not as popular as other sites in the region , Beaumaris formed part of this trend and was visited by the future Queen Victoria in 1832 for an Eisteddfod festival and it was painted by J. M. W. Turner in 1835 . Some of the castle 's stones may have been reused in 1829 to build the nearby Beaumaris Gaol .
In 1925 Richard Williams @-@ Bulkeley gave Beaumaris to the Commissioners of Works , who then carried out a large scale restoration programme , stripping back the vegetation , digging out the moat and repairing the stonework . In 1950 the castle , considered by the authorities to be " one of the outstanding Edwardian medieval castles of Wales " , was designated as a Grade I listed building – the highest grade of listing , protecting buildings of " exceptional , usually national , interest " .
Beaumaris was declared part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage site in 1986 , UNESCO considering it one of " the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe " . In the 21st century Beaumaris Castle is managed by Cadw , the Welsh Assembly Government 's agency for historic monuments , as a tourist attraction , with 75 @,@ 000 visitors during the 2007 – 08 financial year . The castle requires ongoing maintenance and repairs cost £ 58 @,@ 000 over the 2002 – 03 financial year .
= = Architecture = =
Beaumaris Castle was never fully built , but had it been completed it would probably have closely resembled Harlech Castle . Both castles are concentric in plan , with walls within walls , although Beaumaris is the more regular in design . Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris as Britain 's " most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning " and for many years the castle was regarded as the pinnacle of military engineering during Edward I 's reign . This evolutionary interpretation is now disputed by historians : Beaumaris was as much a royal palace and symbol of English power as it was a straightforward defensive fortification . Nonetheless , the castle is praised by UNESCO as a " unique artistic achievement " for the way in which is combines " characteristic 13th century double @-@ wall structures with a central plan " and for the beauty of its " proportions and masonry " .
Beaumaris Castle was built at around sea @-@ level on top of the till and other sediments that form the local coastline , and was constructed from local Anglesey stone from within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the site , with some stones brought along the coast by ship , for example from the limestone quarries at Penmon . The stone was a mixture of limestone , sandstone and green schists , which was used fairly randomly within the walls and towers ; the use of schists ceased after the pause in the building work in 1298 and as a result is limited to the lower levels of the walls .
The castle design formed an inner and an outer ward , surrounded in turn by a moat , now partially filled . The main entrance to the castle was the Gate next the Sea , next to the castle 's tidal dock that allowed it to be supplied directly by sea . The dock was protected by a wall later named the Gunners Walk and a firing platform that may have housed a trebuchet siege engine during the medieval period . The Gate next the Sea led into an outer barbican , protected by a drawbridge , arrow slits and murder @-@ holes , leading on into the outer ward .
The outer ward consisted of an eight @-@ sided curtain wall with twelve turrets enclosing an area approximately 60 feet ( 18 m ) across ; one gateway led out to the Gate next the Sea , the other , the Llanfaes Gate , led out to the north side of the castle . The defences were originally equipped with around 300 firing positions for archers , including 164 arrow slits , although 64 of the slits close to the ground level have since been blocked in to prevent them being exploited by attackers , either in the early 15th century or during the Civil War .
The walls of the inner ward were more substantial than those of the outer ward , 36 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) high and 15 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 7 m ) thick , with huge towers and two large gatehouses , enclosing a 0 @.@ 75 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 30 ha ) area . The inner ward was intended to hold the accommodation and other domestic buildings of the castle , with ranges of buildings stretching along the west and east sides of the ward ; some of the remains of the fireplaces for these buildings can still be seen in the stonework . It is uncertain if these ranges were actually ever built or if they were constructed but later demolished after the Civil War . If finished , the castle would have been able to host two substantial households and their followers , for example the king and queen , or the king , queen and a prince and his own wife .
The D @-@ shaped north gatehouse in the inner ward was intended to be two storeys high , with two sets of five , large windows , of which only one floor was actually completed . It would have included a large hall on the first floor , around 70 feet ( 21 m ) by 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) across , divided into two with separate fireplaces for heating . The south gatehouse was designed to be a replica of that on the north side , but building work progressed even less far before finishing in 1330 . Some of the stonework may since have been removed from the gatehouse , reducing its height even further .
The walls of the inner ward contain extensive first floor passageways , similar to those at Caernarfon Castle . These were intended to allow members of the castle to move between the towers , accessing the guardrooms , sleeping chambers and the castle latrines . The latrines were designed to be drained by a special system using the water from the moat , but the system does not appear to have worked well in practice . The six towers were intended to be three storeys high and contained fireplaces . The castle chapel was built into one of the towers and would have been used by the king and his family , rather than the wider garrison .
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= Robert Catesby =
Robert Catesby ( b. in or after 1572 – 8 November 1605 ) was the leader of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 .
Most probably born in Warwickshire , Catesby was educated in nearby Oxford . His family were prominent recusant Catholics , therefore presumably to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy he left college before taking his degree . He married a Protestant in 1593 and fathered two children , one of whom survived and was baptised in a Protestant church , but in 1598 , following the deaths of his father and wife , he may have reverted to Catholicism . In 1601 he took part in the Essex Rebellion but was captured and fined , after which he sold his estate at Chastleton .
The Protestant James I , who became King of England in 1603 , was less tolerant of Catholicism than its followers had hoped . Catesby therefore planned to kill him by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder , the prelude to a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne . Early in 1604 he began to recruit other Catholics to his cause , including Thomas Wintour , John Wright , Thomas Percy , and Guy Fawkes . Described latterly as a charismatic and influential man , as well as a religious zealot , over the following months he helped bring a further eight conspirators into the plot , whose naissance was planned for 5 November 1605 . A letter sent anonymously to William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , alerted the authorities , and on the eve of the planned explosion , during a search of Parliament , Fawkes was found guarding the barrels of gunpowder . News of his arrest caused the other plotters to flee London , warning Catesby along their way .
With a much @-@ diminished group of followers , Catesby made a stand at Holbeche House in Staffordshire , against a 200 @-@ strong company of armed men . He was shot and later found dead , clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary . As a warning to others , his body was exhumed and his head exhibited outside Parliament .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood = = =
Robert Catesby was the third and only surviving son of Sir William and Anne ( née Throckmorton ) Catesby , and was probably born in or after 1572 at his father 's main residence in Lapworth . Robert was a lineal descendant of Sir William Catesby ( 1450 – 1485 ) , the influential councillor of Richard III captured at the Battle of Bosworth and executed . On his mother 's side he was descended from Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton , and his second wife , Elizabeth Hussey . His parents were prominent recusant Catholics ; his father had suffered years of imprisonment for his faith , and in 1581 had been tried in Star Chamber alongside William Vaux , 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden , and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Sir Thomas Tresham , for harbouring the Jesuit Edmund Campion . The head of the Throckmortons , Sir Thomas Throckmorton , was also fined for his recusancy , and spent years in prison . Another relation , Sir Francis Throckmorton , had been executed in 1584 for his involvement in a plot to free Mary , Queen of Scots .
In 1586 Robert was educated at Gloucester Hall in Oxford , a college noted for its Catholic intake . Those either studying at university or wishing to take public office could not do so without first swearing the Oath of Supremacy , an act which would have compromised Catesby 's Catholic faith . Presumably to avoid this consequence , he left without taking his degree , and may then have attended the seminary college of Douai .
= = = Adulthood = = =
In 1593 he married Catherine Leigh , daughter of Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneleigh in Warwickshire . Catherine came from a wealthy Protestant family and brought with her a dowry of £ 2 @,@ 000 , but also a religious association that offered Robert some respite from the recusancy laws then in effect . From the death of his grandmother the following year he inherited a property at Chastleton , in Oxfordshire . The couple 's first son William died in infancy , but their second son Robert survived , and was baptised at Chastleton 's Protestant church on 11 November 1595 . When Catesby 's father died in 1598 , his estates at Ashby St Ledgers were left to his wife , while Catesby and his family remained at Chastleton . Catesby had seemed happy to remain a Church Papist but after his wife 's death later that year he became radicalised , and reverted to a more fanatical Catholicism .
In 1601 Catesby was involved in the Essex Rebellion . The Earl of Essex 's purpose might have lain in furthering his own interests rather than those of the Catholic Church , but Catesby hoped that if Essex succeeded , there might once more be a Catholic monarch . The rebellion was a failure however , and the wounded Catesby was captured , imprisoned at the Wood Street Counter , and fined 4 @,@ 000 marks ( equivalent to over £ 6 million as of 2008 ) by Elizabeth I. Sir Thomas Tresham helped pay some of Catesby 's fine , following which Catesby sold his estate at Chastleton . Several authors speculate about Catesby 's movements as Elizabeth 's health grew worse ; he was probably among those " principal papists " imprisoned by a government fearing open rebellion , and in March 1603 he may have sent Christopher Wright to Spain to see if Philip III would continue to support English Catholics after Elizabeth 's death . Catesby funded the activities of some Jesuit priests , and while visiting them made occasional use of the alias Mr Roberts .
= = Gunpowder Plot = =
= = = Background = = =
Catholics had hoped that the persecution they suffered during Elizabeth 's reign would end when she was succeeded in 1603 by James I. His mother , Mary , Queen of Scots ( executed in 1587 for treason ) had been a devout Catholic , and James 's attitude appeared moderate , even tolerant towards Catholics . Protestant rulers across Europe had , however , been the target of several assassination attempts during the late 16th century , and until the 1620s some English Catholics believed that regicide was justifiable to remove tyrants from power . Much of James 's political writing was concerned with such matters , and the " refutation of the [ Catholic ] argument that ' faith did not need to be kept with heretics ' " . Shortly after he discovered that his wife had been sent a rosary from the pope , James exiled all Jesuits and other Catholic priests , and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy . Catesby soon began to lose patience with the new dynasty .
British author and historian Antonia Fraser describes Catesby 's mentality as " that of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual " . Writing after the events of 1604 – 1606 , the Jesuit priest Father Tesimond 's description of his friend was favourable : " his countenance was exceedingly noble and expressive ... his conversation and manners were peculiarly attractive and imposing , and that by the dignity of his character he exercised an irresistible influence over the minds of those who associated with him . " Fellow conspirator Ambrose Rookwood , shortly before his own death , said that he " loved and respected him [ Catesby ] as his own life " , while Catesby 's friend , Father John Gerard , claimed he was " respected in all companies of such as are counted there swordsmen or men of action " , and that " few were in the opinions of most men preferred before him and he increased much his acquaintance and friends . " Author Mark Nicholls suggests that " bitterness at the failure of Essex 's design nevertheless seems to have sharpened an already well @-@ honed neurosis . "
= = = Early stages = = =
Despite the ease with which Catesby seems to have inspired his fellow conspirators , that it was he and not Fawkes ( today most often associated with 5 November ) who devised what became known as the Gunpowder Plot , has largely been forgotten . The precise date on which he set events in motion is unknown , but it is likely that he first had the idea early in 1604 . Sometime around June the previous year he was visited by his friend Thomas Percy . A great @-@ grandson of the 4th Earl of Northumberland , Percy was reported to have had a " wild youth " before he became a Catholic , and during Elizabeth 's final years had been entrusted by the 9th Earl with a secret mission to James 's court in Scotland , to plead with the king on behalf of England 's Catholics . He now complained bitterly about what he considered to be James 's treachery , and threatened to kill him . Catesby replied " No , no , Tom , thou shalt not venture to small purpose , but if thou wilt be a traitor thou shalt be to some great advantage . " Percy listened while Catesby added " I am thinking of a most sure way and I will soon let thee know what it is . " During Allhallowtide on 31 October he sent for his cousin Thomas Wintour , who was at Huddington Court in Worcestershire with his brother Robert . Thomas was educated as a lawyer and had fought for England in the Low Countries , but in 1600 had converted to Catholicism . Following the Earl of Essex 's failed rebellion , he had travelled to Spain to raise support for English Catholics , a mission which the authorities would later describe as comprising part of a ' Spanish Treason ' . Although Thomas declined his invitation , Catesby again invited him in February the next year .
When Wintour responded to the summons he found his cousin with the swordsman John Wright . Catesby told him of his plan to kill the king and his government by blowing up " the Parliament howse with Gunpowder ... in that place have they done us all the mischiefe , and perchance God hath designed that place for their punishment " . Wintour at first objected to his cousin 's scheme , but Catesby , who said that " the nature of the disease required so sharp a remedy " , won him over . Despite Catholic Spain 's moves toward diplomacy with England , Catesby still harboured hopes of foreign support and a peaceful solution . Wintour therefore returned to the continent , where he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the affable Constable of Castile to press for good terms for English Catholics in forthcoming peace negotiations . He then turned to Sir William Stanley , an English Catholic and veteran commander who had switched sides from England to Spain , and the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen ; both cast doubt on the plotters ' chances of receiving Spanish support . Owen did , however , introduce Wintour to Guy Fawkes , whose name Catesby had already supplied as " a confidant gentleman " who might enter their ranks . Fawkes was a devout English Catholic who had travelled to the continent to fight for Spain in the Dutch War of Independence . Wintour told him of their plan to " doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott " , and thus in April 1604 the two men returned home . Wintour told Catesby that despite positive noises from the Spanish , he feared that " the deeds would nott answere " . This was a response that in Nicholls 's opinion came as no surprise to Catesby , who wanted and expected nothing less .
On Sunday 20 May in the well @-@ to @-@ do Strand district of London , Catesby met with Thomas Wintour , John Wright , Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes , at an inn called the Duck and Drake . Percy had been introduced to the plot several weeks after Wintour and Fawkes 's return to England . Alone in a private room , all swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book , and then in another room celebrated Mass with the Jesuit priest ( and friend to Catesby ) John Gerard . Robert Keyes was admitted to the group in October 1604 , and charged with looking after Catesby 's Lambeth house , where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored . Two months later Catesby recruited his servant , Thomas Bates , into the plot , after the latter accidentally became aware of it , and by March 1605 three more were admitted : Thomas Wintour 's brother Robert , John Grant and John Wright 's brother Christopher .
= = = Further recruitment = = =
Although the state opening of Parliament was planned for February 1605 , concern over the plague meant that it would instead occur on 3 October . A contemporaneous government account has the plotters engaged in digging a tunnel beneath Parliament by December 1604 , but no other evidence exists to prove this , and no trace of a tunnel has since been found . If the story is true , the plotters ceased their efforts when the tenancy to the undercroft beneath the House of Lords became available . Several months later , early in June 1605 , Catesby met the principal Jesuit in England , Father Henry Garnet , on Thames Street in London . While discussing the war in Flanders , Catesby asked about the morality of " killing innocents " . Garnet said that such actions could often be excused , but according to his own account during a second meeting in July he showed Catesby a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion . Catesby replied , " Whatever I mean to do , if the Pope knew , he would not hinder for the general good of our country . " Father Garnet 's protestations prompted Catesby 's next reply , " I am not bound to take knowledge by you of the Pope 's will . " Soon after , the Jesuit priest Father Tesimond told Father Garnet that while taking Catesby 's confession he had learned of the plot . Father Garnet met with Catesby a third time on 24 July at White Webbs in Enfield Chase , the home of Catesby 's wealthy relative Anne Vaux , and a house long suspected by the government of harbouring Jesuit priests . Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot , the priest tried in vain to dissuade Catesby from his course .
By 20 July 1605 , 36 barrels of gunpowder had been stored in the undercroft , but the ever @-@ present threat of the plague yet again prorogued the opening of Parliament , this time until 5 November 1605 . Catesby had borne much of the scheme 's financial cost thus far , and was running out of money . As their plans moved closer to fruition , during a secret meeting at Bath in August , at which he , Percy and Thomas Wintour were present , the plotters decided that " the company being yet but few " he was to be allowed to " call in whom he thought best " . Catesby soon added Ambrose Rookwood , a staunch Catholic who was both young and wealthy , but who most importantly owned a stable of fine horses at Coldham . For the plan to work Rookwood and his horses needed to be close to the other conspirators , and so Catesby persuaded him to rent Clopton House at Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon . Francis Tresham was brought into the plot on 14 October . Also descended from William Catesby , Tresham was Robert 's cousin , and as young children the two had often visited White Webbs . Although his account of the meeting is weighted with hindsight ( when captured he sought to distance himself from the affair ) , he asked Catesby what support for the Catholics would be forthcoming once the king had been killed . Catesby 's answer , " The necessity of the Catholics [ was such that ] it must needs be done " , in Fraser 's opinion demonstrates his unwavering view on the matter , held at least since his first meeting with Thomas Wintour early in 1604 . The final conspirator to be brought in was Everard Digby , on 21 October , at Harrowden . Catesby confided in Digby during a delayed Feast of Saint Luke . Like Rookwood , Digby was young , wealthy , and possessed a stable of horses . Catesby told him to rent Coughton Court near Alcester , so that he would " the better to be able to do good to the cause [ kidnap Princess Elizabeth ] " .
The day after Tresham 's recruitment , Catesby exchanged greetings in London with Fawkes 's former employer , Lord Montague , and asked him " The Parliament , I think , brings your lordship up now ? " Montague told him that he was visiting a relative , and that he would be at Parliament in a few weeks time . Catesby replied " I think your Lordship takes no pleasure to be there " . Montague , who had already been imprisoned for speaking out in the House of Lords against anti @-@ Papist legislation , and who had no inclination to be present while more laws were introduced , agreed . Following the plot 's failure he became a suspect and was arrested , but after intense lobbying was released some months later .
The recruitment of Rookwood , Tresham and Digby coincided with a series of meetings in various taverns across London , during which the last remaining details were worked out . Fawkes would light the fuse , and escape by boat across the Thames . An uprising would start in the Midlands , during which Princess Elizabeth was to be captured . Fawkes would escape to the continent and explain to the Catholic powers what had happened in England .
= = = Monteagle letter = = =
Several of the conspirators expressed worries about fellow Catholics who would be caught up in the planned explosion ; Percy was concerned for his patron , Northumberland , and when the young Earl of Arundel 's name was mentioned Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day . Keyes 's suggestion to warn the Earl of Peterborough was , however , derided . On 26 October William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle ( Tresham 's brother @-@ in @-@ law ) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton , warning him not to attend Parliament , and forecasting that " they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament ; and yet they shall not see who hurts them " . Uncertain of its meaning he delivered it to Secretary of State Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury . In an extraordinary act of bravado Catesby had planned to go hunting with James , but was warned of the betrayal by Monteagle 's servant . He immediately suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter , a view which was shared by Thomas Wintour . Together the two confronted the recently recruited conspirator , and threatened to " hang him " , but Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter , and the next day urged them to abandon the plot .
Catesby waited for Percy 's return from the north , before making his decision . He thought the letter too vague to constitute any meaningful threat to the plan , and decided to forge ahead . As Fawkes made a final check on the gunpowder , other conspirators took up their positions in the Midlands . Salisbury , already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter , did not yet know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved . He elected to wait , to see how events unfolded . On 3 November , Catesby met with Wintour and Percy in London . Although the nature of their discussion is unknown , Fraser theorises that some adjustment of their plan to abduct Princess Elizabeth may have occurred , as later accounts told how Percy had been seen at the Duke of York 's lodgings , enquiring as to the movements of the king 's daughter . Nicholls mentions that a week earlier — on the same day that Monteagle received his letter — Catesby was at White Webbs with Fawkes , to discuss kidnapping Prince Henry rather than Princess Elizabeth .
= = = Failure and death = = =
Late on Monday 4 November , Catesby , John Wright and Bates left for the Midlands , ready for the planned uprising . That night however , Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords . As news of his arrest spread , the next day most of the conspirators still in London fled . Catesby 's party , ignorant of what was happening in London , paused at Dunstable when his horse lost a shoe . When Rookwood caught them up and broke to them the news of Fawkes 's arrest , the group , which now included Rookwood , Catesby , Bates , the Wright brothers and Percy , rode toward Dunchurch . At about 6 : 00 pm that evening they reached Catesby 's family home at Ashby St Ledgers , where his mother and Robert Wintour were staying . To keep his mother ignorant of their situation , Catesby sent a message asking Wintour to meet him at the edge of the town . The group continued on to Dunchurch , where they met Digby and his hunting party and informed them that the king and Salisbury were dead , thus persuading them to continue with the plan .
On 6 November they raided Warwick Castle for supplies , before continuing to Norbrook to collect stored weapons . From there they continued their journey to Huddington . Catesby gave Bates a letter to deliver to Father Garnet and the other priests at Coughton Court , informing them of what had transpired , and asking for their help in raising an army in Wales , where Catholic support was believed to be strong . The priest begged Catesby and his followers to stop their " wicked actions " , and to listen to the pope 's preachings . Father Garnet fled , and managed to evade capture for several weeks . Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington at about 2 : 00 pm , and were met by Thomas Wintour . Terrified of being associated with the fugitives , family members and former friends showed them no sympathy .
Back in London , under pain of torture Fawkes had started to reveal what he knew , and on 7 November the government named Catesby as a wanted man . Early that morning , at Huddington the remaining outlaws went to confession , before taking the sacrament — in Fraser 's opinion , a sign that none of them thought they had long to live . The party of fugitives , which included those at the centre of the plot , their supporters and Digby 's hunting party , by now had dwindled to only thirty @-@ six in number . They continued on through pouring rain to Hewell Grange , home of the young Lord Windsor . He was absent however , so they helped themselves to further arms , ammunition , and money . The locals were unsupportive ; on hearing that Catesby 's party stood for " God and Country " , they replied that they were for " King James as well as God and Country " . The party reached Holbeche House , on the border of Staffordshire , at about 10 : 00 pm . Tired and desperate , they spread in front of the fire some of the now @-@ soaked gunpowder taken from Hewell Grange , to dry out . Although gunpowder does not explode ( unless physically contained ) , a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby , Rookwood , Grant , and another man .
Catesby survived , albeit scorched . Digby left , ostensibly to give himself up , as did John Wintour . Thomas Bates fled , along with Robert Wintour . Remaining were Catesby ( described as " reasonably well " ) , Rookwood , the Wright brothers , Percy and John Grant , who had been so badly injured that his eyes were " burnt out " . They resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the king 's men . Catesby , believing his death to be near , kissed the gold crucifix he wore around his neck and said he had given everything for " the honour of the Cross " . He refused to be taken prisoner , " against that only he would defend himself with his sword " .
Richard Walsh , Sheriff of Worcester , and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House at about 11 : 00 am on 8 November . While crossing the courtyard Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder . John Wright was shot , followed by his brother , and then Rookwood . Catesby and Percy were reportedly both dropped by a single lucky shot , while standing near the door . Catesby managed to crawl inside the house , where his body was later found , clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary . This and his gold crucifix were sent to London , to demonstrate what " superstitious and Popish idols " had inspired the plotters . The survivors were taken into custody and the dead buried near Holbeche . On the orders of the Earl of Northampton however , the bodies of Catesby and Percy were exhumed and decapitated . John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington of Exton , made an opportune study of the heads while en route to London , and later reflected : " more terrible countenances were never looked upon " . Placed on " the side of the Parliament House " , Catesby 's head became one of the " sightless spectators of their own failure . "
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= History of agriculture in Scotland =
The history of agriculture in Scotland includes all forms of farm production in the modern boundaries of Scotland , from the prehistoric era to the present day . Scotland has between a fifth and a sixth of the arable or good pastoral land of England and Wales , mostly in the south and east . Heavy rainfall , wind and salt spray made most of the western islands treeless . The terrain made internal communication and agriculture difficult . In the Neolithic period , from around 6 @,@ 000 years ago , there is evidence of permanent settlements and farming . The two main sources of food were grain and cow milk . From the Bronze Age , arable land spread at the expense of forest . From the Iron Age , there were hill forts in southern Scotland associated with cultivation ridges and terraces and the fertile plains were already densely exploited for agriculture . During the period of Roman occupation of Britain there was re @-@ growth of trees indicating a reduction in agriculture .
The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration , resulting in more land becoming unproductive . Self @-@ sufficient farms were based around a single homestead or a small cluster of homes . More oats and barley were grown than corn , and cattle were the most important domesticated animal . From c . 1150 to 1300 , warm dry summers and less severe winters allowed cultivation at greater heights and made land more productive . The system of infield and outfield agriculture may have been introduced with feudalism from the twelfth century . By the late Medieval period , most farming was based on the Lowland fermtoun or Highland baile . These were settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams , organised in run rigs . Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter , pulled by oxen . The rural economy boomed in the thirteenth century and in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death was still buoyant , but by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century .
As feudal distinctions declined in the early modern era , the major landholding orders , or heritors , were the lairds and yeomen . Others with property rights included husbandmen and free tenants . Many young people left home to become domestic and agricultural servants . The early modern era also saw the impact of the Little Ice Age , necessitating the shipping of large quantities of grain from the Baltic . Under the Commonwealth , the country was relatively highly taxed , but gained access to English markets . After the Restoration customs duties with England were re @-@ established . Economic conditions were generally favourable , as landowners promoted better tillage and cattle @-@ raising . The closing decade of the seventeenth century saw a slump , followed the failed harvests of the " seven ill years " , but these shortages would be the last of their kind . After the Union of 1707 there was a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility . Enclosure displaced the run rig system and free pasture . The resulting Lowland Clearances saw hundreds of thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from central and southern Scotland forcibly removed . The later Highland Clearances saw the displacement of much of the population of the Highlands as lands were enclosed for sheep farming . Those that remained many were now crofters , living on very small , rented farms with indefinite tenure , dependent on kelping , fishing , spinning of linen and military service . Scotland suffered its last major subsistence crisis when the potato blight reached the Highlands in 1846 .
In the twentieth century Scottish agriculture became susceptible to world markets . There were dramatic price rises in the First World War , but a slump in the 1920s and 1930s , followed by more rises in the Second World War . In 1947 annual price reviews were introduced in an attempt to stabilise the market . There was a drive in UK agriculture to greater production until the late 1970s , resulting in intensive farming and increasing mechanisation . The UK joined the European Economic Community in 1972 . Some sectors became viable only with subsidies . A series of reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy from the 1990s attempted to control over @-@ production , limit incentives for intensive farming and mitigate environmental damage . A dual farm structure emerged with large commercial farms and small pluralised and diversified holdings .
= = Geography and climate = =
Scotland is roughly half the size by area of England and Wales , but has approximately the same amount of coastline . It has only between a fifth and a sixth of the amount of the arable or good pastoral land ( under 60 metres ( 200 ft ) above sea level ) , most of which is located in the south and east . This made marginal pastoral farming and fishing the key factors in the pre @-@ modern economy . Its east Atlantic position causes very heavy rainfall : at the end of the twentieth century about 700 centimetres ( 280 in ) per year in the east and over 1 @,@ 000 centimetres ( 390 in ) in the west . This encouraged the spread of blanket peat bog , the acidity of which , combined with high levels of wind and salt spray , made most of the western islands treeless . The existence of hills , mountains , quicksands and marshes made agriculture and internal communication difficult .
= = Prehistory = =
At times during the last interglacial period ( 130 @,@ 000 – 70 @,@ 000 BCE ) Europe had a climate warmer than it is today , and early humans may have made their way to Scotland , though archaeologists have found no traces of this . Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain , and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable , around 9600 BCE . Mesolithic hunter @-@ gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements , and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 BCE . Numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of highly mobile boat @-@ using people making tools from bone , stone and antlers . The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the oval structure of wooden posts found at South Queensferry near the Firth of Forth , dating from the Mesolithic period , about 8240 BCE .
In the Neolithic period , from around 6 @,@ 000 years ago , there is evidence of permanent settlements and farming . This includes the well @-@ preserved stone house at Knap of Howar on Papa Westray , dating from around 3500 BCE and the village of similar houses at Skara Brae on West Mainland , Orkney from about 500 years later . Evidence of prehistoric farming includes small plots of improved land , with simple stone boundaries . On Shetland these have been found under peat and on the mainland they are associated with cairnfields ( piles of rocks that have been cleared from fields ) . Archaeological evidence of pollen , pottery , settlements and human remains indicates that the two main sources of food were grain and cow milk , in a pattern that probably remained constant until the High Middle Ages . There is also some limited evidence of the cultivation of flax from this period .
From the beginning of the Bronze Age , about 2000 BCE , extensive analyses of Black Loch in Fife indicate that arable land spread at the expense of forest . From the Iron Age , beginning in the seventh century BCE , as elsewhere in Europe , hill forts were first introduced . Some of these forts in southern Scotland are associated with cultivation ridges and terraces . Over 400 souterrains , small underground constructions , have been discovered in Scotland , many of them in the south @-@ east , and although few have been dated , those that have suggest a construction date in the second or third centuries CE . They are usually found close to settlements ( whose timber frames are much less well @-@ preserved ) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products . Aerial photography reveals extensive prehistoric field systems that underlie existing boundaries in some Lowland areas , suggesting that the fertile plains were already densely exploited for agriculture . During the period of Roman occupation of what is now northern England , and occasional advances into Southern Scotland , there was re @-@ growth of birch , oak and hazel for five centuries , suggesting that the Roman invasions had a negative impact on the native population and the extent of agriculture .
= = Middle Ages = =
The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration , with a drop in temperature and an increase in rainfall , resulting in more land becoming unproductive . With a lack of significant transport links and wider markets , most farms had to produce a self @-@ sufficient diet of meat , dairy products and cereals , supplemented by hunter @-@ gathering . Limited archaeological evidence indicates that throughout Northern Britain farming was based around a single homestead or a small cluster of three or four homes , each probably containing a nuclear family , with kinship relationships likely to be common among neighbouring houses and settlements , reflecting the partition of land through inheritance . The climate was more favourable for oats and barley than for corn . The evidence of bones indicates that cattle were by far the most important domesticated animal , followed by pigs , sheep and goats , while domesticated fowl were very rare .
In the period c . 1150 to 1300 , the warm dry summers and less severe winters of the Medieval Warm Period allowed cultivation at much greater heights above sea level and made land more productive . Arable farming grew significantly , but was still more common in low @-@ lying areas than in high @-@ lying areas such as the Highlands , Galloway and the Southern Uplands . The feudalism introduced under David I , particularly in the east and south where the crown 's authority was greatest , saw the placement of lordships . Land was now held from the king , or a superior lord , in exchange for loyalty and forms of service that were usually military . Barons , who held feudal tenures , had the right to hold baronial courts , which could deal with matters of land ownership . However , the imposition of feudalism continued to sit beside existing systems of landholding and tenure and it is not clear how this change impacted on the lives of the ordinary free and unfree workers . In places , feudalism may have tied workers more closely to the land . The predominantly pastoral nature of Scottish agriculture may have made the imposition of a manorial system , based on the English model , impracticable in some areas . Obligations appear to have been limited to occasional labour service , seasonal renders of food , hospitality and money rents .
The system of infield and outfield agriculture , a variation of open field farming widely used across Europe , may have been introduced with feudalism and would continue until the eighteenth century . This expanded from the use of small enclosed fields , which continued from the prehistoric era . The infield was the best land , close to housing . It was farmed continuously and most intensively , receiving most of the manure . Crops were usually bere ( a form of barley ) , oats and sometimes wheat , rye and legumes . The more extensive outfield was used largely for oats . It was fertilised from the overnight folding of cattle in the summer and was often left fallow to recover its fertility . In fertile regions the infield could be extensive , but in the uplands it might be small , surrounded by large amounts of outfield . In coastal areas fertiliser included seaweed and around the major burghs urban refuse was used . Yields were fairly low , often around three times the quantity of seed sown , although they could reach twice that yield on some infields . The main unit of land measurement in Scotland was the davoch ( i.e. " vat " ) , called the arachor in Lennox . This unit is also known as the " Scottish ploughgate " . In English @-@ speaking Lothian , it was simply ploughgate . It may have measured about 104 acres ( 0 @.@ 42 km2 ) , divided into four raths .
By the late Medieval period , most farming was based on the Lowland fermtoun or Highland baile , settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams , allocated in run rigs to tenant farmers , known as husbandmen . The average amount of land used by a husbandman in Scotland might have been 26 acres ( 0 @.@ 11 km2 ) . Below the husbandmen , lesser landholders and free tenants were the cottars , who often shared rights to common pasture , occupied small portions of land and participated in joint farming as hired labour . Farms also might have grassmen , who had rights only to grazing .
Runrigs , of a furrow and ridge , usually ran downhill so that they included both wet and dry land , helping to offset some of the problems of extreme weather conditions . Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter , pulled by oxen , which were more effective on heavy soils and cheaper to feed than horses . Obligations to the local lord usually included supplying oxen for ploughing the lord 's land on an annual basis and the much resented obligation to grind corn at the lord 's mill . Key crops included kale ( for both humans and animals ) , and hemp and flax for cloth production . Sheep and goats were probably the main sources of milk , while cattle were raised primarily for meat . The rural economy appears to have boomed in the thirteenth century and in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death , probably the bubonic plague , which reached Scotland in 1349 and killed perhaps over a third of the population , was still buoyant , but by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes that can be seen in clerical benefices , of between a third and half compared with the beginning of the era , to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century . Towards the end of the period average temperatures began to reduce again , with cooler and wetter conditions limiting the extent of arable agriculture , particularly in the Highlands .
= = Early modern era = =
While barons held increasingly nominal feudal tenures local tenants @-@ in @-@ chief , who held legally held their land directly from the king and who by the sixteenth century were often the major local landholders in an area , grew in significance . As feudal distinctions declined , the barons and tenants @-@ in @-@ chief merged to form a new identifiable group , the lairds , roughly equivalent to the English gentlemen . Below the lairds were a variety of groups , often ill @-@ defined . These included yeomen , later characterised by Walter Scott as " bonnet lairds " , often owning substantial land . The practice of feuing ( by which a tenant paid an entry sum and an annual feu duty , but could pass the land on to their heirs ) meant that the number of people holding heritable possession of lands , which had previously been controlled by the church or nobility , expanded . These and the lairds probably numbered about 10 @,@ 000 by the seventeenth century and became what the government defined as heritors , on whom the financial and legal burdens of local government increasingly fell . Below the substantial landholders were those engaged in subsistence agriculture , who made up the majority of the working population . Those with property rights included husbandmen , lesser landholders and free tenants . By the early modern era in Lowland rural society , as in England , many young people , both male and female , left home to become domestic and agricultural servants . Women acted as an important part of the workforce . Many unmarried women worked away from their families as farm servants and married women worked with their husbands around the farm , taking part in all the major agricultural tasks . They had a particular role as shearers in the harvest , forming most of the reaping team of the bandwin .
The early modern era also saw the impact of the Little Ice Age , of colder and wetter weather , which peaked towards the end of the seventeenth century . Almost half the years in the second half of the sixteenth century saw local or national scarcity , necessitating the shipping of large quantities of grain from the Baltic , referred to as Scotland 's " emergency granary " . This was particularly from Poland through the port of Danzig , but later Königsberg and Riga , shipping Russian grain , and Swedish ports , would become important . The trade was so important that Scottish colonies were established in these ports . In the early seventeenth century famine was relatively common , with four periods of famine prices between 1620 and 1625 . The English invasions of the 1640s had a profound impact on the Scottish economy , with the destruction of crops and the disruption of markets resulting in some of the most rapid price rises of the century . Under the Commonwealth , the country was relatively highly taxed , but gained access to English markets . After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re @-@ established , along with its customs duties . Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688 , as land owners promoted better tillage and cattle @-@ raising . By the end of the century the drovers roads , stretching down from the Highlands through south @-@ west Scotland to north @-@ east England , had become firmly established as routes for Highland cattle to reach English markets . The closing decade of the seventeenth century saw the generally favourable economic conditions that had dominated since the Restoration come to an end . There was a slump in trade with the Baltic and France from 1689 to 1691 , caused by French protectionism and changes in the Scottish cattle trade , followed by four years of failed harvests ( 1695 , 1696 and 1698 – 99 ) , known as the " seven ill years " . The result was severe famine and depopulation , particularly in the north . The famines of the 1690s were seen as particularly severe , partly because famine had become relatively rare in the second half of the seventeenth century , with only one year of dearth ( in 1674 ) and the shortages of the 1690s would be the last of their kind .
= = Eighteenth century = =
Increasing contacts with England after the Union of 1707 led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility . The Society of Improvers was founded in 1723 , including in its 300 members dukes , earls , lairds and landlords . Haymaking was introduced along with the English plough and foreign grasses , the sowing of rye grass and clover . Turnips and cabbages were introduced , lime was put down to combat soil acidity , marshes were drained , roads built and woods planted . Drilling and sowing and crop rotation were introduced . The introduction of the potato to Scotland in 1739 greatly improved the diet of the peasantry . Enclosures began to displace the run rig system and free pasture , creating the landscape of largely rectangular fields that characterises the Lowlands today . New farm buildings , often based on designs in patterns books , replaced the fermtoun and regional diversity was replaced with a standardisation of building forms . Smaller farms retained the linear outline of the longhouse , with dwelling house , barn and byre in a row , but in larger farms a three- or four @-@ sided layout became common , separating the dwelling house from barns and servants quarters .
Early improvement was carried out with the traditional tools , but new technology was increasingly important . Lighter ploughs were adopted , including from 1763 James Small 's cast iron and curved mould board . It was first adopted in the south @-@ east and spread to rest of the country in the 1770s . From 1788 Andrew Meikle 's automated threshing mill speeded up a vital part of the harvesting process . There was increasing regional specialisation . The Lothians became a major centre of grain , Ayrshire of cattle breading and the Borders of sheep .
The result of these changes were the Lowland Clearances , by which hundreds of thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from central and southern Scotland were forcibly moved from the farms and small holdings their families had occupied for hundreds of years . Many small settlements were dismantled , their occupants forced either to the new purpose @-@ built villages built by the landowners such as John Cockburn of Ormiston to house the displaced cottars on the outskirts of the new ranch @-@ style farms , or to the new industrial centres of Glasgow , Edinburgh , or northern England . Tens of thousands of others emigrated to Canada or the United States , finding opportunities there to own and farm their own land .
= = Nineteenth century = =
Improvement continued in the nineteenth century . Innovations included the first working reaping machine , developed by Patrick Bell in 1828 . His rival James Smith turned to improving sub @-@ soil drainage and developed a method of ploughing that could break up the subsoil barrier without disturbing the topsoil . Previously unworkable low @-@ lying carselands could now be brought into arable production and the result was the even Lowland landscape that still predominates .
While the Lowlands had seen widespread agricultural improvement , the Highlands remained very poor and traditional . A handful of powerful families , typified by the dukes of Argyll , Atholl , Buccleuch , and Sutherland , owned the best lands and controlled local political , legal and economic affairs . As late as 1878 , 68 families owned nearly half the land in Scotland . Particularly after the end of the boom created by the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1790 – 1815 ) , these landlords needed cash to maintain their position in London society . They turned to money rents and downplayed the traditional patriarchal relationship that had historically sustained the clans . This was exacerbated after the repeal of the Corn Laws in mid @-@ century , when Britain adopted a free trade policy , and grain imports from America undermined the profitability of crop production .
One result of these changes were the Highland Clearances , by which much of the population of the Highlands suffered forced displacement as lands were enclosed , principally so that they could be used for sheep farming . The clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout the UK , but were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing , the lack of legal protection for year @-@ by @-@ year tenants under Scots law , the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system , and the brutality of many evictions . The result was a continuous exodus from the land — to the cities , or further afield to England , Canada , America or Australia . Many that remained were now crofters , living on very small rented farms with indefinite tenure used to raise various crops and animals . For these families kelping , fishing , spinning of linen and military service became important sources of additional revenue . Scotland suffered its last major subsistence crisis , when the potato blight that caused the Irish potato famine reached the Highlands in 1846 . Some 150 @,@ 000 people whose food supply was mainly potatoes faced disaster . They were rescued by an effective emergency relief system that stands in contrast to the failures of relief in Ireland , but the danger of starvation remained into the 1850s .
The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject and was violently challenged in the 1880s through the Highland Land League . After the report of the Napier Commission of 1883 , the government stepped in , passing the Crofters ' Holdings ( Scotland ) Act , 1886 to reduce rents , guarantee fixity of tenure , and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless . Explicit security was given for the Scottish smallholders ; the legal right to bequeath tenancies to descendants and a Crofting Commission was created in 1886 .
= = Twentieth century to the present = =
In the twentieth century Scottish agriculture became susceptible to the ups and downs of world markets . There were dramatic price rises in the First World War , but a slump in the 1920s and 1930s , in which perhaps 40 per cent of Scottish land changed hands , followed by more price rises in the Second World War . In 1947 annual price reviews were introduced in an attempt to stabilise the market . A series of Acts of Parliament followed , designed to give price support and grants to farmers . After the Second World War and the associated rationing , there was a drive in UK agriculture to greater production . This lasted until the late 1970s , resulting in more intensive farming . More areas of marginal land were brought into production with government subsidies . At the same time , the amount of forest was increased by a factor of three . There was increasing mechanisation of Scottish agriculture . The horse was replaced by the tractor and the combine harvester . This meant that farming became less labour @-@ intensive . In 1951 , 88 @,@ 000 people worked in Scottish agriculture full @-@ time , but by 1991 it had fallen to about 25 @,@ 000 , leading to more depopulation of rural areas . This helped make Scottish agriculture among the most efficient in Europe .
In the 1960s and 1970s , 76 – 77 per cent of output by value was livestock farming and , although this has fallen to about 64 per cent since 1990 , arable farming remains a minority of the sector and two @-@ thirds of agricultural land is rough pasture . One result is that chemicalisation and arable @-@ based subsidies have had less impact on Scottish biodiversity than is the case in England where farming is overwhelmingly arable . The UK membership of the European Economic Community ( later the European Union ) in 1972 began a re @-@ orientation for Scottish farming . A preference for Commonwealth markets was replaced by EU obligations . Agriculture became dominated by the Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) of the EU , which made farming dependent on market support and direct grants to farmers . As a result , some sectors , particularly hill sheep farming , became viable only with subsidies . Eight @-@ four per cent of Scottish land qualified for extra support as a Less Favoured Area ( LFA ) , but 80 per cent of the payments were going to only 20 per cent of the farmers , mainly large commercial arable farms in the Lowlands . A series of reforms to the CAP from the 1990s attempted to control over @-@ production , limit incentives for intensive farming and mitigate environmental damage . As part of an attempt to mitigate the depopulation and commercialisation of Scottish farming , the Crofting Act of 1976 made it easier for crofters to buy their farms , but most were insufficient to support a family , and many small farmers turned to fish farming and tourism to supplement their incomes . A dual farm structure has emerged with agriculture divided between large commercial farms and small pluralised and diversified holdings . Scotland has the highest average farm size in the European Union , almost ten times the average .
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= Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia =
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( Olga Nikolaevna Romanova ) ( Russian : Великая Княжна Ольга Николаевна ; IPA : [ vʲɪˈlʲikəjə knʲɪˈʐna ɐˈlʲɡa nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvnə ] ( Velikaya Knyazhna Ol 'ga Nikolaevna ) ; November 15 ( 16th starting in 1900 ) [ O.S. November 3 ] 1895 – July 17 , 1918 ) was the eldest daughter of the last Tsar of the Russian Empire , Emperor Nicholas II , and of Empress Alexandra of Russia . Because Russia continued to use the Julian calendar in 1900 and later , her birthday ended up being celebrated on November 16 new style starting in 1900 .
During her lifetime , Olga 's future marriage was the subject of great speculation within Russia . Matches were rumored with Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , Crown Prince Carol of Romania , Edward , Prince of Wales , eldest son of Britain 's George V , and with Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia . Olga herself wanted to marry a Russian and remain in her home country . During World War I , Olga nursed wounded soldiers in a military hospital until her own nerves gave out and , thereafter , oversaw administrative duties at the hospital .
Olga 's murder following the Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in her canonization as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church . In later years , when dozens of people made claims to be surviving members of the imperial family , a woman named Marga Boodts claimed to be Grand Duchess Olga , but her claim was not taken seriously . Olga was assassinated along with her family at Yekaterinburg . Her remains were identified through DNA testing and were buried during a funeral ceremony in 1998 at Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg along with those of her parents and two of her sisters .
= = Early life and childhood = =
Olga 's siblings were Grand Duchesses Tatiana , Maria , Anastasia , and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia . Her Russian title ( Velikaya Knyazhna Великая Княжна ) is most precisely translated as " Grand Princess " , meaning that Olga , as an " imperial highness " , was higher in rank than other princesses in Europe who were " royal highnesses " . However , " Grand Duchess " is the usual English translation . Olga 's friends and family generally called her simply Olga Nikolaevna or nicknamed her " Olishka " , " Olenka " or " Olya " . Among her godparents was her great @-@ grandmother , Queen Victoria . Olga was most often paired with her sister Tatiana . The two girls shared a room , dressed alike , and were known as " The Big Pair " .
From her earliest years she was known for her compassionate heart and desire to help others , but also for her temper , blunt honesty and moodiness . As a small child , she once lost patience while posing for a portrait painter and told the man , " You are a very ugly man and I don 't like you one bit ! " The Tsar 's children were raised as simply as possible , sleeping on hard camp cots unless they were ill , taking cold baths every morning . Servants called Olga and her siblings by their first names and patronyms rather than by their imperial titles . However , Olga 's governess and tutors also noted some of the autocratic impulses of the daughter of the Tsar of All the Russias , one of the wealthiest men in the world . On a visit to a museum where state carriages were on display , Olga once ordered one of the servants to prepare the largest and most beautiful carriage for her daily drive . Her wishes were not honored , much to the relief of her governess , Margaretta Eagar . She also felt the rights of eldest children should be protected . When she was told the Biblical story of Joseph and his coat of many colors , she sympathized with the eldest brothers rather than Joseph . She also sympathized with Goliath rather than David in the Biblical story of David and Goliath . When her French tutor , Pierre Gilliard , was teaching her the formation of French verbs and the use of auxiliaries , ten @-@ year @-@ old Olga responded , " I see , monsieur . The auxiliaries are the servants of the verbs . It 's only poor ' avoir ' which has to shift for itself . " Olga loved to read and , unlike her four siblings , enjoyed school work . " The eldest , Olga Nicolaevna , possessed a remarkably quick brain " , recalled her Swiss tutor , Pierre Gilliard . " She had good reasoning powers as well as initiative , a very independent manner , and a gift for swift and entertaining repartee . " She enjoyed reading about politics and read newspapers . Olga also reportedly enjoyed choosing from her mother 's book selection . When she was caught taking a book before her mother read it , Olga would jokingly tell her mother that Alexandra must wait to read the novel until Olga had determined whether it was an appropriate book for her to read .
Margaret Eagar also noted that Olga was bright but said she had little experience with the world because of her sheltered life . She and her sisters had little understanding of money because they had not had an opportunity to shop in stores or to see money exchange hands . Young Olga once thought that a hat maker who came to the palace had given her a new hat as a present . Olga was once frightened when she witnessed a policeman arresting someone on the street . She thought the policeman would come to arrest her because she had behaved badly for Miss Eagar . When reading a history lesson , she remarked that she was glad she lived in current times , when people were good and not as evil as they had been in the past . When she was eight , in November 1903 , Olga learned about death first hand when her first cousin , Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine , died of typhoid fever while on a visit to the Romanovs at their Polish estate . " My children talked much of cousin Ella and how God had taken her spirit , and they understood that later God would take her body also to heaven " , wrote Eagar . " On Christmas morning when Olga awoke , she exclaimed at once , ' Did God send for cousin Ella 's body in the night ? ' I felt startled at such a question on Christmas morning , but answered , ' Oh , no , dear , not yet . ' She was greatly disappointed , and said , ' I thought He would have sent for her to keep Christmas with Him . ' "
= = Adolescence and relationships with parents = =
" Her chief characteristics … were a strong will and a singularly straightforward habit of thought and action " , wrote her mother 's friend Anna Vyrubova , who recalled Olga 's hot temper and her struggles to keep it under control . " Admirable qualities in a woman , these same characteristics are often trying in childhood , and Olga as a little girl sometimes showed herself willful and even disobedient . " Olga idolized her father and wore a necklace with an icon of St. Nicholas on her chest . She , like her siblings , enjoyed games of tennis and swimming with her father during their summer holidays and often confided in him when she went with him on long walks . Though she also loved Alexandra , her relationship with her mother was somewhat strained during her adolescence and early adulthood . " Olga is always most unamiable about every proposition , though may end by doing what I wish " , wrote Alexandra to Nicholas on March 13 , 1916 . " And when I am severe — sulks me . " In another letter to Nicholas during World War I , Alexandra complained that Olga 's grumpiness , bad humor and general reluctance to make an official visit to the hospital where she usually worked as a Red Cross nurse made things difficult . Olga also occasionally found her mother 's attitude trying . Parlormaid Elizaveta Nikolaevna Ersberg told her niece that the Tsar paid closer attention to the children than Alexandra did and Alexandra often was ill with a migraine or quarreled with the servants . In 1913 , Olga complained in a letter to her grandmother , Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna about her mother 's invalidism . " As usual her heart isn 't well " , Olga wrote . " It 's all so unpleasant . " Queen Marie of Romania , who met Olga and her sisters when they visited Romania on a state trip in 1914 , commented in her memoirs that the girls were natural and confided in her when Alexandra wasn 't present , but when she appeared " they always seemed to be watching her every expression so as to be sure to act according to her desires . "
As an adolescent , Olga received frequent reminders from her mother to be an example for the other children and to be patient with her younger sisters and with her nurses . On January 11 , 1909 , Alexandra admonished thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Olga for rudeness and bad behavior . She told the teenager that she must be polite to the servants , who looked after her well and did their best for her , and she should not make her nurse " nervous " when she was tired and not feeling well . Olga responded on January 12 , 1909 that she would try to do better but it wasn 't easy because her nurse became angry and cross with her for no good reason . However , Ersberg , one of the maids , told her niece that the servants sometimes had good reason to be cross with Olga because the eldest grand duchess could be spoiled , capricious , and lazy . On January 24 , 1909 , Alexandra scolded the active teenager , who once signed another of her letters with the nickname " Unmounted Cossack " , again : " You are growing very big — don 't be so wild and kick about and show your legs , it is not pretty . I never did so when your age or when I was smaller and younger even . "
Three years later , Alexandra blamed sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Olga , who was sitting beside her seven @-@ year @-@ old brother , for failing to control the misbehaving Tsarevich Alexei during a family dinner . The spoiled Alexei teased others at the table , refused to sit up in his chair , wouldn 't eat his food and licked his plate . The Tsarina 's expectation was unreasonable , said Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia , a distant cousin of the imperial family . " Olga cannot deal with him " , he wrote in his diary on March 18 , 1912 . Court official A. A. Mossolov wrote that Olga was already seventeen , but still " she had the ways of a flapper " , referring to her rough manners and liking for exuberant play .
= = Relationship with Grigori Rasputin = =
Despite his occasional misbehavior , Olga , like all her family , doted on the long @-@ awaited heir Tsarevich Alexei , or " Baby " . The little boy suffered frequent attacks of hemophilia and nearly died several times . Like their mother , Olga and her three sisters were also potentially carriers of the hemophilia gene . Olga 's younger sister Maria reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils , according to her paternal aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia , who was interviewed later in her life . The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Tsarina Alexandra . Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of the hemophilia gene like their mother , who inherited the trait from her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria . Symptomatic carriers of the gene , while not haemophiliacs themselves , can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normal blood clotting factor that can lead to heavy bleeding .
Olga 's mother relied on the counsel of Grigori Rasputin , a Russian peasant and wandering starets or " holy man " , and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions . Olga and her siblings were also taught to view Rasputin as " Our Friend " and to share confidences with him . In the autumn of 1907 , Olga 's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia was escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin . Olga , her sisters and brother , were all wearing their long white nightgowns . " All the children seemed to like him " , Olga Alexandrovna recalled . " They were completely at ease with him . "
However , one of the girls ' governesses , Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva , was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred . Although Rasputin 's contacts with the children were completely innocent , Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future to avoid further scandal . Alexandra eventually had the governess fired . Tyutcheva took her story to other members of the family . Nicholas 's sister Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia was horrified by Tyutcheva 's story . She wrote on March 15 , 1910 that she couldn 't understand :
" … the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory ( whom they consider to be almost a saint , when in fact he 's only a khlyst ! ) He 's always there , goes into the nursery , visits Olga and Tatiana while they are getting ready for bed , sits there talking to them and caressing them . They are careful to hide him from Sofia Ivanovna , and the children don 't dare talk to her about him . It 's all quite unbelievable and beyond understanding . "
Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova , another nurse for the royal children , was at first a devotee of Rasputin , but later was disillusioned by him . She claimed that she was raped by Rasputin in the spring of 1910 . The Empress refused to believe her and said that everything Rasputin did was holy . Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova 's claim had been immediately investigated , but " they caught the young woman in bed with a Cossack of the Imperial Guard . " Vishnyakova was dismissed from her post in 1913 .
It was whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four Grand Duchesses . Rasputin had released ardent , though by all accounts completely innocent in nature , letters written by the Tsarina and the four grand duchesses to him . They circulated throughout society , fueling rumors . Pornographic cartoons circulated depicting Rasputin having relations with the empress , with her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova nude in the background . Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time , much to Alexandra 's displeasure , and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage to Palestine . Despite the rumors , the imperial family 's association with Rasputin continued until Rasputin was murdered on December 17 , 1916 . " Our Friend is so contented with our girlies , says they have gone through heavy ' courses ' for their age and their souls have much developed " , Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on December 6 , 1916 , a few weeks before Rasputin was killed . However , as she grew older , Olga was less inclined to see Rasputin as her friend and was more aware of how his friendship with her parents affected the stability of her country . Olga wrote in her diary the day after the murder that she suspected Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , her first cousin once removed and the man she had at one time been expected to marry , was the murderer of " Father Grigory . " Dmitri and Felix Yussupov , the husband of her first cousin Princess Irina of Russia , were among the murderers . In his memoirs , A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared " cold and visibly terribly upset " by Rasputin 's death and sat " huddled up closely together " on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news . Mordvinov reported that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed . Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on the reverse side by Olga , her sisters and mother . However , Olga was the only member of the family who did not attend Rasputin 's funeral , according to the diary of her first cousin once removed Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia . According to the memoirs of Valentina Ivanovna Chebotareva , a woman who nursed with Olga during World War I , Olga said in February 1917 , about a month after the murder , that while it might have been necessary for Rasputin to be killed , it should never have been done " so terribly . " She was ashamed that the murderers were her relatives . After Olga and her sisters had been killed , the Bolsheviks found that each was wearing an amulet bearing Rasputin 's image and a prayer around their necks .
Inspired by her religious upbringing , Olga took control of a portion of her sizable fortune when she was twenty and began to respond independently to requests for charity . One day when she was out for a drive she saw a young child using crutches . She asked about the child and learned that the youngster 's parents were too poor to afford treatment . Olga set aside an allowance to cover the child 's medical bills . A court official , Alexander Mossolov , recalled that Olga 's character was " even , good , with an almost angelic kindness " by the time she was a young woman .
= = Romances and marital prospects = =
Olga was a chestnut @-@ blonde with bright blue eyes , a broad face and a turned up nose . She was considered less pretty than her sisters Maria and Tatiana , though her appearance improved as she grew older . " As a child she was plain , at fifteen she was beautiful " , wrote her mother 's friend Lili Dehn . " She was slightly above the medium height , with a fresh complexion , deep blue eyes , quantities of light chestnut hair , and pretty hands and feet . "
Olga and her younger sisters were surrounded by young men assigned to guard them at the palace and on the imperial yacht Standard and were used to mingling with them and sharing holiday fun during their annual summer cruises . When Olga was fifteen , a group of officers aboard the imperial yacht gave her a portrait of Michelangelo 's nude David , cut out from a newspaper , as a present for her name day on July 11 , 1911 . " Olga laughed at it long and hard " , her indignant fourteen @-@ year @-@ old sister Tatiana wrote to her aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia . " And not one of the officers wishes to confess that he has done it . Such swine , aren 't they ? "
At the same time the teenage Olga was enjoying her innocent flirtations , society was buzzing about her future marriage . In November 1911 a full dress ball was held at Livadia to celebrate her sixteenth birthday and her entry into society . Her hair was put up for the first time and her first evening gown was pink . Her parents gave her a diamond ring and a diamond and pearl necklace as a birthday present and symbol that she had become a young woman . A. Bogdanova , the wife of a general and hostess of a monarchist salon , wrote in her diary the following summer , on June 7 , 1912 , that Olga had been betrothed the previous night to Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , her first cousin once removed . In his book The Rasputin File , Edvard Radzinsky speculates that the betrothal was broken off due to Dmitri 's dislike for Grigori Rasputin , his association with Felix Yussupov and rumors that Dmitri was bisexual . However , no other sources mention an official betrothal to Dmitri Pavlovich . Before World War I , there was also some discussion of a marriage between Olga and Prince Carol of Romania , but Olga did not like Carol . During a visit to Romania in the spring of 1914 , she struggled to make small talk with the Romanian crown prince . Carol 's mother , Queen Marie of Romania , was unimpressed with Olga as well , finding her manners too brusque and her broad , high cheek @-@ boned face " not pretty . " The plans were , in any event , put on hold upon the outbreak of war in 1914 . Edward , Prince of Wales , eldest son of England 's George V , and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia were also discussed as potential suitors , though none were considered seriously . Olga told Gilliard that she wanted to marry a Russian and remain in her own country . She said her parents would not force her to marry anyone she could not like .
While society was discussing matches with princes , Olga fell in love with a succession of officers . In late 1913 , Olga fell in love with Pavel Voronov , a junior officer on the imperial yacht Standart , but such a relationship would have been impossible due to their differing ranks . Voronov was engaged a few months later to one of the ladies in waiting . " God grant him good fortune , my beloved " , a saddened Olga wrote on his wedding day , " It 's sad , distressing . " Later , in her diaries of 1915 and 1916 , Olga frequently mentioned a man named Mitya with great affection .
According to the diary of Valentina Chebotareva , a woman who nursed with Olga during World War I , Olga 's " golden Mitya " was Dmitri Chakh @-@ Bagov , a wounded soldier she cared for when she was a Red Cross nurse . Chebotareva wrote that Olga 's love for him was " pure , naive , without hope " and that she tried to avoid revealing her feelings to the other nurses . She talked to him regularly on the telephone , was depressed when he left the hospital , and jumped about exuberantly when she received a message from him . Dmitri Chakh @-@ Bagov adored Olga and talked of killing Rasputin for her if she only gave the word , because it was the duty of an officer to protect the imperial family even against their will . However , he also reportedly showed other officers the letters Olga had written to him when he was drunk . Another young man , Volodia Volkomski , appeared to have affection for her as well . " ( He ) always has a smile or two for her " , wrote Alexandra to Nicholas on December 16 , 1916 . Chebotareva also noted in her diary Olga 's stated " dreams of happiness : " To get married , [ to ] always live in the countryside [ in ] winter and summer , [ to ] see only good people [ and ] no one official . ” Other suitors within the family were suggested , among them Olga 's first cousin once removed Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia . Alexandra refused to entertain the idea of her innocent daughter marrying the jaded , much older Boris Vladimirovich . " An inexperienced girl would suffer terribly , to have her husband 4 , or 5th hand or more " , Alexandra wrote . She was also aware that Olga 's heart lay elsewhere .
= = Early adulthood and World War I = =
Olga experienced her first brush with violence at age fifteen , when she witnessed the assassination of the government minister Pyotr Stolypin during a performance at the Kiev Opera House . " Olga and Tatiana had followed me back to the box and saw everything that happened " , Tsar Nicholas II wrote to his mother , Dowager Empress Maria , on September 10 , 1911 . " … It had made a great impression on Tatiana , who cried a lot , and they both slept badly . " Three years later , she saw gunshot wounds close up when she trained to become a Red Cross nurse . Olga , her sister Tatiana , and her mother Tsarina Alexandra treated wounded soldiers at a hospital on the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo .
Olga was disdainful of her cousin Princess Irina of Russia 's husband Felix Yussupov , the man who eventually murdered Rasputin in December 1916 . Yussupov had taken advantage of a law permitting men who were only sons to avoid military service . He was in civilian dress at a time when many of the Romanov men and the wounded soldiers Olga cared for were fighting . " Felix is a ' downright civilian ' , dressed all in brown , walked to and fro about the room , searching in some bookcases with magazines and virtually doing nothing ; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes — a man idling in such times " , Olga wrote to her father , Tsar Nicholas , on March 5 , 1915 after paying a visit to the Yussupovs . She was also strongly patriotic . In July 1915 , while discussing the wedding of an acquaintance with fellow nurses , Olga said she understood why the ancestry of the groom 's German grandmother was being kept hidden . " Of course he has to conceal it " , she burst out . " I quite understand him , she may perhaps be a real bloodthirsty German . " Olga 's unthinking comments hurt her mother , who had been born in Germany , reported fellow nurse Valentina Ivanovna Chebotareva . Nursing during the war provided Olga and her sister Tatiana with exposure to experiences they had not previously had . The girls enjoyed talking with fellow nurses at the hospital , women they would never have met if not for the war , and knew the names of their children and their family stories . On one occasion , when a lady in waiting who usually picked up the girls from the hospital was detained and sent a carriage without an attendant , the two girls decided to go shopping in a store when they had a break . They ordered the carriage driver to stop in a shopping district and went into a store where they were not recognized because of their nursing uniforms . However , they discovered that they didn 't know how to buy anything because they had never used money . The next day they asked Chebotareva how to go about purchasing an item from a store . Yet other stories tell of a regular salary of nine dollars the girls received each month , and how they used it to purchase such items as perfume and notepaper . They had also been shopping with their Aunt , Olga Alexandrovna and Olga had visited shops on a trip to Germany with her sister Tatiana
Olga cared for and pitied the soldiers she helped to treat . However , the stress of caring for wounded , dying men eventually also took its toll on the sensitive , moody Olga 's nerves . Her sister Maria reported in a letter that Olga broke three panes of a window on a " caprice " with her umbrella on September 5 , 1915 . On another occasion , she destroyed items in a cloakroom when she was " in a rage " , according to the memoirs of Valentina Chebotareva . On October 19 , 1915 she was assigned office work at the hospital because she was no longer able to bear the gore of the operating theater . She was given arsenic injections in October 1915 , at the time considered a treatment for depression or nervous disorders . Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden , one of her mother 's ladies in waiting , recalled that Olga had to give up nursing and instead only supervised the hospital wards because she had " overtired herself " and became " nervous and anaemic . "
According to the accounts of courtiers , Olga knew the financial and political state of the country during the war and revolution . She reportedly also knew how much the Russian people disliked her mother and father . " She was by nature a thinker " , remembered Gleb Botkin , the son of the family 's physician , Yevgeny Botkin , " and as it later seemed to me , understood the general situation better than any member of her family , including even her parents . At least I had the impression that she had little illusions in regard to what the future held in store for them , and in consequence was often sad and worried . "
= = Captivity and death = =
The family were arrested during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and were imprisoned first at their home in Tsarskoye Selo and later at private residences in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg , Siberia . " Darling , you must know how awful it all is " , Olga wrote in a letter to a friend from Tobolsk . During the early months of 1917 , the children caught measles . Olga contracted pleurisy , as well .
Olga tried to draw comfort from her faith and her proximity to her family . To her " beloved mama " , with whom she had sometimes had a difficult relationship , she wrote a poem in April 1917 , while the family was still imprisoned at Tsarskoye Selo : " You are filled with anguish for the sufferings of others . And no one 's grief has ever passed you by . You are relentless , only towards yourself , forever cold and pitiless . But if only you could look upon your own sadness from a distance , just once with a loving soul — Oh , how you would pity yourself , how sadly you would weep . " In another letter from Tobolsk , Olga wrote : " Father asks to … remember that the evil which is now in the world will become yet more powerful , and that it is not evil which conquers evil , but only love … "
A poem copied into one of her notebooks prays for patience and the ability to forgive her enemies :
" Send us , Lord , the patience , in this year of stormy , gloom @-@ filled days , to suffer popular oppression , and the tortures of our hangmen . Give us strength , oh Lord of justice , Our neighbor 's evil to forgive , And the Cross so heavy and bloody , with Your humility to meet , In days when enemies rob us , To bear the shame and humiliation , Christ our Savior , help us . Ruler of the world , God of the universe , Bless us with prayer and give our humble soul rest in this unbearable , dreadful hour . At the threshold of the grave , breathe into the lips of Your slaves inhuman strength — to pray meekly for our enemies . "
Also found with Olga 's effects , reflecting her own determination to remain faithful to the father she adored , was Edmond Rostand 's L 'Aiglon , the story of Napoleon Bonaparte 's son , who remained loyal to his deposed father until the end of his life .
There was one report that her father gave Olga a small revolver , which she concealed in a boot while in captivity at Tsarskoe Selo and at Tobolsk . Colonel Eugene Kobylynsky , their sympathetic jailer , pleaded with the grand duchess to surrender her revolver before she , her sisters , and brother were transferred to Yekaterinburg . Olga reluctantly gave up her gun and was left unarmed .
The family had been briefly separated in April 1918 when the Bolsheviks moved Nicholas , Alexandra , and Maria to Yekaterinburg . Alexei and the three other young women remained behind because Alexei had suffered another attack of hemophilia . The Empress chose Maria to accompany her because " Olga 's spirits were too low " and level @-@ headed Tatiana was needed to take care of Alexei . In May 1918 the remaining children and servants boarded the ship Rus that ferried them from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg . Aboard ship , Olga was distressed when she saw one of the guards slip from a ladder and injure his foot . She ran to the man and explained that she had been a nurse during the war and wanted to look at his foot . He refused her offer of treatment . All through the afternoon , Olga fretted over the guard , whom she called " her poor fellow . " At Tobolsk Olga and her sisters had sewed jewels into their clothing in hopes of hiding them from the Bolsheviks , since Alexandra had written to warn them that upon arrival in Ekaterinburg , she , Nicholas and Maria had been aggressively searched and belongings confiscated .
Pierre Gilliard later recalled his last sight of the imperial children at Yekaterinburg :
At the Ipatiev House , Olga and her sisters were eventually required to do their own laundry and learned how to make bread . The girls took turns keeping Alexandra company and amusing Alexei , who was still confined to bed and suffering from pain after his latest injury . Olga was reportedly deeply depressed and lost a great deal of weight during her final months . " She was thin , pale , and looked very sick " , recalled one of the guards , Alexander Strekotin , in his memoirs . " She took few walks in the garden , and spent most of her time with her brother . " Another guard recalled that the few times she did walk outside , she stood there " gazing sadly into the distance , making it easy to read her emotions . " Later , Olga appeared angry with her younger sister Maria for being too friendly to the guards , reported Strekotin . After late June , when a new command was installed , the family was forbidden from fraternizing with the guards and the conditions of their imprisonment became even more stringent .
On July 14 , 1918 , local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family and reported that Olga and her family , contrary to custom , fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead . The following day , on July 15 , Olga and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked with one another and moved the beds in their room so visiting cleaning women could scrub the floor . They got down on their hands and knees to help the women and whispered to them when the guards weren 't looking . All four young women wore long black skirts and white silk blouses , the same clothing they had worn the previous day . Their short hair was " tumbled and disorderly . " They told the women how much they enjoyed physical exertion and wished there was more of it for them to do in the Ipatiev House . Olga appeared sickly . As the family was eating dinner that night , Yakov Yurovsky , the head of the detachment , came in and announced that the family 's kitchen boy and Alexei 's playmate , 14 @-@ year @-@ old Leonid Sednev , must gather his things and go to a family member . The boy had actually been sent to a hotel across the street because the guards did not want to kill him along with the rest of the Romanov party . The family , unaware of the plan to kill them , was upset and unsettled by Sednev 's absence . Dr. Eugene Botkin and Tatiana went that evening to Yurovsky 's office , for what was to be the last time , to ask for the return of the kitchen boy who kept Alexei amused during the long hours of captivity . Yurovsky placated them by telling them the boy would return soon , but the family was unconvinced .
Late that night , on the night of July 16 , the family was awakened and told to come down to the lower level of the house because there was unrest in the town at large and they would have to be moved for their own safety . The family emerged from their rooms carrying pillows , bags , and other items to make Alexandra and Alexei comfortable . The family paused and crossed themselves when they saw the stuffed mother bear and cubs that stood on the landing , perhaps as a sign of respect for the dead . Nicholas told the servants and family " Well , we 're going to get out of this place . " They asked questions of the guards but did not appear to suspect they were going to be killed . Yurovsky , who had been a professional photographer , directed the family to take different positions as a photographer might . Alexandra , who had complained about the lack of chairs for herself and Alexei , sat to her son 's left . The Tsar stood behind Alexei , Dr. Botkin stood to the Tsar 's right , Olga and her sisters stood behind Alexandra along with the servants . They were left for approximately half an hour while further preparations were made . The group said little during this time , but Alexandra whispered to the girls in English , violating the guard 's rules that they must speak in Russian . Yurovsky came in , ordered them to stand , and read the sentence of execution . Olga and her mother attempted to make the sign of the cross and the rest of the family had time only to utter a few incoherent sounds of shock or protest before the death squad under Yurovsky 's command began shooting . It was the early hours of July 17 , 1918 .
The initial round of gunfire killed only the Tsar , the Empress and two male servants , and wounded Grand Duchess Maria , Dr Botkin and the Empress ' maidservant , Demidova . At that point the gunmen had to leave the room because of smoke and toxic fumes from their guns and plaster dust their bullets had released from the walls . After allowing the haze to clear for several minutes , the gunmen returned . Dr Botkin was killed , and a gunman named Ermakov repeatedly tried to shoot Tsarevich Alexei , but failed because jewels sewn into the boy 's clothes shielded him . Ermakov tried to stab Alexei with a bayonet but failed again , and finally Yurovsky fired two shots into the boy 's head . Yurovsky and Ermakov approached Olga and Tatiana , who were crouched against the room 's rear wall , clinging to each other and screaming for their mother . Ermakov stabbed both young women with his 8 @-@ inch bayonet , but had difficulty penetrating their torsos because of the jewels that had been sewn into their chemises . The sisters tried to stand , but Tatiana was killed instantly when Yurovsky shot her in the back of her head . A moment later , Olga too died when Ermakov shot her in the jaw .
Several people claimed to be surviving members of the Romanov family following the assassinations . A woman named Marga Boodts claimed to be Grand Duchess Olga . Boodts lived in a villa on Lake Como in Italy and was said to be supported by the former kaiser , Wilhelm II and by the Pope . Prince Sigismund of Prussia , son of Alexandra 's sister , Irene , said he accepted her as Olga , and Sigismund also supported Anastasia claimant Anna Anderson . His mother , Irene , did not believe either woman . Most historians discount her claim and believe Olga died with her family . Michael Goleniewski , an Alexei pretender , claimed his ' sisters ' were Olga and Tatiana , and the entire family had escaped .
Remains later identified through DNA testing as the Romanovs and their servants were discovered in the woods outside Yekaterinburg in 1991 . Two bodies , Alexei and one of his sisters , generally thought to be either Maria or Anastasia , were missing . On August 23 , 2007 , a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned , partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky 's memoirs . The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty @-@ three years old . Anastasia was seventeen years , one month old at the time of the assassination , while her sister Maria was nineteen years , one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday . Olga and Tatiana were twenty @-@ two and twenty @-@ one years old at the time of the assassination . Along with the remains of the two bodies , archaeologists found " shards of a container of sulfuric acid , nails , metal strips from a wooden box , and bullets of various caliber . " The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes .
Preliminary testing indicated a " high degree of probability " that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters , Russian forensic scientists announced on January 22 , 2008 . The Yekaterinburg region 's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts . On April 30 , 2008 , Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing confirms that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters . In March 2009 , Dr. Michael Coble of the US Armed Forces DNA Identification Lab published the final , peer reviewed results of the recent tests on the 2007 remains , comparing them with the 1991 remains , concluding the entire family died together in 1918 . Russian and Austrian scientists got the same results . This finding confirms that all of the Tsar 's family were accounted for .
= = Sainthood = =
For more information , see Romanov sainthood
In 2000 , Olga and her family were canonized as passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church . The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad as holy martyrs .
The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II , Tsarina Alexandra , and three of their daughters were finally interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on July 17 , 1998 , eighty years after they were murdered .
= = Ancestry = =
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= New York State Route 394 =
New York State Route 394 ( NY 394 ) is a state highway located within Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties in southwestern New York in the United States . Its western terminus is located on the shore of Lake Erie at an intersection with NY 5 in the Westfield hamlet of Barcelona . The eastern terminus is located at an interchange with the Southern Tier Expressway ( Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) at the Coldspring hamlet of Steamburg . From Mayville to Jamestown , NY 394 follows the western edge of Chautauqua Lake . East of Jamestown , the route straddles the Southern Tier Expressway and connects to the highway in four different locations , including at its eastern terminus .
The segments of NY 394 between Westfield and Mayville , as well as east of Jamestown were originally designated as NY 17 in 1924 . Six years later , the remainder of current NY 394 gained a pair of designations as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; however , by the mid @-@ 1940s , the Mayville – Jamestown stretch was solely designated as New York State Route 17J . In November 1973 , NY 17 was realigned onto the new Southern Tier Expressway east of Jamestown . The former alignment of NY 17 between Jamestown and Steamburg and all of NY 17J were redesignated as NY 394 . NY 394 was extended westward to Barcelona shortly afterward . Today the route is also concurrent with part of New York State Bicycle Route 17 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Lake Erie to Mayville = = =
NY 394 begins at an intersection with NY 5 ( here part of the Seaway Trail ) in Barcelona , on the shore of Lake Erie . The route heads to the southeast , paralleling Chautauqua Creek and meeting the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) at exit 60 a quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) from NY 5 . NY 394 crosses over the Thruway and enters the village of Westfield , passing baseball fields and local businesses ahead of an intersection with U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) . The road continues through the outskirts of Westfield , passing more local businesses and parks . After the intersection with East Campbell Avenue , NY 394 leaves Westfield and heads into rural regions of Chautauqua County .
After leaving Westfield , NY 394 heads to the southeast towards Mayville through predominantly farmland and open fields . Here , NY 394 is known as South Portage Road as it winds its way southeast through the town of Chautauqua . The highway leaves the vicinity of Chautauqua Creek shortly after entering the town . Roughly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the creek , NY 394 enters the Mayville village limits upon intersecting Beaujean Road . Within the village , NY 394 passes by Chautauqua Lake Central School ahead of a junction with NY 430 , a road ultimately leading westward to Erie , Pennsylvania . Past the intersection , both NY 394 and NY 430 begin to parallel Chautauqua Lake as they head southeastward , with NY 394 following the western edge of the water body .
= = = Chautauqua Lake = = =
Outside of Mayville , the highway reenters the town of Chautauqua and goes along the shore of the lake . NY 394 intersects with some local roads as it approaches the Chautauqua Institution , where it passes the Chautauqua Golf Club just west of the grounds . Just south of the golf club is an access road to a fish hatchery maintained by the state . NY 394 leaves Chautauqua quickly and passes to the east of Willow Run Golf Course . After intersections with County Route 18 ( CR 18 , named Magnolia – Stedman Road ) and CR 16 ( Stow Road ) , NY 394 turns southward and meets the Southern Tier Expressway ( I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) at exit 8 less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Bemus Point .
South of the expressway , NY 394 remains the primary lakeside roadway as it passes through the communities of Quigley Park and Cheney 's Point . NY 394 turns back to the southeast at an intersection with CR 43 , passing Edward F. Loomis Park and remaining on the now @-@ southern edge of Chautauqua Lake . As the route approaches Lakewood , traffic generally becomes more dense and it intersects NY 474 , a largely rural roadway linking the Jamestown area to Wattsburg , Pennsylvania . NY 394 continues onward through Lakewood and into Jamestown , where the lake comes to an end near an intersection with Jackson Avenue .
= = = Jamestown area = = =
NY 394 , initially known as Sixth Street within the city limits , splits into a one @-@ way pair after crossing the Chadakoin River . At this point , eastbound NY 394 shifts one block south to follow Fifth Street while westbound NY 394 remains on Sixth . Between Washington Street and North Main Street , NY 394 is concurrent with NY 60 , with NY 60 south overlapping NY 394 west on Sixth Street and NY 60 north overlapping NY 394 east on Fifth . The one @-@ way pair remains intact through downtown to Prendergast Avenue , where NY 394 comes back together and shifts south onto Fourth Street . Two blocks later , NY 394 veers onto Second Street and passes south of Jamestown Community College before exiting the city . The portion of NY 394 within Jamestown from the western city line to Prendergast Avenue is maintained by the city and is the only section of the route not maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation .
In nearby Falconer , the route becomes Main Street and intersects with CR 380 , an extension of former NY 380 . The highway heads to the northeast through the village , intersecting with local roads before connecting to the Southern Tier Expressway again at exit 13 . The road parallels the expressway as both head northeast out of Falconer .
= = = Poland and Cattaraugus County = = =
Outside of Falconer , NY 394 enters the town of Poland and heads northeast to the hamlet of Kennedy , home to a junction with US 62 . US 62 and NY 394 become concurrent and head through Kennedy to Schermerhorn Corners , where US 62 leaves to the north . NY 394 continues eastward , passing into Cattaraugus County and meeting the Southern Tier Expressway at exit 15 by way of Schoolhouse Road . The segment of Schoolhouse Road between NY 394 and the freeway is designated as NY 953A , an unsigned reference route . NY 394 enters the hamlet of Randolph roughly 3 miles ( 5 km ) later and intersects with both the Southern Tier Expressway at exit 16 via Main Street ( unsigned NY 952M ) and NY 241 . Outside of Randolph , NY 394 separates from the expressway and follows a northeasterly routing to the neighboring hamlet of East Randolph . Here , the route meets NY 242 as it turns southward toward the Southern Tier Expressway once again .
NY 394 leaves East Randolph and heads southward through the town of Coldspring , where it rejoins the corridor of the Southern Tier Expressway about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) from East Randolph . The two highways follow parallel routings for an additional 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to exit 17 on the expressway ( at the hamlet of Steamburg ) , where NY 394 terminates . Past the interchange , the right @-@ of @-@ way of NY 394 continues southward along the Allegheny Reservoir past the Onoville Marina to the Pennsylvania state line ( a distance of 12 @.@ 76 miles or 20 @.@ 54 kilometres ) as unsigned NY 950A .
= = History = =
= = = Westfield – Mayville corridor = = =
The Westfield – Mayville corridor was originally connected by way of a 9 @-@ mile ( 14 km ) long Native American trail . French explorers , led by Étienne Brûlé , apparently discovered the trail in 1615 and used it periodically thereafter ; since Brûlé did not write about his journeys and the only evidence of them comes from secondhand sources , the tribes who originally occupied the territory at the time of Brûlé 's pass @-@ through remain unknown ( in contrast , Joseph de La Roche Daillon , who conducted a missionary journey further east in 1626 , kept meticulous notes that to this day are the only surviving accounts of pre @-@ Beaver Wars native activity in Western New York ) . In 1749 , an expedition under the command of Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville landed at the mouth of Chautauqua Creek on Lake Erie with the intent of claiming the Ohio Valley for the French . They hacked out a road to Chautauqua Lake through the forests that lined the trail on their way to the Allegheny River and thus to the Ohio River .
Another French expedition in 1753 converted the portage road into a military road . The road was still in evidence in 1802 when settlers first moved into the area . They called it the " Old French Road " and the Holland Land Company used it as the western end of Chautauqua Road , the first road cut through the Southern Tier of Western New York . Remnants of the portage road remain to this day : most of NY 394 between the two waterbodies is named Portage Street , and a loop road off NY 394 south of the village of Westfield is called Old Portage Road .
= = = Designations = = =
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , what is now NY 394 from Westfield to Mayville , as well as from Jamestown to Steamburg , was designated as part of NY 17 , a cross @-@ state highway extending across the Southern Tier from Westfield to New Jersey . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , an alternate route of NY 17 from Mayville to Jamestown was designated as NY 17J from Mayville to Ashville and part of NY 74 from Ashville to Jamestown . In the mid @-@ 1930s , NY 17J was extended eastward to rejoin NY 17 at Washington Street in Jamestown , creating an overlap with NY 74 . This overlap was eliminated in the mid @-@ 1940s when NY 74 was truncated to Ashville . NY 17 , meanwhile , was extended to Barcelona to meet NY 5 by 1946 .
Construction began on a new limited @-@ access highway through Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties ( part of the modern Southern Tier Expressway ) in the mid @-@ 1960s . The initial section of the highway , extending from Kennedy ( exit 14 ) to Randolph ( exit 16 ) , opened to traffic by 1967 and became part of a rerouted NY 17 in the late 1960s . By November 1973 , the expressway had been extended west to Fluvanna ( exit 11 ) and east to Steamburg ( exit 18 ) . NY 17 was then realigned to follow the expressway while its former routing from Jamestown to Steamburg , as well as all of NY 17J , was redesignated as NY 394 . By 1977 , the Southern Tier Expressway was completed up to exit 10 in Bemus Point .
In the late 1970s , NY 394 was extended northwestward to Barcelona , overlapping NY 17 . The concurrency was only temporary as NY 17 was realigned to follow the Southern Tier Expressway from Bemus Point to Mina once that segment was completed in the early 1980s . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of NY 394 from Westfield to Barcelona was transferred from Chautauqua County to New York State as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Tillson Harrison =
Tillson Lever Harrison ( January 7 , 1881 – January 10 , 1947 ) was a Canadian physician , army officer and adventurer . Moving to New York and enlisting in the United States Army at an early age , he later returned to Canada to attend the University of Toronto before practising as a physician in a number of dangerous positions , such as the Chief of Medical Staff to Pancho Villa and the doctor for the Chinese Labour Corps , a workforce of over 200 @,@ 000 men . After World War I , he traveled throughout the Middle East , treating venereal disease and operating an X @-@ ray facility in Lod , Israel .
After attempting to elope with one of his Middle East hospital patients , Harrison was deported to Canada but managed to jump ship in Morocco and join the Free State Army . In the 1930s , he traveled through 15 countries and dependencies performing medical duties , and served as a ship 's doctor on a liner that crossed the Indian Ocean during World War II . From 1946 until his death , he assisted in the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) in China , saving many lives .
By the end of his life , Harrison could speak six languages , had participated in seven wars , and was married to four women at the same time . His daughter Rosalind said that the character Indiana Jones was based on him . According to Rosalind , film producers George Lucas and Steven Spielberg contacted her after her father 's death and conducted a series of interviews , during which she provided an account of his life .
= = Early life = =
Harrison was born on January 7 , 1881 , in Tillsonburg , Ontario , a town named for his great @-@ grandfather George . His grandfather , Edwin Delevan Tillson , was the builder of what is now the Annandale National Historic Site . As a child , Harrison was considered a troublemaker . On one occasion he locked his grandmother in her bedroom and on another became a local newspaper sensation after his attempt to travel to Cuba was discovered . In 1894 , he was enrolled at the Upper Canada College in Toronto , but left the next year . At the age of 14 , he ran away to join the 22nd Oxford Rifles militia , headquartered in Oxford County , but was returned home when it was discovered that he was underage . Soon after , he moved to New York to join the United States Army Engineers and serve as part of the peacekeeping force in the Philippines after the defeat of Spain in 1898 , and for a brief period to help put down the Boxer Rebellion in China . Mostly involved in the running of labor gangs building supply roads to remote areas , Harrison was involved in only one firefight . However , when his maternal grandfather , Edwin " E.D. " Tillson ( whose company evolved into Quaker Oats ) , discovered what the 20 @-@ year @-@ old was doing , he used his connections to influence General Adna Chaffee into issuing a general order for the recall of Harrison from the field . While serving with the US Army , Harrison contracted cholera and returned to Canada . Using the inheritance he had received from his recently deceased grandfather , Harrison began attending the University of Toronto medical school before marrying Sybil Wilkin , a lawyer 's daughter , in 1905 .
After his graduation from medical school in 1907 , Harrison gained employment with the Hudson 's Bay Company and began treating the Cree community of Alberta and acting as the local postmaster . Soon after , Harrison again moved his family to Washington , Idaho and finally Drewsey , Oregon , where he became a doctor , pharmacist , mayor , developer and rancher . In 1909 , Harrison fathered a daughter , Rosalind , with his wife Sybil . In 1912 , the Journal of the American Medical Association published an article written by Harrison , titled " Cesarean Section Under Difficulties " , which documented a caesarean section he performed in a remote ranch @-@ house lit by an oil lamp . Because of his restless nature , Harrison left his family in Oregon and traveled to London in 1913 to undergo postgraduate work in gynecology and obstetrics . When World War I began in 1914 , Harrison assisted in the war effort in Belgium . While there , he met a Turkish woman named Eva , and married her without divorcing his first wife . In 1915 , Harrison and his new wife traveled to El Paso , Texas , to settle down .
= = North American conflict and World War I = =
Shortly after arriving in Texas , Harrison took the dangerous job of Chief of Medical Staff to Mexican revolutionary general Pancho Villa . In one situation , Harrison was captured by Villa 's foe Venustiano Carranza , later the President of Mexico . The doctor was sentenced to death , but when Carranza became ill , Harrison was spared as he was the only qualified physician available . Harrison kept the general in a state of near @-@ recovery , enabling him to escape and deliver military information to US forces stationed along the border .
After a brief stay among the Mormon community of southern Utah , Harrison enlisted in the Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1917 and was stationed at a French hospital , where he tended to the needs of the Chinese Labour Corps . Quickly learning the language and customs of this group of some 200 @,@ 000 men , Harrison successfully treated many bilharzia , catarrh and tuberculosis cases , significantly reducing the number of sick members of the Corps during the winter of 1917 – 18 .
= = Interwar period = =
After World War I , Harrison traveled the Middle East performing medical duties such as treating prostitutes afflicted with venereal disease in Constantinople and operating an X @-@ ray facility in Lod , Israel . Although still not legally divorced from his first two wives , Harrison married Filomena Abela , a Maltese woman at Alexandria in 1920 . However , the newlyweds could not find escape from the adventure that had followed Harrison all his life . Harrison and his new wife 's train was ambushed by a band of Syrians disillusioned with a group of politicians . The quick thinking of the recently thrice @-@ married physician prevented his new wife 's broken leg from developing into gangrene .
Still in charge of the Constantinople hospital , he attempted to elope with one of his patients , but was captured and tried for breach of conduct , as the female patient was in fact the wife of a Turkish officer . While being deported to Canada , Harrison escaped while his ship was docked in Morocco . Making his way to Ireland , Harrison posed as a Catholic and joined the Free State Army . After he was discovered , he quickly crossed to Wales to treat the coal miners there for silicosis . In 1923 Harrison married his fourth wife , Eva Olwen Bowen in Cardiff , still without divorcing his three previous wives , and set off with her on an adventure in the Caribbean . It is thought that Harrison deserted her sometime in the mid @-@ 1920s . During the 1930s Harrison worked in 15 countries and dependencies across Latin America and the Middle East . For one year , he served as the physician for a guerrilla army fighting the Japanese , who were then engaged in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War with China . After 1938 , Harrison traveled to Shanghai using borrowed funds from a medical school classmate in Jamaica and from his own brother in Ontario , and set up a private medical practice , assisting the Chinese Red Cross wherever possible .
= = World War II and beyond = =
Between 1941 and 1946 , Harrison was the ship 's doctor on board the Demodocus , a steam liner ferrying supplies to Allied forces across the Indian Ocean . After the war , Harrison wanted to assist the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) , but had to falsify his records by subtracting seven years off his age to qualify for service . During this time , he served in China delivering much @-@ needed supplies to a country devastated by the long Second Sino @-@ Japanese War and once even saved the lives of 90 students by sheltering them from a Kuomintang officer . By donning an American army officer 's uniform , Harrison was able to convince the Kuomintang officer to not check a barge which held the students hidden inside .
On December 4 , 1946 , Harrison set out from Shanghai with approximately 50 tonnes of supplies . On this train journey , he was to be accompanied by a Russian UNRRA worker and Chinese welfare representatives . Due to repeated Kuomintang inspections , the train journey constantly suffered from delays . The first such delay occurred at Nanjing and lasted four days ; the second such delay , at Xuzhou , was of equal duration . At one station , the medical supplies were unhooked from the train 's engine car and left on a bleak plain . The two UNRRA workers did not have clean water to drink and were forced to boil ditch water which was polluted with human waste . To add to the dire situation , Harrison 's blanket and shoes were stolen , and due to the cold , he began to suffer from frostbite . Two weeks after Harrison left Shanghai , his train was permitted to move again , but there were problems still ahead . At each one of the 20 stations en route to Kaifeng , the train was delayed for up to three hours . Upon arrival at Kaifeng , the journey had to be completed by truck and ox cart . After completing one delivery , he returned to Kaifeng to pick up a second load , but could not continue past the Zhangqiu branch of the receiving hospital . Harrison died of exposure on January 10 , 1947 , near Kaifeng in China , aged 66 .
By the end of his life , Tillson Harrison could speak no less than six different languages , had participated in seven wars and , although this was not discovered for several years after his death , was married to four women at the same time .
While he is virtually unknown in Canada , Harrison is widely honored in China . A statue in his likeness stands tall in Shanghai , his burial site at an Anglican compound in Kaifeng is home to the Dr. Tillson Harrison Memorial School , and the Harrison International Peace Hospital in Hengshui treats approximately 800 outpatients every day . The town of Tillsonburg , Ontario ( named for Harrison 's great @-@ grandfather ) maintains a lasting relationship with the hospital , which was renamed as such from the previous name of Handan International Peace Hospital in 1947 . In 1988 , the Prime Minister of Canada , Brian Mulroney , sent a commemorative letter to the Chinese ambassador to mark the centenary of Harrison 's birth . However at that time it was not made clear that Harrison had falsified his age when enlisting in the UNRRA , and the celebrations took place seven years after the actual centenary . The same year , Harrison 's remains were re @-@ interred in a large tomb in a public ceremony , which many Canadians were invited to attend .
According to Harrison 's daughter , Rosalind , several decades after her father 's death , film producers George Lucas and Steven Spielberg contacted her , and in a series of interviews , Rosalind provided an account of her father 's illustrious life . This , she claims , became the inspiration for the highly successful Indiana Jones film series . In recent times , Harrison was the subject of a five @-@ part CBC Radio Morningside dramatization of his life , written by Antanas Sileika .
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= Gambler ( Madonna song ) =
" Gambler " is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1985 film Vision Quest . The song was written solely by Madonna , while the production was handled by John " Jellybean " Benitez at her request . It was released as the second single from the film 's soundtrack album in September 1985 , by Geffen Records . " Gambler " was never released in the United States , at the request of Madonna 's own Sire Records . The music video of the song is an excerpt from the film .
Musically , " Gambler " is an upbeat synthpop and disco song , featuring instrumentation from drums , electronic handclaps and percussion , which is accompanied by a bass synth and keyboards . The lyrics talk about Madonna asserting her self @-@ independence . Critics gave a mixed review of the song , but it was commercially successful , reaching the top @-@ ten in the charts of Australia , Belgium , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom . Madonna has performed the song only once , on her 1985 The Virgin Tour , which was documented on the live video release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour .
= = Background = =
After the recording of " Crazy for You " , the soundtrack single for the 1985 coming of age drama Vision Quest , Madonna approached John " Jellybean " Benitez to produce another of her self @-@ written songs called " Gambler " . Subsequently , the song was added to the soundtrack of the film , as music producer Phil Ramone felt that it would be appropriate for using in the beginning shots of the film . As the song was recorded on the Geffen label , a commercial issue of the single , in the United States was suppressed , at the request of Madonna 's Sire Records management . They feared that commercial availability of another Madonna single would have been detrimental to the other singles from the Like a Virgin album , and the already available , Geffen @-@ distributed , " Crazy for You " . Hence " Gambler " was never released , or sent for airplay in the United States . The UK 12 " single , contained the Extended Dance Mix , Instrumental Remix , and the song " Nature of the Beach " by Black ' n Blue . The 7 " single had the original version , and " Nature of the Beach " . The video for " Gambler " is similar to " Crazy for You " , with Madonna singing the song along with clips culled from Vision Quest . Madonna filmed her performance on November 22 , 1983 , at the Big Foot Tavern in Spokane , Washington . " Gambler " remained Madonna 's last single written entirely by herself for over two decades , until " Hey You " ( 2007 ) . According to Stylus Magazine , Madonna said that she got too lazy to write songs without help .
= = Composition = =
Musically , " Gambler " is an upbeat song that combines elements of synthpop and disco , composed in the style of the songs on Madonna 's self @-@ titled debut album . The song features instrumentation from drums , electronic handclaps and percussion , which is accompanied by a bass synths and keyboards . The song starts with an initial four @-@ chord chorus , and a brief three @-@ chord verse , eventually reaching a middle eight , where Madonna 's voice is in echoes . Near the end , the coda of the song uses a new musical sequence , with some whistling , and the line " You can 't stop me now " ending echoes .
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Madonna 's vocal range spans from B ♭ 3 to E5 . " Gambler " is composed in the key of D minor and has a basic sequence of Dm – G – Dm – G – Dm – G – Am as its chord progression . The lyrics have Madonna asserting her independence and daredevil attitude towards life , to a lover who , according to her , would not be able to understand or put up with her speed .
= = Critical response = =
Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , compared the song to the music of the band Blondie , and said : " The rapid movement through the various sections , can 't save the song from being fairly ordinary , but it passes quick enough . Bit like 24 @-@ hour flu , really . " Alex Henderson from Allmusic called the song " an ultra @-@ infectious gem that , unfortunately , isn 't on any of the Material Girl 's [ Madonna 's ] CDs " and felt that " ' Gambler ' is one of those songs that should have been a major hit but wasn 't , whereas ' Crazy for You ' soared to the top of the pop charts . " Alfred Soto of Stylus Magazine , described " Gambler " as a " disco @-@ punk , Flashdance edition " and called it " the most aggressive track of Madonna 's career . " Soto added , " ' Gambler ' is the only possible response to a slow dance in which you were left as unfulfilled as you were five minutes earlier . It deserves immortality beside ' Into the Groove ' [ ... ] The music is keyed to her vocals — insistent , strident , hip @-@ thrusting ; she slurs the line " You 're just jealous ' cuz you can 't be me " like it 's a shot of Rumplemints ; meanwhile Animotion synths blow up her skirt . Robert Christgau gave a mixed review of the song . R. Serge Denisoff and William D. Romanowski , authors of Risky business : rock in film , felt that the song seemed " jammed into the movie with a plunger and little thought to appropriateness . " The Motion Picture Guide of 1986 included the song as one of the soundtrack 's standouts .
= = Chart performance = =
" Gambler " was released in October 1985 in the United Kingdom , and debuted at position 20 on the UK Singles Chart . After two weeks it peaked at number four , and was present for a total of 14 weeks . By the end of 1985 , Madonna achieved up another record with the song , becoming the first female artist to have eight UK top @-@ ten singles in one calendar year . The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 250 @,@ 000 copies of the single . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 295 @,@ 000 copies there . In Australia , " Gambler " debuted on the Kent Music Report at number 51 , and at number 17 in the top 50 , reaching a peak of number ten . In Germany , the song debuted at number 39 on the Media Control Charts , and reached a peak of number 25 after five weeks , being present on the chart for a total of 12 weeks . Across Europe , the song reached the top @-@ ten of the charts in Belgium , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands and Norway . It also reached peaks of number 23 in Switzerland and number 45 in New Zealand .
= = Live performance = =
Madonna has only performed this song live once , on The Virgin Tour in 1985 . It was the first song , of the second act of the show . Madonna wore a black , fringed micro @-@ top and similar skirt , with her belly @-@ button exposed , and a number of crucifixes in different sizes , hanging from different parts of her body . As the guitar intro of the song started , Madonna appeared on the side @-@ stage and started dancing energetically , while flashlights fell on her . While singing the song , she sometimes opened her jacket and sometimes straddled the steel structure present on the stage . The performance ended with Madonna jumping off the side stage , onto the main stage . It was included on the video release , titled Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour , which was shot in Detroit .
= = Track listing and formats = =
Germany / UK / Australia / Netherlands 7 " single
" Gambler " – 3 : 54
" Nature of the Beach " ( Black ' n Blue ) – 3 : 45
UK / Netherlands 12 " single
" Gambler " ( Extended Dance Mix ) – 5 : 34
" Gambler " ( Instrumental Remix ) – 3 : 55
" Nature of the Beach " ( Black ' n Blue ) – 3 : 45
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – writer , vocals
John " Jellybean " Benitez – producer
Stephen Bray – arranger
Greg Fulginiti – mastering
John Kalodner – executive producer
Credits adapted from the soundtrack 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
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= Tempest ( Smallville ) =
" Tempest " is the twenty @-@ first episode and season finale of the first season of the WB original series Smallville . The episode originally aired on May 21 , 2002 ; Alfred Gough and Miles Millar wrote the script , and Greg Beeman directed . In the episode 's narrative , Lex attempts to forge his own destiny away from LuthorCorp ; Whitney leaves Smallville for the Marines ; Roger Nixon discovers Clark 's secret and attempts to expose him to the world ; and Lana is pulled into a tornado .
Director Greg Beeman attempted to create a visual theme among the characters that would parallel the approaching storm . The episode would mark the departure of Eric Johnson as Whitney Fordman , though he would return as a special guest in seasons two and four . Although the Smallville finale pulled in just over half of the viewership attained by the pilot episode , it was still favorably received by critics . It was also nominated for two awards .
= = Plot = =
Lionel Luthor ( John Glover ) shows up at the Smallville LuthorCorp plant , and announces that " management failure " has forced him to shut the plant down . Effectively blaming the problem on Lex ( Michael Rosenbaum ) , Lionel informs his son he wants him to return to Metropolis . Clark ( Tom Welling ) , Pete ( Sam Jones III ) , Chloe ( Allison Mack ) , and Lana ( Kristin Kreuk ) make plans for the spring formal . Whitney ( Eric Johnson ) informs Lana that he is enlisting in the Marine Corps , and he leaves for basic training the day of the dance .
Lex tries to initiate an employee buyout , and convinces the employees to mortgage their homes to help provide the financial resources to complete the buyout . Lionel learns of Lex 's plans and buys the Smallville Savings & Loan , so that he may immediately foreclose on all the property when Lex 's employees miss their payments . Roger Nixon ( Tom O 'Brien ) tests Clark 's abilities by setting off a bomb in his truck , while he is inside . Nixon confronts Clark in the Talon coffee shop , but Lex intervenes on Clark 's behalf . Nixon follows Clark home and overhears a conversation about Clark 's ship being in the storm cellar , and that Lex has the missing piece from the ship . Nixon goes to the Luthor mansion and steals the octagonal key , and immediately returns to the storm cellar with a video camera .
Clark , Chloe , and Pete arrive at the dance , and say their goodbyes to Whitney before he leaves for training . The weather begins to deteriorate , and a storm picks up , as Lana takes Whitney to the bus stop . Jonathan ( John Schneider ) and Martha ( Annette O 'Toole ) decide to head to the storm cellar to seek cover from the storm , and they discover Nixon just as the octagonal disk activates the ship . Nixon attempts to escape with the videotape , and Jonathan chases out into the storm after him . The ship levitates off the ground and flies out of the storm cellar . Lana says goodbye to Whitney and drives home . On her way , storm winds force her off the road , right next to three tornadoes that have touched down . The students at the dance are alerted to the tornados that have been sighted , and Clark races off to make sure Lana is all right . The three tornadoes merge into one large tornado and move in Lana 's direction . Clark arrives just as Lana , in the truck , is sucked into the tornado 's vortex ; Clark speeds into the tornado to rescue her .
= = Production = =
When thinking of how to end the first season , two things were clear to Alfred Gough and Miles Millar : the final episode would have the school prom , and there would be tornadoes . Although Jeph Loeb 's Superman For All Seasons , which inspired Gough and Millar when they created the show , contains an event where a tornado hits Smallville , the pair insist that the tornado idea came from a story they overheard on the radio about a tornado that hit a high school during their prom night . The episode would mark the departure of Eric Johnson as series star Whitney Fordman , though he would return as a special guest in seasons two and four .
= = = Filming = = =
Director Greg Beeman filmed the episode with a tone that was thematically similar to a " rising storm " . According to Beeman , the episode would start very calm and then begin to build upon itself . As he explains :
" I began with Lex being blasted by the wind from the helicopter landing as Lionel arrives to shut the plant down . I wanted to set the mood for the storm which was coming . Then everything settles down , and the show starts calmly , but then as it builds the camera starts to move more and circle more , until the storm arrives and it builds to this fever pitch . The whole episode had this steady , graceful arc to chaos , which I really tried to control . "
The hard part of filming was controlling the buildup ; Beeman wanted to build the drama , visuals , and the wind from the storm up together . Mike Walls brought in " jet @-@ powered wind machines " , which had been used for the movie Twister , to simulate the high velocity winds for the storm that was going to blow through Smallville . The " wind " is first introduced when Chloe arrives to pick Clark up for the prom . What begins as a " gentle " introduction is built upon , little by little , with each progressing scene . By the time Lana drops Whitney off at the bus station , the wind has become very strong .
Another dilemma Beeman faced was keeping the performances realistic , and not " over @-@ the @-@ top " . Beeman believes that " Tempest " proves exactly what he thought about Smallville , that the show is " seen and experienced from the point of view of a teenager " . Beeman explains , " If you ’ re in love , you ’ re head over heels in love . If you ’ re scared , you ’ re terrified . If you ’ re sad , you ’ re in grief . The emotions are strong , but it doesn ’ t mean that the performances are over @-@ the @-@ top . "
For " Tempest " , this boils down to : the departure of Whitney , which causes distress in Lana ; the experimental relationship between Clark and Chloe , who are trying to figure out whether or not " they ’ ll be in love " ; the evilness of Roger Nixon , and how Jonathan fights to protect his family ; and the battle between father and son ( Lionel and Lex ) . Beeman saw these events as if they were part of an opera , and that the performances needed to match that tone without going over @-@ the @-@ top .
Rob Maier , construction coordinator and production designer for " Tempest " was very busy for this episode , as scenes were filmed at the Andalinis farm , and Zero Avenue ( which is the name of the road that runs along the US / Canadian border ) for the scene where the three tornadoes touch down beside Lana . He also had to work on shattering the windows at the Luthor Mansion for Lex and Lionel ’ s final confrontation . The band Remy Zero , whose single " Save Me " is the opening theme for the show , was asked to perform for the episode . The band quickly learned that filming a live performance for a television show is not as straight forward as its sounds . In order to be able to film everything , Beeman could not have the band playing full volume throughout the scene . There were times when everyone had to be quiet and pretend to play , or dance , while the actors exchanged their dialogue . There were other times when they had to be as loud as they could .
= = = Effects = = =
Mike Walsh was worried about filming the moment when a beam breaks inside the Luthor mansion , from the wind generated by the storm , and lands on top of Lionel . His crew already knew which beam was going to fall , but they did not know where to cut the beam because they were not sure how Beeman intended to shoot the scene . When the day of shooting came around everything worked out well . They used a stunt double for the initial impact of the beam , and then John Glover stepped back into the scene and fell down with the beam on top of him . The wind effects also created potential danger for the cast and crew . As Eric Johnson recalls , even the smallest piece of debris flying around at such high speeds can cause damage . Annette O ’ Toole had a similar experience for her scenes in the storm cellar . When Jonathan races into the storm after Nixon , the special effects crew used one of their jet fans and some dry leaves to simulate the winds that were coming from outside ; the dry leaves were smacking O ’ Toole in the face , smothering her .
= = Character development = =
This episode featured a lot of character development that many of the actors had been waiting for . Lana 's jealousy over Clark and Chloe going to the prom begins to come out ; although Kristin Kreuk believes that Lana does not want to be jealous , and wants to be able to support Clark with his newfound feelings for Chloe . According to Eric Johnson , Whitney finally gets to show a side of himself that Johnson wishes the audience would have been able to see sooner , as Whitney gives Lana a private dance before the prom knowing that she will not be able to go because he is leaving town . To add further depth to his character not previously seen , Millar and Gough decided to send Whitney off to war , instead of killing the character outright . The idea of sending Whitney off to war was something that came to Millar and Gough midway through the season . They knew they did not want to kill him , because they wanted the ability to bring him back at some point in the future , so they came up with this " noble , heroic , send @-@ off " for the character . For Lex , this episode featured the moment when he finally began to contemplate what his life would be like if his father was no longer a part of it . As Rosenbaum sees it , the moment that Lex hesitates to free his father from the support beam that collapses on him is the moment that the audience gets to see a hint of the evil man they know Lex will one day become . This is a brief moment where Lex forgets who he is , and if he had let his father die he would have certainly made his " turn to the dark side " .
= = Reception = =
" Tempest " premiered on The WB on May 21 , 2002 . " Tempest " achieved a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 8 , meaning that approximately 3 @.@ 8 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode , putting the episode 68th in viewership for the week of May 20 – 26 . The episode went on to be nominated for two awards , although it did not win either . The first was a 2003 Golden Reel award for " Best Sound Editing in Television Episodic " . Attila Szalay also received a nomination by the Canadian Society of Cinematographers for his work .
Reviews for " Tempest " were mostly positive . The Futon Critic 's Brian Ford Sullivan felt that the season finale gave every element the " four @-@ star treatment " , and that the cliffhanger ending was " riveting " enough to leave the reviewer in anticipation all summer long of the season two premiere . Sullivan would go on to rank " Tempest " as the fifteenth best television episode of 2002 . Jonathan Boudreaux , a reviewer for TVDVDReviews.com , felt the episode was one of the season 's strongest , thanks to the focus on characters , with " kryptonite taking a backseat " ; he referred to " Tempest " as the " slam bang season ending cliffhanger " . Eric Moro of Mania.com believed that " Tempest " proved Smallville could " utilize the supernatural as a metaphor for teenage life " , and that the finale managed to " recap the theme of the entire season , brought every dangling plot point to a head and closed with an ending sure to bring viewers back for a second season of super @-@ entertainment " . Author Neal Bailey was little more mixed in his opinion . He felt that for all the episode accomplished , it was not better than any previous episode that had aired that season ; the episode lacked anticipation , based on the predictability of each character 's actions .
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= Indian Army during World War I =
The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European , Mediterranean and the Middle East theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas , of whom 62 @,@ 000 died and another 67 @,@ 000 were wounded . In total at least 74 @,@ 187 Indian soldiers died during the war .
In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front . At the First Battle of Ypres , Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross . Indian divisions were also sent to Egypt , Gallipoli and nearly 700 @,@ 000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire . While some divisions were sent overseas others had to remain in India guarding the North West Frontier and on internal security and training duties .
Field @-@ Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted that the British " couldn 't have come through both wars [ World War I and II ] if they hadn 't had the Indian Army . "
= = Kitchener 's reforms = =
Herbert Kitchener was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , India in 1902 and after five years , his term of office was extended by a further two — during which he reformed the Indian Army . The reforms now directed that there would be only one Indian Army , the three armies of the Presidencies being merged into a unified force . At the same time , the regiments of the Princely states were made available to be called out to become Imperial Service Troops . The British Army also continued to supply units for service in India , in addition to those of the Indian Army . The term Army of India was instituted to refer to the overall command structure which included both the British and Indian Army units . The new formation for the Army of India was set at nine divisions , each division with one cavalry and three infantry brigades and these nine divisions together with three independent infantry brigades would serve in India . The Indian Army was also responsible for supplying a division in Burma and a brigade in Aden .
To assist command and control of the new divisions , two field armies were formed — the Northern Army and the Southern Army . The Northern Army had five divisions and three brigades and was responsible for the North West Frontier to Bengal while the Southern Army , which had four divisions in India and two formations outside the subcontinent , was responsible for Baluchistan to southern India . The regiments and battalions of the new organisation would be numbered in a single sequence and the old titles of the Bombay , Madras and the Bengal Armies would be discontinued . The new regiments and battalions , instead of remaining at their home base , could now all be called upon to serve anywhere in the country , and a tour of duty on the North West Frontier would be an established posting . One change that was not accepted was the formation of all @-@ British or all @-@ Indian brigades and the system of having one British regiment or battalion in each brigade remained .
= = Organisation = =
In 1914 , the Indian Army was one of the two largest volunteer armies in the world with a total strength of 240 @,@ 000 men , ( The British Army had a strength of 247 @,@ 432 regular volunteers at the outbreak of the war ) and by November 1918 it contained 548 @,@ 311 men , being considered the Imperial Strategic Reserve . It was regularly called upon to deal with incursions and raids on the North West Frontier and to provide garrison forces for the British Empire in Egypt , Singapore and China . This field force was divided into two armies : The Northern Army which stretched from the North @-@ West Frontier to Bengal with five divisions and three brigades under command and the Southern Army which stretched from Baluchistan to southern India and it in turn had four divisions under command and two formations outside the subcontinent . The two armies contained 39 cavalry regiments , 138 infantry battalions ( including 20 Gurkha ) , a joint cavalry @-@ infantry unit the Corps of Guides , three sapper regiments and 12 mountain artillery batteries .
The nine divisions formed by these reforms each consisted of one cavalry and three infantry brigades . The cavalry brigade had one British and two Indian regiments while the infantry brigades consisted of one British and three Indian battalions . Indian Army battalions were smaller than the British battalions , consisting of 30 officers and 723 other ranks as compared to the British 29 officers and 977 other ranks . Indian battalions were often segregated , with companies of different tribes , castes or religions . Additional troops attached to the headquarters of each division included a cavalry regiment , a pioneer battalion and artillery provided by the British Royal Field Artillery . Each division had about 13 @,@ 000 men on strength , somewhat weaker than a British division in part due to the smaller infantry battalions and smaller artillery forces . The Indian Army was also weakened when 500 British officers on home leave , enough to officer 38 Indian battalions , were posted to the new British divisions being formed for Kitchener 's Army .
In addition to the regular Indian Army , the armies of the Princely States and regiments of the Auxiliary Force ( European volunteers ) could also be called upon to assist in an emergency . The Princely States formed the Imperial Service Brigades and in 1914 , had 22 @,@ 613 men in 20 cavalry regiments and 14 infantry battalions . By the end of the war 26 @,@ 000 men had served overseas on Imperial Service . The Auxiliary force could field another 40 @,@ 000 men in 11 regiments of horse and 42 volunteer infantry battalions . Also available were the Frontier Militia and the Military Police which could field 34 @,@ 000 men between them .
The field force headquarters was located in Delhi and the senior officer ( Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , India ) was assisted by a Chief of the General Staff , India . All the senior command and staff positions in the Indian Army alternated between senior officers of the British and Indian Armies . In 1914 , the Commander – in – Chief was General Sir Beauchamp Duff of the Indian Army , and the Chief of the General Staff was Lieutenant General Sir Percy Lake of the British Army . Each Indian battalion was staffed by 13 officers from the British Army in India and 17 officers from the Indian Army — expatriate British officers serving under colonial Indian administration . As the war intensified and officer casualties mounted , the ability to replace casualties with officers of British origin became extremely difficult and in many cases the officer allotment to battalions was reduced accordingly . Only in 1919 were the first Officer Cadets of Indian descent permitted to be selected for officer training at the Royal Military College .
The normal annual recruitment for the Indian army was 15 @,@ 000 men , during the course of the war over 800 @,@ 000 men volunteered for the army and more than 400 @,@ 000 volunteered for non @-@ combatant roles . In total almost 1 @.@ 3 million men had volunteered for service by 1918 . Over one million Indian troops served overseas during the war . In total , at least 74 @,@ 187 Indian soldiers died in World War I.
Britain used Indian child soldiers , some as young as 10 years old , in the war .
= = Home service = =
Before World War I , the Indian Army was deployed maintaining internal security and defending the North West Frontier against incursions from Afghanistan . These tasks did not end with the declaration of war . The divisions deployed along the frontier were the existing 1st ( Peshawar ) Division , the 2nd ( Rawalpindi ) Division , the 4th ( Quetta ) Division . The only war @-@ formed division to serve in India was the 16th Indian Division formed in 1916 , it was also stationed on the North West Frontier . All these divisions were still in place and took part in the Third Afghan War at the end of World War I.
In supporting the war effort , India was left vulnerable to hostile action from Afghanistan . A Turco @-@ German mission arrived in Kabul in October 1915 , with obvious strategic purpose . Habibullah Khan abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistan 's neutrality , in the face of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the Ottoman Sultan . Despite this , localised actions along the frontier still took place and included Operations in the Tochi ( 1914 – 15 ) , Operations against the Mohmands , Bunerwals and Swatis ( 1915 ) , Kalat Operations ( 1915 – 16 ) , Mohmand Blockade ( 1916 – 17 ) , Operations against the Mahsuds ( 1917 ) and Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes ( 1918 ) .
On the North East Frontier between India and Burma punitive actions were carried out against the Kachins tribes between December 1914 – February 1915 , by the Burma Military Police supported by the 1 / 7th Gurkha Rifles and the 64th Pioneers . Between November 1917 – March 1919 , operations were carried out against the Kuki tribes by auxiliary units of the Assam Rifles and the Burma Military Police .
The other divisions remaining in India at first on internal security and then as training divisions were the 5th ( Mhow ) Division , the 8th ( Lucknow ) Division and the 9th ( Secunderabad ) Division . Over the course of the war these divisions lost brigades to other formations on active service ; The 5th ( Mhow ) Division lost the 5th ( Mhow ) Cavalry Brigade to the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division . The 8th ( Lucknow ) Division lost the 8th ( Lucknow ) Cavalry Brigade to the 1st Indian Cavalry Division and the 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade to the 11th Indian Division . The 9th ( Secunderabad ) Division lost the 9th ( Secunderabad ) Cavalry Brigade to the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division and the 27th ( Bangalore ) Brigade which was sent to British East Africa . The other pre war units the Burma Division , remained in Burma throughout the war on internal security duties , likewise the Aden brigade remained in Aden .
= = Indian Army entry into the war = =
In 1901 oil had been discovered in commercial quantities at Masjid @-@ e @-@ Suleiman at the head of the Persian Gulf . At the start of the war in 1914 , the privately owned Anglo @-@ Persian Oil Company which owned the concessions for these fields was about to be bought by the British Government , primarily to fuel the British Fleet . It soon became clear that the Ottoman Turkish Army was being mobilised and in August the Indian Government was instructed to prepare contingency plans to protect these strategic assets . The plans dictated that in the event of the Turkish Army coming out in support of the Germans , the Indian Army was to act to secure the oilfields . As a contingency , the Indian Expeditionary Force D ( see below ) under command of Lieutenant – General Sir Arthur Barrett sailed from Bombay on 16 October 1914 for Bahrain . They , together with Expeditionary Force A who had been hurriedly sent to Europe at the end of September in response to a request from the Imperial General Staff for men to support the war effort — became the first Indian elements committed to war outside of India .
= = Independent brigades = =
In addition to the permanent divisions , the Indian Army also formed a number of independent brigades . As part of the Southern Army the Aden Brigade was stationed in the Aden Protectorate on the strategically important naval route from Europe to India , where there was limited fighting . The Bannu Brigade , the Derajat Brigade and the Kohat Brigade were all part of the Northern Army and they were deployed along the North West Frontier . On 12 May 1918 , the Bannu and Derajat brigades were designated as the Waziristan Field Force under the command General G W Baynon . The South Persia Brigade was formed in 1915 at the start of the Persian Campaign to protect the Anglo – Persian oil installations in south Persia and the Persian Gulf .
= = Expeditionary Forces = =
The Indian Army formed and dispatched seven expeditionary forces overseas during World War I.
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force A = = =
On the outbreak of war the Indian Army had 150 @,@ 000 trained men and the Indian Government offered the services of two cavalry and two infantry divisions for service overseas . The force known as Indian Expeditionary Force A was under the command of General Sir James Willcocks . Force A was attached to the British Expeditionary Force and the four divisions were formed into two army corps : an infantry Indian Corps and the Indian Cavalry Corps .
Upon arrival in Marseilles on 30 September 1914 , only six weeks after the declaration of war , they were moved to the Ypres Salient and took part in the Battle of La Bassée in October 1914 . In March 1915 , the 7th ( Meerut ) Division was chosen to lead the assault in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle . The Expeditionary Force was hampered by a lack of familiarity with new equipment , only being issued Lee – Enfield rifles on their arrival in France and they had almost no artillery , relying on support from their neighbouring corps when in the front line . They were not accustomed to the continental weather and were poorly equipped to resist the cold , leading to low morale which was further compounded by the reserve system , whereby reinforcements were drafted in from any regiment and had no affiliation to their new units . Officer casualties were even more of a handicap , as replacements were unfamiliar with the Indian Army and could not speak the language . With morale low , many soldiers fled the scene of the battle and the infantry divisions were finally withdrawn to Egypt in October 1915 , when they were replaced by the new British divisions of Kitchener 's Army .
With the withdrawal of the infantry divisions , the only Indian Army units on the Western Front were the two cavalry divisions . In November 1916 , the two Indian cavalry divisions were renumbered from 1st and 2nd to the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions . Serving alongside British cavalry divisions they were held behind the front line awaiting the hoped for breakthrough . At times during the war they served in the trenches as infantry , each cavalry brigade when dismounted formed a dismounted regiment . This meant that when the divisions went into the front line , they could only cover a brigade area . Before being themselves withdrawn to Egypt in March 1918 , they took part in the Battle of the Somme , the Battle of Bazentin , the Battle of Flers @-@ Courcelette , the advance to the Hindenburg Line and finally the Battle of Cambrai .
Of the 130 @,@ 000 Indians who served in France and Belgium , almost 9 @,@ 000 died .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force B = = =
In 1914 , the Governor of British East Africa requested assistance to deal with the German forces in German East Africa and the problem was handed to the India Office , which assembled two forces and shipped them to his aid . Indian Expeditionary Force B consisted of the 27th ( Bangalore ) Brigade from the 9th ( Secunderabad ) Division and an Imperial Service Infantry Brigade , a pioneer battalion , a mountain artillery battery and engineers were sent to Tanganyika with the task of invading German East Africa . The force under the command of Major General Arthur Aitken landed at Tanga on 2 – 3 November 1914 . In the following Battle of Tanga , Aitkens ' 8 @,@ 000 men were badly beaten by the 1 @,@ 000 men under their German commander Paul von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck . The force re – embarked on 5 November 1914 , having suffered 817 casualties and the loss of several hundred rifles , 16 machine guns and 600 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force C = = =
Indian Expeditionary Force C was the second force assembled for service in British East Africa in 1914 . This force was formed from the Indian Army 's 29th Punjabis , together with half battalions from the Princely states of Jind , Bharatpur , Kapurthala and Rampur , a volunteer 15 pounder artillery battery , 22nd ( Derajat ) Mountain Battery ( Frontier Force ) , a volunteer maxim gun battery and a Field Ambulance . It was planned that the force was to be a defensive one ( unlike force B ) and be primarily used to guard the railway to Uganda and to support the King 's African Rifles in communications protection duties . After arriving in Mombasa , Force C was broken up and its units subsequently served separately . The one action they were involved in was the Battle of Kilimanjaro , in October 1914 . Force C with 4 @,@ 000 men gathered near the border of British and German East Africa , commanded by Brigadier General J. M. Stewart . Flawed intelligence reports estimated the German military presence in the region at 200 men ; however , there were 600 askaris in three companies plus the colonial volunteers , 86 young Germans on horseback . On 3 November 1914 , some 1 @,@ 500 Punjabis of the British force advanced up the slope at night near Longido were caught in the crossfire of a strong German defensive position as they advanced in the morning fog . The large force of Indian infantry effectively resisted counterattacks , however , during the day the British attackers made no headway and suffered substantial casualties . By mid @-@ morning , a German mounted patrol ambushed a supply column and roughly 100 mules carrying water for the troops were stampeded away by the Germans . The British officers , with their now widely scattered troops , waited until darkness and having determined their situation to be untenable , withdrew down the mountain and marched back to British East Africa having accomplished nothing .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force D = = =
The largest Indian Army force to serve abroad was the Indian Expeditionary Force D in Mesopotamia , under the command of Lieutenant @-@ General Sir John Nixon . The first unit sent in November 1914 , was the 6th ( Poona ) Division and they were tasked with guarding British oil installations in and around Basra . As part of the Mesopotamian campaign they served under the command of Major General Barrett and then under Major General Townshend . After a string of early successes , the campaign was delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon in November 1915 due to logistical constraints . Following this engagement , the Poona Division withdrew back to Kut , where Townshend made the decision to hold the city and the Siege of Kut began .
Between January and March 1916 , Townshend launched several attacks in an attempt to lift the siege . In sequence , the attacks took place at the Battle of Sheikh Sa 'ad , the Battle of the Wadi , the Battle of Hanna , and the Battle of Dujaila Redoubt .
These attempts to break through the encirclement did not succeed and the cost was heavy with both sides suffering high casualties . In February food , and hopes were running out for Townshend in Kut @-@ al @-@ Amara . Disease spread rapidly and could not be contained or cured and Townshend surrendered in April 1916 . In December 1916 , the 3rd and 7th Divisions arrived from the Western Front .
In 1917 , the British force , under Frederick Stanley Maude , which now included one cavalry and seven infantry divisions from the Indian Army , in the III Corps ( India ) advanced towards Baghdad which was captured in March . The advance continued in 1918 , and after the Battle of Sharqat in October , the Turkish forces surrendered and the Armistice of Mudros was signed . The Mesopotamian campaign was largely an Indian Army campaign as the only British formations involved were the 13th ( Western ) Division and British battalions assigned to Indian brigades . In the campaign , 11 @,@ 012 were killed , 3 @,@ 985 died of wounds , 12 @,@ 678 died of disease , 13 @,@ 492 were either missing or prisoners ( including the 9 @,@ 000 prisoners from Kut ) , and 51 @,@ 836 were wounded .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force E = = =
Indian Expeditionary Force E consisted of the 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade sent to Egypt in October 1914 . The designation was retained for all subsequent forces sent there .
Two Indian cavalry divisions ( 4th Cavalry Division and 5th Cavalry Division ) transferred from France in 1918 , for service in Palestine . They were joined by the 15th Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade , a unit formed by three regiments of Lancers from the princely states of Mysore , Hyderabad , and Jodhpur . The 3rd ( Lahore ) Division and the 7th ( Meerut ) Division were transferred from Mesopotamia . At the same time 36 Indian army battalions were sent to reinforce the British 10th ( Irish ) , 53rd ( Welsh ) , 60th ( 2 / 2nd London ) and 75th Divisions , which were reformed on Indian division lines with one British and three Indian battalions per brigade .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force F = = =
Indian Expeditionary Force F consisted of the 10th Indian Division and the 11th Indian Division both of which were formed in Egypt in 1914 , to defend the Suez canal . Other formations attached were the regular 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade from the 8th Lucknow Division without their British battalions and an Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade .
The 10th Division was disbanded in 1916 , and its brigades assigned to other formations . The 28th Indian Brigade was assigned to the 7th ( Meerut ) Division in 1915 ; the 29th Indian Brigade served as an independent brigade in the Gallipoli campaign , and then disbanded in June 1917 ; and the 30th Indian Brigade was first assigned to the 12th Indian Division in April 1915 , then transferred to the 6th ( Poona ) Division in September 1915 and was captured in the fall of Kut .
The 11th Division was disbanded earlier in 1915 , but its brigades did not survive much longer . The 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade was broken up in January 1916 ; the 31st Indian Brigade joined the 10th Division in January 1916 , but was disbanded a month later ; and the 32nd ( Imperial Service ) Brigade was disbanded in January 1916 .
= = = Indian Expeditionary Force G = = =
In April 1915 , Indian Expeditionary Force G was sent to reinforce the Gallipoli Campaign . It consisted of the 29th Brigade , serving away from its parent 10th Indian Division . Consisting of three battalions of Ghurkhas and one of Sikhs , the brigade was dispatched from Egypt and attached to the British 29th Division which had been decimated in the earlier battles . Held in reserve for the Second Battle of Krithia they played a major part in the Third Battle of Krithia . Advancing on the left the Brigade was quickly halted except along the Aegean shore where the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles managed to advance . The 14th Ferozepore Sikhs , advancing along the floor of Gully Ravine , were almost wiped out , losing 380 men out of 514 and 80 % of their officers . The Brigade was next involved in the Battle of Gully Ravine and here the 2 / 10th Gurkha Rifles managed to advance half a mile . The Brigade next took part in the Battle of Sari Bair , under cover of a naval bombardment the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles assaulted and captured the hill , which was then shelled by the Royal Navy . With their casualties mounting and under command of the battalion medical officer they were forced to withdraw to their starting positions . With the failure of the assault at Sari Bair the brigade was withdrawn to Egypt . Over the duration of the campaign the 29th Brigade had suffered 1 @,@ 358 dead and 3 @,@ 421 wounded .
= = Other operations = =
= = = Siege of Tsingtao = = =
One Indian Army battalion that was part of the Garrison of Tianjin in China , the 36th Sikhs took part in the Siege of Tsingtao . Tsingtao was a German controlled port in China . The British Government and the other Allied European powers were concerned about Japanese intentions in the region and decided to send a small symbolic British contingent from Tianjin in an effort to allay their fears . The 1 @,@ 500 @-@ man contingent was commanded by Brigadier @-@ General Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston and consisted of 1 @,@ 000 soldiers of the 2nd Battalion , South Wales Borderers who were later followed by 500 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs . The Japanese led force laid siege to the port between 31 October – 7 November 1914 . At the end of the siege , Japanese army casualties numbered 236 killed and 1 @,@ 282 wounded ; the British / Indians had 12 killed and 53 wounded . The German defenders suffered 199 dead and 504 wounded .
= = = 1915 Singapore Mutiny = = =
The 1915 Singapore Mutiny involved up to half of the 850 sepoys comprising the 5th Light Infantry against the British in Singapore during the War , part of the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy . The 5th Light Infantry had arrived in Singapore from Madras in October 1914 . They had been sent to replace the Yorkshire Light Infantry , which had been ordered to France . The 5th Light Infantry consisted of roughly equal numbers of Punjabi Muslims and Pathans serving in separate companies . Their morale was constantly low , being effected by poor communication , slack discipline and a weak leadership . The regiment had been employed to guard the captured crew from the German ship , SMS Emden and reportedly attempts were made to fan the discontent amongst the sepoys . The regiment was under orders to embark for further garrison duty in Hong Kong , however rumours started that they were going to be sent to fight in the Middle East against fellow Muslims from the Ottoman Empire .
On 16 February 1915 , while preparations for departure were under way , the four companies of Punjabi Muslims mutinied while the Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies scattered in confusion . Two of the British officers at the Tanglin barracks were killed and the mutineers then moved on the German prisoner of war camp where they killed thirteen camp guards and other military personnel . The Germans however refused to join them . The mutineers then roamed the streets of Singapore , killing European civilians that they encountered . The mutiny continued for nearly five days and was suppressed by local volunteer and British regular units plus naval detachments from allied warships , and with assistance from the Sultan of Johor .
Following immediate courts @-@ martial a total of 47 mutineers were executed , while 64 were transported for life and another 73 imprisoned for varying terms . Later in 1915 the 5th Light Infantry saw service in the Kamerun Campaign and was subsequently sent to East Africa and Aden .
= = = 1918 Malleson Mission = = =
500 men of the 19th Punjabis were deployed by General Wilfrid Malleson in Transcaspia in support of the Ashkhabad Committee , and known as the Malleson Mission . The Ashkhabad Committee was a revolutionary organisation led by Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who were in an armed conflict with the Bolshevik Tashkent Soviet . Many of the soldiers who composed the Red Army were former Austro @-@ Hungarian prisoners of war , who had joined up when they found themselves destitute after their prison camps were closed following the February Revolution .
= = Victoria Cross recipients = =
Indian soldiers had not been not eligible for the Victoria Cross until 1911 , instead they received the Indian Order of Merit , an older decoration originally set up in the days of East India Company rule in India . The honour of being the first Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) in any conflict went to Khudadad Khan , 129th Duke of Connaught 's Own Baluchis . When on 31 October 1914 , at Hollebeke , Belgium , the British Officer in charge of the detachment having been wounded , and the other gun put out of action by a shell , Sepoy Khudadad , though himself wounded , remained working his gun until all the other five men of the gun detachment had been killed .
Other members of the Indian Army awarded the Victoria Cross during World War I were :
Darwan Singh Negi , 39th Garhwal Rifles
For great gallantry on the night of the 23 – 24 November 1914 , near Festubert , France , when the regiment was engaged in retaking and clearing the enemy out of our trenches , and , although wounded in two places in the head , and also in the arm , being one of the first to push round each successive traverse , in the face of severe fire from bombs and rifles at the closest range .
Frank Alexander de Pass , 34th Prince Albert Victor 's Own Poona Horse
For conspicuous bravery near Festubert on 24 November 1914 , in entering a German sap and destroying a traverse in the face of the enemy 's bombs , and for subsequently rescuing , under heavy fire , a wounded man who was lying exposed in the open .
William Bruce , 59th Scinde Rifles
On 19 December 1914 , near Givenchy , during a night attack , Lt. Bruce was in command of a small party which captured one of the enemy 's trenches . In spite of being severely wounded in the neck , he walked up and down the trench , encouraging his men to hold on against several counter @-@ attacks for some hours until killed . The fire from rifles and bombs was very heavy all day , and it was due to the skilful disposition made , and the example and encouragement shown by Lt. Bruce that his men were able to hold out until dusk , when the trench was finally captured by the enemy .
Eustace Jotham , 51st Sikhs attached North Waziristan Militia
On 7 January 1915 , at Spina Khaisora ( Tochi Valley ) During operations against the Khostwal tribesmen , Captain Jotham , who was commanding a party of about a dozen of the North Waziristan Militia , was attacked in a nullah and almost surrounded by an overwhelming force of some 1 @,@ 500 tribesmen . He gave the order to retire , and could have himself escaped , but most gallantly sacrificed his own life by attempting to effect the rescue of one of his men who had lost his horse .
Mir Dast , 55th Coke 's Rifles ( Frontier Force )
On 26 April 1915 , at Wieltje , Belgium , Jemadar Mir Dast led his platoon with great bravery during the attack , and afterwards collected various parties of the regiment ( when no British officers were left ) and kept them under his command until the retirement was ordered . He also displayed great courage that day when he helped to carry eight British and Indian officers to safety while exposed to heavy fire .
John Smyth 15th Ludhiana Sikhs
For most conspicuous bravery near Richebourg L 'Avoue on 18 May 1915 . With a bombing party of 10 men , who voluntarily undertook this duty , he conveyed a supply of 96 bombs to within 20 yards of the enemy 's position over exceptionally dangerous ground , after the attempts of two other parties had failed . Lieutenant Smyth succeeded in taking the bombs to the desired position with the aid of two of his men ( the other eight having been killed or wounded ) , and to effect his purpose he had to swim a stream , being exposed the whole time to howitzer , shrapnel , machine @-@ gun and rifle fire .
Kulbir Thapa , 3rd Gurkha Rifles .
On 25 September 1915 in Fauquissart , France , Rifleman Thapa , having been wounded himself , found a wounded soldier of The Leicestershire Regiment behind the first line German trench . Although urged to save himself , the Gurkha stayed with the wounded man all day and night . Early next day , in misty weather , he took him through the German wire and , leaving him in a place of comparative safety , returned and brought in two wounded Gurkhas , one after the other . He then went back , and , in broad daylight , fetched the British soldier , carrying him most of the way under enemy fire .
Lala , 41st Dogras
On 21 January 1916 , at El Orah , Mesopotamia , finding a British officer lying close to the enemy , Lance @-@ Naik Lala dragged him into a temporary shelter . After bandaging his wounds , the lance @-@ naik heard calls from his own adjutant who was lying wounded in the open . The enemy was only 100 yards ( 91 m ) away . Lala insisted on going to help . He stripped off his own clothing to keep the wounded officer warm and stayed with him until just before dark when he returned to the shelter . After dark he carried the first wounded officer to safety and then , returning with a stretcher , carried back his adjutant .
John Alexander Sinton , Indian Medical Service
On 21 January 1916 , at the Orah Ruins , Mesopotamia , Captain Sinton attended to the wounded under very heavy fire . " For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty . Although shot through both arms and through the side , he refused to go to hospital , and remained as long as daylight lasted , attending to his duties under very heavy fire . In three previous actions Captain Sinton displayed the utmost bravery . "
Shahamad Khan , 89th Punjabis
On 12 – 13 April 1916 near Beit Ayeesa , Mesopotamia , Naik Shahamad Khan was in charge of a machine @-@ gun covering a gap in our new line within 150 yards of the entrenched enemy . He beat off three counter @-@ attacks and worked his gun single @-@ handed after all his men , except two belt @-@ fillers , had become casualties . For three hours he held the gap under very heavy fire and when his gun was knocked out , he and his two belt @-@ fillers held their ground with rifles until ordered to withdraw . With help he then brought back his gun , ammunition and one severely wounded man , and finally all remaining arms and equipment .
Gobind Singh , 28th Light Cavalry
On the night of 30 November and 1 December 1917 , east of Pozières , France , Lance @-@ Dafadar Gobind Singh three times volunteered to carry messages between the regiment and brigade headquarters , a distance of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) over open ground which was under heavy fire from the enemy . He succeeded each time in delivering the message , although on each occasion his horse was shot and he was compelled to finish the journey on foot .
Karanbahadur Rana , 3rd Gurkha Rifles
On 10 April 1918 , at El Kefr , Egypt , during an attack , Rifleman Karanbahadur Rana and a few other men crept forward with a Lewis gun under intense fire to engage an enemy machine @-@ gun . No. 1 of the Lewis gun team opened fire but was shot almost immediately , whereupon the rifleman pushed the dead man off the gun , opened fire , knocked out the enemy gun crew and then silenced the fire of the enemy bombers and riflemen in front of him . During the remainder of the day he did magnificent work and finally assisted with covering fire in the withdrawal , until the enemy were close on him .
Badlu Singh , 14th Murray 's Jat Lancers
On 2 September 1918 on the west bank of the River Jordan , Palestine , when his squadron was charging a strong enemy position , Ressaidar Badlu Singh realised that heavy casualties were being inflicted from a small hill occupied by machine @-@ guns and 200 infantry . Without any hesitation he collected six other ranks and with entire disregard of danger he charged and captured the position . He was mortally wounded on the very top of the hill when capturing one of the machine @-@ guns single handed , but all the guns and infantry had surrendered to him before he died .
= = Aftermath = =
For further information , see World War I and its aftermath and List of regiments of the Indian Army ( 1922 )
In 1919 , the Indian Army could call upon 491 @,@ 000 men , but there was a shortage of experienced officers , most of the officers having been killed or wounded in the war . In 1921 , the Indian government started a review of their military requirements with the protection of the North West Frontier and internal security their priority . By 1925 , the Army in India had been reduced to 197 @,@ 000 troops , 140 @,@ 000 of them Indian . Battalions were now allocated one of three roles : The field army of four infantry divisions and five cavalry brigades ; covering troops , 12 infantry brigades and supporting arms to act as a reserve force in case of invasion ; and finally internal security troops , 43 infantry battalions to aid the civil power and support the field army when required . The number of cavalry regiments was reduced from 39 to 21 . The infantry regiments were converted into 20 large regiments with four or five battalions in each regiment plus a training battalion , always numbered the 10th , also included were ten Gurkha regiments . Nine single battalion regiments were disbanded by 1922 . Two of the large regiments were later disbanded , the 3rd Madras Regiment for economic reasons , and the 20th Burma Rifles when Burma ceased to be governed by India .
The end of World War I did not see the end of fighting for the Indian Army — they were involved in the Third Afghan War in 1919 , and then the Waziristan Campaign between 1919 – 1920 and again between 1920 – 1924 . Operations against the Afridis between 1930 – 1931 , the Mohmands in 1933 and again in 1935 and finally just before the outbreak of World War II operations in Waziristan again between 1936 – 1939 .
The India Gate in New Delhi , built in 1931 , commemorates the Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I.
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= Washington State Route 503 =
State Route 503 ( SR 503 ) is a 54 @.@ 11 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 87 @.@ 08 km ) state highway serving Clark and Cowlitz counties in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway travels north from a short concurrency with SR 500 in Orchards through Battle Ground , the eastern terminus of SR 502 , and communities in rural Clark County before crossing the Lewis River on the Yale Bridge . SR 503 intersects its spur route and turns west to parallel the Lewis River downstream to Woodland , where the highway ends at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . The highway was part of the Lewis River Road , signed as State Road 15 , from 1909 until 1919 . The current route of SR 503 was split between Secondary State Highway 1S ( SSH 1 ) from Woodland to Battle Ground and SSH 1U from Battle Ground to Orchards in 1937 , combined to form SR 503 during the 1964 highway renumbering . A spur route , established in 1991 , travels northeast into the Gifford Pinchot National Forest along Yale Lake , serving the community of Cougar .
= = Route description = =
SR 503 begins concurrent to SR 500 at an intersection with Fourth Plain Road in Orchards . The two highways travel north on the four @-@ lane 117th Avenue through Orchards until SR 500 turns east onto Padden Parkway , while SR 503 continues north into rural Clark County , passing Prairie High School . The roadway bypasses Brush Prairie on its west side and crosses the Chelatchie Prairie Railroad , before it turns northeast onto 122nd Avenue . SR 503 enters Battle Ground as 10th Avenue and intersects the eastern terminus of SR 502 west of Battle Ground High School . The highway crosses the East Fork of the Lewis River and leaves Battle Ground to pass Lewisville Park , listed on the National Register of Historic Places and located in Lewisville . SR 503 continues heading northeast into a heavily forested region of the Cascades foothills , toward Fargher Lake and Amboy .
SR 503 turns east onto Fargher Lake Highway at Rock Creek and enters Amboy by following Chelatchie Creek towards Yale Lake . The highway travels north and crosses the Lewis River into Cowlitz County on the 532 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 162 m ) Yale Bridge . The one @-@ lane warren truss bridge , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , is located downstream from the Yale Dam on Yale Lake and upstream of Lake Merwin . SR 503 continues into Cowlitz County and turns west onto Lewis River Road at an intersection with its spur route that heads east to Skamania County . The highway travels southwestward in the Lewis River valley and passes through the communities of Yale and Ariel . SR 503 enters Woodland and turns south onto Goerig Street before ending at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 near the confluence of the Lewis and Columbia rivers .
Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of the highway was the SR 500 concurrency in Orchards , serving 34 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section was at the western terminus of SR 503 Spur east of Yale , serving 720 vehicles . SR 503 between Orchards and Battle Ground is designated as part of the National Highway System , which includes roadways important to the national economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
SR 503 follows the route of State Road 15 , established in 1909 as the Lewis River Road , traveling east from Woodland to the Skamania county line in Columbia National Forest . The Lewis River Road was removed from the state highway system in 1919 and transferred to Cowlitz County for maintenance . Clark and Cowlitz counties contracted the Portland Bridge and Iron Company to build a bridge over the Lewis River in 1917 and the bridge was opened to traffic in September 1920 at a cost of $ 15 @,@ 000 . After the completion of the Merwin Dam downstream in 1931 caused water levels on the Lewis River to rise , the two counties completed a one @-@ lane warren truss bridge named the Yale Bridge over the Lewis River the following year to serve the remote communities of Yale and Yacolt .
During the creation of the primary and secondary state highways in 1937 , State Road 15 was added back to the state highway system as part of SSH 1S , which traveled 57 @.@ 60 miles ( 92 @.@ 70 km ) from Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) and U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) to SSH 1U in Battle Ground and turned west to end at PSH 1 and US 99 north of Mount Vista . PSH 1U , also established in 1937 , traveled 8 @.@ 56 miles ( 13 @.@ 78 km ) south from SSH 1S in Battle Ground to SSH 8A in Orchards . The Yale Bridge was maintained by Clark and Cowlitz counties until the 1940s and had its timber approach spans replaced with steel in 1958 under maintenance of the Department of Highways .
SR 503 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering and codified in 1970 as the successor to SSH 1U and part of SSH 1S between Battle Ground and Woodland , while the remaining portion of SSH 1S between Mount Vista and Battle Ground became SR 502 . The highway in the Lewis River valley , between Woodland and the Yale Bridge , was closed following the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and re @-@ opened after the Yale Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in July 1982 . The spur route of SR 503 was added to the state highway system in 1991 as part of the original Lewis River Road between Yale and the Skamania county line in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest . Between Orchards and Amboy , SR 503 was designated as the " Lewisville Highway " , serving historic Lewisville Park .
= = Spur route = =
SR 503 Spur , known locally as the Lewis River Road , begins its 8 @.@ 42 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 13 @.@ 55 km ) route at an intersection with SR 503 east of Yale and north of the Yale Bridge . The highway travels northeast along Yale Lake through a forested region of Cowlitz County , passing Yale Park and the community of Cougar . SR 503 Spur turns east at Beaver Bay Park and ends shortly thereafter at Forest Route 90 on the Skamania County line south of Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument and Gifford Pinchot National Forest . The Lewis River Road was part of State Road 15 from 1909 until 1919 and was re @-@ established in 1991 as a spur route of SR 503 . WSDOT conducted a series of surveys to measure traffic volume in terms of AADT and calculated that 650 to 1 @,@ 300 vehicles per day used the spur route in 2011 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Sesame Street international co @-@ productions =
Sesame Street international co @-@ productions are educational children 's television series based on the American Sesame Street but tailored to the countries in which they are produced . Shortly after the debut of Sesame Street in the US in 1969 , television producers , teachers , and officials of several countries approached the show 's producers and the executives of Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) about the possibility of airing international versions of Sesame Street . Creator Joan Ganz Cooney hired former CBS executive Mike Dann to field offers to produce versions of the show in other countries .
The producers of these shows developed them using a variant on the CTW model , a flexible model of production based upon the experiences of the creators and producers of the US show . The model consisted of the combination of producers and researchers working together on the show , the development of a unique curriculum , and extensive test screening of the shows . The shows came to be called co @-@ productions , and they contained original sets , characters , and curriculum goals . Different co @-@ productions were produced , depending upon each country 's needs and resources . They included both dubbed versions of the American show and versions created , developed , and produced in each country that reflected their needs , educational priorities , and culture . For example , the first HIV @-@ positive Muppet , Kami , from the South African co @-@ production Takalani Sesame was created in 2003 to address the epidemic of AIDS in South Africa , and was met with controversy in the US . By 2006 , there were 20 co @-@ productions in countries all over the world . In 2001 , there were more than 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street , and by the US show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , they were seen in more than 140 countries .
= = History = =
A few months after the 1969 debut of Sesame Street on PBS in the US , producers from Brazil , Mexico , Canada , and Germany requested that the organization responsible for the show 's production , the Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) create and produce versions of Sesame Street in those countries . Even before the American show 's debut , the CTW established an international division , which oversaw its licensing in other countries . According to Gregory J. Gettas , the division immediately developed four main licensing policies : ( 1 ) like the American version , all foreign versions had to be broadcast without commercials ; ( 2 ) any changes would have to meet high production standards , which protected the CTW 's proprietary interests ; ( 3 ) all versions had to reflect the country 's cultural values and traditions ; and ( 4 ) all changes would have to be approved , initiated , and supervised by a local committee working with the CTW .
Many years later , co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney recalled , " To be frank , I was really surprised , because we thought we were creating the quintessential American show . We thought the Muppets were quintessentially American , and it turns out they 're the most international characters ever created " . Mike Dann , a former CBS executive whom Cooney had hired as a CTW vice @-@ president and her assistant , was assigned to field offers from other countries to produce their own versions of Sesame Street . Dann 's appointment led to television critic Marvin Kitman stating , " After he [ Dann ] sells [ Sesame Street ] in Russia and Czechoslovakia , he might try Mississippi , where it is considered too controversial for educational TV " .
By summer 1970 , Dann had made the first international agreements for what the CTW later called " co @-@ productions " . 38 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television stations broadcast Sesame Street to Canada 's English @-@ speaking provinces . The Armed Forces Radio and Television Network agreed to air the first 130 episodes of the US @-@ made show for children of military personnel serving in 16 countries , including Iceland , Greece , Ethiopia , and South Korea . During his tenure at CTW , Dann also made agreements with several Caribbean nations , Mexico , Australia , Japan , the Philippines , France , Israel , and Germany . He later told author Michael Davis , " I was aggressive and I knew people around the world " . During the same period there were discussions about broadcasting the US version in England or producing a British version of Sesame Street but British broadcasters found the show too controversial and rejected the idea . The American version was broadcast throughout the UK on a limited basis starting in 1971 , but went off the air in 2001 .
As of 2006 , there were 20 active " co @-@ productions " . CTW vice @-@ president Charlotte Cole , in 2001 , estimated that there were more than 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street , and by the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , they were seen in more than 140 countries . In 2005 , Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co @-@ productions accounted for US $ 96 million . Cole stated , " Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) can be regarded as the single largest informal educator of young children in the world " . Studies conducted on the effects of several co @-@ productions ( Mexico in 1974 , Turkey in 1990 , Portugal in 1993 , and Russia in 1998 ) , found that viewers of these shows gain basic academic skills , especially literacy and numeracy , from watching them .
In 2001 , the Workshop introduced Sesame English , a series focused on teaching children and their families the basics of the English language and on familiarizing them with some aspects of American culture . As of 2009 , it aired in several countries , including Japan , Korea , and Italy . In 2003 , in response to the epidemic of AIDS in South Africa , the co @-@ producers of Takalani Sesame included the first preschool AIDS / HIV curriculum . They created the first HIV @-@ positive Muppet , Kami , to confront the stigma of HIV and AIDS in South Africa . According to the documentary , The World According to Sesame Street , the reaction of many in the US surprised Sesame Workshop . Some members of Congress attacked Sesame Street , Sesame Workshop ( previously , the CTW ) , and PBS . According to co @-@ producer Naila Farouky , " The reaction we got in the US blew me away . I didn 't expect people to be so horrible ... and hateful and mean " . The controversy in the US was short @-@ lived , and died down when the public discovered the facts about the South African co @-@ production , and when Kofi Anan and Jerry Falwell praised the Workshop 's efforts .
Gettas explained what he called " Sesame Street 's unprecedented appeal abroad " was its broad appeal and adaptability to other cultures . Gettas stated , " Here is a program that speaks to them in their own language , on their level , and with respect for their intelligence " . According to Cooper Wright , the Sesame Workshop 's vice @-@ president of International Co @-@ Productions in 2006 , the " mission " of the co @-@ productions was to " help children reach their highest potential " . The producers were further galvanized to accomplish this goal after the events of 9 / 11 . Cooney stated , " Our producers are like old @-@ fashioned missionaries . It 's not religion they 're spreading , but it is learning and tolerance and love and mutual respect " .
= = Production = =
The earliest international versions were what then @-@ CTW vice @-@ president Charlotte Cole called " fairly simple " , consisting of dubbed versions of the show with local language voice @-@ overs and instructional cutaways . Dubbed versions of the show continued to be produced if the country 's needs and resources warranted it . They utilized a variant of a flexible model called the CTW model , developed by the producers and creators of the original show , to create and produce independently produced preschool television shows in other countries . The Workshop recognized that the production model developed in the US , which reflected its needs and culture at the time , served as a framework for other countries that wanted to repeat it . Its inherent flexibility was attractive to producers in other countries , who saw the model as " a methodological approach that is neither doctrinaire nor culture @-@ bound " that could be used to achieve different results in different countries . According to the 2006 documentary , The World According to Sesame Street , the producers of the co @-@ productions repeated the " experiment " undertaken by the original US show , but adapted it to each specific situation . In 1969 , the producers of the original show depended upon government and foundation funding , but as Sesame Workshop CEO Gary Knell stated in 2009 , the US funding model would not necessarily be effective in countries with different economic and political structures . All co @-@ productions share elements with the American show , but because of their different needs , no two are exactly alike . According to Gettas , the producers of the programs would " rely on variants of the CTW model to help them create programming that faithfully reflects the linguistic , cultural , social , or religious diversity of their native lands " .
The need for preschool education in each country was assessed through research and interviews with television producers , researchers , and educational experts , which paralleled what the producers of Sesame Street did in the late 1960s . Then they convened the experts in a series of meetings , held in the individual countries , to create and develop a curriculum , the show 's educational goals , and its set and characters , as was done in 1968 in the US . Finally , they held a series of meetings , both at the CTW offices in New York City and in the individual countries , to train the co @-@ production team in the CTW model . Writing seminars were also held in New York .
The co @-@ productions consisted of unique characters , sets , and curricula designed to meet the needs of their own children . Cole reported that the goal of the co @-@ productions was to provide children in each country a program that reflected their country 's culture , local values , and educational priorities . She stated that this cultural specificity was the reason for the co @-@ productions ' success , popularity , and educational impact . The co @-@ productions combined universal curriculum goals that were common around the world with educational content that specifically addressed the needs of children in each country . Another goal of the international co @-@ productions of Sesame Street was , as executive producer Lutrelle Horne stated in 1987 , the improvement of " the overall quality of a country 's television " . He added , " We give a country a model of how television can be used effectively to address people 's needs " .
US cast members Kevin Clash and Marty Robinson have cast and trained the international puppeteers . At first , Muppet builder Kermit Love constructed the puppets for the new shows in the US . According to Gikow in 2009 , Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , overseen by Connie Peterson , has taken over puppet creation . The producers of Sisimpur , the Bangladesh co @-@ production , created their own traditional puppets because their puppet @-@ making craft is thousands of years old and an important part of their culture . The producers of each co @-@ production developed and built their own sets , live @-@ action videos , and animations in @-@ country . After they developed , produced , and aired the new show , they conducted research to ascertain whether their curriculum goals were met , just as was done in the US after the first season of Sesame Street . According to producer Nadine Zylstra , they faced unusual challenges rarely experienced in the US . For example , riots and conflicts between Serbs and Albanians in 2004 delayed production of the Kosovo co @-@ production for three months . In 2005 , a nationwide strike in Bangladesh temporarily stalled production of their show .
When countries were not able to afford creating original co @-@ productions , the Workshop provided alternatives for them . They created Open Sesame , a series with no specific cultural references in it , and with , as Horne described , " universally acceptable material " . The show was also broadcast in US military bases . The Workshop 's library of Muppet skits , short films , and animations were sold to many countries and were either broadcast in English or dubbed in the local language . According to Gikow , it often served as the basis for the creation of new material for their own co @-@ productions . As of 2009 , the Workshop opened its entire library of episodes , short films , and animations created all over the world so that poorer countries could use and adapt them for their purposes .
= = Co @-@ productions = =
= = = 1970s = = =
The first international co @-@ production of Sesame Street was Brazil 's Vila Sésamo , which first aired in 1972 and had an initial run of two years . Its set consisted of an open plaza . The Muppet Garibaldo was " the centerpiece " of the Brazil co @-@ production and remained popular with viewers when the show was revived in 2007 . Garibaldo 's performer in the revival , Fernando Gomes , became a puppeteer because of the original Brazilian show 's influence . It was broadcast in Portuguese . Also in 1972 , Plaza Sésamo was produced in Mexico . This co @-@ production has also been broadcast in Puerto Rico and in Spanish @-@ speaking Latin America since 1973 , and has aired on Spanish television stations in the US since 1995 .
In 1973 , West Germany , one of the first countries to approach CTW , began airing Sesamstraße . It has been continually produced since . At first , this co @-@ production incorporated original German animation and live action segments into the US version . Starting in 1978 , its producers began using puppets filmed in their own studio in Germany . The Netherlands ' version , Sesamstraat , began in 1976 . This show has aired in both Dutch and Flemish . In Sesamstraat 's early years , Belgium television participated in its production , so it also aired there . In 2011 , to celebrate the show 's 35th anniversary , the Sesame Workshop partnered with the Vincent van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam to recreate a version of van Gogh 's " Bedroom in Arles " , featuring Muppets from both the American and Dutch shows . France aired Open Sesame in the early 1970s before creating its own co @-@ production . One version , created in 1974 , Bonjour Sesame , was fifteen minutes long and had no street scenes . 5 , Rue Sésame began in 1976 ; its set consists of a courtyard of a building in a small French town .
The final two co @-@ productions of the 70s , both made in 1979 , occurred in Kuwait and Spain . The Kuwaiti show , Iftah Ya Simsim , which ran until 1990 , was the first of its kind in the Arab world . It used Modern Standard Arabic ( MSA ) , and was broadcast in 22 Arab countries . The show continued to be well @-@ known decades after it went off the air . It returned in 2013 , and had similar goals and objectives as the original version , including the use of MSA . Barrio Sésamo , made in Spain , featured a snail character who was able to hide a thousand and one things in her shell . One of the show 's Muppet characters , Dr. Valentin Ruster , was based upon Dr. Valentin Fuster , a native Spaniard who worked at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City . Dr. Fuster 's likeness was created to educated children in Spain about exercise and eating healthy .
= = = 1980s = = =
Sweden 's version of Sesame Street , Svenska Sesam ( 1981 – 1983 ) , was originally a single season full co @-@ production , but did not integrate puppets . Dubs have aired before and after . Israel filmed its co @-@ production , called Rechov Sumsum , in 1983 . It was the first co @-@ production to devote an entire section of its curriculum to educating children about mutual respect , which was a priority due to " profound political tension in the region " . Its curriculum , which was based upon their viewers ' needs , differed from many other countries and exposed Israeli children to children from different cultures . The show 's counterpart of Big Bird was a hedgehog named Kippi .
Also in 1983 , the Philippines created Batibot , the first fully bilingual ( Tagalog and English ) version of Sesame Street . In 1989 , Susam Sokağı , a co @-@ production filmed in Turkey , featured versions of Big Bird and an " exuberant little @-@ girl Muppet host " named Simi . There have been three versions of Sesame Street in Portugal , including one co @-@ production created in 1989 . Rua Sésamo was also broadcast in the Portuguese @-@ speaking nations Angola , Mozambique , Guinea , Cape Verde , and São Tomé . Play with Me Sesame is the title of the current version .
= = = 1990s = = =
Norway 's co @-@ production , entitled Sesam Stasjon , began filming in 1991 . Three co @-@ productions premiered in 1996 , in Russia , Canada , and Poland . Russia 's version , Ulitsa Sezam ( Улица Сезам ) , debuted in 1996 . No longer on the air , one of its curriculum goals was to prepare Russian children to live in a " new open society " . Poland 's Ulica Sezamkowa has been since replaced by dubs of various Sesame Workshop programs and has changed its name to Sezamkowy Zaketek . Canada aired Sesame Street Canada , a combination of locally produced and US @-@ made content from 1972 to 1996 . A French @-@ dubbed version was shown in 1975 , which demonstrated the producers ' commitment to bilingualism , one of their curriculum goals . In 1996 , a half @-@ hour program called Sesame Park was produced by the country 's public broadcasting corporation and consisted of more content created in @-@ country . The series featured a polar bear , an otter , a female bush pilot , and a girl in a wheelchair .
In 1998 , the Chinese co @-@ production of Sesame Street , Zhima Jie , was created . An auto mechanic became the head writer of this show , broadcast in Mandarin Chinese , because there were few people with experience in writing for children in the country . It has aired in 40 local markets , comprising forty percent of all Chinese homes . Its curriculum emphasized aesthetics . The Chinese puppeteers were trained by Kevin Clash and Caroll Spinney . Also in 1998 , a fifteen @-@ minute version of the Israeli show was dubbed in Arabic and renamed Shara 'a Simsim ; this Palestinian co @-@ production promoted children 's sense of national identity .
= = = 2000s = = =
In 2000 , Egypt 's co @-@ production , entitled Alam Simsim ( عالم سمسم ) , began to air throughout the Arab World and was broadcast in Arabic . Its curriculum focused on literacy , math , cognitive and social skills , girls ' education , the environment , and health . The show was sponsored by its patron , Egyptian First Lady Suzanne Mubarak . A study conducted in 2004 showed that the show 's efforts to educate Egyptian children about health were substantially influential .
South Africa aired Takalani Sesame , also in 2000 ; it focused on AIDS education with the creation of the first HIV @-@ positive Muppet , Kami , who was declared a UNICEF " Champion for Children " in 2003 . The show reached almost 70 percent of children in urban areas and almost 50 percent in rural areas , and its viewers had improvements in HIV / AIDS knowledge , attitudes , and communication . In 2007 , it began airing in almost all of the country 's official languages , and its Muppets were used in health educational campaigns . In 2008 , the show began to focus on diversity within South Africa and technology . Takalani Sesame 's tenth anniversary in 2010 was marked by a series of workshops in South Africa focusing on the future of the show and the needs of the country 's children . Research conducted about the show 's affects showed that viewers gained in four major areas : basic knowledge , blood safety , discrimination , and numeracy skills . They also improved in life skills , such as safety , sounds , nature , emotions , and self @-@ esteem .
Hikayat Simsim premiered in 2003 in Jordan . According to its producers , its goal was to " promote respect in the face of conflict " . The show also focused on literacy , numeracy , health and hygiene , emotions , road safety , and the environment . Afghanistan temporarily aired its first version of Sesame Street , called Koche Sesame in 2004 , to help rebuild its educational system . Although this production filmed its own live @-@ action films , it used Muppet segments filmed in the U.S. , which were dubbed in Dari , one of the country 's two main languages . The show 's producers donated 400 education kits , which included a message from President Hamid Karzai , to schools , orphanages , and TV stations across the country . Its curriculum focused on encouraging awareness of other cultures , increasing opportunities for women and girls , and fostering children 's interests in education .
In 2005 , Sisimpur aired in Bangladesh . This co @-@ production 's goal was to improve school achievement and decrease drop @-@ out rates for children before the third grade . This difficult co @-@ production , which was beset by political difficulties and severe flooding that delayed production , was depicted in the 2006 documentary , The World According to Sesame Street . Also in 2005 , the producers of the Kosovo co @-@ production ( Rruga Sesam / Ulica Sezam ) chose to present the languages of the region more evenly . Instead of showing words on screen , children were challenged to label objects verbally , thus learning that there are different ways to say the same thing . The Workshop worked in conjunction with UNICEF to produce this show , to aid in the peace process between Albanians and Serbs . One of its goals was to demonstrate to Albanian and Serbian children that their counterparts were like them .
In 2008 , Cambodia produced Sabai Sabai Sesame , a dubbed version of the original US show . It aired twice weekly , and emphasized basic literacy , numeracy , and social skills . Northern Ireland 's production , which was broadcast throughout the U.K. but was " rooted in everyday life in Northern Ireland " , was called Sesame Tree , and was set in and around a whimsical tree . The show 's curriculum focused on mutual respect and understanding . Also in 2008 , Jalan Sesama , the Indonsian co @-@ production , premiered . Its focus was the country 's rich diversity . Denmark created Sesamgade in 2009 , which contained elements of Play With Me Sesame and locally produced segments with Elmo .
= = = 2010s = = =
Nigeria produced its own version of Sesame Street , called Sesame Square , in 2010 . Previously , they aired the US version . Funded in part by a grant from the US government , the show focused on AIDS , malaria nets , gender equality , and yams . It also featured the HIV @-@ positive Muppet Kami from the South African co @-@ production .
After an absence of ten years , and almost 30 years after the 1983 movie Big Bird in China , 53 eleven @-@ minute episodes of Sesame Street 's Big Bird Looks at the World , filmed in Mandarin Chinese , debuted in early 2011 in China . Inspired by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , the program emphasized emergency preparedness . In the first week of December 2011 , a Pashto and Dari @-@ language version called Baghch @-@ e @-@ Simsim was launched in Afghanistan , and in the same month Pakistan began airing its own Urdu @-@ language version , called SimSim Humara , which was supposed to run for three years . In June 2012 , the United States terminated funding for SimSim Humara due to serious allegations of corruption by the local Pakistani puppet theater working on the initiative .
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= Washington State Route 16 =
State Route 16 ( SR 16 ) is a 27 @.@ 16 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 43 @.@ 71 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , connecting Pierce and Kitsap counties . The highway , signed as east – west , begins at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) in Tacoma and travels through the city as a freeway towards the Tacoma Narrows . SR 16 crosses the narrows onto the Kitsap Peninsula on the partially tolled Tacoma Narrows Bridge and continues through Gig Harbor and Port Orchard before the freeway ends in Gorst . The designation ends at an intersection with SR 3 southwest of the beginning of its freeway through Bremerton and Poulsbo . SR 16 is designated as a Strategic Highway Network ( STRAHNET ) corridor within the National Highway System as the main thoroughfare connecting Tacoma to Naval Base Kitsap and a part of the Highways of Statewide Significance program .
SR 16 was created during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to Primary State Highway 14 ( PSH 14 ) . PSH 14 , which had itself been the successor to State Road 14 , traveled northeast from Shelton to Gorst and south to Gig Harbor . PSH 14 was extended over the Tacoma Narrows in 1939 on the unfinished Tacoma Narrows Bridge , which would later collapse months after opening in 1940 , into Tacoma over Secondary State Highway 14C ( SSH 14C ) . SR 16 has been expanded into a freeway in stages beginning with the original Nalley Valley Viaduct in Tacoma in 1971 , and ending with the opening of an interchange near Port Orchard in 2009 . Future improvements to the corridor include the installation of high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes that connect to I @-@ 5 and the rest of the freeway network in Pierce County , scheduled for completion by 2022 .
= = Route description = =
SR 16 begins on the Nalley Valley Viaduct in Tacoma at an interchange with I @-@ 5 between the Tacoma Mall and Downtown . The freeway travels northwest over the Sound Transit Sounder commuter train to a semi @-@ directional T interchange with Sprague Avenue , where it begins paralleling the Scott Pierson Trail . SR 16 continues west past a diamond interchange with Union Avenue and an interchange with Center Street at Cheney Stadium towards the Skyline neighborhood of North Tacoma . The freeway travels around Tacoma Community College past partial cloverleaf interchanges with 19th Street and Pearl Street , the latter being signed as SR 163 as it heads north into Ruston and towards Vashon Island . SR 16 continues west past a partial cloverleaf interchange with Jackson Avenue and towards the Tacoma Narrows on the twin @-@ suspension Tacoma Narrows Bridges . The 5 @,@ 979 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 822 m ) westbound span and the tolled 5 @,@ 400 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) eastbound span combine to carry six lanes of SR 16 onto the Kitsap Peninsula . The eastbound span is tolled via electronic toll collection through the Good To Go ! program on the Kitsap Peninsula side of the bridge . Tolls for two passengers and / or a motorcycle are set at $ 4 for Good To Go ! accounts and $ 6 collected at the toll plaza , with prices increasing for each additional passenger by $ 2 for Good To Go ! accounts and by $ 2 @.@ 50 for non @-@ Good To Go ! users .
SR 16 continues onto the Kitsap Peninsula and intersects 24th Street in a partial diamond interchange east of the Tacoma Narrows Airport as it passes the toll plaza for the eastbound Tacoma Narrows Bridge . The freeway travels northwest through Gig Harbor past interchanges with Olympic Drive and Wollochet Drive near Gig Harbor High School before it reaches Henderson Bay . SR 16 continues through an interchange with Burnham Drive and past the Washington Corrections Center for Women and St. Anthony Hospital towards Purdy , intersecting the southern terminus of SR 302 . The freeway bypasses Purdy and Peninsula High School to the east before intersecting SR 302 Spur and entering Kitsap County . SR 16 passes the community of Burley and intersects its main access highway , Burley @-@ Olalla Road , in an interchange before entering the city of Port Orchard . The freeway ends after serving as the western terminus of SR 160 and SR 166 on the west side of the city . The four @-@ lane highway continues west along the Sinclair Inlet into Gorst , intersecting its spur route and ending at an intersection with SR 3 .
Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 16 was west of its interchange with Union Avenue in downtown Tacoma , serving 112 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section is after the SR 160 interchange west of Port Orchard , serving 32 @,@ 000 vehicles . SR 16 is designated as a Strategic Highway Network corridor , connecting Naval Base Kitsap to the state highway system along with SR 3 , within the National Highway System that classifies it as important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . WSDOT designates the entire route of SR 16 as a Highway of Statewide Significance , which includes highways that connect major communities in the state of Washington .
= = History = =
The present route of SR 16 roughly follows the route of several state highways signed during the 20th century , the first of which was State Road 14 . State Road 14 traveled north from Shelton to Gorst and south into Gig Harbor as the primary connector between the Olympic and Kitsap peninsulas . State Road 14 was re @-@ designated in 1937 as PSH 14 and included a secondary highway named SSH 14C that traveled from Gig Harbor to the Tacoma Narrows , site of an under @-@ construction suspension bridge to open in 1940 . PSH 14 was extended southeast over SSH 14C and the unfinished Tacoma Narrows Bridge into the city of Tacoma as part of a transfer of bridge ownership to the state of Washington in 1939 . After the collapse of the original bridge on November 7 , 1940 , PSH 14 was truncated to Gig Harbor and traffic was redirected to a ferry landing in Manchester . The second Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened on October 14 , 1950 , and PSH 14 was extended the following year to an intersection with U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) in Downtown Tacoma .
PSH 14 was replaced by SR 16 under the sign route system created during the 1964 state highway renumbering , traveling from US 99 in Tacoma to SR 3 in Gorst . WSDOT began converting the SR 16 corridor to a controlled @-@ access freeway with the construction of the Nalley Valley Viaduct in 1969 , designed with tetrapod columns at a cost of $ 3 @.@ 67 million . The viaduct opened in 1971 and connected SR 16 to I @-@ 5 in Tacoma , part of a new freeway replacing Bantz Boulevard between I @-@ 5 and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge . A bypass of Purdy on the Pierce – Kitsap county line was opened in 1977 and the former route of SR 16 was divided between SR 302 and its spur route . The remainder of SR 16 in Port Orchard was upgraded to a freeway during the 1980s ; however , an at @-@ grade intersection remained at Burley @-@ Olalla Road until a diamond interchange was completed in 2009 .
WSDOT has been installing high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV lanes ) on SR 16 as part of a Pierce County HOV system , scheduled for completion by 2022 . Beginning in the early 2000s , frontage roads and the Scott Pierson Trail were built along the freeway and sound walls were erected near residential areas in Tacoma . From Tacoma to Gig Harbor , WSDOT began installing exit numbers to interchanges with SR 16 that correspond to its milepost . The Nalley Valley Viaduct was replaced by a new westbound structure in 2011 , carrying all four lanes of SR 16 towards I @-@ 5 in Tacoma , while the original viaduct was closed and demolished . The eastbound Nalley Valley Viaduct began construction in November 2011 and is scheduled to be completed by WSDOT in 2014 , with the westbound viaduct being widened to its full planned width .
On February 23 , 2016 a 10 @-@ mile section of SR 16 beginning from the Kitsap @-@ Pierce county line , and extended North to Gorst was dedicated as the Washington State Patrol Trooper Tony Radulescu Memorial Highway , in honor of the WSP Trooper who was killed in the line of duty on that stretch of highway four years earlier .
= = = Tacoma Narrows Bridge = = =
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge , which carries SR 16 across the Tacoma Narrows between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula , was first proposed by locals during the late 19th century and credited to local rancher John G. Shindler while traveling through the Narrows by steamboat in 1888 . The Northern Pacific Railway planned to build a trestle bridge over the Narrows to connect its western terminus in Tacoma to the proposed Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Port Orchard . The Washington State Legislature , after extensive lobbying by local auto groups and businesses , authorized the construction of a road bridge over the Narrows in February 1929 . The Washington Toll Bridge Authority was created in March 1937 to construct and maintain toll bridges throughout the state , beginning with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge from Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Lake Washington Floating Bridge from Seattle to Mercer Island .
The bridge , designed by American suspension bridge engineer Leon Moisseiff , began construction on November 23 , 1938 , by the Pacific @-@ General @-@ Columbia Company , a partnership between three companies that received a $ 2 @.@ 88 million grant from the Public Works Administration and a $ 3 @.@ 52 million loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , to be repaid through tolls . The Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened on July 1 , 1940 , and included ceremonies attended by an estimated 10 @,@ 000 people , including Governor of Washington Clarence D. Martin . The 2 @,@ 800 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 850 m ) bridge , christened the name " Galloping Gertie " by its construction workers , cost $ 6 @.@ 4 million to build and became the third longest suspension span in the world after its completion . The following day , the art deco MV Kalakala was chosen to make the commemorative final ferry crossing of the Tacoma Narrows . The original toll for the bridge cost 55 cents per car , 15 cents per extra passenger , and 15 cents for pedestrians . The bridge , which was prone to movement during windstorms , collapsed at approximately 11 : 00 am on November 7 , 1940 , because of winds in excess of 42 miles per hour ( 68 km / h ) . The only fatality during the collapse was a dog trapped in a car belonging to local reporter Leonard Coatsworth of Tacoma .
A second , 5 @,@ 979 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 822 m ) Tacoma Narrows Bridge was constructed between 1948 and 1951 , officially opening to traffic on October 14 , 1950 . The bridge was designed to let wind pass through the structure with perforated girders and open grating in the deck . Traffic on the two @-@ lane bridge began increasing from 6 @,@ 000 vehicles in 1960 to nearly 67 @,@ 000 vehicles by 1990 , according to WSDOT AADT data . The increased traffic prompted the Washington State Legislature to approve the construction of a tolled eastbound bridge in 1999 , to be finished during the early 2000s . The 5 @,@ 400 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) eastbound bridge was constructed between 2002 and 2007 , opening on July 15 , 2007 , during ceremonies attended by 60 @,@ 000 people , including Governor Christine Gregoire . The newer eastbound bridge provided the debut for the Good To Go ! RFID pass from WSDOT , which allows frequent users to bypass the toll booths by way of a prepaid transponder placed on the inside of the windshield and reducing the toll .
= = Bannered routes = =
= = = Spur route = = =
SR 16 has a 0 @.@ 39 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 63 km ) spur route located in Gorst that travels west from SR 16 to southbound SR 3 . The spur route was added to the state highway system in 1988 after SR 16 was re @-@ aligned to avoid traffic signals in Gorst . WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that between 4 @,@ 100 and 8 @,@ 600 vehicles used the spur route .
= = = Alternate route = = =
SR 16 has a 0 @.@ 68 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 09 km ) alternate route serving the eastbound toll plaza of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Pierce County . The alternate route was added to the state highway system in 2007 after the completion of the eastbound Tacoma Narrows Bridge on July 15 . WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that 9 @,@ 100 vehicles used the alternate route .
= = Exit list = =
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= Inseminoid =
Inseminoid ( titled Horror Planet in the United States ) is a British @-@ Hong Kong science @-@ fiction horror film released in 1981 . Director Norman J. Warren 's eighth film , the plot of Inseminoid concerns a group of future scientists excavating the ruins of an ancient civilisation on a distant planet . When a monstrous alien creature attacks and inseminates one of the women in the team , chaos ensues as the unbalanced victim , possessing unnatural strength , murders her colleagues one after another in a psychotic bid to protect her unborn twin hybrid offspring . It stars Judy Geeson , Robin Clarke , and Stephanie Beacham . Victoria Tennant makes an early film appearance .
Filmed between May and June 1980 , Inseminoid is based on a script written by Nick and Gloria Maley , a couple who had contributed to the special effects of Warren 's films starting with Satan 's Slave ( 1976 ) . A low budget of £ 1 million , half of which was contributed by the Hong Kong Shaw Brothers , funded location filming in both the Chislehurst Caves in Kent and on the island of Gozo in Malta . Composer John Scott perfected the electronic score of Inseminoid in multiple hours @-@ long studio sessions following the completion of shooting .
Although initial box office reception was positive both in the United Kingdom and overseas , Inseminoid has since failed to impress a majority of critics , who have faulted Warren 's film for perceived poor acting , special effects and set design . Despite praise for actress Judy Geeson 's depiction of the lead character , Sandy , approval of the film in general has been tarnished due to its concept of an extraterrestrial insemination , which has been viewed negatively in comparison to the premise of Alien ( 1979 ) . Both Warren and Alien distributors 20th Century Fox have rejected claims that the script of Inseminoid was influenced by that of the earlier film .
Academic criticism of Inseminoid has concentrated on the film 's treatment of the female sex and female sexualities in the context of corruption by an alien source . In addition to its depiction of the abject Sandy , who is rendered a distorted Other in the aftermath of her unnatural impregnation , the film has been seen to incorporate a clash between the patriarchal and the maternal towards its climax , as the new mother kills her former friends one by one . Complementing the film 's successful VHS run , a novelisation of Inseminoid was written by Larry Miller .
= = Plot = =
On a desolate planet , a team of 12 Xeno project scientists are conducting an archaeological excavation of the ruins of an ancient civilisation . Shortly after an underground tomb network is found to contain crystals and wall inscriptions , photographer Dean White ( Dominic Jephcott ) is engulfed in a rock blast and left incapacitated . Deciphering the alien language in the caves , xenolinguist Mitch ( Trevor Thomas ) theorises that the civilisation was built on the concept of dualism : the planet orbits a binary star , and a pair of twins seems to have ruled the race that once inhabited it . Medical assistant Sharon ( Heather Wright ) discovers that an energy field surrounds the crystals , which causes her to deduce that a " chemical intelligence " controlled life on the planet .
A mentally unbalanced Ricky Williams ( David Baxt ) is driven to re @-@ enter the caves when a sample of crystals pulsates and the chemical intelligence exerts its influence through a mark on his arm . Thrown into a grille in a compromised environmental suit , Gail ( Rosalind Lloyd ) commits suicide , removing her helmet and freezing to death in the toxic atmosphere while trying to amputate her trapped foot with a chainsaw . Documentation officer Kate Frost ( Stephanie Beacham ) shoots Ricky with a harpoon gun before he opens both the inner and outer airlock doors and renders the air inside the base unbreathable .
Following the burial of Ricky and Gail , Mitch and Sandy ( Judy Geeson ) return to the caves to collect more crystals . A monstrous creature appears and dismembers Mitch before raping Sandy . Found distraught , Sandy receives treatment from Sharon and chief medical officer Karl ( Barry Houghton ) , who discovers that the assault has triggered an accelerated pregnancy despite the regular intravenous injections of contraceptives given to the women in the team . When further explosions within the catacombs scupper chances of deeper investigation , the surviving members of the team are left with nothing to do but await the arrival of a Xeno rescue shuttle .
The intelligence assumes control of Sandy , who has been marked in the same way as Ricky . She stabs Barbra ( Victoria Tennant ) to death with a pair of scissors , demonstrating superhuman strength while committing the murder , and then mutilates Dean and the remains of Mitch , drinking their blood . The rest of the team seek refuge in the Operations Room as Sandy destroys essential machinery – including the base transmitter – with explosives . When the imbalance in Sandy 's mind appears to correct itself , Karl , Sharon and Commander Holly McKay ( Jennifer Ashley ) attempt to sedate her to spare the unborn children . Sandy 's madness returns and Holly and Karl are killed in an accident with heat @-@ sealing apparatus , whereupon Sandy disembowels the corpses .
Senior officer Mark ( Robin Clarke ) radios Sandy – his romantic interest – from the Operations Room to stall for time as Kate and operations chief Gary ( Steven Grives ) depart to requisition chainsaws from a storage room . The ruse is uncovered and Sandy harpoons Gary outside the airlock , breathing the atmosphere to no ill effect as she mauls his flesh . Preparing for a final confrontation , Mark stumbles across Sandy 's newborn , mutant twins . He entrusts them to Sharon as the mother blasts through the Operations Room door and destroys all the equipment inside , although it is evident that she no longer possesses unnatural strength . Crippled by an explosive charge , Kate is gored to death . In a last stand , Mark strangles and kills Sandy with a ripped @-@ out cable . He returns to Sharon to discover one of the twins biting at her slit neck , before its sibling launches itself at him .
Twenty @-@ eight days later , Xeno Auxiliary Module 047 lands on the planet to investigate the loss of contact with the team . With the base in ruins , the mission records destroyed and the scientists either murdered or missing , combat marksmen Corin ( Kevin O 'Shea ) and Roy ( Robert Pugh ) abandon the search for survivors and pilot Jeff ( John Segal ) contacts Xeno control to request clearance to return . The final shots reveal that Sandy 's children have stowed themselves away inside a storage compartment on board the shuttle .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
Following the releases of Satan 's Slave ( 1976 ) , Prey ( 1978 ) and Terror ( 1979 ) , Norman J. Warren had at first been attached to direct a film titled Gargoyles . When this production collapsed at the scripting stage , Warren and his producer , Richard Gordon , accepted a plot proposal from the husband @-@ and @-@ wife team of Nick and Gloria Maley , who had worked on Satan 's Slave as members of the special effects department besides Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) and Superman ( 1978 ) . The Maleys drafted their concept as a composite of their favourite science @-@ fiction ideas and an opportunity to exhibit their best effects work , although the suggested title , Doomseeds , had to be changed to avoid confusion with the 1977 film Demon Seed . The script for the new Inseminoid , which indicates that the film is set two decades in the future in a militaristic universe , required amendments prior to filming , although the premise received Warren and Gordon 's approval .
= = = Casting = = =
Producer Richard Gordon cast American actors Clarke and Ashley while on business in Hollywood . Prior to Inseminoid , Ashley had starred in minor films of such independent studios as Crown International Pictures , while Clarke had just completed filming on the 1980 film The Formula . Warren recalls that although Ashley " was not the greatest actress , she was very enthusiastic and very easy to work with . " The professional relationship between Warren and Clarke broke down during the filming of sequences such as Dean 's incapacitation inside the caves , when the director and actor disagreed about the extent to which Clarke needed to respond to the script when his character raises his voice to a shout . Warren asserts that Clarke 's " high opinion of himself " made the actor " a nightmare to work with " , and adds that he " could be extremely difficult , making every scene with him an uphill struggle . "
Rapports between the director and other cast members proved to be positive : in particular , Geeson is credited as " an absolute dream to work with " and praised for her acting of the maddened expectant mother , which Warren argues avoids descending into unintentional humour . Gordon also offers a positive assessment , stating that Geeson accepted the demands of her part with enthusiasm and did not complain that it demeaned her as an actress .
Warren retains fond memories of Beacham 's " very professional " performance , and remarks that , " with tongue firmly in cheek , she would often wind me up by asking what her motivation was for a particular action , just as I about to call ' Action ! ' , knowing full well that my answer would be , ' Because it 's in the script ' . " Beacham , a mother of two infant children , agreed to appear in the film to support her family : " I had to choose between a play that I really , really wanted to do , which would have paid me £ 65 a week , and this script for a film called Inseminoid . Hey ! No choice . Two pink babies asleep upstairs ! No choice ! "
= = = Filming = = =
Agreeing to fund half of the proposed £ 1 million budget , the Hong Kong Shaw Brothers became partners in the film 's production . Elder brother Sir Run Run Shaw is credited as the presenter of Inseminoid in the opening titles . With a production staff of 75 , principal photography commenced on 12 May 1980 . John Metcalfe , camera operator for Satan 's Slave and Terror , assumed the role of cinematographer . His former role fell to the less experienced Dick Pope . Three weeks of location filming at the Chislehurst Caves in Kent preceded a one @-@ week indoor session at Lee International Studios at Wembley Park in London . The second unit completed special effects and linking shots in a fifth week , based at Film House in Wardour Street . To simulate the desolate landscape of the alien planet in long shots , the production team departed for the island of Gozo off Malta for a final recording session of two days , capitalising on the strong Mediterranean sun to produce good lighting .
Opting to record using Mitchell cameras incorporating 35 mm Eastman Kodak film and anamorphic lenses , Warren recalls that the produced footage boasted " an incredibly sharp image and what I would term as the ' American ' look . " He remembers that the setting of the Chislehurst Caves rendered the subterranean complex more realistic than a potential in @-@ studio alternative given the modest budget of Inseminoid . However , the cold , damp , airless conditions , combined with the uneven surface of the cave floors , complicated the filming sessions and necessitated frequent repairs of equipment .
Shooting often ran for 12 hours at a time and led to frequent minor injuries among the cast and production staff , while some developed intense feelings of claustrophobia in the confined space . Gordon suggests that the uncomfortable working conditions made the performances of the cast more realistic , but concedes that although , " I think all this paid off in terms of what we got on the screen for the budget , but the circumstances were very difficult . " In the absence of suitable facilities inside the caves , the personnel established administrative , dressing and make @-@ up rooms in a car park some distance from the recording area . Co @-@ writer Nick Maley reprised his role as a special effects technician to produce the infant twin props that appear in the climax of the film .
The filming of Inseminoid wrapped two days behind schedule . Warren remembers making a major cut to scenes of Ricky 's rampage to help the shooting finish on time : " I had to put the " blue pencil " through part of the scene , which involved a chase through various tunnels . Three pages of script , which I had to condense into one shot . Having to make such an enormous compromise was not a happy choice for me , but it was the only way of getting us back on schedule . " On his contribution to Inseminoid , Warren stated that Peter Boyle proved to be " a pleasure to work with , because he had a natural feel for the material and managed to create just the right pace and rhythm throughout the film . " During the post @-@ production process , the editing staff increased the brightness of the original print , concerned that a dim appearance would damage the chances of sales to television broadcasters , and removed the most graphic shots of the birth of the mutant children for the purposes of classification . The opening title visuals , consisting of vibrant oil frames , are a contribution of Oxford Scientific Films .
= = = Music = = =
Determining that the low budget precluded an orchestral soundtrack , Warren and his long @-@ serving composer , John Scott , agreed that all the music should be electronic . Produced after hours of studio multi @-@ tracking and overdubbing , Warren considers the final score an " amazing achievement " and praises Scott 's realisation of a soundtrack incorporating the " experimental " electronic brand of music . The score received an LP release in 1982 .
= = Release = =
In the UK , Inseminoid premiered on 22 March 1981 in the Midlands . It later opened at 65 cinemas in the region , and reached London in October . Overseas , German cinemas had begun to exhibit the film in January under the title Samen des Bösen ( English : Seeds of Evil ) . To the dislike of Warren , distributors Almi released the film under the title Horror Planet in the United States and Canada , but later restored the name to the original Inseminoid .
Original pre @-@ release advertising included a regional " mail drop " of circulars presenting screenshots of a screaming Geeson and the tagline " Warning ! An Horrific Alien Birth ! A Violent Nightmare in Blood ! Inseminoid at a Cinema Near You Soon ! " Warren , who regrets the decision to publicise the film in such a graphic manner , comments , " The problem with mail @-@ drops is that you have no way of knowing who lives in the house , or who will see it first . It could be a pregnant woman , and old lady , or even worse , a young child . So it was not such a good idea . "
Rated " X " in the UK , in the United States Inseminoid screened under the " R " certificate for its " profanity , nudity , violence , rape and gore " . In 2005 , the British Board of Film Classification revised its certification of Inseminoid , re @-@ rating the film " 15 " from " 18 " for its " strong , bloody violence " . Inseminoid became one of the first films to be released on VHS soon after its appearance in cinemas , and reached seventh position in British video sales charts in November 1981 . Renewed editions became available in 1992 and 1998 .
= = Critical reception = =
Inseminoid attracted positive critical reception on its original release . In terms of box office performance , it reached a high of fifth position in the 1981 British charts . At one point it ranked seventh at the box office in France , while in the United States it proceeded to enter the Los Angeles Times list of top ten films . American director Roger Corman congratulated Warren on the film and considered commissioning him for further productions . However , a private screening had failed to impress members of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , who dismissed Inseminoid as " ' Commercial rubbish ! ... Not the sort of thing the Academy should be showing ... And certainly not the kind of film the British film industry should be making ! ' "
In 1982 , Inseminoid received a minor accolade at the Italian Fantafestival ( winning the Best Special Effects prize ) and a nomination at the Fantasporto convention in Portugal ( for the Best Film award ) . Recalling how the depiction the female sex in Inseminoid displeased women 's circles , Warren states , " It seems it is quite common for pregnant women to have nightmares about giving birth to some kind of monster . Of course , all their complaints and their letters which were printed in the local papers only helped to increase the queue at the box office . "
Examining the acting in a review published in Starlog magazine , Alan Jones expressed a preference for the British members of the cast , crediting Geeson as " absolutely first @-@ rate " and criticising " the weak performances from the token Americans , Robin Clarke and Jennifer Ashley " . Praising the production values for cost @-@ effectiveness , he discerned signs of Warren 's " particular trademark " in such murder scenes as that of Barbra ( through repeated scissor @-@ stabbing ) and Holly ( through heat @-@ searing ) . He professed his opinion that Inseminoid " is not faultless by any means " , citing a predictable and often " ridiculous " plot as factors detracting from his pleasure in viewing the film . Nevertheless , he asserted that Inseminoid meets audience demands for a B film of its genre , progressing " at such a pace that you nearly almost forget that you 've seen it all before " , and declared it to be " far less routine and far more enjoyable than I had expected . "
Critical response in the United States proved to be less favourable . In a review published in Virginia in January 1983 , Edward Jones of The Free @-@ Lance Star offered praise for the " novel touch " of casting a would @-@ be @-@ mother as the principal villain , commenting , " In what has to be a new low , even for extraterrestrial @-@ horror films , all the men end up punching this pregnant woman in the stomach . What a time to have twins ! " Nevertheless , Inseminoid is discarded as " no more than a mix of everything @-@ you 've @-@ ever @-@ seen @-@ in @-@ a @-@ horror @-@ movie @-@ and @-@ didn 't @-@ particularly @-@ want @-@ to @-@ see @-@ again . " In a November 1983 edition of the Floridian newspaper Boca Raton News , Skip Sheffield branded the film " horrible " and " cheapo " , suggesting that his readers " Imagine Alien without the fantastic sets , convincing special effects and literate dialogue , and you have a picture of Horror Planet . " He added his opinion that brutal violence does not guarantee narrative suspense , punning on the name Run Run Shaw in his downbeat conclusion that " Horror Planet is a film to run , run away from — fast . "
In 2004 , Douglas Pratt argued that Inseminoid consists of " some gooey gore shots but few other thrills " and denounced the quality of the acting and props used . He still conceded that Inseminoid " goes through the motions properly , however , so fans will probably find it worth passing the time . " The film is award one star out of five on the AllRovi website , where reviewer Cavett Binion rules that it is a " fairly standard rip @-@ off " of Alien in spite of the originality of its core premise , with a " rabid , eye @-@ popping performance " from Geeson that is " more than a bit uncomfortable to watch . " The rape sequence is seen as a " surreal and truly disgusting flashback " and the title of the film itself deemed " sleazy " .
Warren rejects the label " video nasty " , which has been applied to Inseminoid on the incorrect assumption that its violent content made it impossible to release uncut on home video formats in the UK . The film was incorrectly labelled as previously banned in 1984 when it was rereleased in its cut cinema print in 1994 by Vipco . It has long been uncut in the UK on DVD . In response to the idea that the film has attained cult status , he remarks , " if Inseminoid has become some form of cult movie , then I am very pleased and , indeed , very flattered . " On his private response to his work , he answers that " I don 't think you could ever be one hundred percent satisfied with any film you make " , and that , in the scenario of remaking Inseminoid , he would darken the lighting of certain scenes to heighten the tension and demand a longer filming schedule .
= = = Analysis = = =
Inseminoid has been criticised as a perceived imitation , " knock @-@ off " or " rip @-@ off " of the 1979 science @-@ fiction horror film Alien . Peter Wright , a film historian and lecturer at the University of Liverpool , interprets both the " atmospheric " scenes set in the underground tomb network , and the mess hall sequence preceding Rick 's madness , as potential derivations from Ridley Scott 's film : while the first recalls the setting of the remote planetoid , LV @-@ 426 , the second resonates with the " chestburster " horror scene . Wright asserts that the connection of Inseminoid to Alien could appear to be " exploitative " , while Barry Langford of the University of London views Inseminoid as representative of the dependence of British cinema on its American counterpart .
Alan Jones of Starlog magazine suggests that " any similarity between Inseminoid and Alien is totally intentional . Except here is the basic idea contained in Alien taken to its sleaziest extreme . " He interprets one such parallel in the character of Kate who , it is argued , emulates the appearance of Sigourney Weaver in the role of Ellen Ripley . However , he also cites Contamination ( 1980 ) and Scared to Death ( 1981 ) as less effective imitations of Scott . Besides Alien , Edward Jones of the newspaper The Free Lance – Star discerns elements of the novel Dracula ( 1897 ) , the TV series The Bionic Woman ( 1976 – 78 ) , and the films Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) and The Thing ( 1982 ) in the plot of Inseminoid .
Warren denies claims of an imitation , noting the discrepancies between the production schedules : when Inseminoid entered the shooting stage , Alien , which had been filmed in closed studios , had been released months before . While the director accepts the often " uncanny " similarities between the two films , he states that Alien distributors 20th Century Fox discounted the possibility of derivation after watching the final cut of Inseminoid : " ... in fact , the head of Fox sent us a very nice letter saying how much he enjoyed the film and wished us luck with the release ... I find it flattering that anyone can compare Alien , which cost in the region of $ 30 million , with Inseminoid which cost less than £ 1 million . We must have done something right . "
Wright interprets the transformation of Sandy from innocent female to a murderous mother @-@ to @-@ be of human @-@ alien hybrid twins as a " direct manifestation of masculine anxiety regarding female reproductive capacity " . He comments that the origin of the horror of Inseminoid is internalised as the seed of a violent alien life form , which renders Sandy " woman @-@ as @-@ other " , or " abject Other " . This opposes the transferring of " fear of woman onto the alien other " as demonstrated in the extraterrestrial villain of Alien . Inseminoid is also judged to be reminiscent of the 1977 film Demon Seed , which casts an advanced computer as the source of a rape resulting in insemination : " in both films , women are framed as ' Other ' by their sexual congress with more conventional iconic others : the machine and the alien . " Pregnancies are depicted as sources of horror , an attitude apparent in the " uterine and cervical " opening credits of Inseminoid , which are suggestive of the viewer " entering the realm of the monstrous womb ... the titling reveals a microscopic insect resident in the body of a larger organism . "
Wright argues that Warren 's inspiration of terror through a distorted representation of the uterus strikes a chord with the 1979 film The Brood , in which a woman produces deformed children through asexual reproduction . Commenting further , he examines the rape sequence itself , in which Sandy witnesses Karl injecting her with an unknown substance prior to the alien insemination , and makes a connection to dialogue from other scenes indicating that the female Xeno scientists are regularly administered intravenous injections for contraceptive purposes . The impregnation of Sandy through perverted intercourse , conflicting with the suppression of childbirth that is manifested through Karl 's use of a hypodermic and ( phallic ) needle , reveals " coherent sexism " in so far as Inseminoid " attacks the very notion of female sexual freedom , while suggesting , paradoxically , that contraception is the responsibility of women . " That Sandy reproduces at an accelerated pace and regresses into an animalistic state are factors adding to her depiction as an abject Other , or object of " male paranoia " .
During the final struggle , which pits the patriarchal social structure of the Xeno team against Sandy 's maternal element , it is not until Gary has half @-@ suffocated in the toxic atmosphere that he is murdered . Wright argues that the sequence is reassuring from a male perspective despite its graphic content , since it implies that no woman , even one with superhuman strength , possesses the power to kill a man in cold blood . A murderer of colleagues of both sexes , that Sandy dies at the hands of Mark ultimately renders her an aid to the re @-@ empowerment of the male sex , although the twin offspring are quick to avenge her . Comparing the plot of Inseminoid to Biblical scriptures , Christopher Partridge of Lancaster University turns his attention to the nature of the twins , referring to them as " essentially space Nephilim , technological demons with appetites and habits reminiscent of the mythic forebears . "
Maternal images endure as far as the epilogue , featuring the arrival of Jeff , Corin and Roy at the Xeno base . In an allusion to the human menstrual cycle , it is said that 28 days have elapsed since the communications break @-@ down . The destruction of the installation and the deaths of its personnel are attributed to an " internal disturbance of some kind " , forming " an ironic phrase which encapsulates the film 's vision of pregnancy as an irruption of Otherness from within . " Focusing on Larry Miller 's 1981 novelisation , described as " imaginative and misogynistic " , Wright refers to sequences that are absent from the film and inspire repulsion on thew part of the reader at the distortion of the female form . New transformations that afflict Sandy include oozing sores ( which Wright construes as an aberration of natal oil secretion ) and pus emanating from the nipples ( argued to mirror colostrum , or pre @-@ milk ) . Sandy accepts such unnatural metamorphoses , which culminate in the onset of labour , with fascination .
= = Cultural references = =
An American punk rock band from Long Island , New York named themselves after the film 's alternative title , Horror Planet . Their eponymous theme song contained lyrical references to horrific aspects of the plot . The song was not released as a record but was circulated on cassette demonstration tapes prior to the only official release by the band . In 1985 , Horror Planet released a professionally produced recording on an EP record with hand @-@ painted fabric sleeves . The songs from the Horror Planet record were subsequently re @-@ released in their entirety on the anthology CD compilation , Something in the Water : the Secret History of Long Island Punk , by Winged Disk Records .
A brief clip of Inseminoid is featured in the South Park episode " Helen Keller ! The Musical " ( 2000 ) , seen during character Eric Cartman 's disturbing vision while he uses sensory deprivation to penetrate the mind of Helen Keller .
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= New York State Route 225 =
New York State Route 225 ( NY 225 ) is a state highway in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States . It is a 15 @.@ 54 @-@ mile ( 25 @.@ 01 km ) loop route off NY 352 that connects the town of Big Flats ( near the city of Elmira ) and the city of Corning to the hamlet of Caton . The route begins in Big Flats and follows a generally east – west alignment across rural areas to Caton , where it turns to run in a north – south direction toward Corning . Development along the highway increases once it enters the Corning suburb of South Corning , and the rest of the route serves residential neighborhoods in South Corning and Corning . NY 225 is two lanes wide for its entire length ; however , part of the highway in South Corning also has a center turn lane .
The Caton – Corning segment of the route was acquired by the state of New York in 1911 and designated as part of NY 44 ( now NY 414 ) as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It received its current designation in 1949 when NY 414 was truncated to begin in Corning . The highway leading east from Caton to Big Flats was county @-@ maintained from the 1930s through the 1970s , even though it had been part of NY 13 from the 1930 renumbering to the 1940s . The state of New York assumed maintenance of the highway by 1986 , and the new state highway became an extension of NY 225 .
= = Route description = =
NY 225 begins at an intersection with NY 352 ( West Water Street ) in a residential area of the town of Big Flats , located 3 miles ( 5 km ) west of the city of Elmira in southwest Chemung County . It heads southwest as the two @-@ lane Hendy Creek Road to the Chemung River , which it crosses by way of the Fitch Bridge . On the opposite riverbank , NY 225 passes through the community of Golden Glow Heights as it turns to follow a more westerly routing into substantially less developed parts of the town . Over the next 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , the route meanders along the Big Flats – Southport town line while running along the base of a narrow , remote valley surrounding Hendy Creek . Along the way , the highway meets the north end of County Route 36 ( CR 36 , named Dutch Hill Road ) . The creek valley ultimately leads to the Chemung – Steuben county line , where NY 225 becomes known as Hendy Hollow Road .
Across the county line in the town of Caton , NY 225 continues west through the gully for another 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , slowly rising in elevation as it heads past a small number of isolated homes . The creek reaches its source near NY 225 's junction with the southern terminus of CR 34 ( Whiskey Creek Road ) , at which point the route ascends out of the valley and heads southwest across lightly developed , relatively level terrain to the small hamlet of Caton . In the center of the community , NY 225 intersects CR 32 ( Caton – Seeley Creek Road ) and CR 120 ( Tannery Creek Road ) . NY 225 turns northwest at this intersection , becoming Caton Road as it follows Caton Creek out of the hamlet .
The change in direction brings the route into another rural valley , which follows a winding , generally northward course for 4 miles ( 6 km ) . As the highway runs along the gully , it meets CR 40A ( West Caton Road ) at a junction just south of the Caton – Corning town line and the north end of CR 34 at an intersection a half @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) north of the boundary . The Caton Creek valley eventually gives way to more open terrain as NY 225 re @-@ approaches the Chemung River and reenters its surrounding valley . Here , the route transitions from a rural highway to a residential street as it enters the riverside village of South Corning . Caton Road terminates at the center of the village , with the route following a northeastward alignment for its last few blocks . NY 225 turns northwestward onto Park Avenue at this point , following the right @-@ of @-@ way established by River Road , a highway designated as CR 44 east of the village limits .
As Park Avenue , NY 225 is initially a two @-@ lane road with a center turn lane . The route parallels the Chemung River to the Corning city line , where the center turn lane ends and the highway reverts to a two @-@ lane undivided road . Within the city limits , NY 225 continues to serve mostly residential neighborhoods while traversing the southeastern part of the city . The route proceeds to the eastern edge of downtown Corning , at which point it veers north onto Conhocton Street . NY 225 ends just one block later at an intersection with Denison Parkway ( NY 352 ) . The 0 @.@ 45 miles ( 0 @.@ 72 km ) of NY 225 within Corning are maintained by the city , while the rest of the route is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) .
= = History = =
The roadway leading north from Caton to the Corning city line was originally improved to state highway standards under a contract awarded by the state of New York on April 5 , 1910 . Reconstruction of the highway cost $ 71 @,@ 092 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 81 million in 2016 ) , and the rebuilt road was added to the state highway system on December 21 , 1911 , as unsigned State Highway 850 ( SH 850 ) . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , SH 850 became the southernmost portion of the new NY 44 , a route continuing north through the city of Corning to the Wayne County village of Wolcott . At the same time , the road extending east from Caton to the town of Big Flats outside of Elmira became part of an extended NY 13 . NY 44 was renumbered as NY 414 c . 1935 to eliminate duplication with the newly designated U.S. Route 44 .
Most of NY 13 between Caton and Big Flats was county @-@ maintained as part of CR 120 in Steuben County and as CR 7 in Chemung County . East of the Fitch Bridge , however , the road had been state @-@ maintained since 1912 as part of SH 946 . In the early 1940s , NY 13 was truncated on its southern end to downtown Elmira , leaving the Caton – Big Flats highway without a signed state route designation . The county @-@ maintained parts of the road remained designated as CR 120 in Steuben County and CR 7 in Chemung County , while the short state @-@ owned segment in Big Flats eventually became part of an unsigned reference route extending from Golden Glow Heights Drive to Water Street ( modern NY 352 ) .
NY 414 was truncated on January 1 , 1949 , to begin in downtown Corning . Its former routing from Caton to Corning was redesignated as NY 225 as part of the change . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of CR 120 east of NY 225 in Caton was transferred from Steuben County to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . All of CR 7 in Chemung County was also transferred to the state sometime after 1978 . The Caton – Big Flats roadway , now state @-@ maintained along its entire length , became an eastward extension of NY 225 by 1986 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Thrilling Cities =
Thrilling Cities is the title of a travelogue by the James Bond author and The Sunday Times journalist Ian Fleming . The book was first published in the UK in November 1963 by Jonathan Cape . The cities covered by Fleming were Hong Kong , Macau , Tokyo , Honolulu , Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , New York , Hamburg , Berlin , Vienna , Geneva , Naples and Monte Carlo .
Thrilling Cities was initially a series of articles Fleming wrote for The Sunday Times , based on two trips he took . The first trip was in 1959 , in which he travelled around the world , and the second was in 1960 , in which he drove around Europe . The first trip was at the behest of The Sunday Times 's features editor Leonard Russell ; the paper 's chairman , Roy Thomson , enjoyed the series so much he requested Fleming undertook a second trip . The book version includes material edited out of the original articles , as well as photographs of the various cities .
= = Synopsis = =
Thrilling Cities is Ian Fleming 's view of thirteen cities he visited in two trips in 1959 and 1960 . The cities covered are : Hong Kong , Macau , Tokyo , Honolulu , Los Angeles and Las Vegas ( the two cities are examined in one chapter ) , Chicago , New York , Hamburg , Berlin , Vienna , Geneva , Naples and Monte Carlo . Fleming 's account is highly personal and deals with his visit and his experiences and impressions . Each chapter closes with what Fleming called " Incidental Intelligence " , dealing with the hotels , restaurants , food and night life .
= = Background = =
In 1959 the features editor of the The Sunday Times , Leonard Russell , suggested to Ian Fleming that he take a five @-@ week , all @-@ expenses @-@ paid trip around the world for a series of features for the paper . Fleming declined , saying he was a terrible tourist who " often advocated the provision of roller @-@ skates at the door of museums and art galleries " . Russell persuaded him , pointing out that Fleming could also get some material for the Bond books in the process . Fleming took £ 500 ( £ 9 @,@ 442 in 2016 pounds ) of travellers cheques for expenses and flew BOAC to his first stop , Hong Kong . He was guided around the city by his friend Richard Hughes , the Australian correspondent for The Sunday Times ; Hughes was later the model for the character Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice , as well as for " Old Craw " in John le Carré 's The Honourable Schoolboy . Fleming stayed just three days in Hong Kong , before he and Hughes flew to Tokyo where they were joined by Torao Saito — also known as " Tiger " — a journalist with the Asahi Shimbun newspaper group . Saito later became the model for the character Tiger Tanaka in You Only Live Twice . Fleming spent three days in Tokyo and decided there would be " no politicians , museums , temples , Imperial palaces or Noh plays , let alone tea ceremonies " on his itinerary ; he instead visited a judo academy , a Japanese soothsayer and the Kodokan , a local gymnasium .
Fleming left Tokyo on Friday the 13th to fly to Hawaii ; 2 @,@ 000 miles into the Pacific one of the Douglas DC @-@ 6 's engines caught fire and the plane nearly crashed , although it managed to make an emergency landing on Wake Island . After Honolulu , Fleming moved on to Los Angeles , where he visited a number of places he had been before , including the Los Angeles Police Intelligence headquarters , where he again met Captain James Hamilton , much as he had done during his research for Diamonds Are Forever . By the time Fleming got to New York he was fed up with travelling and his biographer , Andrew Lycett notes that " his sour mood transferred to the city and indeed the country he had once loved " . The series opened in The Sunday Times on 24 January 1960 , with an introduction from Fleming , followed by the article on Hong Kong the following week . The series finished on 28 February 1960 with the article about Chicago and New York .
Roy Thomson , the chairman of The Sunday Times , enjoyed Fleming 's articles and suggested a number of other cities , including Rio de Janeiro , Buenos Aires , Havana , New Orleans and Montreal . Others , such as The Sunday Times editor Harry Hodson , were less enthusiastic ; Hodson considered that " more serious readers have tut @-@ tutted a bit about missing the really important things " .
Fleming planned to drive most of his second tour of cities , which concentrated on places he wanted to visit in Europe . For the trip he took his own car , a Ford Thunderbird convertible , crossing the channel and journeying through Ostend , Antwerp and Bremen before arriving at his first destination : Hamburg . He stayed only briefly in the city , praising the sex industry by writing " how very different from the prudish and hypocritical manner in which we so disgracefully mismanage these things in England " . Fleming moved on to Berlin , where he was shown round the city by The Sunday Times correspondent Anthony Terry and his wife Rachel . Terry took Fleming into East Berlin and told him many of the details about Operation Stopwatch , the Anglo @-@ American attempt to tunnel into the Soviet @-@ occupied zone to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters . In comparison to Hamburg , Fleming thought Berlin was " sinister " .
Fleming moved on to Vienna and found the city boring , calling it " clean , tidy , God @-@ fearing " , before travelling into Geneva . He met Ingrid Etler , a journalist and old girlfriend , who was resident in the city and who provided him with much of his background material . Fleming then travelled to Les Avants , the villa near Montreux of his close friend Noël Coward , where Coward introduced Fleming to Charlie Chaplin . Fleming had asked Coward to set up the meeting as Chaplin was writing his memoirs and Leonard Russell had asked Fleming to secure the rights for the paper ; Fleming was successful in his approach and the memoirs were later serialised in the paper .
Fleming 's wife Ann had joined him in Les Avants and the couple then moved on to Naples , where Fleming interviewed Lucky Luciano , finding him " a neat , quiet , grey @-@ haired man with a tired good @-@ looking face . " After Naples , the Flemings moved to Monte Carlo , the final stop on Fleming 's journey ; Despite spending time at the casino , Fleming thought Monte Carlo somewhat seedy . The second series of articles started on 31 July 1960 with Fleming 's trip to Hamburg , and finished with his visit to Monte Carlo . Overall the series was considered popular and successful .
= = Release and reception = =
Thrilling Cities was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape , in November 1963 ; the book was 223 pages long and cost 30 shillings . The cover was designed by artist Paul Davis and shows " a surreal version of Monte Carlo " . For the US market , the book was released in June 1964 through New American Library and cost $ 4 @.@ 95 . Fleming 's comments on New York were so cutting that when the book was published in the US , the American publishers asked if he could tone down the wording . Fleming refused , but instead wrote the short story " 007 in New York " to be included in the US version by way of recompense .
= = = Reviews = = =
The reviews for Thrilling Cities were broadly good . The critic for The Times thought that Fleming 's style was " no nonsense over fine writing " , and summed up the book as " Fleming 's smooth , sophisticated , personally conducted tours " , noting that the author " has a knack of enjoying himself " . John Raymond , in The Sunday Times , wrote that " Mr Fleming 's prose arouses the voyeur that lurks in all but the best of us " , and considered that the book remained " supremely readable " throughout . Writing for The Times Literary Supplement , Xan Fielding found the title of the book to be misleading , noting that apart from a very small win at the casinos of Las Vegas , " his personal experience of thrills seems to have been just as limited everywhere else on his itinerary . " Fielding considered that the cities Fleming visited had the potential for thrills , and hoped that the material gathered was used in Fleming 's literary works with thrills included .
Christopher Wordsworth , writing for The Listener , believed that Thrilling Cities was " a fascinating informative mock @-@ up , disarmingly snob @-@ ridden " . Writing for the Daily Express , Peter Grosvenor thought that Fleming — a " tourist extraordinary " — was " never afraid to record a controversial view " , citing Fleming 's views on the differences between oriental and western women 's approaches to men .
The critic for The Financial Times , James Bredin , declared that Thrilling Cities " can — and will , compulsively — be read at a sitting " , although he found that overall " it is an unsatisfying report " because of the brevity of the subject . Honor Tracy , providing the critique for The Guardian thought Fleming praiseworthy , as he " writes without any pretension at all " , while also managing to be " invariably entertaining and often funny " . Overall Tracy considered that Thrilling Cities was " a lively , enjoyable book , written from an unusual point of view and well illustrated . " Writing for The Observer , Francis Hope was surprised by Fleming 's written style , which he found to be " more flabby verbose than one expects of a thriller writer " , although this was redeemed by Fleming having " some interesting conversations with local experts on crime " .
The reviewer for the Los Angeles Times , Robert Kirsch , did not enjoy the book and considered Fleming to be " a second @-@ rate reporter , filled with the irritating prejudices and pomposities of a middle @-@ class English traveller . " For Kirsch , Fleming 's style was a combination of Sax Rohmer and James Fitzpatrick , although he also considered that " Fleming 's wit is provincial " . Writing the review for The Boston Globe , Marjory Adams thought Thrilling Cities to have " an acid gaiety in its descriptions " , which contributed to her overall summary of the book : " it is fun ! "
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= Breaker boy =
A breaker boy was a coal @-@ mining worker in the United States and United Kingdom whose job was to separate impurities from coal by hand in a coal breaker . Although breaker boys were primarily children , elderly coal miners who could no longer work in the mines because of age , disease , or accident were also sometimes employed as breaker boys . The use of breaker boys began in the mid @-@ 1860s . Although public disapproval of the employment of children as breaker boys existed by the mid @-@ 1880s , the practice did not end until the 1920s .
= = Coal breaking = =
Coal came into wide use in late 1590s in the United Kingdom after the island nation was widely deforested and a ban was placed on the harvesting of wood by Charles I of England so that forests could be used solely by the Royal Navy . A newly emergent middle class increasingly demanded glass for windows , and the glass @-@ making industry relied heavily on charcoal for fuel . With charcoal no longer available , this industry turned to coal . Demand for coal also increased after the invention of the reverbatory furnace and the development of methods for casting iron objects such as cannon .
The first function of a coal breaker is to break coal into pieces and sort these pieces into categories of nearly uniform size , a process known as breaking . But coal is often mixed with impurities such as rock , slate , sulphur , ash ( or " bone " ) , clay , or soil . Thus , the second function of a coal breaker is to remove as many impurities as economically desirable and technologically feasible , and then grade the coal based on the percent of impurities remaining . This was not necessary when coal was used in cottage @-@ industry grade production methods , but became necessary when economies of scale moved production into early factories with a larger workforce and those installations began producing glass and iron in greater quantities .
In the U.S. prior to 1830 , very little bituminous coal was mined and the fuel of the early American Industrial Revolution — anthracite coal underwent little processing before being sent to market , which was primarily iron works and smithies producing wrought iron . The miner himself would use a sledgehammer to break up large lumps of coal , then use a rake whose teeth were set two inches apart to collect the larger pieces of coal for shipment to the surface for such were easiest to pack densely in the sack @-@ like bags that could be slung over the back , or onto a pack animal for the trip out of the mine .
The smaller lumps of coal were considered non @-@ marketable and left in the mine . Beginning about 1830 , surface processing of coal in the US began concurrent with various canal projects in Eastern Seaboard . These developments lagged behind Great Britain better matching the timing of similar developments in Continental Europe . Great Britain with its heavily deforested landscapes simply had to find economic alternatives sooner , stimulating Coal , Iron , and machine developments leading ultimately to Railroads and the infant industrial chemicals industries of the 1860s . Lumps of coal were placed on plates of perforated cast iron and " breakers " would hammer on the coal until it was in pieces small enough to fall through the holes . A second screen caught the coal , and was shaken ( by hand , animal , steam , or water power ) to remove the unmarketable smaller lumps . This " broken and screened " coal was worth much more than " broken " coal or lump coal for the even sizes combusted with less trouble and need for tending once past the ignition point .
= = Use of breaker boys = =
Until about 1900 , nearly all coal breaking facilities in the United States were labor @-@ intensive . The removal of impurities was done by hand , usually by breaker boys between the ages of eight and 12 years old . The use of breaker boys began around 1866 . For 10 hours a day , six days a week , breaker boys would sit on wooden seats , perched over the chutes and conveyor belts , picking slate and other impurities out of the coal . Breaker boys working on top of chutes or conveyor belts would stop the coal by pushing their boots into the stream of fuel flowing beneath them , briefly pick out the impurities , and then let the coal pass on to the next breaker boy for further processing . Others would divert coal into a horizontal chute at which they sat , then pick the coal clean before allowing the fuel to flow into " clean " coal bins .
The work performed by breaker boys was hazardous . Breaker boys were forced to work without gloves so that they could better handle the slick coal . The slate , however , was sharp , and breaker boys would often leave work with their fingers cut and bleeding . Breaker boys sometimes also had their fingers amputated by the rapidly moving conveyor belts . Others lost feet , hands , arms , and legs as they moved among the machinery and became caught under conveyor belts or in gears . Many were crushed to death , their bodies retrieved from the gears of the machinery by supervisors only at the end of the working day . Others were caught in the rush of coal , and crushed to death or smothered . Dry coal would kick up so much dust that breaker boys sometimes wore lamps on their heads to see , and asthma and black lung disease were common . Coal was often washed to remove impurities , which created sulfuric acid . The acid burned the hands of the breaker boys .
= = Public condemnation = =
Public condemnation of the use of breaker boys was so widespread that in 1885 Pennsylvania enacted a law forbidding the employment of anyone under the age of 12 from working in a coal breaker , but the law was poorly enforced ; many employers forged proof @-@ of @-@ age documentation , and many families forged birth certificates or other documents so their children could support the family . Estimates of the number of breaker boys at work in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania vary widely , and official statistics are generally considered by historians to undercount the numbers significantly . One estimate had 20 @,@ 000 breaker boys working in the state in 1880 , 18 @,@ 000 working in 1900 , 13 @,@ 133 working in 1902 , and 24 @,@ 000 working in 1907 . Technological innovations in the 1890s and 1900s ( such as mechanical and water separators designed to remove impurities from coal ) dramatically lowered the need for breaker boys , but adoption of the new technology was slow .
By the 1910s , the use of breaker boys was dropping because of improvements in technology , stricter child labor laws , and the enactment of compulsory education laws . The practice of employing children in coal breakers largely ended by 1920 because of the efforts of the National Child Labor Committee , sociologist and photographer Lewis Hine , and the National Consumers League , all of whom educated the public about the practice and succeeded in obtaining passage of national child labor laws .
= = Union activities = =
Breaker boys were known for their fierce independence and rejection of adult authority . Breaker boys often formed and joined trade unions , and precipitated a number of important strikes in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania . Among these were the strike which culminated in the Lattimer Massacre and the Coal Strike of 1902 .
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= Marching Men =
Marching Men is a 1917 novel by American author Sherwood Anderson . Published by John Lane , the novel is Anderson 's second book ; the first being the 1916 novel Windy McPherson 's Son . Marching Men is the story of Norman " Beaut " McGregor , a young man discontented with the powerlessness and lack of personal ambition among the miners of his hometown . After moving to Chicago he discovers his purpose is to empower workers by having them march in unison . Major themes of the novel include the organization of laborers , eradication of disorder , and the role of the exceptional man in society . The latter theme led post @-@ World War II critics to compare Anderson 's militaristic approach to homosocial order and the fascists of the War 's Axis powers .
Marching Men was written as a hobby project while Sherwood Anderson was still working in advertising . A combination of a small first run , mediocre reviews , and poor sales , convinced Anderson 's publisher not to give Marching Men a second run . The novel has since been reprinted several times by other publishers including a 1927 Russian translation , yet is generally forgotten by the reading public except as a step in the development of its author .
= = Development history = =
Like Windy McPherson 's Son , Sherwood Anderson wrote his second novel while he worked as an advertising copywriter in Elyria , Ohio between 1906 and 1913 , several years before he published his first literary writing and a decade before he became an established writer . At least part of Marching Men was written in an attic room of Anderson 's Elyria home , which he set up to escape familial demands and focus on writing . Though the author later claimed that he had written his first novels in secret , Anderson 's secretary remembers typing the manuscript on company time " around 1911 or 1912 " .
Inspiration for Marching Men came in part from the author 's time as a laborer in Chicago between 1900 and 1906 ( where he , like his protagonist , worked in a warehouse , went to night school , was robbed , and fell in love several times ) and his service in the Spanish – American War which took place towards the end of the war and just after the armistice in 1898 – 99 . Of the latter , Anderson wrote in his Memoirs about the time he had been marching and got a rock in his shoe . After separating from his fellow soldiers to remove it , he observed them and recalled " I had become a giant . ... I was , in myself , something huge , terrible and at the same time noble . I remember that I sat , for a long time , while the army passed , opening and closing my eyes " . Combined with his later reading of works by Thomas Carlyle , Mark Twain , and possibly Jack London , Anderson had inspiration for Marching Men that was both experiential and literary .
= = Plot summary = =
= = = Books I – II = = =
The novel begins with the fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Norman McGregor packaging a loaf of bread for his uncle , the " village wit " , – who ironically nicknames him " Beaut " because of his off @-@ putting appearance – in his mother Nance 's Coal Creek bakery ( bought with the savings of her late husband / Beaut 's father " Cracked " McGregor ) . Not long after , frustrated by the local miners expecting bread on credit without first settling their debts , Beaut closes the bakery during a miner 's strike . That evening , as the now @-@ drunk miners move to ransack the bakery ( and assault Beaut ) , he is saved by a troupe of soldiers marching in formation . After the episode , the bakery remains closed and Nance goes to work at the mining office while Beaut idles about . When Beaut is 18 years old , his mother becomes too ill to work and the young man gets a job as a stableboy . One day , as a prank , his fellow stableboys get Beaut ( a teetotaler up to that point ) blind drunk with a " horrible mess " made just for that purpose . Having reached a breaking point , Beaut takes the rest of his father 's savings and leaves Coal Creek for Chicago on the same evening . He arrives in the City just after the 1893 World 's Fair . Despite a shortage of jobs , McGregor easily finds a warehouse job and settles into a routine of work during the day and night school / independent reading at night . One day , in a break from the ordinary , the usually unsocial McGregor gives in to the urging of his neighbor Frank Turner , a barber and amateur violin @-@ maker , and goes to a dance . Despite his aloofness , McGregor meets Edith Carson , a frail , mousy , and somewhat homely milliner / shop owner , with whom he develops a platonic relationship .
= = = Books III – IV = = =
Book III begins with Beaut returning to Coal Creek for his mother 's funeral . During the funeral procession , the miners who attend fall spontaneously into step and Beaut is once @-@ again inspired by the power of marching men . Back in Chicago , Edith Carson , who had gained a modicum of wealth through her shrewd business dealings , loans McGregor the money necessary for him to quit working full @-@ time and attend school to become a lawyer , his long @-@ time ambition . Not long after McGregor is admitted to the bar , the son of a wealthy industrialist is found murdered . In order to quell newspaper speculation as to their involvement , the political bosses decide to redirect the media 's attention by framing and demonizing small @-@ time thief Andy Brown , an acquaintance of McGregor . From jail , Brown requests that McGregor act as his lawyer . Though McGregor refuses at first , he ends up with the job . After an unsuccessful solo investigation , McGregor turns to wealthy heiress @-@ turned @-@ settlement house @-@ volunteer , Margaret Ormsby , for help . Margaret , a " new woman " who dresses fashionably , is self @-@ assured in demeanor , and is capable of acting independently is bothered by McGregor 's bluntness , but decides to aid him nevertheless . On a tip from Edith Carson , and with Ormsby 's connections , McGregor is able to clear Andy Brown of any wrongdoing . In the interim , Margaret Ormsby and McGregor develop a romance .
= = = Books V – VII = = =
While McGregor is slowly building up his idea of marching men ( his law practice on the backburner ) , he decides that he wants to marry Margaret Ormsby . As he is leaving a formal party at her family 's mansion , McGregor asks Margaret to marry him , but gets nervous and flees before she can respond . A few weeks later , McGregor falls asleep at the house of Edith Carson and wakes up with her stroking his hair . Realizing that their relationship is more intimate then he had thought , he goes to Margaret and reveals his past experiences with women . Margaret hears McGregor 's confession and declares that she will still marry him , but first , she must go talk to Edith . A few weeks later , when McGregor is in the neighborhood for a teamster 's strike , he finds that Edith 's shop had recently come under new ownership . Rushing to the train station , he finds Edith about to depart . Together , they go to the Ormsby house and in a confrontation Margaret cedes her claim over McGregor to Edith . As Edith and McGregor are leaving , Margaret 's father , David , leader of a plow trust ( nicknamed " Ormsby the Prince " by the City 's oligarchs ) , extends a hand to McGregor . The two men shake , the narrator noting their polite antagonism towards each other .
Soon , the marching men idea blooms with workers coming together and marching to and from work in the evenings . Becoming nervous over newspaper reports and rumors of the worker gatherings , several " men of affairs " discuss the matter . David Ormsby volunteers to dissuade to McGregor from further organizing but cannot communicate his point to the impassive McGregor . The marching men movement peaks during a demonstration on Labor Day , climaxing with a speech by McGregor . Riding in a carriage with her father at the fringe of the demonstration , Margaret Ormsby is overcome by McGregor 's oration , but later professes her allegiance to her father . The book ends that same night with a solitary David Ormsby , a foil to the stereotype of the ruthless businessman , at his window overlooking the city , meditating on his life choices : " What if McGregor and his woman knew both roads ? What if they , after looking deliberately along the road toward beauty and success in life , went , without regret , along the road to failure ? What if McGregor and not myself knew the road to beauty ? "
= = Themes = =
= = = Unity of workers = = =
As with Anderson 's novels Poor White ( 1920 ) and Beyond Desire ( 1932 ) , class struggle is a major theme in Marching Men . In addition to it being dedicated " To American Workingmen " , one critic placed Marching Men as part of a " proletarian trend " alongside Ernst Toller 's play Man and the Masses ( 1920 ) . Another critic noted the novel 's plot shows " ... the inexorable clicking @-@ into @-@ place of a process of dialectic . It is Marxist reasoning , and imposes a vision of historical necessity upon its time " .
From the beginning of the novel , the narrator , and by extension McGregor , treats disorganized workers with scorn ; from the miners of Coal Creek , to the downtrodden laborers of Chicago who are shown mastered by their bosses ( unlike McGregor , who does not follow this trend ) . It is when McGregor comes back to Coal Creek to bury his mother and sees the usually jumbled miners marching in step as part of the funeral procession does he have an epiphany that together the workers are a powerful force , to be organized specifically by him . Indeed , this realization is foreshadowed in Chapter 3 of Book I when as a young man he sees a troupe of marching soldiers disperse a rowdy mob of miner 's ( and , as a consequence , save his family 's bakery ) during a strike .
Towards the end of the novel , the heretofore nascent power of the marching workers organized by McGregor is affirmed when the city 's oligarchs deem it necessary to act against it . Though opposed to the oligarchs and their brand of ruthless capitalism , McGregor also rejects socialism , opting instead to act within the system as an individual with a " ... moral acknowledgement of social responsibility " .
= = = Order versus disorder = = =
In line with the McGregor 's ideal of unified workers was a " quest " to make order from the chaos around him . Throughout Marching Men distinctions between order and disorder are put forward both as ruminations of the narrator and as elements of the plot . Examples of comparisons in the plot begin early on when miners in disarray are compared with organized soldiers . Later , an unbridled Chicago is contrasted with McGregor 's orderly routine . Finally , the frustrated mass of job @-@ seekers McGregor encounters upon his arrival to the city is seen against the neat groups of marching men that excite a young reporter in Book VI . Beyond plot points , phrases such as " In the heart of all men lies sleeping the love of order ... " and speaking of McGregor , " His body shook with the strength of his desire to end the vast disorder of life " , among others also work to set up the dichotomy of order and chaos .
Despite the repetition of this theme in the text , there is some discussion about its pervading influence . It is ironic , critic Clarence B. Lindsay posits , that while McGregor is busy organizing the marching men , he ( as opposed to the narrator ) all but ignores the chaos in the city he is constantly traversing . On a larger scale , it is difficult to know whether Sherwood Anderson takes seriously the nostalgic notion of Civil War soldiers marching together as an inspiration for the McGregor 's " aesthetic of power " or whether the exaggerated traits of McGregor are , in fact , ironic representations of the benefits of order . This view is furthered by Mark Whalan who likened Anderson 's " imposition of order by masculine force " to the " masculine misogyny " of the Italian Futurists many of whom , unlike Anderson ( who did not actually see combat during his military service ) , moved away from their glorification of violence after experiencing World War I.
= = = The exceptional man = = =
From the book 's opening chapter , the narrator of Marching Men portrayed McGregor as separate from those around him . Over the course of the novel McGregor is compared several times to " certain men , all soldiers or leaders of soldiers ... " that he reads about such as Nero and Napoleon . In fact , Anderson elevates his protagonist to the level of the " Emersonian Great Man or Nietzschean Supermen ... " making him the dream @-@ object of women and envy of men from Coal Creek to Chicago . His size and strength , which is noted even during his teenage years is later joined by brains when he completes night school and becomes a lawyer .
To some critics McGregor 's exceptionalism helps Marching Men read as a proletarian novel , while others see in it an antecedent to the grotesqueness of the characters in Anderson 's 1919 short story cycle , Winesburg , Ohio . To biographer John Earl Bassett , McGregor represents , in part , the author 's disdain and fear for parts of modern American life , " ... that America will breed Beaut McGregors — talented , charismatic , romantic , cruel — who will use their powers to achieve frightening goals " . Combining the ideas of an exceptional leader and unified workers has raised questions among critics concerning the parallels between the " militaristic impulse " in Marching Men and the fascism of the WWII @-@ era , a charge Anderson acknowledged in his posthumously @-@ published Memoirs .
= = Literary significance and criticism = =
Upon publication , reviews of Marching Men were moderate with a small number of reviewers taking strong negative stances . In one such review , an anonymous critic from the New York Times Book Review noted that the beginning of the novel was " sufficiently well done to lead the reader to expect a novel of possibly a trifle more than average interest and average merit " but ultimately concludes that neither McGregor , " nor the book ever seems to get anywhere in particular " . Other reviewers too did not hesitate to mention the novel 's stunted character development and anti @-@ climactic ending . Aside from these faults , several critics also commented on Marching Men 's " deliberate vagueness " , calling the book a " generous if misty vision of the future " .
Despite the book 's deficiencies , reviewers were practically unanimous in praising the realistic description and mood of Anderson 's settings from Coal Creek to Chicago . Within these settings , McGregor 's scheme was acknowledged by the even @-@ tempered New York Tribune reviewer as a " clever and original idea " . Others , like editor Francis Hackett wrote " Where Marching Men succeeds is in thrusting the greater American realities before us ... " to which critic George Bernard Donlin , in his Dial review , adds " Mr. Anderson 's book interested me chiefly as the expression of a vigorous and sincere mind ... " .
Written almost a decade before Sherwood Anderson established himself as a writer with the release of his 1919 short story cycle , Winesburg , Ohio , Marching Men is generally considered , along with Windy McPherson 's Sons and two other unpublished novels , as one of Anderson 's " apprentice novels " . Viewed in hindsight , the shiftless plot and weak ending of Marching Men can be seen as a precursor to similar criticism in Anderson 's later novels .
= = Publication history = =
Marching Men was the second book of Anderson 's three @-@ book contract with the publisher John Lane ( the first being Windy McPherson 's Son ( 1916 ) and the third being Mid @-@ American Chants , published in 1918 ) . A first edition of 2 @,@ 500 copies was printed , but poor sales ( around 1 @,@ 000 copies ) kept the novel from being reprinted until B.W. Huebsch picked it up in 1921 following Anderson 's success with Winesburg , Ohio , novel Poor White , and short story collection The Triumph of an Egg . In 1972 , the Press of Case Western Reserve University put out a critical edition of Marching Men with an introduction by noted Sherwood Anderson scholar Ray Lewis White which used as its basis Anderson 's early manuscripts in addition to the John Lane / B.W. Huebsch version . A Russian edition of Marching Men was published as V Nogu ! ( loosely translated , " In Step " ) ( Leningrad : Mysl , 1927 ) .
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= Farhan Akhtar =
Farhan Akhtar ( born 9 January 1974 ) is an Indian film director , screenwriter , producer , actor , playback singer , lyricist and television host . Born in Mumbai to screenwriters Javed Akhtar and Honey Irani , he grew up under the influence of the Hindi film industry . He began his career in Bollywood by working as an assistant director in Lamhe ( 1991 ) and Himalay Putra ( 1997 ) .
Akhtar , after establishing a production company named Excel Entertainment along with Ritesh Sidhwani , made his directorial debut with Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) and received critical acclaim for portraying modern youth . The film also won a National award . Following it , he made Lakshya ( 2004 ) and had his Hollywood debut through the soundtrack of Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) , for which he wrote the lyrics . He went on to make the commercially successful Don ( 2006 ) . He directed a short @-@ film titled Positive ( 2007 ) to spread awareness on HIV @-@ AIDS .
He started his acting career with Rock On ! ! ( 2008 ) , for which he won a second National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi as producer , and indulged in further experimentation before he acted in , produced and wrote the dialogues for the critical and commercial success Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2011 ) , which won him two Filmfare Awards , including Best Supporting Actor . In the same year , he directed a sequel to Don titled Don 2 ( 2011 ) , which remains as his highest @-@ grossing film till date . He achieved further success by portraying Milkha Singh in the 2013 film Bhaag Milkha Bhaag , earning him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor . In 2016 , Akhtar received praise for starring in the crime thriller Wazir and the comedy drama Dil Dhadakne Do .
= = Early life and background = =
Farhan Akhtar was born to screenwriters Javed Akhtar and Honey Irani in Mumbai . His sister is writer – director Zoya Akhtar . His parents divorced during his early days , and his father married Shabana Azmi in 1984 . Akhtar has termed his parents as the " harshest " critics in his career , and also considered Robert De Niro as an " inspiration " in the film industry .
His great grand father , Fazl @-@ e @-@ Haq Khairabadi , a scholar of Islamic studies and theology , notably edited the first diwan of Mirza Ghalib on his request , and later became an important figure during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in his native Khairabad . He is great @-@ grandson of renowned Urdu poet Muztar Khairabadi and grandson of Jan Nisar Akhtar . He is also the cousin of Farah Khan and Sajid Khan . He did his schooling in Maneckji Cooper school in Mumbai and went on to study a law degree in the HR College , also in Mumbai , during which he was dismissed from the institution in his second year due to lack of attendance . His next few years were spent mostly just watching movies .
= = Career = =
Akhtar worked as an apprentice in cinematography and direction for Yash Chopra 's Lamhe ( 1991 ) when he was 17 years old and later shifted to an advertisement production house named ' Script Shop ' to spend an approximate 3 years there . He also assisted Pankaj Parashar as a director in Himalay Putra ( 1997 ) before launching himself into direction and writing .
= = = Directing , writing and producing = = =
Akhtar made his writing and directorial debut with the critically acclaimed film Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) , produced by Excel Entertainment Pvt. Ltd . , a production company he established along with Ritesh Sidhwani in 1999 . It was shot over a period of three months in Sydney , Goa and Mumbai . Due to its acclaim , he called it a " turning point " in his career . The film dealt with the lives of westernised urban youth in Mumbai . Akhtar had written the script based on his trips to Goa and New York , as well as a narration of a story outline by a friend of his . After its release , the film failed to do well at the box office by taking up a ' below average ' opening and proceeded to become an ' average ' grosser . However , it received international critical acclaim and attained an iconic status , with Akhtar receiving credit for starting a " new wave " in Indian cinema . Critic Ziya Us Salam praised Akhtar 's direction and commented for The Hindu : " In his maiden venture , Javed Akhtar 's son shows enough glimpses of his pedigree to indicate that promise will attain fulfilment sooner than later . " Various award shows conferred accolades on the film and nominated it for several categories . The year 's National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for 2002 was won by the film . It was also screened at the International Film Festival of India , the Palm Springs International Film Festival , and the Austin Film Festival . In the same year , he and his sister Zoya Akhtar assisted their father in writing the English lyrics of a song in Lagaan , for which the soundtrack was scored by A. R. Rahman .
Akhtar 's next project was Lakshya ( 2004 ) , a film about an aimless youngster finally setting a goal for himself , starring Hrithik Roshan and Preity Zinta . It was shot in Ladakh , Dehra Dun and Mumbai , and marked the beginning of the collaborations between Akhtar and Hrithik . He had to research the army before writing the script and directing the venture . The theme of the film , as stated by Akhtar , was about " finding oneself " . He also believed that if the same characters and situation were set elsewhere , the main core of the story would remain the same as the film was not about war , as it had been reported . Post @-@ release , the film failed to make a mark at the box office and became a commercial failure . Parul Gupta of The Times of India gave it a negative review and explained that " It 's hard to reconcile to such triviality when it comes from Farhan Akhtar , considered the ultimate symbol of cool in Hindi filmdom . " On the contrary , Manish Gajjar from BBC wrote , in his positive review , " Young Farhan Akhtar , proves yet again that he is one of the finest directors Bollywood has to date . He has paid full attention to the script and the technical aspects , giving rise to a polished product " .
Meanwhile , Akhtar wrote the English lyrics of Gurinder Chadha 's Hollywood film , Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) along with his sister , Zoya Akhtar after being recommended by his father . The music for the film was composed by Anu Malik and consisted of a mixture of Hindi songs , West side story , Fiddler on the Roof and Grease .
In 2006 , Akhtar directed , produced and wrote the screenplay of Don starring Shah Rukh Khan in the title role , a remake of the 1978 film Don , starring Amitabh Bachchan . It marked his first project holding the status of a remake . The character of Don became iconic and popular . Despite so , he noted that he did not mean to be a " torchbearer of the remake brigade " and did not feel comfortable with being credited for the trend of remakes in the film industry . The film released on 20 October 2006 and was declared as a " hit " at the box office , grossing around ₹ 105 crore worldwide . It became widely known for its dialogues . However , critics predominantly condemned Akhtar 's direction and screenplay . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama said Akhtar had " climbed the ladder as far as craftsmanship is concerned [ every frame is well decorated and makes a spellbinding impact ] but despite a readymade classic at his disposal , the storyteller just doesn 't get it right this time . "
In 2007 , Akhtar produced the film Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd . , directed by debutant Reema Kagti and starring Abhay Deol , Minissha Lamba , Shabana Azmi and Boman Irani . The music for the film was composed by Vishal @-@ Shekhar , marking their first collaboration with him . Akhtar was supposed to make his acting debut with the project , but he had to be replaced by Abhay Deol as he was involved with Don . The film was financed and funded by Exim Bank . This was the first time Excel Entertainment collaborated with a different director as all their previous projects had been involving Farhan as a director . The story of the film revolved around six couples who went to Goa on a honeymoon . The film opened up on 23 February and received mixed reviews from critics , and ended up with an ' average ' box office result .
In the same year , Akhtar directed Positive , a film produced by Shernaz Italia and Frenzy Kodaiji , starring Boman Irani and Shabana Azmi . It was a short @-@ film running for 12 minutes . Dealing with a family 's attitude towards a person suffering from HIV @-@ AIDS , the film was shot in Mumbai and aimed at creating awareness about the problem . It also introduced Arjun Mathur in the film industry . Speaking about the purpose of the project , Akhtar stated that " Just as a social stigma , many people believe that an HIV patient should be isolated . They also have certain misconceptions about dealing with the disease . And since India has a lot of joint families ; it becomes very important for them to understand the value of support to the person who has acquired this disease . This is exactly what Positive talks about . " The film had its background score composed by Ram Sampath but no soundtrack . It was a part of the ' AIDS JaaGo ' ( ' AIDS Awake ' ) , a series of four short films , directed by Mira Nair , Santosh Sivan , Vishal Bhardwaj and himself , in a joint initiative of Mira Nair 's Mirabai Films , voluntary organisations Avahan and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation .
Akhtar 's first project in 2011 was the drama thriller Game , directed by Abhinay Deo . The lead cast consisted of Abhishek Bachchan , Kangana Ranaut , Boman Irani and Jimmy Shergill . He wrote the dialogues and produced the venture . The film received highly negative reviews after release , with critics panning almost all the aspects of it . At the box office , it had a poor opening , and later resulted in giving losses for the distributors , due to a heavily negative word @-@ of @-@ mouth . It was described as a " washout " by trade analysts .
Later that year , Akhtar wrote , produced and directed Don 2 , a sequel to his 2006 Don . It marked his return to direction after a gap of nearly 5 years . His decision of making a sequel was explained by him in an interview , " I am wary of sequels having to be made . With Don 2 I could finally make an action thriller the way I wanted to . Good story , classic action and simple plot which has one goal and work towards it effectively and dramatically . " The film was a major success in India and went on to become the year 's highest @-@ grossing Bollywood production abroad with a worldwide gross of ₹ 210 crore . However , it received mixed reviews from critics , with Khalid Mohammed stating , " Throughout , you can ’ t help feeling that Farhan Akhtar could have made three far more valuable films out of the budget squandered on this thriller where cars are smashed as if they were tea cups . "
Next year , Akhtar produced and wrote the dialogues of the neo @-@ noir thriller Talaash : The Answer Lies Within . His production work was followed by the comedy films : Fukrey ( 2013 ) and Bangistan ( 2015 ) .
= = = Acting and singing = = =
In 2008 , Akhtar made his acting and singing debut in a musical film titled Rock On ! ! , for which he wrote the dialogues and also produced . The film was directed by Abhishek Kapoor . Prachi Desai , Arjun Rampal and Purab Kohli co @-@ starred along with him . As he had been learning guitar ever since the start of his directing career , he had been well @-@ versed with it and used it for the film . The role played by him was that of Aditya , lead singer of the rock band " Magik " . He sang five songs from the soundtrack album . The film was acclaimed by critics and received positive reviews upon release . Gaurav Malani of The Economic Times wrote that the film seemed to be " clearly designed by Farhan Akhar as his own acting debut and he doesn 't let himself down . Lending voice to all his songs helps him to get into his character with effortless ease . One could certainly overlook the lisp in his dialogue delivery . " Manish Gajjar of BBC wrote of his performance : " Director @-@ turned @-@ actor , Farhan Aktar surprises all with his superb , flawless performance , transforming from a hippy @-@ style lead @-@ singer to a subdued , dismal workaholic banker . " Akhtar received several accolades for his debut performance . The film , in addition won the National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi . However , it did not create an impact at the box office and turned out to be an ' average ' grosser . For his role in Rock On ! ! Salim Khan , Salman Khan 's father gave him a filmfare trophy won by himself as a praise for his performance .
After refusing an offer to sing a song for A. R. Rahman 's album Blue , Akhtar acted in , and produced his sister Zoya 's directorial and written debut , Luck By Chance which had Hrithik Roshan and Konkona Sen Sharma in the lead roles . He was cast in the film after being deemed as a " perfect choice " for it . The story of the film revolved around a struggling actor who arrives in Mumbai to become a film star . It was released on 30 January 2009 . Though failing to do well at the box office and being declared as a " flop " , the film received generally positive reviews from critics . Neil Genzlinger from The New York Times said : " It is Mr. Akhtar whose understated performance holds together this far @-@ ranging , cameo @-@ filled film . He manages to remain sympathetic even while wreaking romantic havoc . " Rajeev Masand noted : " Farhan Akhtar delivers a simple @-@ enough likeable performance that is just what the film required — no showy flourishes , no loud outbursts , just a straight off spontaneous act that works like a dream . "
Following Luck By Chance , Akhtar acted in a project titled The Fakir of Venice , which was initially scheduled to release before Rock on ! ! and was supposed to be his acting debut . Due to several delays , it was released in mid @-@ 2009 . It was written and directed by Anand Surapur , and accepted by Akhtar after he described its script as " very powerful " , while emphasising that it " touches upon weaknesses and confusions in all human beings . " Before release , it premiered at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles , and the Venice Film Festival at the ArcLight Hollywood . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film and felt that " Akhtar , a producer , director and writer making his film debut here as an actor , is talented and handsome enough – and with looks that could translate into any number of ethnicities – to have a huge career ahead of him . "
Akhtar acted in , and produced his next film , Karthik Calling Karthik ( 2010 ) , a psychological thriller directed by Vijay Lalwani . He played Karthik , an introvert character , starring alongside Deepika Padukone for the first time . Preparation for the role involved working on the Rubik 's Cube , which he learnt from the director . The film received mixed reviews and praise for Akhtar 's acting from critics , with Sukanya Verma highlighting that " He conveys the anxiety , simplicity and frailty of Karthik even when the script isn 't doing it for him . Perhaps it 's his innate filmmaker instinct . " The film had a good opening at the box office , as it was targeted towards the youth of the multiplexes . However , it failed to continue on its business and went on to become a ' below average ' grosser .
Akhtar produced and appeared as one of the three leads in his sister , Zoya Akhtar 's coming @-@ of @-@ the @-@ age film Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara along with Hrithik Roshan and Abhay Deol , Katrina Kaif and Kalki Koechlin , starring opposite Ariadna Cabrol . He was also credited as the dialogue writer for the film . He was the first actor to be cast in the film , and described his role as a " fun character " and a " guy who for the longest time takes nothing seriously . " His real life father , Javed Akhtar wrote poetry for the film , which he performs as a voice @-@ over . His performance was favourably received by critics , with Shaikh Ayaz of Rediff.com highlighting his dialogues as " gentle , they won 't make you ROFL ; they are more like tender dig in the ribs . " Kaveree Bamzai of India Today called his acting as " sensitive , soulful " , further saying that he was " perfectly capable of reading out his father 's poetry . " The film made ₹ 153 crore worldwide and was declared as a commercial success at the box office . It also became one of the highest grossing Bollywood films overseas , earning around US $ 7 @.@ 25 million . It won two National Awards , for the Best Choreography and Best Audiography .
Following Don 2 , Akhtar was signed up for the biopic Bhaag Milkha Bhaag , directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra . He plays the role of Milkha Singh . For his role , he had to undergo a training phase at the gym and study the character of Milkha Singh by researching his body language . He also had to prepare his looks to depict a 17 @-@ year @-@ old army recruit and endure an on @-@ the @-@ spot preparation at an army cantonment . In 2014 , Akhtar acted for the romantic comedy Shaadi Ke Side Effects alongside Vidya Balan , a film directed by Saket Chaudhary and produced by Pritish Nandy . It was a sequel to Pyaar Ke Side Effects ( 2006 ) .
Next year , Akhtar featured in the supporting role in his sister Zoya Akhtar 's Dil Dhadakne Do , an ensemble comedy @-@ drama starring Anil Kapoor , Shefali Shah , Priyanka Chopra , Ranveer Singh and Anushka Sharma .
In 2016 , Akhtar played the lead role of an Anti Terrorist Squad officer in Bejoy Nambiar 's Wazir . It was his first action role as an actor , and for which he went through intense physical training and put on eight kilograms of weight . Raja Sen in his review called him " pretty good [ .. ] early on in the film , but his performance starts to unravel once the film hits hysterical gear and he is required to do more than frown . " Akhtar also sang the duet " Atrangi yaari " with Amitabh Bachchan for Wazir . The film was a box @-@ office success .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships & Marriage = = =
He married Adhuna Bhabani in 2000 , after being in a relationship with her for 3 years . They first met during the filming of his directorial debut Dil Chahta Hai in 2001 which also marked Adhuna 's debut as a Bollywood hairstylist . The couple have two daughters named Shakya and Akira . On January 21 , 2016 the couple officially announced their separation after 16 years of marriage .
= = = Non @-@ film work = = =
Akhtar appeared as one of the nine judges in the beauty pageant , Femina Miss India ( 2002 ) . He was the judge on the first season of the dance @-@ reality show , Nach Baliye ( 2005 ) . He hosted a TV show on NDTV Imagine , called Oye ! It 's Friday ! in the same year . He has endorsed several brands as a part of his career , especially after the release of Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara . These include Hindustan Unilever 's water purifier product titled Pureit , Vijay Mallya 's alcohol firm United Spirits , and watchmaker Titan Industries . His endorsements are managed by Atul Kasbekar .
= = = Men Against Rape and Discrimination = = =
Men Against Rape and Discrimination or MARD is a social campaign launched by Akhtar . The idea came to the mind of Akhtar when in August 2012 , Pallavi Purkayastha , a lawyer by profession , was sexually assaulted and then killed by her home watchman .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Director , actor and producer = = =
= = = Playback singer = = =
= = Awards = =
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= A1 in London =
The A1 in London is the southern part of the A1 road . It starts at Aldersgate in the City of London , passing through the capital to Borehamwood on the northern fringe of Greater London , before continuing to Edinburgh . The road travels through the City and three London boroughs : Islington , Haringey and Barnet , which include the districts of Islington , Holloway , Highgate , Hendon and Mill Hill , and travels along Upper Street and Holloway Road , crossing the North Circular Road in Hendon , a district in the London Borough of Barnet .
The A1 is the most recent in a series of routes north out of London to York and beyond . It was designated in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport under the Great Britain road numbering scheme , comprising existing roads and streets , mostly historic , and later using stretches of purpose @-@ built new roads in what is now the outer London borough of Barnet . The Archway Road section was built by Thomas Telford using Roman cement and gravel , an innovative technique that was used there for the first time , and is the basis for modern road building . The route closely follows the historic route of the Great North Road , though from 1954 it has diverted round the congested suburbs of Finchley and High Barnet along modern roads constructed in the 1920s and 1930s .
The A1 is one of London 's main roads , providing a link to the M1 and the A1 ( M ) motorways , and on to the Midlands , Northern England and Scotland . Despite this , its main use is to connect a number of neighbourhoods within north London ; less than 5 % of its vehicles are through traffic – the bulk is local . The roads along which the A1 route travels are the shared responsibility of the local boroughs , the Greater London Authority , and the British Government via the Department for Transport .
= = History = =
The A1 is the latest in a series of routes north from London to York and beyond , and was formed in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport as part of the Great Britain road numbering scheme . The earliest documented northern routes out of London are the roads created by the Romans during the period 43 to 410 AD , which consisted of a variety of " Iters " on the Antonine Itinerary , a combination of which were used by the Anglo @-@ Saxons as the route from London to York , and which became known as Ermine Street . Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road , and is used within London by the current A10 . By the 12th century , because of flooding and damage by traffic on Ermine Street , an alternative route out of London was found through Islington and Muswell Hill , and this was the origin of the Great North Road that would become the A1 . Until the 14th century the route went up what is now Hornsey Road – the A103 road , but when that became impassable a new route along Holloway Road via Highgate was created in the 14th century . The section through Highgate was bypassed in the early 19th century by the creation of a new road , Archway Road , and around the same time a turnpike road , New North Road and Canonbury Road ( the A1200 road ) , was constructed linking the start of the Old North Road around Shoreditch with the Great North Road at Highbury Corner .
The route of the A1 in London originally started at Aldersgate Bars , which marked the boundary of the City of London , and followed the Great North Road mail coach route through Barnet ; the route was re @-@ designated in 1954 to follow the East Finchley and Barnet by @-@ passes built in the 1920s and 1930s , so within London the coaching route is now mainly only followed when passing through the borough of Islington . During the early 1970s plans to widen the A1 along the Archway Road section were abandoned after considerable opposition and four public inquiries during which road protesters disrupted proceedings . The scheme was finally dropped in 1990 .
= = Governance = =
The roads along which the A1 route travels are the shared responsibility of the local boroughs , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) , and the British Government . The first organised London @-@ wide authority dealing with roads in London was the Metropolitan Board of Works ( MBW ) , set up in 1856 . The MBW replaced the disparate turnpike trusts which had already been amalgamated in 1826 into the single control of Government Commissioners , and was itself replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) in 1889 . The LCC became the Greater London Council ( GLC ) in 1965 , and during the 1960s when traffic management in London was being modernised , and the London Ringways was proposed , the GLC , which was not in favour of increasing traffic into central London , had control of the inner London roads , while the government , through the Ministry of Transport , which was in favour of widening roads , had control of outer London . These different approaches resulted in the Ministry of Transport widening a stretch of the A1 until it reached the control of the GLC , when the widening abruptly stopped . Due to the problems associated with two different and opposing bodies having responsibility for London 's roads , the government were keen to take control of the major routes , and made plans in 1983 for the Department of Transport to take over 70 miles of road , including significant parts of the A1 ; when the GLC was abolished in 1986 , the Department of Transport took over direct control of the 70 miles of major routes , plus had a significant influence on another 300 . In 2000 control of roads in London passed to Transport for London , a department of GLA created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority Act 1999 , and the major roads , including the A1 , were declassified as trunk roads .
= = Route = =
The route of the A1 in London runs from the northern end of St. Martin 's Le Grand in the City to Borehamwood in Hertfordshire , then travels on the northern fringe of Greater London to Bignell 's Corner , where it crosses the M25 and becomes a motorway , designated A1 ( M ) , which alternates with the dual carriageway A1 as it continues to Edinburgh . The London section of the road passes through part of the City of London and three London boroughs : Islington , Haringey and Barnet . The A1 is one of London 's main northern routes , providing a link to the M1 motorway and the A1 ( M ) motorway , and on to the Midlands , Northern England and Scotland . It connects a number of major areas within London , and sections of it serve as the High Street for many of the now @-@ joined villages that make up north London . Even though it is one of London 's major roads , less than 5 % of its approximate 60 @,@ 000 vehicles a day are through traffic – the bulk is local .
The current start of the A1 is the modern roundabout at the northern end of St. Martin 's Le Grand where it meets Aldersgate Street , near the site of the now demolished General Post Office , London , the headquarters of the Post Office from 1829 to 1910 . When originally designated in 1921 the A1 started a little further north along Aldersgate Street at Aldersgate Bars , which marked the boundary of the City , though some later maps indicate it starting at the southern end of St. Martin 's Le Grand , near St Paul 's Cathedral . The route runs north from Aldersgate along Aldersgate Street which is a modern dual carriageway , and from the 13th century was known as a wide street with fine buildings and travellers ' inns ; these were destroyed or badly damaged during the Blitz , and from 1965 to 1976 the 40 acre ( 162,000m ² ) Barbican Estate , an arts complex and residential estate , was constructed along the entire eastern side of the street . At the end of Aldersgate Street stood Aldersgate Bars , which marked the limits of the City of London .
= = = Islington = = =
The route enters the London Borough of Islington at Goswell Road becoming a single carriageway running north from the border of the City to Angel through a mix of offices and urban housing . Goswell Road and St John Street were the ancient routes from the City to Islington , with St John Street being the start of the Great North Road until the General Post Office headquarters was built at St Martin 's @-@ le @-@ Grand in 1829 , whereafter stagecoaches used Aldersgate Street and Goswell Road . The New River originally flowed down the centre of Goswell Road , but is now underground and no trace of it can be seen at the surface . The street was reported in 1720 to be " meanly built and inhabited " , containing numerous inns and brothels , and it largely remained a slum area until the rebuilding that took place after the Second World War , and in particular the residential development that spread out from the Barbican since 1980 .
At the northern end of Goswell Road , the route northwards follows a one @-@ way section to the Angel , turning right into Islington High Street . The southwards route from Islington High Street follows City Road for a short distance before joining Goswell Road via Wakley Street . The earliest reference to Islington High Street is its appearance on a 1590 map of the area . At this time , nine inns ( including the Angel , which subsequently gave its name to the area ) , as well as housing and a public pond were shown lining the street . The Peacock Inn , one of the nine inns , and which operated on Islington High Street from 1564 to 1962 , was where Tom of Tom Brown 's Schooldays stayed prior to travelling to Rugby School . In 1716 Islington High Street came under the control of the newly formed Islington Turnpike Trust . The Trust grew rapidly and soon had control of most major roads in the area , building a number of major road arteries through the expanding residential areas , including Caledonian Road , Euston Road , City Road and New North Road .
Upper Street , running roughly north from Islington High Street to Highbury Corner , is the main shopping street of Islington , and dates back to at least the 12th century . Livestock herded along the Great North Road for Smithfield Market , would – when passing through what was mainly fields and farmland – pause at lairs built between Upper Street and Liverpool Road by an enterprising farmer , Richard Laycock ; Laycock 's lairs would be used in 1861 for the site of the Royal Agricultural Hall , and a number of pubs and shops existed along the street to serve farmers and travellers headed for Smithfield . In the 18th century , Upper Street began to develop from an agricultural to a residential area . Ten houses were built in 1768 ( later named Hornsey Row ) , and a further group built immediately south of Hornsey Row in 1792 . Liverpool Road , originally called Back Road , was used as an alternative to Upper Street for the Smithfield herders , and both streets have a " high pavement " constructed to protect pedestrians from being splashed by the passing animals ; in places , the pavement is approximately 1 m above the road surface .
After reaching the eight @-@ way interchange at Highbury Corner , the A1 turns north @-@ west as Holloway Road . Until the 14th century the route turned off along what is now Hornsey Road – the A103 road – to go through Muswell Hill , but when that became impassable a new route along Holloway Road via Highgate was created in the 14th century . The earliest record giving the name of the road as the Holloway dates from 1307 . The main stretch of Holloway Road runs through the site of the villages of Tollington and Stroud . The exact time of their founding is not known , but the earliest record of them dates from 1000 . The names ceased to be used by the late 17th century but are still preserved in the local place names " Tollington Park " and " Stroud Green " ; since that time , the area has been known as Holloway . The northern point of Holloway Road is the complex interchange at Archway . The construction of the interchange left a few buildings isolated in the centre of the roundabout , including the Archway Tavern , which appears on the cover of The Kinks ' 1971 album Muswell Hillbillies .
= = = Haringey = = =
After the Archway roundabout , the A1 enters a cutting , and becomes Archway Road . The original road north went up the very steep Highgate Hill ( now the B519 ) to the village of Highgate . By the early 19th century , this was proving unsuitable for increasingly heavy traffic , and a road , crossing the hill through a tunnel at a shallower gradient , was proposed by a mining engineer , Robert Vazie , in 1808 ; a turnpike trust – the Highgate Archway Company – was set up and work started in 1810 . The brick built tunnel collapsed during construction on 13 April 1812 , and John Nash constructed a brick bridge , using a series of arches like a canal viaduct , to carry Hornsey Lane over what was now a cutting . Nash 's Archway Bridge , a little way south of the current bridge , and the new Archway Road were opened in 1813 , though the road surface , being constructed of sand and gravel , proved difficult for heavy traffic . Parliamentary Commissioners took over the road , and John Benjamin Macneill , chief engineer to Thomas Telford , proposed using Roman cement and gravel , an innovative technique that was used for the first time on Archway Road , and is the basis for modern road building . The construction was financed by tolls which were abolished in 1876 – traffic increased substantially thereafter , particularly after the introduction of trams on the road .
Between 1897 and 1900 , Nash 's bridge was replaced with the present cast @-@ iron Hornsey Lane Bridge , designed by Sir Alexander Binnie , accessible from the Archway Road level by a steep flight of steps . Hornsey Lane Bridge is informally called " Suicide Bridge " as it is a known suicide spot . It was the venue for the mental illness campaign group Mad Pride 's inaugural vigil in 2000 , and was the subject of Johnny Burke 's 2006 film The Bridge . When , at the end of 2010 , three men in three weeks committed suicide by jumping from the bridge , a campaign was set up by local residents for better anti @-@ suicide measures to be put in place . Hornsey Lane and the bridge marks the boundary between the Inner London Borough of Islington and the Outer London Borough of Haringey .
An inquiry was held into widening the section from the Archway intersection to the Hornsey Lane Bridge to a three lane dual carriageway in 1969 and work started in 1971 . It was originally intended to widen a further section of the road , but severe disruption led to the first inquiry being abandoned in 1978 , and a second inquiry in 1984 , chaired by Air Marshal Sir Michael Giddings , was also abandoned . The traffic flow was projected to increase to 180 @,@ 000 cars a day by 1981 , but by 1986 the actual flow was only 30 @,@ 000 a day .
When originally constructed , Archway Road went through countryside with few buildings - though by 1828 the Woodman pub at the junction with Muswell Hill Road , and the now demolished Wellington pub at the junction with North Hill provided refreshments to travellers ; however , with the coming of the railways in 1867 ribbon development started along the road , including the Camra Heritage listed Winchester Tavern with the distinctive attached parade of shops and house with deep arched eaves built by the Imperial Property Investment Co in 1881 . At the northern end of Archway Road , the road re @-@ intersects with the traditional Great North Road route ( at this point called North Hill ) . The roads almost immediately re @-@ diverge , with the Great North Road route heading north as the A1000 towards Finchley , Whetstone and Barnet and the A1 heading west as Aylmer Road .
Aylmer Road is a very short stretch of road , running west for less than half a mile between the junction with the A1000 in Haringey to the junction with The Bishops Avenue in Barnet . The entire southern side of the road is taken up by Highgate Golf Course , while the northern side is a mixture of small shops , flats and allotments . The road is named for General Sir Fenton John Aylmer , VC KCB , who received the Victoria Cross for his part in the assault on Nilt Fort on 2 December 1891 .
= = = Barnet = = =
After crossing The Bishops Avenue , the A1 becomes Lyttelton Road , which was laid out in 1931 as part of the residential development of the area , and runs east – west along the northern foot of Highgate Hill between Hampstead Garden Suburb and East Finchley . It is for the most part residential ; on the northern side stands the Belvedere Court block of flats . Built with the road in the 1930s , the building is now Grade II Listed as an example of 1930s architecture . After passing playing fields to the south , the A1 briefly becomes Market Place , a former street market that has evolved into a short stretch of shops , then becomes Falloden Way – built between 1914 and 1924 as part of a programme of planned extensions to Hampstead Garden Suburb , and runs on an embankment due to a dip in the ground caused by Mutton Brook , a tributary of the River Brent , which runs parallel to the road immediately to the south for its entire length . The north side of the road is occupied by 1930s housing blocks , whilst the southern side is occupied by a narrow strip of parkland following the brook , and by the northern tip of Big Wood and Little Wood – two of the few surviving remnants of the ancient woodland that once covered what is now north London .
The A1 merges with the North Circular Road ( A406 ) and the two routes run briefly together , crossing over the Henlys Corner interchange . Henlys Corner is a junction with the 1820s turnpike road , Finchley Road , which was built to provide a by @-@ pass to the route north from London through Hampstead ; the name changes to Regents Park Road on the northern , Finchley , side of the junction . The junction had an £ 8 million upgrade completed in January 2012 , which included Britain 's first " hands @-@ free " pedestrian crossing to allow Orthodox Jews to reach the nearby Finchley Synagogue , one of Europe 's largest , without operating machinery on the Sabbath . While a synagogue has stood on the site since 1935 , the current building dates from 1967 .
After the Henlys Corner interchange , the routes diverge , with the A406 going south to Brent Cross , while the A1 turns north @-@ west as Great North Way through the leafy suburbs of Mill Hill and Hendon . Great North Way , built in 1926 , joins Watford Way carrying the A41 , completed in 1927 , at Fiveways Corner , and in 1970 a junction with the M1 motorway was created . The A41 and A1 continue together as Watford Way via Mill Hill Circus to Apex Corner , where they separate , with the A41 turning west , and the A1 turning to run straight north . After passing Apex Corner , the A1 runs north and out of London as the dual carriageway Barnet Way / Barnet Bypass . This dual carriageway was part of a 1920 – 4 road improvement programme that was mentioned in parliament in 1928 as hopefully being completed by the end of that summer . The northbound carriageway passes the entrance to Scratchwood , an area of ancient forest which is now a local nature reserve , then crosses the A411 from Watford to Barnet at the Stirling Corner roundabout . A 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 0 @.@ 97 km ) proposed link road at this roundabout , estimated at £ 22.8m in 1987 , would have provided access to the M1 , but the plans were subsequently abandoned . The link had been planned during discussions for the Hendon Urban Motorway , which was intended to carry the M1 all the way down to Hyde Park Corner as part of the London Ringways scheme ; the interchange would have been junction 3 on the motorway ; which is currently the unnumbered junction for London Gateway services .
Past Stirling Corner , the A1 skirts Borehamwood , before turning northeast and running through open countryside to Bignell 's Corner . At Bignell 's Corner the A1 crosses under the M25 motorway at a large roundabout near South Mimms services . North of Bignell 's Corner the A1 becomes the A1 ( M ) motorway for a while , and follows the Great North Road route , running north to Edinburgh .
= = Construction = =
The A1 route was designated in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport under the Great Britain road numbering scheme . Through the inner boroughs of the City , Islington , and Haringey it uses existing roads and streets ; when it reaches what is now the outer London borough of Barnet , some stretches of purpose @-@ built new roads were built , and others have been widened and made into dual carriageways . In 1828 , John Benjamin Macneill , chief engineer to Thomas Telford , used Roman cement and gravel to solve problems with wear and tear on the Archway Road section of what is now the A1 , an innovative technique that was used there for the first time , and is the basis for modern road building .
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= P. K. van der Byl =
Pieter Kenyon Fleming @-@ Voltelyn van der Byl , ID ( 11 November 1923 – 15 November 1999 ) was a Rhodesian politician who served as his country 's Foreign Minister from 1974 to 1979 as a member of the Rhodesian Front ( RF ) . A close associate of Prime Minister Ian Smith , Van der Byl opposed attempts to compromise with the British government and domestic black nationalist opposition on the issue of majority rule throughout most his time in government . However , in the late 1970s he supported the moves which led to majority rule and internationally recognised independence for Zimbabwe .
After a high @-@ flying international education , Van der Byl moved to the self @-@ governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1950 to manage family farms . He went into politics in the early 1960s through his involvement with farming trade bodies , and became a government minister responsible for propaganda . One of the leading agitators for Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 , Van der Byl was afterwards responsible for introducing press censorship . He was unsuccessful in his attempt to persuade international opinion to recognise Rhodesia as a new nation , but was popular among the members of his own party .
Promoted to the cabinet in 1968 , Van der Byl became a spokesman for the Rhodesian government and crafted a public image as a die @-@ hard supporter of continued white minority rule . In 1974 he was made Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defence at a time when Rhodesia 's only remaining ally , South Africa , was supplying military aid . His extreme views and brusque manner made him a surprising choice for a diplomat ( a November 1976 profile in The Times described him as " a man calculated to give offence " ) . After offending the South African government , Van der Byl was removed from the Defence Ministry .
In the late 1970s Van der Byl was willing to endorse the Smith government 's negotiations with moderate black nationalist leaders and rejected attempts by international missions to broker an agreement . He served in the short @-@ lived government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979 , following the Internal Settlement . After the country 's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980 , Van der Byl remained in politics and close to Ian Smith ; he loudly attacked former RF colleagues who had gone over to support Robert Mugabe . He retired to South Africa after the Mugabe government abolished the parliament seats reserved for whites in 1987 .
= = Family and early life = =
Van der Byl was born in Cape Town , and was the son of Major Pieter Voltelyn Graeme van der Byl , a member of Jan Smuts ' South African cabinet during World War II , and his wife Joy Fleming . Like his father , Van der Byl was educated at the Diocesan College in Rondebosch but his studies were interrupted by war in 1941 . He served with the South African Army during the Second World War and was briefly attached to the British 7th Queen 's Own Hussars ; he saw active service in the Middle East , Italy and Austria .
After being demobilised , Van der Byl studied law at Pembroke College , Cambridge where his aristocratic manner stood out . " P. K. " was always elegantly dressed and coiffured , and acquired the nickname " the Piccadilly Dutchman " . He obtained a Third @-@ class degree in his Part II Law examinations in 1947 , and went on from Cambridge to study at the Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration from 1947 to 1948 ( although he did not obtain a degree at the latter ) . He also studied at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa .
One of the most conspicuous features of Van der Byl was his manner of speech : although his ancestry was Cape Dutch and his early life was in Cape Town , South Africa , he had what were described ( by the pro @-@ Rhodesian Chris Whitehead ) as " what he thought was an aristocratic English nasal drawl and imperial English mannerisms " . Whitehead was of the opinion that Van der Byl had " adopted " this accent , in common with others who heard him like Denis Hills , who wrote of Van der Byl having " a flow of mannered phrases which he delivers in a flawed Guards officer accent " .
This personal characteristic was intensely irritating to many people including South African government ministers , but Van der Byl 's aristocratic mannerisms appeared uncontentious to many Rhodesian whites . They believed that his " nasal drawl " was the product of his time as an officer in the Hussars and his Cambridge education : William Higham described him as " a popular Minister of Defence who , despite his British upper crust accent – undoubtedly honed during his swashbuckling career as an officer in the hussars – hailed from a noble Cape family . "
= = = Move to Rhodesia = = =
Van der Byl moved to Southern Rhodesia in 1950 to manage some of his family 's tobacco farming interests , hoping to make his own fortune . He welcomed the move as it allowed him to indulge his hobby of big game hunting : in that year in Angola he set a world record for the biggest elephant shot which stood until 1955 .
In 1957 Van der Byl was made a Director of the United Dominions Corporation ( Rhodesia ) Ltd , having already become an active member of the Rhodesia Tobacco Association . In 1956 , he was elected by the members of the Selous – Gadzema district to represent them on the Tobacco Association council . He was also Deputy Chair of the Selous Farmers ' Association in 1957 . His first involvement in government was in 1960 when the Rhodesia Tobacco Association made him one of their representatives on the National Native Labour Commission , on which he served for two years . In 1961 , he also represented the Rhodesia Tobacco Association on the council of the Rhodesian National Farmers Union . He was recognised as a leading spokesman for Rhodesian tobacco farmers .
Dominion Party politician Winston Field had also led the Rhodesia Tobacco Association , and Van der Byl agreed with him on politics in general . He joined the Rhodesian Front when it was set up under Field 's leadership . At the 1962 general election , Van der Byl was elected comfortably to the Legislative Assembly for the Hartley constituency , a rural area to the south @-@ west of Salisbury .
= = Political career = =
= = = Ministerial office = = =
In 1963 , Winston Field appointed Van der Byl as a junior government whip , and on 16 March 1964 he was made Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Justice with responsibility for the Information Service . Although the Van der Byl family were identified as strongly liberal in South African politics , he became identified with the right wing of the party and helped to depose Field from the premiership in early April 1964 , when Field failed to persuade the British government to grant Southern Rhodesia its independence . The new Prime Minister , Ian Smith , appointed him Deputy Minister for Information . At this time , Van der Byl 's chief adviser was a South African called Ivor Benson , who also served as press censor . Benson believed that an international communist conspiracy was plotting to overthrow white rule in Rhodesia .
Speaking in the Legislative Assembly on 12 August 1964 he attacked proposals for greater independence for broadcasters by referring to what he perceived to be the social effect in Britain :
To suggest that the BBC , forming opinion in the minds of the people of England , has been an influence for good in any way , when you consider the criminality of large areas of London ; when you consider the Mods and Rockers , and all those other things ; when you consider the total moral underminings which have been taking place in England , much to all our distress , in the last fifteen to twenty years , the Hon. Member can hardly bring that up as an argument in favour of the freedom of broadcasting .
By the end of 1964 , Van der Byl and his Ministry had control of broadcasting in Rhodesia . Speaking in Parliament he described the aims of his Department as " not merely to disseminate information from an interesting point of view but to play its part in fighting the propaganda battle on behalf of the country " . He defined propaganda as " simply the propagation of the faith and the belief in any particular ideology or thing " , and also stated that the Department would seek the " resuscitation of the determination of the European to survive and fight for his rights " .
= = = 1965 election = = =
In May 1965 the Rhodesian Front government went to the country in a general election with Van der Byl one of the leading campaigners . Discussion of unilaterally declaring independence had already begun . Van der Byl argued that only a small fraction of Rhodesian business opposed it ; however , his campaign speeches typically included an argument against business involvement in politics . He cited Johannesburg mining interests ' support for the Progressive Party in South Africa , big business support for the Nazi Party in Germany , and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia being financed by United States big business .
The Rhodesian Front won a landslide victory , winning every single one of the 50 constituencies which had predominantly European voters . At the Rhodesian Front Congress of August 1965 , party members strongly attacked the press for failing to support the government . A demand for it to be made compulsory for all political articles to be signed by the author met with Van der Byl 's approval .
= = = UDI = = =
Within the government , Van der Byl was one of the loudest voices urging Ian Smith to proceed to a Unilateral Declaration of Independence . He angrily denounced the threat of sanctions from Britain , saying on 4 May 1965 that economic destruction of Rhodesia would mean total economic destruction of Zambia , formerly Northern Rhodesia . This statement was interpreted as a military threat by David Butler , the Leader of the Opposition . Van der Byl was given the task of selling the UDI to Rhodesian whites and to world opinion . In September 1965 , it was announced that he would tour the United Kingdom to promote Rhodesian independence . According to David Steel , he claimed then that France and the United States would lead the international recognition of the UDI government . He was appointed Deputy Minister of Information on 22 October and so was present at , but did not sign , the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965 .
Van der Byl was greeted by a speech strongly critical of the Rhodesian government from the Archbishop of Canterbury , Michael Ramsey , who supported the use of armed force to bring the Rhodesians in line with United Kingdom policy on decolonisation . He responded by comparing the speech to " the tragic connivance at the destruction of Czechoslovakia in exchange for the useless appeasement at Munich in 1938 " . Van der Byl 's response used the phrase " kith and kin " to refer to the ethnic links between the white Rhodesians and the people of the United Kingdom . He saw no contradiction between signing a letter declaring " constant loyalty " to the Queen and declaring independence a few days later ; the Rhodesian Government was careful at the time of UDI to state its continued loyalty to the British Crown , though it later declared a Republic .
Despite his enthusiasm for propaganda , Van der Byl was outraged when the BBC subsequently set up a radio station at Francistown in Botswana which broadcast for 27 months , criticising UDI and urging Rhodesians to revoke it . He was later to claim the station was inciting violence , although this was denied by some who had been regular listeners . On 26 January 1966 , two months after the UDI , Van der Byl was willing to be quoted as saying that Rhodesian Army troops would follow a " scorched earth " policy should the United Kingdom send in troops , comparing their position to that of the Red Army when Nazi forces invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 . He was highly critical of Harold Wilson , describing him as a " highly dangerous , uninformed and conceited little man . "
= = = Censorship = = =
Internally , his policy was enforced through Ministry control of TV and radio and through censorship of newspapers . From 31 December 1965 , the Ministry of Information expanded its brief and was renamed the Ministry of Information , Immigration and Tourism , which meant that it was also responsible for deciding whether to grant or revoke permits to visit Rhodesia . Several foreign journalists were expelled : John Worrall , correspondent for The Guardian , went in January 1969 . The Rhodesia Herald , then in opposition to both the Rhodesian Front and UDI , frequently appeared with large white spaces on its news pages where censored stories had been placed . Stories and editorials personally critical of Van der Byl were immediately removed .
Censorship was tightened still further on 8 February 1966 when it was made illegal to indicate where material had been removed . The censor was also given the power to alter existing material or to move it around the newspaper . Dr Ahrn Palley , the lone white opposition MP , described the powers as " censorship gone mad " , and insisted that there would no longer be any guarantee that anything published in the newspapers was authentic . Van der Byl responded by saying that the new measures were a reflection on the newspapers which had made such powers necessary . In 1967 Van der Byl was reported by Malcolm Smith , the former editor of the Herald , as remarking that a high degree of self @-@ censorship was required , and support for the government was essential .
The Herald ( and the Bulawayo Chronicle ) defied the restrictions , boldly printing blank spaces which identified removed material . Van der Byl personally visited the newspaper offices on the day the new regulations came in to warn the staff that if the paper was printed as proposed , they would " publish at your peril . " However the papers continued to appear with identifiable censorship in defiance of the government , and in 1968 the regulations were scrapped .
= = = = Deportation = = = =
Shortly after UDI , 46 academics working at University College , a racially non @-@ segregated institution , in Rhodesia wrote to The Times in London , denouncing the move . Officers of the British South Africa Police visited many of those who had signed to search their houses . Shortly afterwards , the residence permit of one of the academics came up for renewal , which would normally be automatic . In fact , it was revoked and the academic was deported . Van der Byl was the responsible minister and all but admitted that the reason was his opposition to UDI .
Van der Byl 's strategy seemed to work at home , with many Rhodesians remaining unaware until the end just how much was their country 's vulnerability and isolation . The Times was later to describe him as a " skilled propagandist who believed his own propaganda . " When sanctions on Rhodesia were confirmed in January 1967 , Van der Byl compared their situation with Spain following World War II , saying that the isolation of Spain had not stopped it from becoming one of the most advanced and economically successful countries in Europe . However , the reality of the situation must have been brought home to Van der Byl in April 1966 when he made informal approaches to see if he might visit Britain " for social reasons " during a tour of Europe . The Commonwealth Relations Office replied that he would not be recognised as enjoying any form of recognition or immunity . Other European governments refused to recognise his passport and expelled him from the country .
= = = Wider role in politics = = =
On 13 September 1968 he was promoted to be the full Minister of Information , Immigration and Tourism . Van der Byl 's aristocratic background , military experience and academic credentials combined to give him an almost iconic status within the Rhodesian Front . Many were impressed by his exploits as a big @-@ game hunter , which began when he shot his first lion in a garden in Northern Rhodesia at the age of 15 . Many in the Rhodesian Front believed him to be " a 19th century @-@ style connoisseur , a man of culture and an aristocrat @-@ statesman " in the words of Michael Hartnack , a South African journalist . Hartnack went on to observe " Poseurs are an incipient hazard in any unsophisticated society . " Within the somewhat claustrophobic confines of white Rhodesian society outside the RF , Van der Byl was achieving some degree of respect .
In politics he assumed the position of hard @-@ line opponent of any form of compromise with domestic opponents or the international community . He made little secret of his willingness to succeed Ian Smith as Prime Minister if Smith showed even " the least whiff of surrender , " and did his best to discourage attempts to get the Rhodesians to compromise . When Abel Muzorewa had his passport withdrawn in September 1972 after returning from a successful visit to London , the government did not attempt to counter the rumour that its action was taken following Van der Byl 's personal order .
In April 1972 Van der Byl sparked a row over the agreement which Rhodesia and the United Kingdom had made in November 1971 . Under this agreement , Rhodesia had agreed to certain concessions to African nationalism in return for the prospect of recognition of its independence ; however , implementation of the agreement was to be delayed until the Pearce Commission reported on whether the settlement proposals would be approved by the people of Rhodesia . Van der Byl insisted that Rhodesia would not implement any part of the agreement unless Rhodesia 's independence was first acknowledged , regardless of the answer from the Pearce Commission . When the Pearce Commission reported that the European , Asian and Coloured ( mixed race ) populations of Rhodesia were in support but the African population were opposed , the agreement was ditched . Many outside and inside Rhodesia had hoped that the government would implement some of the agreement even if Pearce reported against it .
His derision of working class British Labour politicians also caused problems . When , in January 1966 , three visiting Labour MPs were manhandled , kicked and punched while attempting to address 400 supporters of the Rhodesian Front , Van der Byl blamed the three for refusing an offer from his Ministry to co @-@ ordinate the visit , and pointed out that they were breaking the law which required government permission for any political meeting of more than 12 people .
The propaganda circulated by his Ministry ( typically including references to " happy , smiling natives " ) was considered laughable . Visiting British journalist Peregrine Worsthorne , who knew Van der Byl socially , reported seeing a copy of Mein Kampf on his coffee table . His propaganda strategy became increasingly unsuccessful abroad , where Van der Byl alienated many of the foreign journalists and politicians that he came into contact with . Max Hastings , then reporting for the Evening Standard , described him as " appalling " and said that he and Smith " would have seemed ludicrous figures , had they not possessed the power of life and death over millions of people " ; Van der Byl had him deported .
While still popular with the Rhodesian Front members , he was criticised at the 1972 Party Congress for his lack of success in improving Rhodesia 's image around the world ; however , he retained the confidence of Ian Smith and was kept on in a government reshuffle on 24 May 1973 . That winter saw him promote a new Broadcasting Bill to transfer control of the monopoly Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation . Allan Savory , then the lone white opposition MP , criticised the Bill for the composition of the proposed board , which was dominated by strong supporters of the Rhodesian Front . Van der Byl insisted , somewhat unsuccessfully to foreign observers , that the government was not trying to take over broadcasting .
= = = Minister of Defence = = =
Van der Byl was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defence on 2 August 1974 . These were two distinct portfolios , the first of which ( Foreign Affairs ) did not amount to much in a state which lacked any form of international recognition . The Defence portfolio , at a time when Rhodesia was drifting into civil war , was an important post ; although his previous political experience had been largely in the area of public relations , he was now charged with responsibilities which were central to the survival of Rhodesia .
He promoted aggressive measures against the insurgents , and in so doing , he also sought to raise his own political profile . Clad in immaculately tailored battledress , he would fly by helicopter to a beleaguered army outpost ; wearing dark glasses and sporting a swagger stick , deliver a rousing speech for the benefit of the troops and the TV cameras – then return to Salisbury in time for dinner . He drew heavily on Winston Churchill 's oratory style for some of his inspiring speeches . As Minister of Defence , Van der Byl was known to join army counter @-@ insurgency operations while armed with a hunting rifle ( with the words " I 'd like to bag one of these chaps ... " ) , and would regularly visit army positions and entertain the troops with his own generous supply of " scotch whisky and fine wines . " Such behaviour endeared him to many in Rhodesia : he was far more popular with the troops than his predecessor as Minister of Defence , Jack Howman . However , this popularity did not extend to senior members of the South African and Rhodesian governments .
Rhodesia 's strategic position underwent a fundamental change in June 1975 when the Portuguese government suddenly withdrew from Mozambique which bordered Rhodesia on the east . Mozambique now came under the control of a Soviet @-@ allied government which was supportive of black nationalist forces in both South Africa and Rhodesia . This created a delicate situation since Rhodesia 's main road and rail links to the outside world were via the Mozambican ports of Beira and Maputo . Initially , the new Mozambican government allowed the Rhodesians continued use of these links . This was so even while ZANU guerrillas were allowed to base themselves in Tete province adjoining north eastern Rhodesia .
There were rumours in February 1976 that Soviet tanks were being unloaded in Mozambique to help in the war . Unluckily for Van der Byl , the British Foreign Office minister was David Ennals , one of those who had received rough treatment in 1966 . Ennals announced that in the event of a racial war breaking out in Rhodesia , there would be no British help . Van der Byl responded by claiming this indicated Britain accepting Rhodesia 's independence . He attacked Abel Muzorewa for supporting President Machel , saying that " being a good churchman and a Bishop there is a very strong possibility he might be a communist " .
Following the example of Mozambique , the Zambian and Botswana governments permitted guerrillas to establish bases from which they could threaten and infiltrate Rhodesia . Van der Byl told a newspaper reporter that this had to be expected . As infiltration grew , he declared at the beginning of July that the Rhodesian Army would not hesitate to bomb and destroy villages that harboured guerillas .
In 1975 and 1976 , the South African government conducted delicate negotiations with neighbouring states : the South Africans wanted to encourage those states to maintain economic relations with South Africa and Rhodesia while limiting the activities of the ANC , ZANU and ZAPU . However , increasingly aggressive actions by the Rhodesian army outside its own borders resulted in the failure of this conciliatory approach .
A cross @-@ border Selous Scouts raid into Mozambique on 9 August 1976 ( dubbed " the Nyadzonya Raid " ) killed over 1 @,@ 000 people without Rhodesian fatalities , with Van der Byl insisting that the government had irrefutable proof that the raid had targeted a guerrilla training camp . He was unwilling to disclose the nature of the proof , though he invited the UN to conduct its own investigation into the raid . The raid produced a high body count and a major haul of intelligence and captured arms ; according to ZANLA 's own figures , which were not publicly circulated , most of those present in the camp had been armed guerrillas , though there were some civilians present . In a successful attempt to win global sympathy , ZANU clamoured that Nyadzonya had been full of unarmed refugees , leading most international opinion to condemn the Rhodesian raid as a massacre . Although cross @-@ border raids into Mozambique had been approved by the Rhodesian cabinet , the depth and severity of the August incursion was greater than had been intended . Van der Byl had sanctioned the incursion largely on his own initiative . Although a tactical success , the incursion caused a final break with Zambia and Mozambique . The South African government was greatly displeased that its earlier diplomatic efforts were compromised and made this clear to Ian Smith . Smith appeared to consider this " the final straw " as far as Van der Byl 's defence portfolio was concerned .
= = = Foreign affairs = = =
Van der Byl took over at a time when South Africa was putting increasing pressure on the Rhodesians to make an agreement on majority rule . In March 1975 , he had to fly urgently to Cape Town to explain why the Rhodesian government had detained Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole of the Zimbabwe African National Union , who was accused of plotting against other black nationalist leaders . The South Africans were extremely displeased with this action and suspected that the real reason was that the Rhodesians objected to Sithole and preferred to negotiate with Joshua Nkomo . Van der Byl was unsuccessful in reassuring the South Africans and Ian Smith was forced to follow him .
Gradually the South Africans grew unwilling to help Rhodesia . The remaining 200 South African policemen transferred to help in the guerilla war were removed suddenly in August 1975 , a move which appeared to precede even more disengagement . Van der Byl responded in a speech on 8 August which asserted that " The terrorists who are trained and equipped outside our border and who invade our country with the willing help of other governments are here for a much wider purpose than the overthrow of Rhodesia . They are here to represent a force which sees Rhodesia as just one more stepping stone to victory over South Africa because they see South Africa as a vital key to the security of America , Europe and the rest of the western world . "
When the Rhodesian government held talks with the African National Council on the railway bridge across the Victoria Falls in August 1975 ( the train in which the talks took place was strategically in the middle of the bridge so that the ANC were in Zambia while the Rhodesians remained in Rhodesia ) , Van der Byl was not a member of the Rhodesian delegation . This was a curious omission given his position . He did however participate in talks with Joshua Nkomo that December .
Van der Byl 's habit of referring to the African population as " munts " ( he asserted that " Rhodesia is able to handle the munts " ) led to extreme unpopularity with the South African government , and he did not attend talks with South African Prime Minister John Vorster in October 1975 . This was interpreted as being connected to a personal dislike . When , on 26 August 1976 , the South African government announced the withdrawal of all its military helicopter crews from Rhodesia , Van der Byl was outspoken in his criticism and Vorster was reported to have refused to have anything to do with " that dreadful man Van der Byl . " Smith decided that he " clearly ... had no option " and on 9 September 1976 executed a sudden cabinet reshuffle that ended Van der Byl 's tenure as Defence Minister . Smith claimed the South African dislike of Van der Byl was partly motivated by the memory of his father , who had been in opposition to the National Party .
= = = Contribution to diplomacy = = =
As the prominence of the issue of Rhodesia increased in the late 1970s , attention on Van der Byl increased . Reporters noted his impressively quotable lines at press conferences ( such as his explanation for why the Rhodesian government did not usually give the names of guerrillas which it had hanged : " It 's an academic question , because they are normally dead " ) . While negotiating with the Patriotic Front put together by ZANU and ZAPU at the Geneva Conference in November 1976 , he described ZANU leader Robert Mugabe as " this bloodthirsty Marxist puppet " and the Patriotic Front proposals as " almost a parody , a music hall caricature of communist invective " . Mugabe repeatedly arrived late to the meetings held during the conference , and on one occasion Van der Byl tersely reprimanded the ZANU leader for his tardiness . Mugabe flew into a rage and shouted across the table at Van der Byl , calling the Rhodesian minister a " foul @-@ mouthed bloody fool ! "
At this conference , which was organised by Britain with American support , Van der Byl rejected the idea of an interim British presence in Rhodesia during a transition to majority rule , which was identified as one of the few ways of persuading the Patriotic Front to endorse a settlement . The conference was adjourned by the British foreign minister , Anthony Crosland , on 14 December 1976 , and ultimately never reconvened . The nationalist leaders said they would not return to Geneva or take part in any further talks unless immediate black rule were made the only topic for discussion . Soon after , on 7 January 1977 , Van der Byl announced the Rhodesian government 's rejection of every proposal made in Geneva .
Later that month , Van der Byl was finding pressure put on him by more moderate voices within Rhodesia and hinted that the government might amend the Land Tenure Act , which effectively split the country into sections reserved for each racial group . He also remarked that Bishop Abel Muzorewa " can be said to represent the African in this country " , which indicated the direction in which the Smith government was hoping to travel : an accommodation with moderate voices within Rhodesia was likely to be a better end than a capitulation to the Patriotic Front . Van der Byl was prepared to support this strategy and did not go along with the 12 Rhodesian Front MPs who formed the Rhodesian Action Party in early 1977 claiming that the Front had not adhered to party principles .
Although Van der Byl was now prepared to say that he supported the transition to majority rule , he was quick to put restrictions on it when interviewed in April 1977 . He insisted that majority rule would only be possible on a " very qualified franchise — that 's what the whole thing is about " , and also said that any settlement must be endorsed by a two @-@ thirds majority of the existing House of Assembly ( which was largely elected by white Rhodesians ) . Over the summer of 1977 he continued to warn that insistence on capitulation to the Patriotic Front would produce a white backlash and put negotiations back .
However , the Rhodesian government was forced to put its internal settlement negotiations on hold during a joint US @-@ UK initiative in late 1977 . Van der Byl 's public comments seemed to be aimed at ensuring this mission did not succeed , as he insisted that it had no chance of negotiating a ceasefire , described the Carter administration as " mindless " , and the joint mission as being " Anglo @-@ American @-@ Russian " . When a plan was published , he described it as " totally outrageous " and involving " the imposition of unconditional surrender on an undefeated people who are not enemies " .
= = = Internal settlement = = =
The mission did fail and the internal settlement talks were resurrected , resulting in a deal on 4 March 1978 . A transitional joint Council of Ministers was set up , with Van der Byl having to work with Dr Elliott Gabellah as his co @-@ Minister of Foreign Affairs . The Patriotic Front took no notice of this accord and the guerrilla war continued ; Lord Richard Cecil , a close family friend working as a photo @-@ journalist , was killed by guerrillas on 20 April 1978 after Van der Byl had ensured he had full access to military areas denied to other reporters .
In May Van der Byl greeted news of massacres in Zaire as " a blessing in disguise " because they might ensure that warnings about Soviet penetration in Africa were heeded . He denounced the British government the following month for refusing to recognise that a massacre of Elim missionaries was perpetrated by the Patriotic Front . As the date for the full implementation of the internal settlement grew nearer , Van der Byl 's profile decreased , but he remained active in politics : he was elected unopposed for the whites @-@ only Gatooma / Hartley seat to the Zimbabwe @-@ Rhodesia House of Assembly . He handed over power to his African successor on 1 June 1979 , and became instead Minister of Transport and Power and Minister of Posts in the new government .
= = = Lancaster House = = =
When " the wheels came off the wagon " ( as he put it ) at Lancaster House in 1979 , Van der Byl greeted the event with amused detachment . He was not a member of any delegation at the conference and did not attend . The weekend after the agreement , he called on the Rhodesian Front to revitalise itself as the only true representative of Europeans in Rhodesia , and he ascribed the result of the conference to " a succession of perfidious British governments " .
According to Ian Smith 's memoirs , Van der Byl organised a meeting between Ian Smith and Lieutenant @-@ General Peter Walls , Commander of the Rhodesian Army , shortly before the first Zimbabwean elections in February 1980 , where they agreed a strategy to prevent Robert Mugabe winning . They met again on 26 February the day before polling began in the Common Roll election . The consensus at this meeting was that Abel Muzorewa 's interim government would win enough seats , when put together with the 20 seats reserved for whites which were all Rhodesian Front , to deny Mugabe victory . However , the early election results in March dented this confidence .
Smith asked Walls for details of his plan ( " Operation Quartz " ) for using force to prevent ZANU @-@ PF taking power by force if it lost the election . Walls insisted that ZANU @-@ PF would not win the election . When it did happen , both Smith and Van der Byl believed that the Army should step in to prevent Mugabe taking over . Walls took the view that it was already too late , and while the others wished for some move , they were forced to concede to this view .
= = = In Zimbabwe = = =
Van der Byl had been elected unopposed to the new House of Assembly for Gatooma / Hartley and remained a close associate of Smith , becoming Vice @-@ President of the ' Republican Front ' ( later renamed the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe ) . At the 1985 general election the boundaries for the White Roll seats were altered and Van der Byl fought in Mount Pleasant , opposing Chris Andersen . Andersen had broken with the Rhodesian Front to sit as an Independent and became Minister of State for the Public Service in Robert Mugabe 's government . Van der Byl lost the election heavily , polling only 544 votes to 1 @,@ 017 for Andersen and 466 for a third candidate . The Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe still controlled the election of ten white Senators and Smith agreed to elect Van der Byl to one of the Senate seats .
Parliamentary seats reserved for whites were abolished in 1987 . Van der Byl made his last speech in Parliament on 10 September , in which he praised Robert Mugabe for the " absolute courtesy " he had shown since independence . He noted that he was the last surviving member of the 1965 government remaining in Parliament , and declared he hoped " I would have been cherished .. as a sort of national monument , and not flung into the political wilderness " . His speech loudly denounced the former Republican Front and Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe members who had gone over to the government , describing them as " dreadful souls screaming in agony " . The government minister Dr Edson Zvobgo responded with a poorly written poem referring to the number of rebels killed fighting troops under Van der Byl 's command .
= = Marriage , issue and retirement = =
On 31 August 1979 at Schloss Waldstein in Austria , Van der Byl married Princess Charlotte Maria Benedikte Eleonore Adelheid of Liechtenstein . She was thirty years his junior , the daughter of Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein and granddaughter of Karl I , the last emperor of Austria . The couple had three sons : Pieter Vincenz , Valerian , and Casimir .
In 1983 Van der Byl had inherited from his mother a property described as " the magnificent estate .. near Caledon in the Western Cape , " and following the end of his political career had no need to keep a home in Zimbabwe , so he quit the place . He left as a rich man , with an attractive young wife , and enjoyed his retirement . He frequently visited London , where he was a good friend of Viscount Cranborne , who put him up for membership of the Turf Club . Both were members of White 's Club and were often seen there when Van der Byl was in town .
Four days after his 76th birthday , Van der Byl died at Fairfield , in Caledon , Western Cape . In his obituary , Dan van der Vat wrote " The arrival of majority rule in South Africa made no difference , and he died a very wealthy man . "
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= Eday =
Eday is one of the islands of Orkney , which are located to the north of the Scottish mainland . One of the North Isles , Eday is about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from the Orkney Mainland . With an area of 27 square kilometres ( 10 sq mi ) , it is the ninth largest island of the archipelago . The bedrock of the island is Old Red Sandstone , which is exposed along the sea @-@ cliffs .
There are various well @-@ preserved Neolithic tombs , as well as evidence of Bronze Age settlement and the remains of a Norse @-@ era castle . During the period of Scottish rule the substantial property of Carrick House was developed at Calfsound , which became a burgh for a short period . During the British era many agricultural improvements were introduced , although there has been a substantial decline in the population since the mid @-@ nineteenth century . In the twenty @-@ first century the Eday Partnership has had success in promoting the island 's economy . Local placenames reflect the diverse linguistic heritage and the landscapes of the island and its surrounding seas attract abundant wildlife .
= = Geography and geology = =
Eday is 14 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) long from north to south but only just over 500 metres wide at the narrow neck of land between the Sands of Doomy and Bay of London and has been described as being " nipped at the waist " . The centre of the island is largely moorland covered with heather , and cultivation is confined to the coasts .
The highest points are Flaughton Hill at the island 's centre , Fersness Hill at West Side , Vinquoy Hill to the north and Ward Hill to the south , which reaches 101 metres ( 331 ft ) . In Orkney this last name , which derives from the Norse varði , is a common one for the highest point on an island as in the past they were used for lighting warning beacons .
The largest body of fresh water is the 10 @-@ hectare ( 25 @-@ acre ) Mill Loch , south east of Vinquoy Hill . Loch of Doomy lies on the western side of the narrow " waist " and the smaller Loch Carrick on the north coast .
The population is dispersed along the coastal farmsteads and nowhere on the island has the status of a village . Calfsound is the most populous of the settled areas , with other concentrations at Millbounds on the east coast , which has a post office and a community facility in a converted chapel , and Backaland in the south where the ferry from the Mainland docks .
Eday is surrounded by other small islands that make up the " seemingly impossible green and russet jigsaw of Orkney 's North Isles " . Calf of Eday lies 350 metres ( 0 @.@ 2 mi ) to the north of the settlement of Calfsound . Further east is Sanday across the Eday Sound . Stronsay and Linga Holm are to the south east and Muckle Green Holm to the south west beyond the straits known as the Fall of Warness . Egilsay lies some 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) due west . Rusk Holm , Faray and Holm of Faray lie beyond the Sound of Faray to the north west and beyond them is the larger island of Westray .
In common with its neighbouring isles , Eday is largely formed from Middle Devonian Old Red Sandstone deposited in the Orcadian Basin . The Eday Group is the name for a substantial sequence of sandstones that is found at many locations in Orkney , for which Eday and the area around Eday Sound are the type area . In places it is up to 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) thick , and is largely composed of yellow and red sandstones with intervening grey flagstones and marls . The rock is easily quarried and some of the yellow sandstones from Fersness were used in the construction of St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall . The Devonian sequence is deformed into a major fold , the north @-@ south trending Eday Syncline , with the youngest part of the sequence , the Upper Eday Sandstone outcropping in the north of the island from Bay of Cusby to Red Head . The oldest part of the sequence , the Rousay Flagstones are found on the eastern side of the island at Bight of Milldale and from Kirk Taing to War Ness , and to the west from Sealskerry Bay to Fersness . Veness is formed of Upper Eday Sandstone downfaulted against the flagstones .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistory = = =
The very limited archaeological record provides scant evidence of Mesolithic life in Orkney , but the later assemblage of houses and monumental Neolithic structures in the archipelago is without parallel in the United Kingdom .
The chambered cairn of Vinquoy , located in a commanding position overlooking the Calf Sound , is 17 metres ( 56 ft ) in diameter and 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) high . The narrow entrance passage of this Maeshowe @-@ type tomb leads to a central chamber with four side @-@ cells . Other sites of interest on Eday include the Stone of Setter standing stone that dominates the col north of Mill Loch , and which at 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) high is one of the tallest monoliths in Orkney . There are two more chambered cairns at Braeside and Huntersquoy and another on the Calf of Eday . Rectangular in shape , it was excavated in 1936 – 37 and contains a small chamber with two compartments and a larger one with four stalls that has a separate entrance and was probably added at a later date .
Although there are several Bronze Age sites on the island , they provide less dramatic remains . At Warness in the south west there is a burnt mound from this period and there are the ruins of two houses of a similar age on Holm of Faray near the Point of Dogs Bones . The Fold of Setter is an 85 @-@ metre @-@ diameter ( 279 ft ) Bronze Age enclosure located to the north of Mill Loch . There is the site of a large Iron Age roundhouse containing a saddle quern at Linkataing in north west Eday . Latterly , Orkney was settled by the Picts although the archaeological evidence is sparse .
= = = Norse colonisation = = =
It is not known " when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles " , and although Norse contacts with Scotland certainly predate the first written records in the 8th century , their nature and frequency are unknown . The place name evidence of a Norse presence on Eday is conclusive and very little is known about the specifics of life on the island at this time . The Norse @-@ era ruins of the Castle of Stackel Brae , which dates from the 12th or 13th centuries , lie under a green mound to the east of the Bay of Greentoft . The castle may have been the most important building on Eday at this time .
= = = Scottish rule = = =
In 1468 Orkney became part of the Kingdom of Scotland and an influx of Scottish entrepreneurs helped to create a diverse and independent community that included farmers , fishermen and merchants that called themselves comunitatis Orcadie and who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords . Nonetheless , the actions of the aristocracy continue to provide much of the information known about affairs on Eday at the time . In 1561 , during the Reformation , Edward Sinclair was granted the feu of Eday by Adam Bothwell , Bishop of Orkney . These were turbulent times — Sinclair 's duties included to defend the reforming Bishop " against whatsoever invaders " — and later that year he was one of the ringleaders of an anti @-@ Catholic riot in Kirkwall .
His son William took over the running of the Eday estate in due course , but it became burdened with debt . In 1601 when Edward was " an auld decrepit man ... aged 100 or thereby " William attempted to sell the family interest to George Sinclair the Earl of Caithness . The new proprietor sent half a dozen boatloads of " vagabondis , broken Highland men of Caithness " to Eday , much to the alarm of the notorious Earl Patrick of Orkney . Earl Patrick was able to use the poor relationship between the elderly father Edward and his son , ( the former claiming William fired muskets at him and grabbed him by the neck like a dog ) to take action . Acting , so he alleged , on behalf of Edward , Earl Patrick evicted William , took the Eday the rents for himself and profited from the extraction of building stone from Towback quarry .
John Stewart , Earl of Carrick , the brother of Earl Patrick , was granted Eday in 1632 and he constructed Carrick House at Calfsound shortly thereafter . He used peat to manufacture salt from salt pans at both Carrick and on the Calf of Eday . The product was described as " quite fine " in the 17th century when it was undertaken on a substantial scale although of " indifferent quality " in the early 19th century when it was being conducted as a cottage industry . Peat extraction was also an important industry in the past as Sanday and North Ronaldsay obtained most of their fuel from Eday and this material was also exported to whisky distilleries on mainland Scotland .
Stewart 's ambitions for Calfsound were considerable . Described as the " town and port " of Carrick it became a burgh ( the only other one in Orkney being Kirkwall ) with the right to appoint baillies and hold markets but it was never likely to flourish in such a location .
= = = British era = = =
From the first decade of the 18th century Orkney became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain . This was a time of great interest in agricultural improvement although the changes this brought about were not of significance in Orkney until the mid @-@ nineteenth century . For example , no potatoes were grown on Eday until around 1780 . By comparison to these gradual changes , Carrick House saw drama in 1725 . The property was now owned by James Fea who had been a school friend of a " Mr Smith " , a trader of Stromness . When Smith was unmasked as the notorious pirate John Gow he sought to escape the attentions of the authorities by making for Eday via a raid on Hall of Clestrain , in Orphir . When Gow 's ship Revenge ran aground on the Calf of Eday , Fea 's men took him prisoner and held him at Carrick House , for which Fea was given a £ 1 @,@ 700 reward . The bell from the Revenge is still in Carrick House .
In the early nineteenth century the kelp industry provided significant employment on some of the Orkney islands , but when the market collapsed between 1830 and 1832 it caused considerable hardship . North Ronaldsay was especially hard @-@ hit and several families were allowed to resettle from there to develop land at Westside on Eday . Rising populations meant increasing land values , especially for small tenancies . In 1843 crofts were valued at £ 1 / acre on Eday , nearly three times the price for larger farms . However , the 20th century saw decline . Immigration from mainland Scotland was essentially unknown even in the late 1950s and the population in 2001 was about an eighth of the total 160 years earlier .
= = Etymology = =
" Eday " is a name derived from the Old Norse eið and means " isthmus island " . This is a name specifically associated with economic activity used only where the isthmus has been a " route for the movement of goods and / or boats from one coast to another " .
There are numerous other eið names in the islands of the North Atlantic and those in Orkney include Hoxa ( Haugeið ) on South Ronaldsay , Aith ( found on Walls , Stronsay and the west Mainland ) and Scapa in St Ola which is derived from the Norse Skálpeið . Bay of Doomy , near the central isthmus on Eday , may also have a name derived from dómr @-@ eið , meaning " isthmus of the courthouse " , indicating it could have been an important meeting place during the Norse period of Scottish history . In the 17th century Eday was also known as " Heth Øy " .
In common with elsewhere in the Orkney islands , place names are generally a mixture of Norse , Scots and English influences . Any Pictish names that existed before the arrival of Scandinavian settlers on Eday appear to have been completely obliterated . The common suffix -quoy is from the Old Norse kví @-@ ló and signifies an enclosure in a marshy area . Skaill on the east coast is from the Norse skáli and suggests an important farm on good fertile land that was associated with several smaller tunships . The Bay of London also has Norse origins , lund @-@ inn meaning " woodland " , although this is no longer an apt description for this largely treeless landscape . Old Norse lundi means " puffin " , which creatures may once have nested in sandy land at the back of the bay .
Orkney was Christianised before the arrival of Viking settlers , and there are various local " Papa " names that reflect the activities of the pre @-@ Norse papar monks there . The farm of Papleyhouse near Linkataing may indicate such a link to the past , although the connection is by no means certain . The name " geo " , which occurs frequently around the rocky coast , is from the Norse gjá and means a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff .
= = Transport and economy = =
Eday can be reached by both sea and air from the Orkney Mainland . Orkney Ferries provide daily ferry crossings to Backaland on Eday from Kirkwall . The Orkney inter @-@ island air service , operated by Loganair , connects Kirkwall Airport with Eday Airport .
Farming and crofting are mainstays of the local economy , especially livestock husbandry . Flocks of sheep are also kept on Faray .
The European Marine Energy Centre ( EMEC ) based at Stromness is a Scottish Government @-@ backed research facility . They have installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland and a tidal power testing station , overlooking the Fall of Warness , on Eday . The test site was chosen because of the marine currents that reach almost 4 metres per second ( 7 @.@ 8 kn ) at spring tides . There are seven offshore testing berths connected to the 33KV North Isles section of the national grid , via an underground cable .
Eday Partnership , the local development trust is active in promoting the island 's economy and has instigated numerous projects , including Eday Heritage Centre , and the purchase of a new diesel tank for the island . Eday 's various community projects contributed £ 380 @,@ 000 to the island 's economy from 2005 @-@ 7 and a 900 kW community @-@ owned wind turbine is planned . The income that this asset will generate is expected to reduce fuel poverty on the island , support new community enterprises and create affordable housing .
In July 2008 , the island celebrated the opening of the Eday Heritage and Visitor Centre in the restored former Baptist Church . There is a heritage display area , a permanent archive , a café and a tourist information point . The Eday Oral History Project records life on the island in the past and is also housed within the centre , which has its own 6 kW wind turbine .
The island 's population was 160 as recorded by the 2011 census an increase of over 30 % since 2001 when there were 121 usual residents . During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 .
= = Natural history = =
In the early 19th century Patrick Neill wrote of the local flora that " Eda is a mossy island ; a great part of it consisting of barren marshy heaths . Juncus uliginosus here covers whole acres ; and the pretty little plant Radiola millegran , or all @-@ seed , is everywhere strewed . " Over 120 species of wild plants have been recorded on the island including bog myrtle found nowhere else in Orkney .
In the mid @-@ 17th century , Eday was described as being " absolutely full of moorland birds " and today there are red @-@ throated divers on Mill Loch , Arctic skuas and bonxies on the moors and black guillemot offshore . Shore birds include meadow pipit , rock pipit and ringed plover . The woodland at Carrick House attracts a variety of migrants and otters can be seen around the coasts . There are colonies of harbour and grey seals on Muckle Green Holm , Little Green Holm , Faray and Holm of Faray , and white @-@ beaked dolphin , minke whale and killer whale are occasional visitors to the area . A ranger provideds guided walks throughout the year .
= = Prominent natives = =
Australian pioneer union leader and Australian Labor Party politician , William Spence was born on Eday in 1846 .
John Flaws Reid , who represented Mackenzie in the Canadian House of Commons , was born on Eday in 1860 .
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= Comeback ( Glee ) =
" Comeback " is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American musical television series Glee , and the thirty @-@ fifth overall . It was written by series creator Ryan Murphy , directed by Bradley Buecker , and premiered on Fox on February 15 , 2011 . In the episode , glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) allows cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) to join the McKinley High glee club in an attempt to ease her depression . Club member Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) creates a tribute band to teen singer Justin Bieber in order to win the heart of Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) , and is later joined by the group 's other male members , minus co @-@ captain Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , to recreate Bieber 's " Somebody to Love " and woo their significant others .
Prior to broadcast , Murphy dismissed rumors that " Comeback " would serve as a tribute to Bieber , and stated that such episodes are reserved for artists with extensive musical catalogs . " Comeback " was met with mixed reception from critics , who deemed it neither bad nor a standout . Critics such as Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle appreciated the episode 's early Glee aesthetic . Amy Reiter of The Los Angeles Times felt that the episode lacked substance . Sue 's storyline , which focuses on her depression and a suicide attempt , was widely criticized for its inappropriateness . The other storylines had mixed to positive reviews , as many critics deemed the Bieber @-@ related subplot the strongest . James Poniewozik of Time compared it favorably to the Madonna tribute episode " The Power of Madonna " .
The episode features six musical performances , five of which were released as singles . Upon its initial airing , " Comeback " was watched by over 10 @.@ 53 million US viewers , and acquired a 4 @.@ 2 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . Unlike the story itself , most critics received the musical numbers with acclaim . The Glee take on Bieber 's songs was praised , as were the vocals of cast members Amber Riley and Lea Michele in their duet of " Take Me or Leave Me " from Rent , and the confidence and performance of Ashley Fink in " I Know What Boys Like " .
= = Plot = =
After her cheerleading squad loses a competition for the first time in seven years , coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) becomes depressed , and stages an apparent suicide by " overdosing " on gummy vitamins . Her colleague , school guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , suggests that she temporarily join the school glee club , New Directions , to lift her spirits . Hoping to create discord within the group , Sue pits members Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) and Rachel ( Lea Michele ) against one another . Her plan backfires when a duet between the two results in a deepening of their respect for one another vocally . In an attempt to bring out the good in Sue , club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) takes her to a pediatric cancer ward , where they sing " This Little Light of Mine " with the patients .
Club member Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) establishes a one @-@ man tribute band to teen singer Justin Bieber , which he calls " The Justin Bieber Experience " , in the hope of winning over his girlfriend Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) , whom he suspects still has feelings for her ex @-@ boyfriend Finn ( Cory Monteith ) . Sam performs Bieber 's " Baby " for the glee club , and dedicates it to Quinn ; the performance also excites the other girls in the club . Several of the male members — Puck ( Mark Salling ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) and Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) — are impressed by the effect he has on the girls , and convince him to let them join his tribute band . The foursome then perform " Somebody to Love " , and recreate the music video for the song in the auditorium to the girls ' delight . Quinn chooses Sam over Finn , but when Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) convinces Sam that Quinn cheated on him , he breaks up with her and begins dating Santana .
Meanwhile , Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) enlists Puck to help her with her first glee club solo . With Puck 's assistance , she performs " I Know What Boys Like " by The Waitresses , and using a trick he taught her , imagines the club members in their underwear for confidence . Later , Sue suggests that the club perform the anthem " Sing " by My Chemical Romance , as they must present an anthem at the forthcoming Regionals competition . They rehearse the song , and it is well received by most of the members , who disregard Rachel 's suggestion that they should instead compose an original anthem . Her week with New Directions over , Sue reveals that she has become the vocal coach for one of the glee club 's Regionals competitors , Aural Intensity .
= = Production = =
In January 2011 , rumors began to circulate that Glee was planning a Justin Bieber tribute episode , similar to " The Power of Madonna " for Madonna , and " Britney / Brittany " for Britney Spears . Series creator Ryan Murphy refuted the claims , and stated that such episodes are reserved for artists with extensive musical catalogs . He confirmed , however , that Bieber 's music would be used in an episode in season two as a " small plot point " , and Overstreet 's Sam would perform a song by the artist for Quinn 's approval . On the red carpet at the 68th Golden Globe Awards , cast member Riley confirmed to MTV News that Bieber 's songs " Baby " and " Somebody to Love " would be featured in the upcoming episode , and the singer would receive a tribute similar to Lady Gaga in " Theatricality " — a tribute , but without a full episode devoted to his catalog . Via his official Facebook page , Bieber stated that he was " truly honoured " to have his music covered on Glee . Prior to broadcast , Overstreet and Bieber interacted via the social networking website Twitter , where Bieber told him " we just gotta work on those moves " , and to " kill it ! "
In addition to " Baby " and " Somebody to Love " , the episode featured cover versions of " I Know What Boys Like " by The Waitresses performed by Fink , " Take Me or Leave Me " from Rent performed by Michele and Riley , " Sing " by My Chemical Romance , and an acoustic performance of the gospel children 's song " This Little Light of Mine " . The pediatric oncology scenes were filmed at the Children 's Hospital Los Angeles ' Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases , where eleven real patients performed alongside Morrison and Lynch . Bailey , the pediatric ward nurse , was played by guest @-@ star Charlene Amoia , who had worked for the series ' sound department during the first season . In June 2011 , she deemed her " Comeback " appearance her favorite guest role in any series , due to working alongside the children , whom she was " so touched by " . Amoia expanded : " They were the most vibrant , energetic kids . It was a really awesome storyline to be a part of . I was really moved by everything . " Though she was not initially aware that the role would involve singing , Amoia was part of the " This Little Light of Mine " group number . The episode 's recurring guest cast members were Overstreet as Sam , Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins , Shum , Jr. as Mike and Fink as Lauren .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Comeback " was watched by 10 @.@ 53 million US viewers . It attained a 4 @.@ 2 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , which made it the highest rated show of the night . It was the third most @-@ watched scripted show of the week amongst adults aged 18 – 49 , and placed 21st amongst all viewers . The episode declined by 9 percent and 1 @.@ 12 million viewers on the previous episode , " Silly Love Songs " .
With its Canadian broadcast , also on February 15 , 2011 , " Comeback " attained 1 @.@ 75 million viewers and placed 18th in the weekly program rankings . It was again down on " Silly Love Songs " , which ranked tenth and was watched by 2 @.@ 08 million viewers . In Australia , where the episode aired on February 28 , 2011 , it was watched by 909 @,@ 000 viewers and was the 11th most @-@ viewed show of the night . Viewership was marginally down on the previous episode , which attracted 921 @,@ 000 viewers and also placed 11th . In the UK , the episode was broadcast on April 4 , 2011 . It attained 2 @.@ 57 million viewers — 2 @.@ 14 million on E4 , and 427 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 — and was the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week . Viewership again declined slightly from the previous episode , which drew 2 @.@ 63 million viewers .
= = = Critical response = = =
The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle and E ! Online 's Jenna Mullins were pleased by how " Comeback " reminded them of early episodes of Glee — Mullins hailed the return of familiar characterization , and Hankinson commented : " It felt like old times , and it felt good . " Though he observed that the episode was light on plot , Hankinson praised the writing and comedy . CNN 's Lisa Respers France found the episode 's title apt , as Glee was " firing on all cylinders " with little room for improvement . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone was " pleasantly surprised " , as she had anticipated a decline in quality from the previous episode , and Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic commented that apart from the Bieber jokes , " the rest of the episode was sharply written and loaded with self @-@ referential jokes " . Other critics found " Comeback " mediocre . Entertainment Weekly 's Sandra Gonzalez wrote that it was " a bit off " , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff felt that " something was missing , making the whole thing stultifying , lifeless , and boring " , and Robert Canning of IGN deemed it " fine and inoffensive " , but ultimately forgettable . Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times was " a little disappointed " in the episode for a lack of substance , creativity and emotional maturity . James Poniewozik of Time deemed it amongst his least favorite episodes , for " not even [ being ] bad in a memorable way " . He noted that " Comeback " was " essentially a collection of subplots " , and questioned its purpose .
The Sue storyline garnered many unfavorable reviews . Reiter criticized her inconsistent characterization , which made her actions seem " like fragments pasted together to form a disjointed collage . " While VanDerWerff was more favorable , he wrote that Sue 's jokes about committing " Sue @-@ icide " were " neither dark enough to provoke a startled burst or laughter nor funny enough to overcome their central tastelessness " , and called the scene in the pediatric oncology ward " woefully misjudged and inappropriately hilarious . " The Atlantic 's Meghan Brown found the use of seriously ill children " borderline offensive " , and called Sue 's suicide attempt " in totally bad taste " . Miriam Krule of NPR felt that Glee treated suicide too lightly , and in doing so sent a mixed message to its youth audience . Poniewozik wrote that Sue has become " a burden on the show " , and described her as " a breakout character who 's broken out of the constraints of recognizable character . " He questioned the point of her arc , and suggested that the attempt at humanizing her was redundant , as viewers already know Sue to be capable of compassion .
Other storylines received a more mixed response . Canning disliked the focus placed on Sam and his thin , " loveable dope " characterization . He found that the love @-@ triangle plot made little sense , and as such was hard to invest in . In contrast , Poniewozik called Sam 's Bieber subplot the episode 's strongest element , and deemed it fun if inessential . He praised Glee for capturing the " disposable fun " of Bieber 's music , " without either sneering at it or making it more than it is " , and called it better in this respect than " The Power of Madonna " . Lauren received several positive reviews . While VanDerWerff found her relationship with Puck " a lot less assured " than in " Silly Love Songs " , Mullins and Gonzalez praised their " endearing " dynamic . Reiter felt that in " Comeback " , while new characters like Sam and Lauren " managed to shine " , established favorites fared less well : " Finn continues to be dismayingly drained of all that once made him so adorable , and Rachel , too , has been deprived of the depth and sex appeal she so carefully developed over time . " Several critics raised similar criticism of Rachel — Gonzalez found her need for Brittany 's help " too much of a regression " , and disliked her return to " old , desperate habits " after several episodes of personal growth . Canning felt that the storyline was forced , and Poniewozik observed that the episode " seemed to be trying less to advance her character [ than ] simply to give her something to do . " VanDerWerff wrote that Rachel appeared to have five different subplots , none of which came together cohesively , and that it reflected the awkward construction of the episode .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The episode 's musical covers and performances were mostly well received by critics . Hankinson wrote that the songs " blended all of the show 's best charms " , which he listed as " kitschy suprise [ sic ] " , " slick production " and " raw vocal ability . " Futterman also praised all of the music .
The Bieber numbers received a mostly positive reception . Mullins complimented them both , particularly Overstreet 's performance of " Baby . " Futterman said this performance was impressive , " a total pop star package that recalled the Biebs ' swag " . She found this element " smooth [ ed ] over " in " Somebody to Love " , but called the recreation admirable nonetheless . Gonzalez highlighted the Bieber songs as the best of the episode ; she gave " Baby " and " Somebody to Love " grades of " A " and " B + " , respectively . On the former song , Gonzalez enjoyed Sam 's performance , particularly his " übercorny dance moves that made [ her ] ache for the boy @-@ band era . " Although she complimented the male vocalists and their " almost perfect re @-@ creation " of the video , Gonzalez was disappointed the show chose to repeat , rather than reinterpret , the choreography . Fallon praised the two songs : he called Sam " quite charming while channeling Bieber " and said " the acoustic opening to ' Baby ' was actually very sweet , just as it was when Biebs stripped down the tune to open his Grammy performance " . He added that the dancing " stood out " in " Somebody to Love " . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal expressed disappointment in the Bieber performances " displayed so awkwardly and so undynamically " by Sam . On " Baby " , he opined that Overstreet lacked " swagger " , coordination and charm . He was more impressed by the rendition of " Somebody to Love " , but noted that Sam was vocally overshadowed by Artie .
The performance of the duet " Take Me or Leave Me " elicited praise from Brown and Fallon , who both deemed it the highlight of the episode . Brown noted that " it had that addictive Glee quality of actually feeling like high school , and watching Mercedes and Rachel have a blast blasting each other was a treat . " Gonzalez gave the duet a " B " , as , while there was " so much to swoon for " , she is more partial to ballads because they " discourage oversinging throughout the entire song " . Futterman wrote that while Mercedes had more sass than Rachel , " both ladies sang " . VanDerWerff did not see how the song was relevant , and felt that Michele 's voice was ill @-@ suited to it .
Flandez called Lauren 's " I Know What Boys Like " the highlight of the episode , and VanDerWerff praised it as the best musical number . He complimented her confidence , but said the underwear joke was " unnecessary and overstated " . In contrast , Gonzalez cited the underwear shots as a factor in raising her grade to a " C- " for a song without " basic musicality " . Patrick Burns of The Atlantic was also unimpressed , and questioned Lauren 's spot in glee club , as " her brazen character never ceases to please , but it 's just not believable that she would join the glee club if she cannot sing . " In December 2012 , TV Guide named the cover one of Glee 's worst performances .
On the New Directions collaboration with Sue on " Sing " , Futterman wrote , " By turning down the rock and bringing in a choral element , the song actually came off as a great anthem for the bunch of misfits that is the New Directions . We kind of wish they had put on their choir robes instead and fully embraced the arrangement . " Although Gonzalez gave the performance a " B " , she called it " lacking " and not " regionals material " : " We need to be blown away . " TV Guide also listed this rendition as one of Glee 's worst performances .
= = = Chart history = = =
Of the five cover versions released as singles — the cover of " This Little Light of Mine " was not released — four debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and appeared on other musical charts . These same four songs were also featured on the sixth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 5 . On the Hot 100 , the show 's rendition of " Baby " debuted at number forty @-@ seven ; it was at number fifty @-@ two on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 . The Glee cover version of " Sing " debuted on the Hot 100 at number forty @-@ nine , placing higher than the original by My Chemical Romance , which climbed from number ninety @-@ two to number fifty @-@ eight , its best showing to that point ; in Canada , both versions debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 in the same week , with the Glee version at number thirty @-@ seven , the highest of the four Glee singles there , while the original charted twenty slots below it at number fifty @-@ seven . The other two songs on the Hot 100 were " Take Me or Leave Me " at number fifty @-@ one , which also made number sixty on the Canadian Hot 100 , and " Somebody to Love " at number sixty @-@ two , which also made number fifty @-@ three on the Canadian Hot 100 . " I Know What Boys Like " did not chart .
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= Bovet Fleurier =
Bovet Fleurier SA is a Swiss brand of luxury watchmakers chartered May 1 , 1822 in London , U.K. by Édouard Bovet . It is most noted for its pocket watches manufactured for the Chinese market in the 19th century . Today it produces high @-@ end artistic watches ( priced between US $ 18 @,@ 000 and $ 2 @.@ 5 million ) with a style that references its history . The company is known for its high @-@ quality dials ( such as the Fleurier Miniature Painting models ) , engraving , and its seven @-@ day tourbillon . The original Bovet watches were also among the first to emphasize the beauty of their movements with skeletonized views and highly decorative movements . Bovet watches were also among the first to include a second hand while the company has a tradition of employing women artisans , which is rare for traditional watch making companies in Europe . Pascal Raffy is the current owner .
= = History = =
= = = Fleurier , home of Bovet = = =
Watch making was introduced to Fleurier by Daniel @-@ Jean @-@ Jacques @-@ Henri Vaucher , an apprentice of Daniel Jaenrichard , in 1730 . At the time the area was known for metal working , a natural result of the iron deposits discovered locally in the 15th century . Watchmaking flourished in and around Fleurier during the late 18th century but because production was sold on credit for the international markets , prices were undercut and economic destabilization brought about by the Napoleonic wars caused watch making in the area to decrease significantly . By the mid @-@ 19th century , Fleurier produced watches almost exclusively for the Chinese market while the municipality 's current renown as a watch making centre is attributed to Bovet watches .
= = = The founder = = =
Édouard Bovet ( 1797 – 1849 ) was the son of the watchmaker Jean @-@ Frédéric Bovet . He studied the art with his father in Fleurier , but in 1814 left home for political reasons with two of his brothers , Alphonse and Frederic , to study watch making in London . After studying in the city for a few years with the firm of Messrs. Ilbury & Magniac , Magniac sent Bovet to Canton , China in 1818 . Almost as soon as he arrived he was able to sell four of his watches for the equivalent of US $ 1 million in 2008 currency .
= = = The 19th century : Founding of the company and China = = =
The original Bovet company was founded in London in 1822 by Edouard Bovet for the purposes of manufacturing watches exclusively for the Chinese market . Some watch historians believe that the company was established in London due to the ease of shipping watches to China on the frequent ships of the East India Company . Edouard 's brothers , Alphonse and Frederic , stayed in London to manage shipping ; another brother , Charles @-@ Henri , managed manufacturing in Fleurier , while Edouard developed the market in Canton .
Bovet was neither the first nor the last company to target the Chinese watch market . They shared it with Ilbury , Jaques Ullmann , and Vacheron Constantin , among others . Edouard Bovet discovered the potential of the Chinese market as a student of Ilbery in London , from whom he borrowed some design ideas . While from 1820 onwards Vacheron Constantin dominated the market in imperial northern China , Bovet remained market leader in the more populous south of the country . Although the 19th @-@ century Chinese watch market was predated by a few Jesuit watch makers as early as the 15th century , by the early 19th century watch making in China had become of such a low quality that the new European watches were quickly appreciated .
Notwithstanding their high price , the popularity of Bovet watches in China meant that the company had to contract with other Swiss manufacturers such as Guinand to help them meet demand . Even though Juvet Fleurier also sold pieces in China , it was not uncommon to see Bovet pieces with a Juvet movement . In the 1830s Bovet established a manufacturing facility in Canton , but because of restrictions resulting from the Opium Wars , they had to close that facility and open a smaller one in Macau . It was about this time that the company created a Chinese name to more effectively market to the middle class . The Chinese name for Bovet , " Bo Wei " , became a common noun for watches in China for many years .
The Chinese watch market collapsed around 1855 due to competition from France and the United States along with the tremendous number of Chinese @-@ made counterfeits . By 1864 problems caused by the Opium War caused the Bovet family to sell their interest in the company . They sold the company to their manufacturing inspectors in Fleurier , Jules Jequier and Ernest Bobillier , who were soon joined by Ami Leuba .
As of 2013 , watches made for the Chinese market by this manufacturer and others such as William Ilbery of London command high prices as collectible art objects .
= = = Into the 20th century : Beyond China = = =
After the virtual closure of the Chinese market , Bovet continued to manufacture pocket watches , though at a much reduced rate , and would frequently offer its manufacturing services on a contract basis to other watch companies . The Landry Freres purchased Bovet in 1888 but did not invest in it . In 1901 , the Bovet trademark was sold at auction in Paris to Cesar and Charles Leuba , sons of Ami Leuba . Jacques Ullmann and Co . , another successful produce of watches for the Chinese market , purchased the Bovet brand in 1918 . After Jacques Ullmann went out of business in 1932 , the Bovet name was acquired by Albert and Jean Bovet , who were successful watch makers and registered several patents for chronographs , such as the mono rattrapante — a device that would pause the second hand for a reading while the mechanism continued to run . The company Favre @-@ Leuba purchased the name and manufacturing facilities from the Bovet brothers in 1948 .
Favre @-@ Leuba stopped producing Bovet branded watches in 1950 , and then only manufactured its own branded watches from the facilities it acquired from the Bovet brothers . Favre @-@ Leuba sold the Bovet brand and facilities in 1966 to a cooperative of individual watch makers .
= = = The modern company = = =
In 1989 , Parmigiani Fleurier purchased Bovet and registered the trademark for " all watchmaking products , mechanical watches and clocks and naval instruments , of Swiss origin " , but no Bovet branded timepieces were produced . Parmigiani sold Bovet in 1990 to investors , and Bovet Fleurier SA was established . However , no watches were actually manufactured by the company until after it was acquired by Roger Guye and Thierry Ouelevay in 1994 , who opened a branch office in Geneva .
The company was acquired by Pascal Raffy , its current president , on February 6 , 2001 . In June 2006 , Mr. Raffy purchased several manufacturing structures , such as the STT group , which produced complicated watch movements , in order to obtain complete control over the quality of all phases of the watch crafting process . STT was renamed Dimier 1738 Manufacture de Haute Horlogerie Artisanale and went into a full restructuring over the next two years in order to bring the standards up to those of Bovet . The second purchase was a dial and precious gem setting manufacture located in Plan @-@ les @-@ Ouates in Geneva . The name was changed also from Valor , Lopez , et Villa to Dimier 1738 Manufacture Artisanale de Cadrans et de Sertissages . With the same philosophy as the movement factory , Mr. Raffy turned this factory into an artisan center providing dials for Bovet , Dimier 's watch brand , and a select group of clients in luxury watchmaking . There are currently about 150 employees of Bovet Fleurier SA and the Dimier manufactures , and the company only produces under 2 @,@ 000 watches a year . Some modern Bovet watches are fitted with mechanisms manufactured by Vaucher Manufacture , a company that also supplied watches to the Chinese market in the 19th century . Bovet spends very little to advertise and prefers to have private salons for clients instead of attending public fairs . About a third of the watches it manufactures are one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind pieces that are made to order .
= = Watches = =
= = = Legacy of the Bovet style = = =
Bovet watches include much artistic detail , and the company gives the artisans a great deal of independence in creating the elements of the watches , thus encouraging creativity . The Chinese watches were originally sold in pairs in a mahogany box , both for good luck and so that the user would have a back @-@ up watch if one needed repair , as repairs would sometimes take more than six months to complete . The design characteristics of the watch emphasized the elements which appealed to Chinese consumers . One of these appealing characteristics was the mechanics of clocks and watches , and so Bovet emphasized the beauty of the movements with its skeletonized views and highly decorative movements , the first watches to emphasize these characteristics in this way . For the same reason the watches were also among the first to include a second @-@ hand . The enamel decorations were usually of European scenes or plant life , which made the watches more appealing to the Chinese consumers , since such images were as exotic to them as the European @-@ made watches themselves .
The original Chinese Bovet watches often fetch more than US $ 300 @,@ 000 for the most decorative models , and more than $ 50 @,@ 000 for the simpler ones . The simplest metal Chinese watches in moderate condition are usually sold for at least $ 500 . Replicas have become increasingly common on the Internet , and while some are the counterfeits produced in China in the 19th century , some more modern counterfeits have also been seen , particularly in markets in Europe and on eBay .
= = = The chronographs = = =
The Bovet branded watches sold by Bovet Freres in the early 1940s ( and possibly as early as the 1930s ) and by Favre @-@ Leuba from 1948 to 1950 contained a number of ebauches , or blank movements manufactured by other companies . Initially the signature , or logo , on the dial of the Bovet Freres watches simply had the name of the company in a typical typeface , but in the early 1940s their watches had their stylized logo without the " Freres " . When Favre @-@ Leuba purchased the company , the stylized logo was replaced with simply " Bovet " in normal type , then with a stylized " Bovet " . In the transition just before the Favre @-@ Leuba watches no longer used the Bovet brand , watches assembled at the Bovet facility bore the name of both Favre @-@ Leuba and Bovet .
The most commonly used ebauches during this period were those manufactured by Ebauches SA ( now ETA , SA ) , namely the Valjoux and Landeron calibres . The 17 jewel Valjoux 84 lever movement with stem wind was the most common Valjoux movement for the Bovet chronographs , but sometimes the 77 calibre was also used . The Landeron movements were more varied , which included the 47 , 48 , 51 , 57 , 59 , 80 , 81 calibres , and for the rare date and moonphase models , the Landeron 186 was used . Most of the Bovet Freres watches contained Valjoux movements , while most of the Favre @-@ Leuba watches contained Landeron movements . It has been said that the Valjoux were the better produced of the ebauches , indeed the best at the time , and that over time the Landeron became more common and cheap in quality , and it is said that the poor quality of the Landeron had a negative impact on the Bovet name . These chronographs were produced in large numbers , and are fairly commonly found on the internet for purchase . This was a commercial divergence in the Bovet identity which is unique in the Bovet history , as it is normally known for refined artistic pieces , and not utility .
= = = The restoration of the Bovet style = = =
When the company began to make watches again in the 1990s it produced a unique style of watch which incorporated various elements of the pocket watch form in its construction , such as at the lugs , and won awards after its introduction in 1997 . Most Bovet watches use this trademark style today . The watches are unique for their high @-@ quality enameling ( such as the Fleurier Miniature Painting models ) , engraving , and a seven @-@ day self @-@ winding tourbillon . Bovet watches are also unique for the company 's tradition of employing women artisans , which is rare for traditional watch making companies in Europe . Some of the limited edition modern Bovet watches can cost more than US $ 1 million , and the purchaser of such a watch is usually flown out to the manufacturing facility in Switzerland by the company to witness the production process and meet the artisans .
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= Naughty Girl ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Naughty Girl " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé from her debut studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . It was written by Robert Waller , Angela Beyincé , Scott Storch and Beyoncé , and produced by the Storch and Beyincé . Musician Aaron Fishbein added the iconic guitar riff and wah wah licks . The song was released by Columbia Records as the fourth and final single from the album to US radios on March 14 , 2004 , and was available as a physical release the next month . An official remix featuring Lil ' Kim was released in the following month , as well . Musically , " Naughty Girl " is an R & B and disco song that interpolates from the Donna Summer 's song , " Love to Love You Baby " ( 1975 ) . Influenced by Arabic music , dancehall and reggae , the song contains lyrics that reference to a celebration of sexual lust and conquest , leading up to a desire for a one @-@ night stand .
" Naughty Girl " was received with positive reviews by music critics , who praised Beyoncé 's assertive vocals and the song 's sensual vibe . However , opinions about how convincingly Beyoncé was able to portray a naughty girl were polarized . The song was nominated in the category Best R & B / Soul Single by a Female Artist at the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards . " Naughty Girl " peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Beyoncé 's fourth consecutive release from the album to reach the top five on that chart . The single reached the top ten in New Zealand , Australia , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . " Naughty Girl " was certified gold by the American and Australian trade associations of record producers . It was also certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand .
The single 's accompanying music video was directed by Jake Nava and was inspired by the dancing of Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in the 1953 musical comedy film , The Band Wagon . In it , Beyoncé flirtatiously and seductively dances with R & B singer Usher to portray a naughty girl . The video received four nominations at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards and eventually won the Best Female Video accolade . The song was included on Beyoncé 's set lists on her tours . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized " Naughty Girl " as one of the most performed songs of 2005 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards . " Naughty Girl " has been covered by singer @-@ songwriter Roesy and band Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine .
= = Background and release = =
After the release of her former group Destiny 's Child 's 2001 album Survivor , Beyoncé began a solo career and recorded her debut solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Beyoncé stated that it is more personal than her previous records because she was writing for herself . She contacted Scott Storch , Robert Waller and her cousin and personal assistant Angela Beyincé ; together , they composed " Naughty Girl " among many other songs . It was planned to be the lead single from the album but " Crazy in Love " was eventually chosen . " Naughty Girl " was subsequently released as the fourth and final single by Columbia Records ; it was serviced for airplay in the United States on March 14 , 2004 under formats that included rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary ones . The single was added to contemporary hit radios playlists on an unknown date .
" Naughty Girl " was first released in the United Kingdom as a maxi single , which contained four tracks as well as a multimedia one , on April 5 , 2004 , and later as a CD single on May 18 , 2004 . In the US , it was later released as a 12 " single and a CD single on April 20 , 2004 . A different CD single was released in Australia on April 23 , 2004 ; it included the album version and two remixes of the song , and Destiny 's Child 's song " I Know " from The Fighting Temptations soundtrack . " Naughty Girl " was also made available as a digital download in the same country on June 1 , 2004 . On April 26 , 2004 , it was released in Germany as a maxi single and different CD singles were additionally made available in its iTunes Store and on Amazon.com. The song was released as a digital EP in several European countries , including Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland , and Sweden in early May 2004 . The same EP was also serviced in Canada and was exclusively released as a CD single in Switzerland on May 31 , 2004 . " Naughty Girl " was released as a download @-@ only single in New Zealand on June 1 , 2004 .
= = Music and lyrics = =
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , " Naughty Girl " is an R & B song based on the A @-@ sharp Phrygian dominant scale . It is written in common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . Beyoncé 's vocal range spans around one and a half octaves in the song , from B ♯ 3 to F5 . Storch and Beyoncé interpolated the refrain of the 1975 song " Love to Love You Baby " , originally performed by Donna Summer and written by Summer , Pete Bellotte and Giorgio Moroder . Musically , " Naughty Girl " is influenced by Middle Eastern and Arabic music , resulting to an uptempo and disco @-@ oriented sound . The song also displays dancehall as well as reggae influences , and is built on squiggling synth grooves weave .
According to Spence D. of IGN Music , Beyoncé 's vocals on the song are layered , making them sound like " a harem of Beyoncé 's warbling for the affections of some sultan of swing . " According to James Poletti of Yahoo ! Music , the female protagonist in the song sings about her " potential to turn on the filth . " Lyrically , the song is a celebration of sexual lust and conquest , culminating in a desire for a one @-@ night stand . This " lustful sexual confidence " is further demonstrated in the lyrics of the first verse : " I 'm feeling sexy / Wa [ nt to ] hear you say my name , boy / If you can reach me , you can feel my burning flame / Feeling kind of N A S T Y / I might just take you home with me " and the chorus lines : " Tonight I 'll be your naughty girl / I 'm callin ' all my girls / We 're gonna turn this party out / I know you want my body . " Throughout the song , Beyoncé sings the lines " I 'd love to love you , baby " almost whispering as stated by Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic .
= = Critical reception = =
= = = Reviews = = =
" Naughty Girl " was critically lauded for its sensual vibe . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that Beyoncé delivers a " convincing impression of Donna Summer " . Los Angeles Times ' Natalie Nichols wrote that " the deliberately Donna Summer @-@ esque ' Naughty Girl ' [ ... ] successfully meld [ Beyoncé ] breathy cooing with hip , interesting production . " Lewis Dene of BBC commented that Beyoncé sings " lustfully and sexually confident " , and Spence D. of IGN stated that she creates " a brief aura of aural hypnotism " , an effect made during the line " I 'm feeling sexy " . He also added that the song was guaranteed to have even " the most staid of folks slithering across the dance floor . " James Poletti of Yahoo ! Music wrote that " Naughty Girl " mingles " Holly Valance Moorish exoticism with a typically tight R & B groove . "
Rob Fitzpatrick of NME characterized Beyoncé 's breathing heavily while grabbing the " imaginary " bedsheets but remained a " devout young Christian woman singing what the public wants her to sing . " Describing " Naughty Girl " as an uptempo party track , Lisa Verrico of The Times commented that the song features " an unusually high @-@ pitched Beyoncé singing lines such as ' The rhythm ’ s got me going crazy ' " . Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly found Beyoncé 's singing " not quite convincingly a naughty girl " . This was echoed by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times who said it was fun to hear Beyoncé mimicking " the pizzicato line " in " Naughty Girl " , and that it was not much fun to hear her try to sing " like a naughty girl " . Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic commented that " Storch does his most convincing imitation of the Neptunes writing their own Kashmir in a Middle Eastern restaurant " .
= = = Recognition and accolades = = =
Bill Lamb writing for About.com ranked the song at number three on his list of the Top 100 Pop Songs 2004 , and at number forty @-@ two on his list of the Top 100 Pop Songs of the 2000s , writing : " Beyonce borrowed a portion of Donna Summer 's naughty classic " Love to Love You Baby " to create this celebration of sensual naughtiness . " On the occasion of Beyoncé 's thirtieth birthday , Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine placed " Naughty Girl " at number 12 on their list of Beyoncé 's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits . The staff members of Pitchfork Media placed it at number ten on their list of The Top 50 Tracks of 2004 praising its minimal production which " absolutely burns " and further describing the song as " delicious and practically perfect " .
In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the song at number eight on their list of Beyoncé 's ten best songs , writing " Every now and then Bey likes to get a little funky , like on this reggae @-@ infused dancehall tune that finds our naughty girl cooing Donna Summer @-@ style ... Sexiest . Disco . Ever . " " Naughty Girl " was nominated in the category Best R & B / Soul Single by a Female Artist at the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards . Beyoncé was awarded the " Songwriter of the Year " — shared with Scott Storch , Robert Walker , Angela Beyincé , and Donna Summer — at the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ' 2005 Pop Music Awards . It also won the " Most Performed Songs " award , along with " Baby Boy " and " Me , Myself and I " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Naughty Girl " did not achieve the chart success of " Crazy in Love " and " Baby Boy " . However , like the latter and " Me , Myself and I " , " Naughty Girl " attained more immediate and commercial success than its predecessors , propelling the album onto the charts and helping it be certified as multi @-@ platinum . " Naughty Girl " debuted at number 68 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issue dated March 27 , 2004 . After eleven weeks on the chart , " Naughty Girl " received the digital gainer title and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 issue dated June 5 , 2004 . It remained at number three for another week and became Beyoncé 's fourth consecutive top @-@ five release from Dangerously in Love and Beyoncé 's fifth consecutive top @-@ five hit . The single performed equally well on most of Billboard component charts , including Rhythmic Top 40 and Top 40 Tracks . It reached number one on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles Sales and the US Hot Dance Music / Club Play charts . The single remained on the chart for twenty @-@ two weeks . " Naughty Girl " single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on October 22 , 2004 .
In Oceania , the single peaked at number six in New Zealand on May 31 , 2004 while it debuted and peaked at number nine in Australia on May 9 , 2004 . After tumbling down some places , it returned to its high point of number nine for four non @-@ consecutive weeks and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling over 35 @,@ 000 units . " Naughty Girl " debuted and peaked at number 10 in the United Kingdom on April 17 , 2004 , making it Beyoncé 's third UK top ten single . It charted for eight consecutive weeks in 2004 . In Europe , the single reached number ten in the Netherlands , and the top twenty in the Belgian territories of Flanders and Wallonia , Denmark , Germany , France , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Naughty Girl " was directed by Jake Nava , who directed Beyoncé 's videos , " Crazy in Love " and " Baby Boy " . The video is inspired by the dancing of Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in the 1953 musical comedy film , The Band Wagon and has a Studio 54 style . Paired with Usher , Beyoncé dances seductively and flirts with him to portray a naughty girl . She felt that they were a " perfect match " for the dancing scenes in the video . According to Usher , the video is a homage to classic " ultimate entertainers " ; including dancers , singers and actors . He further talked about the collaboration on the video , saying , " Beyoncé and me have been talking about doing a record together . She reached out to me and said she had an idea and really wanted me to be the lead in her video ... I was like , ' Well let me hear the idea . ' It sounded like something totally different than what had been on TV . "
The video begins with Beyoncé performing a simple dance routine surrounded by a wall of mirrors and then undressing until she is naked behind a white curtain , revealing only her silhouette . Beyoncé enters the club with a different outfit and hairstyle and some friends . Male patrons seated at the tables look on . She and Usher notice each other . They meet on the dance floor and dance intimately . Beyoncé performs an elaborate dance scene with female backing dancers . She swirls around in a champagne glass filled with bubbles . In the final scene , Beyoncé sits atop a piano and after being lifted down by a gentleman , she dances and poses as confetti falls everywhere .
Joseph Patel of MTV News described Beyoncé 's and Usher 's moves in the video as " graceful " . Gordon Smart of The Sun praised Beyoncé 's figure with her " famous " and " real " curves . He further highlighted the scene where she takes off her dress in the video , saying that it was a " naked ambition " which outstripped Britney Spears . Philadelphia 's Patrick DeMarco described the video as " sexy " . A reviewer from Vibe compared Beyoncé 's " booty dance " in the music video to those by Christina Aguilera in the music video for " Dirrty " ( 2002 ) . On MTV 's Total Request Live , " Naughty Girl " debuted at number ten on March 22 , 2004 and peaked at number one . It retired to TRL 's " Hall of Fame " at number seven and after being on the countdown for fifty days . The video won Best Female Video at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards and was nominated in the categories Best Choreography , Best Dance Video and Best Cinematography . At the 2005 MTV Australia Video Music Awards , the video received two nominations for Best R & B Video and Sexiest Video .
= = Live performances = =
During the Verizon Ladies First Tour which also featured Alicia Keys , Missy Elliott and Tamia , Beyoncé performed " Naughty Girl " as part of the concert 's set list . Before starting to sing , she asked the audience : " Do I have any naughty girls in the house tonight ? Her DJ yelled : " Do the A @-@ Town stomp ! " Beyoncé then walked onto the stage with some female dancers . As she sang , more dancers appeared on smaller , circular platforms while fire shot from the floor and a long , rectangular screen merged video of flames with images of the performers . Beyoncé then performed portions of Vanity 6 's song " Nasty Girl " ( 1982 ) as a small dance break . The song was included on the set list of Beyoncé 's Dangerously in Love World Tour that began in late 2003 . During the tour , she appeared suspended from the ceiling of the arena and was lowered into a red lounger .
The song was included on Beyoncé 's set list on her concert tours The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) and I Am ... Tour ( 2009 @-@ 2010 ) . It was featured on the live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) , and the deluxe edition of I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) which contained performances from the tour . On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan . Before starting to sing , she asked loudly for " all the naughty girls present " at the concert to respond , which they did " with enthusiasm " . While singing , Beyoncé was accompanied by her all @-@ female band and she incorporated Donna Summer 's " Love to Love You Baby " into " Naughty Girl " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times complimented the performance , stating : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas . But she was in constant motion , strutting in costumes " . Shaheem Reid of MTV News also praised the performance , writing : " For all the dancing she did , Beyoncé got an equally big — if not more resounding — response for displaying her undeniable vocal ability " . Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : " The largely uptempo show featured some surprising arrangements that gave the material freshness , such [ ... ] an injection of ' Love to Love You Baby ' into ' Naughty Girl ' . "
In Los Angeles , Beyoncé gave a full @-@ length performance of the song , dressed in a green belly dancing costume . She performed with several female backup dancers and live instrumentation . When Beyoncé performed the song in Sunrise , Florida on June 29 , 2009 , she was wearing a glittery gold leotard . As she sang , animated graphics of turntables , faders and other club equipment were projected behind the dancers and musicians . Beyoncé was accompanied by two drummers , two keyboardists , a percussionist , a horn section , three imposing backup vocalists called the Mamas and a lead guitarist , Bibi McGill . Beyoncé performed the song at the Wynn Theatre in Las Vegas , Nevada on August 2 , 2009 as part of her show revue I Am ... Yours . The performance was recorded and distributed in a DVD / CD package titled I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas .
Beyoncé performed " Naughty Girl " live at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 . In May , 2012 , Beyoncé performed " Naughty Girl " during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . Before the performance of the song , one of the in @-@ between films was shown , where of Beyoncé said , " Harnessing the power of your body requires responsibility " . Then , she appeared dressed in a feathered headdress . During the performance of the song , Beyoncé performed it as a tribute to Donna Summer , singing her song " Love to Love You Baby " . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice wrote that " the sinuous ' Naughty Girl ' had its source material laid bare at the outset when a sample of the groans and coos from ' Love To Love You Baby ' was laid over it " . According to Spin 's Caryn Ganz , she was " breaking out fluffy feathered fans " during the performance of the song .
= = Cover versions and usage in media = =
" Naughty Girl " has been covered by several artists . Irish singer @-@ songwriter Roesy produced a version of the song which appeared on the 2004 charity album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol . 2 . Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song on their 2006 album Silent Nightclub .
In January 2011 , " Naughty Girl " was used in a commercial for L ’ Oreal Paris Féria hair color in which Beyoncé bleached her hair blonde . Beyoncé wears body @-@ conforming outfits and whips her hair back and forth as she shows off " her luscious locks . " " Naughty Girl " was also used in the trailer for the 2004 Paramount Pictures film " Mean Girls " .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Chart precession and succession = = =
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= Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express =
Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express is a 2006 point @-@ and @-@ click third @-@ person adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows . The game is the second installment in The Adventure Company 's Agatha Christie series . The setting is five years before the events in Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None , with a largely unrelated storyline . The plot follows an amateur sleuth , Antoinette Marceau , and her investigation of a murder with twelve possible suspects aboard the Orient Express , which has been blocked by an avalanche in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during 1934 . She is aided by famous detective Hercule Poirot .
Murder on the Orient Express retains the main plot elements of Agatha Christie 's novel of the same name . An additional ending is presented in the game which differs from the conclusion of Christie 's novel . As with And Then There Were None , Christie 's novel has been bundled with the game . Some reviewers of Murder on the Orient Express criticized the game because of the repetitive nature of tasks the player must complete , and also complained about the inefficient and cumbersome inventory system . Others have praised it for improved graphics compared to And Then There Were None , as well as convincing voice acting and audio effects . Murder on the Orient Express is followed by Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun , the third installment in the Agatha Christie series .
Murder on the Orient Express is the first game in the Agatha Christie series to feature Hercule Poirot , Christie 's most popular and famous detective . David Suchet , whose portrayal of Poirot achieved fame through the popular television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot , was hired to provide Poirot 's voice . His performance was generally met with praise . Some have criticized the game for not allowing the player to actually control Poirot ; the developers explained this choice by saying that adventure gamers who make mistakes throughout the game do not reflect the genius of Poirot , but are better represented by amateur sleuth Antoinette Marceau .
= = Gameplay = =
A player can navigate and interact with the game 's environment , mainly carriages on the Orient Express , through use of a context @-@ sensitive cursor . The cursor changes when it is placed over an item with which the player can interact , and can be used to talk to other characters , listen to other characters ' conversations , look around the environment , and move . The player can walk to a location with a single click , and run to a location with a double @-@ click . Double @-@ clicking on the edge of the screen instantly takes the player to the next screen . There is a map of the train in the game 's interface at the top of the screen , and once each carriage has been unlocked , the player can click on any part of the map and instantly be transported to that location , saving the player from having to travel through the train screen by screen . Another accessible feature is an objectives menu interface which states the general tasks the player should be attempting to complete . This menu is designed to guide players in the right direction without giving any explicit hints .
Murder on the Orient Express , as with its predecessor , features an inventory system . There are several components of the inventory , including a fingerprint examination screen , a scrapbook , and a passport screen for managing and viewing the passengers ' passports . There are a total of eighty slots for carrying items in the inventory , spread across five separate screens . Items cannot be discarded from the inventory once they have been acquired . The player can access the inventory by clicking on an icon on the game 's interface , or can simply right @-@ click . After items are used , a right @-@ click returns them to the inventory , and the exact slot they were originally placed in . Each item is labelled , and the player can inspect each inventory item in more detail by dragging it over a magnifying glass icon , and can also listen for a soft hissing sound which indicates that there is something relevant for the player to note about a certain item . In a divergence from other games in its genre , Murder on the Orient Express does not allow the player to combine items in the main inventory screen . There is a separate interface for item combinations , and the player must drag items into this screen if they wish to try to combine them .
A large portion of gameplay in Murder on the Orient Express has the player questioning characters and listening to lengthy periods of dialogue in order to acquire clues which may lead to the murderer . Other tasks the player must complete include collecting passports and other paraphernalia left by the passengers in an effort to acquire clues to lead to the solution of the murder , and retrieving certain objects for various characters . Combining items in the inventory forms a major part of the puzzles in the game . There are no puzzles with time limits in the game , although some puzzles require correct timing . There are also several single screen puzzles , such as a safe @-@ cracking puzzle .
A unique feature of Murder on the Orient Express is Poirot , who serves as a hint system for the duration of the game . The player can access Poirot at any time during the game , and can receive hints to help them proceed . The game has two difficulty levels , and the player can determine which one they prefer to play at soon after the murder occurs . Poirot challenges the player , allowing them to choose to either readily accept help from him and allow him to guide the player through the game , or alternatively try to outsmart the famous sleuth by solving the mystery with obscure , and in some cases nonexistent hints . If the player has trouble once they have chosen the more difficult setting , Poirot will gradually become more forthcoming with information .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Murder on the Orient Express is set in Europe in 1934 . The game is initially set in Istanbul , while the remaining majority occurs within the carriages of the Orient Express , when it is blocked by an avalanche in Yugoslavia . However , the player has some opportunities to venture outside the train into the snowy exterior environment .
The setting helped make the book more intense and made the audience knew that it would be harder to escape .
The sole player character is Antoinette Marceau , an employee of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons @-@ Lits . She is aided throughout her investigation by famous detective Hercule Poirot , as well as his friend Dr. Constantine . 10 of the 13 murder suspects from Christie 's novel are included in the game adaption . These are Count and Countess Andrenyi , Colonel Arbuthnot , Mary Debenham , Princess Dragomiroff , Greta Ohlsson , Antonio Foscarelli , Cyrus Hardman , Caroline Hubbard , Hector McQueen , and several staff on the Orient Express . The victim is Samuel Ratchett . In total , there are over twenty characters featured in the game .
= = = Plot = = =
Murder on the Orient Express begins with the Armstrong kidnapping redated and relocated in New Paltz , New York City , during 1924 , in which police officers surround an unidentified house . After a brief gun battle , two men walk out of the house and surrender .
The scene changes to the Turkish city of Istanbul ten years later . The game 's protagonist , a devoted junior clerk at the Istanbul offices of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagon @-@ Lits , Antoinette Marceau , receives instructions from her employer Marcel Bouc , the Director of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagon @-@ Lits , to attend to the wishes of his good friend Hercule Poirot . He tasks Marceau with ensuring that Poirot 's journey on the Orient Express is favourable . Marceau begins her adventure in Sirkeci Terminal , Istanbul , where she becomes acquainted with Poirot , whom she admires , as well as the other characters who later accompany her aboard the Orient Express .
Soon after the train departs Istanbul , its passage is blocked by an avalanche , stopping it . The sudden stop causes Poirot to fall out of his bunk and sprain his ankle , rendering him bed @-@ ridden . Soon after , Ratchett is found murdered , with twelve possible suspects to the murder , and the investigation begins . Marceau is challenged by Poirot to find the solution to the murder and do the " legwork " by gathering clues .
Marceau splits her time between seeing to the duties of the train ( such as helping to fix the heat in the engine ) , interviewing passengers about the murder , and examining the train and surrounding area for clues . She travels to several additional locations that Poirot does not travel to in the book , such as the engine , the baggage car , and an old shack outside of the snowed in train . Additionally , a sabotaged ham radio is in one of the compartments which , when repaired , allows Antoinette to contact Poirot 's nephew and ask him to research the passengers .
SImilar to the novel , Ratchett is revealed to be Cassetti , the criminal mastermind behind the Daisy Armstrong kidnapping . Each of the passengers on the train as well as the conductor are connected in some way to the Armstrong family , each with a motive for murder . Additionally , each person had an alibi corroborated by other passengers .
When Marceau believes she has solved the murder , Poirot gathers the passengers and poses a series of questions to Marceau about the clues found . He goes on to reveal three possible solutions to Ratchett 's death . The first two are identical to the novel . Poirot suggests that an assassin may have come aboard the train during the night , killed Cassetti , and then escaped the train , which is supported by evidence such as a bloodied stiletto with fingerprints that do not match anyone on the train . The second solution pieces together a number of clues showing that all of the trains ' passengers and the conductor , Pierre Michel , are responsible for the murder , to which they confess .
Unique to this adaptation of the story , Marceau finds additional clues such as a crate full of living accommodations in the security vault of the baggage compartment and a picture of Michel 's family , despite the fact that Poirot 's nephew radios that the man has none . After explaining the second solution , Poirot reveals that Michel is not who he appears , but is in fact Robert Perkinson , Cassetti 's criminal partner . Perkinson confirms this to the shock of the other passengers and reveals that Cassetti kept Daisy Armstrong at his house , but Cassetti gunned down Perkinson 's daughter , Teresa , whom he mistook for Daisy .
Perkinson reveals that he previously met Pierre Michel on a train and that Michel had told him of the plan to murder Cassetti , but he was too afraid to do it . Since the others had not seen Michel in person , Perkinson volunteered to impersonate Michel and stab Cassetti on his behalf so that he could get revenge for Teresa 's death . He then reveals that a now 13 @-@ year @-@ old Daisy Armstrong , whom he had been raising as his own daughter , is alive and has been hidden in the baggage compartment of the train during the journey . Daisy then comes out to meet the people who thought she was dead . Poirot , Dr. Constantine , and Marceau decide to tell the police officials the first solution – that an unknown assassin came aboard the train , killed Rachett , and left . The passengers are overjoyed that Daisy is alive and Poirot concludes that it is " a most satisfying ending . "
= = Development = =
Murder on the Orient Express was announced on May 2 , 2006 , as the second installment in The Adventure Company 's Agatha Christie series . As with the game 's predecessor , And Then There Were None , Murder on the Orient Express was developed by AWE Productions , in collaboration with producer The Adventure Company . The production team remained largely the same , with Lee Sheldon reprising his role as Lead Designer , and Scott Nixon from AWE Productions reprising his position as Managing Director .
The Adventure Company and Chorion , the owners of the rights to Christie 's works , chose Agatha Christie 's novel Murder on the Orient Express , widely considered the author 's magnum opus , as the basis for the next game in the Agatha Christie series . AWE Productions had little influence in the choice , other than being asked for an opinion . Lee Sheldon created a concept document for the new game and sent it to Chorion , who sent it back with some suggestions . Sheldon agreed to some of these , but refused others . Chorion was generally more comfortable with the development team for their second outing . They did not have to scrutinize every aspect of the game as with And Then There Were None , and generally had fewer complaints with Murder on the Orient Express , as opposed to its predecessor .
Mike Adams , the Producer of Murder on the Orient Express , was extremely determined to have David Suchet as the voice actor for Poirot , a major character in the game . Scott Nixon thought that Suchet had become so intertwined with the character of Poirot , after his success with the television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot , that it would be hard to imagine someone else doing Poirot 's voice without constantly being compared to Suchet . Nixon described the situation as a catch @-@ 22 , saying that he " worried about someone coming in and doing a Suchet impression instead of a unique rendition of Poirot , yet the more the voice strays from Suchet 's version , the more people will wish it was Suchet doing it ! " Another reason for the development team 's determination to have Suchet aboard was that they thought he would spur the other voice actors in the game , such as Vanessa Marshall who portrayed Antoinette Marceau , to step up and compete with Suchet 's skillful portrayal of Poirot . Fairly late in the game 's development , Suchet agreed to do the voice acting . He admitted that one reason for his acceptance of the offer was that he felt possessive of the role of Poirot , considering he had been portraying the character for so long . Mike Adams expressed pride at having succeeded in convincing Suchet to do voice acting for Murder on the Orient Express , and said that his skillful voice acting would bring " tremendous excitement and authenticity " to the game .
As with And Then There Were None , Lead Designer Lee Sheldon introduced a new character to the plot of Murder on the Orient Express , who was not present in Christie 's novel , in order to fulfill the role of a player character and protagonist . The character , Antoinette Marceau , is described by Sheldon as an amalgam of two characters from the novel . These were Poirot 's friend who ran the Orient Express , Marcel Bouc , and a young soldier who is present in both the novel and the film version of the story , who shepherds Poirot to Istanbul . Sheldon stated that he did not want to create entirely new protagonists for the Christie games , but rather preferred to draw from sources in Christie 's novels to piece together the games ' protagonists . Sheldon also addressed concerns from several early previews of the game , which asked why the player could not actually play as Poirot . He explained the choice of Marceau as the protagonist , saying " the reason for choosing Marceau over Poirot as the protagonist is that most of the fun of Poirot is seeing what he is up to , watching how he acts and solves things . I 've always thought the more interesting character was the ' Watson ' character rather than the Sherlock Holmes character . "
To make Poirot an even more integral part of Murder on the Orient Express , Sheldon made him into an elaborate hint system . After players complained about a sense of aimlessness in And Then There Were None , which arose whilst they tried to find a trigger to begin the next section of gameplay , Sheldon made Poirot an " oracle of sorts , " who can provide help whenever the player is stuck or unsure of what to do next .
The development team decided that , as with And Then There Were None , they would change Christie 's original ending for Murder on the Orient Express . The aim of the developers was to create games that would not only appeal to casual gamers , but also to Christie fans . As nearly all Christie fans have read Murder on the Orient Express , and know the solution , and considering that the novel was to be included with the game , the developers decided that the ending needed to be changed . The novel has two solutions – one being what appears to be happening and the other being what is actually occurring – and the developers aimed to develop a third solution which drew on these two solutions and still surprised the player . Lee Sheldon admitted that his variation to the ending of And Then There Were None received some criticism , and said that in Murder on the Orient Express changing the ending was even harder because of the sheer fame of the book and its solution . He also expressed his hatred of adaptations of older material which make fun of that time period , and said that he was trying to stay as faithful to Christie 's work and time era as possible .
A major difference between And Then There Were None and Murder on the Orient Express that Sheldon pointed out was that in the former , the premise of the novel was that no one solved the murder . This forced Sheldon to desperately try to find a way to integrate clues into the story so that the player could actually discover the murderer , although the game remained quite uninteractive . In Murder on the Orient Express , the actual novel follows an investigation , so Sheldon could more easily integrate clues to lead to all three possible solutions . Sheldon also excised unnecessary puzzles from Murder on the Orient Express , as they were an unpopular feature of its predecessor .
Several graphical improvements were made to Murder on the Orient Express over And Then There Were None . These were mostly dedicated to character design and animation , which were extremely poorly received features of the first Christie game . The development team introduced animation layers , allowing them to control parts of character models independently . This allowed the developers to use the same animations whether the character was sitting , standing or lying down , and also gave them more head and upper body control . In And Then There Were None , characters had to rotate their entire bodies to talk to one another , whereas in Murder on the Orient Express , characters can simply turn their heads . The game has no physics features , but screen resolution has been increased , more detailed backgrounds have been made , and characters models contain more polygons .
Research was a major component of the developmental stages of Murder on the Orient Express . Most of the research was focused on Yugoslavia in 1934 , the game 's setting . Sheldon focused on the political and scientific situation of this era , and explained his intensive research , saying " all of the puzzles have to be contextual . They all have to either help character , help story or define period . " The developers also drew influence from a train museum outside Miami with an original Pullman carriage - the same as the carriages used on the Orient Express in the 1930s . The museum also contained a locomotive similar to the one the developers were looking for . The developers ended up using the train museum , several books about the Orient Express , the 1974 film version of Christie 's novel , and the internet as research resources . With Murder on the Orient Express being the first Poirot game produced , Sheldon was careful that the game fitted into Christie 's timeline of Poirot 's exploits . The television series often took liberties with the time in which stories were set , but Sheldon was determined to keep everything in strict accordance with Christie 's work . There are several references in the game to Poirot 's earlier cases , all of which are chronologically accurate . This was partly so that Sheldon could use the culture of specific eras of time , and also so that in the future other Poirot @-@ based games will be chronologically accurate .
The official site for Murder on the Orient Express was unveiled on September 21 , 2006 , and contains screenshots , character biographies and photos , environment artwork , trailers , demos , music , wallpaper and contests . Murder on the Orient Express was shipped to stores on November 14 , 2006 in North America . The Adventure Company held a launch party for the gaming press on November 16 , two days after the game was shipped . Among the guests were the development team of Murder on the Orient Express , and actors portraying the game 's various characters . The demo for Murder on the Orient Express was released on December 20 , 2006 , and contained a small portion of the game which has the player exploring the train .
= = Reception = =
Since its release , Murder on the Orient Express has received widely differing reviews . GameRankings gave it a score of 65 @.@ 22 % , while Metacritic gave it 60 out of 100 .
An aspect of gameplay in Murder on the Orient Express which received largely negative reactions was the repetitive nature of many tasks the player must complete . 2404 accused the game of reducing Christie 's novel , and the game , into a series of repetitive and secretarial tasks , such as collecting fingerprints , passports , and other random items . The site further went on to say that the player is made to feel " like a secretary for Poirot . " Game Over Online agreed with this view , saying that much of the game consisted of " goofy little errands " such as completing tasks for characters and mindlessly searching for objects . Eurogamer provides an example of this , by saying that at one point in the game the player is required to go through each cabin checking the shoe sizes of the various passengers ' shoes to check if one matches shoe prints outside the train . The inventory system featured in Murder on the Orient Express has also received significant criticism . IGN complained that instead of being able to find item combinations through trial and error in the main screen , the player is forced to drag items to a separate screen , leading to tedious gameplay . Some reviewers , in contrast , praised the inventory system , with Quandary calling it intuitive , and easy for players to organize . The puzzles in Murder on the Orient Express received positive responses from some reviewers . GameSpot commented favourably on the relatively small number of puzzles in the game , saying that they are integrated fairly well within the plot , and are not excessively difficult . The review went on to say that later puzzles in the game often rely more heavily on inventory combinations , but are still reasonably satisfying to solve . Game Over Online , in comparison , accused the game of giving the player too little information to solve puzzles , and also called the puzzles convoluted . The choice of the developers of Murder on the Orient Express to use Antoinette Marceau , rather than Poirot , as the protagonist and player character was criticized by some . 2404 disapproved of the choice , accusing the developers of not fully utilizing the talent of David Suchet , arguably the most famous and successful portrayer of Poirot . The reviewer even went so far as to tell AWE Productions to " make use of talent like David Suchet when you 've got it . " Like its predecessor , Murder on the Orient Express was criticized for diverging from Christie 's original ending . Adventure Gamers called the new ending " a little too contrived for the game 's good . " 2404 also disapproved of the ending , commenting that it goes off in too much of a Hollywood direction , and that the original ending is much better and a far more satisfying conclusion .
Murder on the Orient Express received some praise for graphical improvements over its predecessor . Among the aspects of the game which received positive reactions were the game 's environments . Just Adventure called the game environments " head and shoulders above And Then There Were None , " describing the train 's carriages on the Orient Express as oozing with elegance , and a faithful and accurate recreation of the 1930s . The site criticized the game for suffering graphically in later stages , but praised it overall for improving on the graphics of And Then There Were None . Game Chronicles was less enthusiastic , calling the graphics above average , but standard fare for a current adventure game . Character models were another aspect of Murder on the Orient Express which received positive attention . Quandary described the character modelling as much improved from And Then There Were None , and while still a tinge woody , " all the characters feel as if they just stepped out of the book . " Adventure Gamers called the characters " some of the best seen in recent adventure games , " saying that each character has a unique design and costume perfect for the game 's setting . The reviewer also pointed out several small touches added to the characters , such as the main character shivering when she is outside the train in the cold weather , and also brushing lint off her clothing while waiting for the player to decide what to do next . Adventure Gamers also complimented AWE Productions for lighting effects in the game , and for creating a " very soft glow to the scenes , which give a much more lifelike look to the characters . " IGN agreed that the interior of the Orient Express is quite sharp , but complained that character models lack detail and are animated awkwardly . Another complaint from IGN was that the compression used for cutscenes causes the animations to look " washed out and blocky , " and that this problem continues as the cutscenes are noticeably pixelated throughout Murder on the Orient Express .
An aspect of Murder on the Orient Express which many reviewers praised was the game 's audio . The voice acting in particular gained widespread positive reviews . GameSpot called the voice acting excellent , with the voice actors bringing the characters to life , thanks largely to David Suchet as Poirot . IGN also called the voice acting well done , despite a few characters sounding artificial . Music in the game was positively reviewed by 2404 , who said that it was tense at moments , but probably could have been played more frequently throughout the game . 2404 also praised the game for providing realistic sound effects , such as noises coming from the Orient Express itself , and other environmental noises such as howling wind . IGN , in contrast , heavily criticized the game for a lack of background music , and simplistic and monotonous sound effects .
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= Samir Nasri =
Samir Nasri ( born 26 June 1987 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for English club Manchester City . He primarily plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger , although he has also been deployed in central midfield .
Nasri is known for his dribbling , ball control and passing ability . Of Algerian heritage , he is described as a player whose " vision and imagination make him an unpredictable opponent " . His playing style , ability , and cultural background have drawn comparisons to French legend Zinedine Zidane .
Nasri began his football career playing for local youth clubs in his hometown of Marseille . At the age of nine , he joined professional club Olympique de Marseille and spent the next seven years developing in the club 's youth academy at La Commanderie , the club 's training center . In the 2004 – 05 season , Nasri made his professional debut in September 2004 at the age of 17 against Sochaux . In the following season , he became a regular starter in the team and also participated in European competition for the first time after playing in the 2005 – 06 edition of the UEFA Cup . In the 2006 – 07 campaign , Nasri won the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Young Player of the Year award and was also named to the Team of the Year . He finished his career with Marseille amassing over 160 appearances . He played in the teams that reached back @-@ to @-@ back Coupe de France finals in 2006 and 2007 .
In June 2008 , Nasri joined Premier League club Arsenal , agreeing to a four @-@ year contract . He reached prominence with the team in his third season winning the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Fans ' Player of the Month award on three occasions and being named to the association 's Team of the Year . In December 2010 , he was named the French Player of the Year for his performances during the calendar year . In August 2011 , after three seasons with Arsenal , Nasri joined Manchester City on a four @-@ year contract . In his first season with the club , he won his first major honour as a player as the club won the 2011 – 12 edition of the Premier League .
Nasri is a former French youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible . Prior to playing for the senior team , he played on the under @-@ 17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship . Nasri made his senior international debut in March 2007 in a friendly match against Austria . Two months later , he scored his first senior international goal in a 1 – 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying win over Georgia . Nasri has represented France at two major international tournaments : UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2012 .
= = Personal life = =
Samir Nasri ( Arabic : سمير نصري ) was born in Septèmes @-@ les @-@ Vallons , a northern suburb of Marseille , to French nationals of Algerian descent . His mother , Ouassila Ben Saïd , and father , Abdelhafid Nasri , were both born in France ; his father being born and raised in Marseille , while his mother being from nearby Salon @-@ de @-@ Provence . Nasri 's grandparents emigrated to France from Algeria . His mother is a housewife and his father previously worked as a bus driver before becoming his son 's personal manager . At the start of his football career , Nasri initially played under his mother 's surname , Ben Saïd , before switching to Nasri , his father 's surname , following his selection to the France under @-@ 16 team . He is the eldest of four children and is a non @-@ practising Muslim . Nasri has a younger sister named Sonia and twin brothers named Walid and Malik . All four were raised in La Gavotte Peyret . After joining Arsenal in England , Nasri settled in Hampstead , a district of North London .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
While growing up in La Gavotte Peyret , Nasri grew an attraction to the sport of football at a young age . He regularly played the sport on the streets where he learned many of his skills . Upon noticing his prodigious talent , his parents signed him up to play with the local club in his hometown . Nasri spent one year playing with the club in La Gavotte Peyret before moving to Pennes Mirabeau in nearby Mirabeau at the age of seven . While playing with Pennes , Nasri was discovered by Marseille scout Freddy Assolen who had been informed of the player 's talent through local word of mouth . After noticing Nasri 's skill in person , Assolen recruited the player to travel with a group of other young players to Italy to participate in a youth tournament where they would play against the youth academies of Milan and Juventus . Nasri impressed at the tournament and Assolen was jokingly told by a Milan scout that " he ( Nasri ) stays here , you leave him . " After returning to France , Marseille officials organized a meeting with the player 's father and the group agreed to allow Nasri insertion into the club 's academy at the age of nine .
= = = Marseille = = =
Upon entering the Marseille youth academy , Nasri quickly impressed . Upon moving to Bastide , where the club 's youth players reside , his style of play began to take shape . In 2007 , Nasri admitted that the move to Bastide really helped his game stating , " That ’ s where I really started to progress . Training was different and the facilities are beautiful , all of which helps you work well . " As a result of his quick progression , Nasri was an integral part of every youth team he was a part of winning several trophies , such as the Championnat de Provence , Coupe de Provence , and the Ligue de la Méditerranée . After spending most of the 2003 – 04 season playing with the club 's under @-@ 18 team , for the latter part of the season , the now 16 @-@ year @-@ old Nasri was promoted to the club 's reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth division of French football . He appeared primarily as a substitute in a few matches during the campaign as the reserve team failed to rebound from its bad start to the season , which resulted in a 16th @-@ place finish and relegation to the Championnat de France amateur 2 .
= = = = Debut season = = = =
Ahead of the 2004 – 05 season , several clubs were reported to be interested in signing Nasri , most notably English clubs Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Newcastle United . In an effort to decrease the speculation , Nasri was offered a three @-@ year professional contract by Marseille officials led by president Pape Diouf and manager José Anigo . On 13 August 2004 , Nasri agreed to the contract . Marseille officials had been eager to sign Nasri to a contract in an attempt to not undergo a situation similar to the departure of Mathieu Flamini , in which the player departed the club without Marseille receiving any compensation . As a result of his professional contract , Nasri was promoted to the senior team by Anigo and assigned the number 22 shirt . He began the season playing on the club 's reserve team and appeared in four matches before earning a call up to the senior team in September 2004 . Nasri made his professional debut on 12 September in a 2 – 0 league defeat to Sochaux appearing as a substitute for Bruno Cheyrou . On 17 October , he made his first professional start playing the entire match in a 1 – 1 draw with Saint @-@ Étienne . Nasri featured heavily within the team under Anigo and later Philippe Troussier . In the team 's first match following the winter break , he scored his first professional goal in a 2 – 1 away victory over Lille . Nasri finished his rookie campaign with 25 total appearances , one goal , and two assists .
= = = = 2005 – 06 season = = = =
The 2005 – 06 season saw Marseille boosted by the arrival of attackers Franck Ribéry and Djibril Cissé ; the latter arriving after having a successful loan stint with the club the previous season . Nasri , who was now given a more prominent role within the team by new manager Jean Fernandez , formed impressive partnerships with the two along with lead striker Mamadou Niang . He appeared in 49 total matches , which included appearances in both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Nasri made his European debut on 16 July 2005 in the first round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup against Swiss club BSC Young Boys . Marseille won the first leg 3 – 2 . In the second leg , Nasri scored his first European goal in a 2 – 1 win . Marseille ultimately won the competition after beating Spanish outfit Deportivo de La Coruña 5 – 3 on aggregate . In the league , Nasri appeared in 30 matches , 25 as a starter . He scored his only league goal of the season on 29 April 2007 in a 4 – 2 win over Sochaux . In the Coupe de France , Nasri appeared in five matches as Marseille reached the final of the competition where the club faced Le Classique rivals Paris Saint @-@ Germain . Nasri appeared as a substitute in the match as Marseille were defeated 2 – 1 . Following the season , Nasri signed a two @-@ year contract extension with the club until 2009 .
= = = = 2006 – 07 season = = = =
Nasri began the 2006 – 07 season playing under Albert Emon , his fourth different manager in three years . Despite this , Marseille 's now heightened popularity saw increased speculation from writers and supporters that the club would finally win its first league title since the 1991 – 92 season . Nasri began the season on a quick note scoring the second goal in the team 's 3 – 1 win over Paris Saint @-@ Germain in September 2006 . On 29 April 2007 , Nasri scored a goal in Marseille 's 4 – 2 hammering of Sochaux . Marseille were due to face the same club in the 2007 Coupe de France Final just days later and were , subsequently , heavy favorites as a result of the team 's two @-@ goal victory in the previous match . However , Sochaux recorded an upset victory defeating Marseille 5 – 4 on penalties after the match ended 2 – 2 following extra time . On the final match day of the season , Nasri converted the only goal in a 1 – 0 win over Sedan . The victory secured 2nd place for Marseille and was the club 's best finish since finishing runner @-@ up to Bordeaux in the 1998 – 99 season . Nasri finished the season with a career @-@ high 50 appearances , 37 of them in the league . For his efforts , he was awarded the UNFP Young Player of the Year award and named to the Team of the Year . Nasri was also voted the Club Player of the Year by supporters , receiving 62 % of the votes ahead of the likes of Ribéry and Niang .
= = = = 2007 – 08 season = = = =
Similar to his previous three years at Marseille , Nasri began the new season under new management as the club was now being led by the Belgian Eric Gerets . Due to the departure of Ribéry to Bayern Munich , Gerets installed Nasri as the focal point of the attack and he responding by having his best season at the club . He appeared in 42 total matches scoring a career @-@ high six goals and also assisting on a career @-@ high 15 goals . Nasri formed partnerships in the midfield with winger Mathieu Valbuena and midfielders Lorik Cana and Benoît Cheyrou as Marseille boasted the third @-@ best attack in the league behind champions Lyon and Bordeaux , who finished first and second in the league , respectively . Nasri , initially , struggled during the infancy of the campaign due to dealing with the effects of a severely sprained ankle suffered in the pre @-@ season . He failed to score a goal or provide an assist in the team 's first eight league matches . On 24 November 2007 , he assisted on two goals in a 2 – 0 victory over Metz . Nasri closed out the fall season by assisting on the equalizing goal in a 2 – 2 draw with Bordeaux and making the final pass on the game @-@ winning goal against Le Mans .
Following the winter break , Nasri 's goal @-@ scoring began to take form . In late January , he scored goals in back @-@ to @-@ back matches against Nancy and Caen . In European competition , Nasri participated in the UEFA Champions League for the first time in his career , however he failed to make an impact in the four group stage matches he appeared in . He missed the club 's upset victory over Liverpool at Anfield due to dealing with a bout of meningitis . Marseille ultimately finished the group in third place , which resulted in the team qualifying for the Round of 32 of the UEFA Cup . The club was defeated in the Round of 16 by Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg despite being up 3 – 1 heading into the second leg . Of those three goals Marseille scored in the first leg , Nasri assisted on two of them . On 16 March 2008 , Nasri scored a goal in a 3 – 3 draw with Lens . A month later , he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory over Metz . In his final match with Marseille against Strasbourg , Nasri scored a goal and assisted on another in a 4 – 3 victory . Marseille finished the league campaign in third place , which resulted in the club qualifying for the Champions League for the second consecutive season . On 8 May 2008 , with all the transfer speculation surrounding the player , Nasri surprised many by signing a three @-@ year contract extension with the club until 2012 .
= = = Arsenal = = =
= = = = 2008 – 09 season = = = =
A week later , despite signing a contract extension with Marseille , Nasri was linked with a move to Premier League club Arsenal . Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger had been tracking Nasri since watching him play at the 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship . It was later revealed that the contract extension Nasri signed with Marseille was simply protocol to allow Marseille to get a higher transfer fee for the player . The Bouches @-@ du @-@ Rhône @-@ based club was seeking £ 14 million for the young midfielder . Ahead of UEFA Euro 2008 , both Nasri 's agent and Wenger admitted that offers were made for the player and that a move to the English club was imminent . The deal was ultimately concluded following the competition on 11 July 2008 with Nasri agreeing to a four @-@ year contract . The transfer fee was undisclosed , but has been purported to be in the region of £ 12 million . Upon arriving to the club , Nasri admitted that Wenger was one of the primary reasons for him joining the club , stating , " The fact that Arsène Wenger gives great opportunities to young players is very important for me . Arsène has a great reputation and he is one of the best managers in the world . "
Nasri was given the number 8 shirt and made his club debut on 30 July 2008 in a friendly match against German club VfB Stuttgart in a 3 – 1 win . He made his Premier League debut in the team 's first game of the season on 16 August 2008 against West Bromwich Albion . In the match , Nasri scored his first league goal scoring with a close range effort , after four minutes in a 1 – 0 victory . As a result of his debut goal , he became the 83rd player in Premier League history to score on his league debut and the 22nd Arsenal player . On 27 August , Nasri scored his second goal for the club in the team 's 2008 – 09 UEFA Champions League third round qualifying second leg tie against Dutch club Twente . Arsenal won the match 4 – 0 and the tie 6 – 0 on aggregate . On 8 November , Nasri scored both of Arsenal 's goals in a 2 – 1 win over Manchester United .
On 21 December , Nasri assisted on the opening goal scored by Robin van Persie in the team 's 1 – 1 draw with Liverpool . Nasri returned to his scoring form in the new year . On 17 January 2009 , he scored the second goal in the club 's 3 – 1 win over Hull City at the KC Stadium . It took Nasri another two months to score another goal , which came in Arsenal 's 3 – 1 away win against Newcastle United . He finished his first campaign at Arsenal appearing in 44 matches , scoring seven goals , and providing five assists .
= = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = =
On 21 July 2009 , while participating in a training match during pre @-@ season with Arsenal in Bad Waltersdorf , Nasri suffered a broken leg . The injury required two to three months of rest and , as a result , Nasri missed the opening of the 2009 – 10 Premier League season . He made his debut late in the campaign on 25 October 2009 in a Football League Cup tie against Liverpool . Nasri played the entire match in a 2 – 1 win . On 4 November , he scored his first goal of the season in the team 's Champions League group stage match against Dutch outfit AZ . Three weeks later , Nasri converted another Champions League goal , this time against Belgium club Standard Liège in a 2 – 0 win . He featured heavily with the team during the winter months and he ended the 2009 calendar year by scoring a goal and providing an assist 4 – 1 win over Portsmouth away at Fratton Park .
After going nearly two months without scoring a goal , Nasri marked his goal @-@ scoring return in emphatic fashion in the team 's 5 – 0 second leg victory over Portuguese club Porto in the Round of 16 of the Champions League knockout stage . The goal , described by English newspaper The Guardian columnist David Lacey as " reminiscent of a lost art in British football , " showcased Nasri 's dribbling , as well as his individuality . Upon receiving the ball on the right wing from midfielder Abou Diaby , Nasri dribbled through and past three Porto players in a small area of space before bringing the ball past wingback Álvaro Pereira and driving it across the goalkeeper , sending the ball in off the far post . Nasri goal was subsequently compared by the English media to similar goals that occurred in the country . Three weeks later , after appearing as a substitute in the second half , Nasri scored the opening goal against Birmingham City . Birmingham later equalized through a late goal from Kevin Phillips . The draw ended a string of seven consecutive league victories for Arsenal and Wenger admitted that the draw " was a big blow for our chances [ of winning the league ] . " In the team 's final seven league matches , Nasri assisted on goals in a 3 – 2 loss to Wigan and a 4 – 0 home win over Fulham . Arsenal ultimately finished the campaign in third place . Nasri concluded his second season at Arsenal appearing 34 games scoring five goals and issuing the same amount of assists .
= = = = Breakthrough season = = = =
Ahead of the 2010 – 11 season , Nasri admitted that he was determined to re @-@ capture his form that resulted in Arsenal signing him two years prior . He also admitted that he did not take missing out on the 2010 FIFA World Cup well , stating , " When I discovered that I wasn 't part of the squad for the World Cup , I got a big slap in the face . " However , after speaking to Wenger , who informed him that he should use the non @-@ callup as motivation , he was reassured . Nasri started the campaign well . He was named in Arsenal 's starting line @-@ up to play against Liverpool for the first match of the season on 15 August 2010 . Nasri played the entire match in a 1 – 1 draw . After the match , Arsenal confirmed that Nasri had suffered a knee injury that would keep him out for a month . However , the player returned to the team after just three matches helping Arsenal defeat Portuguese outfit Braga 6 – 0 in the Champions League on his return . On 21 September , Nasri scored a double in the club 's 4 – 1 extra time victory over North London derby rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Both goals were converted from the penalty spot . Fours days later , Nasri scored another double in a 3 – 2 home defeat to West Bromwich Albion .
Nasri continued his fine form as season wore on . In the club 's Champions League group stage tie against Serbian club FK Partizan , he assisted on a Sébastien Squillaci goal in the team 's 3 – 1 victory . In October 2010 , Nasri went on a streak , in which he scored goals in three straight matches . He started the streak by converting a penalty in a 2 – 1 win over Birmingham City . In the club 's following match against Ukrainian competitors Shakhtar Donetsk , Nasri scored on a left @-@ footed volley in a 5 – 1 victory . He also assisted on a goal in the match . Against Manchester City five days later , he scored the first goal and set up the third in a 3 – 0 victory . As a result of his performances in October 2010 , Nasri was named the PFA Fans ' Player of the Month . In November , Nasri was on the score @-@ sheet again netting the opener in a 3 – 2 defeat to Tottenham . A week later , he scored a volley in a 4 – 2 win over Aston Villa .
On 4 December , Nasri scored two goals against Fulham to give Arsenal a 2 – 1 win . The victory placed Arsenal at the top of the league table . The two goals were Nasri 's seventh and eighth goals , respectively , in the league and his tenth and 11th overall . Just four days later , Nasri scored a goal in Arsenal 's vital last group game against Partizan . Arsenal won the match 3 – 1 . On 13 December , for his performances during the 2010 calendar year , Nasri was named the France Football French Player of the Year beating out Chelsea midfielder Florent Malouda and Lyon goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He is the first Arsenal player to achieve the honour since Thierry Henry in 2006 . Nasri was also rewarded domestically for his performances in December winning the Fans ' Player of the Month for the second time in the season and , also , capturing the club 's monthly award . He won the award for the second consecutive month in January .
Nasri scored his 13th goal of the season in the 3 – 0 win against Birmingham City on New Year 's Day 2011 . In the FA Cup , Nasri scored his first @-@ ever goal in the competition in a 3 – 1 win over Leeds United in the third round . On 30 January 2011 , Nasri was forced to leave the team 's fourth round FA Cup tie against Huddersfield Town due to a hamstring injury . He , subsequently , missed two weeks and returned to the team ahead of its Champions League knockout round tie with Spanish champions Barcelona . In the first leg , Nasri assisted on the game @-@ winning goal scored by Andrey Arshavin . Arsenal won the match 2 – 1 , but loss the tie 4 – 3 on aggregate after suffering a 3 – 1 defeat at the Camp Nou in the second leg . On 8 April , Nasri was nominated for both the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards . He lost out on both awards to Tottenham midfielder Gareth Bale and teammate Jack Wilshere , respectively , but was given consolation with an appearance on the association 's Team of the Year .
= = = Manchester City = = =
On 24 August 2011 , it was confirmed that Nasri had joined Premier League club Manchester City . The transfer fee was priced in the region of £ 25 million and the player signed a four @-@ year contract .
= = = = 2011 – 12 = = = =
Nasri made his club debut on 28 August in a league fixture away to Tottenham Hotspur . In the match , he assisted on three goals as Manchester City cruised to a 5 – 1 win . In the team 's next match following the September international break , Nasri assisted on one of Sergio Agüero 's three goals in a 3 – 0 win over Wigan Athletic . On 1 October , he scored his first goal for the club netting the third goal in a 4 – 0 victory . Nasri also assisted on two goals in the match . After nearly two months without a league goal , on 3 December , Nasri scored his second goal for Manchester City converting a free kick in a 5 – 1 win against Norwich City . In the following month , Nasri scored his third goal for the club in a 3 – 2 win against Tottenham Hotspur . On 21 March , he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 2 – 1 win over Chelsea after receiving a through ball from teammate Carlos Tevez . On 22 April , he scored in a 2 – 0 away win against Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 13 May 2012 , Nasri won his first Premier League trophy , as Manchester City were crowned Premier League champions for the 2011 – 12 season after beating Queens Park Rangers 3 – 2 .
= = = = 2012 – 13 = = = =
At the start of the 2012 – 13 season , Nasri switched his squad number from 19 to 8 . On 12 August , Nasri scored and assisted a goal in the 2012 Community Shield , a 3 – 2 win against FA Cup winners Chelsea . A week later on the opening day of the 2012 – 13 Premier League season he scored and assisted again in a 3 – 2 win , this time against newly promoted Southampton . He then scored against Ajax in a 3 – 1 loss in the UEFA Champions League . In December 2012 , Nasri was criticised for not blocking Robin van Persie 's winning goal in the Manchester Derby .
In March 2013 , after a man of the match performance in a 4 – 0 win against Newcastle United , City manager Roberto Mancini said he " would like to give [ Nasri ] a punch " due to his inconsistent form . On 14 April , Nasri scored the opening goal as City defeated Chelsea 2 – 1 in the FA Cup semi @-@ final .
= = = = 2013 – 14 = = = =
Narsi scored his first goal of the 2013 – 14 season in the game against Manchester United in a 4 – 1 win . On 5 November , Nasri provided assists for goals by Sergio Agüero and Álvaro Negredo as City cruised by CSKA Moscow 5 – 2 to advance to the knockout stages of the Champions League for the first time in club history . On 1 December , Nasri scored twice in a 3 – 0 win over Swansea City .
On 2 March 2014 , Nasri scored the second goal as Manchester City defeated Sunderland 3 – 1 to win the 2014 Football League Cup Final . For his performance in the final , Nasri received the Alan Hardaker Trophy , given to the Man of the Match .
In a crucial league game away to Everton on 3 May , Nasri provided the assist for Edin Džeko 's game @-@ winning goal as City came from behind to win 3 – 2 and go top of the table with two games remaining . On 11 May , Nasri scored Manchester City 's opening goal in a 2 – 0 defeat of West Ham United as the club won the 2013 – 14 Premier League title .
= = = = 2014 – 15 = = = =
On 10 July 2014 , Nasri signed a new five @-@ year contract deal with Manchester City , which will keep him at the club until 2019 .
= = = = 2015 – 16 = = = =
On 22 November 2015 , Manuel Pellegrini confirmed that Nasri would miss 4 – 5 months action because of a tendon injury sustained in training . On 10 April 2016 , during his first match back from injury , he scored the match winning goal against West Bromwich Albion as Manchester City won the match 2 – 1 .
= = International career = =
= = = Youth = = =
Nasri has earned caps with all of France 's youth teams for which he was eligible . He is a member of the group , commonly known as the Génération 1987 , that produced current internationals Hatem Ben Arfa , Karim Benzema and Jérémy Menez , alongside himself . With the under @-@ 16 team , Nasri made 16 appearances scoring eight goals . Of the four players , Nasri was the first player to become a regular starter in the team under coach François Blaquart and made his debut in the team 's opening match of the campaign against Spain . France won the match 3 – 0 . Nasri scored his first goal for the team on 29 October in its first group stage match against Sweden at the Tournio du Val @-@ de @-@ Marne . On 11 December , Nasri scored the opening goal in the team 's 6 – 1 defeat of Greece . At the 2003 Aegean Cup in Turkey , he scored two goals in four matches as France finished the competition in third place . Nasri scored in the team 's second group stage match against Israel , a 3 – 1 win . In the next group stage match , he scored a goal in 5 – 0 win over the Ukraine . In the third place match against Belgium , Nasri assisted on a goal scored by Ben Arfa . At the Tournio de Montaigu , Nasri scored his only goal in the team 's 8 – 0 win over Gabon in the team 's opening group match . France finished the competition runner @-@ up to Italy who defeated France 5 – 1 in the final match .
At under @-@ 17 level , Nasri , Menez and Ben Arfa were joined by Karim Benzema and tasked with the goal of winning the 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship on home soil . Nasri made his debut with the team in the opening match of the season against Sweden netting a goal in a 5 – 2 victory . In the team 's second straight yearly appearance at the Tournio du Val @-@ de @-@ Marne , Nasri scored his lone goal in the competition against the United States in a 2 – 0 win as France were declared champions without conceding a goal . At the 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship , Nasri scored against Portugal in the competition 's semi @-@ finals . France went on to win the match 3 – 1 to earn a place in the final . In the final match , France faced Spain . In the match , Nasri scored the game @-@ winning goal to give France its first @-@ ever title in the competition . In total with the under @-@ 17s , he made 16 appearances and scored six goals . Due to increased playing time at his parent club Marseille , Nasri stint with the under @-@ 18 team was uneventful appearing in only four matches .
The foursome of Nasri , Ben Arfa , Benzema and Menez returned to international play together for under @-@ 19 duty . The four were joined by Issiar Dia , Blaise Matuidi and Serge Gakpé with the objective of winning the 2006 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship . The team opened the campaign with two friendly matches against Norway . Over the course of the two matches , Nasri scored two goals : one in a 4 – 0 win and another in a 5 – 0 victory . In the first round of qualification for the tournament , Nasri assisted on two goals in the team 's 3 – 1 win over Wales . In the team 's next group stage match against San Marino , he scored the third goal in a 3 – 0 victory . In the final group match against Austria , Nasri scored the opening goal and provided the assist on a Benzema goal in a 2 – 0 win . In the final round of qualification , despite finishing the round undefeated , France were eliminated after being beaten on points by Scotland . Nasri earned his first call up to the under @-@ 21 team under coach René Girard in the team 's first match following the 2006 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship against Belgium . He started the match and was replaced at half @-@ time by Florent Sinama Pongolle . He featured in qualification matches for the 2007 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship and appeared as a substitute in both legs of the team 's surprising defeat to Israel in the qualifying playoffs . Despite still being eligible to represent the team until 2009 , his appearance in the second leg defeat to Israel was Nasri 's last with the team .
= = = Senior = = =
On 15 March 2007 , Nasri was called up to the senior team for the first time by coach Raymond Domenech for UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying match against Lithuania and a friendly against Austria . Nasri said he was " very happy and very proud " to be called into the national team , stating that the call @-@ up was all the more satisfying as the game was an important European championship qualifier . He appeared on the bench in the match against Lithuania , but failed to make an appearance . Nasri made his international debut on 28 March against Austria at the age of 19 . He started the match and was involved with the only goal , delivering the free kick from which Karim Benzema scored . Nasri returned to the team in June for matches and , on 6 June , scored his first international goal in a 1 – 0 Euro qualifying win over Georgia . On 16 November , Nasri scored his second international goal in a friendly match against Morocco . As a result of his performances , he was named in the 23 @-@ man squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2008 . Nasri made his debut in the tournament on 9 June 2008 in the team 's opening group stage match against Romania appearing as a substitute . He did not appear in the team 's 4 – 1 loss to the Netherlands , but did appear in the team 's final group stage match against Italy . Nasri appeared as a substitute for the injured Franck Ribéry in the tenth minute . Following defender 's Éric Abidal 's red card in the 24th minute , Nasri was taken out of the match in order for defender Jean @-@ Alain Boumsong to take Abidal 's spot in the lineup .
In November 2008 , Nasri was one of a group of young players who were accused of being insolent during the team 's campaign at the European Championship . The accusation came from domestic teammate William Gallas , who made the charge in his autobiography . Though not explicitly named in the book , Nasri was widely identified as the player in question . As an example of Nasri 's disrespectful attitude Gallas cited an incident in which the young player sat in Thierry Henry 's seat on the team bus and refused to move , which , according to Gallas , undermined the striker 's seniority . The incident ultimately led to a verbal exchange between Nasri and Gallas during a training session . In response , Nasri played down the incident , stating that Gallas was overreacting to a problem that did not exist . In 2010 , after failing to make the World Cup squad , he opened up about the situation stating that during Gallas ' final year at Arsenal , he was one of " four or five " Arsenal players who did not speak to the defender . The feud culminated on 20 November 2010 when Nasri lived up to a pledge that he would not shake the hand of Gallas , who was now playing for Tottenham , during the pre @-@ match build @-@ up .
In the 2008 – 09 season , Nasri appeared in only three matches with the national team . After playing against Lithuania on 28 March 2009 , the midfielder went uncapped for the almost a year and a half . During the 2009 – 10 season , Nasri grew weary of his chances of appearing with the team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In the end , he did not appear with the team , failing to make the 23 @-@ man squad or even the preliminary squad . Nasri admitted that he took the non @-@ call up hard , recalling " Not being one of those 23 names , it was difficult . " The player also viewed the non @-@ invite from a positive perspective , stating , " But maybe it was for the best in the end , and not just because France had a horrible World Cup . It helped me as a person . I told myself I need to work harder , to make sure I don ’ t miss the next one . "
Nasri returned to the national team under the reign of new coach Laurent Blanc for the team 's friendly against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He missed the September call ups due to injury before returning to the team in October for UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Romania and Luxembourg . On 25 March 2011 , Nasri captained the national team for the first time in its 2 – 0 Euro qualification win over Luxembourg . He provided the assist on the opening goal scored by Philippe Mexès . In the team 's final Euro qualifier against Bosnia and Herzegovina , Nasri scored the equalizing goal , converting a penalty in a 1 – 1 draw . The point gained from the stalemate secured a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying spot for France . After appearing regularly in qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 , Nasri was named to the squad to participate in the competition . In the team 's opening group stage match against England , he scored the equalizing goal in a 1 – 1 draw .
After France lost to Spain in the quarter @-@ finals of UEFA Euro 2012 , Nasri subjected a reporter to what was described as a " foul @-@ mouthed tirade " when asked for his views on the match . For that and other misdemeanours , the French Football Federation imposed a three @-@ match international ban . On May 13 , 2014 , manager Didier Deschamps revealed the 23 @-@ man squad that is going to the 2014 FIFA World Cup ; Nasri was again not included .
On 9 August 2014 , Nasri confirmed his decision to retire from international football aged just 27 .
= = Style of play = =
In his early years at Marseille , Nasri was deployed in several positions , most notably as a deep @-@ lying midfielder and a wide midfielder primarily on the right side as he was deemed too small to play in the middle of the park . After two years of developing his physical traits , in the 2006 – 07 season , manager Albert Emon inserted Nasri into the playmaker role , where his vision , technical skill , and ability to read and understand the game suited him . Since that season , Nasri has been primarily deployed in the position or as a central attacking midfielder at both club and international level . The player has personally admitted that playing centrally is his preference . However , as a result of his versatility , Nasri can also function on the wing and spent the majority of his career at Arsenal occupying the role in the team 's 4 – 3 – 3 formation . His close control with the ball , speed , dribbling , crossing , and ability to use both feet suits the position well , which has resulted in former manager Arsène Wenger deploying Nasri in the role during the player 's four @-@ year stay at the club . Nasri often featured centrally for Arsenal in the absence of former club captain Cesc Fàbregas .
In 2009 , in order to accommodate the arrival of Russian attacker Andrey Arshavin , it was recommended by both Wenger and former national team coach Raymond Domenech that Nasri revert to his role as a deep @-@ lying midfielder so the player could showcase his underrated defensive abilities . Nasri is also an underrated direct free kick and penalty kick taker . The player had previously developed a superstition with regards to taking spot kicks , but conquered the issue after successfully converting two penalties in the team 's Carling Cup victory over Tottenham in 2010 . Wenger describes Nasri as a " young , quick and technically outstanding player . " He is described in a similar fashion by club scout Gilles Grimandi who states that Nasri is " a fantastic athlete , he 's quick , flexible and good with his feet . " Nasri 's playing style , ability , and cultural background have drawn comparisons to Zinedine Zidane . After joining Arsenal and excelling on the wing , the English media began comparing him to former club player and compatriot Robert Pirès . Nasri has often attempted to disassociate himself from the two players , particularly the former player , stating , " There 's only one Zidane , just as there was only one Platini . "
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
As of match played 17 October 2015 .
= = = International = = =
As of 31 March 2014 .
= = = = International goals = = = =
France score listed first , score column indicates score after each Nasri goal .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Marseille
UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2005
Manchester City
Premier League : 2011 – 12 , 2013 – 14
FA Community Shield : 2012
Football League Cup : 2013 – 14
= = = International = = =
France
UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship : 2004
= = = Individual = = =
UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year : 2006 – 07
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2006 – 07
Premier League Player of the Month : December 2010
French Player of the Year : 2010
Arsenal Player of the Month : December 2010
PFA Fans ' Player of the Month : October 2010 , December 2010 , January 2011
Premier League PFA Team of the Year : 2010 – 11
Nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards : 2013
Alan Hardaker Trophy : 2014
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= Buildings and architecture of Bath =
The buildings and architecture of Bath , a city in Somerset in the south west of England , reveal significant examples of the architecture of England , from the Roman Baths ( including their significant Celtic presence ) , to the present day . The city became a World Heritage Site in 1987 , largely because of its architectural history and the way in which the city landscape draws together public and private buildings and spaces . The many examples of Palladian architecture are purposefully integrated with the urban spaces to provide " picturesque aestheticism " . It is the only entire city in Britain to achieve World Heritage status , and is a popular tourist destination .
Important buildings include the Roman Baths ; neoclassical architect Robert Adam 's Pulteney Bridge , based on an unused design for the Rialto Bridge in Venice ; and Bath Abbey in the city centre , founded in 1499 on the site of an 8th @-@ century church . Of equal importance are the residential buildings designed and built into boulevards and crescents by the Georgian architects John Wood , the Elder and his son John Wood , the Younger – well @-@ known examples being the Royal Crescent , built around 1770 , and The Circus , built around 1760 , where each of the three curved segments faces one of the entrances , ensuring that there is always a classical facade facing the entering visitor .
Most of Bath 's buildings are made from the local , golden @-@ coloured , Bath Stone . The dominant architectural style is Georgian , which evolved from the Palladian revival style that became popular in the early 18th century . The city became a fashionable and popular spa and social centre during the 18th century . Based initially around its hot springs , this led to a demand for substantial homes and guest houses . The key architects , John Wood and his son , laid out many of the city 's present @-@ day squares and crescents within a green valley and the surrounding hills . According to UNESCO this provided ... " an integration of architecture , urban design , and landscape setting , and the deliberate creation of a beautiful city " . Development during modern eras , including the development of the transport infrastructure and rebuilding after bomb damage during World War II , has mostly been in keeping with earlier styles to maintain the integrated cityscape .
= = Celtic , Roman and Saxon = =
Buildings from Bath 's pre @-@ Norman period either no longer exist , or their remains are below street level . Archaeological sites in the central area of the city have supplied some details about how they may have looked , while the lower areas of the Roman Baths reveal significant remains from the Roman period .
The Baths were built around hot springs , the only ones naturally occurring in the United Kingdom . Archaeological evidence suggests that the main spring in its natural state was treated as a shrine by the Celts . During the early Roman occupation of Britain , in the 60s or 70s AD , engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead . These still survive . At this early stage the spring was an open pool in the corner of the temple precinct . It fed a bathing complex on its south side within a barrel @-@ vaulted building . The complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years . All the stonework above the level of the baths is from more recent periods including the 12th century , when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King 's Spring reservoir , and the 16th century , when the city corporation built a new bath ( Queen 's Bath ) to the south of the spring . The spring is now housed in 18th @-@ century buildings designed by architects John Wood , the Elder and John Wood , the Younger ; visitor access is via an 1897 concert hall by J M Brydon , which is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room with a glass @-@ domed centre and single @-@ storey radiused corner .
Beside the baths , a temple , in classical style with four large , fluted Corinthian columns and dedicated to Minerva was constructed . It stood on a podium above a surrounding courtyard . The columns supported a frieze and decorated pediment parts of which can be seen in the museum within the baths . In the 2nd century it was expanded by the addition of side chapels and an ambulatory , which may have encouraged some historians to argue that there were two temples . The temple remained in use for worship until around the 4th century , but the site is now occupied by the Grand Pump Room .
The city was given defensive walls , probably in the 3rd century , but they disappeared during subsequent redevelopments . The line of then formed the basis of the medieval walls enclosing 23 acres ( 9 @.@ 3 ha ) , some which survived until the 18th century . The Anglo @-@ Saxons called the town Baðum , Baðan or Baðon , meaning " at the baths , " the source of the present name . In 675 , Osric , King of the Hwicce , set up a monastic house at Bath , probably using the walled area as its precinct . The Anglo @-@ Saxon poem known as The Ruin may describe the appearance of the Roman site about this time . King Offa of Mercia gained control of this monastery in 781 and rebuilt the church , which was dedicated to St. Peter . By the 9th century the old Roman street pattern had been lost , and Bath had become a royal possession ; King Alfred laid out the town afresh , leaving its south @-@ eastern quadrant as the abbey precinct .
= = Norman , Medieval , Tudor , and Stuart = =
Bath Abbey was founded in 1499 on the site of an 8th @-@ century church . The original Anglo @-@ Saxon church was pulled down after 1066 , and a grand cathedral dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul was begun on the site by John of Tours , Bishop of Bath and Wells , around 1090 ; however , only the ambulatory was complete when he died in December 1122 . The half @-@ finished cathedral was devastated by fire in 1137 , but work continued until about 1156 ; the completed building was approximately 330 feet ( 101 m ) long . By the 15th century , Bath 's abbey church was badly dilapidated and in need of repairs . Oliver King , Bishop of Bath and Wells , decided in 1500 to rebuild it on a smaller scale . It is in a late Perpendicular style with flying buttresses and crocketed pinnacles decorating a crenellated and pierced parapet . The new church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539 by Henry VIII . Major restoration work was carried out by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the 1860s , funded by the rector , Charles Kemble . The choir and transepts have a fan vault by Robert and William Vertue , in the 1860s , completing the original roof from 1608 . The nave was given a matching vault in the 19th century . The building is lit by 52 windows .
The medieval era is represented by the remains of the city walls in Upper Borough Walls . There are no other surviving buildings from this period . Several areas of the city underwent development during the Stuart period , in response to the increasing number of visitors to the spa and resort town who required accommodation . The St Thomas à Becket Church was built between 1490 and 1498 by John Cantlow , Prior of Bath Abbey and took the place of an older Norman church . The church was commonly called Old Widcombe Church and used to be the principal church of the parishes of Widcombe and Lyncombe . The Domesday survey of 1086 shows a small settlement around the church although no trace of it remains . In 1847 a much larger church , St Matthews , was built in Widcombe parish . On 22 April 1847 , it was announced that the church bells , which had for centuries been in the tower of St. Thomas à Becket , were to be removed and installed in the new St. Matthew 's . Widcombe Manor was originally built in 1656 and then rebuilt in 1727 for Philip Bennet the local MP . Thomas Guidott , moved to Bath and set up practice in 1668 . He became interested in the curative properties of the waters and he wrote A discourse of Bathe , and the hot waters there . Also , Some Enquiries into the Nature of the water in 1676 . This brought the health @-@ giving properties of the hot mineral waters to the attention of the country and soon the aristocracy started to arrive to partake in them .
The early 18th century the central area around the Abbey was expanded including the Abbey Church Yard which contained Marshal Wade 's House , and Trim Street , which was named after George Trim who owned the land . Number 5 , which is also known as General Wolfe 's house , is a 2 @-@ storey building with a parapet and rusticated quoins , built by Thomas Greenway . The doorway has Ionic pilasters and a tympanum decorated with the implements of war . In 1716 the architect William Killigrew was commissioned to rebuild St John 's Hospital which was founded around 1180 , by Bishop Reginald Fitz Jocelin and is among the oldest almshouses in England . The 2 storey Bath stone building has a heavy ground floor arcade of round @-@ headed arches on pillars , and retains its original window mouldings and sashes . Building work continued after 1727 under the 23 @-@ year @-@ old John Wood , the Elder , his first commission in Bath .
= = Georgian = =
The dominant style of architecture in central Bath is Georgian ; this evolved from the Palladian revival style which became popular in the early 18th century .
The original purpose of much of Bath 's architecture is concealed by the honey @-@ coloured classical façades ; in an era before the advent of the luxury hotel , these apparently elegant residences were frequently purpose @-@ built lodging houses , where visitors could hire a room , a floor , or ( according to their means ) an entire house for the duration of their visit , and be waited on by the house 's communal servants .
The architects John Wood , the Elder and his son John Wood , the Younger laid out the new quarters in streets and squares , the identical façades of which gave an impression of palatial scale and classical decorum . Much of the creamy gold Bath stone which was used for construction throughout the city , was obtained from the limestone Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines , which were owned by Ralph Allen ( 1694 – 1764 ) . Allen , in order to advertise the quality of his quarried limestone , commissioned the elder John Wood to build him a country house on his Prior Park estate between the city and the mines , replacing his Town House . Queen Square was the first speculative development by John Wood , the Elder who lived in one of the houses . Queen Square was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as " one of the finest Palladian compositions in England before 1730 " .
The west side ( numbers 14 – 18 and 18A , 19 and 20 ) was designed by John Pinch the younger in 1830 and differs from Wood 's original design as the central block is in Neo @-@ Grecian style . The Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution ( BRLSI ) now occupies 16 – 18 . The south side ( numbers 5 – 13 ) was originally left open , but is now occupied by a hotel . The obelisk in the centre of the square was erected by Beau Nash in 1738 .
The Circus is seen as the pinnacle of Wood 's work . It consists of three long , curved terraces designed by the elder John Wood to form a circular space or theatre intended for civic functions and games . The games give a clue to the design , the inspiration behind which was the Colosseum in Rome .
Like the Colosseum , the three façades have a different order of architecture on each floor : Doric on the ground level , then Ionic on the piano nobile and finishing with Corinthian on the upper floor , the style of the building thus becoming progressively more ornate as it rises .
Gay Street links Queen Square to The Circus . It was designed by John Wood , the Elder in 1735 and completed by his son John Wood , the Younger . The houses are of 3 storeys with Mansard roofs , with many also having Ionic columns . Hester Thrale , who was also known as Mrs Piozzi , lived at number 8 , with its 4 Corinthian pilasters on the ground and 1st floors in 1781 .
Number 41 is on the corner between Gay Street and Queen Square . It was the home of John Wood , the Younger .
One of the main shopping streets is now Milsom Street , which was built in 1762 by Thomas Lightholder . The buildings were originally grand town houses with mansard roofs and Corinthian columns .
The bank at number 24 was built by Wilson and Willcox and includes baroque detail not seen on the other buildings . Numbers 37 to 42 which are known as Somersetshire Buildings have been designated as Grade I listed buildings .
The Octagon Chapel was a place of worship when it was built in 1767 , then a furniture shop by Mallett Antiques , and is now a restaurant .
Milsom street leads up hill , from the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases , which was founded in 1738 as The Mineral Water Hospital , to The Paragon which overlooks the Walcot area . The Paragon was designed by Thomas Warr Attwood . Each building has matching doors and windows with central pediments and flat entablatures either side of the 1st floor windows and Tuscan pilasters and pediments to the doorways . Numbers 22 to 37 continue the theme from numbers 1 to 21 and were completed in 1775 by Joseph Axford , a local mason . Numbers 28 to 32 were damaged by bombing during World War II but have since been restored .
St Swithin 's Church was built between 1779 and 1790 by John Palmer . The church house which forms number 38 The Paragon was built in the early 18th century . The adjoining cemetery has gates with a rusticated base and panels with inverted torches between pilasters . There is an entablature with metopes and triglyphs .
The best known of Bath 's terraces is the Royal Crescent , built between 1767 and 1774 and designed by the younger John Wood . But all is not what it seems ; while Wood designed the great curved façade of what appears to be about 30 houses with Ionic columns on a rusticated ground floor , that was the extent of his input . Each purchaser bought a certain length of the façade , and then employed their own architect to build a house to their own specifications behind it ; hence what appears to be two houses is sometimes one . This system of town planning is betrayed at the rear of the crescent : while the front is completely uniform and symmetrical , the rear is a mixture of differing roof heights , juxtapositions and fenestration . This " Queen Anne fronts and Mary @-@ Anne backs " architecture occurs repeatedly in Bath .
In front of the Royal Crescent is a Ha @-@ ha , a trench on which the inner side of which is vertical and faced with stone , with the outer face sloped and turfed , making the trench , in effect , a sunken fence or retaining wall . The ha @-@ ha is designed not to interrupt the view from Royal Victoria Park , and to be invisible until seen from close by .
The other crescents which give Bath its architectural identity include : Camden Crescent which was built by John Eveleigh in 1788 , and damaged by a landslide in 1889 , Lansdown Crescent , designed by John Palmer and constructed by a variety of builders between 1789 and 1793 , and Somerset Place for which the facades were designed by the architect John Eveleigh who went bankrupt during the building , which started in 1790 but was not completed until the 1820s . Some of Somerset Crescent was destroyed during the Second World War and rebuilt as student accommodation in the 1950s and 1960s . It used to form part of the campus of Bath Spa University , but has since been sold .
The area of North Parade , South Parade , Pierrepont and Duke Streets was part of a wider scheme to build a Royal Forum , similar to Queen Square , which was never completed . Wood designed the facade , of Bath stone , after which a variety of builders completed the work with different interiors and rear elevations . Many of the buildings are now hotels and shops whilst some remain as private residences .
North Parade Bridge was built almost 100 years later in 1836 by William Tierney Clark . His original bridge was made of cast iron on stone abutments , with lodges and staircases . This was rebuilt in 1936 completely in stone . Many of the buildings in South Parade are now hotels and restaurants whilst some remain as private residences . The area which Wood envisaged as an area of sunken gardens matching the houses is now a car park .
On the southern side of the road is the Roman Catholic St John 's Church , which was designed and built between 1861 and 1863 by Charles Francis Hansom who added the 222 @-@ foot ( 68 m ) spire in 1867 .
The heart of the Georgian city were Wood 's Assembly Rooms , and the Pump Room , which , together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms , was designed by Thomas Baldwin , a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city , including the terraces in Argyle Street , the Guildhall , The Cross Bath , Widcombe Crescent and Royal Baths Treatment Centre in Bath Street .
The Grand Pump Room itself includes a North Colonnade of 9 bays , with unfluted Ionic columns . The South Colonnade is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century .
The colonnades and side wall of the Pump Room have a facade on Stall Street . Baldwin rose rapidly , becoming a leader in Bath 's architectural history . Great Pulteney Street , where Baldwin eventually lived , is another of his works : this wide boulevard , constructed c . 1789 and over 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) long and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , leading from Laura Place is lined on both sides by Georgian terraces .
Around 1770 the neoclassical architect Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge , a three @-@ arched bridge spanning the Avon . He used as his prototype an original , but unused , design by Andrea Palladio for the Rialto Bridge in Venice . Thus , Pulteney Bridge became not just a means of crossing the river , but also a shopping arcade . Along with the Rialto Bridge , is one of the very few surviving bridges in Europe to serve this dual purpose . It has been substantially altered since it was built . The bridge was named after Frances and William Pulteney , the owners of the Bathwick estate for which the bridge provided a link to the rest of Bath .
At the end of Great Pulteney Street is the Holburne Museum of Art , which was originally designed as the Sydney Hotel and was built by Charles Harcourt Masters in 1795 – 6 . It stands on Sydney Place and within the Sydney Pleasure Gardens which stretch from the road to the Kennet and Avon Canal . Next to the church of St Mary the Virgin is Bathwick Hill which leads up to Claverton Down , including Claverton Manor which was built in the 1820s and is now home to the American Museum in Britain and the University of Bath .
The early 18th century saw Bath acquire its first purpose @-@ built theatre , the Theatre Royal , along with the Grand Pump Room attached to the Roman Baths and assembly rooms . Master of Ceremonies Beau Nash , who presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 , drew up a code of behaviour for public entertainments . The population of the city had reached 40 @,@ 020 by the time of the 1801 census , making it one of the largest cities in Britain , which was expanding up the surrounding hills .
William Thomas Beckford bought a house in Lansdown Crescent in 1822 , eventually buying a further two houses in the crescent to form his residence . Having acquired all the land between his home and the top of Lansdown Hill , north of the city centre , he created a garden over half a mile in length and built Beckford 's Tower at the top .
To the west Partis College was built in the Newbridge area as a large block of almshouses between 1825 and 1827 . It was founded by Ann and Fletcher Partis for women " who had been left in reduced circumstances " , and still provides accommodation , in 30 terraced houses set around three sides of a quadrangle , for women , aged over 50 in membership of the Church of England . In 1862 , George Gilbert Scott redesigned the original chapel , which had been built by Goodrich .
= = Victorian = =
In the early 19th century the romantic medieval gothic style appeared as a backlash to the symmetry of Palladianism which brought certain changes to the city 's appearance . Many of the new churches , for example , were built in the gothic style as were a number of new villas . Most of the new civic and retail buildings however continued to be designed in the classical mode but along much more ornamented and elborate lines than their 18th century predecessors . However virtually all the new buildings were constructed using the local bath stone so the city continued to have a cohesive look . By the middle of the 19th century , as a result of new technology , construction was able to develop incorporating steel as a building component .
In 1810 the Kennet and Avon Canal opened linking the River Avon at Bath to Reading . Bath Locks mark the divergence of the River Avon and the canal , 656 yards ( 600 m ) south of Pulteney Bridge . Alongside the bottom lock are a side pound and a pumping station that pumps water up the locks to replace that used each time the lock is opened .
The next stage of Bath Deep Lock is numbered 8 / 9 as two locks were combined when the canal was restored in 1976 . The new chamber has a depth of 19 feet 5 inches ( 5 @.@ 92 m ) , making it Britain 's deepest canal lock . Just above the ' deep lock ' is an area of water enabling the lock to refill and above this is Wash House Lock , followed by Abbey View Lock , by which there is another pumping station and , in quick succession , Pultney Lock and Bath Top Lock .
Above the top lock the canal passes through Sydney Gardens including two short tunnels and under two cast iron footbridges dating from 1800 . Cleveland tunnel is 173 feet ( 53 m ) long and runs under Cleveland House , the former headquarters of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company . A trap @-@ door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below .
Many of the bridges over the canal are also listed buildings .
Victoria Bridge which was built in 1836 across the River Avon , was an important early example of a cable @-@ stayed bridge .
As the size of the city and numbers of visitors grew new facilities opened . Cleveland Pools in Hampton Row , is a semi @-@ circular lido built , by John Pinch the elder , around 1814 . It is believed to be the oldest surviving public outdoor swimming pools in England .
The Corridor is one of the world 's earliest retail arcades , designed by architect Henry Goodridge and built in 1825 , with a glass roof . The High Street end has a Doric colonnade . Each end has marble columns . A musicians gallery , with a wrought iron balustrade and gilt lions heads and garlands , is in the centre of the arcade . Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 by William Hazledine with Henry Goodridge as the architect .
St Michael 's Church was rebuilt between 1835 and 1837 and St. Stephen 's Church built in Walcot. by James Wilson , between 1840 and 1845 . The Bear Flat area south of the city centre was started by the Georgians but the main estate of Poets ' Corner is late Victorian and Edwardian .
The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1841 removed much of the canal 's traffic , and in 1852 the railway company took over its running . Bath Spa railway station is the principal railway station in Bath . It was built in 1840 by Brunel . It is in an asymmetrical Tudor style with curving gables , and lies on the north bank of the Avon , with the line swerving elegantly across from the southern bank to the station and then back again .
Green Park railway station opened in 1870 as the terminus of Midland Railway 's Mangotsfield and Bath Branch Line . For some of its life , it was known as Bath Queen Square . It includes a vaulted glass roof in a single @-@ span wrought iron arch structure . Parts of the distinctive glass roof were damaged during bombing raids in April 1942 , and the glazing was not re @-@ instated during railway usage after the war . Following the Beeching Report , passenger trains ceased from 1966 and the last goods train ran in 1971 . In the 1980s the rail approaches to the station were redeveloped as a major supermarket opened in December 1982 , and the station itself is used as a pedestrian passageway to and from the city ; there are a number of small shop units in the former station buildings .
The Victoria Art Gallery , a free public art museum and library was built between the Guildhall and Pulteney Bridge . It was designed by John McKean Brydon . The exterior of the building includes a statue of Queen Victoria , by A. C. Lucchesi , and friezes of classical figures by G. A. Lawson .
= = Twentieth century = =
The Empire Hotel was built in 1901 on Orange Grove close to both Bath Abbey and Pulteney Bridge .
In the 1920s and 1930s Bath 's architectural traditions combined with an art deco style in buildings such as The Forum which opened as a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ seat cinema in 1934 , and has since been converted into a church and concert venue . The Royal United Hospital opened in the Weston suburb , about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the city centre in 1932 .
During World War II , between the evening of 25 April and the early morning of 27 April 1942 , Bath suffered three air raids in reprisal for RAF raids on the German cities of Lübeck and Rostock , part of the Luftwaffe campaign popularly known as the Baedeker Blitz . Over 400 people were killed , and more than 19 @,@ 000 buildings were damaged or destroyed . Houses in the Royal Crescent , Circus and Paragon were burnt out along with the Assembly Rooms , while part of the south side of Queen Square was destroyed .
A postwar review of inadequate housing led to the clearance and redevelopment of large areas of the city in a postwar style , often at variance with the Georgian style of the city . In the 1950s the nearby villages of Combe Down , Twerton and Weston were incorporated into Bath to enable the development of further housing , much of it council housing such as the Whiteway estate .
In the 1970s and 1980s it was recognised that conservation of historic buildings was inadequate , leading to more care and reuse of buildings and open spaces . In 1987 the city was selected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , recognising its international cultural significance .
In the 1960s and early 1970s the way in which some parts of Bath were redeveloped , resulting in the loss of some 18th- and 19th @-@ century buildings , led to a popular campaign to change the way the city was developing , which drew strength from the publication of Adam Fergusson 's The Sack of Bath . Since 2000 , developments have included the Bath Spa , SouthGate , and the Bath Western Riverside project .
= = 21st century = =
Controversy has continued in recent years with the demolition of the 1930s Churchill House , a neo @-@ Georgian municipal building originally housing the Electricity Board , to make way for the new Bath Bus Station . This was part of the Southgate redevelopment begun in 2007 in which the central 1960s shopping precinct , bus station , and multi @-@ story carpark were demolished and replaced with a new area of mock @-@ Georgian shopping streets . As a result of the changes the city 's status as a World Heritage Site was reviewed by UNESCO in 2009 . The decision was made to let Bath keep its status , but UNESCO has asked to be consulted on future phases of the Riverside development , saying that the density and volume of buildings in the second and third phases of the development need to be reconsidered . It also says that Bath must do more to attract world @-@ class architecture to any new developments .
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= Staten Island Tunnel =
The Staten Island Tunnel is an abandoned , incomplete railway / subway tunnel in New York City . It was intended to connect railways on Staten Island ( precursors to the modern @-@ day Staten Island Railway ) to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway , in Brooklyn , via a new crossing under the Narrows . Planned to extend 10 @,@ 400 feet ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) , the tunnel would have been among the world 's longest at the time of its planning , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .
Construction began in 1923 , but New York City Mayor John Hylan , a former Brooklyn – Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT ) employee , canceled the project , and the tunnel only went 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the Narrows before it was halted . The tunnel lies dormant under Owl 's Head Park in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn . Later proposals to complete the tunnel , including the 1939 plans for the Independent Subway System 's ambitious Second System , were never funded .
Modern proposals for completion of the tunnel have come from New York City Councilman Lewis Fidler , who has proposed 0 @.@ 33 % tax for the tri @-@ state region to pay for the construction . The tunnel was listed as one of many projects that could receive federal funds that were to have been allocated to the Access to the Region 's Core tunnel , which was canceled in October 2010 . State Senator Diane Savino was among the supporters of the tunnel ; Savino stated that if built , the tunnel would cost $ 3 billion and would improve quality of life for Staten Islanders , reduce traffic , and increase the attractiveness of the borough for investment .
= = Other names = =
Officially called the Brooklyn @-@ Richmond Freight and Passenger Tunnel , the Staten Island Tunnel was also to be referred to by four other names :
The Narrows Tunnel , after the Narrows , the body of water it was supposed to run under ;
The Saint George Tunnel , after one of its terminals in St. George , Staten Island ( not to be confused with the tunnel between the terminal and the Tompkinsville station ) ;
The Hylan Tunnel , after former New York City Mayor John Hylan , who oversaw the project . It has also been referred to as Hylan 's Holes in both derogatory and endearing contexts .
= = Original plans = =
In 1888 , subsequent to building the Arthur Kill swing bridge between New Jersey and northwestern Staten Island , the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( the owners of the Staten Island Railway until 1971 ) proposed a tunnel between Staten Island and Brooklyn . In 1890 , Staten Island developer Erastus Wiman , who controlled the railway , sponsored a plan by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to construct a tunnel under the Narrows to connect Staten Island with Brooklyn for both passenger and freight service . The proposal never made it through the approval process when financial challenges stopped the plan at the drawing board . The tunnel would have gone from Vanderbilt Avenue at Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island to Bay Ridge in Brooklyn , traveling 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 0 km ) at a depth of 35 feet ( 11 m ) below the narrows . There would have been two lines of tunneling , parallel and close together . Winman believed that the tunneling would cost $ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and that with the connecting road , the total cost was estimated at $ 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 .
A rapid transit route to connect Staten Island ( alternately known as Richmond County ) to the remainder of New York City was proposed in 1912 , in conjunction with the Dual Contracts of the New York City Subway . At the time , there were no vehicular or rail connections between Staten Island and the other four boroughs ; the only connection was by ferry . Although not funded by the city , the tunnel was expected to help expand the then @-@ sparsely populated borough in a similar manner to the population and development explosions seen in Brooklyn and the Bronx .
Under the Dual Contracts , three routes were proposed — two to Brooklyn and one to Manhattan — which would connect the Staten Island Railway 's rapid transit service ( SIRT ) to existing subway lines .
= = = Manhattan route = = =
The Manhattan proposal , often called the " direct route , " would have connected with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) ' s lines under Battery Park , near the current Brooklyn – Battery Tunnel . " Direct Route A " would have utilized a five @-@ section tunnel under the New York Harbor , while " Direct Route B " would have used a partially @-@ elevated route running along the eastern coastline of New Jersey ( near Greenville and Bayonne ) . Both Manhattan plans would have required connections to various points , including Ellis Island or Governors Island , and would have traveled around 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) without any stops . Because of this , the high costs of the potential tunnel , and the relatively small population of Staten Island , the Manhattan route was considered impractical . Another 5 @-@ mile tunnel to Battery Park was proposed by the city in the 1950s , but the plan was scrapped due to a lack of funding .
= = = Brooklyn routes = = =
Both of the shorter , Brooklyn proposals would have connected to the Brooklyn – Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT ) ' s Fourth Avenue subway , constructed in 1914 during the Dual Contracts .
The first route would have originated in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn at a point between 65th and 67th Streets ( just south of 59th Street Station ) , running to Arrietta Street in Tompkinsville , Staten Island near the Tompkinsville Station and one stop away from the Saint George Terminal . This plan , referred to as " Route No. 51 " under the Dual Contracts , would have had connections going north towards St. George and along the North Shore Branch towards Arlington , and south towards Tottenville on the Main Line and Wentworth Avenue along the South Beach Branch . This proposal was estimated to cost $ 12 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in the year 1912 , with half of it to be paid by railroads , such as the Pennsylvania Railroad ( which operated the Long Island Rail Road ) and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( which operated the SIRT ) . A major part of the 1912 proposal was the inclusion of two 40 inch water mains , which were to be side to side in an immense supply to be installed by the Department of Water Supply , Gas and Electricity alongside the tubes . These mains were intended to carry water from the main New York City supply to Staten Island .
The second route would have originated in Fort Hamilton at the south end of the line . Similar to the 1890 proposal , it would have followed the routing of the current Verrazano – Narrows Bridge ( constructed from 1959 to its opening in 1964 ) . The Fort Hamilton proposal was the shortest route of the two , though it would require tunneling through deeper waters . As part of the proposal , it was suggested that the Fourth Avenue Line be extended past its original terminal at 86th Street in Bay Ridge to a temporary ferry terminal at 95th Street ( now the 95th Street Station ) .
In anticipation of the northern tunnel route , trackways were constructed diverging from both Fourth Avenue local tracks towards the tunnel site south of the 59th Street Station . An additional portal was built in the SIRT tunnel between Saint George Terminal and Tompkinsville to facilitate the northern wye from the tunnel to the North Shore branch . As a provision for the southern route , the Fourth Avenue line south of 59th Street ( built with only two tracks ) was placed on the west side of Fourth Avenue , which would allow two additional tracks to be added on the east side of the street to facilitate a future express service from Staten Island .
= = Groundbreaking and stoppage of construction = =
= = = Selection of Bay Ridge @-@ based plan = = =
The Bay Ridge @-@ based plan was ultimately selected , running between 65th Street / Shore Road in Brooklyn and the St. George Ferry Terminal in Staten Island . The two tubes would have been 10 @,@ 400 feet ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) long , longer than any tunnel in the United States at that time . Portions of the tunnel would be constructed using a tunnelling shield , while the remainder would be placed in a trench at the bottom of the Narrows . In the final plans , each tunnel was designed to be 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide to accommodate freight cars in addition to passenger service , with freight trains coming from the Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) ' s Bay Ridge Branch ( terminating just north of the tunnel site ) and the Staten Island Railway 's connection with rail lines from New Jersey .
Alternate plans included constructing two sets of two tubes , one for commuter and freight service from the LIRR and the other for rapid transit , or two tunnels each with individual tubes for freight and subway service . The freight service would have occurred during off @-@ peak hours only , but simultaneous with subway service , with passenger trains running in 30 @-@ minute or one @-@ hour headways during these times . A 1912 proposal had freight running at night between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. , while the 1925 plans called for joint freight and passenger service during early mornings ( 5 a.m. to 6 a.m. ) , middays ( 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ) , and overnights ( 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. ) .
At the time of the tunnel 's groundbreaking , Jamaica Bay and the Paerdegat Basin were slated to become industrial complexes , which would have been facilitated by freight service from the tunnel . The tunnel plan was amended in 1919 . In April 1921 , a bill was passed in the state senate requiring the city to begin construction of the 24 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) tunnel within two years .
= = = 1922 plan = = =
In May 1922 , John Hylan launched a new plan for the freight and passenger tunnel , and the Board of Estimate recommended that $ 4 @,@ 080 @,@ 000 be initially appropriated for the project . The Transit Commission and the Port Authority refused to accept the plan , as they each had their own plans . This plan was much less extensive than the original plan . The original plan would have had the tunnel from Owl 's Head Park under the Narrows to Staten Island , and then continuing to a freight yard to be built in the center of Staten Island , from which a trunk line would run across the Arthur Kill to New Jersey as far as Paterson , before merging with the West Shore Railroad . The new revised plan would only cover the Narrows Tunnel , and a three @-@ mile spur to Arlington Yard .
Under the new plan , freight would still only operate at night through the tunnel . Spurs connecting the tunnel in Brooklyn to the Long Island freight belt line , to the B & O freight sidings on Staten Island , and to the new city piers on Staten Island would have all been built . The project was projected to cost $ 60 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and if the job was done quickly , it could have been done by 1929 . The route would help develop the waterfront areas in Staten Island and Jamaica Bay . Provisions would be made for connections with the subway system 's Fourth Avenue Line , even though the Transit Commission refused to be involved with the plans .
Since the plan would benefit the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , the Pennsylvania Railroad opposed it , and the railroad , cooperating with the Port Authority , proposed a tunnel from Brooklyn to Greenville , New Jersey , with a spur to Staten Island . The situation become complicated , as the Port Authority plan was approved by the State Legislatures in both New Jersey and New York . In addition , the Transit Commission proposed its own subway tunnel branching from the Fourth Avenue Line to be operated as part of the city 's subway system .
= = = Groundbreaking and preparations = = =
A groundbreaking ceremony was held by New York City Mayor John Hylan on April 14 , 1923 in Bay Ridge and in Staten Island on July 19 . Headings were dug and tunneling shafts were sunk at 68th Street and Shore Road in Brooklyn ( the Shore Road Shaft ) , and underneath the Saint George Terminal in Staten Island ( the South Street Shaft ) , costing a total of $ 1 million . In addition , in preparation for the tunnel , the SIRT purchased one hundred ME @-@ 1 subway cars built to BMT specifications and electrified its three passenger branches . The impending completion of the tunnel also sparked real estate interests in Staten Island .
= = = Construction halted = = =
In 1925 , however — the year bids from contractors were to be entertained by the city — the project was halted and the project 's engineering staff laid @-@ off . Officially , the plan was delayed due to lack of funding , but Hylan and Board of Transportation ( BOT ) Chairman John Delaney also wanted to secure freight service for the tunnel . The status of the tunnel as mixed @-@ use created tension and deadlock between Hylan , Delaney and the New York State Transit Commission ; the latter emphasized passenger service for the tunnel . After an investigation issued by Governor Al Smith , planners eliminated freight service from the plan , as per the Nicoll @-@ Hofstadter Act signed into law by the governor ; this then led to lack of interest from contractors .
With the tunnel now designated exclusively for subway service , Mayor Hylan , a former Brooklyn – Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT ) employee who was a known opponent of both the BMT and the IRT , supposedly stopped the project as part of an overall effort to cripple the two private subway companies and promote the plans for the city @-@ operated Independent Subway System ( IND ) . It was also reported that Governor Smith , who had a financial stake in the Pennsylvania Railroad company , tried to stall the project in order to prevent the expansion of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad operations farther into the city . The stoppage was also attributed to the political rivalry between Hylan and Smith , who were both members of Tammany Hall 's Democratic Party .
Nonetheless , on October 2 , 1925 , the 95th Street subway station , which was built mainly in anticipation for the Staten Island Tunnel , was opened . The station was built with a false wall at its south end , intended for either a planned extension to 100th or 101st Streets or a line leading to a future Fort Hamilton @-@ based tunnel .
= = Completion proposals = =
The tunnel had gone only 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the Narrows before it was halted ; multiple proposals have resurfaced to complete the tunnel . The tunnel and the Shore Road tunneling shafts currently lie dormant under Owl 's Head Park in Bay Ridge . The South Street Shaft in Staten Island was filled in 1946 during post @-@ World War II renovations of Saint George Terminal .
The IND Second System proposal from 1929 estimated that the cost of the southern tunnel route from Fort Wadsworth , Staten Island , to Fort Hamilton would cost upward of $ 75 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , though the tunnel was not officially part of the subway plans and was illustrated as a vehicular tunnel on the map of the plans . Many of the proposals were part of this ambitious expansion plan , which would have connected the tunnel to the IND South Brooklyn Line ( today 's IND Culver Line ) . An updated proposal in 1931 had the connection to the IND at the current Smith @-@ Ninth Streets station , with the tunnel traveling north from Staten Island through Red Hook and Gowanus . Yet another update , from 1933 , was projected to cost $ 45 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , running the original route between Saint George and 67th Street in Bay Ridge . The line would then run on Second Avenue north through the Bay Ridge Flats on Brooklyn 's western shore , meeting up with the Culver Line near Hamilton Avenue ( the current Gowanus Expressway ) between the Smith @-@ Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations ; it was suggested that the Hylan tunnel shafts be used . An application for a $ 47 million loan for this extension was approved by the Board of Estimate in 1937 .
A revised Second System plan , drawn up in 1939 after the completion of the South Brooklyn line , followed the original Bay Ridge plan , and would have also extended the IND down Fort Hamilton Parkway and / or 10th Avenue to meet up with the tunnel route . The IND connection would be located at either the Fort Hamilton Parkway station ( where the express tracks of the line run on a separate level directly under the street ) or the Church Avenue express station , the former terminus of the line . The Church Avenue connection would have utilized the lower level yard just south of the station , currently used to relay terminating G trains . None of these plans were ever funded , due to the onset of the Great Depression and , subsequently , World War II .
In 1945 , the tunnel between New Brighton and the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn was submitted by the Board of Transportation to the City Planning Commission as part of the 1946 budget , this time costing $ 50 @,@ 610 @,@ 000 . Later in 1945 , according to a report by Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia 's special committee on transportation requirements of the Borough of Richmond , it was deemed that a tunnel to Staten Island from Manhattan was " unthinkable " and that a tunnel between Brooklyn and Staten Island was " not feasible now but must wait ten years " . Robert Moses , who was the chairman of the committee and a known mass transit opponent , said that the best hope for improved transportation between Staten Island and Brooklyn and Manhattan was the reconstruction of the Saint George Terminal , the placing of more and better boats between Staten Island and Manhattan , resumption of 24 @-@ hour ferry service between 39th Street in Brooklyn and Staten Island , and the construction of ramps to the Gowanus elevated improvement at 39th Street .
More recently , the Verrazano – Narrows Bridge , built from 1959 to 1964 , had been proposed to serve as the rail link . The 95th Street station was slated to be connected to the bridge , one of the world 's longest suspension bridges , because it followed the route of the planned tunnel . However , no space for any tracks was ever built because of Moses 's opposition to the expansion of New York City public transportation .
Modern proposals for completion of the tunnel have come from New York City Councilman Lewis A. Fidler , who has proposed a one @-@ third of one percent tax for the tristate region to pay for the construction . The tunnel was one of several projects that could have competed for $ 3 billion of federal funds that were to have been allocated to the ARC tunnel , which was canceled by New Jersey governor Chris Christie in October 2010 . State Senator Diane Savino , whose district includes parts of Staten Island and Brooklyn , supported such a plan , saying , " The MTA should complete a 1912 plan that would have rail and freight access from the terminus of Victory Boulevard to Brooklyn , along 67th Street , then utilize the R train along Fourth Avenue . " The plan 's projected cost would be $ 3 billion , " the same as a proposed extension of the 7 line under the Hudson River . " Supporters stated that a rail tunnel would improve quality of life for Staten Islanders , reduce traffic , and increase the attractiveness of the borough for investment .
= = Similar proposals = =
= = = Cross @-@ Harbor Rail Tunnel = = =
The nearby Cross @-@ Harbor Rail Tunnel is being planned to connect northeastern New Jersey and Long Island , with portals in Brooklyn and in Jersey City , New Jersey . The tunnel is being planned as a result of passenger and commuter traffic frequencies being at capacity and precluding freight movements . As early as the 1920s , this tunnel had been planned to cross the entire New York Harbor rather than just the Narrows . As a precursor to the planned project , which could cost up to $ 11 billion to build , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ ) compiled a Tier 1 Draft Environmental Impact Statement ( DEIS ) in November 2014 .
= = = Tunnels from Brooklyn to New Jersey via Staten Island = = =
The former Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) also planned a railroad tunnel , for freight use , between Brooklyn and Staten Island in 1893 . The PRR also proposed a tunnel from Brooklyn to Jersey City , approximately following the planned path of the Cross @-@ Harbor Rail Tunnel , ten years later . The project was never started , despite efforts by government planners to start the project from the 1920s through the 1940s .
In January 1935 , New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia solicited the PANYNJ 's help to create a report , called the " Summary of Cross Bays Freight Tunnel Study ( Routes via Staten Island ) , " detailing four routes for a freight tunnel running to New Jersey via a tunnel to Staten Island . However , the only option that was deemed feasible was one that went from the end of the Bay Ridge Branch in Brooklyn to Greenville Yard in Greenville , New Jersey , which could either go through Staten Island or directly under the New York Bay . While the route via Staten Island , estimated at $ 35 million , could potentially accommodate a passenger line at a cost of another $ 28 million , other costs made the direct route cheaper .
In 1978 , Parsons , Brinckerhoff , Quade and Douglas studied four options for a tunnel from Brooklyn to New Jersey , some involving a tunnel to Staten Island . These included an option for a tunnel directly from Greenville Yard to the Bay Ridge Branch , and a link from New Jersey to Manhattan . Also under consideration was a single @-@ tube tunnel with accommodations for electric units only . The Greenville – Brooklyn tunnel would be about $ 331 million , which was cheaper than the approximately $ 405 million tunnel from Staten Island to Brooklyn .
= = = Boulevard Subway plan = = =
In 1912 , Wood , Harmon & Co proposed a new subway from Bayonne , New Jersey , to Staten Island . This was called the Boulevard Subway . In their advertisements , the company stated , " Five or ten years from now — when the subway to Staten Island is built — … some Doubting Thomases of New Yorkers who don 't buy will be shedding tears at their lack of foresight . "
The plan resurfaced in 1929 , when meetings took place between Jersey City Mayor Frank Hague and officials from New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker 's office . This plan proposed a subway line running along the SIRT North Shore Branch and John F. Kennedy Boulevard in New Jersey , before connecting with the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( today 's PATH train ) at Exchange Place . The service would have provided access to Lower Manhattan via the H & M 's Downtown Hudson Tubes to Hudson Terminal ( now the site of the World Trade Center station ) . There were also plans to extend the line to the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee .
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= Get Me a Lawyer =
" Get Me a Lawyer " ( also known as " Pilot " ) is the pilot episode of the legal drama series Damages , which first aired on July 24 , 2007 on FX in the United States . It was written by series creators / executive producers Todd A. Kessler , Glenn Kessler , and Daniel Zelman , and was directed by producer Allen Coulter . In the episode , recent law school graduate Ellen Parsons ( Rose Byrne ) is recruited to Hewes and Associates , a law firm headed by Patty Hewes ( Glenn Close ) , where she is assigned to the " Frobisher case " . Billionaire Arthur Frobisher ( Ted Danson ) is being sued by his former employees , whom he advised to invest in his company while unloading his own stock , and while Frobisher 's attorney Ray Fiske ( Željko Ivanek ) pleads for a settlement price , Patty insists on taking the case to court .
When the Kesslers and Zelman devised the series , they did not specifically intend for Patty and Ellen to be lawyers , wanting primarily to explore the power structures between two strong women — Patty and her protégée Ellen — and choosing a profession afterwards . Close agreed to play Patty so long as the series was filmed in New York , where she resides . To prepare for their roles , Close , Byrne and Tate Donovan met with corporate lawyers , while Danson met with the CEOs of Fortune 500 companies . The pilot was filmed in February and FX placed a 13 @-@ episode order for the series in March . Its American airing brought in 3 @.@ 7 million viewers and it was reviewed positively by most critics . It received two Emmy Award nominations for writing and directing and one win for Close for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . It was also nominated for an American Cinema Editors Award .
= = Plot = =
A young woman steps out of an elevator , bloody and half @-@ naked . She leaves the building and runs down a busy street . She is taken to a police station , where two detectives , Dan Williams ( Casey Siemaszko ) and Rosario Ortiz ( Maya Days ) , find in her pocket a business card for Hollis M. Nye .
In an extended flashback to six months earlier , the woman is revealed to be Ellen Parsons , a recent law school graduate . She turns down a generous salary from Nye 's firm to meet with Patty Hewes , head of Hewes and Associates . Later at a bar , Ellen meets Nye ( Philip Bosco ) , who cautions that Patty is dangerous and has her sign a card reading " I was warned . " Ellen finds out that her interview with Patty is on the day of her sister 's wedding . She declines the interview but Patty , intrigued to have been turned down , finds Ellen at the wedding and hires her .
Patty is the lead attorney in a high @-@ profile litigation , representing the bankrupted workers of a large company run by Frobisher , who allegedly advised his employees to invest in the company while selling his own stock . Patty insists on taking the case to trial rather than accepting a settlement , but on Ellen 's first day it is revealed that the prosecution cannot yet link Frobisher to his stockbroker — though both were in Palm Beach , Florida over the same weekend — and thus cannot disprove that the selling of his stock was not pre @-@ arranged . When Ellen returns home , her boyfriend David Connor ( Noah Bean ) proposes to her and she accepts .
Frobisher 's attorney Ray Fiske visits David 's sister Katie ( Anastasia Griffith ) , who is opening a restaurant in which Frobisher is investing , and asks her to sign a confidentiality agreement . Frobisher meets with his former custodian Larry Popler ( Victor Arnold ) , who names a settlement price of $ 100 million , which Ray returns to Patty . Patty persuades her clients to decline the offer , but Larry mentions a previous agreement to accept any offer of $ 100 million . Patty suspects that her advisor Tom ( Tate Donovan ) had known about the agreement and fires him . Katie , meanwhile , thinks that she is being watched , and tells Ellen and David that she had catered a function for Frobisher in Florida and that afterwards he had offered to help her open a restaurant . Ellen realizes that Patty hired her to get to Katie , a potential witness . Though Katie is initially hesitant to testify , she finds her dog Saffron dead in her apartment with a note reading " Quiet " pinned to a wall . Assuming that Frobisher is responsible , she agrees to meet with Patty to help bring Frobisher down . Tom meets with Patty , who had only pretended to fire him , and gives her Saffron 's collar , which she throws into the ocean .
Returning to the present , the two detectives seek Nye out and he identifies Ellen . They visit Ellen and David 's apartment and find David dead in the bathtub . Ortiz tells Ellen to explain what had happened , and Ellen 's only response is " Get me a lawyer . "
= = Production = =
Brothers Glenn and Todd Kessler decided to work with Daniel Zelman because " we have a third brother , but Daniel is kind of like our fourth brother that we 've known for over 20 years . " When the Kesslers and Zelman devised the series , they did not specifically intend for Patty and Ellen to be lawyers . They wanted to explore the power structures in two strong women — feeling that the male power dynamics had been seen before — and considered a number of professions , including entertainment and pharmaceuticals , before deciding on law . Zelman said that the writers ' main motivation to write about the law " was our interest in power dynamics , the dynamics of power in society . We 're very much interested in the ambiguity of it . We 're just interested in seeing how far we can push these characters . " According to Kessler , " One thing that 's crucial is that Patty Hewes is on one end of the spectrum and Ellen Parsons is on the other . " The relationship the writers were most interested in showing was that between a mentor and a mentee , which is represented by Patty and her protégée Ellen . Todd Kessler called the real life Enron case " a big part " of the inspiration for Patty 's main case involving Arthur Frobisher , though Zelman claims that Enron was not used as a basis in particular : " It was more just the culture of all those corporate scandals at the time . There seemed to be one after the other of them , and we became very interested in sort of the characters who were a part of those scandals . "
After co @-@ starring on 2004 's fourth season of The Shield on cable network FX , Close told network president John Landgraf that she would be open to star in another series , suggesting a spin @-@ off for her Shield character , Captain Monica Rawling . Landgraf pitched Damages to Close , who agreed to play Patty so long as the series was shot in New York City , where she resides . To prepare for her role , Close met New York attorney Mary Jo White and her partner Lorna Scoffield , as well as litigator Patricia Hines , from whom Close learned " some extraordinary things " . The producers sought after Byrne to play Ellen , but she was unavailable during the first round of auditions as she was filming 28 Weeks Later . She says the opportunity " came up again , so I went in , auditioned , and got the role " . Like Close , Byrne spent time with a female lawyer in New York and read books written by litigators Alan Dershowitz and David DuBois , while Donovan talked to his uncle , a New York corporate lawyer . He visited Manhattan 's Centre Street courts , where he " followed the most intense murder trial " . Ivanek was so eager to work on the series that he auditioned for two different roles , and was cast as Ray . Todd Kessler said that Danson 's 1979 film The Onion Field was " a huge influence on Glenn , Daniel and myself , and that was something that had always stuck in our minds . And when we sought out to cast this role of Arthur Frobisher , Ted kind of came into focus . " In preparation for his role , the producers asked Danson to meet with CEOs of Fortune 500 corporations and watch documentaries such as Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room , which examines the collapse of Enron . They also suggested that Danson meet with Close 's acting coach Harold Guskin . The producers said that David and Katie were the hardest characters to cast . Noah Bean , who felt that he gave " an awful first audition " for the role of David , was called in for a second reading as he was waiting for an elevator to leave the building , and was ultimately cast . British actress Anastasia Griffith 's agent informed her of the audition for the role of Katie only two hours before it began . When she met the producers , they were initially concerned about a Brit playing an American , especially since Australian Byrne had already signed on . " To put their fears at rest " , Griffith addressed the producers in an American accent from beginning to end of the audition . After being cast , Griffith and Byrne visited New York University dialect coach Deborah Hecht to perfect their accents .
The episode was shot in February and edited in March 2007 . Filming took place on location at various sites around Manhattan ; after the first season had been greenlit , sets were built at New York 's Steiner Studios . Byrne said that filming the opening scene on a winter 's morning in only underwear and a coat was " very traumatic " and " very hard " . The series remained untitled during casting and filming , and was named Damages after FX had greenlit the pilot and placed a 13 @-@ episode order for the first season in March .
= = Reception = =
As the most @-@ watched basic cable show of the night , " Get Me a Lawyer " drew 3 @.@ 7 million viewers on its initial commercial @-@ free airing , with a total of 5 @.@ 1 million including the viewers of repeat airings later in the night . 1 @.@ 2 million people fell into the target demographic of adults aged 18 – 49 , while 1 @.@ 5 million fell into the 25 – 54 age bracket . FX president John Landgraf deemed the pilot 's ratings " middling " by the network 's standards . The Australian premiere on the Nine Network brought in 999 @,@ 000 viewers , making Damages the thirteenth most @-@ watched show of the night . In Britain , BBC One 's airing of the episode was seen by 1 @.@ 9 million people with a share of 11 % .
Most critics reviewed " Get Me a Lawyer " positively . The New York Times ' Alessandra Stanley praised FX for choosing another series that " keep [ s ] the light focused on the dark side of its main characters " . Stanley wrote that " Damages is yet another show that requires viewers to tune in to every episode to follow the plot , but it is the most grown @-@ up thriller in the pack [ of serialized drama series ] . " Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that , in the episode , " All the drama is in the writing and the acting . " He complimented the " strong cast " , stating that " it 's Close who makes Damages a series to contend with " . Writing for The Age , Robin Oliver called the pilot " terrific @-@ going @-@ on @-@ sensational " . She praised Close and Byrne 's performances , but also highlighted Danson 's role as " a particularly fine piece of casting " . Oliver 's Age colleague Melinda Houston called Close " delicious – and convincing " as Patty and thought that the script was " fabulous " . S. P. Miskowski of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer remarked , " For my money , this is what a ' thriller ' is all about . " TV Squad 's Jonathan Toomey enjoyed the episode 's flashbacks , saying that the style of the show " works and it works well " . Matt Mitovich claimed in a TV Guide recap of the episode , " What a pilot it was ! " He praised the acting from Close , Danson and Byrne , while he felt that " the supporting cast is excellent as well " . Stuart Levine , writing for Variety , called the pilot his favorite episode of the first season .
Other critics , however , did not respond well to the episode . Andrew Billen of The Times thought that the episode was " not as stylish , intelligent or classy as it hopes " and " about as subtle as Times Square " . He called Close 's performance " not remotely credible but impressive in a Norma Desmond way " and labeled Byrne as " particularly unstriking " . Brian Lowry gave the pilot a lukewarm review for Variety . He praised the " solid cast " and " smart dialogue " , but felt that " the template feels a little too familiar ... moreover , it 's fuzzy how long the show 's mystery will persist " . Entertainment Weekly 's Gillian Flynn graded the episode as a C − , criticizing the characters ' lack of logic and the " many ludicrous scenes " . She thought the storylines to be overcomplicated and called Byrne " bland " and " inexpressive " .
" Get Me a Lawyer " received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations : Allen Coulter was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , and Glenn Kessler , Todd A. Kessler , and Daniel Zelman were nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The pilot episode was submitted to the Primetime Emmys judging panel for determining the nominees for Outstanding Drama Series ; Damages was nominated but did not win the award . Close chose the episode as her Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series submission ; she was nominated and went on to win the award . Editor Malcolm Jamieson was nominated for an American Cinema Editors Award for his work on this episode in the " Best Edited One @-@ Hour TV Series ( Commercial Television ) " category .
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= Zero Hour ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" Zero Hour " is the twenty @-@ fourth and final episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise ; the seventy @-@ seventh episode overall . It first aired on May 26 , 2003 , on the UPN network within the United States . Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship , Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . Season three of Enterprise features an ongoing story following an attack on Earth by previously unknown aliens called the Xindi .
In this episode , Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol leads the Enterprise on an attack on ' Sphere 41 ' in an attempt to destroy the sphere network within the Delphic Expanse . Meanwhile , a team led by Captain Jonathan Archer has infiltrated the Xindi weapon while it is en route to Earth . Both the spheres and the weapon are destroyed , but Archer is lost , presumed dead . Enterprise returns to Earth but the crew suddenly find that they have been sent back in time to a very different Second World War .
The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Rick Berman and Brannon Braga and was directed by Allan Kroeker . The episode took eight days to film and included a larger guest cast than normal for episodes of Enterprise , as well as two competition winners . The twist at the end of " Zero Hour " was originally conceived by the writers as a joke , but was developed over the course of the third season to become the concept of " alien Nazis " . This twist was further explained and resolved in the season four two @-@ part opener " Storm Front " . Roughly 3 @.@ 91 million viewers watched " Zero Hour " on first broadcast .
= = Plot = =
Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol orders Enterprise to ' Sphere 41 ' , in an attempt to destroy the entire sphere network . They arrive to find that the Sphere Builders have created a distortion field around it . Doctor Phlox determines that 12 – 15 minutes exposure will kill the crew . Undeterred , Commander Tucker modifies the deflector dish so that it can be used to destroy the sphere . As they approach , two Guardians arrive and begin damaging the ship 's systems , but they cannot prevent its destruction . It implodes , setting off a chain reaction that successfully destroys the rest of the spheres , ending all spatial anomalies in the region .
Meanwhile Captain Archer , accompanied by Lieutenant Reed , Ensign Sato , and a team of MACOs , enters the vortex created by the Xindi weapon . During the pursuit , a recovering Sato is pushed by Archer to decipher Degra 's schematics . Again Archer is suddenly pulled into the future by Temporal Agent Daniels , this time to the founding of the United Federation of Planets , but Archer is again uninterested . Arriving near Earth , Archer receives an unexpected transmission from Commander Shran , who engages and then destroys the Reptilian ship . In the chaos , Archer and his team are able to beam aboard the weapon . A fierce fire @-@ fight ensues , and as Archer and Sato try to disable the weapon , Commander Dolim attempts to stop them . He fails and the weapon is destroyed .
Sato and Reed return to Enterprise with the sad news that Archer did not make it off the weapon . Ferried on an Aquatic ship , Enterprise then returns to Earth , but they are unable to contact Starfleet . Surprised , T 'Pol orders Tucker and Ensign Mayweather to fly a shuttlepod down to San Francisco , where they are suddenly attacked by what seem to be P @-@ 51s . The final scene switches to a World War II German field @-@ hospital . A doctor summons some SS officers to examine the unfamiliar uniform of a burns patient who was recently brought in . The patient is revealed as Archer . One of the SS personnel steps out of the shadows , revealing himself to be a gray @-@ skinned alien .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and story = = =
" Zero Hour " was the culmination of a season @-@ long storyline first introduced by the events of " The Expanse " , wherein an alien race called the Xindi attacks Earth and kills seven million people . During the course of the third season , the Enterprise went into the previously unexplored Delphic Expanse to search for the Xindi and to prevent a further attack which will destroy Earth . Executive producer and writer Brannon Braga felt that the end of the season in a three @-@ part arc composed of " The Council " , " Countdown " and " Zero Hour " , which he compared to three acts of the same story . The episode was written by Braga alongside Rick Berman . The duo were the co @-@ creators of Star Trek : Enterprise .
The idea that Enterprise would be successful in its mission was planned from the start of the development of the year @-@ long storyline . However , the producers and writing team would joke that there would be a " bizarre twist " such as the crew returning to Earth and discovering that it was now ruled by giant cockroaches . The writers decided against a Xindi @-@ based cliffhanger and sought an unusual twist . Braga said that " I can 't remember who said ' Nazis , ' but we just somehow ended up with Nazis . Then that didn 't even feel like enough , so we decided to make them alien Nazis . " He expected it would make the returning episode in season four " really interesting " , and wanted to end the series on something " wacky " . Most of the cast were not given the final few pages of the script until they were already in production . Actor Dominic Keating , who portrays Malcolm Reed on Enterprise , called the ending a " lovely twist ... that just makes you scratch your head and wonder at what you 've just seen . " The twist was wrapped up at the start of season four with the two @-@ part episode " Storm Front " .
It was the third time that Nazis had appeared in the Star Trek franchise . The first was in the episode " Patterns of Force " in Star Trek : The Original Series , and then again on the holodeck on Star Trek : Voyager in the two @-@ part " The Killing Game " . In the episode , T 'Pol states that " Zero Hour " takes place in 2152 , a statement which contradicts other episodes . Manny Coto , executive producer and show runner for the following season , explained that this was a mistake in the script . It was later stated in the timeline published in Voyages of Imagination by Jeff Ayers that the events of " Zero Hour " took place on February 14 , 2154 , a day after the setting of the episode " Countdown " .
= = = Direction , filming and guest stars = = =
Allan Kroeker directed the episode . He had previously directed the season two closing episode " The Expanse " , and the first episode of season three , " The Xindi " . Previously in the franchise , he had directed the finale of both Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager . Production began on March 5 and was completed eight working days later . Because there was no ability to shoot scenes using a second unit during the production of a following episode , ten pages of script were shot on the final day of filming instead of the normal seven or eight . " Zero Hour " was the final episode of Enterprise to be shot on film stock , as for the following season , the decision was made to switch to high @-@ definition digital video .
Scott Bakula stated in an interview on The Wayne Brady Show that there were three endings to the episode filmed . This was later denied by Dominic Keating while on stage at Creation Entertainment 's Grand Slam event in Pasadena in March 2004 . He did clarify that the script for the final scene was delivered to his house in three envelopes , accompanied by a security guard with a dog . Bakula explained later during an online chat for the official Star Trek website that only one ending was ever filmed .
" Zero Hour " featured a guest and stunt cast larger than usual for episodes of Enterprise . For the final day of filming , there were 35 extras on set . The additional actors appearing in " Zero Hour " included J. Paul Boehmer , who portrayed an SS agent at the end of the episode . Boehmer had appeared several times previous in the Star Trek franchise , and his first part ever as an actor was as a holographic Nazi Captain in the Voyager episode " The Killing Game " . He had also previously appeared in Enterprise as the Vulcan Mestral in the episode " Carbon Creek " . Boehmer returned to reprise his role from " Zero Hour " during the two @-@ part " Storm Front " in season four .
In addition to the actors appearing on the episode , two members of the public made walk on appearances as Starfleet crewmen on the engineering set . These were Amy Ulen , who had won the prize on KZOK @-@ FM . She was a high school English and drama teacher . Joining her was DJ Bob Rivers from the Seattle @-@ based UPN affiliate radio station . Also appearing was Brian D 'Arcy who gained his role through a charity auction held by Wired magazine to benefit the Starbright Foundation . Ulen would later have a cameo in the fan production Star Trek : Of Gods and Men .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcast = = =
" Zero Hour " was first broadcast on May 26 , 2004 , on the UPN network within the United States . It was watched by 3 @.@ 91 million viewers . It received a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 5 / 4 percent , which meant that it was seen by 2 @.@ 5 percent of all households , and 4 percent of all households watching television at the time of the broadcast . " Zero Hour " placed UPN in fifth place in the ratings during the timeslot . The episode was first broadcast in the UK later that year on June 7 , on Sky One .
Prior to the broadcast of the finale of season three , there were rumours that the series was going to be cancelled . UPN decided to renew the series , but moved it for season four to Friday nights , and so " Zero Hour " was the final episode of Enterprise to be broadcast on a Wednesday evening .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Michael Westmore , make @-@ up supervisor on Enterprise , was nominated for Outstanding Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special ( Prosthetic ) at the 2004 Emmy Awards for his work on " Zero Hour " . The award instead went to James McKinnon for his work on an episode of Nip / Tuck .
Michelle Erica Green , in her review for TrekNation , found the ending of the episode amusing , describing it as an " insane left hook of a cliffhanger " . She praised the character development elsewhere in the episode , but kept returning to what she described as " EVIL ALIEN NAZIS " . Jamahl Epsicokhan , at his website Jammer 's Reviews , gave the episode two and a half out of four stars . He said that the episode featured several science fiction clichés , such as having the Xindi weapon destroyed in Earth 's orbit . He said that the final scene of the episode was the " Ultimate WTF ending " and compared it to the " jarring " finale of Tim Burton 's version of the film Planet of the Apes .
In David Greven 's book , Gender and Sexuality in Star Trek , the author states that the declaration by Daniels that Reed and Hoshi were unimportant to future events meant that " racial and cultural Others were not important to the future " . But by saying that Archer was indeed required for the future to proceed as expected , it was a statement about the need for " institutional white male power " . Greven asserted that this was part of the writing on Enterprise which changed following the new political direction after the September 11 attacks , whereas the previous post @-@ Star Trek : The Next Generation series had been progressively multi @-@ cultural during the period of the Bill Clinton administration .
= = Home media release = =
The first home media release of " Zero Hour " was as part of the season three DVD box set , released in the United States on September 27 , 2005 . The Blu @-@ ray release of Enterprise was announced in early 2013 , and season three was released on January 7 , 2014 . Jay Chattaway 's music for the episode was released as part of the four disc Star Trek : Enterprise Collection on December 2 , 2014 , including the orchestral pieces " Sphere Builder On Board / Andorian Offensive / Sphere / Final Showdown " and " My Captain " .
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= Ciara : Live in Concert =
Ciara : Live in Concert was the debut concert tour of American recording artist Ciara . It supported her second studio album , Ciara : The Evolution ( 2006 ) and visited venues in the United States and Canada . The 16 @-@ city club tour began on October 26 and ended on December 10 , 2006 . Previously unreleased tracks from her then @-@ upcoming second album were previewed during the tour . The singer described the tour as an exclusive event for fans to showcase the album 's musical direction . Ciara : Live in Concert was accompanied by various radio concerts and a concert with hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas .
The tour 's set list consisted of tracks from Ciara : The Evolution and Ciara 's debut studio album Goodies ( 2004 ) , along with three featured singles . The show held at Nokia Theatre in New York City was broadcast live via streaming on AOL Music 's website and it was later made available on demand . The tour received mixed to positive reviews ; critics were divided regarding the pre @-@ recorded backing tracks and remarked that Ciara was slightly under @-@ prepared to host her own headlining tour , but ultimately praised her energetic choreography .
= = Background and development = =
Ciara : Live in Concert was announced by Jive Records on October 10 , 2006 , via a press release . It was Ciara 's first tour as a headliner ; she had previously performed as the opening act for Gwen Stefani at the Harajuku Lovers Tour ( 2005 ) . Ciara : Live in Concert previewed previously unreleased tracks from the singer 's then @-@ upcoming second album Ciara : The Evolution ( 2006 ) . The tour began on October 26 , 2006 , at the club Love in Washington , D.C. and ended on December 10 at the Nokia Theatre in New York City . It was accompanied by several radio concerts and a concert with American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas in Los Angeles on December 1 , 2006 , as part of the group 's Monkey Business Tour . Regarding the tour , Ciara stated :
Previewing the new record in a small setting gives my fans an exclusive experience where they can truly hear and see exactly where I 'm going with Ciara : The Evolution . It 's about so much more than just my personal growth — it 's about the evolution of music , the evolution of dance , the evolution of fashion . I want to bring a taste of all that to the fans in a one @-@ on @-@ one environment to get them excited for [ the album ] .
= = Concert synopsis = =
The set list for the tour consisted of songs from Ciara : The Evolution and Goodies . As featured artists did not appear on the tour , their part of the songs were edited out , namely on " Oh " and " That 's Right " and the featured singles " Like You " by Bow Wow and " Lose Control " by Missy Elliott . The set decor included risers and multicolored lights . The show began with Ciara appearing on a platform one story above the stage floor . She performed her debut single " Goodies " , which was quickly followed by " Oh " . She wore tight metallic pants , a cut @-@ up white T @-@ shirt and sunglasses . The tempo of " Make It Last Forever " was increased and the backup dancers performed " old @-@ school " breakdancing . The performance ended with Ciara and her dancers freezing in " Vogue poses " .
While performing " Lose Control " , Ciara took off her shirt and revealed a silver bra underneath . The male back @-@ up dancers also took their shirts off . Ciara performed her part in Bow Wow 's " Like You " while appearing alone on stage . For " Like a Boy " , Ciara and her female dancers switched to military @-@ style clothing and performed male @-@ oriented choreography . Later in the show came " Promise " , for which Ciara recreated dance moves from the music video while sporting black pants , a jacket and a hoodie . She ended the song by lying face down while pounding on the stage with her fists . She closed the set with " Get Up " . No musicians appeared on stage throughout the show and Ciara wore a headset microphone to fully focus on her dance moves . The show lasted 45 minutes .
= = Reception and recordings = =
The tour received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The Morning Call 's Dalondo Moultrie was positive in his review of the tour and wrote that Ciara " put on one of the best performances I have seen yet at [ Crocodile Rock ] " . Moultrie called her dance steps " incredible " , noting that it was in sync with the music , " each pelvic thrust or body @-@ bending twist " and the periodic bursts of light . In conclusion , Moultrie praised the concert and its " high @-@ energy songs , sexy dance moves , flawless vocals and a top @-@ flight light show " . Bill White of Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer wrote that due to Ciara 's high energy , " it hardly mattered that she was singing to backing tracks " . Regarding the pre @-@ recorded vocals , he said : " Usually this type of performance seems cut @-@ rate and dishonest , but Ciara , with the help of slick lighting and sharp choreography , made it work " . White concluded : " It may have been a 45 @-@ minute infomercial for her second release , ' Evolution ' , but Ciara 's explosive display of crunk was a minispectacle in its own right . " Sia Michel of The New York Times wrote a positive review , stating : " Ciara led a squad of hip @-@ hop dancers through stylishly choreographed routines . Striding about in a headset , she was a commanding and relentlessly professional presence . "
Vincent Jackson of The Press of Atlantic City wrote that Ciara " exhibited a great deal of self @-@ confidence during the course of the night " . Jackson commented that Ciara is a " limited vocalist " , stating that she made a " good decision to put most of her energy into her almost nonstop , aerobic dance performance " . Newsday critic Glenn Gamboa was more critical , writing that " Pop concerts require strong personalities and , at 21 , Ciara hasn 't quite perfected hers yet " . Gamboa called the show " as slick as an ice patch and often just as cool " , but noted that sometimes she " got dwarfed by her surroundings " of eight dancers and recorded backing vocals . He praised the up @-@ tempo songs and " Promise " , but criticized the ballad " I 'm Just Me " for " nearly halt [ ing ] " the set . He ended on a more positive note , writing that " Ciara shows that she is well on her way to becoming a superstar herself " . Jon Gilbertson of Milwaukee Journal Sentinel was largely critical of the show and criticized the singer for relying on backing tracks , stating that she failed to stand out as none of the songs " brought forth any recognizable vocal signatures " .
AOL Music announced on December 8 , 2006 , that it would broadcast Ciara 's concert at the Nokia Theatre . The concert was available worldwide for free via live streaming on AOL Music 's website . When the show had ended , viewers could access it via an on demand service .
= = Shows = =
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= Hood event =
The Hood event ( Turkish : Çuval Olayı ) was an incident on July 4 , 2003 following the 2003 invasion of Iraq where a group of Turkish military personnel operating in northern Iraq were captured , led away with hoods over their heads , and interrogated by the United States military . The soldiers were released after sixty hours , after Turkey protested to the United States .
Though neither side ever apologized , a US @-@ Turkish commission set up to investigate the incident later issued a joint statement of regret . In addition , US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld wrote a letter to the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan expressing sorrow over the incident . The Hood event damaged diplomatic relations between Turkey and the United States and marked a low point in US @-@ Turkish relations . While the incident received comparatively little coverage in the United States , it was a major event in Turkey , many of whose citizens saw it as a deliberate insult and nicknamed it " The Hood event " .
= = Background = =
Turkey had long viewed northern Iraq , with its large Kurdish population , as a possible national security threat . During the 1980s and 1990s , Turkey fought against the Kurdistan Workers Party ( PKK ) , a separatist group operating mainly in southeastern Turkey . More than 30 @,@ 000 people were killed and millions more were displaced . During the war , the PKK established bases in Iraq and Syria .
Turkish fears intensified after Iraqi Kurdistan gained autonomy after the 1991 Gulf War . In 1996 , after a civil war had broken out there , Turkey deployed troops there to monitor a ceasefire between the two main Kurdish factions . In 1998 , Turkey was able to use military threats to force neighboring Syria to expel PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan . However , because of the United States , it was never able to move decisively against the Kurds in northern Iraq .
Under American protection , Iraqi Kurdistan had evolved into a successful semi @-@ autonomous region . US pressure helped lead to a peace deal in 1999 between the major Iraqi Kurdish factions , the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq . While both parties officially swore off independence , the Turkish government remained sufficiently concerned , and continued to keep troops in northern Iraq .
= = The Iraq War = =
By 2003 , many Turks had come to see American foreign policy in the region as a threat . Matters were not helped by the election in 2002 of the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) . The election of the AKP led to an immediate increase in tensions with America , especially after the Parliament 's decision not to send any Turkish troops to Iraq further eroded US @-@ Turkish relations . 70 % of the parliament members were Justice and Development Party members .
On April 24 , 2003 , only two weeks after the fall of Baghdad , a dozen Turkish special forces were arrested in Da Quq ( a tribal village 45 minutes north of Kirkuk ) . According to Time , a weekly world news magazine , they were wearing civilian clothes and intended to infiltrate Iraq , lagging behind a humanitarian convoy , in order to destabilize the region to a level where Turkey could reasonably send its own peacekeeping force . However , they were intercepted by American forces , who claimed they had received prior knowledge of the group .
Colonel Bill Mayville , a U.S. brigade commander who was responsible for the region where this took place , accused the Turks of having links to the Iraqi Turkoman Front ( ITF ) , an ethnic @-@ Turkish militia . However , US forces made no effort to incarcerate the Turks , merely detaining them for a day , with food , security and comfort , and then escorting them back to the Iraqi @-@ Turkish border . In the following months , Turkey continued its policy of sending small groups of soldiers into Iraqi Kurdistan , ostensibly to search for PKK bases . According to The Economist , Turkey also began covertly arming the ITF as a lever against the Iraqi Kurds .
= = Raid on Al Sulaymaniyah = =
On July 4 , 2003 , soldiers from the United States Army 's 173d Airborne Brigade raided a safehouse in the Kurdish @-@ held Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah . Seemingly acting on an intelligence tip that there were individuals in the safehouse plotting to assassinate the Iraqi @-@ Kurdish governor of the province of Kirkuk . The safehouse instead housed members of the Iraq 's Turkoman Front and Turkish Special Forces soldiers , including a colonel and two majors , whom they promptly arrested . Turkish sources refer to eleven soldiers commanded by a major . An unknown number of other individuals were also detained during the raid , although thirteen were later released . Apart from these , and the Turkish soldiers who were to be released after intense diplomatic activity , a British citizen named Michael Todd , who was by chance in town to seek his half @-@ Iraqi daughter , was also put in custody and kept for a fortnight under trying conditions .
= = Negotiations = =
The Turkish military immediately threatened retaliatory measures , including closing Turkish airspace to US military flights , stopping the use of the southern Incirlik Air Base and sending more troops into northern Iraq . A delegation of Turkish military and diplomatic officials immediately left for Sulaymaniyah on Saturday to discuss the matter with the Americans , but according to the Turks most of the American commanders were off celebrating Independence Day . Following direct protests by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to US Vice President Dick Cheney , as well as by Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül to US Secretary of State Colin Powell , the Turkish soldiers were released after sixty hours in captivity .
= = Aftermath = =
The Hood event made a much greater impact in Turkey than in the West , which by and large agreed with the U.S. government 's interpretation . While the story received comparatively little coverage outside of the Middle East , Turkish newspapers loudly condemned the raid , referring to U.S. forces with nicknames such as " Rambos " and " Ugly Americans " . On the last day of the incident , Hilmi Özkök , Chief of the General Staff ( Turkey ) , declared that the Hood event had caused a " crisis of confidence " between the US and Turkey .
The event periodically gets front coverage in the Turkish media , such as in the mass @-@ circulation daily Hürriyet , in keeping with new declarations made to the press by the involved parties and new details divulged . Most recently , the key witness in the Ergenekon investigation , Tuncay Güney , alleged that the event was the U.S. response to the discovery of documents about the clandestine Ergenekon network 's Iraq connection in the archives of Tariq Aziz .
The Hood event was the inspiration for the 2006 Turkish action film Valley of the Wolves Iraq . The film opens with the depiction of an almost identical incident , following afterwards a fictional story in which the Turkish protagonist seeks retaliation against the American Commander responsible for the incident .
= = Claims = =
Various municipal and government buildings were put on fire in Mosul and Kirkuk by Kurdish forces on 10 and 11 April 2003 . A Turkish daily newspaper reported that the Turkish Special Forces soldiers , who were captured by US Army and Peshmerga , had already filmed the deed records and sent the digital records to Turkey before the historical records were terminated . The newspaper also reported that the US party was , in fact , in search of those records , but they were unable to find them . However , Turkish Ministry of Public Works declared that the ministry archives holds historical deed records from the Ottoman era and there were no operations involved .
Retired Department of Intelligence Chief of General Staff of the Republic of Turkey , Korg . İsmail Hakki Pekin , claims in his book named “ Dikkat Cemaat Çıkabilir KOZMİK ODA ” that , after the secret archives about Turkmens captured during the raid , local Turkmen leaders were assassinated or died in suspicious traffic accidents .
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= Brazilian monitor Piauí =
The Brazilian monitor Piauí was the fourth ship of the Pará @-@ class river monitors built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s . Piauí passed the fortifications at Humaitá in July 1868 and provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war . The ship was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla after the war . Piauí was scrapped in 1893 .
= = Design and description = =
The Pará @-@ class monitors were designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for small , shallow @-@ draft armored ships capable of withstanding heavy fire . The monitor configuration was chosen since a turreted design did not have the same problems engaging enemy ships and fortifications as did the central battery ironclads already in Brazilian service . The oblong gun turret sat on a circular platform that had a central pivot . It was rotated by four men via a system of gears ; 2 @.@ 25 minutes were required for a full 360 ° rotation . A bronze ram was fitted to these ships as well . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling .
The ships measured 39 meters ( 127 ft 11 in ) long overall , with a beam of 8 @.@ 54 meters ( 28 ft 0 in ) . They had a draft of 1 @.@ 51 to 1 @.@ 54 meters ( 4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 1 in ) and displaced 500 metric tons ( 490 long tons ) . With only 0 @.@ 3 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) of freeboard they had to be towed between Rio de Janeiro and their areas of operations . Their crew numbered 43 officers and men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The Pará @-@ class ships had two direct @-@ acting steam engines , each driving a single 1 @.@ 3 @-@ meter ( 4 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by two tubular boilers at a working pressure of 59 psi ( 407 kPa ; 4 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 180 indicated horsepower ( 130 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried enough coal for one day 's steaming .
= = = Armament = = =
Piauí had a single 120 @-@ pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader ( RML ) in her gun turret . The gun had a maximum range of about 5 @,@ 540 meters ( 6 @,@ 060 yd ) . Its 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) shells weighed 151 pounds ( 68 @.@ 5 kg ) and the gun itself weighed 16 @,@ 660 pounds ( 7 @,@ 556 @.@ 8 kg ) . Most unusually the gun 's Brazilian @-@ designed iron carriage was designed to pivot vertically at the muzzle ; this was done to minimize the size of the gunport through which splinters and shells could enter .
= = = Armor = = =
The hull of the Pará @-@ class ships was made from three layers of wood , with the grain of each layer at right angles to the next layer . It was 457 millimeters ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) thick and was capped with a 102 @-@ millimeter ( 4 in ) layer of peroba hardwood . The ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 0 @.@ 91 meters ( 3 @.@ 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters amidships , decreasing to 76 millimeters ( 3 in ) and 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) at the ship 's ends . The curved deck was armored with 12 @.@ 7 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) of wrought iron .
The rectangular gun turret had rounded corners . It was built much like the hull , but the front of the turret was protected by 152 millimeters ( 6 in ) of armor , the sides by 102 millimeters and the rear by 76 millimeters . Its roof and the exposed portions of the platform it rested upon were protected by 12 @.@ 7 millimeters of armor . The armored pilothouse was positioned ahead of the turret .
= = Service = =
Piauí was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Côrte in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1866 , during the Paraguayan War , which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay . She was launched on 8 January 1868 and commissioned later that month . Together with the ironclads Silvado and Cabral , Piauí passed the weakened Paraguayan fortifications at Humaitá on 21 July 1868 . She bombarded Asunción that same day . The monitor and a number of Brazilian ironclads bombarded Paraguayan batteries at Angostura , downstream of Asunción , on 28 October , 19 November and 26 November . Piauí , together with her sister ships Ceará and Santa Catharina , broke through the Paraguayan defenses at Guaraio on 29 April 1869 and drove off the defenders . On 31 August 1869 the monitor unsuccessfully tried to locate and destroy the remnants of the Paraguayan Navy on the Manduvirá River . In the 1880s the ship 's armament was reinforced with a pair of 11 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 43 in ) machine guns . After the war she was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla and was scrapped in 1893 .
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= Shi Jianqiao =
Shi Jianqiao ( simplified Chinese : 施剑翘 ; traditional Chinese : 施劍翹 ; pinyin : Shī Jiànqiào ; Wade – Giles : Shih Chien @-@ chʻiao , 1905 or 1906 – August 27 , 1979 ) was the daughter of the Chinese military officer Shi Congbin , whose killing she avenged by assassinating the former warlord Sun Chuanfang . The revenge killing and the legal proceedings that followed were highly publicized at the time and incited public debates over the concepts of filial piety and the rule of law .
= = Names = =
Shi Jianqiao 's given name was Shi Gulan , ( simplified Chinese : 施谷兰 ; traditional Chinese : 施谷蘭 ; pinyin : Shī Gǔlán ; Wade – Giles : Shih Ku @-@ lan ; literally : " Valley Orchid " ) . She adopted the name Shi Jianqiao around the time she was planning to assassinate Sun Chuanfang to avenge her father 's killing . The characters of her adopted name mean " sword " and " to raise " alluding to her planned role as an avenging assassin .
= = Background = =
Shi Jianqiao was born in Tongcheng City , Anhui Province , in the small village of Shazigang . While her grandfather had still been a farmer and tofu seller , her father and one of her uncles rose to become decorated soldiers , which led to an increase in the family 's social status . She grew up in Jinan , Shandong Province and had her feet bound as a young girl . By the year he was killed ( 1925 ) , her father had been promoted to director of military affairs in Shandong Province and served as brigade commander under the local warlord Zhang Zongchang . Zhang Zongchang and hence Shi Congbin were aligned with the Fengtian clique , one of the two main competing warlord factions at the time . By some accounts , Shi Jianqiao graduated from Tianjin Normal College ( Chinese : 天津師範學校 ; pinyin : Tiānjīn Shīfàn Xuéxiào ) .
In October 1925 , during the second war between the Zhili and Fengtian warlord cliques , her father Shi Congbin was leading a brigade of mercenary soldiers in an attempt to capture Guzhen , Shandong . However , he found himself surrounded by troops of the Zhili warlord Sun Chuanfang who had been leading a surprise counterattack against the advance of the Fengtian troops . The next day , Sun had Shi decapitated and his severed head displayed in public at the train station of Bengbu , Anhui . Less than two years later , in early 1927 , Sun Chuanfeng was deposed by the Northern Expedition , a military campaign by the Kuomintang that was targeted at ending the rule of the local warlords . He retired from his military career and founded the Tianjin Qingxiu lay @-@ Buddhist society ( Chinese : 天津佛教居士林 ; pinyin : Tiānjīn Fójiào Jūshìlín ) together with his former fellow warlord Jin Yunpeng .
= = Revenge = =
About 10 years after the death of her father , Shi Jianqiao tracked down Sun Chuanfang in Tianjin . Shortly after 3pm on November 13 , 1935 , she approached him from behind while he was leading a sutra @-@ recitation session at his lay @-@ Buddhist society on Nanma Road . She then killed the kneeling former warlord by shooting him three times with her Browning pistol . After the assassination , she stayed at the crime scene to explain her deed and distribute mimeographed pamphlets to bystanders . Her case drew a significant amount of public and media attention . After a lengthy legal process with two appeals that ultimately reached the Supreme Court in Nanjing and pitted public sentiment against the rule of law , she was finally given a state pardon by the Nationalist government on October 14 , 1936 . The assassination of Sun Chuanfang was ethically justified as an act of filial piety and turned into a political symbol of the legitimate vengeance against the Japanese invaders .
= = Later life and death = =
In 1949 , Shi Jianqiao was elected as vice @-@ chair of the Women 's Federation of Suzhou . In 1957 , she was appointed to the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party .
Shi Jianqiao died in 1979 , shortly after surgery for advanced colorectal cancer . Her ashes were buried in the West Tianling Cemetery ( Chinese : 西天灵公墓 ; pinyin : Xi Tiānlíng Gōngmù ) in Suzhou City .
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= Mecha @-@ Streisand =
" Mecha @-@ Streisand " is the twelfth episode in the first season of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 18 , 1998 . In the episode , Barbra Streisand obtains the Diamond of Panthios from Stan , Cartman , Kyle and Kenny , and transforms into a giant mechanical dinosaur called Mecha @-@ Streisand . She is ultimately defeated by The Cure frontman Robert Smith , who himself transforms into a giant moth monster .
The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone along with writer Philip Stark , and was directed by Parker . " Mecha @-@ Streisand " parodies numerous popular Kaiju films and features portrayals of actor Sidney Poitier and film critic Leonard Maltin .
According to Nielsen ratings , " Mecha @-@ Streisand " was seen by 5 @.@ 4 million viewers , a record high viewership for a South Park episode at the time . Streisand herself was critical of the series and her role in " Mecha @-@ Streisand " , although Leonard Maltin was complimentary about his portrayal .
= = Plot = =
During an archeological dig , Cartman discovers a mysterious stone triangle , which he promptly throws away without interest . Shortly after Kyle picks it up , the archeologist guide identifies the writing on the triangle as Anasazi . Kyle appears on television to discuss the find , making a jealous Cartman want the triangle back . Cartman constantly pesters Kyle until he returns the triangle to him . Meanwhile , Leonard Maltin comes to South Park and asks Chef whether he has seen Barbra Streisand . Maltin , who saw Kyle and the triangle on television , tells Chef the boys are in great danger .
Later , Streisand finds the boys at the bus stop and demands the " Triangle of Zinthar " , and gets aggravated when they reject her . As they search for Streisand , Maltin tells Chef she is seeking the triangle to complete the ancient relic , the " Diamond of Pantheos " , which will allow her to become an evil and dangerous creature that could conquer the world . Later , Streisand dons a disguise and visits the boys again , offering them a monetary reward for the triangle . Stan , Kenny and Kyle are suspicious , but Cartman insists they go along for the money . Streisand takes them to her condo in the mountains , where she chains the boys up ( while Cartman is attached on rack ) and tortures them with her singing voice . Cartman relents and gives up the triangle .
Streisand combines the triangle with the diamond , transforming herself into a giant mechanical dinosaur called Mecha @-@ Streisand , and begins to completely destroy South Park . Maltin and Chef arrive to free the boys , and Maltin asks Chef to call The Cure lead singer Robert Smith for help . Maltin then transforms into a giant robot and battles Mecha @-@ Streisand , but he is quickly defeated . The boys evade fiery debris from the fight , but Kenny is killed when he stops to play tetherball and gets strangled by the rope . Actor Sidney Poitier arrives and turns into a giant turtle with fangs to fight Mecha @-@ Striesand , but he too is easily defeated . After getting a call from the boys , Robert Smith arrives and transforms into a giant moth . After the ensuing battle , Smith punches the Diamond of Pantheos away from Mecha @-@ Streisand , who explodes and dies . The boys split the diamond again to try to prevent anyone else from getting the power by throwing it in the trash can , but the episode ends with the boys cowering in the presence of a Mecha @-@ Ike because Ike went inside the trash can and got the diamond .
= = Production = =
" Mecha @-@ Streisand " was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , along with writer Philip Stark , and was directed by Parker . " Mecha @-@ Streisand " first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 18 , 1998 . Robert Smith , lead vocalist and guitarist for the English rock band The Cure , makes a guest appearance as himself , marking only the second time a celebrity guest played a major role in an episode , after Natasha Henstridge in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " . Following the success of " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in South Park episodes , allowing Parker and Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars . Parker , a fan of The Cure , said it was his lifelong dream to meet Smith , and he was one of the few celebrities Parker specifically requested to make an appearance . Smith performed all of his lines via telephone and Parker used the first reading of each line , even though they were executed in a very dead @-@ pan voice .
When Parker and Stone made fun of celebrities in previous South Park episodes , they were chosen at random ; however , they chose to mock Barbra Streisand based on a strong distaste for the actress . Part of the reason they disliked her was that after Colorado passed Amendment 2 , an amendment to the Colorado state constitution forbidding homosexuals from being recognized as a protected class , Streisand made a public statement speaking out against the state and all its citizens , promising she would never visit Colorado again . Parker said he also finds her singing voice annoying , which inspired the scene with Streisand torturing the boys by singing to them . The duo tried to make Streisand 's portrayal as " sick and disgusting as possible " in " Mecha @-@ Streisand " . Mary Kay Bergman , a voice artist who had done most of the female voices on South Park , portrayed Barbra Streisand in the episode .
South Park animators created the episode using PowerAnimator , the Alias Systems Corporation animation program most commonly known as " Alias " . Eric Stough , director of animation for the series , said " Mecha @-@ Streisand " was slightly more challenging to animate than other first season episodes due to the laser beam @-@ type effects featured in the final monster fight , which were specifically designed to resemble a low @-@ budget monster movie with poor graphics . The scenes with an instructional guide taking the kids on a fossil hunt were based on real @-@ life arrowhead @-@ digging excursions Parker and Stone went on in Red Rocks Park during their childhood in Colorado . During a scene with Chef and Leonard Maltin driving in a car , actual video footage of Colorado roads is visible through the back window of the car . The footage was shot by a friend of Parker and Stone and used because the animators did not yet know how to create roads in perspective .
= = Cultural references = =
" Mecha @-@ Streisand " parodies Kaiju films such as Godzilla , Gamera , Mothra , and Ultraman . Parker and Stone watched many Godzilla films during their childhoods , and Parker said he knew from the beginning of South Park that he would base an episode around the films . Streisand is based on Mechagodzilla , the mechanical doppelgänger of Godzilla . Smith is based on Mothra , the giant moth @-@ like monster from the 1961 film Mothra and also one of Godzilla 's rivals , which Parker described as his favorite of the Kaiju films . The scene in which six @-@ inch @-@ tall twins appear and ask actor Sidney Poitier to fight Mecha @-@ Streisand are based on similar scenes and characters from the Mothra film . Poitier portrays a monster similar to Gamera , a flying turtle monster , and film critic Leonard Maltin transforms into a giant mechanical superhero resembling that of Japanese television superhero Ultraman . During the fights sequence , Stan shouts for Smith to " use robot punch " , a line frequently used in Ultraman television shows . The Diamond of Pantheos , on the other hand , closely resembles the pendant worn by a major character in the anime Galaxy Express 999 .
When the monsters battle each other at the end of the episode , a Japanese man sings songs about each of the monsters while they approach . This mirrors a common element throughout actual Japanese monster movies , which commonly have theme songs for the monster characters . Parker wrote the songs in Japanese language . The English translation for the lyrics sung when Robert Smith transforms translates are , " I really like Robert Smith " , and the lyrics sung about Mecha @-@ Streisand translate , " Barbra , Barbra , she 's a bitch , Barbra " . When Streisand becomes Mecha @-@ Streisand , the line was written in Japanese , " From this moment on , I am Mecha @-@ Streisand ! " , but Parker said Bergman misread some of the words so the on @-@ air translation was imperfect . Before Leonard Maltin transforms , he screams in Japanese , " Listen , listen , here 's a tulip " , which Parker said is a phrase Japanese children say before passing gas .
During the fight scene , a number of skyscrapers are shown getting destroyed . Parker , who acknowledged the buildings were never featured in any other South Park episode , said they were modeled after real @-@ life skyscrapers in Denver and included in " Mecha @-@ Streisand " only so they could get destroyed during the monster fight , a frequent element of battles in real Japanese monster films . Musical elements from the Hanna @-@ Barbera cartoon Super Friends are also featured during the battle . Actress Sally Struthers , who was previously lampooned in the South Park episode " Starvin ' Marvin " , is briefly seen during a scene in " Mecha @-@ Streisand " , in which she is filming a movie scene with Poitier . Kyle tells Robert Smith , " Disintegration is the best album ever " . The line was based on Parker 's own enthusiasm for The Cure 's 1989 album , Disintegration , and Robert Smith himself would go on to say in an interview that the line was his " happiest moment " . As Smith walks into the sunset , a version of The Cure 's " Let 's Go to Bed " is played on the Japanese Lute ( Biwa ) . Officer Barbrady makes a reference to singer @-@ songwriter Fiona Apple with the line , " Well , you ain 't Fiona Apple , and if you ain 't Fiona Apple , I don 't give a rat 's ass . "
= = Reception and release = =
In its original American broadcast on February 18 , 1998 , " Mecha @-@ Streisand " received a 6 @.@ 9 Nielsen rating , translating to 5 @.@ 4 million viewers in 3 @.@ 2 million households . At the time , it was a record high viewership for a South Park episode , breaking the record that was set earlier that month by " Damien " , and was ten times the average of Comedy Central 's non @-@ South Park programming .
Parker and Stone were very happy with the episode , but received feedback from fans that it was one of the weaker episodes of the first season , and that the constant jokes about Barbra Streisand started to grow redundant . Many fans also did not like Kenny 's tether ball accident death scene because it had nothing to do with the plot of the episode , which Parker and Stone said was supposed to be the joke .
Streisand herself took a negative view of her portrayal , stating in a Mirabella interview ,
Parker and Stone created the second season episode " Spookyfish " in response , where they took a picture of Streisand 's head , placed the image into all four corners of the screen and called it " Spooky vision " .
Leonard Maltin was complimentary about " Mecha @-@ Streisand " , and told Parker and Stone his children particularly enjoyed his portrayal in the episode . Regarding his appearance , Robert Smith had claimed that nothing in his career mattered as much to his younger nephews and nieces as the fact that he was featured on South Park .
" Mecha @-@ Streisand " was released , along with 11 other episodes , in a three @-@ disc DVD set in November 1998 . It was included in the third volume , which also included the episodes " Starvin ' Marvin " , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " and " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " . " Mecha @-@ Streisand " , along with the other twelve episodes from the first season , was also included in the DVD release " South Park : The Complete First Season " , which was released on November 12 , 2002 . Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode , but they were not included with the DVDs due to " standards " issues with some of the statements ; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored , so they were released in a CD separate from the DVDs . In 2008 , Parker and Stone made " Mecha @-@ Streisand " and all South Park episodes available to watch for free on the show 's official website , " South Park Studios " .
The episode was revisited twelve years later in the season 14 episode " 200 " , featuring a redesigned Mecha @-@ Streisand . During a duet with Neil Diamond , Mecha @-@ Streisand lets out a green cloud from her groin that disgusts the people of South Park . The original Japanese theme song for the creature also plays in the episode . The Mecha @-@ Streisand featured in " 200 " is designed with more sophisticated computer imagery than the original , as the animation quality of the series has improved over the years in general .
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= Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta ( formerly Endymion non @-@ scriptus or Scilla non @-@ scripta ) is a bulbous perennial plant , found in Atlantic areas from north @-@ western Spain to the British Isles , and also frequently used as a garden plant . It is known in English as the common bluebell or simply bluebell , a name which is used in Scotland to refer to the harebell , Campanula rotundifolia . In spring , H. non @-@ scripta produces a nodding , one @-@ sided inflorescence of 5 – 12 tubular , sweet @-@ scented violet – blue flowers , with strongly recurved tepals , and 3 – 6 long , linear , basal leaves .
H. non @-@ scripta is particularly associated with ancient woodland where it may dominate the understorey to produce carpets of violet – blue flowers in " bluebell woods " , but also occurs in more open habitats in western regions . It is protected under UK law , and in some other parts of its range . A related species , H. hispanica has also been introduced to the British Isles and hybridises with H. non @-@ scripta to produce intermediates known as H. × massartiana .
= = Taxonomy = =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his seminal 1753 work Species Plantarum , as a species in the genus Hyacinthus . The specific epithet non @-@ scriptus means " unlettered " or " unmarked " and was intended to distinguish this plant from the classical hyacinth of Greek mythology . This mythical flower , which was almost certainly not the modern hyacinth , sprang up from the blood of the dying prince Hyacinthus . His lover , the god Apollo , shed tears that marked the new flower 's petals with the letters " AIAI " ( " alas " ) as a sign of his grief .
In 1803 , Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg and Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link transferred the species to the genus Scilla , and in 1849 Christian August Friedrich Garcke transferred it to the genus Endymion ( now a synonym of Hyacinthoides ) ; it is still widely known as " Scilla non @-@ scripta " or " Endymion non @-@ scriptus " . In 1934 , Pierre Chouard transferred the species to its current placement in the genus Hyacinthoides . Scilla was the original Greek name for the sea squill , Drimia maritima ; Endymion is a character from Greek mythology ; Hyacinthoides means " like a hyacinth " .
The type species of Hyacinthoides is H. hispanica , while that of Endymion is " Scilla nutans " , described by James Edward Smith in English Botany in 1797 , but now treated as a synonym of H. non @-@ scripta . Smith had argued that nutans ( " nodding " ) is a more fitting epithet than non @-@ scriptus , which makes no sense once separated from Hyacinthus , but the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants requires the oldest name to be used , regardless of meaning .
Common names for Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta include bluebell , common bluebell , English bluebell , British bluebell , wild hyacinth , wood bell , fairy flower and bell bottle . In Scotland , the term " bluebell " is used for the harebell , Campanula rotundifolia .
= = = Related species = = =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta forms a clade with three other species – H. hispanica , H. paivae and H. cedretorum – centred on the Iberian Peninsula . H. paivae is restricted to a small area of north @-@ western Iberia ( Galicia and neighbouring parts of Portugal ) , while H. cedretorum is found in mountainous areas of western North Africa ( Morocco and Algeria ) . Within Iberia , H. non @-@ scripta and H. hispanica are geographically separated by the Duero river . The genus also contains seven further species , mostly distributed further east in the Mediterranean Basin .
= = Description = =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta is a perennial plant that grows from a bulb . It produces 3 – 6 linear leaves , all growing from the base of the plant , and each 7 – 16 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 28 – 0 @.@ 63 in ) wide . An inflorescence of 5 – 12 ( exceptionally 3 – 32 ) flowers is borne on a stem up to 500 mm ( 20 in ) tall , which droops towards the tip ; the flowers are arranged in a 1 @-@ sided nodding raceme . Each flower is 14 – 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 – 0 @.@ 79 in ) long , with two bracts at the base , and the six tepals are strongly recurved at their tips . The tepals are violet – blue . The three stamens in the outer whorl are fused to the perianth for more than 75 % of their length , and bear cream @-@ coloured pollen . The flowers are strongly and sweetly scented . The seeds are black , and germinate on the soil surface .
The bulbs produce contractile roots ; when these roots contract , they draw the bulbs down into deeper layers of the soil where there is greater moisture , reaching depths of 10 – 12 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) . This may explain the absence of H. non @-@ scripta from thin soils over chalk in South East England , since the bulbs are unable to penetrate into sufficiently deep soils .
H. non @-@ scripta differs from H. hispanica , which occurs as an introduced species in the British Isles , in a number of ways . H. hispanica has paler flowers which are borne in radially symmetrical racemes ; their tepals are less recurved , and are only faintly scented . The outer stamens are fused with the tepals for less than 75 % of their length , and the anthers are the same colour as the tepals . These two species are thought to have diverged 8000 years ago . The two species also hybridise readily to produce fertile offspring known as Hyacinthoides × massartiana ; the hybrids are intermediate between the parental species , forming a spectrum of variation which connects the two .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta is native to the western parts of Atlantic Europe , from north @-@ western Spain ( occasionally even north @-@ western Portugal ) to the Netherlands and the British Isles . It is found in Belgium , Great Britain , France , Ireland , the Netherlands and Spain , and also occurs as a naturalized species in Germany , Italy , and Romania . It has also been introduced to parts of North America , in both the Pacific Northwest ( British Columbia , Washington and Oregon ) and the north @-@ eastern United States ( Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York ) .
Despite the wide distribution of H. non @-@ scripta , it reaches its greatest densities in the British Isles , where " bluebell woods " ( woodland with the understory dominated by H. non @-@ scripta in spring ) are a familiar sight . H. non @-@ scripta is found throughout the British Isles , with the exception of the northern Outer Hebrides ( Lewis and Harris ) , Orkney and Shetland , and it is estimated that 25 % – 50 % of all common bluebells may be found in the British Isles .
Bluebells are a species of deciduous woodland over much of their range , flowering and leafing early before the canopy closes in late spring . They may also be found growing under bracken or Japanese knotweed , perennial plants which also form stands with a dense summer canopy . They are most successful on slightly acid soils ; the same niche in alkaline conditions may be occupied by other species such as Mercurialis perennis . As a species adapted to woodlands , the young shoots are able to penetrate through a thick layer of leaf litter , and bluebells are often used as an indicator species to identify ancient woodland . Bluebells are also frequently found in hedgerows , and in the west of their range they can be found growing in open habitats , including coastal meadows . Bluebell flowers are rich in pollen and nectar , and are chiefly pollinated by bumblebees , although they are also visited by various other insects . They are a host species for the parasitic fungus Uromyces muscari , which causes bluebell rust . The ability of H. non @-@ scripta to take up phosphorus from the soil is greatly enhanced by the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae in its roots .
= = Protection = =
Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta is not protected under international law , such as CITES or the EU Habitats Directive .
In the United Kingdom , H. non @-@ scripta is a protected species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . Landowners are prohibited from removing common bluebells on their land for sale and it is a criminal offence to remove the bulbs of wild common bluebells . This legislation was strengthened in 1998 under Schedule 8 of the Act making any trade in wild common bluebell bulbs or seeds an offence , punishable by fines of up to £ 5000 per bulb . The species is not protected in the Republic of Ireland .
In France , H. non @-@ scripta is largely confined to the northern half of the country . It is not legally protected at the national level , but it is protected in many of the départements towards the edge of its range ( Corrèze , Loiret , Gironde , Lot @-@ et @-@ Garonne , Dordogne , Cher , Eure @-@ et @-@ Loir , Indre @-@ et @-@ Loire and Loir @-@ et @-@ Cher ) . In Wallonia , H. non @-@ scripta is protected under Annexe VII of the Loi sur la conservation de la nature .
= = Uses = =
Bluebells are widely planted as garden plants , either among trees or in herbaceous borders . They flower at the same time as hyacinths , Narcissus and some tulips . Their ability to reproduce vegetatively using runners , however , means that they can spread rapidly , and may need to be controlled as weeds .
Bluebells synthesise a wide range of chemicals with potential medicinal properties . They contain at least 15 biologically active compounds that may provide them with protection against insects and animals . Certain extracts – water @-@ soluble alkaloids – are similar to compounds tested for use in combating HIV and cancer . The bulbs of bluebells are used in folk medicine as a remedy for leucorrhoea , and as a diuretic or styptic , while the sap can be used as an adhesive .
The bluebell may be regarded as the United Kingdom 's " favourite flower " . When the wild plant charity Plantlife organised a survey in 2004 to find a favourite flower for each county in the United Kingdom , it decided to ban voters from choosing the bluebell because it had been by far the top choice in an earlier poll for the nation 's favourite flower . A stylised bluebell is used as the logo for the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland .
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= Eurasian Land Bridge =
The Eurasian Land Bridge ( Russian : Евразийский сухопутный мост , Yevraziyskiy sukhoputniy most ) , sometimes called the New Silk Road ( Новый шёлковый путь , Noviy shyolkoviy put ' ) , is the rail transport route for moving freight and passengers overland between Pacific seaports in the Russian Far East and China and seaports in Europe . The route , a transcontinental railroad and rail land bridge , currently comprises the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway , which runs through Russia and is sometimes called the Northern East @-@ West Corridor , and the New Eurasian Land Bridge or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge , running through China and Kazakhstan . As of November 2007 , about 1 % of the $ 600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes .
Completed in 1916 , the Trans @-@ Siberian connects Moscow with Russian Pacific seaports such as Vladivostok . From the 1960s until the early 1990s the railway served as the primary land bridge between Asia and Europe , until several factors caused the use of the railway for transcontinental freight to dwindle . One factor is that the railways of the former Soviet Union use a wider rail gauge than most of the rest of Europe as well as China . Recently , however , the Trans @-@ Siberian has regained ground as a viable land route between the two continents .
China 's rail system had long linked to the Trans @-@ Siberian via northeastern China and Mongolia . In 1990 China added a link between its rail system and the Trans @-@ Siberian via Kazakhstan . China calls its uninterrupted rail link between the port city of Lianyungang and Kazakhstan the New Eurasian Land Bridge or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge . In addition to Kazakhstan , the railways connect with other countries in Central Asia and the Middle East , including Iran . With the October 2013 completion of the rail link across the Bosphorus under the Marmaray project the New Eurasian Land Bridge now theoretically connects to Europe via Central and South Asia .
Proposed expansion of the Eurasian Land Bridge includes construction of a railway across Kazakhstan that is the same gauge as Chinese railways , rail links to India , Burma , Thailand , Malaysia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia , construction of a rail tunnel and highway bridge across the Bering Strait to connect the Trans @-@ Siberian to the North American rail system , and construction of a rail tunnel between South Korea and Japan . The United Nations has proposed further expansion of the Eurasian Land Bridge , including the Trans @-@ Asian Railway project .
= = History = =
Commercial traffic between Europe and Asia took place along the Silk Road from at least the 2nd millennium BC . The Silk Road was not a specific thoroughfare , but a general route used by traders to travel , much of it by land , between the two continents along the Eurasian Steppes through Central Asia . The 5 @,@ 000 miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ) long route was used to exchange goods , ideas and people primarily between China and India and the Mediterranean and helped create a single @-@ world system of trade between the civilisations of Europe and Asia .
Exports from Asia transported along the Silk Road included fabrics , carpets , furs , weapons , utensils , metals , farm produce , livestock and slaves . Civilisations active in trading during the road 's history included Scythia , Ancient and Byzantine Greece , the Han and Tang dynasties , Parthia , Rouran , Sogdiana , Göktürks , Xiongnu , Yuezhi and the Mongol Empire .
Beginning in the 5th century AD , new land routes between Asia and Europe developed further to the north , in the Rus ' . Many of these routes passed through Yugra and extended to the Baltic region . The Khazars , Volga Bulgaria , and the Rus ' Khaganate were active in trading along the northern trade routes .
Traffic along the southern Silk Road routes greatly diminished with the Fall of Constantinople in the 15th century and development of the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope in the 16th century . By the 18th century , European influence on trade and new national boundaries severely restricted the movement of traders along all land routes between Europe and China , and overland trade between East Asia and Europe virtually disappeared .
= = Trans @-@ Siberian Railway = =
The Trans @-@ Siberian Railway and its various associated branches and supporting lines , completed in 1916 , established the first rail connection between Europe and Asia , from Moscow to Vladivostok . The line , at 9 @,@ 200 kilometres ( 5 @,@ 720 mi ) , is the longest rail line in the world .
The Trans @-@ Siberian connects the Russian Pacific ports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka with Moscow . Rail links at Moscow allow passengers and freight to connect to train lines running further west into Europe . By making further transfers , passengers and freight can eventually reach Western European seaports . The Trans @-@ Siberian also connects with North Korea ( e.g. via Dandong in Northeastern China , or directly at Khasan south of Vladivostok ) .
A fully electrified and double @-@ tracked line , the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway line is capable of transporting around 100 million tons of freight annually . The line can handle up to 200 @,@ 000 TEU of containerized international transit freight per year .
A more northerly east @-@ west route across Siberia , parallel to the Trans @-@ Siberian line and known as the Baikal – Amur Mainline was mostly completed in 1989 . It terminates at the Pacific ports of Vanino and Sovetskaya Gavan . Although this line is comparatively little used ( the management mentions 6 million tons of freight per year , not indicating the year ) , the management expects the line to be fully used in the foreseeable future for oil and copper ore export , and has plans to double @-@ track it .
While the Trans @-@ Siberian has always been used by the Czarist , Soviet and modern Russian government to project political power into their territories in Asia , in the 1960s it was opened by the USSR as an international trade route connecting the Western Pacific with Europe . Freight shipments on the Trans @-@ Siberian , however , experienced increasing problems over time with dilapidated rail infrastructures , theft , damaged freight , late trains , inflated freight fees , uncertain scheduling for return of containers and geopolitical tension . As a result , use of the railway for international trade declined to almost zero by the 1990s .
According to Hofstra University , as of 2001 there was renewed interest in using the Trans @-@ Siberian as a route across Asia to Europe . Also , the Trans @-@ Siberian links directly to railways which ultimately connect , via Finland and Sweden to the year @-@ round ice @-@ free port of Narvik in Norway . At Narvik , freight can be transshipped to ships to cross the Atlantic to North America . Rail links from Russia also connect to Rotterdam , but may encounter greater congestion along this route with resulting delays . The trade route between the east coast of North America and eastern Russia using the Trans @-@ Siberian is often called the Northern East West Freight Corridor .
In an effort to attract use of the Trans @-@ Siberian to transport goods from Japan , China , and Korea to Europe , in the mid @-@ 1990s Russia lowered tariffs on freight using the railway . As a result , freight volume over the rail line doubled in 1999 and 2000 .
In February and March 2011 , Japan 's Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism sponsored a test of the route by shipping roof tiles to Europe via the Trans @-@ Siberian . The tiles were transported by ship from Hamada , Shimane to Vladivostok , then by the railway to Moscow . The transit time was expected to be 30 days , in comparison with the 50 days on average it takes to ship cargo by ship from Hamada to ports in western Russia . If successful , the ministry would use the results of the test to encourage other Japanese companies to utilize the Trans @-@ Siberian over the sea route .
In 2011 , a direct container rail service began carrying car parts 11 @,@ 000 km from Leipzig , Germany , to inland Shenyang , China , through Siberia in 23 days , every day .
In 2013 a direct container , pallet , and general cargo rail service began , 10 @,@ 000 km from Łódź , Poland , to inland Chengdu , China , through Siberia in 14 days , 3 days in week .
According to Russian statistics , the amount of international container shipments transiting annually through Russia over the Trans @-@ Siberian has grown by a factor of 7 between 2009 and 2014 , reaching 131 @,@ 000 TEU ( 55 @,@ 000 physical containers ) in 2014 .
Belarusian Railways reported similar statistics : in 2014 , the volume of direct container traffic from China to Western Europe crossing Belarus amounted to 40 @,@ 600 TEU , on 25 direct container train routes . This constituted over 20 % of Belarusian Railway 's entire volume of container transportation that year , 193 @,@ 100 TEU . While significant , and growing , this is still much less than 0 @.@ 1 % of the number of containers that travel via China 's sea ports ( some 170 million TEU ) .
= = China and the land bridge = =
= = = Direct connections between Russia and China = = =
The original Moscow – Vladivostok route , completed in 1904 , cut across China 's northeastern provinces , or Manchuria ; the section of the railway located within China was known as the Chinese Eastern Railway . While the more northerly Trans @-@ Siberian route , located entirely on Russian soil , was completed in 1916 , the former Chinese Eastern Railway route continues as an important connector between the two countries ' railway networks .
The western border point ( Zabaykalsk / Manzhouli ) and the line connecting it to the Trans @-@ Siberian main line , are now being upgraded , with the goal of enabling the railway by 2010 to pass 30 freight trains in each direction across the border , each one up to 71 cars long . The cross @-@ border freight volume at this rail crossing is expected to reach 25 @.@ 5 million tons by 2010 . Besides cargo ( principally , Russian oil exported to China ) , this crossing sees a direct weekly passenger train , Moscow – Beijing , as well as some local passenger trains . The eastern border point of the former Chinese Eastern Railway , at Suifenhe / Grodekovo , sees significant use as well , with over 8 million tons of freight crossing the border there in 2007 , and regular cross @-@ border passenger service .
A third , little @-@ known and less used , rail connection between Russia and China was built farther south , between Hunchun ( in China 's Jilin province ) and Russian Makhalino ( a station on the Ussuriysk – Khasan – North Korean border line , 41 km ( 25 mi ) before Khasan ) . It began operating in February 2000 , and saw only a minor amount of traffic ( 678 railcars of lumber ) over the next two years . The line was closed in 2002 – 03 , briefly reopened in 2003 , and closed again in September 2004 . On 15 February 2011 , the two companies who own the line , Northeast Asia Railway Group , a Chinese company , and JSC Golden Link , a Russian company , signed an agreement to resume operations on the line in May 2011 .
In November 2008 , the transport ministries of Russia and the China signed an agreement about creating one more link between the railway systems of the two countries . It will involve a railway bridge between across the Amur ( Heilong ) River , connecting Tongjiang in China 's Heilongjiang province with Nizhneleninskoye in Russia 's Jewish Autonomous Oblast . On 4 November 2010 , the project director , Wang Jin , told Xinhua News Agency that construction on the bridge would begin in January 2011 .
= = = Russia to China via Mongolia = = =
The Trans @-@ Mongolian line , connecting Ulan @-@ Ude on the Trans @-@ Siberian with China 's Erenhot via the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar , both serves as a crucial link to the outside world for landlocked Mongolia , and the shortest connection between the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway and Beijing . This line 's capacity , however , is limited by its being single @-@ track .
= = = Kazakhstan to China = = =
While the USSR had long been connected with China via the rail links in Northeastern China and Mongolia , since the 1950s plans existed to connect the two countries ' rail networks at the Kazakhstan / Xinjiang border . The Soviets completed their line from Aktogay ( a station on the Turksib in eastern Kazakhstan ) to their border station Druzhba ( now Dostyk ) , but the construction on the Chinese side stopped because of the Sino @-@ Soviet split of the 1960s . In 1985 construction commenced on the Northern Xinjiang Railway to link the Chinese and Russian rail networks via Kazakhstan . The section between Ürümqi and Alashankou was completed on 16 September 1990 , linking the railway lines of the two countries at Dostyk . In July 1991 the first goods train traveled along the line from China to Kazakhstan 's then @-@ capital of Almaty . In December 2009 , a second rail link from China was built to the Kazakhstan border at Khorgos . The Jinghe – Yining – Khorgos Railway forks off of the Northern Xinjiang Railway at Jinghe and approaches Kazakhstan from the Ili River Valley . A rail link on Kazakh side will extend the line to Saryozek by 2013 . The rail link through the Korgas Pass was completed in December 2012 .
Because Kazakhstan was once a member of the USSR , its rail system connects with and carries the same rail gauge as the Russian rail system , as well as the other Central Asian republics of Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan .
From Kazakhstan , four major north @-@ south railways connect with the Russian rail system . Two connect with the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway ( the Turksib and the Shu – Astana – Petropavl meridional line ) while the other two ( the Trans @-@ Aral Railway , and the connection via Atyrau and Astrakhan Oblast ) go directly to European Russia . These links to the Russian rail system are sometimes called the Eurasian Railway . Kazakhstan plays an important role in the " New Silk Road " initiative , known as " One Belt , One Road " linking China and Europe through Central Asia and Russia .
A new direction of the Silk Road was launched in January 2016 and included the Ukraine – Georgia – Azerbaijan – Kazakhstan – China route .
= = = Through service between China and Western Europe = = =
There are 3 main routes for container services from China to Europe : Eastern route from Vostochny Port ( Russia ) , northern route from west China via Manzhouli / Zabaikalsk border stations and southern route from east China via Dostyk border station , through which totally 25k TEU has been transported on rail by 2014 .
In January 2008 China and Germany inaugurated a long @-@ distance freight train service between Beijing and Hamburg . Travelling a total of 10 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 6 @,@ 210 mi ) , the train uses the China Railways and the Trans @-@ Mongolian line to travel from Xiangtan ( in Hunan Province ) to Ulaanbaatar , where it then continues north to the Trans @-@ Siberian . After reaching the end of the Trans @-@ Siberian at Moscow the train continues to Germany via rail links in Belarus and Poland . Total transit time is 15 days , as compared with the 30 days average it would take for the freight to make the same journey by ship . The first train of 50 containers , carrying a mixed load of clothes , ceramics and electronics ( for the Fujitsu company ) , travelled on tracks operated by six different railways .
Hartmut Mehdorn , chairman of Deutsche Bahn ( DB ) , stated in March 2008 that regularly scheduled , weekly China @-@ Germany freight services should be in operation by 2010 . In April 2009 , however , DB postponed the service indefinitely because of the global economic crisis .
Another test run , from Chongqing to Duisburg via Alashankou crossing , Kazakhstan , Russia , Belarus , and Poland took place in March – April 2011 , covering 10 @,@ 300 km ( 6 @,@ 400 mi ) in 16 days . It was again said by DB that if there is enough demand , the service can be made regular already in 2011 , As of March 2014 , the Chonqing @-@ Duisburg route makes three weekly services carrying up to 50 40 @-@ foot @-@ long containers .
The transportation authorities in another industrial center of central China , Wuhan , plan to organize regular runs of direct freight train between Wuhan and European destinations ( Czech Republic , Poland , Germany ) starting in April 2014 . Plans call for the service starting from 1 @-@ 2 trains per month in April – June 2014 , gradually increasing the frequency to 1 @-@ 2 trains per week in 2015 . A new customs facility is under construction in Wuhan 's Wujiashan ( 吴家山 ) industrial area ; after its planned opening in October 2015 , exports from the Wuhan region will be able to clear Chinese customs there , instead of Alashankou .
By 2016 , the freight rail service between a number of container terminals in China and their counterparts in Europe has become fairly regular . Between some city pairs , there is one train per week .
Both with respect to cost and speed , the China @-@ Europe direct train service is in between the air and sea options . While it is estimated that the overall volume of goods moving between China and Europe by rail is not going to surpass 1 @-@ 2 % of the sea cargo volume , it may eat significantly into the air cargo volume .
The service is typically used for valuable and somewhat time @-@ sensitive cargo where the time advantage of rail over ship is essential , which , however , is heavy enough to make the cost saving vs. air transport noticeable . Typical cargoes include complex machinery and spare parts ( in both directions ) , as well as high @-@ end groceries and consumer goods ( primarily toward China ) . While major customers ship their products by full container load , freight forwarders also make it possible to send less @-@ than @-@ container shipments .
= = = New Eurasian Land Bridge = = =
The New Eurasian Land Bridge , also called the New Eurasian Continental Bridge , is the name given to China 's rail link with Central Asia . The route includes China 's east @-@ west railways which , in addition to the Beijiang line , are the Longhai Railway and the Lanzhou – Xinjiang Railway . Together , the railways create an uninterrupted rail link between the port city of Lianyungang in Jiangsu province and Kazakhstan . In 1995 the Chinese and Kazakhstan governments signed an agreement which allows the latter to use Lianyungang as its primary seaport for exports and imports , and the former intends for Lianyungang to serve as the designated starting point for the New Eurasian Land Bridge .
From Almaty in Kazakhstan , the railway extends to Tashkent and Samarkand , Uzbekistan and then to Tejen , Turkmenistan . From Tejen , another line continues to Ashgabat , the capital of Turkmenistan . After Ashgabat , the line ends at Türkmenbaşy , Turkmenistan , a port on the Caspian Sea . ( After a direct rail link between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan opened , it became possible for the freight to bypass Uzbekistan , which has poor relations with its neighbors ) .
In 1996 a branch railway from Tejen was constructed across the border with Iran ( at Serakhs ) and linked to the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways . The link potentially enables rail freight from China to reach ports on the Persian Gulf and via other train lines , to reach into the Caucasus and Turkey . In 2016 , direct container train service was inaugurated on this route , between Yiwu ( Zhejiang Province ) and Teheran ; the trip takes 14 days .
The central Asian route did not extend all the way into Europe until October 2013 when the rail link across the Bosphorus though the Marmaray link was opened . Iranian rail lines use 1,435mm ( 4 ft 8 ½ in ) gauge , requiring freight cars transiting from China into Iran to change wheel gauges twice . The train ferry across Lake Van is also a capacity restriction .
Chinese state media claims that the New Eurasian Land / Continental Bridge extends from Lianyungang to Rotterdam , a distance of 11 @,@ 870 kilometres ( 7 @,@ 380 mi ) . The exact route used to connect the two cities , whether through Mongolia or Kazakhstan , however , is unclear .
= = = Iron Silk Road via Turkey = = =
An alternative way from China to Europe is via Turkey . The route from China follows Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Iran , Turkey . Due to longer distance , insufficient service and border crossings , this route has never been used for transports from China to Europe . However , a number of projects may strengthen this route in the future .
Marmaray is one of them , connecting Europe and Asia via a tunnel under the Bosphorus . After the completion of the project , a continuous run of trains will be possible between Asia and Europe , which is now done by rail ferry service . But Marmaray tunnel , which will give very limited service to freight trains due to dense public transport via tunnel and which will be closed for dangerous goods , may not be able to change the current traffic .
Another project is Baku – Tbilisi – Kars railway project , which will be able to shorten the route via the Caspian Sea by bypassing Iran . The new railway lines constructed in Kazakhstan will make it shorter . The new route , in this case , will be China – Kazakhstan – Azerbaijan – Georgia – Turkey .
= = = Break of gauge issues = = =
Former countries of the USSR , as well as Mongolia , use a track gauge of 1 @,@ 520 mm ( 4 ft 11 27 ⁄ 32 in ) . The international standard rail gauge used in most of Europe and China is 1 @,@ 435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ) . As a result , trains cannot run from China or European countries into or out of the former USSR without changing bogies . Large facilities to carry out this procedure exist at most border crossing between the " Russian " and " standard " gauge territories ( e.g. , at Zabaykalsk or Erenhot ) Changing the bogies on a rail car takes hours and special , heavy equipment . In many cases ( especially , containerized freight ) , freight is transshipped from one train to another instead of changing the bogies . As of 2016 , this is what 's usually done with China @-@ Europe container trains at places such as Khorgos ; it is reported that containers can be moved from one train to another in as little as 47 minutes . In the case of liquids , frozen goods and hazardous materials , however , the bogies are usually changed .
It has been suggested that on some lines variable gauge axles would achieve significant time savings in comparison to bogie exchange . Their implementation however would involve a much higher capital cost , requiring either retrofitting or replacement of existing bogies .
= = Proposed development = =
= = = Expansion projects = = =
On 10 March 2004 the Kazakhstan Railway Company Ltd announced that it was looking for investors to fund the construction of a railway stretching 3 @,@ 083 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 920 mi ) from China across Kazakhstan to the Caspian Sea that would be the same gauge as Chinese railways . Thus , the railway would allow trains from China to cross Kazakhstan without having to change bogies . The reported construction cost of the new railway was $ 3 @.@ 5 billion . Chinese media reported that the railway would complete the link between China and Europe via central Asia , but it is unclear where the actual link to Europe would be . Also unclear is whether construction has yet to begin on the project .
The governments of India and Burma have proposed building , with China 's cooperation , a link to the Eurasian Land Bridge that would start in India or Burma and connect to the Chinese rail system in Yunnan . The route would allow freight from India and Burma to travel overland to Europe . The link would also give rail access for China to the Indian Ocean . One proposed starting point for the route is Kyaukpyu . The governments of Thailand and Malaysia are also studying the feasibility of establishing rail links with China .
Both Russia and China are seeking to establish a permanent rail link with South Korea by way of North Korea to allow South Korean goods to be shipped to Europe via the Eurasian Land Bridge . According to Choi Yeon @-@ Hye , a professor of marketing and management at the Korea National Railway College , a rail connection from Busan to Rotterdam would cut shipping time from 26 to 16 days and save $ 800 per container of freight . As part of its plan to link the Trans @-@ Siberian to North and South Korea , Russia rebuilt its railink from Khasan to Rajin , finishing in October 2011 .
The South Korean government announced on 2 December 2009 that it would conduct an economic and technical study on the feasibility of constructing undersea tunnels for transporting goods and people to and from the country directly to Kyushu , Japan and Shandong , China .
The United Nations Development Programme has advocated greater regional integration along the Eurasian Land Bridge , including development of rail links between the countries of South and Southeast Asia and Central Asia , called the Trans @-@ Asian Railway project . Chinese leaders have called for the establishment of free trade zones at both ends of the Eurasian Land Bridge to facilitate development . Said Khalid Malik , United Nations Resident Coordinator in China , " If this comes true , it will enable the continental bridge to play its due role in enhancing co @-@ operation between Asia and Europe , and promoting world peace and development . "
In 2010 and 2011 , China announced plans to finance expansion of the rail systems in Laos , Thailand , Myanmar , Cambodia , and Vietnam and connect them to China 's rail system via Kunming . The plans include construction of a high @-@ speed rail line from Kunming to Vientiane , beginning in April 2011 , with a possible future extension to Bangkok .
On 15 December 2011 , Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that a rail link was being considered between Sakhalin Island and Japan . The rail line , constructed in an undersea tunnel , would link Japan to the Trans @-@ Siberian .
= = = Bering Strait link = = =
In April 2007 the Russian government announced that it was considering building a double track broad gauge rail tunnel under the Bering Strait between Chukotka and Alaska . The tunnel , as projected , would be 60 miles ( 100 km ) long and would include oil and gas pipelines , fiber optic cables and power lines . The tunnel project was estimated to cost $ 65 billion and take 15 – 20 years to build . In addition to the Russian government , sponsors of the project apparently include Transneft and RAO United Energy Systems .
The project , as envisioned , would connect the Trans @-@ Siberian via Komsomolsk @-@ on @-@ Amur / Yakutsk in Siberian Russia with the North American rail network ( gauge to be widened ) at Fort Nelson , British Columbia , Canada , a distance of 3 @,@ 700 miles ( 5 @,@ 950 km ) . A significant hurdle for the project is that the nearest major road to the Russian end of the tunnel is 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 610 km ) away . In addition , Alaska has no direct rail link to either Canada or the contiguous United States . Other leaders , including Wally Hickel , Lyndon LaRouche , Sun Myung Moon , and the 14th Dalai Lama have also advocated the construction of a tunnel or bridge across the strait .
= = = High @-@ speed rail = = =
It was reported in the press in March 2007 that China intends to build a high @-@ speed rail link between China and Western Europe with the possibility of a high @-@ speed rail journey from Beijing to London taking just two days .
In February 2011 , the Chinese government announced that it would jointly sponsor the construction of a high @-@ speed rail line between Astana and Almaty in Kazakhstan . The announced completion date was 2015 .
= = = Print = = =
Associated Press ( 20 April 2007 ) . " Bering Strait tunnel proposed " . The Pantagraph. p . A1 .
Batbayar , S. ( 8 April 2009 ) . " Global crisis delays Mongolia @-@ Europe rail freight project " . Montsame .
Berk , Michael ( 27 November 2007 ) . " The Arctic Bridge ; Churchill , Man . , is the key to linking Afghans with the world " . National Post ( Canada ) . p . FP 15 .
Blomfield , Adrien ( 20 April 2007 ) . " Kremlin revives plan for 60 @-@ mile tunnel to Alaska " . The Daily Telegraph. p . 19 .
" A bridge too far ? : Rev. Moon calls for billions to connect Alaska with Russia " . Church & State . 10 November 2005 @.@ p . 19 .
DiBenedetto , Bill ( 3 September 2007 ) . " Getting strait " . Pacific Shipper .
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2008 ) . " Resources and infrastructure : Transport , communications and the Internet " . Country Profile : Mongolia .
Fu , Jing ( 27 August 2004 ) . " UN promotes role of Eurasian continental link " . China Daily. p . 2 .
Christian , David ( 2000 ) . " Silk Roads or Steppe Roads ? The Silk Roads in World History " . Journal of World History ( University of Hawaii Press ) 2 @.@ 1 ( Spring ) : 1 .
Funabashi , Yoichi ( 24 December 2002 ) . " Yoichi Funabashi at Vladivostok " . Asahi Shimbun ( Japan : Asahi Evening News ) . p . 1 .
Hearst , David ( 21 April 2007 ) . " Readers ' page : You asked ... : Will a tunnel linking Russia to the US be built ? " . The Guardian. p . 40 .
International Railway Journal ( March 2008 ) . " Just 15 days after leaving Beijing , the first demonstration intermodal freight service operated by Eurasian Land Bridge between China and Germany arrived in Hamburg on January 24 " . p . 7 .
Mirak @-@ Weissbach , Muriel ( 2 August 2000 ) . " Iranian President 's Visit to China Advances Strategic , Cultural Dialogue Part 1 " . Tehran Times .
Nicholson , Alex ( 24 April 2007 ) . " A tunnel under the Bering Strait ? Russian , U.S. backers make a new push for a century @-@ old idea " . Financial Times .
Ren , Daniel ; Lilian Zhang ; Will Clem ( 11 June 2009 ) . " Jiangsu coast to act as catalyst for growth : Region will be turned into a transport hub " . South China Morning Post. p . 5 .
Sciacca , Joe ( 10 September 2001 ) . " Race for 9th District ; As races go , Joe would 've loved this one " . Boston Herald. p . 4 .
" Third land link to Europe envisioned " . The Statesman . 21 July 2009 .
Underhill , William ( 28 July 2008 ) . " All Tickets , Please – As oil prices rise , businesses and consumers alike are ditching planes and cars for more @-@ efficient rail " . Newsweek .
" Three Candidates Face Off In Bid For Incumbent Warner 's Senate Seat ; All Virginia Voters Will Decide Who Among The Candidates Will Begin Serving A Six @-@ Year Term In January " . The Virginian @-@ Pilot . 3 November 2002 .
Wehrfritz , George ; Eve Conant ; B. J. Lee ( 13 August 2001 ) . " The Coming Rail Boom – A Moscow @-@ Pyongyang deal to extend the Trans @-@ Siberian Railway could boost Eurasian commerce " . Newsweek .
" Experts propose developing SW corridor of third Asia @-@ Europe land @-@ bridge " . Xinhua News Agency . 24 November 2008 .
" NW China mulls " New Silk Road " exhibition park " . Xinhua . 1 July 2007 .
" China northwest city to host UN meet on Eurasia continental bridge 29 Jun @-@ 4 Jul " . BBC Monitoring . Xinhua . 21 June 2007 .
" China : Congress deputies propose free trade zones along continental bridge " . BBC Monitoring . Xinhua . 11 March 2004 .
= = = Web = = =
" New railway linking China , Europe to be built " ( Newspaper article ) . China Daily . Communist Party of China . 18 March 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific . " Development of The Trans @-@ Asian Railway ; Trans @-@ Asian railway in the north @-@ south corridor ; Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf " ( PDF ) . United Nations. pp. 56 – 58 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 .
Islam , Zahedul ( 7 November 2006 ) . " Trans @-@ Asia Railway Network Agreement : Dhaka fails to sign deal for lack of cabinet approval " . New Age . World Prout Assembly . Retrieved 21 November 2009 .
" South Korea to study undersea tunnel to Kyushu " . The Japan Times . Kyodo News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 .
Ōtsuka , Shigeru ( September 2001 ) . " Central Asia 's Rail Network and the Eurasian Land Bridge " ( PDF ) . Japan Railway and Transport Review . East Japan Railway Culture Foundation . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
Qazwini , Iqbal ( 23 January 2003 ) . " Major International Crises Need a Giant Project to Overcome Them " ( Google translation of an Arabic newspaper article ) . Asharq Al @-@ Awsat . H.H. Saudi Research & Marketing ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
Rodrigue , Jean @-@ Paul ( 1998 – 2009 ) . " The Northern East @-@ West Freight Corridor ( Eurasian Landbridge ) " . The Geography of Transport Systems . Department of Global Studies & Geography , Hofstra University . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
" Bering bridge idea to highlight rally " . The Washington Times . 25 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 .
= = Further information = =
Qi , Yong ; Yan Wang ( 1991 ) . " Analysis of Land Bridge Transportation " . Chinese Geographical Science ( Science Press ) . doi : 10 @.@ 1007 / BF02664482 .
Thuermer , Karen E. ( 12 February 1995 ) . " Sea @-@ Land Makes Landbridge Rail Commitment to Former Soviet Union " . Knight Ridder . Retrieved 11 November 2009 – via HighBeam Research .
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= Devil 's Trap =
" Devil 's Trap " is the twenty @-@ second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernatural 's first season . It is the season finale , and was first broadcast on The WB on May 4 , 2006 . The narrative follows series protagonists Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) as they search for their missing father ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , who has been kidnapped by demons .
Written by series creator Eric Kripke and directed by Kim Manners , the episode featured Nicki Aycox 's final portrayal of recurring villain Meg Masters , and also introduced Jim Beaver as hunter and Winchester @-@ ally Bobby Singer . Morgan 's busy schedule affected the episode 's storyline , and the final scene involved one of the toughest special effects sequences of the series .
Giving generally positive reviews , critics praised the actors ' performances and the twist ending , though some had minor issues with the plot .
= = Plot = =
Trying to locate his father , Dean calls John Winchester 's phone . The demonically @-@ possessed Meg Masters ( Aycox ) answers it instead , and taunts him that his father has been captured . To determine a plan of action , Dean and his brother Sam ( Padalecki ) go to family friend and fellow hunter Bobby Singer ( Beaver ) for help . However , Meg tracks them down and attacks , but is quickly caught underneath a mystical symbol known as a " devil 's trap " that the Winchesters and Bobby had painted on the ceiling ; it renders demons immobile and powerless . Bobby informs the Winchesters that Meg is actually an innocent girl being possessed by a demon , so they begin to perform an exorcism . Dean promises to stop if she reveals the location of their father , and she relents , claiming he is being held in Jefferson City . Despite Bobby 's warning that Meg will die from previously sustained injuries if the demon is exorcised , Dean insists that they go through with it , as it would be better than allowing the demon to continue to use her as a host . After the demon is sent to Hell , a dying Meg thanks them for freeing her . With her remaining strength , she warns them that the demons are setting a trap for them , and says , " By the river . Sunrise , " before she dies .
This leads the brothers to the riverside Sunrise Apartments in Jefferson City , Missouri . The boys manage to overpower the demons guarding John , and rescue him . However , they are attacked by Meg 's demonic brother Tom , and Dean is forced to kill him with one of the three remaining bullets of the Colt — a mystical gun capable of killing anything . When the Winchesters later find refuge in a secluded cabin , Azazel reveals himself to be possessing John . Dean , while being tortured by the demon , begs his father to break free and save him . John is able to temporarily gain control , and then begs Sam to use the Colt to kill Azazel . Unable to bring himself to kill his father , Sam instead shoots him in the leg , causing Azazel to flee to safety . The Winchesters rush towards the hospital , but their car is rammed into by a semi @-@ trailer truck being driven by a demonically @-@ possessed truck driver .
= = Production = =
= = = Guest stars = = =
Actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan portrayed dual roles for the episode . He returned as Winchester patriarch John , and was also the first to play the on @-@ screen physical manifestation of the demon Azazel — the character had been only depicted in silhouette . Morgan was given free rein over the latter 's traits , only being directed to " be different from John " . He changed his voice and modeled Azazel 's speech pattern after Jack Nicholson 's scenes in The Shining in which he " gets all freaky " . This " Nicholson @-@ esque quality " continues in later depictions of the demon .
Hunter and Winchester @-@ ally Bobby Singer makes his debut , and is played by Jim Beaver . Beaver had worked with executive producer Robert Singer on the television series Reasonable Doubts , and Singer gave him the part without viewing his audition tape . The episode also features the final appearance of the demonically @-@ possessed Meg Masters as played by Nicki Aycox . Director Kim Manners was sorry to see her go , as he felt Meg had the potential to become a " great nemesis " for the Winchesters .
= = = Writing = = =
The staff struggled throughout the writing process to decide which Winchester would be kidnapped and possessed , and were forced to revise the script multiple times to reflect the latest choice . Because of Jeffrey Dean Morgan 's recurring role on Grey 's Anatomy , however , the writers realized that he would not be available long enough to be a main focus of the episode . They thus decided late into production for John to be the one who is captured . With this finalized , Kripke found it rather easy to write the episode ; he already knew that the key elements of the episode would be the exorcism of the demon possessing Meg , the death of the real Meg , and the apparent rescue of John Winchester . Kripke felt that it had to be John who was possessed by Azazel , as it united and completed the two main storylines of the season — finding their father and tracking down the demon — and it did so by finding both characters in one body . He found it a " happy accident " to be able to present the brothers with the opportunity to finally kill the demon , but at the cost of their father 's life .
The writers believed John 's separation from his sons throughout the season " split the show " by having him away " doing more interesting things than the boys are doing " , with Kripke likewise feeling that John was keeping Sam and Dean away from the " front lines " . His death would allow the brothers to " explore , investigate and confront the yellow @-@ eyed demon directly " . The writers originally intended for John to die at the episode 's end , with Sam and Dean surviving the crash but John dying in their arms . His death , however , was pushed back into the second season premiere because the writers deemed it too dark to kill John after everything else the brothers had gone through in " Devil 's Trap " .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , with the crash scene being filmed on an old airport space with flat roads . However , other key sequences occurred in the studio . Because the fight scene between the Winchesters and Azazel at the climax was meant to take place in a secluded , forest @-@ enclosed cabin , production built the set on a sound stage . Production designer Jerry Wanek felt the set was extremely important , as viewers would become uninterested if the forest looked fake . With Morgan rendered blind by the yellow contact lenses required to depict his character 's demonic possession , the production crew placed sandbags on the floor to help the actor locate his marks .
According to Aycox , the exorcism of the demon from Meg Masters took two days to shoot ; the first day of filming lasted 13 hours , while the second lasted for " about a half a day " . Director Kim Manners used 360 @-@ degree shots and close @-@ ups to make the sequence exciting . In the scene following the exorcism , in which Bobby is bent over a dying Meg , Aycox and Ackles read their lines off @-@ screen so that Beaver 's reaction could be shot . However , the two were " so slap @-@ happy " to be almost done that they could not stop laughing ; to everyone 's surprise , Beaver was able to keep a straight face . The set — Bobby Singer 's home — was filled with waist @-@ high stacks of six thousand books .
= = = Effects = = =
The semi @-@ trailer truck crashing into the Impala at the episode 's end was deemed by special effects supervisor Randy Shymkiw to be , as of the third season 's production , " probably the toughest ' gag ' [ he has ] done " . Many aspects went into creating the crash scene , with filming taking place both in the studio and on location .
For the interior scenes used to depict the first moments of the Impala being hit , the actors were required to sit in the car in front of a blue screen ; this allowed for the truck 's headlights to later be added in with visual effects . The car itself was attached to a separate rig that was built to replicate the impact of the crash . As the scene was shot , the rig flipped the car onto its side . The passenger @-@ side window was then shattered , though the actors were protected by a sheet of Lexan that had been placed very close to the window ; at the same time , cannons beneath the frame blew out pieces of rubber glass to give the appearance that the window had exploded onto them .
For the filming of the actual crash , the car and truck were cabled together by a winch and driven toward one another . The intention was for a cannon to launch the Impala into the air at the collision point , causing the car to barrel roll as the truck drives away . However , the car became stuck in the truck 's bumper , forcing the cannon to fail and the truck to go out of control . The truck began to jackknife , but the stuntman driving it saved it from flipping . The mistake ended up being beneficial for the scene , as Kripke and director Manners found it to look " pretty real " .
= = Reception = =
On its initial broadcast , the episode was watched by 3 @.@ 99 million viewers . It received generally positive reviews from critics . Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune gave the episode an " A " , deeming it " everything the season @-@ closer needed to be " . She noted that episode reveals why Azazel killed Jessica and Mary Winchester , and enjoyed the " creative way " Meg Masters was killed off , feeling the exorcism to be " amazing " . Peterson also praised the cliffhanger ending , believing it to be " capable of pulling your eyeballs right out of your head " . The acting was also praised , with Jensen Ackles being able to " wring every ounce of blood , sweat and torment out of Dean 's photogenically haunted psyche " , Jared Padalecki making Sam " real and conflicted " , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan giving " his best and most believable performance of the season " . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune collectively referred to " Devil 's Trap " and its two preceding episodes as a " really strong trilogy " of " must @-@ see episodes " . She found the possessed John to be " Morgan 's finest work on the show to date " , believing that he " was really on fire in that scene " and " brought a whole new intensity to his performance " . She also thought that Bobby Singer 's introduction and Meg Masters ' exorcism were " well done " .
Diana Steenbergen of IGN also praised " Devil 's Trap " , deeming it to be the episode that " moved Supernatural from the list of television shows that [ she ] liked to the ' must @-@ see ' list " . Like Peterson , she cheered the twist ending , and was " completely taken by surprise " . Steenbergen also felt that Jim Beaver as hunter Bobby Singer was " an excellent addition to the cast " , and applauded Ackles , Padalecki , and Morgan for their performances in the episode 's climactic confrontation between Azazel and the brothers . She found the possessed Morgan to be " menacing " , and enjoyed his sadistic sense of humor ; Padalecki to have done a " good job embodying the newfound strength " Sam develops in defying his father 's order to kill him in order to stop the demon ; and Ackles ' defenselessness to be " affecting " . However , she believed that Azazel 's reference to having a family " [ didn 't ] quite make sense " , and noted that it seemed implausible for Sam and Dean — having been raised as hunters — to not have known that Meg was a demonically @-@ possessed girl . Brian Tallerico of UGO also had issues with the plot , though mainly with the episode 's outcome . He felt that the writers should have followed Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's pattern of killing off the season 's foe , as " fans don 't like villains to be strung out for too long " . He also would have liked for John Winchester to have died in order to " free the brothers up for a little second season revenge and a little less family angst " .
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= Herbert Hope Risley =
Sir Herbert Hope Risley KCIE CSI ( 4 January 1851 – 30 September 1911 ) was a British ethnographer and colonial administrator , a member of the Indian Civil Service who conducted extensive studies on the tribes and castes of the Bengal Presidency . He is notable for the formal application of the caste system to the entire Hindu population of British India in the 1901 census , of which he was in charge . As an exponent of race science , he used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide Indians into Aryan and Dravidian races , as well as seven castes .
Risley was born in Buckinghamshire , England , in 1851 and attended New College , Oxford University prior to joining the Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) . He was initially posted to Bengal , where his professional duties engaged him in statistical and ethnographic research , and he soon developed an interest in anthropology . His decision to indulge these interests curtailed his initial rapid advancement through the ranks of the Service , although he was later appointed Census Commissioner and , shortly before his death in 1911 , became Permanent Secretary at the India Office in London . In the intervening years he compiled various studies of Indian communities based on ideas that are now considered to constitute scientific racism . He emphasised the value of fieldwork and anthropometrical studies , in contrast to the reliance on old texts and folklore that had historically been the methodology of Indologists and which was still a significant approach in his lifetime .
Aside from being honoured by his country , including by the award of a knighthood , Risley also became President of the Royal Anthropological Institute .
= = Early life = =
Herbert Hope Risley was born at Akeley in Buckinghamshire , England , on 4 January 1851 . His father was a rector and his mother the daughter of John Hope , who had served in the Bengal Medical Service at Gwalior .
During his schooldays at Winchester College , where many of his relatives had preceded him , he won a scholarship and was also awarded a gold medal for an essay in Latin . Continuing his education with a scholarship at New College , Oxford , he graduated with a second @-@ class Bachelor of Arts degree in law and modern history in 1872 . He had already passed the competitive examination for the Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) in 1871 , entered it on 3 June 1873 and arrived in India on 24 October of that year .
= = India : 1873 – 85 = =
His initial posting was to Midnapur in Bengal as an Assistant Magistrate and Assistant District Collector . The area was inhabited in part by forest tribes . He soon took to studying them and retained an interest in the anthropology of such tribes for the remainder of his life . He also became involved in William Wilson Hunter 's Statistical Survey of India , which began in 1869 , and was to be printed in the first edition of The Imperial Gazetteer of India , published in 1881 . Hunter personally conducted the survey of Bengal , and the anthropological , linguistic and sociological accomplishments of Risley were recognised in February 1875 when he was appointed as one of five Assistant Directors of Statistics for Hunter 's Survey .
Risley compiled the Survey 's volume covering the hill districts of Hazaribagh and Lohardaga , and both the literary style and subject knowledge shown in this work were to prove beneficial to his career . He became Assistant Secretary to the Government of Bengal and then , in 1879 , was appointed as Under Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India . In 1880 he returned to work at district level , at Govindpur , having married Elsie Julie Oppermann on 17 June 1879 at Simla . According to Crispin Bates , a historian of modern South Asia , Oppermann was an " erudite German " and her linguistic proficiency helped Risley learn more about anthropology and statistics from non @-@ English sources . The couple had a son and a daughter .
To return to work in the districts was Risley 's personal preference and was made despite his unusually rapid rise through the ranks . He went from Govindpur back to Hazaribagh and then , in 1884 , to Manbhum , where he was charged with conducting an enquiry into land tenure arrangements .
= = Ethnographic Survey of Bengal : 1885 – 91 = =
In 1885 , Risley was appointed to conduct a project titled the Ethnographic Survey of Bengal , which Augustus Rivers Thompson , the Lieutenant @-@ Governor of the Presidency at the time , believed to be a sensible exercise . The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had come close to overturning British rule in India , and the disruption led the British government to take over administrative control from the British East India Company . Members of the ICS such as Richard Carnac Temple thought that if further discontent were to be avoided , it was necessary to obtain a better understanding of the colonial subjects , particularly those from the rural areas . As time went on , the ethnographic studies and their resultant categorisations were embodied in numerous official publications and became an essential part of the British administrative mechanism ; of those categorisations it was caste that was regarded to be , in Risley 's words , " the cement that holds together the myriad units of Indian society " . The desire for ethnographic studies was expressed by another Raj administrator , Denzil Ibbetson , in his 1883 report on the 1881 census of Punjab :
Our ignorance of the customs and beliefs of the people among whom we dwell is surely in some respects a reproach to us ; for not only does that ignorance deprive European science of material which it greatly needs , but it also involves a distinct loss of administrative power to ourselves .
Risley 's survey task was aided when research papers of a recently deceased Indian Medical Service doctor , James Wise , were given to him by the doctor 's widow . Wise had researched the people of Eastern Bengal and it was agreed that , after ascertaining the accuracy of his work , his research should be incorporated into Risley 's survey results . In return , those volumes of the survey dealing with ethnographic matters would be dedicated to Wise . Further assistance came from the research of Edward Tuite Dalton into the jungle tribes of Chhotanagpur and Assam . Dalton , like Wise , had previously published his efforts but now they would be integrated as a part of a larger whole . Risley was able to deal with the remaining areas of Bengal by making use of a large staff of correspondents who came from disparate backgrounds , such as missionaries , native people and Government officials .
In 1891 Risley published a paper entitled The Study of Ethnology in India . It was a contribution to what Thomas Trautmann , a historian who has studied Indian society , describes as " the racial theory of Indian civilisation " . Trautmann considers Risley , along with the philologist Max Müller , to have been leading proponents of this idea which
by century 's end had become a settled fact , that the constitutive event for Indian civilisation , the Big Bang through which it came into being , was the clash between invading , fair @-@ skinned , civilized Sanskrit @-@ speaking Aryans and dark @-@ skinned , barbarous aborigines .
Trautmann notes , however , that the convergence of their theories was not a deliberate collaboration .
In the same year , 1891 , the four volumes of The Tribes and Castes of Bengal were published . These contained the results of the Bengal survey , with two volumes comprising an " Ethnographical Glossary " , and a further two being of " Anthropometric Data " . Risley took advice from William Henry Flower , Director of the Natural History Museum , and William Turner , an Edinburgh anthropologist , in compiling the anthropometric volumes . The work was well received by the public and government alike . In the same year , he was elected an officier of the Académie Française ; and on 1 January 1892 he was vested as a Companion of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) . In more recent times , his use of contemporary anthropometric methods has led to his career being described by Bates as " the apotheosis of pseudo @-@ scientific racism " , an opinion that is shared by others . The theory now known as scientific racism was prevalent for a century from around the 1840s and had at its heart , says Philip D. Curtin , that " race was one of the principal determinants of attitudes , endowments , capabilities and inherent tendencies among human beings . Race thus seemed to determine the course of human history . "
According to Trautmann , Risley believed that ethnologists could benefit from undertaking fieldwork . He quotes Risley saying of ethnologists in India that they had relied too much :
on mere literary accounts which give an ideal and misleading picture of caste and its social surroundings . They show us , not things as they are , but things as they ought to be , in the view of a particular school or in the light of a particular tradition ... [ S ] ome slight personal acquaintance with even a single tribe of savage men could hardly fail to be of infinite service to the philosopher who undertakes to trace the process by which civilisation has been gradually evolved out of barbarism .
Risley also viewed India as an ethnological laboratory , where the continued practice of endogamy had ensured that , in his opinion , there were strict delineations of the various communities by caste and that consequently caste could be viewed as identical to race . Whereas others , such as Ibbetson , considered caste to be best defined as based on occupation , he believed that changes in occupation within a community led to another instance of endogamy " being held by a sort of unconscious fiction to be equivalent to the difference of race , which is the true basis of the system . " The study was , in the opinion of William Crooke , another ethnographer of the Raj period , " the first attempt to apply , in a systematic way , the methods of anthropometry to the analysis of the people of an Indian Province . " Risley was influenced by the methodology of the French physical anthropologist Paul Topinard , from whose Éléments d 'anthropologie générale he had selected several anthropometric techniques , including the nasal index . Topinard believed that this index – a ratio derived from measuring the breadth and height of the nose – could be combined with other cranial measurements to enable a Linnean classification of humans , for which purpose Trautmann said :
[ I ] t is useful both in its exactness of application and in the reassuring way in which it conforms itself to what is already known to be true rather than presenting us with information that requires us to part with existing beliefs .
Despite his comments regarding the use of literature by anthropologists , Risley used the ancient Rig Veda text , which he interpreted as speaking of Aryan invaders coming into India from the northwest and meeting with existing peoples . Dalton and J. F. Hewitt had posited that the native people comprised two distinct groups , being the Dravidian and the Kolarian , and Risley 's use of the nasal index was in part intended to counter those theories by showing that the two groups were racially identical even if they were linguistically varied . Crooke noted that Risley appeared to succeed in proving a physical similarity between " the so @-@ called Dravidian and Kolarian races " and " identified the Austro @-@ Asiatic group of languages , with Munda as one of its sub @-@ branches . "
Risley 's interpretation of the nasal index went beyond investigation of the two @-@ race theory . He believed that the variations shown between the extremes of those races of India were indicative of various positions within the caste system , saying that generally " the social position of a caste varies inversely as its nasal index . " Trautmann explains that Risley " found a direct relation between the proportion of Aryan blood and the nasal index , along a gradient from the highest castes to the lowest . This assimilation of caste to race ... proved very influential . " He also saw a linkage between the nasal index and the definition of a community as either a tribe or a Hindu caste and believed that the caste system had its basis in race rather than in occupation , saying " community of race , and not , as has frequently been argued , community of function , is the real determining principle , the true causa causans , of the caste system . "
The methods of anthropometric data collection , much of which was done by Risley , have been questioned in more recent times . Bates has said :
The maximum sample size used in Risley 's enquiry was 100 , and in many cases Risley 's conclusions about the racial origins of particular castes or tribal groups were based on the cranial measurements of as few as 30 individuals . Like Professor Topinard , Paul Broca , Le Bron and Morton before him , Risley had a clear notion of where his results would lead , and he had no difficulty in fitting the fewest observations into a complex typology of racial types .
= = India : the 1901 census = =
After completing the Bengal survey , Risley 's work consisted of heading an enquiry into policing , and following that more usual administrative tasks for both the Bengal and Imperial governments . In 1899 he was appointed Census Commissioner , tasked with preparing and reporting on the forthcoming decennial census of 1901 . The detailed regulations that he formulated for that exercise were also used for the 1911 census , and the work involved in co @-@ ordinating the various Provincial administrations was considerable and detailed . He succeeded Jervoise Athelstane Baines , who held the office for the 1891 census , had himself adjusted the classification system and was an influence on Risley . According to political scientist Lloyd Rudolph , Risley believed that varna , however ancient , could be applied to all the modern castes found in India , and " [ he ] meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it . "
The outcome of the census is described by Crooke as " an exceptionally interesting report " , produced in association with a colleague , Edward Albert Gait . Crooke notes that in the report " he developed his views on the origin and classification of the Indian races largely on the basis of anthropometry . " By now , Risley believed anthropometric measurement enabled the Indian castes to be described as belonging to one of seven racial types , although he accepted that his own work indicated only three such types : the Aryan , Dravidian and Mongoloid . The seven that he believed to be capable of classification were the Aryo @-@ Dravidian , Dravidian , Indo @-@ Aryan , Mongolo @-@ Dravidian , Mongoloid , Scytho @-@ Dravidian and the Turko @-@ Iranian . He went further still by holding that there was support for the racial theory in the various linguistic differences between Indian communities , an opinion that frustrated Müller but which was supported by the publication of the Linguistic Survey of India by another officer of ICS , George Abraham Grierson . Bates notes that the correlation in the theories of Risley and Grierson is not surprising because Grierson was
armed with the much earlier but as yet unproven hypotheses of Sir William Jones concerning matters of language and race , and was intimately acquainted with Risley 's theories of racial origins . Grierson also followed a similar ex ante deductive methodology in his research .
Another event that occurred in 1901 and which related to Risley was the official approval of an India @-@ wide ethnographic survey , intended to be conducted over a period of eight years and using in part the anthropometrical methodology established for Risley 's survey of Bengal . Superintendents were appointed to each Province and Presidency and grants of £ 5000 per annum were given for the eight @-@ year period . Bates considers that the results of this effort , which included works by Edgar Thurston and Robert Vane Russell , were rarely " quite so thorough , even by Risley 's standards . "
Some of the material from the 1901 census was later republished , in amended form , in Risley 's 1908 work , The People of India , which sociologist D. F. Pocock describes as " almost the last production of that great tradition of administrator scholars who had long and extensive experience in the Indian Civil Service and had not found their arduous activity incompatible with scholarship . " Trautmann considers the census report and subsequent book to represent " Risley 's grand syntheses of India ethnology " , while the paper of 1891 had given " an exceptionally clear view of his project at the state of what we might call its early maturity . "
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( ODNB ) says :
From the date of his report a new chapter was opened in Indian official literature , and the census volumes , until then regarded as dull , were at once read and reviewed in every country . His categorisation of Indian castes and occupations had an enduring social and political effect .
According to Susan Bayly , who studies historical anthropology :
Those like [ Sir William ] Hunter , as well as the key figures of H. H. Risley ( 1851 – 1911 ) and his protégé Edgar Thurston , who were disciples of the French race theorist Topinard and his European followers , subsumed discussions of caste into theories of biologically determined race essences ... Their great rivals were the material or occupational theorists led by the ethnographer and folklorist William Crooke ( 1848 – 1923 ) , author of one of the most widely read provincial Castes and Tribes surveys , and such other influential scholar @-@ officials as Denzil Ibbetson and E. A. H. Blunt .
= = India : later years = =
In 1901 Risley was appointed Director of Ethnography . There had been proposals for a wide @-@ ranging survey of the subject – which Risley had himself discussed this in his article , The Study of Ethnology in India – but the implementation of the project had been hampered by economic circumstances related principally to a series of famines , including that of 1899 – 1900 .
In the following year he became Home Secretary in India in the administration of Lord Curzon , the Viceroy of India , and in 1909 was temporarily a member of the governing council . His experience of administrative matters , including with regard to policing , proved to be useful to Curzon during the government 's 1905 partition of Bengal along communal lines . So useful was his knowledge and ability that his term in India was extended for two years beyond the usual retirement age . This was to enable him to provide the summarisation , negotiation and drafting skills necessary to ensure success in administrative reform of the Provincial Councils by Curzon 's successor as Viceroy , Lord Minto .
Already recognised by the Académie Française and by the award of CIE , Risley was made a Companion of the Order of the Star of India on 24 June 1904 and a Knight of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1907 .
The ODNB notes that during his time in India Risley 's work legitimised an inquisitive methodology which had previously been resented by the colonial subjects and that
[ Risley ] cultivated an intimate knowledge of the peoples of India . In 1910 he asserted that a knowledge of facts concerning the religions and habits of the peoples of India equipped a civil servant with a passport to popular regard . ... On the processes by which non @-@ Aryan tribes are admitted into Hinduism he was recognized to be the greatest living authority ... His work completely revolutionized the native Indian view of ethnological inquiry .
= = England , and death = =
Back in England , having left the ICS in February 1910 , Risley was appointed Permanent Secretary of the judicial department of the India Office , succeeding Charles James Lyall . In January of that same year he became President of the Royal Anthropological Institute .
According to Crooke , " the strain of [ overseeing the Provincial Council reforms ] on a constitution which at no time was robust doubtless laid the seeds of the fatal disease which was soon to end his life . " Risley died at Wimbledon on 30 September 1911 , continuing his studies to the end despite suffering what the ODNB describes as a " distressing illness " . His widow remarried ; she died in 1934 .
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= The X Factor ( Australia season 3 ) =
The X Factor is an Australian television reality music competition , based on the original UK series , to find new singing talent ; the winner of which receives a management contract and a Sony Music Australia recording contract . The third season premiered on the Seven Network on 29 August 2011 and ended on 22 November 2011 . The winner was Reece Mastin and his debut single " Good Night " was released after the final . Mastin was mentored throughout by Guy Sebastian , who won as mentor for the first time . There was only a one percent difference in the votes between Mastin and runner @-@ up Andrew Wishart . The season was presented by Luke Jacobz . Ronan Keating and Sebastian were the only judges from the previous season who returned , while Natalie Bassingthwaighte and Mel B joined the judging panel as replacements for former judges , Natalie Imbruglia and Kyle Sandilands .
The competition was split into several stages : auditions , bootcamp , home visits and live shows . Auditions in front of the show 's producers took place throughout March and April 2011 . The successful auditionees chosen by the producers were then invited back to the last set of auditions that took place in front of the judges and a live studio audience during May and June . After the auditions was bootcamp , where successful acts were split into four categories : Under 25 Boys ( male soloists aged 14 to 24 ) , Under 25 Girls ( female soloists aged 14 to 24 ) , Over 25s ( soloists aged 25 and over ) and Groups . Each judge was given a category to mentor and had to decide on their twelve acts after day two , and their six acts after day three . Special guest judges , including Wynter Gordon , Stephen Belafonte , Darren Hayes and The Veronicas , were brought in to help the judges decide their acts . Following bootcamp was the home visits stage , where each of the judges reduced their six acts to three , with help from more guest judges including Beyoncé , Melanie C , Jason Derulo , Good Charlotte and Leona Lewis . The live shows began on 19 September 2011 .
The third season sparked controversy , namely Mel B 's attitude towards the other judges , labeling them dishonest and boring . Controversy also occurred between Sebastian and contestant Mitchell Callaway ; Sebastian took aim at Callaway 's attitude to the competition following his performance on the third live performance show . There were also claims of a clash between Callaway and contestant Declan Sykes . The grand final decider was watched by 1 @.@ 99 million people , making it the highest rated television episode of the season .
= = Judges = =
On 16 March 2011 , judge Kyle Sandilands announced on his breakfast radio show , Kyle & Jackie O that he would not be returning to the judging panel for the third season . Of his decision , Sandilands said , " Not because I didn 't like it . I thought the show was great and it was great fun to do but it 's just too hectic , it 's too much work . So , I 've told Channel Seven , no . " On 31 March 2011 , it was announced that Natalie Bassingthwaighte would join the judging panel as a replacement for Natalie Imbruglia . When speaking of her role as a judge , Bassingthwaighte said she would focus on bringing an honest critique to the show and would guide " the artists through the competition " . In late April 2011 , it was confirmed that Mel B would be Sandilands ' replacement . Mel B said , " [ The contestants ] are either going to love me or hate me but it 's going to be a fun ride . I 'm really easy to get on with and I 'm a hard worker . I 'm firm but nice . " Guy Sebastian and Ronan Keating were the only judges from the second season who returned .
= = Selection process = =
= = = Auditions = = =
In 2011 , the minimum age for contestants to audition was changed to 14 years old , having previously been 16 years old . Auditions in front of the show 's producers began in March 2011 in five cities : Perth ( Parmelia Hilton , 27 March ) , Adelaide ( AAMI Stadium , 29 March ) , Brisbane ( Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , 2 – 3 April ) , Sydney ( Australian Technology Park , 8 – 10 April ) and Melbourne ( Moonee Valley Racecourse , 15 – 17 April ) . The successful auditionees chosen by the producers were then invited back to the last set of auditions that took place in front of the judges and a live studio audience . These auditions were held in three cities : Brisbane ( Brisbane Entertainment Centre , 21 – 22 May ) , Melbourne ( Hisense Arena , 27 – 29 May ) , and Sydney ( Sydney Entertainment Centre , 2 – 3 June ) .
= = = Bootcamp = = =
The bootcamp stage was held in Sydney and was first broadcast on 7 September 2011 . On the first day of bootcamp , each judge was given a category to mentor and were joined by a celebrity guest judge to help them decide their top twelve acts . Sebastian was assisted by Wynter Gordon and was given the Under 25 Boys , Mel B was assisted by her husband Stephen Belafonte and was given the Under 25 Girls , Bassingthwaighte teamed up with Darren Hayes and was assigned the Over 25s , and Keating was assisted by The Veronicas and had the Groups . On the second day , the Boys each had to sing a song made famously by a female artist , the Over 25s got styled for a photo shoot and later each had to perform one song , the Girls had to perform choreography to either Adele 's " Rolling in the Deep " or Lady Gaga 's " Born This Way " , and the Groups held recording sessions with vocal producer Erana Clark . On the third day of bootcamp , the judges along with their celebrity guest judges , narrowed down the contestants to six each .
The 24 successful acts were :
Under 25 Boys : Rob Baron , Trent Bell , Reece Mastin , Johnny Ruffo , Declan Sykes , Mali Talefenua
Under 25 Girls : Tyla Bertolli , Sophie Metcalfe ( replaced Tara @-@ Lynn Sharrock due to Visa issues ) , Chantelle Morrell , Jacqui Newland , Christina Parie , Amy Walton
Over 25s : Mitchell Callaway , Pamela Cook , Marina Davis , Cleo Howman , Paige Phoenix , Andrew Wishart
Groups : Audio Vixen , Femme Da Funk , Hype ( previously known as Lazy J & Big Guy ) , Three Wishez , Up Front , Young Men Society
= = = Home visits = = =
The final round of the selection process , the home visits ( formerly the " judges ' houses " ) , saw the judges reduce their six acts to three . Each judge took their six acts to exclusive locations around the world . Sebastian and the Under 25 Boys travelled to New York City , where he was assisted by Beyoncé and her A @-@ Team , Mel B and the Under 25 Girls visited Hollywood , where they met up with Melanie C , Bassingthwaighte and the Over 25s travelled to Double Island , Queensland , where she was helped by Jason Derulo , and Keating and the Groups travelled to Los Angeles , California , where they were assisted by Good Charlotte and Leona Lewis , . After , the judges along with their celebrity guest judges , narrowed down the contestants to three each .
= = Finalists and categories = =
Key :
– Winner
– Runner @-@ up
– Third Place
= = Live shows = =
= = = Results summary = = =
Contestants ' colour key :
= = = Live show details = = =
= = = = Week 1 ( 19 / 20 September ) = = = =
Theme : Judges ' Choice
Celebrity performers : Bryan Adams ( " When You 're Gone " ) and Jack Vidgen ( Medley : " Who 's Lovin ' You " / " Think " )
Group performance : " Raise Your Glass "
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Sebastian : Cleo Howman – based on the final showdown performance
Mel B : Cleo Howman – backed her own act , Jacqui Newland
Bassingthwaighte : Jacqui Newland – backed her own act , Cleo Howman
Keating : Cleo Howman – was impressed by Newland 's passion during the final showdown
Notes
On the live performance show , the judges opened the show to perform their own hits together . Sebastian performed first on the piano , singing " Who 's That Girl " , followed by Bassingthwaighte 's " Someday Soon " . Keating then sang " Lovin ' Each Day " and Mel B took the stage last to perform Spice Girls ' " Who Do You Think You Are " .
= = = = Week 2 ( 27 / 28 September ) = = = =
Theme : Party Anthems
Celebrity performers : Kelly Clarkson ( " Mr. Know It All " ) and Sneaky Sound System ( " Big " )
Group performance : " Party Rock Anthem " with LMFAO
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Sebastian : Tyla Bertolli – said he went for his guts
Bassingthwaighte : Tyla Bertolli – based on the final showdown performance
Keating : Jacqui Newland – gave no reason
Mel B : Tyla Bertolli – reasoning that Newland was better at controlling her nerves
Notes
This week 's shows were aired on Tuesday and Wednesday nights due to the Seven Network televising the 2011 Brownlow Medal .
The songs that the contestants sang in the live performance show were chosen by the Australian public .
Sebastian was absent on the live results show , but present through live telecast , thus eligible to vote .
= = = = Week 3 ( 3 / 4 October ) = = = =
Theme : Rock
Mentor : Alice Cooper
Celebrity performers : Natalie Bassingthwaighte ( " All We Have " ) and Simple Plan ( " Can 't Keep My Hands Off You " )
Group performance : " Live and Let Die "
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Keating : Jacqui Newland – backed his own act , Young Men Society
Mel B : Young Men Society – backed her own act , Jacqui Newland
Bassingthwaighte : Jacqui Newland – gave no reason
Sebastian : Jacqui Newland – said that Young Men Society had to be in the Competition for a lot longer but admired Jacqui 's strength for being in the final showdown 3 weeks in a row .
= = = = Week 4 ( 10 / 11 October ) = = = =
Theme : The 90s
Celebrity performers : Vanessa Amorosi ( " Amazing " ) and Chris Isaak ( " Oh , Pretty Woman " )
Group performance : " Hold On "
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Keating : Johnny Ruffo – backed his own act , Audio Vixen
Sebastian : Audio Vixen – backed his own act , Johnny Ruffo
Bassingthwaighte : Johnny Ruffo – gave no reason
Mel B : Audio Vixen – decided to take it to deadlock and let the public vote reveal their decision
With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each , the result was deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote . Audio Vixen received the fewest votes and were eliminated .
= = = = Week 5 ( 17 / 18 October ) = = = =
Theme : Number @-@ one hits
Celebrity performers : Altiyan Childs ( " Ordinary Man " ) and Jason Derülo ( Medley : " It Girl " / " Don 't Wanna Go Home " )
Group performance : Michael Jackson medley with Jason Derülo
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Keating : Declan Sykes – backed his own act , Young Men Society
Sebastian : Young Men Society – backed his own act , Declan Sykes
Mel B : Declan Sykes – based her decision on who would be more favourably internationally
Bassingthwaighte : Young Men Society – thought it would be fair to go to deadlock since its Young Men Society 's second time in the bottom two and Sykes ' first
With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each , the result was deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote . Young Men Society received the fewest votes and were eliminated .
= = = = Week 6 ( 24 / 25 October ) = = = =
Theme : Australian hits
Celebrity performers : Aloe Blacc ( " I Need a Dollar " ) and Darren Hayes ( " Bloodstained Heart " )
Group performance : Savage Garden medley with Darren Hayes
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Sebastian : Mitchell Callaway – backed his own act , Johnny Ruffo
Bassingthwaighte : Johnny Ruffo – backed her own act , Mitchell Callaway
Mel B : Mitchell Callaway – said Ruffo was the most improved since the first week
Keating : Johnny Ruffo – gave no reason
With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each , the result was deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote . Callaway received the fewest votes and was eliminated .
= = = = Week 7 ( 31 October / 1 November ) = = = =
Theme : Dance
Celebrity performers : Ronan Keating ( " Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) " ) and Jessica Mauboy featuring Stan Walker ( " Galaxy " )
Group performance : " We Run the Night " / " Get It " with Havana Brown
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Mel B : Reece Mastin – backed her own act , Christina Parie
Sebastian : Christina Parie – backed his own act , Reece Mastin
Keating : Christina Parie – gave no reason
Bassingthwaighte : Christina Parie – chose to eliminate Parie to " stay true to [ her ] self "
= = = = Week 8 ( 7 / 8 November ) = = = =
Theme : Legends
Celebrity performers : Ricki @-@ Lee ( " Raining Diamonds " ) and Susan Boyle ( " Autumn Leaves " )
Group performance : " How Can We Be Lovers ? " with Michael Bolton
Judges ' vote to eliminate
Keating : Declan Sykes – backed his own act , Three Wishez
Sebastian : Three Wishez – backed his own act , Declan Sykes
Bassingthwaighte : Declan Sykes – gave no reason
Mel B : Declan Sykes – gave no reason
= = = = Week 9 ( 14 / 15 November ) – Semi @-@ final = = = =
Theme : Pleasure and Pain
Mentor : Stevie Nicks
Celebrity performers : Florence and the Machine ( " Shake It Out " ) , Ed Sheeran ( " The A Team " ) and Stevie Nicks ( " Secret Love " )
Group performance : Fleetwood Mac medley
Notes
For the first time this season , each act performed two songs – one uplifting and one emotional .
Also for the first time , there was no final showdown and the act that received the fewest public votes was immediately eliminated .
= = = = Week 10 ( 21 / 22 November ) – Grand Final = = = =
21 November
Theme : No theme ( songs from the auditions and live shows that the mentor believes will show their true talent ) ; superstar duets
Superstar duet performers :
The Fray with Andrew Wishart
Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa with Johnny Ruffo
Kylie Minogue with Reece Mastin
Group performance : " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " / " Better the Devil You Know " / " All the Lovers " with Kylie Minogue
22 November
Guest performers : The Fray ( " Heartbeat " ) , Luke O 'Dell ( " Introvert Extrovert " ) , Guy Sebastian ( " Don 't Worry Be Happy " ) and Kylie Minogue ( " I Should Be So Lucky " )
Group Performances :
" I Like How It Feels " ( performed by top three finalists )
" Imagine " with Emmanuel Kelly ( performed with top 12 finalists )
= = Reception = =
= = = Controversy = = =
Three days before the season 's premiere , Mel B made comments about the other judges , labelling them dishonest and boring . She said , " I don 't care much for the other judges ... Ronan thinks he knows it all [ and ] Natalie is just too nice and really dishonest . Guy could just be boring , like ' get on with it . Keep it moving , brother . ' " During a radio interview with The Kyle and Jackie O Show on 29 August 2011 , Bassingthwaighte responded to Mel B 's comments saying , " I think it 's in fun – I hope so otherwise she deserves a slap . " Mel B appeared on the same radio show the following day and said , " They 're all scared of me and I love it , there 's got to be one bitch on the show so I might as well take that bloody crown . "
More controversy occurred after Sebastian took aim at contestant Mitchell Callaway 's attitude to the competition following his performance of " Run to Paradise " on the third live performance show . Sebastian told Callaway : " You 've got to have the right attitude to this competition , you 've got to be focused and to be honest , not be rude to people and have the work ethic . For you to not learn your lyrics and for you to at times be rude to crew , you really have to pull that in and rein that in because you won 't last long in this competition or this industry if you do that . " The following morning , Callaway 's mentor Bassingthwaighte spoke to radio station 2Day FM about the issue :
" It makes me feel sick actually , I feel sick in the stomach ... I feel Mitchell did the best performance that he 's done so far , I think Guy made the mistake of commenting on stuff that didn 't happen on camera . He said he 's rude to crew and needs to check his behaviour ... When he [ Mitchell ] got off stage he said , ' I 'm not coming back ' . "
However , later that same day , Callaway tweeted , " I 'm not gunna quit guys ... It 's not the Aussie way . I 'm not gunna let al u beautiful ppl dwn . Or Natalie after everythn she 's done . " On the third live results show , Sebastian apologised to Callaway and said he " chose the wrong time and place to say it " . The Seven Network insiders revealed that a clash between Callaway and another contestant , Declan Sykes , was the real reason behind Sebastian 's on @-@ air rebuke . Sykes , who battles Asperger syndrome , reportedly took offence at being pricked with a pin by Callaway .
= = = Contestants = = =
Contestant Emmanuel Kelly appeared on the first episode of the season 's audition show on 29 August 2011 , and performed a rendition of John Lennon 's " Imagine " . His performance earned a standing ovation from the judges and the audience . Keating was full of praise for Kelly , who then moved into the next round of competition . Keating told Kelly : " I don 't think I 've ever been moved as I was by that performance . " Kelly and his brother Ahmed were adopted by Children First Foundation boss , Moira Kelly , who is also the guardian of the once @-@ conjoined Bangladesh twins , Krishna and Trishna . Kelly and his brother came from Iraq , where they were abandoned at an orphanage and both suffered limb deficiencies as a result of chemical warfare . During the third day of bootcamp , Sebastian eliminated Kelly from the competition , disappointed that he had forgotten words to his song the day before .
Another contestant , Luke O 'Dell , appeared on the third audition show on 31 August . After failing to impress the judges with his rendition of Kelly Clarkson 's " Since U Been Gone " , O 'Dell then sang an original song he wrote titled , " Introvert Extrovert " , which made him an overnight internet sensation . The song entered the iTunes ' Top 100 chart overnight and landed O 'Dell thousands of fans on social media and his official YouTube channel . The song title also became a worldwide trending topic on Twitter for more than two hours , following his television performance of the song . Overnight commentary on Twitter and Facebook quickly labelled O 'Dell as the Australian version of Rebecca Black , who found fame with her song , " Friday " . However , O 'Dell failed to move through to the next round of the competition . Both Kelly and O 'Dell returned to perform on the live grand final decider show .
= = = Ratings = = =
The premiere episode on 29 August 2011 topped the night 's overall ratings with 1 @,@ 319 @,@ 000 viewers , compared to the 1 @,@ 186 @,@ 000 viewers who tuned in to watch the premiere episode of the second season . All six of the audition episodes ranked first on their respective nights and peaked the highest the following night with an audience of 1 @,@ 690 @,@ 000 viewers . The first live performance show on 19 September 2011 , gained 1 @,@ 452 @,@ 000 viewers and topped the night 's overall ratings . The live grand final decider show on 22 November 2011 , was the highest rated episode of the third season with 1 @,@ 998 @,@ 000 viewers .
Colour key :
– Highest rating during the season
– Lowest rating during the season
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= 1985 Giro d 'Italia =
The 1985 Giro d 'Italia was the 68th running of the Giro d 'Italia , one of cycling 's Grand Tours races . The Giro started in Palermo , on 16 May , with a 6 @.@ 6 km ( 4 @.@ 1 mi ) prologue and concluded in Lucca , on 9 June , with a 48 km ( 29 @.@ 8 mi ) individual time trial . A total of 180 riders from twenty teams entered the 22 @-@ stage race , that was won by Frenchman Bernard Hinault of the La Vie Claire team . The second and third places were taken by Italian Francesco Moser and American Greg LeMond , respectively .
Moser led the race for the first two days after winning the opening prologue . He lost the lead to Giuseppe Saronni after his team won the stage three team time trial . Upon conclusion of the event 's fourth stage , Roberto Visentini won sufficient time to take the race leader 's maglia rosa ( English : pink jersey ) from Saronni . Visentini held the jersey for a total of eight days of racing , during which the race traversed the Dolomites , before losing it to Hinault after the stage 12 time trial . Hinault then successfully defended his lead through the Alps , all the way to the race 's finish .
Amongst the other classifications that the race awarded , Johan van der Velde of Vini Ricordi @-@ Pinarello won the points classification , José Luis Navarro of Gemeaz Cusin @-@ Zor won the mountains classification , and Sammontana @-@ Bianchi 's Alberto Volpi completed the Giro as the best neo @-@ professional in the general classification , finishing tenth overall . Alpilatte @-@ Olmo @-@ Cierre finishing as the winners of the team classification , ranking each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time .
= = Teams = =
A total of twenty teams were invited to participate in the 1985 Giro d 'Italia , six of which were based outside of Italy . Each team sent a squad of nine riders , which meant that the race started with a peloton of 180 cyclists . The presentation of the teams – where each team 's roster and manager are introduced in front the media and local dignitaries – took place at the Verona Arena on 15 May . From the riders that began this edition , 135 made it to the finish in Lucca .
The teams entering the race were :
= = Pre @-@ race favorites = =
The starting peloton did include the 1984 winner , Francesco Moser . Spanish rider Marino Lejarreta decided not to race the Vuelta a España in favor of racing the Giro . Luis Gómez , of El Pais , believed Lejarreta to be in top form going into the race and that he could challenge for the overall victory . Author Bill McGann believed that going into the race Hinault was " the world 's most potent racing machine " and that Moser would have to ride very well in order to repeat as champion . Javier Dalmases , an El Mundo sportswriter , believed that there was no clear favorite for the race . Mario Fossati of La Repubblica named Moser , Saronni , Hinault , and Greg LeMond as contenders for the overall crown . Prominent French rider Laurent Fignon did not participate in the race due to an inflamed Achilles tendon .
= = Route and stages = =
The route for the 1985 edition of the Giro d 'Italia was revealed to the public by head organizer Vincenzo Torriani on 16 February 1985 . Covering a total of 3 @,@ 998 @.@ 6 km ( 2 @,@ 484 @.@ 6 mi ) , it included four time trials ( three individual and one for teams ) , and eleven stages with categorized climbs that awarded mountains classification points . Three of these eleven stages had summit finishes : stage 4 , to Selva di Val Gardena ; stage 14 , to Gran Sasso d 'Italia ; and stage 20 , to Valnontey di Cogne . The organizers chose to include two rest days . When compared to the previous year 's race , the race was 190 @.@ 6 km ( 118 mi ) longer and contained the same amount of time trials and rest days . In addition , this race contained the same amount of stages , but one more set of half stages .
Luis Gómez , an El Pais writer , believed that the route was designed to benefit the Italian participants , with there being three individual time trials , the team time trial being flat , and most stages being primarily flat . El Mundo writer Javier Dalmases believed that the route was purposefully less mountainous so that an Italian would win the race , citing that this route favored the likes of Giuseppe Saronni or Moreno Argentin . La Stampa 's Gian Paolo Ormezzano thought overall easiness of the course — the few mountains and summit finishes — added some mystery as to who could win .
= = Race overview = =
The event began with a 6 @.@ 6 km ( 4 @.@ 1 mi ) prologue around the city of Verona . The brief time trial leg was won by Francesco Moser , who finished seven seconds faster than the second placed rider . The following day was the first mass @-@ start stage of the race , which culminated in a bunch sprint that was won by Atala @-@ Ofmega @-@ Campagnolo 's Urs Freuler . The second stage was a team time trial that stretched 38 km ( 23 @.@ 6 mi ) . Del Tongo @-@ Colnago won the leg and their rider , Giuseppe Saronni , earned enough of an advantage to take race lead and don the race leader 's maglia rosa ( English : pink jersey ) . The third stage saw Saronni expand upon his lead by winning the leg after out @-@ sprinting the rest of the leading group . The fourth stage took the race into the Dolomites , as well as featuring a summit finish on Selva di Val Gardena . Spanish rider Marino Lejarreta attacked with around 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) to go and only Roberto Visentini , Bernard Hinault , Hubert Saiz , and Gianbattista Baronchelli were able to mark his move . The group of five stayed together to the finish as Saiz took the stage victory by edging out Hinault . Visentini took the race lead after Saronni finished over four minutes behind , while another Italian favorite Francesco Moser finished two minutes behind .
The route went through more mountains in the fifth stage . With large amounts of rain , the peloton made a truce and the stage saw few attacks . A three @-@ man breakaway formed with around twelve kilometers to go . The riders stayed together and all sprinted for the stage win , which was originally won by Roberto Pagnin ; however , due to his non @-@ linear sprint line that interfered with the two other riders , he was relegated to second place and the original second @-@ place finisher , Emanuele Bombini , was promoted and declared winner . The next day of racing ended with a bunch sprint won by Frank Hoste , but a crash with two kilometers to go from the finish saw general classification contenders Visentini and Saronni , as well as others , lose twenty seconds . The seventh stage saw a six @-@ man breakaway survive and finish ahead of the peloton by almost two minutes as Orlando Maini won the day .
The twelfth stage of the race was 38 km ( 23 @.@ 6 mi ) individual time trial . Hinault won the stage by fifty @-@ three seconds over Moser . Hinault 's time gains were enough to give him the race lead by a minute and fourteen seconds . The thirteenth stage saw Freuler win his second stage of the race by virtue of a sprint finish . Italian Franco Chioccioli won the mountainous fourteenth leg of the event after attacking on the descent of the third climb of the day . The following day of racing began with a twenty @-@ man breakaway forming off the front of the peloton ; however , all but one rider was caught with ten kilometers remaining . With under five kilometers left , another four @-@ man attack group formed , of which 7 @-@ Eleven 's Ron Kiefel survived . Kiefel caught the lone remaining rider in front and went on to win the stage as the peloton crossed the line three seconds behind . This was the first stage victory by an American in the history of the Giro d 'Italia . The sixteenth stage saw the day of racing end with a field sprint which was won by Saronni .
Race leader Hinault and his team , La Vie Claire , allowed a breakaway to get almost a twenty @-@ minute advantage over the peloton during the race 's seventeenth stage , before other general classification contenders ' teams stepped in to help with the chase . The attack group reached the finish line around ten minutes faster than the peloton . Swiss rider Daniel Gisiger won the stage ahead of Giovanni Mantovani . Paolo Rosola won his second stage of the event as the eighteenth stage resulted in a bunch sprint . The following day 's race route was altered the night before by Torriani , which removed six kilometers off the climb of Great St Bernard Pass , while it still contained the full climb of the Cima Coppi , the Simplon Pass . The stage saw a large group of fifty @-@ three riders cross the finish line together , with Moser at the head , taking his second stage victory of the event . Former race leader Visentini , after losing a significant amount of time during the stage 16 individual time trial , abandoned the race during the nineteenth stage .
Stage 20 was a brief 58 km ( 36 mi ) that featured a seventeen kilometer ascent to finish the leg . La Vie Claire drove a hard pace throughout the stage and fractured the peloton in the process . American Andrew Hampsten attacked with around nineteen kilometers to go and won the stage by a minute over the second @-@ place finisher . The penultimate stage of the race was culminated with a field sprint , which was won by Freuler . The final stage of the race was a 48 km ( 30 mi ) individual time trial that stretched from Lido di Camaiore to Lucca . Moser was able to win the stage by seven seconds on race leader Hinault , which was not enough to overcome Hinault and take first . This meant Hinault won his third Giro d 'Italia .
Six riders achieved multiple stage victories : Freuler ( stages 1 , 13 , and 21 ) , Moser ( prologue and stages 19 and 22 ) , da Silva ( stages 8b and 10 ) , Allocchio ( stages 8a and 11 ) , Saronni ( stages 3 and 16 ) , and Rosola ( stages 9 and 18 ) . Stage wins were achieved by nine of the twenty competing squads , six of which won multiple stages . Del Tongo @-@ Colnago collected a total of five wins through the team time trial , Saronni , Bombini ( stage 5 ) , and Hoste ( stage 6 ) . Atala @-@ Ofmega @-@ Campagnolo amassed a total of four stage wins through Freuler and Gisiger ( stage 17 ) . Malvor @-@ Bottecchia also secured four stage wins through da Silva and Allocchio . Sammontana @-@ Bianchi obtained two stage victories with Rosola . Gis Gelati @-@ Trentino Vacanze collected two stage successes with Moser . 7 @-@ Eleven recorded two stage wins with Kiefel ( stage 15 ) and Hampsten ( stage 20 ) . Cilo @-@ Aufina , Alpilatte @-@ Olmo @-@ Cierre , and La Vie Claire all won a single stage at the Giro , the first through Seiz ( stage 4 ) , the second through Maini ( stage 7 ) , and the third by Hinault ( stage 12 ) , and the fourth with Chioccioli ( stage 14 ) .
= = Classification leadership = =
Four different jerseys were worn during the 1985 Giro d 'Italia . The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider , and allowing time bonuses for the first four finishers on mass @-@ start stages – wore a pink jersey . This classification is the most important of the race , and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro .
For the points classification , which awarded a purple ( or cyclamen ) jersey to its leader , cyclists were given points for finishing a stage in the top 15 ; additional points could also be won in intermediate sprints . The green jersey was awarded to the mountains classification leader . In this ranking , points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists . Each climb was ranked as either first , second or third category , with more points available for higher category climbs . The Cima Coppi , the race 's highest point of elevation , awarded more points than the other first category climbs . The Cima Coppi for this Giro was the Simplon Pass . The first rider to cross the Simplon Pass was Colombian rider Reynel Montoya . The white jersey was worn by the leader of young rider classification , a ranking decided the same way as the general classification , but considering only neo @-@ professional cyclists ( in their first three years of professional racing ) . Although no jersey was awarded , there was also one classification for the teams , in which the stage finish times of the best three cyclists per team were added ; the leading team was the one with the lowest total time .
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run .
= = Final standings = =
= = = General classification = = =
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= Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible =
Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible ( 女神転生外伝 Last Bible , lit . " Goddess Reincarnation Side Story : Last Bible " ) is a role @-@ playing video game series developed by Multimedia Intelligence Transfer , Sega , and Menue , and published by Atlus and Sega for multiple platforms . The first game of the series , Revelations : The Demon Slayer , was released in 1992 ; this is the only title in the series to have been released in English . After The Demon Slayer , two sequels and two spin @-@ off titles have been released . In the main series titles , players explore the game world and fight monsters in menu @-@ based battles ; players can also attempt to recruit monsters to their party , and can fuse two allied monsters into a single new one to try to get stronger monsters . The spin @-@ off title Another Bible is a turn @-@ based strategy game , while Last Bible Special is a role @-@ playing game controlled from a first person perspective .
The series is part of the media franchise Megami Tensei , but as Last Bible was developed for a wider audience , including children , the series is toned down compared to Shin Megami Tensei . For instance , players meet monsters rather than demons , and most of the Last Bible titles take place in a medieval fantasy world . The music for the first two games was composed by Hiroyuki Yanada and Iwao Mitsunaga , while Yanada composed the music for Last Bible III on his own , and Manami Matsumae composed the music for Another Bible . Critics have been mostly positive to the series , but the games ' graphics have received mixed responses . The music , particularly the one in the first two games , has been positively received . Several music albums with the games ' soundtracks have been released by Sweep Records .
= = Titles = =
Revelations : The Demon Slayer , known in Japan as Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible , is the first game in the series . It was released for Game Boy on December 23 , 1992 , in Japan , for Sega Game Gear on April 22 , 1994 , in Japan , for Game Boy Color on March 19 , 1999 , in Japan and in August , 1999 , in North America , and for mobile phones on January 16 , 2008 , in Japan . The game follows El , a boy who studies magic with his teacher Zodia .
Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible II is the second game in the series . It was released for Game Boy on November 19 , 1993 , for Game Boy Color on April 16 , 1999 , and for mobile phones on April 23 , 2009 . The game follows Yuri , a boy who was raised by monsters .
Last Bible III is the third numbered game in the series . It was released for Super Famicom on March 4 , 1995 , and for mobile phones on September 17 , 2010 . The game follows Ciel , a boy who leaves his home town to travel to go on a journey .
Another Bible is a spin @-@ off game . It was released for Game Boy on March 4 , 1995 , and for mobile phones on June 18 , 2009 . The game follows Rashiel , a boy who saves a girl from bandits and goes on adventures with her .
Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible Special is the fifth game in the series . It was released for Sega Game Gear on March 24 , 1995 . The game takes place during biblical times , and follows a hero named Matel .
= = Gameplay = =
Revelations : The Demon Slayer , Last Bible II , and Last Bible III are role @-@ playing video games which all have similar gameplay . Players explore the game world and fight various types of monsters . During battles , players choose commands for their characters to do from a menu . Players can attack with both physical attacks and magic spells ; different kinds of magic are effective against different types of monsters . Characters in players ' party learn new spells throughout the course of the game . By defeating monsters , players gain experience points and money . As characters gain more experience points , players get access to points which he or she can add to the characters ' attributes ; for instance , players can add points to a character 's speed attribute , which allows that character to move earlier during battles . Players can use money that they 've earned through battles to buy armor , weapons , and items , in shops found throughout the game world .
Players can choose to talk to monsters instead of fighting them , in order to attempt to recruit them to their party . They can choose which of their characters they want to use to recruit monsters ; the different characters vary in how easily they can recruit monsters . Players can also choose from their allied monsters when deciding which character they should use to recruit monsters . Players can use a type of magic called " Combine " to fuse two allied monsters into a single new monster ; by doing this , players can get access to stronger monsters . In Last Bible II , players can increase the strength of their allied monsters by giving them accessories . In Last Bible III , players have access to a gauge that shows how the answers they give during conversations affect the monsters . The Demon Slayer includes an unlockable multiplayer mode in which two players can let their respective parties fight each other .
Another Bible is a turn @-@ based strategy game in which players move their characters on tiles and fight enemies . The gameplay loops through three types of segments : preparation for battles , battles , and towns . During the preparation segments , players choose which characters they want to send out , and during the town segments , players buy and sell items and collect information that is required for getting to the next area . Similarly to the numbered Last Bible titles , players can recruit and fuse monsters in Another Bible . Last Bible Special is a role @-@ playing game that is controlled from a first person perspective , and in which players aim to travel through four dungeons .
= = Development = =
Last Bible is part of the media franchise Megami Tensei , but was made for a wider audience , including children , and is toned down compared to the Shin Megami Tensei games . For instance , players meet monsters rather than demons , and the games take place in a medieval fantasy world . Several companies have been involved in the production of the series : the numbered titles were developed by Multimedia Intelligence Transfer ; the Sega Game Gear version of Revelations : The Demon Slayer was developed by Sega ; and the mobile phone versions of The Demon Slayer , Last Bible II , Last Bible III , and Another Bible were developed by Menue . Atlus published all the games except Last Bible Special and the Sega Game Gear version of The Demon Slayer , which were published by Sega . Atlus also localized and published the Game Boy Color version of The Demon Slayer in the US ; this is the only game in the series that has been released in English .
The music in The Demon Slayer and Last Bible II was composed by Hiroyuki Yanada and Iwao Mitsunaga , and includes progressive rock music . Yanada also composed the music in Last Bible III , but without Mitsunaga ; the music in it includes examples of bossa nova . The music in Another Bible was composed by Manami Matsumae , and includes examples of jazz . Sweep Records has published albums several of the games ' soundtracks as part of their Discovery series , in which they release soundtrack albums for game music that had previously not been released on an album . The album Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible Soundtrack was released on September 15 , 2010 ; Megami Tensei Gaiden : Last Bible II Soundtrack was released on October 7 , 2010 ; Megami Tensei Gaiden : Another Bible Soundtrack was released on January 19 , 2011 ; and Last Bible III Soundtrack was released on October 5 , 2011 .
= = Reception = =
Adam Cleveland at IGN called Revelations : The Demon Slayer a fun but not innovative game . The American game magazine Nintendo Power did however find it innovative ; for instance , they cited the automatic battle option . Cleveland disliked the monster conversation system , which he found irritating ; he said that players never know what answer they should give a monster , and that the questions the monsters ask feel monotone due to how often they are repeated . Writers for the Japanese game magazine Famitsu thought the monster fusion system was fun . In their review of Last Bible III , they commented on how different the game is from the Megami Tensei series , and instead compared it to Final Fantasy . Kurt Kalata and Christopher J. Snelgrove wrote for Hardcore Gaming 101 that while The Demon Slayer was not by any means an outstanding game , it was one of few competent role @-@ playing games on Game Boy . They found Last Bible III to be the best game in the series .
Cleveland liked the graphics in the Game Boy Color version of The Demon Slayer , and said that it reminded him of the " 8 @-@ bit wonders of years ago " . Nintendo Power said that the graphics in the Game Boy Color version looked good , but that they lack the richness of most new games on the system . They disliked the backgrounds , which they called " very bland " . Famitsu thought the graphics in Last Bible III were good , but that the graphics in Another Bible looked cheap . Kalata and Snelgrove called the color palette in the Game Boy Color versions of the first two games awful , but said that the Sega Game Gear version of the first game looked much better , and that it was very nice for a handheld game ; they specifically pointed out its cinematic sequences , which they called impressive . They thought the character designs in Another Bible were " overly adorable " , and said that there are graphical issues in the game when players move . They appreciated the backgrounds in Last Bible Special , and commented that some monster designs in Last Bible III were strange .
Nintendo Power called the music in The Demon Slayer surprisingly good . Cleveland also liked it , and said that it always fits in with all the situations it is played in . Kalata and Snelgrove called it catchy . Don at Square Enix Music Online said that The Demon Slayer has a solid soundtrack for a Game Boy role @-@ playing game , and specifically highlighted " Opening " as a well @-@ composed piece , with its " exotic and mysterious " atmosphere . Patrick Gann at RPGFan said that The Demon Slayer has fantastic and under @-@ appreciated music , but that the soundtrack is short . Don found the soundtrack of Last Bible II to be better than the first game 's , and said that several pieces , including " Temple " , " Field " , " Boss Battle " , and " Dungeon " , were better than their counterparts in the first game . He said that " Gaia " , the piece that is played during the final boss battle , probably was the best of all pieces in the first two games . Gann did also find Last Bible II 's music to be better than the first game 's . He liked that the soundtrack was longer than the first game 's , and how he could not find any melodies that had been " borrowed " from The Demon Slayer 's soundtrack . Gann found Last Bible III 's sound font to be weak , but liked several of the compositions . Both Don and Gann thought that Another Bible 's music was worse than the music in previous games in the series . Don did however appreciate several pieces , including " Beginning Moment " , which he thought was catchy and had a fantastic melody , and " Hiding All Feeling Inside " , which he found to be the most successful piece in the game 's soundtrack .
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= English National Opera =
English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St. Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English .
The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic in a rough area of London for the benefit of local people . From those beginnings , Baylis built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into the ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet .
Baylis acquired and rebuilt Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve , and by the 1960s a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum in the heart of London and adopted its present name in 1974 . The company has survived several proposals to merge it with The Royal Opera .
Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner . In 2015 Mark Wigglesworth was appointed music director . ENO is known for its emphasis on the dramatic aspect of opera , with productions , sometimes controversial , by directors including David Pountney , Jonathan Miller , Nicholas Hytner , Phyllida Lloyd and Calixto Bieito . In addition to the core operatic repertoire , the company has presented a wide range of works , from early operas by Monteverdi to new commissions , operetta and Broadway shows .
= = History = =
= = = Foundations = = =
In 1889 Emma Cons , a Victorian philanthropist who ran the Old Vic theatre in a working @-@ class area of London , began presenting regular fortnightly performances of opera excerpts . Although the theatre licensing laws of the day prevented full costumed performances , Cons presented her public with condensed versions of well @-@ known operas , always sung in English . Among the performers were well @-@ known singers such as Charles Santley . These operatic evenings quickly became more popular than the drama that Cons had been staging . In 1898 , she recruited her niece Lilian Baylis to help run the theatre . At the same time she appointed Charles Corri as the Old Vic 's musical director . Baylis and Corri , despite many disagreements , shared a passionate belief in popularising opera , hitherto generally the preserve of the rich and fashionable . They worked on a tiny budget , with an amateur chorus and a professional orchestra of only 18 players , for whom Corri rescored the instrumental parts of the operas . By the early years of the 20th century , the Old Vic was able to present semi @-@ staged versions of Wagner operas .
Emma Cons died in 1912 , leaving her estate , including the Old Vic , to Baylis , who dreamed of transforming the theatre into a " people 's opera house " . In the same year , Baylis obtained a licence allowing the Old Vic to stage full performances of operas . In the 1914 – 15 season , Baylis staged 16 operas and 16 plays ( 13 of which were by Shakespeare ) . In the years after the First World War Baylis 's Shakespearean productions , which starred some of the leading actors from London 's West End , attracted national attention , as her shoe @-@ string opera productions did not . The opera , however , remained her first priority . The actor @-@ manager Robert Atkins , who worked closely with Baylis on her Shakespearean productions , recalled , " Opera , on Thursday and Saturday nights , played to bulging houses . "
= = = Vic @-@ Wells = = =
By the 1920s it was clear to Baylis that the Old Vic no longer sufficed to house both her theatre and her opera companies . She noticed the empty and derelict Sadler 's Wells theatre in Rosebery Avenue , Islington , on the other side of London from the Old Vic , and decided to seek to run it in tandem with her existing theatre .
Baylis made a public appeal for funds in 1925 , and with the help of the Carnegie Trust and many others acquired the freehold of Sadler 's Wells . Work started on the site in 1926 and by Christmas 1930 a completely new theatre seating 1 @,@ 640 was ready for occupation . The first production there , a fortnight 's run from 6 January 1931 , was Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . The first opera , given on 20 January , was Carmen . Eighteen operas were staged during the first season .
The new theatre was more expensive to run than the Old Vic ; a larger orchestra and more singers were needed , and box office receipts were at first inadequate . In 1932 the Birmingham Post commented that the Vic @-@ Wells opera performances did not reach the standards of the Vic @-@ Wells Shakespeare productions . Baylis strove to improve operatic standards , while at the same time fending off attempts by Sir Thomas Beecham to absorb the opera company into a joint enterprise with Covent Garden , where he was in command . She was at first tempted by the financial security the proposal seemed to offer , but was convinced by her friends and advisers such as Edward J. Dent and Clive Carey that it was not in the interests of her regular audience . This view received strong support from the press ; The Times wrote , " The Old Vic began by offering opera of some sort to people who hardly knew what the word meant ... under a wise , fostering guidance it has gradually worked upwards ... Any kind of amalgamation which made it the poor relation of the ' Grand ' season would be disastrous . "
At first Baylis presented both drama and opera at each of her theatres ; the companies were known as the " Vic @-@ Wells " . However , for both aesthetic and financial reasons , by 1934 the Old Vic had become the home of the spoken drama , while Sadler 's Wells housed the opera and ballet company , the latter of which had been founded by Baylis and Ninette de Valois in 1930 . Lawrance Collingwood joined Corri as resident conductor , and with the increased number of productions , guest conductors were recruited , including Geoffrey Toye and Anthony Collins . The increasing success of the new ballet company helped to subsidise the high cost of opera productions , enabling a further increase in the size of the orchestra , to 48 players . Among the singers in the opera company were Joan Cross and Edith Coates . In the 1930s , the company presented standard repertoire works including operas by Mozart , Verdi , Wagner and Puccini , lighter works by Balfe , Donizetti , Offenbach and Johann Strauss , some novelties , among which were operas by Holst , Ethel Smyth and Charles Villiers Stanford , and an unusual attempt at staging an oratorio , Mendelssohn 's Elijah .
In November 1937 Baylis died of a heart attack . Her three companies continued under the direction of her appointees , Tyrone Guthrie at the Old Vic , in overall charge of both theatres , with de Valois running the ballet , and Carey and two colleagues running the opera . In the Second World War the government requisitioned Sadler 's Wells as a refuge for those made homeless by air @-@ raids . Guthrie decided to keep the opera going as a small touring ensemble of 20 performers . Between 1942 and the end of the war the company toured continuously , visiting 87 venues . It was led by Joan Cross , who managed the company and when necessary sang leading soprano roles in its productions . The size of the company was increased to 50 and then to 80 . By 1945 its members included singers from a new generation such as Peter Pears and Owen Brannigan , and the conductor Reginald Goodall .
= = = Sadler 's Wells Opera = = =
As the war drew to an end , the government considered the future of opera in Britain . Like Sadler 's Wells , the Royal Opera House had presented no opera or ballet since 1939 . The Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts ( CEMA ) , the official body charged with dispensing the modest public subsidy recently introduced , considered its options and concluded that a new Covent Garden company should be established . It was to be a year @-@ round , permanent ensemble , singing in English , instead of the short , starry international seasons of pre @-@ war years . Many saw this as an opportunity to merge the two companies , as the modus operandi of the new Covent Garden company was now similar to that of Sadler 's Wells . However , David Webster , who was appointed to run Covent Garden , though keen to secure de Valois ' ballet company for Covent Garden , did not want the Sadler 's Wells opera company . To him the old company was worthy but " dowdy " and " stodgy " . Even with a policy of singing in English , he believed he could assemble a better company . The management of Sadler 's Wells was unwilling to lose its company 's name and tradition . It was agreed that the two companies should remain separate .
The continued existence of Sadler 's Wells Opera was threatened by divisions within the company . Cross announced her intention to re @-@ open Sadler 's Wells theatre with Peter Grimes , by the young Benjamin Britten , with herself and Pears in the leading roles ; there were many complaints from company members about supposed favouritism and the " cacophony " of Britten 's score . Peter Grimes opened in June 1945 and was hailed by public and critics ; its box @-@ office takings matched or exceeded those for La bohème and Madame Butterfly , which were being staged concurrently by the company . However the rift within the company was irreparable ; Cross , Britten and Pears severed their ties with Sadler 's Wells in December 1945 and founded the English Opera Group . The departure of the ballet company to Covent Garden two months later deprived Sadler 's Wells of an important source of income ; the ballet had been profitable and had since its inception subsidised the opera company .
Clive Carey , who had been in Australia during the war , was brought back to replace Joan Cross and rebuild the company after its wartime privations and recent departures . The critic Philip Hope @-@ Wallace wrote in 1946 that Carey had begun to make a difference , but that Sadler 's Wells needed " a big heave to get out of mediocrity " . In the same year The Times Literary Supplement asked whether the Old Vic and Sadler 's Wells companies would stick modestly to their old bases " or shall they boldly embrace the ideal of a National Theatre and a National Opera in English ? " Carey left in 1947 and his place at the head of the company was taken in January 1948 by a triumvirate comprising James Robertson as musical director , Michael Mudie as his assistant conductor and Norman Tucker in charge of administration . From October 1948 , Tucker was given sole control . Mudie became ill , and the young Charles Mackerras was appointed to deputise for him .
By 1950 Sadler 's Wells was receiving a public subsidy of £ 40 @,@ 000 a year ; Covent Garden received £ 145 @,@ 000 . Tucker had to give up the option of staging the premiere of Britten 's Billy Budd , lacking the resources to do it justice . He was keen to improve the dramatic aspects of opera production , and eminent theatrical directors including Michel Saint @-@ Denis , George Devine and Glen Byam Shaw worked on Sadler 's Wells productions in the 1950s . New repertoire was explored ; at Mackerras 's urging Janáček 's Káťa Kabanová was presented for the first time in Britain . Standards and company morale were improving ; The Manchester Guardian summed up the 1950 – 51 London opera season as " Excitement at Sadler 's Wells : Lack of Distinction at Covent Garden " and judged Sadler 's Wells to have moved " into the front rank of opera houses " .
The company continued to leave Rosebery Avenue for summer tours to British cities and towns . The Arts Council ( successor to CEMA ) was sensitive to the charge that since 1945 far fewer opera performances had been given in the provinces . The small Carl Rosa Opera Company toured constantly , but the Covent Garden company visited only those few cities with theatres big enough to accommodate it . In the mid @-@ 1950s renewed calls were made for a reorganisation of Britain 's opera companies . There were proposals for a new home for Sadler 's Wells on the South Bank of the Thames near the Royal Festival Hall , but these fell through because the government was unwilling to fund the building . Once again there was serious talk of merging Covent Garden and Sadler 's Wells . The Sadler 's Wells board countered by proposing a closer working arrangement with Carl Rosa . When it became clear that this would require the Sadler 's Wells company to tour for 30 weeks every year , and practically destroy its presence on the London opera scene , Tucker , his deputy Stephen Arlen , and his musical director Alexander Gibson resigned . The proposals were modified , and the three withdrew their resignations . In 1960 the Carl Rosa Company was wound up ; Sadler 's Wells took over some of its members and many of its touring dates , setting up " two interchangeable companies of equal standing " , one of which played at Sadler 's Wells theatre while the other was on the road .
By the late 1950s Covent Garden was gradually abandoning its policy of productions in the vernacular ; such stars as Maria Callas would not relearn their roles in English . This made it easier for Tucker to point up the difference between the two London opera companies . While Covent Garden engaged international stars , Sadler 's Wells focused on young British and Commonwealth performers . Colin Davis was appointed musical director in succession to Gibson in 1961 . The repertoire continued to mix the staples and the unfamiliar . Novelties in Davis 's time included Pizzetti 's Murder in the Cathedral , Stravinsky 's Oedipus rex , Richard Rodney Bennett 's The Mines of Sulphur and more Janáček . Sadler 's Wells 's traditional policy of giving all operas in English continued , with only two exceptions : Oedipus rex , which was sung in Latin , and Monteverdi 's L 'Orfeo , sung in Italian , for reasons not clear to the press . In January 1962 the company gave its first Gilbert and Sullivan opera , Iolanthe ; it opened on the day on which the Savoy operas came out of copyright and the D 'Oyly Carte monopoly ended . It was well received ( it was successfully revived for many seasons until 1978 ) and was followed by a production of The Mikado in May of the same year .
The Islington theatre was by now clearly too small to allow the company to achieve any further growth . A study conducted for the Arts Council reported that in the late 1960s the two Sadler 's Wells companies comprised 278 salaried performers and 62 guest singers . The company had experience of playing in a large West End theatre ; in 1958 its sell @-@ out production of The Merry Widow had transferred to the 2 @,@ 351 @-@ seat London Coliseum for a summer season . Ten years later the lease of the Coliseum became available ; Stephen Arlen , who had succeeded Tucker as managing director , was the driving force behind moving the company . After intense negotiations and fund @-@ raising , a ten @-@ year lease was signed in 1968 .
One of the company 's last productions at the Islington theatre was Wagner 's The Mastersingers , conducted by Goodall in 1968 , which 40 years later was described by Gramophone magazine as " legendary " . The company left Sadler 's Wells with a revival of the work with which it had re @-@ opened the theatre in 1945 , Peter Grimes . Its last performance at the Rosebery Avenue theatre was on 15 June 1968 .
= = = Coliseum = = =
The company , retaining the title " Sadler 's Wells Opera " , opened at the Coliseum on 21 August 1968 , with a new production of Mozart 's Don Giovanni , directed by Sir John Gielgud . This was not well received , but the company rapidly established itself with a succession of highly praised productions . Stephen Arlen died in January 1972 , and was succeeded as managing director by Lord Harewood .
The success of the 1968 Mastersingers was followed in the 1970s by the company 's first Ring cycle , conducted by Goodall , with a cast including Norman Bailey , Rita Hunter and Alberto Remedios . The cycle had a new translation by Andrew Porter and designs by Ralph Koltai . In Harewood 's view , among the highlights of the first ten years at the Coliseum were the Ring , Prokofiev 's War and Peace , and Richard Strauss 's Salome and Der Rosenkavalier .
The company 's musical director from 1970 to 1977 was Charles Mackerras . Harewood praised his exceptional versatility , with a range " from The House of the Dead to Patience . " The critic Alan Blyth described him as an expert on authenticity in performing Handel , a pioneer of Janáček , " a scholarly Mozartian ... a sure advocate of French opera , a strong , no @-@ nonsense interpreter of the Viennese classics , an expert in early 19th @-@ century operas by Donizetti and others , and an abiding admirer of Gilbert and Sullivan " . Among the operas he conducted for the company were Handel 's Julius Caesar starring Janet Baker and Valerie Masterson ; five Janáček operas ; The Marriage of Figaro with pioneering use of 18th century performing style ; Massenet 's Werther ; Donizetti 's Mary Stuart with Baker ; and Sullivan 's Patience . The company took the production of the last to the Vienna Festival in 1975 , along with Britten 's Gloriana . Mackerras was succeeded as musical director by Sir Charles Groves , who was unwell and unhappy during his brief tenure in 1978 – 79 . Groves was relieved to hand over to Mark Elder , who found him " immensely encouraging and supportive " .
From the outset Arlen and then Harewood had wanted to change the company 's name to reflect the fact that it was no longer based at Sadler 's Wells theatre . Byam Shaw commented , " The one major setback the Sadler 's Wells Opera Company suffered from its transplant was that unheeding taxi drivers kept on taking their patrons up to Rosebery Avenue " Harewood considered it an elementary rule that " you must not carry the name of one theatre if you are playing in another one . " Covent Garden , protective of its status , objected to the suggestion that the Sadler 's Wells company should be called " The British National Opera " or " The National Opera " , although neither Scottish Opera nor the Welsh National Opera opposed such a change . Eventually the matter was decided by the British government , and the title " English National Opera " was approved . It was adopted by the company 's board in November 1974 . In 1977 , in response to demand for more opera productions in English provincial cities , a second company was established . It was based at Leeds in northern England , and was known as ENO North . Under Harewood 's guidance it flourished , and in 1981 it became an independent company , Opera North .
= = = ENO = = =
= = = = 1980 – 99 = = = =
In 1982 , at Elder 's instigation , Harewood appointed David Pountney director of productions . In 1985 Harewood retired ( becoming chairman of ENO 's board the following year ) and Peter Jonas succeeded him as managing director . The 1980s triumvirate of Elder , Pountney and Jonas , often called the " Powerhouse " , initiated a new era of " director 's opera " . The triumvirate favoured productions described by Elder as " groundbreaking , risky , probing and theatrically effective " and by the director Nicholas Hytner as " Euro @-@ bollocks that never has to be comprehensible to anybody but the people sitting out there conceiving . " Directors who did not , in Harewood 's phrase , " want to splash paint in the face of the public " were sidelined . A survey in the 1980s showed that the two things that ENO audiences most disliked were poor diction and the extremes of " director 's opera " .
In the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Barry Millington has described the Powerhouse style as : " arresting images of dislocated reality , an inexhaustible repertory of stage contrivances , a determination to explore the social and psychological issues latent in the works , and above all an abundant sense of theatricality . " As examples Millington mentions " Rusalka ( 1983 ) , with its Edwardian nursery setting and Freudian undertones , and Hansel and Gretel ( 1987 ) , its dream pantomime peopled by fantasy figures from the children 's imagination ... Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District ( 1987 ) and Wozzeck ( 1990 ) exemplified an approach to production in which grotesque caricature jostles with forceful emotional engagement " .
Poor average box @-@ office sales led to a financial crisis , which was exacerbated by backstage industrial relations problems . After 1983 the company ceased touring to other British venues . Assessing the achievements of the Powerhouse years , Tom Sutcliffe wrote in The Musical Times :
ENO is not second best to Covent Garden . It is different , more theatrical , less vocal . ... The ENO now follows a policy like Covent Garden 's in the early years after the war , when Peter Brook was scandalising the bourgeoisie with his opera stagings . The last two seasons at the ENO have been difficult , or at any rate sentiment has turned against the outgoing regime over the last nine months . Audience figures are well down . ... The presiding genius of the Elder years has , of course , been David Pountney . Not because his productions were all marvellous . Perhaps only a few were . But because , like Elder , he enabled so many other talents to thrive .
Productions during the 1980s included the company 's first presentations of Pelléas and Mélisande ( 1981 ) , Parsifal ( 1986 ) and Billy Budd ( 1988 ) . 1980s productions that remained in the repertory for many years included Xerxes directed by Hytner , and Rigoletto and The Mikado directed by Jonathan Miller . In 1984 ENO toured the United States ; the travelling company , led by Elder , consisted of 360 people ; they performed Gloriana , War and Peace , The Turn of the Screw , Rigoletto and Patience . This was the first British company to be invited to appear at the Metropolitan Opera in New York , where Patience received a standing ovation and Miller 's production of Rigoletto , depicting the characters as mafiosi , was greeted with a mixture of enthusiasm and booing . In 1990 ENO was the first major foreign opera company to tour the Soviet Union , performing the Miller production of The Turn of the Screw , Pountney 's production of Macbeth , and Hytner 's much @-@ revived Xerxes .
The Powerhouse era ended in 1992 , when all three of the triumvirate left at the same time . The new general director was Dennis Marks , formerly head of music programmes at the BBC ; the new music director was Sian Edwards ; Pountney 's post of director of productions was not filled . Marks , inheriting a large financial deficit from his predecessors , worked to restore the company 's finances , concentrating on restoring ticket sales to sustainable levels . A new production by Miller of Der Rosenkavalier was a critical and financial success , as was a staging of Massenet 's Don Quixote , described by the critic Hugh Canning as " the kind of old @-@ fashioned theatre magic which the hair @-@ shirted Powerhouse regime despised " .
Marks was obliged to spend much time and effort in securing the funding for an essential restoration of the Coliseum , a condition on which ENO had acquired the freehold of the theatre in 1992 . At the same time the Arts Council was contemplating a cut in the number of opera performances in London , at the expense of ENO , rather than Covent Garden . By increasing ticket sales in successive years , Marks demonstrated that the Arts Council 's proposition was unrealistic . After what The Independent described as " a sustained period of criticism and sniping at the ENO by music critics " , Sian Edwards resigned as music director at the end of 1995 ; she was succeeded by Paul Daniel . In 1997 , Marks resigned . No reason was announced , but it was thought that he and the ENO board had disagreed about his plans to move the company from the Coliseum to a purpose @-@ built new home . Daniel took over the management of the company until a new general director was appointed .
Daniel inherited from Marks a company thriving artistically and financially . The 1997 – 98 season played to 75 per cent capacity and made a surplus of £ 150 @,@ 000 . Daniel led the campaign against yet another proposal to merge Covent Garden and ENO , which was rapidly abandoned . In 1998 Nicholas Payne , director of opera at Covent Garden , was appointed to the post of ENO general director . Productions in the 1990s included the company 's first stagings of Beatrice and Benedict ( 1990 ) , Wozzeck ( 1990 ) , Jenůfa ( 1994 ) , A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1995 ) , Die Soldaten ( 1996 ) , and Dialogues of the Carmelites ( 1999 ) . Co @-@ productions , enabling opera houses to share the costs of joint enterprises , became important in this decade ; in 1993 ENO and Welsh National Opera collaborated on productions of Don Pasquale , Ariodante and The Two Widows .
= = = = 2000 – 2009 = = = =
Martin Smith , a millionaire with a finance background , was appointed chairman of the ENO board in 2001 . He proved to be an expert fund @-@ raiser , and personally donated a million pounds to the cost of refurbishing the Coliseum . He and Payne came into conflict over the effect on revenue of the " director 's opera " productions that Payne insisted on commissioning . The most extreme case was a production of Don Giovanni directed by Calixto Bieito in 2001 , despised by critics and public alike ; Michael Kennedy described it as " a new nadir in vulgar abuse of a masterpiece , " and other reviewers agreed with him . Payne insisted , " I think it 's one of the best things we 've done . ... It 's exceeded my expectations . " In the arts pages of the Financial Times , Martin Hoyle wrote of Payne 's " exquisite tunnel vision " and expressed " the concern of those of us who value the true people 's opera " . Payne remained adamant that opera lovers who came to the ENO for a " nice , pleasant evening ... had come to the wrong place . " The differences between Smith and Payne were irreconcilable , and Payne was forced to resign in July 2002 .
The successor to Payne was Séan Doran , whose appointment was controversial because he had no experience of running an opera company . He attracted newspaper headlines with unusual operatic events , described by admirers as " unexpected coups " and by detractors as " stunts " ; a performance of the third act of The Valkyrie played to 20 @,@ 000 rock music fans at the Glastonbury Festival . In December 2003 Daniel announced that he would leave at the end of his contract in 2005 . Oleg Caetani was announced as the next music director , from January 2006 .
In 2004 the company embarked on its second production of Wagner 's Ring . After concert performances over the previous three seasons , the four operas of the cycle were staged at the Coliseum in 2004 and 2005 in productions by Phyllida Lloyd , with designs by Richard Hudson , in a new translation by Jeremy Sams . The first instalments of the cycle were criticised as poorly sung and conducted , but by the time Twilight of the Gods was staged in 2005 , matters were thought to have improved : " Paul Daniel 's command of the score is more authoritative than could have been predicted from his uneven accounts of the previous operas . " The production attracted generally bad notices . The four operas were given individual runs , but were never played as a complete cycle .
During the first decade of the century the company repeated the experiment , previously tried in 1932 , of staging oratorios and other choral works as operatic performances . Bach 's St. John Passion was given in 2000 , followed by Verdi 's Requiem ( 2000 ) , Tippett 's A Child of Our Time ( 2005 ) and Handel 's Jephtha ( 2005 ) and Messiah ( 2009 ) . ENO responded to the increased interest in Handel 's operas , staging Alcina ( 2002 ) , Agrippina ( 2006 ) and Partenope ( 2008 ) . In 2003 the company staged its first production of Berlioz 's massive opera The Trojans , with Sarah Connolly as " a supremely eloquent , genuinely tragic Dido " .
In 2005 , after an internal debate that had been going on since 1991 , it was announced that surtitles would be introduced at the Coliseum . Surveys had shown that only a quarter of audience members could hear the words clearly . With a few exceptions , including Lesley Garrett and Andrew Shore , ENO singers of the 21st century were considered to have poorer diction than their predecessors such as Masterson and Derek Hammond @-@ Stroud . Harewood and Pountney had been immovably opposed to surtitles ; both believed that opera in English was pointless if it could not be understood ; Harewood thought , moreover , that surtitles could undermine the case for a publicly funded opera @-@ in @-@ English company . The editor of Opera magazine , Rodney Milnes , campaigned against surtitles on the grounds that " singers would give up trying to articulate clearly and audiences would cease focusing on the stage " . Despite these objections surtitles were introduced from October 2005 .
On 29 November 2005 Doran resigned as artistic director . To replace him , Smith divided the duties between Loretta Tomasi as chief executive and John Berry as artistic director . These elevations from within the organisation were controversial , because they were neither advertised nor cleared at the top level of the Arts Council . Smith received severe press criticism for his action , and in December 2005 he announced his resignation . In the same week , Caetani 's appointment as the next ENO music director was cancelled . Berry was at first criticised in the press for his choice of singers for ENO productions , but the appointment of Edward Gardner as music director from 2007 received considerable praise . The Observer commented that Gardner was " widely credited with breathing fresh life into English National Opera , whose growing reputation under his youthfully innovative hand has seen the house ally itself with outside talent , from Anthony Minghella 's hugely popular Madam Butterfly to Forced Entertainment 's production of Philip Glass 's Satyagraha . "
Attendance figures recovered , with younger audiences attracted by ENO 's marketing schemes . The company 's finances improved , with £ 5 million in reserve funds in April 2009 .
= = = = 2010 – present = = = =
Productions in the 2011 season continued the company 's traditions of engaging directors with no operatic experience ( a well reviewed The Damnation of Faust staged by Terry Gilliam and set in Nazi Germany ) and of drastic reinterpretations ( a version of Britten 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream presented by Christopher Alden as a paedophile parable set in a 1950s boys ' school , which divided critical opinion ) . In the 2012 – 13 season ENO introduced " Opera Undressed " evenings , aimed at attracting new audiences who had thought opera " Too pricey , too pompous , too posh " . Operas advertised under this banner were Don Giovanni , La traviata , Michel van der Aa 's Sunken Garden ( performed at the Barbican ) and Philip Glass 's The Perfect American .
In January 2014 the ENO announced that Gardner would leave at the end of the 2014 – 15 season , to be succeeded by Mark Wigglesworth . The Times commented that the incoming music director had a reputation for " steely , even abrasive determination " and that he would need it , with recent productions lambasted by critics and shunned by the public , leading to an £ 800 @,@ 000 deficit made worse by cuts in public subsidy . From late 2014 the company went through a further organisational crisis . The chairman , Martyn Rose , resigned after two years in the post , following irreconcilable differences with Berry . He was followed by Henriette Götz , the company 's executive director , who had a series of public disagreements with Berry . In February 2015 the Arts Council of England announced the unprecedented step of removing ENO from the national portfolio of 670 arts organisations that receive regular funding , and instead offered " special funding arrangements " because of continuing concerns over ENO 's business plan and management . The council recognised that the company was " capable of extraordinary artistic work " , but " we have serious concerns about their governance and business model and we expect them to improve or they could face removal of funding . " In July 2015 Berry resigned .
Critical and box @-@ office successes in the company 's 2014 – 15 season included The Mastersingers , which won an Olivier Award for best new opera production , and Sweeney Todd , with Bryn Terfel in the title role . New productions announced for 2015 – 16 were Tristan and Isolde , with sets by Anish Kapoor ; Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk ; the company 's first staging of Norma ; The Force of Destiny directed by Bieito , and the first London performance for 30 years of Akhnaten .
The Huffington Post wrote in March 2016 that the ENO was finding itself " in a predicament that has much in common with the challenges that forced the New York City Opera to file for bankruptcy in 2013 ... There are those who fear that without major changes the company may fold , as was the case with NYCO " , which came out of bankruptcy and began again staging performances in January 2016 .
= = Repertoire = =
The company has aimed to present the standard operatic repertoire , sung in English , and has staged all the major operas of Mozart , Wagner and Puccini , and a wide range of Verdi 's operas . Under Mackerras and his successors the Czech repertoire has featured strongly , and a broad range of French and Russian operas has been presented . The company has for decades laid stress on opera as drama , and has avoided operas where vocal display takes precedence over musical and dramatic content . In addition to the operatic staples , ENO has a history of presenting new works , and latterly of commissioning them .
= = = Commissions and premieres = = =
ENO has commissioned more than a dozen operas by composers including Gordon Crosse , Iain Hamilton , Jonathan Harvey , Alfred Schnittke , Gavin Bryars , David Sawer , Asian Dub Foundation and Nico Muhly . The company 's best known world premiere probably remains Peter Grimes in 1945 . Subsequent world premieres have included The Mines of Sulphur ( 1965 ) , The Mask of Orpheus ( 1986 ) , The Silver Tassie ( 1999 ) , and works by Malcolm Williamson , Iain Hamilton , David Blake , Robin Holloway and Stephen Oliver . British stage premieres include operas by Verdi ( Simon Boccanegra , 1948 ) , Janáček ( Káťa Kabanová , 1951 ) , Stravinsky ( Oedipus rex , 1960 ) , Prokofiev ( War and Peace , 1972 ) and Philip Glass ( Akhnaten , 1985 , among others ) .
= = = Operetta and musicals = = =
From the beginning , the company interspersed serious opera with lighter works . In the early years the " Irish Ring " ( The Bohemian Girl , The Lily of Killarney and Maritana ) featured in Old Vic and Sadler 's Wells seasons . After the Second World War , the company began to programme operetta , including The Merry Widow ( 1958 ) , Die Fledermaus ( 1958 ) , Orpheus in the Underworld ( 1960 ) , Merrie England ( 1960 ) , La vie parisienne ( 1961 ) , La belle Hélène ( 1963 ) , and The Gipsy Baron ( 1964 ) .
The company has produced six of Gilbert and Sullivan 's Savoy operas . After the successful Iolanthe and The Mikado in 1962 and Patience in 1969 , the last much revived in the UK , the U.S. and on the continent , a second production of The Mikado in 1986 starred the comedian Eric Idle in a black @-@ and @-@ white setting moved to a 1920s English seaside hotel . It has been regularly revived over 25 years . A 1992 production of Princess Ida directed by Ken Russell was a critical and box office disaster , ran briefly , and was not revived . The Pirates of Penzance was produced in 2005 . A highly coloured production of The Gondoliers opened in 2006 ; the press pointed out that the company 's diction had declined to the point that the recently introduced surtitles were essential . In 2015 the film director Mike Leigh directed a new production of The Pirates of Penzance ; the critical consensus was disappointment that Leigh had chosen one of the weaker operas in the Savoy canon , but the show provided a box @-@ office hit . The cinema live broadcast of the production broke all previous box @-@ office records for UK opera cinema @-@ event releases .
From the 1980s the company has experimented with Broadway shows , including Pacific Overtures ( 1987 ) , Street Scene ( 1898 ) , On the Town ( 2005 ) , Kismet ( 2007 ) , and Candide ( 2008 ) . In many of ENO 's lighter shows , the size of the Coliseum has been a problem , both in putting across pieces written for much more intimate theatres and in selling enough tickets . In 2015 a new business plan for ENO included making money from a West End musical partnership with the impresarios Michael Grade and Michael Linnit .
= = Recordings = =
Recordings of individual scenes and numbers were made by Sadler 's Wells singers from the company 's earliest days . In 1972 an LP set was issued bringing together many of these recordings , prefaced with a tribute to Lilian Baylis recorded in 1936 . Among the singers in the set are Joan Cross , Heddle Nash , Edith Coates , Joan Hammond , Owen Brannigan , Peter Pears , Peter Glossop and Charles Craig . The conductors include Lawrance Collingwood , Reginald Goodall and Michael Mudie .
After the Second World War , the Sadler 's Wells company made a 78 r.p.m. set of excerpts from Simon Boccanegra ( 1949 ) , but made no more recordings until the stereo LP era . In the 1950s and 1960s , the company recorded a series of abridged sets of operas and operettas for EMI , each occupying two LP sides . All were sung in English . The opera sets were Madame Butterfly ( 1960 ) , Il trovatore ( 1962 ) , and Hansel and Gretel ( 1966 ) . The abridged operetta recordings were Die Fledermaus ( 1959 ) , The Merry Widow ( 1959 ) , The Land of Smiles ( 1960 ) , La vie parisienne ( 1961 ) , Orpheus in the Underworld ( 1960 ) , Iolanthe ( 1962 ) , La belle Hélène ( 1963 ) and The Gypsy Baron ( 1965 ) . A complete recording of The Mikado was released in 1962 .
Excerpts from the company 's Twilight of the Gods were recorded in German under Mackerras ( 1972 ) and in English under Goodall ( 1973 ) . The complete Ring cycle was recorded by EMI during public performances at the Coliseum between 1973 and 1977 . The cycle has been reissued on CD by Chandos Records . A live recording of the company 's The Mastersingers was made in 1968 but not released until 2008 .
In the CD era , a series of operatic recordings sung in English has been released by Chandos Records . Some are reissues are of Sadler 's Wells Opera or ENO recordings originally issued by EMI : Mary Stuart ( recorded in 1982 ) and Julius Caesar ( 1985 ) , both starring Janet Baker , and La traviata ( 1981 ) , starring Valerie Masterson . The newer recordings , made specifically for the Chandos series , have no official connection with ENO , but feature many past and present members of the company . Conductors include Sir Charles Mackerras , Sir Mark Elder and Paul Daniel . Those in which the chorus and orchestra of ENO appear are Lulu , The Makropoulos Affair , Werther , Dialogues of the Carmelites , The Barber of Seville , Rigoletto , Ernani , Otello and Falstaff , as well as the live recordings of The Ring and The Mastersingers .
= = Education = =
In 1966 , under the company 's head of design , Margaret Harris , Sadler 's Wells Theatre Design Course was founded ; it later became Motley Theatre Design Course . ENO Baylis , founded in 1985 , is the education department of ENO ; it aims to introduce new audiences to opera and " to deepen and enrich the experience of current audiences in an adventurous , creative and engaging manner . " The programme offers training for students and young professionals , and also workshops , commissions , talks and debates .
= = Musical directors = =
= = Artistic directors = =
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= Borley Rectory =
Borley Rectory was a Victorian mansion that gained fame as " the most haunted house in England " after being described as such by Harry Price . Built in 1862 to house the rector of the parish of Borley and his family , it was badly damaged by fire in 1939 and demolished in 1944 .
The large Gothic @-@ style rectory in the village of Borley had been alleged to be haunted ever since it was built . These reports multiplied suddenly in 1929 , after the Daily Mirror published an account of a visit by paranormal researcher Harry Price , who wrote two books supporting claims of paranormal activity .
The uncritical acceptance of Price 's reports prompted a formal study by the Society for Psychical Research ( SPR ) , which rejected most of the sightings as either imagined or fabricated and cast doubt on Price 's credibility . His claims are now generally discredited by ghost historians . Neither the SPR 's report nor the more recent biography of Price has quelled public interest in the stories , and new books and television documentaries continue to satisfy public fascination with the rectory .
A short programme commissioned by the BBC about the alleged manifestations , scheduled to be broadcast in September 1956 , was cancelled owing to concerns about a possible legal action by Marianne Foyster , widow of the last rector to live in the house .
= = History = =
Borley Rectory was constructed near Borley Church by the Reverend Henry Dawson Ellis Bull in 1862 ; he moved in a year after being named rector of the parish . The house replaced an earlier rectory on the site that had been destroyed by fire in 1841 . It was eventually enlarged by the addition of a wing to house Bull 's family of fourteen children .
The nearby church , the nave of which may date from the 12th century , serves a scattered rural community of three hamlets that make up the parish . There are several substantial farmhouses and the fragmentary remains of Borley Hall , once the seat of the Waldegrave family . Ghost hunters quote the legend of a Benedictine monastery supposedly built in this area in about 1362 , according to which a monk from the monastery conducted a relationship with a nun from a nearby convent . After their affair was discovered , the monk was executed and the nun bricked up alive in the convent walls . It was confirmed in 1938 that this legend had no historical basis and seemed to have been fabricated by the rector 's children to romanticise their Gothic @-@ style red @-@ brick rectory . The story of the walling @-@ up of the nun may have come from Rider Haggard 's novel Montezuma 's Daughter ( 1893 ) or Walter Scott 's epic poem " Marmion " ( 1808 ) .
= = Hauntings = =
The first paranormal events reportedly occurred in about 1863 , since a few locals later remembered having heard unexplained footsteps within the house at about that time . On 28 July 1900 , four daughters of the rector , Henry Dawson Ellis Bull , saw what they thought was the ghost of a nun at twilight , about 40 yards ( 37 m ) from the house ; they tried to talk to it , but it disappeared as they got closer . The local organist , Ernest Ambrose later said that the family at the rectory were " very convinced that they had seen an apparition on several occasions " . Various people claimed to have witnessed a variety of puzzling incidents , such as a phantom coach driven by two headless horsemen , during the next four decades . Bull died in 1892 and his son , the Reverend Henry ( " Harry " ) Foyster Bull , took over the living .
On 9 June 1928 , Harry Bull died and the rectory again became vacant . In the following year , on 2 October , the Reverend Guy Eric Smith and his wife moved into the house . Soon after moving in , Smith 's wife , while cleaning out a cupboard , came across a brown paper package containing the skull of a young woman . Shortly after , the family reported a variety of incidents including the sounds of servant bells ringing despite their being disconnected , lights appearing in windows and unexplained footsteps . In addition , Smith 's wife believed she saw a horse @-@ drawn carriage at night . The Smiths contacted the Daily Mirror asking to be put in touch with the Society for Psychical Research ( SPR ) . On 10 June 1929 the newspaper sent a reporter , who promptly wrote the first in a series of articles detailing the mysteries of Borley . The paper also arranged for Harry Price , a paranormal researcher , to make his first visit to the house . He arrived on 12 June and immediately phenomena of a new kind appeared , such as the throwing of stones , a vase and other objects . " Spirit messages " were tapped out from the frame of a mirror . As soon as Price left , these ceased . Smith 's wife later maintained that she already suspected Price , an expert conjurer , of falsifying the phenomena .
The Smiths left Borley on 14 July 1929 and the parish had some difficulty in finding a replacement . The following year the Reverend Lionel Algernon Foyster ( 1878 – 1945 ) , a first cousin of the Bulls , and his wife Marianne ( née Marianne Emily Rebecca Shaw ) ( 1899 – 1992 ) moved into the rectory with their adopted daughter Adelaide , on 16 October 1930 . Lionel Foyster wrote an account of various strange incidents that occurred between the time the Foysters moved in and October 1935 , which was sent to Harry Price . These included bell @-@ ringing , windows shattering , throwing of stones and bottles , wall @-@ writing and the locking of their daughter in a room with no key . Marianne Foyster reported to her husband a whole range of poltergeist phenomena that included her being thrown from her bed . On one occasion , Adelaide was attacked by " something horrible " . Foyster tried twice to conduct an exorcism , but his efforts were fruitless ; in the middle of the first exorcism , he was struck in the shoulder by a fist @-@ size stone . Because of the publicity in the Daily Mirror , these incidents attracted the attention of several psychic researchers , who after investigation were unanimous in suspecting that they were caused , consciously or unconsciously , by Marianne Foyster . She later said that she felt that some of the incidents were caused by her husband in concert with one of the psychic researchers , but other events appeared to her to be genuine paranormal phenomena . She later admitted that she was having a sexual relationship with the lodger , Frank Pearless , and that she used paranormal explanations to cover up her liaisons . The Foysters left Borley in October 1935 as a result of Lionel Foyster 's ill health .
= = Price investigation = =
Borley remained vacant for some time after the Foysters ' departure . In May 1937 , Price took out a year @-@ long rental agreement with Queen Anne 's Bounty , the owners of the property .
Through an advertisement in The Times on 25 May 1937 and subsequent personal interviews , Price recruited a corps of 48 " official observers " , mostly students , who spent periods , mainly during weekends , at the rectory with instructions to report any phenomena that occurred . In March 1938 Helen Glanville ( the daughter of S. J. Glanville , one of Price 's helpers ) conducted a planchette séance in Streatham in south London . Price reported that she made contact with two spirits , the first of which was that of a young nun who identified herself as Marie Lairre . According to the planchette story Marie was a French nun who left her religious order and travelled to England to marry a member of the Waldegrave family , the owners of Borley 's 17th @-@ century manor house , Borley Hall . She was said to have been murdered in an earlier building on the site of the rectory , and her body either buried in the cellar or thrown into a disused well . The wall writings were alleged to be her pleas for help ; one read " Marianne , please help me get out " .
The second spirit to be contacted identified himself as Sunex Amures , and claimed that he would set fire to the rectory at nine o 'clock that night , 27 March 1938 . He also said that , at that time , the bones of a murdered person would be revealed .
= = = Fire = = =
On 27 February 1939 the new owner of the rectory , Captain W. H. Gregson , was unpacking boxes and accidentally knocked over an oil lamp in the hallway . The fire quickly spread and the house was severely damaged . After investigating the cause of the blaze the insurance company concluded that the fire had been started deliberately .
A Miss Williams from nearby Borley Lodge said she saw the figure of the ghostly nun in the upstairs window and , according to Harry Price , demanded a fee of one guinea for her story . In August 1943 , Price conducted a brief dig in the cellars of the ruined house and discovered two bones thought to be of a young woman . The bones were given a Christian burial in Liston churchyard , after the parish of Borley refused to allow the ceremony to take place on account of the local opinion that the bones found were those of a pig .
= = Society for Psychical Research investigation = =
After Price 's death in 1948 , Eric Dingwall , K. M. Goldney and Trevor H. Hall , three members of the Society for Psychical Research ( SPR ) , two of whom had been Price 's most loyal associates , investigated his claims about Borley . Their findings were published in a 1956 book , The Haunting of Borley Rectory , which concluded that Price had fraudulently produced some of the phenomena .
The " Borley Report " , as the SPR study has become known , stated that many of the phenomena were either faked or due to natural causes such as rats and the strange acoustics attributed to the odd shape of the house . In their conclusion , Dingwall , Goldney , and Hall wrote " when analysed , the evidence for haunting and poltergeist activity for each and every period appears to diminish in force and finally to vanish away . " Terence Hines wrote that " Mrs. Marianne Foyster , wife of the Rev. Lionel Foyster who lived at the rectory from 1930 to 1935 , was actively engaged in fraudulently creating [ haunted ] phenomena . Price himself ' salted the mine ' and faked several phenomena while he was at the rectory . "
Marianne Foyster , later in her life , admitted she had seen no apparitions and that the alleged ghostly noises were caused by the wind , friends she invited to the house and in other cases by herself playing practical jokes on her husband . Many of the legends about the rectory had been invented . The children of the Rev. Harry Bull who lived in the house before Lionel Foyster claimed to have seen nothing and were surprised they had been living in what was described as England 's most haunted house .
Robert Hastings was one of the few SPR researchers to defend Price . Price 's literary executor Paul Tabori and Peter Underwood have also defended Price against accusations of fraud . A similar approach was made by Ivan Banks in 1996 . Michael Coleman in an SPR report in 1997 wrote Price 's defenders are unable to rebut the criticisms convincingly .
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= SimTower =
SimTower : The Vertical Empire ( known as The Tower ( ザ ・ タワー , Za Tawā ) in Japan ) is a construction and management simulation video game developed by OpenBook Co . , Ltd. and published by Maxis for the Microsoft Windows and Macintosh System 7 operating systems in November 1994 . In Japan , it was published by OpenBook that same year and was later released for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation in 1996 . The game allows players to build and manage a tower and decide what facilities to place in it , in order to ultimately build a five @-@ star tower . Random events take place during play , such as terrorist acts that the player must respond to immediately .
Critical reception towards the game was generally positive . Reviews praised the game 's formula , including its open @-@ ended nature and its ability to immerse the player into the game . Criticism targeted the game 's lack of documentation , which some reviewers found made it harder to learn how to play the game . The in @-@ game speed was also criticized for being too slow , which was a crucial issue in the game because time must pass for the player to earn income to purchase new facilities .
= = Gameplay = =
SimTower allows the player to build and manage the operations of a modern , multi @-@ use skyscraper . They must plan where to place facilities in the tower that include restaurants , condominiums , offices , hotel rooms , retail stores and elevators . To prevent tenants from vacating their properties , the player must keep their stress low by fulfilling their demands for medical centers , parking lots , recycling facilities , clean hotel rooms with the help of housekeepers , and an efficient transportation system , which involves managing elevator traffic . SimTower , which was built around an elevator simulation program , places a strong emphasis on good elevator management .
The game begins with a one @-@ star tower with limited building options . To increase the tower 's star rating , it must attract more tenants by providing more living space ( or office space , and later in the game , hotel and various commercial space ) . New facilities are made available while the tower progresses from a one @-@ star rating to a five @-@ star rating . The highest achievable rating is the designation of " Tower " which can only be awarded by building a cathedral at the very top of a five @-@ star building with all possible tower levels above ground developed . The tower is limited to a maximum of 100 floors above ground and nine stories below ground . Standard elevators , which can span a maximum of 30 floors , and express elevators , which can span the entire height of the building , must be used efficiently to decrease tenant stress .
Certain events can take place while managing the tower . For example , terrorists may phone the player to let them know that they have hidden a bomb in the building , and that they demand a ransom . If the ransom is not paid , then security services must find the bomb before it detonates , or else the tower will incur significant damages . If the player builds facilities underground , the game may notify them that their workers have discovered gold treasure , which gives the player a significant amount of funds . At random intervals during the game , there are notifications that state that a VIP will be visiting the tower soon , so the player must prepare for their visit . If the VIP enjoys their visit because of variables such as a comfortable hotel suite and efficient navigation , the VIP will give the tower a favorable rating . A favorable rating would then allow the tower to advance to the next star level , assuming the other qualifications are met . Although it does not have any impact on the tower , at the end of the fourth quarter every year in the game , Santa Claus and his reindeer fly across the tower .
= = Development = =
Developed by Yoot Saito of OpenBook , SimTower was originally titled The Tower . It works on computers that can run the Microsoft Windows or Macintosh System 7 operating systems ; the game will operate on 68k @-@ based Macs at the minimum . It requires 8 @-@ bit colors and four megabytes of random @-@ access memory . Graphics and sounds used in SimTower are similar to previous Sim games , and high resolution graphics are also used . The sound effects are kept to a minimum ; noises that are played in the background include office " buzz " and elevator bells .
While attending Waseda University , Saito played SimCity on the Macintosh , which prompted him to pursue video game creation after graduating . His first game was a simulation title that was part of a future media project for a publishing house . When Saito asked to develop a second , the business refused because it was not a video game company . He left the company to personally produce the second game , which built on ideas he conceived while working on his first : elevators and towers . Saito teamed up with freelance programmer Takumi Abe to complete the project . To research the gameplay , Saito contacted an elevator company to learn about elevator scheduling and management . However , the company declined to provide the information . Saito handled the graphic design , and started with a monochromatic scaled tower created in HyperCard . The designer added color to differentiate between office- and hotel @-@ type buildings . As development neared completion , Saito noticed that the Mac 's performance had improved and decided to increase the color palette size from 16 to 256 colors . Saito enlisted a second designer to produce animation for the graphics and improve the details for the color increase .
= = Sequels = =
OpenBook , the developers of the original SimTower , developed and released a sequel under a new name called Yoot Tower for Windows in 1998 . A second sequel was released as The Tower SP for the Game Boy Advance in 2005 ; The Tower DS for Nintendo DS followed in 2008 .
= = Release and reception = =
SimTower was successful in Japan , earning the developers a profit . The Nihon Keizai Shimbun awarded Saito the " Best Young Manager / Venture of the Year " for his work on the game . After the initial Japanese release , Maxis president Jeff Braun contacted Saito regarding a worldwide release ; SimCity creator Will Wright informed Braun of the game . The company localized the game for sale in the United States , and changed the name to capitalize on the popularity of the Sim franchise and increase sales figures . Maxis published SimTower for the Windows and Macintosh System 7 operating systems in November 1994 in the United States . In 1996 , it was ported to the Sega Saturn and 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in Japan .
The South China Morning Post praised the game 's formula , noting that it followed in the footsteps of previous open @-@ ended Maxis games . Comparing to SimCity 2000 , the review remarked that it was more interesting to watch people live out their lives in a tower rather than to observe cars moving around . They also appreciated the " homely " feeling of SimTower , in contrast with other Sim games such as SimEarth and SimLife , which they felt were too universal to take on a personal identity . Benjamin Svetkey of Entertainment Weekly praised the game and commented that it is " more fun than [ the concept ] sounds " . However , he stated that the gameplay may be too much for fans of the series . A reviewer for Next Generation panned the game , saying it lacks the bustling interactivity of previous games in the Sim franchise : " There are bug infestations and the occasional fire with which to deal , but most of the time , SimTower sees you standing around waiting for cash reserves to grow in order to add more floors . Not much fun at all . " Australia 's The Age found SimTower a pleasing return to form for Maxis , after the release of the disappointing SimFarm . Lisa Karen Savignano of Allgame stated that the game had decent graphics and sound . However , she also felt that SimTower had good replay value due to the non @-@ linear gameplay , giving the game 4 stars out of 5 .
The game was criticized by the South China Morning Post for lacking documentation , making it more difficult to learn how to play the game . They also predicted that players would be unhappy with the game 's speed , as time plays an important role in earning money from tenants . Before the player can purchase new facilities , a long period of time must pass before income is earned from tenants . The newspaper was also unhappy with complaints from tenants ; specific reasons for their dissatisfaction are never given . The Age was disappointed by the lack of pre @-@ built towers and scenarios , suggesting that one along the lines of The Towering Inferno 's plot could have been included . Game Informer referred to SimTower as a " lesser @-@ known " simulation game , and described it as " fun and addictive " . Writing for the San Diego Union @-@ Tribune , Matt Miller felt that , when compared to SimCity 2000 ( 1993 ) , gameplay in SimTower moved slowly . He also disliked the moments when he had to wait several minutes to pass by before he could make enough money to purchase new additions for his building . Dragon magazine 's reviewers Jay and Dee praised the visuals and gameplay . However , the two commented that the game can feel slow because it lacks gameplay elements and options present in other strategy games . In 1995 , the Software and Information Industry Association listed SimTower as the " Best Simulation Program " in the Consumer software category of their annual CODiE awards .
The game was followed by Yoot Tower ( called The Tower II in Japan ) , also designed by Yoot Saito , which was initially released on November 24 , 1998 for the Macintosh . It was later made available for the Windows operating systems in January 1999 . Yoot Tower 's gameplay is similar to that of SimTower — players build hotels , resorts , and office buildings , and work towards building a five @-@ star tower . Sega launched a version of SimTower for the Game Boy Advance , called The Tower SP , in Japan on April 28 , 2005 , and in the United States on March 15 , 2006 . A version of SimTower called The Tower DS was published by DigiToys in Japan on June 26 , 2008 .
Today , Yoot Tower is in the iTunes iOS App Store for iPad devices .
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= Marcus Wareing =
Marcus Wareing ( born 29 June 1970 ) is an English celebrity chef who is currently Chef Patron of the two @-@ Michelin @-@ starred restaurant Marcus , ( formerly Marcus Wareing at the Berkeley ) in Knightsbridge . As a restaurateur he also runs The Gilbert Scott at the St. Pancras Renaissance Hotel , and his casual West End restaurant , Tredwell 's , in Seven Dials .
Wareing succeeds Michel Roux , Jr. as a judge since the seventh series of MasterChef : The Professionals .
= = Early life = =
Wareing was born in Southport , Merseyside , in 1970 . His father was a fruit and potato merchant who had contracts with schools to provide their produce for school dinners .
At the age of 11 his first food @-@ industry related job was with his father , packing potatoes and riding alongside deliveries . He was paid 10p per 5 pounds ( 2 @.@ 3 kg ) bag of potatoes packed , all of which went straight into his Post Office saving account . At a young age , Marcus was informed by his father that the business was no longer viable as schools moved on to using pre @-@ prepared frozen food instead of fresh produce . He would later credit his father 's long hours with inspiring his own work ethic .
At Stanley High School , he found he had a natural talent for cooking although he felt embarrassed that he was the only boy in the home economics class . He went on to attend Southport College , where he took a three @-@ year City & Guilds course in catering . While a student he participated in 1985 's Merseyside Junior Masterchef , although he was eliminated in the heats after his self @-@ created dish ' Flap a la Chatte d 'une Chienne ' ( a pilchard @-@ flavoured flapjack ) was described by guest judge Delia Smith as ' tasting like a dog 's naughty bits ' .
= = Career = =
He first worked at the Savoy Hotel under chef Anton Edelmann in 1988 at the age of 18 where he was employed as a commis chef , before leaving in 1993 to join Albert Roux at Michelin starred Le Gavroche where he first met Gordon Ramsay . Stints at other restaurants in New York City , Amsterdam and at Gravetye Manor in Sussex followed . Wareing joined Gordon Ramsay 's Aubergine when it opened in 1993 , where he became Sous Chef behind Head Chef Ramsay and would go on to work with him over the course of the following 15 years , which led to Wareing being called Ramsay 's protégé . While he was at Aubergine in 1995 , he was awarded the title of Young Chef of the Year by the Restaurant Association .
He would later credit Ramsay with teaching him to cook , describing it as " the most important time in my life " . He left Aubergine for a year in 1995 to work with Daniel Boulud in America , and Guy Savoy in France . His return to the UK was also to be his first head chef role , of new restaurant L ’ Oranger , which was owned by A @-@ Z Restaurants , which had also owned Aubergine , with stakes held by both Wareing and Ramsay . At the age of 25 , he earned his first Michelin star as head chef whilst at L ’ Oranger . He gave Angela Hartnett her first job in a restaurant .
Following a fall @-@ out between Ramsay and A @-@ Z Restaurants over Wareing 's contract at L 'Oranger , which saw Ramsay quit Aubergine to open Restaurant Gordon Ramsay , Wareing followed suit by leaving L 'Oranger , forcing the restaurant into temporary closure . A @-@ Z Restaurants commenced legal proceedings against the pair , and reopened L ’ Oranger with Wareing 's former sous chef , Kamel Benamar , as the new head chef . The legal case ended in Ramsay and Wareing paying an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement to the Restaurant group . Ramsay and Wareing worked together to open Pétrus in 1999 , with Wareing becoming head chef and operating the restaurant on behalf of Gordon Ramsay Holdings ( GRH ) , at 33 St James 's Street , London . The name came from the French wine Pétrus , which was Ramsay 's and Wareing 's favourite . Wareing promptly regained the Michelin star he had previously held , with Pétrus being named as a one star restaurant seven months after opening .
The restaurant was moved into the Berkeley Hotel in 2003 where it replaced Pierre Koffmann 's La Tante Claire , in the same year that Wareing became Chef Patron of the Grill Room at the Savoy Hotel , and he was named Chef of the Year by Caterer and Hotelkeeper 's Catey Awards . The return to the Savoy meant that he was competing against Anton Edelmann , his former boss from the River Room at the hotel . Rather than serve a menu similar to the French driven Pétrus , Wareing chose to continue to serve the British cuisine that the Grill Room was known for , including his take on previous menu items such as steak and kidney pudding and potted shrimps . Pétrus went on to be awarded two Michelin stars and five AA Rosettes , while the Savoy Grill achieved its first Michelin star in the hotel 's history in 2004 .
He also opened his take on an American diner at The Savoy called Banquette , and converted the previous Pétrus location into La Fleur . He was voted Restaurateur of the Year at the Tatler Restaurant Awards in 2004 , and Harden 's restaurant guide selected him as the fourth @-@ best chef in London , although La Fleur closed due to problems with the lease for the site . In 2007 Pétrus was awarded its second Michelin star .
Following several months of rumours regarding the restaurant , the Berkeley Hotel confirmed in May 2008 that it was going to work with Wareing to launch his only solo restaurant , and he would take on Pétrus ' lease from 19 September 2008 onwards . Wareing had previously complained of interference in the kitchen by GRH , and wanted to come out from under Ramsay 's shadow , but later admitted that he had engineered the situation so that he could go out on his own . The split with Ramsay and GRH resulted in a public legal battle and feud between the three parties , which when resolved resulted in Wareing stating in an interview for Waitrose Food Illustrated magazine that Ramsay left him bitter and conflicted ; " half of me thinks he ’ s a sad bastard and the other half still adores him . " He went on to describe Ramsay as a celebrity chef who wasn 't involved in the industry anymore . The legal dispute was resolved with Ramsay gaining the rights to the Pétrus name , and Wareing signing a gag order regarding the situation but continuing to open his restaurant Marcus Wareing at The Berkeley . Wareing remarked of the situation , " If I never speak to that guy again for the rest of my life , it wouldn 't bother me one bit . " Ramsay later responded regarding the feud that he wishes Wareing " all the best " . Wareing 's self @-@ named restaurant won the Best Restaurant in London Award by Harden 's guide in 2008 and 2009 , was awarded two Michelin stars in 2009 , and was named Time Out 's restaurant of the year in 2010 . The new Pétrus was opened around the corner from the Berkeley Hotel at 1 Kinnerton Street , Knightsbridge . Ramsay later joked , that with Heston Blumenthal also opening his new restaurant nearby , the three of them could " all have a fight in the street at four in the morning " .
In 2009 Wareing was named by magazine GQ as their chef of the year . In 2011 Wareing opened his second restaurant , called The Gilbert Scott , in the St. Pancras Renaissance Hotel . GRH had also made a bid to open a restaurant in the space , but was rejected in favour of Wareing 's proposal . The restaurant was named after the architect of the hotel , Sir George Gilbert Scott . Wareing doesn 't work in the kitchen itself , with the restaurant being run by General Manager , and now Group Operations Director , Chantelle Nicholson , . He believes in promoting seasonal British food in his menus , and using small suppliers .
Wareing completely refurbished his Knightsbridge restaurant , Marcus Wareing at the Berkeley in 2014 ; closing for 3 months and reopening a more relaxed dining experience , renaming it simply , Marcus .
In September 2014 Wareing opened Tredwell 's in Upper St Martin 's Lane , Seven Dials , London . Offering modern London cooking Tredwell 's is the first casual dining offering from the Group , overseen by Group Operations Director , Chantelle Nicholson . The Evening Standard Magazine 's Grace Dent reviewed the restaurant on 22 October 2014 describing it as " Comfort food heaven " .
= = = Television and other media = = =
Wareing was first featured on television in the Channel 4 1998 documentary series Boiling Point , documenting his time as Gordon Ramsay 's sous chef , his move to Pétrus and the award of his first Michelin star . He was also selected as one of 13 chefs chosen to recreate Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper in 2003 . The work was photographed by John Reardon , and features Wareing throwing a brie across into the air whilst standing in the place of Simon the Zealot from Leonardo 's work . In 2006 , Marcus Wareing and Simon Rimmer represented the North of England in the BBC television series Great British Menu . Wareing beat the Manchester @-@ based chef to go on to the final round . In the final the public chose for him to cook his dessert of egg custard tart with Garibaldi biscuits for the Queen 's 80th birthday banquet which was on 17 June 2006 .
He has continued to be a judge for later seasons for the Great British Menu , something which has occasionally brought him into conflict with other chefs such as Johnnie Mountain . He has criticized some shows in the past such as MasterChef , saying that it has inspired young chefs to chase fame on television and be lazy in the kitchen , although he has appeared on MasterChef , MasterChef : The Professionals and Celebrity MasterChef in the past .
Wareing has succeeded Michel Roux , Jr. on the seventh series of Masterchef : The Professionals after Roux , Jr . ' s contract with the BBC was terminated for advertising potatoes .
= = Personal life = =
He has a brother named Brian , who is a catering teacher . Marcus is married to Jane , with whom he has three children , Jake , Archie and Jessie . He met Jane while he worked at Gravetye Manor , where he was second chef and she worked on reception . After moving to London to work with Ramsay at Aubergine , Wareing kept the relationship going by commuting out to Sussex every Sunday . Ramsay was the best man at his wedding in 2000 , and is godfather to Wareing 's eldest son Jake .
He has raised money for the charity Action Against Hunger , whilst working at the Taste of London festival , and is to compete in a charity boxing competition with other chefs and catering staff for the Hilton In The Community Foundation , having been an amateur boxer in his youth from the age of nine until he was 18 . He has lent his name to the Environmental Justice Foundation campaign to promote sustainable fishing . Wareing has said his favourite cookbook is one by chef Daniel Humm at Eleven Madison Park in New York City .
= = Published works = =
Wareing , Marcus ; Wright , Jen ( 2007 ) . How to cook the perfect ... London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 9781405317580 .
Wareing , Marcus ; Hill , Shaun ; Trotter , Charlie ( 2008 ) . Knife Skills . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 9781405328302 .
Wareing , Marcus ( 2008 ) . One Perfect Ingredient , three ways to cook it . London : Bantam . ISBN 9781405320047 .
Wareing , Marcus ; Nicholson , Chantelle ( 2009 ) . Nutmeg and Custard . London : Bantam . ISBN 9780593062111 .
Wareing , Marcus ; Nicholson , Chantelle ( 2013 ) . The Gilbert Scott Book of British Food . London : Bantam . ISBN 9780593070437 .
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= Hail to the Thief =
Hail to the Thief ( also referred to as Hail to the Thief , ( or , The Gloaming . ) by the album 's liner notes ) is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead , released on 9 June 2003 by Parlophone internationally and by Capitol Records in the United States . It was produced by Radiohead 's longtime producer Nigel Godrich . Following the electronic and jazz styles of Kid A ( 2000 ) and Amnesiac ( 2001 ) , the album returned to the guitar rock of Radiohead 's earlier albums , but retained electronic elements such as drum machines , synthesisers and digital manipulation . To avoid the protracted recording sessions of previous albums , the band recorded it quickly , employing a live , " spontaneous " approach .
Many of the album 's lyrics were written in response to the War on Terror and the resurgence of right @-@ wing politics in the Western part of the world after the turn of the millennium . Songwriter and vocalist Thom Yorke said the album expresses " frustration and powerlessness and anger , and the huge gap between the people that put themselves in control and the people that allegedly voted for them . "
Despite a high @-@ profile internet leak ten weeks before its release , Hail to the Thief debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and number three in the United States . It produced three charting singles : " There There " , " Go to Sleep " and " 2 + 2 = 5 " . It is certified platinum in the UK , Canada and the US . It received positive reviews and became the fifth consecutive Radiohead album to be nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album . It was Radiohead 's last studio album released as part of their six @-@ album recording contract with Parlophone and Capitol Records .
= = Background = =
With their previous albums Kid A ( 2000 ) and Amnesiac ( 2001 ) , Radiohead replaced their earlier guitar @-@ led rock sound with a more electronic style . On tour in 2000 and 2001 , the band learned how to perform the electronic music live , combining synthetic sounds with conventional rock instrumentation . Songwriter Thom Yorke said : " Even with electronics , there is an element of spontaneous performance in using them . It was the tension between what 's human and what 's coming from the machines . That was stuff we were getting into . " He stated that Radiohead did not want to make a " big creative leap or statement " with their next album .
In early 2002 , after the Amnesiac tour had finished , Yorke sent his bandmates CDs containing demos of songs he was considering for Radiohead 's sixth album . The three CDs , titled The Gloaming , Episcoval and Hold Your Prize , comprised electronic music and piano and guitar sketches . Radiohead had tried to record some of the songs , such as " I Will " and " A Wolf at the Door " , in the joint sessions for Kid A and Amnesiac , but were not satisfied with the results . The band spent May and June 2002 arranging and rehearsing the songs before performing many of them on their tour of Spain and Portugal in July and August .
= = Recording = =
In September 2002 Radiohead moved to the Ocean Way Recording studios in Hollywood , Los Angeles with producer Nigel Godrich and artist Stanley Donwood , who have both worked with the band since their second album , The Bends ( 1995 ) . The location was suggested by Godrich , who had used the studio to produce records by Travis and Beck and thought it would be a " good change of scenery " for Radiohead . Yorke said : " We were like , ' Do we want to fly halfway around the world to do this ? ' But it was terrific , because we worked really hard . We did a track a day . It was sort of like holiday camp . "
Radiohead had created Kid A and Amnesiac through a years @-@ long process of recording and editing that drummer Phil Selway described as " manufacturing music in the studio " . For their next album , the band sought to capture a more immediate , " live " sound . Yorke told MTV : " The last two studio records were a real headache . We had spent so much time looking at computers and grids , we were like , that 's enough , we can 't do that any more . This time , we used computers , but they had to actually be in the room with all the gear . So everything was about performance , like staging a play . "
Most electronic elements were not overdubbed but recorded live in the studio . Greenwood used the music programming language Max to sample and manipulate the band 's playing in real time , and continued to use modular synthesisers and the ondes Martenot , an early theremin @-@ like electronic instrument he first used on Kid A. After using effects pedals heavily on previous albums , he mostly used clean guitar sounds to see if he could " come up with interesting things " without them .
Radiohead tried to work quickly and spontaneously , avoiding procrastination and over @-@ analysis . Yorke was forced to write lyrics differently , as he did not have time to rewrite them in the studio ; for some songs , he returned to the method of cutting up words and arranging them randomly he had employed for Kid A and Amnesiac . Greenwood said : " We didn 't really have time to be stressed about what we did . We got to the end of the second week before we even heard what we did on the first two days , and didn 't even remember recording it or who was playing things . Which is a magical way of doing things . " The approach protected against the tension of previous sessions ; O 'Brien told Rolling Stone that Hail to the Thief was the first Radiohead album " where , at the end of making it , we haven 't wanted to kill each other . "
Inspired by the Beatles , Radiohead tried to keep the songs succinct . The opening track , " 2 + 2 = 5 " , was initially recorded as a studio test , and was finished in two hours . Radiohead struggled to record " There There " ; after rerecording it in their Oxfordshire studio , Yorke was so relieved to have captured the song he wept , feeling it was the band 's best work . Radiohead had attempted to record an electronic version of " I Will " in the Kid A and Amnesiac sessions , but abandoned it as " dodgy Kraftwerk " ; instead they used components of this recording to create " Like Spinning Plates " on Amnesiac . For Hail to the Thief , the band sought to " get to the core of what 's good about the song " and not be distracted by production details or new sounds , settling on a stripped @-@ back arrangement .
Radiohead recorded most of Hail to the Thief in two weeks , with additional recording and mixing at Radiohead 's studio in Oxfordshire , England in late 2002 and early 2003 . In contrast to the relaxed Los Angeles sessions , which Godrich described as " very fruitful " , mixing and sequencing the album created conflict . Yorke said : " We had massive arguments about how it was put together and mixed . Making it was a piece of piss , for the first time it was really good fun to make a record ... but we finished it and nobody could let go of it . ' Cause there was a long sustained period during which we lived with it but it wasn 't completely finished , so you get attached to versions and we had big rows about it . " Godrich estimated that rough mixes from the Los Angeles sessions were used for a third of the final album .
= = Lyrics and themes = =
Hail to the Thief 's lyrics were influenced by what Yorke called " the general sense of ignorance and intolerance and panic and stupidity " following the 2000 election of US President George W. Bush . He took words and phrases from discussion of the unfolding War on Terror and used them in the album 's lyrics and artwork . He denied any intent to make a " political statement " with the songs , and told the Toronto Star : " I desperately tried not to write anything political , anything expressing the deep , profound terror I 'm living with day to day . But it 's just fucking there , and eventually you have to give it up and let it happen . "
At the time the father of an infant son , Yorke adopted a strategy of " distilling " the political themes into " childlike simplicity " . He took phrases from fairy tales and folklore , such as the tale of Chicken Little , and children 's literature and television he shared with his son , including the 1970s TV series Bagpuss , whose creator Oliver Postgate is thanked in the liner notes . Parenthood made Yorke concerned about the condition of the world and how it could affect future generations . Jonny Greenwood felt Yorke 's lyrics expressed " confusion and escape , like ' I 'm going to stay at home and look after the people I care about , buy a month 's supply of food ' . "
Yorke also took phrases from Dante 's Inferno , the subject of his partner 's PhD thesis . Several songs , such as " 2 + 2 |
= 5 " , " Sit Down Stand Up " , and " Sail to the Moon " , reference Christian versions of good and evil and heaven and hell , a first for Radiohead 's music . Other songs reference science fiction and horror , such as the wolves and vampires of " A Wolf at the Door " and " We Suck Young Blood " , the reference to the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four in " 2 + 2 =
5 " , and the allusion to the giant of Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) in " Go to Sleep " .
Yorke has described Hail to the Thief variously as expressing " a general fear of the future , that it 's being jeopardised , that it 's difficult to do very much about , because things have been set in motion that seem unstoppable " ; " frustration and powerlessness and anger , and the huge gap between the people that put themselves in control and the people that allegedly voted for them " ; and " the conflict between being incredibly angry and being so tired you just want to give up . "
= = = Title and subtitles = = =
Radiohead struggled to name the album . The band considered naming it The Gloaming ( meaning " twilight " or " dusk " ) , but this was rejected for being too " poetic " and " doomy " and became the album 's subtitle . Other titles considered included Little Man Being Erased , The Boney King of Nowhere and Snakes and Ladders , which became the subtitles for the songs " Go To Sleep " , " There There " and " Sit Down . Stand Up " respectively . The concept of giving the album and each track subtitles came from Victorian playbills showcasing moralistic songs played in music halls .
The phrase " hail to the thief " was used by anti @-@ George W. Bush protesters during the controversy surrounding the 2000 US presidential election as a play on " Hail to the Chief " , the American presidential anthem . Yorke described hearing the phrase for the first time as a " formative moment " for the album . The band chose it as the album title partly to " state the bleeding obvious ... that the most powerful country on earth is run by somebody who stole an election " , but also in response to " the rise of doublethink and general intolerance and madness , and feeling very much like individuals were totally out of control of the situation that somehow it was a manifestation of something not really human . " Yorke worried the title might be misconstrued as referring solely to the US election controversy , but his bandmates felt it " conjured up all the nonsense and absurdity and jubilation of the times . "
= = Artwork = =
Hail to the Thief 's artwork was created by Stanley Donwood , who has created the artwork for every Radiohead release since The Bends . The cover art , titled " Pacific Coast " , is a road map of Hollywood with words and phrases taken from Los Angeles 's roadside advertising , such as " God " , " TV " and " oil " , in place of buildings . Donwood said : " Advertising is designed to be seductive and attractive and , in a lot of ways , it 's very beautiful . But there 's something unsettling about being continually sold something . I liked taking the elements of roadside advertising out of context because it removes the imperative and just goes to the essence of it – the pure heart of advertising . " Other words in the artwork were provided by Yorke , taken from political discussion surrounding the War on Terror . Among them is the phrase " burn the witch " , the title of a song Radiohead worked on during the Hail to the Thief sessions but did not complete until their ninth album , A Moon Shaped Pool ( 2016 ) .
Comparing it to the more subdued palettes of his prior Radiohead artworks , Donwood described the cover 's bright , " pleasing " colours as " ominous because all these colours that I 've used are derived from the petrol @-@ chemical industry ... None of it is natural . It essentially comes from black sludge . We 've created this incredibly vibrant society , but we 're going to have to deal with the consequences sooner or later . " Essayist Amy Britton interpreted the artwork as an allusion to the Bush administration 's " road map for peace " plan for the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict . Joseph Tate , likening the art to the paintings of French artist Jean Dubuffet , found it depicted a " homogenized and heavily regimented " portrayal of " capitalism 's glaring visual presence : an oppressive sameness of style and color that mirrors globalization 's reduction of difference . " Other artworks included with the album refer to cities including New York , London , Grozny , and Baghdad . Early editions contained a fold @-@ out road map of the cover .
= = Composition = =
Hail to the Thief features less digital manipulation and more conventional rock instrumentation than Radiohead 's previous two albums , making prominent use of live drums , guitar and piano . Yorke 's voice , heavily manipulated on Kid A and Amnesiac , returned to the front of the music undisguised . Several tracks , such as " 2 + 2
= 5 " , " Sit Down Stand Up " and " There There " , use the " Pixies @-@ like " quiet @-@ to @-@ loud building of tension Radiohead had employed on previous albums .
Though Yorke described Hail to the Thief as " very acoustic " , he denied that it was a " guitar record " . The album retains electronic elements such as synthesisers , drum machines and sampling , and Jonny Greenwood and Yorke are both credited with playing " laptop " on the album ; some tracks , such as " Backdrifts " , " The Gloaming " and " Myxomatosis " , are predominantly electronic . Spin reviewer Will Hermes found that Hail to the Thief " seesaws between the chill of sequencers and the warmth of fingers on strings and keys . " Despite its dark themes , Radiohead saw Hail to the Thief as a " sparkly , shiny pop record . Clear and pretty . " O 'Brien felt the album captured a new " swaggering " sound , saying " there 's space and sunshine and energy in the songs . "
The album 's opening track , " 2 + 2 =
5 ( The Lukewarm ) " , is a rock song that builds to a loud climax . " Sit Down . Stand Up ( Snakes and Ladders ) " , an electronic song , was influenced by the jazz musician Charles Mingus . " Sail to the Moon ( Brush the Cobwebs Out of the Sky ) " , is a lullaby @-@ like piano ballad with shifting time signatures alluding to the Biblical story of Noah 's Ark , and was written " in five minutes " for Yorke 's infant son Noah .
" Backdrifts ( Honeymoon is Over ) " , is an electronic song about " the slide backwards that 's happening everywhere you look . " " Go to Sleep ( Little Man being Erased ) " , begins with an acoustic guitar riff Colin Greenwood described as " 1960s English sort of folk " . " Where I End and You Begin ( The Sky is Falling In ) " , is a rock song with " walls " of ondes Martenot and rhythm section influenced by 1980s band New Order . Yorke described " We Suck Young Blood ( Your Time is Up ) " , as a " slave ship tune " with a " freeform jazz nightmare " break , and is " not to be taken seriously . " With ill @-@ timed , " zombie @-@ like " handclaps , the song satirises Hollywood culture and its " constant desire to stay young and fleece people , suck their energy . "
" The Gloaming ( Softly Open our Mouths in the Cold ) " , is an electronic song with " mechanical rhythms " Jonny Greenwood built from tape loops . Greenwood described it as " very old school electronica : no computers , just analogue synths , tape machines , and sellotape . " Yorke felt the song was " the most explicit protest song on the record ... I feel really strongly that it 's about the rise of fascism , and the rise of intolerance and bigotry and fear , and all the things that keep a population down . " " There There ( The Boney King of Nowhere ) " , is a guitar @-@ led rock song with layered percussion building to a loud climax . It was influenced by krautrock band Can , Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Pixies .
Yorke described " I Will ( No Man 's Land ) " as " the angriest song I 've ever written " , with lyrics inspired by news footage of a bomb shelter containing children and families being destroyed in the first Gulf War . " A Punchup at a Wedding ( No No No No No No No No ) " , is a funk @-@ influenced song that expresses the helplessness Yorke felt in the face of chaotic world events : " Like a punchup at a wedding , nobody knows what 's going on , it 's just a riot . " For " Myxomatosis ( Judge , Jury & Executioner ) " , a song built on a driving fuzz bassline , Radiohead sought to recreate the " frightening " detuned keyboard sounds of 1970s and 80s new wave bands such as Tubeway Army .
Jonny Greenwood described " Scatterbrain ( As Dead as Leaves ) " as " very simple and sort of quite pretty , but there 's something about the music for me , the chords for me , where it never quite resolves . " The NME described the album 's final track , " A Wolf at the Door ( It Girl . Rag Doll . ) " , as " a pretty song , with a sinister monologue over the top of it " ; Greenwood likened its lyrics to a Grimms ' fairy tale . Yorke described the song 's placement at the end of the album as " sort of like waking you up at the end ... it 's all been a nightmare and you need to go and get a glass of water now . "
= = Promotion and release = =
According to critic Alexis Petridis , Hail to the Thief 's marketing campaign was " by [ Radiohead ] standards ... a promotional blitzkrieg " . In April 2003 , promotional posters spoofing talent recruitment posters appeared in Los Angeles and London with slogans taken from the lyrics of " We Suck Young Blood " . The posters included a phone number spelling the phoneword " to thief " , which connected callers to a recording welcoming them to the " Hail to the Thief customer care hotline " . In May , planes flew over the 2003 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in California trailing Hail to the Thief banners .
Yorke asked Bagpuss creator Oliver Postgate to create a music video for lead single " There There " , but Postgate , who was retired , declined . Instead , a stop @-@ motion animation video was created by Chris Hopewell . The video debuted on the Times Square Jumbotron in New York on 20 May 2003 , and received hourly play that day on MTV2 . In June , Radiohead relaunched their official site , featuring digital animations on the themes of mass @-@ media culture and 24 @-@ hour cities . In the same month , Radiohead launched radiohead.tv , where short films , music videos and live webcasts from the studio were streamed at scheduled times . Visitors late for streams were shown a test card with " 1970s @-@ style " intermission music . Yorke said Radiohead had planned to broadcast on their own television channel , but this was cancelled due to " money , cutbacks , too weird , might scare the children , staff layoffs , shareholders . " The material was released on the 2004 DVD The Most Gigantic Lying Mouth of All Time .
Hail to the Thief was released on 9 June 2003 . The CD was printed with copy protection in some regions ; the Belgian consumer group Test @-@ Achats received complaints that the album could not be played on some CD players . A compilation of Hail to the Thief B @-@ sides , remixes and live performances , COM LAG ( 2plus2isfive ) , was released in April 2004 .
= = = Internet leak = = =
On March 30 2003 , ten weeks before release , an unmastered version of Hail to the Thief containing unfinished tracks was leaked online . Jonny Greenwood wrote on Radiohead 's official forum : " We 're kind of pissed off about it , to be honest ... Work we 've not finished , being released in this sloppy way , ten weeks before the real version is even available ... It 's not [ downloaders ] I 'm pissed off about , it 's just the situation I guess . It 's stolen work , fer fuck 's sake . " [ sic ] Colin Greenwood said the leak was " like being photographed with one sock on when you get out of bed in the morning , " but expressed dismay at the cease @-@ and @-@ desist orders sent by label EMI to radio stations and fan sites playing the leaked tracks , saying : " Don 't record companies usually pay thousands of dollars to get stations to play their records ? Now they 're paying money to stations not to play them . "
EMI decided against moving the album 's release date earlier to combat the leak . EMI 's vice president of new media Ted Mico said : " The leak did allow us to be in the press continually for the last 10 weeks . We 're confident people will buy this record . " The leak partly influenced Radiohead 's decision to self @-@ release their next album , In Rainbows ( 2007 ) , via a pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want model , terming it " their leak date " .
= = Reception and legacy = =
= = = Commercial = = =
Hail to the Thief peaked at number one in the United Kingdom and stayed on the chart for fourteen weeks . In the United States the album entered at number three in the Billboard 200 , selling 300 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , more than any other Radiohead album . By 2008 it had sold over a million copies in the US . The album is certified platinum in the UK , Canada and the US , and gold in Australia and France .
= = = Critical = = =
Hail to the Thief has a score of 85 out of 100 on review aggregate site Metacritic , indicating " universal acclaim " . Neil McCormick , writing for the Daily Telegraph , called Hail to the Thief " Radiohead firing on all cylinders , a major work by major artists at the height of their powers . " Andy Kellman of AllMusic wrote that Radiohead had " entered a second decade of record @-@ making with a surplus of momentum . " Chris Ott of Pitchfork Media wrote that Radiohead had " largely succeeded in their efforts to shape pop music into as boundless and possible a medium as it should be , " naming the album " best new music " . Writing for New York , Ethan Brown said that Hail to the Thief " isn 't a protest album , and that 's why it works so well . As with great Radiohead records past , such as Kid A , the music – restlessly , freakishly inventive – pushes politics far into the background . "
The NME 's James Oldham saw Hail to the Thief as " a good rather than great record ... the impact of the best moments is dulled by the inclusion of some indifferent electronic compositions . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that while " you could never describe Hail to the Thief as a bad record " , it was " neither startlingly different and fresh nor packed with the sort of anthemic songs that once made [ Radiohead ] the world 's biggest band . " Robert Christgau of The Village Voice felt that while its melodies and guitar work are " never as elegiac and lyrical " or " articulate and demented " as those of OK Computer , he felt it " flows better " and later awarded it a one @-@ star " honourable mention " . In 2010 , Rolling Stone ranked Hail to the Thief the 89th best album of the 2000s , writing that " the dazzling overabundance of ideas makes Hail to the Thief a triumph . "
Hail to the Thief was the fifth consecutive Radiohead album to be nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album . The album earned producer Nigel Godrich and engineer Darrell Thorp the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Non @-@ Classical Album .
= = = Band opinions = = =
Radiohead have been critical of Hail to the Thief . In a 2006 interview with Spin , Yorke said : " I 'd maybe change the playlist . I think we had a meltdown when we put it together ... as Nigel says , I wish I had another go at it . We wanted to do things quickly , and I think the songs suffered . " In 2008 , O 'Brien told Mojo : " We should have pruned it down to 10 songs , then it would have been a really good record . I think we lost people on a couple of tracks and it broke the spell of the record . " In the same interview , Colin Greenwood said : " I didn 't want three or four songs on there , because I thought some of the ideas we were trying out weren 't completely finished ... For me , Hail to the Thief was more of a holding process , really . " In 2013 , Godrich told the NME : " I think there 's some great moments on there - but too many songs . I think that 's kind of agreed amongst the camp these days but at the time it was just what happened ... As a whole I think it 's charming because of the lack of editing . But personally it 's probably my least favourite of all the albums ... It didn 't really have its own direction . It was almost like a homogeny of previous work . Maybe that 's its strength . "
= = Reissues = =
In 2007 , Radiohead left EMI , parent company of Parlophone , after failed contract negotiations . EMI retained the copyright to Radiohead 's back catalogue . After a period of being out of print on vinyl , EMI reissued a double @-@ LP of Hail to the Thief on 19 August 2008 , along with albums Kid A , Amnesiac and OK Computer as part of the " From the Capitol Vaults " series . On 31 August 2009 Hail to the Thief was reissued on CD in a 2 @-@ CD " Collector 's Edition " and a 2 @-@ CD 1 @-@ DVD " Special Collector 's Edition " . The first CD contains the original studio album ; the second CD collects B @-@ sides and live performances previously compiled on the COM LAG ( 2plus2isfive ) EP ( 2004 ) ; the DVD contains music videos and a live television performance . Radiohead had no input into the reissue and the music was not remastered .
Pitchfork named the " Collector 's Edition " " best new reissue " and highlighted " Gagging Order " as the best B @-@ side included in the bonus material . The The A.V. Club wrote that the bonus content was all " worth hearing , though the live tracks stand out . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Radiohead ( Colin Greenwood , Jonny Greenwood , Ed O 'Brien , Phil Selway and Thom Yorke ) .
= = Personnel = =
Adapted from the Hail to the Thief liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Singles = = =
" — " denotes releases that did not chart .
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= Ferruccio Busoni =
Ferruccio Busoni ( 1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924 ) ( given names : Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto ) was an Italian composer , pianist , conductor , editor , writer , and teacher . His international career and reputation meant that he met and had close relations with many of the leading musicians , artists and literary figures of his time , and he was sought @-@ after both as a keyboard instructor and a teacher of composition .
Busoni was born in Empoli , just south of Florence ; he was the son of professional musicians . Initially trained by his father , he later studied at the Vienna Conservatory and then with Wilhelm Mayer and Carl Reinecke . In the ensuing years , after brief periods teaching in Helsinki and Moscow , he devoted himself to composing , teaching , and touring as a virtuoso pianist in Europe and the United States . His writings on music were influential ; they covered not only aesthetics but considerations of microtones and other innovative topics . He was based in Berlin from 1894 but spent much of World War I in Switzerland .
Busoni was an outstanding ( if sometimes controversial ) pianist from an early age . He began composing in his early years in a late romantic style , but after 1907 , when he published his Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music , he developed a more individual style , often with elements of atonality . His visits to America led to interest in North American indigenous tribal melodies which were reflected in some of his works . His compositions include works for piano , including a monumental Piano Concerto , and transcriptions of the works of others , notably Johann Sebastian Bach which appeared in the Bach @-@ Busoni Edition . His other compositions include chamber music , vocal and orchestral works , and also operas , one of which , Doktor Faust , was left unfinished at the time of his death . Busoni died in Berlin at the age of 58 .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early career = = =
Busoni was born in the Tuscan town of Empoli , the only child of two professional musicians , Ferdinando , a clarinettist , and Anna ( née Weiss ) , a pianist . The family shortly afterwards moved to Trieste . A child prodigy , largely taught by his father , he began performing and composing at the age of seven . In an autobiographical note he comments " My father knew little about the pianoforte and was erratic in rhythm , so he made up for these shortcomings with an indescribable combination of energy , severity and pedantry . " Busoni made his public debut as a pianist in a concert with his parents at the Schiller @-@ Verein in Trieste on 24 November 1873 playing the first movement of Mozart 's Sonata in C Major , and pieces by Schumann and Clementi . Commercially promoted by his parents in a series of further concerts , he was later to say " I never had a childhood . " In 1875 he made his concerto début playing Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 24 .
From the ages of nine to eleven , with the help of a patron , Busoni studied at the Vienna Conservatory . His first performances in Vienna were glowingly received by the critic Eduard Hanslick . In 1877 he heard the playing of Franz Liszt , and was introduced to the composer who admired his performance . In the following year he composed a four @-@ movement concerto for piano and string quartet . Leaving Vienna he had a brief period of study in Graz with Wilhelm Mayer , and conducted a performance of his own composition Stabat Mater , Op. 55 in the composer 's initial numbering sequence , ( BV 119 , now lost ) in 1879 . Other early pieces were published at this time , including settings of Ave Maria ( Opp . 1 and 2 , BV 67 ) and some piano pieces .
Busoni was elected in 1881 to the Accademia Filharmonica of Bologna , the youngest person to receive this honour since Mozart . In the mid 1880s he was based in Vienna where he met with Karl Goldmark and helped to prepare the vocal score for the latter 's 1886 opera , Merlin . He also met Johannes Brahms , to whom he dedicated two sets of piano Etudes , and who recommended him to undertake study in Leipzig with Carl Reinecke . During this period he supported himself by giving recitals , and also by the financial support of a patron , the Baronin von Tedesco . He also continued to compose , and made his first attempt at an opera , Sigune , which he worked on from 1886 to 1889 before abandoning the project . In a letter he describes how , finding himself penniless in Leipzig , he appealed to the publisher Schwalm to take his compositions . Schwalm demurred but said he would commission a fantasy on Peter Cornelius 's opera The Barber of Baghdad for fifty marks down , and a hundred on completion . The next morning Busoni turned up at Schwalm 's office , and asked for 150 marks , handing over the completed work : " I worked from nine at night to three thirty , without a piano , and not knowing the opera beforehand . "
= = = Helsingfors , Moscow , America 1888 – 1894 = = =
In 1888 the musicologist Hugo Riemann recommended Busoni to Martin Wegelius , director of the Institute of Music at Helsingfors ( now Helsinki , Finland , then part of the Russian Empire ) , for the vacant position of advanced piano instructor . This was Busoni 's first permanent post . Amongst his close colleagues and associates there were the conductor and composer Armas Järnefelt , the writer Adolf Paul , and the composer Jean Sibelius , with whom he struck up a continuing friendship . Paul described Busoni at this time as " a small , slender Italian with chestnut beard , grey eyes , young and gay , with ... a small round cap perched proudly on his thick artist 's curls " . Between 1888 and 1890 Busoni gave about thirty piano recitals and chamber concerts in Helsingfors ; amongst his compositions at this period were a set of Finnish folksongs for piano duet Op. 27 . In 1889 , visiting Leipzig , he heard a performance on the organ of JS Bach 's Toccata and Fugue in D minor ( BWV 565 ) , and was persuaded by his pupil Kathi Petri ( the mother of his future pupil Egon Petri , then only 5 years old ) , to transcribe it for piano . Busoni 's biographer Edward Dent writes that " This was not only the beginning of [ his ] transcriptions , but ... the beginning of that style of pianoforte touch and technique which was entirely [ Busoni 's ] creation . " Returning to Helsingfors , in March of the same year Busoni met his future wife , Gerda Sjöstrand , the daughter of the Swedish sculptor Carl Eneas Sjöstrand , and proposed to her within a week . For her he composed Kultaselle ( Finnish : To the beloved ) for cello and piano ( published 1891 without opus number , BV 237 ) .
In 1890 Busoni published his first edition of works of JS Bach ( the two- and three @-@ part Inventions ) . In the same year he won the prize for composition , with his Konzertstück ( " Concert Piece " ) for piano and orchestra Op. 31a ( BV 236 ) , at the first Anton Rubinstein Competition , initiated by Anton Rubinstein himself at the St. Petersburg Conservatory . As a consequence he was invited to visit and teach at the Moscow Conservatoire . Gerda joined him in Moscow where they promptly married . His first concert in Moscow , when he performed Beethoven 's Emperor Concerto , was warmly received . But living in Moscow did not suit the Busonis for both financial and professional reasons ; he felt excluded by his nationalistically @-@ inclined Russian colleagues . So when he received an approach from William Steinway to teach at the Boston New England Conservatory of Music he was happy to take the opportunity , particularly as the conductor at that time of the Boston Symphony Orchestra was Arthur Nikisch , whom he had known since 1876 , when they performed together at a concert in Vienna .
Busoni 's first son , Benvenuto ( known as Benni ) , was born in Boston in 1892 , but Busoni 's experience at the Boston Conservatory proved unsatisfactory . After a year he resigned from the Conservatory and launched himself into a series of recitals across the Eastern USA .
= = = Berlin 1893 – 1913 : " A new epoch " = = =
In April 1893 Busoni was present at the Berlin premiere of Giuseppe Verdi 's opera Falstaff . The result was to force on him a re @-@ evaluation of the potential of Italian musical traditions which he had so far ignored in favour of the German traditions , and in particular the models of Johannes Brahms and the orchestral techniques of Liszt and Richard Wagner . He immediately began to draft an adulatory letter to Verdi ( which he never summoned the courage to send ) , in which he addressed him as " Italy 's leading composer " and " one of the noblest persons of our time " , and in which he explained that " Falstaff provoked in me such a revolution of spirit that I can ... date the beginning of a new epoch in my artistic life from that time . "
In 1894 Busoni settled in Berlin , which he henceforth regarded as his home base , except during the years around World War I. His earlier feelings about the city had been unsympathetic : in an 1889 letter to Gerda he had described it as " this Jewish city that I hate , irritating , idle , arrogant , parvenu " . The city was swiftly growing in population and influence at this period and determined to stake itself as the musical capital of the united Germany ; but as Busoni 's friend the English composer Bernard van Dieren points out " international virtuosi who for practical reasons chose Berlin as their abode were not so much concerned with questions of prestige " , and for Busoni the city 's development as " the centre of the musical industry [ was to ] develop an atmosphere which [ Busoni ] detested more than the deepest pool of stagnant convention " .
Berlin proved an excellent base for European tours . As in the previous two years in the USA Busoni had to depend for his living on exhausting but remunerative tours as a piano virtuoso ; in addition at this period he was remitting substantial amounts to his parents , who continued to depend on his income . As a recitalist Busoni 's programming and style initially raised concerns in some of Europe 's musical centres . His first concerts in London , in 1897 , met with mixed comments . The Musical Times reported that he " commenced in a manner to irritate the genuine amateurs [ i.e. music lovers ] by playing a ridiculous travesty of one of Bach 's masterly Organ Preludes and Fugues , but he made amends by an interpretation of Chopin 's Studies ( Op. 25 ) which was of course unequal but , on the whole , interesting " . In Paris the critic Arthur Dandelot commented " this artist has certainly great qualities of technique and charm " , but strongly objected to his addition of chromatic passages to parts of Liszt 's St. François de Paule marchant sur les flots .
Busoni 's international reputation swiftly rose and he frequently concertized in Berlin , the other European capitals and in European regional centres ( including Manchester , Birmingham , Marseilles , Florence , and many German and Austrian cities ) throughout this period , as well as returning to America for four visits between 1904 and 1915 : his wandering life led van Dieren to call him " a musical Ishmael " ( after the Biblical wanderer ) . The musicologist Anthony Beaumont considers Busoni 's six Liszt recitals in Berlin of 1911 as " the climax of Busoni 's pre @-@ war career as a pianist " .
Busoni 's performing commitments somewhat stifled his creative capacity during this period ; in 1896 he wrote " I have great success as a pianist , the composer I conceal for the present . " His monumental Piano Concerto ( which , in five movements , lasts over an hour and includes in its last movement an offstage male chorus ) was written between 1901 and 1904 . In 1904 and 1905 Busoni wrote his Turandot Suite as incidental music for Carlo Gozzi 's play Turandot . A major project undertaken at this time was the opera Die Brautwahl , based on a tale by E. T. A. Hoffmann , first performed ( to a lukewarm reception ) in Berlin in 1912 . Busoni also began to produce the solo piano works in which his maturer style was clearly revealed , including the Elegies ( BV 249 , 1907 ) , the suite An die Jugend ( BV 252 , 1909 ) and the first two piano sonatinas ( BV 257 , 1910 and BV 259 , 1912 ) .
In a series of orchestral concerts in Berlin between 1902 and 1909 , both as pianist and conductor , Busoni particularly promoted contemporary music from outside Germany ( though he avoided contemporary music , except for his own , in his solo recitals ) . The series , which was held at the Beethovensaal ( Beethoven Hall ) , included German premieres of music by Edward Elgar , Sibelius , César Franck , Claude Debussy , Vincent D 'Indy , Carl Nielsen and Béla Bartók . The concerts also included premieres of some of Busoni 's own works of the period , amongst them , in 1904 , the Piano Concerto , in which he was the soloist and the conductor was Karl Muck , in 1905 his Turandot Suite , and in 1907 his Comedy Overture . Music of older masters was included , but sometimes with an unexpected twist – for example Beethoven 's Third Piano Concerto with the eccentric first movement cadenza by Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan ( which includes references to Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony ) . The concerts aroused much publicity but generated aggressive comments from critics . Couling suggests the programming of the concerts was " generally regarded as a provocation " .
During the period Busoni undertook teaching at masterclasses at Weimar , Vienna and Basel . In 1900 he was invited by Duke Karl @-@ Alexander of Weimar to lead a masterclass for fifteen young virtuosi . This concept was more amenable to Busoni than teaching formally in a Conservatory : the twice @-@ weekly seminars were successful and were repeated in the following year . Pupils included Maud Allan , who later became famous as a dancer and remained a friend . His experience in Vienna in 1907 was less satisfactory , although amongst his more rewarding pupils were Ignaz Friedman , Leo Sirota , Louis Gruenberg , Józef Turczyński and Louis Closson ; the latter four were dedicatees of pieces in Busoni 's 1909 piano album An die Jugend . But arguments with the Directorate of the Vienna Conservatoire , under whose auspices the classes were held , soured the atmosphere . In the autumn of 1910 Busoni gave masterclasses and also carried out a series of recitals in Basel .
In the years before World War I , Busoni steadily extended his contacts in the art world in general as well as amongst musicians . Arnold Schoenberg , with whom Busoni had been in correspondence since 1903 , settled in Berlin in 1911 partially as a consequence of Busoni lobbying on his behalf . In 1913 Busoni arranged at his own apartment a private performance of Schoenberg 's Pierrot Lunaire which was attended by , amongst others , Willem Mengelberg , Edgard Varèse , and Artur Schnabel . In Paris in 1912 Busoni had meetings with Gabriele D 'Annunzio who proposed collaboration in a ballet or opera . He also met with the Futurist artists Filippo Marinetti and Umberto Boccioni .
= = = Before and after World War I ( 1913 – 1920 ) = = =
Following a series of concerts in Northern Italy in Spring 1913 , Busoni was offered the directorship of the Liceo Rossini in Bologna . He had recently moved to an apartment in Viktoria @-@ Luise @-@ Platz in Schöneberg , Berlin , but took up the offer , intending to spend his summers in Berlin . The posting proved not to be a success . Bologna was a cultural backwater , despite occasional visits from celebrities such as Isadora Duncan . Busoni 's piano pupils were untalented , and he had constant arguments with the local authorities . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , he asked for a year of absence to play an American tour ; in fact he was never to return . Virtually his sole permanent achievement at the school was to have modernized its sanitary facilities . He had however during this time composed another concertante work for piano and orchestra , the Indian Fantasy . The piece is based on melodies and rhythms from various American Indian tribes ; Busoni derived them from a book he had received from his former pupil , the ethnomusicologist Natalie Curtis Burlin during his 1910 tour of the USA . The work was premiered with Busoni as soloist in March 1914 in Berlin .
From June 1914 to January 1915 Busoni was in Berlin : as the native of a neutral country ( Italy ) living in Germany , the outbreak of war did not at first greatly concern him . During this period he began to work seriously on the libretto for his proposed opera Doktor Faust . In January 1915 he left for a concert tour of the USA , which was to be his last visit there . During this time he continued work on his Bach edition , including his version of the Goldberg Variations . On his return to Europe Italy had entered the War , and he therefore chose to base himself from 1915 in Switzerland . Here in Zürich he found local supporters in Volkmar Andreae , conductor of the Tonhalle Orchestra , and Philipp Jarnach . His friend José Vianna da Motta also taught piano at Geneva at this time . Andreae arranged for Busoni to give concerts with his orchestra . Jarnach , who was 23 when he met Busoni in 1915 , became Busoni 's indispensable assistant , among other things preparing piano scores of his operas – Busoni referred to him as his " famulus " . While in America Busoni had already carried out further work on Doktor Faust and had written the libretto of his one @-@ act opera Arlecchino – He completed Arlecchino in Zürich and , to provide a full evening at the theatre , reworked his earlier Turandot into a one @-@ act piece . The two were premiered together in Zürich in May 1917 .
In 1916 whilst visiting Italy , Busoni met again with the artist Boccioni , who painted his portrait ; Busoni was deeply affected when a few months later Boccioni was killed ( in a riding accident ) whilst on military training , and published a strongly anti @-@ war article . An expanded re @-@ issue of Busoni 's 1907 work A New Esthetic of Music let to a virulent counter @-@ attack from the German composer Hans Pfitzner and an extended war of words . Busoni continued to experiment with microtones ; in America he had obtained some harmonium reeds tuned in third @-@ tones , and he claimed that he " had worked out the theory of a system of thirds of tones in two rows , each separated from each other by a semitone " .
Although Busoni met with many other artistic personalities who were also basing themselves in Switzerland during the war ( including Stephan Zweig and James Joyce – the former noting Busoni 's extensive drinking ) he soon found his circumstances limiting . After the end of the war , he again undertook concert tours in England , Paris and Italy . In London he met with the composer Kaikhosru Sorabji who played to him his Second Piano Sonata ( which he dedicated to Busoni ) ; Busoni was sufficiently impressed to write for Sorabji a letter of recommendation . When Busoni 's former pupil Leo Kestenberg , now an official at the Ministry of Culture in the German Weimar Republic , invited him to return to Germany , with the promise of a teaching post and productions of his operas , he was very glad to take the opportunity .
= = = Last years ( 1920 – 1924 ) = = =
In 1920 Busoni returned to the Berlin apartment at Viktoria @-@ Luise @-@ Platz 11 , Berlin @-@ Schöneberg , which he had left in 1915 . He was now in a state of declining health . Although he continued to give concerts his main concern was to complete Doktor Faust , the libretto of which had been published in Germany in 1918 . In 1921 he wrote " Like a subterranean river , heard but not seen , the music for Faust roars and flows continually in the depths of my aspirations " .
In Berlin Busoni was at the heart of the musical world of the Weimar Republic . His works , including his operas , were regularly programmed . He continued to perform whilst his health allowed it ; problems of hyperinflation in Germany meant that he needed to undertake tours to England . His last appearance as a pianist was in Berlin in May 1922 , playing Beethoven 's Emperor Concerto . Amongst his composition pupils in Berlin were Kurt Weill , Wladimir Vogel and Robert Blum , and he also during these last years had contact with Edgard Varèse , Igor Stravinsky , Hermann Scherchen and others .
Busoni died in Berlin on 7 July 1924 , officially from heart failure , although inflamed kidneys and overwork also contributed to his death . Doktor Faust remained unfinished at his death and was premiered posthumously in Berlin in 1925 in a completion made by Jarnach . Busoni 's Berlin apartment was destroyed in an air @-@ raid in 1943 , and many of his possessions and papers were lost or looted . A plaque at the site commemorates his residence . Busoni 's wife Gerda died in Sweden in 1956 . Their son Benni , who despite his American nationality had lived in Berlin throughout World War II , died there in 1976 . Their second son Lello , an illustrator , died in New York in 1962 .
= = Music = =
= = = Pianist = = =
The pianist Alfred Brendel opines that " Busoni 's piano @-@ playing signifies the victory of reflection over bravura " after the more flamboyant era of Liszt . He cites Busoni himself : " Music is so constituted that every context is a new context and should be treated as an ' exception ' . The solution of a problem , once found , cannot be reapplied to a different context . Our art is a theatre of surprise and invention , and of the seemingly unprepared . The spirit of music arises from the depths of our humanity and is returned to the high regions whence it has descended on mankind . "
Sir Henry Wood was surprised to hear Busoni playing passages in a Mozart concerto , written as single notes , with two hands in double octaves ; at which Donald Tovey proclaimed Busoni " to be an absolute purist in not confining himself strictly to Mozart 's written text " , that is , that Mozart himself could have taken similar liberties . The musicologist Percy Scholes wrote that " Busoni , from his perfect command over every means of expression and his complete consideration of every phrase in a composition to every other phrase and to the whole , was the truest artist of all the pianists [ I ] had ever heard . "
= = = Works = = =
Busoni 's works include compositions , adaptations , writings and recordings .
= = = = Opus numbers = = = =
Busoni gave many ( but not all ) of his works opus numbers ; some numbers apply to more than one work ( after the composer dropped some of his earlier works from his acknowledged corpus ) . Nor are the composer 's numbers all in temporal order . The musicologist Jürgen Kindermann has prepared a thematic catalogue of his works and transcriptions which is also used , in the form of the letters BV ( for Busoni Verzeichnis , German : Busoni Index : sometimes the letters KiV for Kindermann Verzeichnis are used ) followed by an identifier , to identify his compositions and transcriptions . The identifier B ( for Bearbeitung , German : arrangement ) is used for Busoni 's transcriptions and cadenzas – e.g. BV B 1 refers to Busoni 's cadenzas for Beethoven 's Piano Concerto No. 4 .
= = = = Early compositions = = = =
In 1917 Hugo Leichtentritt suggested that the Second Violin Sonata Op. 36a ( BV 244 ) , completed in 1900 , " stands on the border @-@ line between the first and second epochs of Busoni " , although Van Dieren asserts that in conversation Busoni " made no such claims for any work written before 1910 . This means that he dated his work as an independent composer from the piano pieces An die Jugend ... and the Berceuse in its original version for piano . " ( These works were actually written in 1909 ) . The Kindermann Busoni Verzeichnis lists over 200 compositions in the period to 1900 , which are met with very rarely in the contemporary repertoire or in recording , mostly featuring piano , either as solo instrument or accompanying others , but also including some works for chamber ensemble and some for orchestra , amongst them two large @-@ scale suites and a violin concerto .
Antony Beaumont comments that Busoni wrote virtually no chamber music after 1898 and no songs between 1886 and 1918 , commenting that this was " part of the process of freeing himself from his Leipzig background ... [ evoking ] worlds of middle @-@ class respectability in which he was not at home , and [ in which ] the shadows of Schumann , Brahms and Wolf loomed too large . " The first decade of the 20th century is described by Brendel as being for Busoni " a creative pause " after which he " finally gained an artistic profile of his own " as opposed to the " easy routine which had kept his entire earlier production on the tracks of eclecticism " . During this period appeared his Piano Concerto , Op. 39 , one of the largest such works ever written both in terms of duration and of resources . Dent comments " In construction [ the Concerto ] is difficult to analyse ... on account of the way in which themes are transferred from movement to another . The work has to be considered as a whole , and Busoni always desired it to be played straight through without interruption . " The press reaction to the premiere of the Concerto was largely outraged : the Tägliche Rundschau complained of " Noise , more noise , eccentricity and licentiousness " ; another journal opined that " the composer would have done better to stay within more modest boundaries " . The other major work during this " creative pause " was the Turandot Suite . Busoni employed motifs from Chinese and other oriental music in the suite , though , as Leichtentritt points out , the Suite is " in fact the product of an Occidental mind , for whom the exact imitation of the real Chinese model would always be unnatural and unattainable ... the appearance is more artistic than the real thing would be . " The Suite was first performed as a purely musical item in 1905 ; it was used in a production of the play in 1911 , and was eventually transformed into a two @-@ act opera in 1917 .
= = = = Busoni and Bach = = = =
1894 saw the publication in Berlin of the first part of Busoni 's edition of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach for the piano ; the first book of The Well @-@ Tempered Clavier . This was equipped with substantial appendices , including one " On the Transcription of Bach 's Organ Works for the Pianoforte " . This was eventually to form a volume of the Bach @-@ Busoni Edition , an undertaking which was to extend over thirty years . Seven volumes were edited by Busoni himself ; these included the 1890 edition of the Two- and Three @-@ Part Inventions . Busoni also began to publish his concert piano transcriptions of Bach 's music , which he often included in his own recitals . These included some of Bach 's chorale preludes for organ , the organ Toccata and Fugue in D minor , and the Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue . These transcriptions go beyond literal reproduction of the music for piano and often involve substantial recreation , although never straying from the original rhythmic outlines , melody notes and harmony . This is in line with Busoni 's own concept that the performing artist should be free to intuit and communicate his divination of the composer 's intentions . Busoni adds tempo markings , articulation and phrase markings , dynamics and metronome markings to the originals , as well as extensive performance suggestions . In his edition of Bach 's Goldberg Variations ( BV B 35 ) , for example , he suggests cutting eight of the variations for a " concert performance " , as well as substantially rewriting many sections . Kenneth Hamilton comments that " the last four variations are rewritten as a free fantasy in a pianistic style which owes far more to Busoni than to Bach . "
On the death of his father in 1909 , Busoni wrote in his memory a Fantasia after J. S. Bach ( BV 253 ) ; and in the following year came his extended fantasy based on Bach , the Fantasia Contrappuntistica .
= = = = Writings = = = =
Busoni wrote a number of essays on music . The Entwurf einer neue Ästhetike der Tonkunst ( Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music ) , first published in 1907 , set out the principles underlying his performances and his mature compositions . A collection of reflections which are " the outcome of convictions long held and slowly matured " , the Sketch asserts that " The spirit of an artwork ... remains [ s ] unchanged in value through changing years " but its form , manner of expression , and the conventions of the era when it was created , " are transient and age rapidly " . The Sketch includes the maxim that " Music was born free ; and to win freedom is its destiny " . It therefore takes issue with conventional wisdom on music , caricatured by Busoni as the constricting rules of the " lawgivers " . It praises the music of Beethoven and JS Bach as the essence of the spirit of music ( " Ur @-@ Musik " ) and says that their art should " be conceived as a beginning , and not as an unsurpassable finality . " Busoni asserts the right of the interpreter vis @-@ à @-@ vis the purism of the " lawgivers " . " The performance of music , its emotional interpretation , derives from those free heights whence descended Art itself ... What the composer 's inspiration necessarily loses through notation , his interpreter should restore by his own . " He envisages a future music that will include the division of the octave into more than the traditional 12 semitones . However , he asserted the importance of musical form and structure : His idea of a ' Young Classicism ' " aimed to incorporate experimental features in " firm , rounded forms " ... motivated each time by musical necessity . " ( Brendel ) .
Another collection of Busoni 's essays was published in 1922 as Von der Einheit der Musik , later republished as Wesen und Einheit der Musik , and in 1957 translated as The Essence of Music . Busoni also wrote the librettos of his four operas .
= = = = Mature compositions = = = =
Writing in 1917 , Hugo Leichtentritt described Busoni 's mature style as having elements in common with those of Sibelius , Claude Debussy , Alexander Scriabin , and Arnold Schoenberg , noting in particular his movement away from traditional major and minor scales towards atonality .
The first landmarks of this mature style are the group of piano works published in 1907 – 1912 ( the Elegies , the suite An die Jugend and the first two piano sonatinas ) and Busoni 's first completed opera , Die Brautwahl ; together with the rather different Bach homage , the 1910 Fantasia contrappuntistica , Busoni 's largest work for solo piano . About half an hour in length , it is essentially an extended fantasy on the final incomplete fugue from Bach 's The Art of Fugue . It uses several melodic figures found in Bach 's work , most notably the BACH motif . Busoni revised the work a number of times and arranged it for two pianos .
Busoni also drew inspiration from North American indigenous tribal melodies drawn from the studies of Natalie Curtis , which informed his Indian Fantasy for piano and orchestra of 1913 and two books of solo piano sketches , Indian Diary .
In 1917 Busoni wrote the one @-@ act opera Arlecchino ( 1917 ) as a companion piece for his revision of Turandot as an opera . He began serious work on his opera Doktor Faust in 1916 , leaving it incomplete at his death . It was then finished by his student Philipp Jarnach , who worked with Busoni 's sketches as he knew of them . In the 1980s Antony Beaumont created an expanded and improved completion by drawing on material to which Jarnach did not have access ; Joseph Horowitz has described the Beaumont completion as " longer , more adventurous and perhaps less good . "
In the last seven years of his life Busoni worked sporadically on his Klavierübung , a compilation of exercises , transcriptions , and original compositions of his own , with which he hoped to pass on his accumulated knowledge of keyboard technique . It was issued in five parts between 1918 and 1922
= = = = Editions , transcriptions and arrangements = = = =
Apart from his work on the music of Bach , Busoni edited and transcribed works by other composers . He edited three volumes of the 34 @-@ volume Franz Liszt Foundation 's edition of Liszt 's works , including most of the etudes , and the Grandes études de Paganini . Other Liszt transcriptions include his piano arrangement of Liszt 's organ Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale " Ad nos , ad salutarem undam " ( BV B 59 ) ( based on a theme from Giacomo Meyerbeer 's opera Les Huguenots ) and concert versions of two of the Hungarian Rhapsodies .
Busoni also made keyboard transcriptions of works by Mozart , Franz Schubert , Niels Gade and others in the period 1886 – 1891 for the publisher Breitkopf und Härtel . Later , during his earliest contacts with Arnold Schoenberg in 1909 , he made a ' concert interpretation ' of the latter 's atonal Piano Piece , Op. 11 , No. 2 ( BV B 97 ) ( which greatly annoyed Schoenberg himself ) .
Busoni 's own works sometimes feature incorporated elements of other composers ' music . The fourth movement of An die Jugend ( 1909 ) , for instance , uses two of Niccolò Paganini 's Caprices for solo violin ( numbers 11 and 15 ) , while the 1920 piece Piano Sonatina No. 6 ( Fantasia da camera super Carmen ) is based on themes from Georges Bizet 's opera Carmen .
= = = = Audio recordings = = = =
Busoni 's recorded output on gramophone record was very limited , and many of the original recordings were destroyed when the Columbia factory burnt down . Busoni mentions recording the Gounod @-@ Liszt Faust Waltz in a letter to his wife in 1919 . This recording was never released . He never recorded any of his own works .
= = = = Piano rolls = = = =
Busoni made a considerable number of piano rolls , and a small number of these have been re @-@ recorded onto vinyl record or CD . These include a 1950 recording by Columbia Records sourced from piano rolls made by Welte @-@ Mignon including music of Chopin and transcriptions by Liszt . The value of these recordings in ascertaining Busoni 's performance style is a matter of some dispute . Many of his colleagues and students expressed disappointment with the recordings and felt they did not truly represent Busoni 's pianism . Egon Petri was horrified by the piano roll recordings when they first appeared on vinyl and said that they were a travesty of Busoni 's playing . Similarly , Petri 's student Gunnar Johansen who had heard Busoni play on several occasions , remarked , " Of Busoni 's piano rolls and recordings , only Feux follets ( no . 5 of Liszt 's Transcendental Études ) is really something unique . The rest is curiously unconvincing . The recordings , especially of Chopin , are a plain misalliance " .
= = Legacy = =
Busoni 's impact on music was perhaps more through those who studied piano and composition with him , and through his writings on music , than through his compositions themselves , of whose style there are no direct successors . Alfred Brendel has opined : " Compositions like the monstrously overwritten Piano Concerto ... obstruct our view of his superlative late piano music . How topical still – and undiscovered – are the first two sonatinas ... and the Toccata of 1921 ... Doktor Faust , now as ever , towers over the musical theatre of its time . " Helmut Wirth has written that Busoni 's " ambivalent nature , striving to reconcile tradition with innovation , his gifts as a composer and the profundity of his theoretical writings make [ him ] one of the most interesting figures in the history of 20th @-@ century music . "
The Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition was initiated in Busoni 's honour in 1949 , to commemorate the 25th anniversary of his death .
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= Band Geeks =
" Band Geeks " is the second part of the 15th episode of the second season , and the 35th episode overall , of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 7 , 2001 . It was written by C.H. Greenblatt , Aaron Springer , and Merriwether Williams , and was directed by Frank Weiss . Springer served as storyboard director , and Greenblatt served as storyboard artist . The song " Sweet Victory " by David Glen Eisley was featured in the episode and was later released on the album SpongeBob SquarePants : The Yellow Album in 2005 .
The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , Squidward tells a lie , claiming that he has a marching band , after his high school rival Squilliam Fancyson brags about being a successful bandleader . Squilliam offers to let Squidward and his band cover for him at the Bubble Bowl . Squidward accepts eagerly , but realizes he does not have a band . He recruits various citizens of Bikini Bottom to play in his band , but they perform terribly in rehearsal , which makes Squidward quit . SpongeBob , disgraced , gets the band together and they give the performance of their lives . At the Bubble Bowl , Squidward is successful in front of his rival .
The episode received critical acclaim , with several critics considering it one of the best episodes of the entire series . " Band Geeks " received a nomination and won at the 2002 Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television – Animation .
= = Plot summary = =
Squidward gets a call from his former high school classmate , Squilliam Fancyson , who is very successful and has succeeded in everything in which Squidward has failed , such as music . Squilliam reveals to Squidward that he has become the leader of a band and that they are supposed to play at the Bubble Bowl ; but he will be busy at that time and will not be able to attend so Squilliam asks Squidward to allow his band to substitute for his at the Bubble Bowl , believing that Squidward does not have one . However , Squidward insists that he has a band and accepts the offer . He assembles a large marching band composed of various Bikini Bottom residents .
During their one week of training , the band performs consistently badly and fails to improve at all . Patrick and Sandy get into a fight when Patrick kicks Sandy and , as a result , Sandy sticks him up a trombone . On the second day , while practicing a march , two flag twirlers are killed when they spin the flags too fast , causing them to fly into the air and crash into a blimp . On day three , Plankton plays his harmonica , but becomes exhausted and collapses from running back and forth , since he is very tiny . On the last day of practice , Squidward says if everyone plays loud , they will be good . However , they play poorly , and Squidward changes the plan of playing loud to quiet . A fish becomes annoyed , saying " We won 't sound so bad if some of us didn 't play with big , meaty , claws ! " Mr. Krabs is angered by him and attacks , causing everyone to get involved in a huge brawl , smashing the instruments and hurting each other , causing the band to break up . A grieving Squidward expresses his disappointment in all of them and goes home in distress over his failure .
However , SpongeBob convinces the other band members to go through with the performance for Squidward 's sake , and he takes command of their training . On the day of the concert , when Squilliam shows up in order to see Squidward fail , Squidward claims that his band died in a marching accident . However , Squidward 's band shows up and he is forced to go through with the performance . They enter a large glass dome complete with human fans . Squidward turns his head away from the band before they begin , assuming that the performance will be a disaster , but the band is tremendously successful , playing a rock ballad titled " Sweet Victory " . Squilliam enters a state of shock and faints , leaving Squidward to celebrate as he leaps into the air .
= = Production = =
" Band Geeks " was directed by Aaron Springer , and was written by Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams . Frank Weiss served as animation director , and Greenblatt worked as storyboard artist . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 7 , 2001 , with a TV @-@ Y7 parental rating .
The writers started to work for " Band Geeks " with the idea of a rival . Williams said , " We always wanted to do a rival show , and I think we tried to do a rival show for SpongeBob , and it wasn 't working . So we came up with the idea of a rival for Squidward and , in some ways it 's Squidward 's story , and SpongeBob and Patrick are just kind of around . " The idea of having a band was unspecified . Williams remarked , " I forget who was in band . I was not in a band , but I think maybe Doug [ Lawrence ] was in a band . I think Steve [ Hillenburg ] was in a band , too . "
When storyboard artist Greenblatt , with the writers , was storyboarding " Band Geeks " , they thought of " a big number " at the end , where everyone would rally together for Squidward . Greenblatt said , " The story outline called for making it a really great marching band sequence , and it usually helps to have the music ahead of time to board to , so we started searching around . " The writers were able to find music , as Nickelodeon has a library of royalty @-@ free music . The writers listened to various marching band tunes . Greenblatt said , " and the more we heard , it didn 't seem terribly funny that the finale was just them playing marching band music well . "
They thought of using David Glen Eisley 's song " Sweet Victory " for the final act . He said " It was different than what we were looking for , but it was so amazing that we knew we had to use it . So we boarded the sequence to the music , and it felt like such a better ending than any song we could have written on our own . " The writers gave it a freeze @-@ frame shot for the ending . Greenblatt 's favorite part was director Springer 's drawings of Patrick on the electric drums and SpongeBob saying , " It 's the thrill of one more kill " ( an excerpt from " Sweet Victory " ) . The live action Bubble Bowl crowd is footage from a United States Football League game featuring the Memphis Showboats and the Tampa Bay Bandits .
The music used in the segment of the episode where Squidward 's marching band is playing while coming down the street was from Nick Carr , the series ' music editor . He found a piece of marching band music that was a band intentionally playing poorly , but sound designer Jeff Hutchins said , " You could still discern the tune . " Hutchins thought " Well , let 's take this one step further . What if they couldn 't even play their instruments , let alone a tune ? " He brought his portable DAT recorder to a musical instrument retail store and met two men who worked on its loading dock , packaging and shipping the instruments . Hutchins made the two men play most of the instruments terribly . He said , " I got these two guys to squeak , blast , and squawk on most of the instruments they sold . "
Upon returning to the studio with the sound effects , he built a marching band , one instrument at a time . Hutchins said , " They weren 't in any key and had no rhythm whatsoever . When you heard it , you just had to say ' Ouch ! ' " Hutchins played the sound effects for series creator Hillenburg for review . Hillenburg rejected it , saying " it was too far over the edge . " Hutchins said , " a lot of effort for something that lasts only 15 seconds on screen . In this case , the whole thing never made it on the air . "
The featured song " Sweet Victory " was later released in the series soundtrack album called SpongeBob SquarePants : The Yellow Album on November 15 , 2005 . The album featured 25 tracks , including the " SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song " .
" Band Geeks " was released on the DVD compilation titled SpongeBob SquarePants : Halloween on August 27 , 2002 , and on SpongeBob SquarePants : Home Sweet Pineapple that was released on January 4 , 2005 . The episode was also included in SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season DVD released on October 19 , 2004 . On September 22 , 2009 , " Band Geeks " was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five .
= = Reception = =
" Band Geeks " received critical acclaim , and is regarded by many as one of the best episodes of the series . Upon release , the episode was awarded and honored at the 2002 Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television – Animation category . Tom Kenny , SpongeBob 's voice actor , considers " Band Geeks " one of his favorite episodes . In a 2009 review , Michael Cavna of The Washington Post ranked the episode at No. 5 in his " The Top Five SpongeBob Episodes : We Pick ' Em " list . He said " Squidward 's mix of artistic aspiration in the face of goading , humiliation and unrelenting sub @-@ mediocrity made this a kids ' episode that adults can experience on a whole ' nother level . " The Guardian ranked " Band Geeks " the second best episode of the show , next to " Krusty Krab Training Video " .
Many have such high regard for " Band Geeks " because it portrays Squidward as less of an annoyed neighbor and more of a sympathetic hero . Many say that the reason they like this episode so much is the fact that Squidward is so relateable in his struggle , in that everyone has a rival who is more successful than them , and we all want a chance to be able to beat them at something .
Nancy Basile of About.com ranked " Band Geeks " at No. 1 in her " Best SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes " list , writing " [ The episode ] has so many of the best elements of SpongeBob , crafted into a story whose rhythm flows smoothly and quickly to reach a poignant end . " She praised the entire premise , calling it " funny just to think about . " Basile also lauded the ending " complete with a keytar and freeze @-@ frame jump in the air . " Emily Estep of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode No. 4 in her " Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants " and said , " Most of the gags in ' Band Geeks ' center around Squidward 's bleak existence , but it 's also stuffed with one @-@ liners from and about each of the characters on the show , such as the line ' These claws ain 't just for attractin ' mates ! ' from an about @-@ to @-@ brawl Mr. Krabs , and when Squidward says , ' No Patrick , mayonnaise is not an instrument , ' in response to an inevitable query from the stupid star . "
" Band Geeks " was one of the top episodes as chosen by viewers at Nick.com in the event " The Best Day Ever Marathon " held in 2006 . In November 2007 , as part of the " Top 100 Greatest Moments in Nicktoon History " during " Superstuff Nicktoons Weekend " , it is ranked as the # 1 greatest moment of all time . In 2012 , Nickelodeon in the United Kingdom launched an event called " SpongeBob 's Top 100 " , where viewers can vote at Nick.co.uk for their favorite episode . With over 160 @,@ 000 votes cast , " Band Geeks " emerged as the winner .
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= Solomon Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics =
The Solomon Islands send a team to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . The country 's delegation consisted of three athletes competing in two sports across three distinct events ; Francis Manioru and Pauline Kwalea represented the Solomon Islands in track , while Wendy Hale competed in weightlifting . The arrival of the Solomon Islander delegation in Beijing marked its seventh appearance since its debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . The track athletes did not advance past the first rounds in their events . There were no medalists from the Solomon Islander athletes in these Games . Wendy Hale was the Solomon Islands ' flagbearer during the Games ' opening ceremony .
= = Background = =
The Solomon Islands are a group consisting of approximately a thousand islands that serves as home to almost 600 @,@ 000 people . The island chain was designated a protectorate of the United Kingdom in the 1890s , and remained under British control during World War II , where the island chain was the center of some of the war 's worst fighting . In 1976 , the Solomon Islands won the right to self @-@ government from the British , and declared independence in 1978 . The nation fell into a period of civil instability between then and 2003 , when Australia led a military force to restore law and order in the country .
The first Solomon Islander delegation to the Olympics arrived some six years after the nation 's independence for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California , and was composed of three male athletes competing in two sports . The island nation continued to send delegations to the Olympics throughout its era of civil disorder ; delegations from the Solomon Islands appeared at all seven Summer Olympic games prior to ( and including ) the Beijing games of 2008 . The first women represented the Solomon Islands at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . The largest delegations from the Solomon Islands included four athletes and appeared in 1988 and 1996 . Up to and including the Beijing games , there had not been a Solomon Islander who had won a medal at the Olympics .
During the 2008 Summer Olympics , three athletes ( one male and two female ) participated across two sports in three distinct events . Pauline Kwalea , the year 's female sprinter , was the youngest member of the delegation at 20 years old . Male sprinter Francis Manioru , at 26 years old , was the oldest . Weighlifter Wendy Hale bore the flag of the Solomon Islands at the ceremonies .
= = Athletics = =
Sprinter Francis Manioru represented the Solomon Islands at Beijing in the men 's 100 meters dash as its only male track and field athlete . Born in September 1981 , Manioru was 22 years old when he first competed in the men 's 100 meters dash at the 2004 Olympics in Athens . He ranked seventh in his heat and did not advance past the qualification round . However , Manioru returned as a 26 @-@ year @-@ old to participate in the 2008 Olympics . During the qualification round of the event , which took place on 14 August , Manioru was placed in the first heat against seven other athletes . He finished the race in 11 @.@ 09 seconds , placing behind ni @-@ Vanuatu sprinter Moses Kamut ( 10 @.@ 81 seconds ) , who in turn placed behind Surinamese sprinter Jurgen Themen ( 10 @.@ 61 seconds ) . The heat was led by Jamaica 's Usain Bolt ( 10 @.@ 20 seconds ) and Antigua and Barbuda 's Daniel Bailey ( 10 @.@ 24 seconds ) . Manioru ranked 68th out of the 80 athletes participating in the qualification heats . Manioru did not advance to later rounds .
Pauline Kwalea represented the Solomon Islands in the women 's 100 meters dash at the Beijing Olympics . She was born in the national capital of Honiara , located on the island of Guadalcanal , and represented the Solomon Islands in Beijing as a 20 @-@ year @-@ old . Kwalea had not previously competed in any Olympic games . During the course of the qualification round of the event , which took place on 15 August , Kwalea was placed in the sixth heat against eight other athletes . She finished last with a time of 13 @.@ 28 seconds . Nicaraguan runner Jessica Aguilera placed ahead of Kwalea ( 13 @.@ 15 seconds ) , while Andorra 's Montserrat Pujol ranked ahead of Aguilera ( 12 @.@ 73 seconds ) . The heat was led by Jamaican sprinter Shelly @-@ Ann Fraser ( 11 @.@ 35 seconds ) and Ghana 's Vida Anim ( 11 @.@ 47 seconds ) . In the qualification heats , there were 85 participants , with Kwalea ranking 75th . She did not advance to later rounds .
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR
= National record
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Women
= = Weightlifting = =
Wendy Hale represented the Solomon Islands at the Beijing Olympics , participating in the women 's lightweight division of weightlifting which encompasses athletes who weigh under 58 kilograms . Born on Malaita , the most populous of the Solomon Islands , Hale was 20 years old when she participated at the 2008 Olympics . She had not previously competed in any Olympic games . During the course of the event , which took place on 11 August , Hale faced eleven other athletes . She was the only athlete in the event from the entire region of Oceania .
During the snatch phase of the event , Hale was given three attempts to lift as much weight as she could in snatches . She successfully lifted 74 kilograms on her first attempt and 78 kilograms on her second , but failed to lift 82 kilograms on her third and final try . The second and last part of the event included lifting weights using the clean and jerk method . Hale successfully lifted 95 kilograms in this manner on her first attempt , but failed to lift 100 kilograms on her second and third tries . Her combined score was 173 kilograms . This placed the Solomon Islander at twelfth place of the twelve athletes in the event , directly behind the Philippines ' eleventh @-@ place finalist Hidilyn Diaz ( 192 kilograms ) , who in turn ranked behind Poland 's tenth @-@ place finalist Marieta Gotfryd ( 200 kilograms ) . The gold medalist in the event was China 's Chen Yanqing , who set an Olympic record with 244 kilograms .
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= David Starkey =
David Robert Starkey CBE FSA RHistS ( born 3 January 1945 ) is a British constitutional historian and a radio and television presenter .
Born the only child of Quaker parents , he attended Kendal Grammar School before studying at Cambridge through a scholarship . There he specialised in Tudor history , writing a thesis on King Henry VIII 's household . From Cambridge he moved to the London School of Economics , where he was a lecturer in history until 1998 . He has written several books on the Tudors .
Starkey is a well @-@ known radio and television personality , first appearing on television in 1977 . While a regular contributor to the BBC Radio 4 debate programme The Moral Maze , his acerbic tongue earned him the sobriquet of " rudest man in Britain " ; his frequent appearances on Question Time have been received with criticism and applause . Starkey has presented several history documentaries . In 2002 he signed a £ 2 million contract with Channel 4 for 25 hours of programming , and in 2011 was a contributor on the Channel 4 series Jamie 's Dream School .
= = Early years and education = =
David Starkey was born on 3 January 1945 in Kendal . He is the only child of Robert Starkey and Elsie Lyon , Quakers who had married 10 years previously in Bolton , at a Friends meeting house . His father , the son of a cotton spinner , was a foreman in a washing @-@ machine factory , while his mother followed in her father 's footsteps and became a cotton weaver and later a cleaner . Starkey is equivocal about his mother , describing her as both " wonderful " , in that she helped develop his ambition , and " monstrous " , intellectually frustrated and living through her son . " She was a wonderful but also very frightening parent . Finally , she was a Pygmalion . She wanted a creature , she wanted something she had made . " Her dominance contrasted sharply to his father , who was " poetic , reflective , rather solitary ... as a father he was weak . " Their relationship was " distant " , but improved after his mother 's death in 1977 .
Starkey was born with two club feet . One was fixed early , while the other had to be operated on several times . He also suffered from polio . He suffered a nervous breakdown at secondary school , aged 13 , and was taken by his mother to a boarding house in Southport , where he spent several months recovering . Starkey blamed the episode on the unfamiliar experience of being in a " highly competitive environment " . He ultimately excelled at Kendal Grammar School , winning debating prizes and appearing in school plays .
Although he showed an early inclination toward science , he chose instead to study history . A scholarship enabled his entry into Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge , where he gained a first , a PhD and a fellowship .
Starkey was fascinated by King Henry VIII , and his thesis focused on the Tudor monarch 's inner household . His doctoral supervisor was Sir Geoffrey Elton , an expert on the Tudor period . Starkey claimed that with age his mentor became " tetchy " and " arrogant " . In 1983 , when Elton was awarded a knighthood , Starkey derided one of his essays , Cromwell Redivivus and Elton responded by writing an " absolutely shocking " review of a collection of essays Starkey had edited . Starkey later expressed his remorse over the spat : " I regret that the thing happened at all . "
= = Career = =
Bored at Cambridge and attracted to London 's gay scene , in 1972 Starkey moved to the London School of Economics . He claimed to be an " excessively enthusiastic advocate of promiscuity " , seeking to liberate himself from his mother : she strongly disapproved of his homosexuality . A 30 @-@ year career as a teacher ended in 1998 when , blaming boredom and modern academic life , he gave it up .
Starkey entered a wider public awareness in 1992 on the BBC Radio 4 debate programme The Moral Maze , where he debated morality with his fellow panellists Rabbi Hugo Gryn , Roger Scruton and the journalist Janet Daley . He soon acquired a reputation for abrasiveness ; he explained in 2007 that his personality possesses " a tendency towards showmanship ... towards self @-@ indulgence and explosion and repartee and occasional silliness and going over the top . " The Daily Mail gave him the sobriquet of " the rudest man in Britain " , although Starkey claims that his character was part of a " convenient image " . He once attacked George Austin , the Archdeacon of York , over " his fatness , his smugness , and his pomposity " , but after a nine @-@ year stint on the programme he left , citing his boredom with being " Dr Rude " and its move to an evening slot .
From 1995 he also spent three years at Talk Radio UK , presenting Starkey on Saturday , later Starkey on Sunday . An interview with Denis Healey proved to be one of his most embarrassing moments : " I mistakenly thought that he had become an amiable old buffer who would engage in amusing conversation , and he tore me limb from limb . I laugh about it now , but I didn 't feel like laughing about it at the time . "
His first television appearance was in 1977 , on Granada Television 's Behave Yourself with Russell Harty . He was a prosecution witness in the 1984 ITV programme The Trial of Richard III , whose jury acquitted the king on the grounds of insufficient evidence . His television documentaries on The Six Wives of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were ratings successes .
In 2002 he signed a £ 2 million contract with Channel 4 to produce 25 hours of television , including Monarchy , a chronicle of the history of English kings and queens from Anglo @-@ Saxon times onward . He presented the 2009 series Henry : Mind of a Tyrant , which Brian Viner , a reviewer for the Independent , called " highly fascinating " , although A. A. Gill was less complimentary , calling it " Hello ! history " . In an interview about the series for the Radio Times , Starkey complained that too many historians had focussed not on Henry , but on his wives . Referring to a " feminised history " , he said : " so many of the writers who write about this are women and so much of their audience is a female audience . " This prompted the historian Lucy Worsley to label his comments as misogynistic . More recently , in 2011 , he taught five history lessons in Channel 4 's Jamie 's Dream School , after which he criticised the state education system .
The core of history is narrative and biography . And the way history has been presented in the curriculum for the last 25 years is very different . The importance of knowledge has been downgraded . Instead the argument has been that it 's all about skills . Supposedly , what you are trying to do with children is inculcate them with the analytical skills of the historian . Now this seems to me to be the most goddamn awful way to approach any subject , and also the most dangerous , and one , of course , that panders to all sorts of easy assumptions - ‘ oh we 've got the internet , we don 't need knowledge anymore because it 's so easy to look things up ' . Oh no it isn 't . In order to think , you actually need the information in your mind .
In 1984 Starkey was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and in 1994 a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . He has worked as curator on several exhibitions , including an exhibit in 2003 on Elizabeth I , following which he had lunch with her namesake , Elizabeth II . Several years later he told a reporter that the monarch had no interest in her predecessors , other than those who followed her great grandfather . " I don 't think she 's at all comfortable with anybody – I would hesitate to use the word intellectual – but it 's useful . I think she 's got elements a bit like Goebbels in her attitude to culture – you remember : ' every time I hear the word culture I reach for my revolver . ' I think the queen reaches for her mask . " His remarks were criticised by Penny Junor , a royal biographer , and Robert Lacey , a royal historian .
= = Politics = =
Starkey was raised in an austere and frugal environment of near @-@ poverty , with his parents often unemployed for long periods of time ; an environment which , he later stated , taught him " the value of money " . " I suppose my politics remained essentially in the middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road Labour left until the end of the 1970s " . Starkey blames the Callaghan administration for " blow [ ing ] the nation 's finances " . During the 1980s he was an active Conservative Party member , and he was a Conservative candidate for Islington Borough Council in 1986 in Tollington ward , and in 1990 in Hillrise ward .
He bemoaned the Tories when they were in Opposition , criticising Michael Howard in particular : " I knew Michael Howard was going to be a disaster as soon as he opposed top @-@ up fees , either out of sentimentality or calculated expediency so that it might get him a bit of the student vote ... Instead of backing Tony Blair , causing revolution in the Labour Party , the Conservatives have been whoring after strange gods , coming up with increasingly strange policies . " He likened Gordon Brown to the fictional Kenneth Widmerpool , continuing , " It seems to me that with Brown there is a complete sense of humour and charm bypass . " Of Ed Miliband , in 2015 he said " He is a man of high ambition and low talent – the worst possible combination . His whole language at the moment is soak the rich , hate the rich . "
During the 2011 Conservative Party Conference , he spoke at a fringe meeting , declaring Mayor Boris Johnson to be a " jester @-@ despot " , and Prime Minister David Cameron , as having " absolutely no strategy " for running the country . He urged the party to re @-@ engage with the working class rather than the " Guardian @-@ reading middle class " . In 2015 he claimed that while Cameron and his Chancellor , George Osborne , had introduced some meaningful reforms to education and welfare policies , they had not made large enough cuts to the UK 's budget deficit .
Starkey prefers radical changes to the UK 's constitution in line with the federal system used by the USA , although in an interview with Iain Dale he expressed his support for the monarchy , the Queen and Prince Charles . In the run @-@ up to the UK Alternative Vote referendum , he was a signatory on a letter to The Times , which urged people to vote against the proposals .
Starkey is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society and an ardent supporter of gay equality movements . A supporter of the Tory Campaign for Homosexual Equality ( " Torche " ) , during one of many appearances on the BBC 's Question Time he attacked Jeffrey Archer over his views on the age of homosexual consent .
In 2009 , Mike Russell , then the Scottish Government Minister for Culture and External Affairs , called on him to apologise for his declaration on the programme that Scotland , Ireland and Wales are " feeble little countries " . Starkey responded that it had been a joke regarding the lack of necessity for the English to outwardly celebrate their nationalism , approvingly quoting H. G. Wells 's observation that " the English are the only nation without national dress " . He described Alex Salmond , then Scottish First Minister , as a " Caledonian Hitler " who thinks that " the English , like the Jews , are everywhere " . He is one of 200 signatories of a letter to the Guardian newspaper , opposing Scottish independence .
= = Views on multiculturalism = =
Starkey 's comments in August 2011 on the BBC 's Newsnight programme alongside Owen Jones and Dreda Say Mitchell , made during a discussion about the 2011 England riots , precipitated support and condemnation from several notable commentators . Starkey claimed that " the whites have become black " , and that " a particular sort of violent , destructive , nihilistic , gangster culture has become the fashion " . The leader of the Labour party , Ed Miliband , spoke about Starkey 's remarks , saying " they are racist comments , frankly " . The author Toby Young , blogging in the Telegraph , defended Starkey by claiming that Starkey had been talking not about black culture in general . Rod Liddle argued in support of the remarks . Fellow panellist Owen Jones described the comments as " one of the ugliest episodes of the backlash " , claiming that " multiculturalism and ethnic groups have nothing to do with what happened " .
Writing in The Daily Telegraph , Starkey argued his views had been distorted , he referred only to a " particular sort " of ' Black ' culture , and that the " black educationalists " Tony Sewell and Katharine Birbalsingh supported the substance of his Newsnight comments . The broadcast regulator Ofcom said that Starkey 's comments were part of " a serious and measured discussion " , and took no action .
In a June 2012 debate , Starkey stated that a Rochdale sex trafficking gang had values " entrenched in the foothills of the Punjab or wherever it is " , and was accused by his fellow panelist , writer Laurie Penny , of " playing xenophobia and national prejudice for laughs " .
= = Personal life = =
Starkey lived for many years with his partner , James Brown , a publisher and book designer , until the latter 's death in 2015 . The couple had two homes : a house in Highbury and a manor house in Kent . Starkey was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2007 Birthday Honours for services to history . He is a Visiting Professor of the University of Kent . An Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , he has described the Catholic Church as being " corrupt and riddled with corruption " .
= = Work = =
Books
This Land of England ( 1985 ) ( with David Souden )
The Reign of Henry VIII : Personalities and Politics ( 1986 )
Revolution Reassessed : Revisions in the History of Tudor Government and Administration ( 1986 ) ( Editor with Christopher Coleman )
The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War ( 1987 )
Rivals in Power : the Lives and Letters of the Great Tudor Dynasties ( 1990 )
Henry VIII : A European Court in England ( 1991 )
The Inventory of Henry VIII : The Transcript , Volume 1 ( 1998 ) ( with Philip Ward and Alistair Hawkyard )
Elizabeth : Apprenticeship ( 2000 ) ( published in North America as Elizabeth : The struggle for the throne )
The Stuart Courts - Foreword ( 2000 ) ( Edited by Eveline Cruickshanks )
The Inventory of Henry VIII : Essays and Illustrations , Volume 2 , ( 2002 ) ( with Philip Ward and Alistair Hawkyard )
The Inventory of Henry VIII : Essays and Illustrations , Volume 3 , ( 2002 ) ( with Philip Ward and Alistair Hawkyard )
The Six Wives : The Queens of Henry VIII ( 2003 )
Elizabeth I : The Exhibition Catalogue ( 2003 )
The Books of King Henry VIII and His Wives - Introduction and Preface ( 2004 ) ( James P. Carley )
The Monarchy of England : The Beginnings ( 2004 )
Monarchy : From the Middle Ages to Modernity ( 2006 )
Making History : Antiquaries in Britain , 1707 @-@ 2007 - Introduction ( 2007 ) ( Edited by Sarah McCarthy , Bernard Nurse , and David Gaimster )
Henry : Virtuous Prince ( 2008 )
Introduction to Henry VIII ; Man & Monarch ( Susan Doran , ed. published by the British Library , 2009 )
Crown and Country ( Harper Press , 2010 ) ( A compilation of The Monarchy of England : The Beginnings , Monarchy : From the Middle Ages to Modernity and some new material )
Introduction to Fatal Colours : Towton 1461 - England 's Most Brutal Battle by George Goodwin ( 2011 )
Henry : Model of a Tyrant ( September 2016 )
Television
Henry VIII ( 1998 , revised 2001 )
Elizabeth ( 2000 )
The Six Wives of Henry VIII ( 2001 )
Edward and Mary : The Unknown Tudors ( 2002 )
David Starkey : Reinventing the Royals ( 2002 )
Monarchy by David Starkey ( 2004 – 2007 )
Henry VIII : The Mind of a Tyrant ( 2009 )
Kate and William : Romance and the Royals ( 2011 )
The Churchills ( 2012 )
David Starkey 's Music and Monarchy ( 2013 )
David Starkey 's Magna Carta ( 2015 )
Applications
Kings and Queens by David Starkey for iPhone and iPad ( 2011 )
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= Sarah Conlon =
Sarah Conlon ( née Maguire ) ( 20 January 1926 – 19 July 2008 ) was an Irish housewife and a prominent campaigner in one of the most high @-@ profile miscarriage of justice cases in British legal history . She spent decades campaigning to have the names of her husband Giuseppe and son Gerry cleared over the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) pub bombings at Guildford and Woolwich , and helped secure an apology from former British prime minister Tony Blair in 2005 for their wrongful imprisonment .
= = Guildford pub bombings = =
The Guildford pub bombings occurred in 1974 , when an IRA unit planted bombs in two pubs in Guildford , Surrey , and the resulting explosions killed four soldiers and one civilian , and injured 50 others . The investigation into the bombings led to the arrest and conviction of Gerard Conlon , Patrick Armstrong , Paul Hill and Carole Richardson , an Englishwoman ; dubbed as " the Guildford Four " . The four were jailed for life in 1975 for the bombings , and each served 15 years in jail before their convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal . This was due to an extensive inquiry carried out by Avon and Somerset Police into the original police investigation . The inquiry found that the way the confessions of the four were noted were seriously flawed , concluding that the notes taken were not written up immediately and that officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements .
Giuseppe Conlon , Sarah 's husband , was convicted in 1976 along with six members of the Maguire family ( the seven being dubbed the Maguire Seven ) of running an IRA bomb factory in North London , on the basis of forensic evidence . Each was sentenced to up to 14 years in jail , served their sentences , and with the exception of Giuseppe Conlon who died in 1980 , were released . The Maguire Seven 's first appeal , in 1977 , was turned down , but a later appeal , prompted by the release of the Guildford Four , found that test kits used to detect traces of explosives had been contaminated . In 1991 , the Court of Appeal quashed their convictions after it was ruled the original evidence against them was unsafe . On 9 February 2005 , then Prime Minister Tony Blair issued a public apology to the Maguire Seven and the Guildford Four for the miscarriages of justice they had suffered , saying that he was " very sorry that they were subject to such an ordeal and such an injustice " , and that " they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated . "
= = Role in the sentences and appeals = =
Sarah Conlon won huge admiration in Ireland for her quiet dignity and refusal to feel bitterness . During the years that her husband and son were in jail , she sent weekly parcels of cigarettes , sweets , and Irish newspaper clippings to them , and saved up her prison visits for the two weeks of her annual holiday . Her regular letters to them always ended the same way : " Pray for them ones who told lies against you ... It 's them who needs help as well as yourself . "
Father McKinley , a priest who noticed Sarah crying after the 1977 appeal was turned down , and others helped her begin a campaign to free her husband , son and other members of the Guildford Four and Maguire Seven . She took to lobbying dignitaries , church leaders and the media , in addition to writing to numerous Irish politicians , including the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) members of parliament Joe Hendron and John Hume , to ask for their support . At one stage she travelled to London to meet Cardinal Basil Hume to ask for his assistance . Her campaigning led to the start of the aforementioned inquiry , announced in 1989 by the home secretary Douglas Hurd , into the Guildford bomb cases , which led to Gerry 's release . News of her husband 's death reached Sarah just after she received a message from home secretary Willie Whitelaw stating that her husband was about to be released on compassionate grounds .
Twenty @-@ five years after her husband 's death , Sarah Conlon and her family decided to fight for a public apology for the miscarriage of justice on her family . Once again she led the campaign , lobbying church leaders and politicians , among them the Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern , who pledged his support , which culminated in Tony Blair 's apology to the Conlon family . Ill , she was unable to make the trip to London to hear the apology , but her children spoke to her by telephone from the House of Commons . After securing the apology , she mentioned that she no longer had to worry about dying and what it means .
SDLP leader and Foyle member of parliament Mark Durkan described Sarah as " a true heroine of our age " and " shining example to us all " , saying that she had the " patience of a saint " and " huge reserves of faith , fortitude and remarkable forgiveness " , and that " her story is an inspiration of faith , hope and love " .
= = Personal life = =
Conlon was described as a woman of " immense Catholic faith " who was protective of her son Gerry , and who held the family together with her hard work , wanting their life to be respectable , holy , and quiet . She spent years working at a scrapyard sorting old clothes , and later worked long hours for low pay in the kitchens of the Royal Victoria Hospital , serving food to patients and mopping the floors .
Conlon 's husband , Patrick " Giuseppe " , was a pacifist who evaded the draft during World War II . He once worked at Harland & Wolf painting the hulls of ships , where the lead in the paint damaged his lungs . His condition was worsened by the humidity and condensation in the house , and he subsequently developed tuberculosis and emphysema .
Sarah Conlon died of lung cancer in July 2008 , aged 82 .
= = In popular culture = =
The Hollywood movie In The Name of the Father , starring Daniel Day @-@ Lewis and directed by Jim Sheridan , is based on the Conlon family 's story . Northern Irish actress Marie Jones played Sarah Conlon . The movie was adapted from Gerry Conlon ’ s autobiography Proved Innocent , later published as In the Name of the Father .
The 1990 made @-@ for @-@ television film Dear Sarah is based on the letters Giuseppe Conlon wrote to his wife while in prison . The film was produced by Raidió Teilifís Éireann , directed by Frank Cvitanovich and written by Tom McGurk . It featured Stella McCusker as Sarah Conlon .
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= Weekend at Burnsie 's =
" Weekend at Burnsie 's " is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It first aired in the United States on the Fox network on April 7 , 2002 . In the episode , Homer Simpson is prescribed medicinal marijuana after getting pecked in the eyes by a murder of crows . While his family and friends worry about the drug altering his personality , Homer becomes Mr. Burns 's vice president after cracking up at Burns 's antiquated jokes .
The episode was directed by Michael Marcantel . The plot idea for the episode was pitched by George Meyer , who wanted to make an episode about Homer getting addicted to medicinal marijuana . Executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean found the idea " very funny " and gave former staff writer Jon Vitti the duty to write the episode 's first draft . Fox was initially very uneasy to pass the episode for broadcast , since they were concerned that it might encourage younger viewers to smoke marijuana . Even though The Simpsons ' staff slightly altered the episode by not actually showing Homer smoke his medicinal marijuana , the network was still worried that it might cause a controversy .
The use of medicinal marijuana is prominently featured throughout " Weekend at Burnsie 's " . Because the legislation of medicinal marijuana is a controversial issue , The Simpsons ' staff has stated that they wanted to explore both sides of the argument , showing both the negative and positive effects of marijuana use . The episode does not come to an absolute conclusion about the issue . The episode also criticizes the use of genetically modified foods , and references Citizen Kane , Dragnet , The Birds , and Judy Garland , among other things . It also features the American rock band Phish as themselves .
Despite the network 's initial concerns , " Weekend at Burnsie 's " did not attract any controversy . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 2 million viewers , finishing in 46th place in the ratings the week it aired . Following the thirteenth season 's release on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on August 24 , 2010 , the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
After a bad experience with genetically modified food , including baby corn the size of ordinary corn and a potato that eats Lisa 's carrots , Marge decides to plant her own garden . Crows arrive on the new garden , so Marge makes a scarecrow , which scares Homer . Homer destroys the scarecrow , and the crows eventually see Homer as their leader , following him everywhere and doing his bidding . But when the crows try to carry Maggie , Homer turns on them and they attack his eyes . He then goes to the hospital , where Dr. Hibbert prescribes him medicinal marijuana . Having had a bad experience with marijuana when he was younger , Homer objects to Hibbert 's suggestion at first , but eventually decides to try it .
Homer begins to enjoy smoking marijuana , even asking Flanders to read him the whole Holy Bible , much to Flanders ' excitement . When Flanders offers a petition to have a vote on the ban of medical marijuana in Springfield , Homer unwittingly adds his signature . Homer 's stoned state also sees him promoted to Executive Vice @-@ President at the power plant , because Mr. Burns appreciates how Homer laughs at all of his lame jokes , and so he goes to a rally for the legalization of medical marijuana ( but the rally is actually held a day after the ban was approved by voters ) . Homer 's eyes have healed and agrees to stop smoking pot after Marge tells him he needs to set a good example for his kids .
Mr. Burns asks Homer to help him with a speech for a crisis shareholders meeting , where the SNPP must raise millions of dollars or be forced into closure . Homer gives Smithers his last joint , and while Smithers is smoking and dressing in the coat Judy Garland once wore , Burns apparently drowns in his bathtub . Smithers tells Homer they have to cover up his death , telling him " Michael Eisner 's been dead for five years ! Ted Turner is just a hologram ! " . So , for the meeting , Smithers and Homer make Mr. Burns into a marionette , à la Weekend at Bernie 's , and the movement of the marionette inadvertently gets Mr. Burns ' heart working again . The shareholders are mollified and pledge renewed funding , and another financial crisis at the power plant is avoided .
= = Production = =
" Weekend at Burnsie 's " was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Michael Marcantel . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on April 7 , 2002 . The idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer , who wanted to make an episode in which Homer becomes addicted to medicinal marijuana . Executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean thought that the premise sounded " very funny " and assigned Vitti to write the episode 's first draft . Vitti wrote the script at his home and did not participate in any rewriting sessions with the other staff writers . " [ ... ] it 's a funny bunch of people " , he said in the episode 's DVD commentary . " You definitely lose touch with what the movies you 're supposed to see , what 's good on TV ... " " Weekend at Burnsie 's " is the second episode Vitti wrote in which a character forgets to vote at an election , and the second episode he wrote in which Homer takes a chemical that causes him to be promoted by Burns and run into conflict with Smithers . " You can 't do anything for the first time at this point " , Vitti quipped . Producer and former showrunner Mike Reiss has stated that he thoroughly enjoyed working on " Weekend at Burnsie 's " . " I gotta say , this was the most fun I ever had working on an episode " , he said in the episode 's DVD commentary . " Everyone but me had stories to tell [ about various things ] . There would be about four hours of recollection before any rewriting happened . "
Because the use of medicinal marijuana is prominently featured in the episode , Fox had " incredible fears " about it and were very hesitant to have it broadcast . They especially disapproved of a scene in which Homer smokes marijuana for the first time , since they did not want to instruct children how to smoke . The staff discussed the scene for a long time with the network until they came up with a compromise . Just before the joint touches Homer 's lips , the scene cuts to a psychedelic sequence that transpires from the joint 's tip . Despite their concerns , Jean opined that the network gave the staff a " pretty good amount " of creative freedom with the episode . " [ ... ] obviously , the network didn 't want us glorifying casual marijuana use " , he said in an interview with the music magazine Relix . " [ ... ] like we usually do , we look at everything from two sides and it 's supposed to be a thoughtful look at a serious thing " . Despite the modification of the scene , the network and the series ' staff members were still worried about how the episode would be received . " Weeks before it aired , we were going ' This is really going to kill everything ... ' " , Jean said in the episode 's DVD commentary .
After being attacked by the crows , Homer is seen being treated by Dr. Hibbert at the Springfield General Hospital . While there are no visible scars on him , the character instead has a slightly curled hair . During a color screening of the scene , Homer 's body looked " a little too bloody " and damaged , prompting the staff to change it . " One thing I learned a long time ago is , you gotta be careful how you change [ the characters ' ] basic model pack [ s ] " , Jean said in the episode 's DVD commentary . He also said that he was happy that many viewers identify with the characters and don 't want to see them get hurt or injured in any way . " They don 't mind if [ Homer ] falls down a cliff but [ ... ] he should recover . " While working on the episode , the series ' staff debated what size to make Homer 's pupils when he is under the influence of marijuana . Because a common effect of smoking marijuana is to get dilated pupils , the animators initially suggested to widen them , but settled on only dilating Homer 's pupils slightly .
" Weekend at Burnsie 's " features the American rock band Phish as themselves . The idea to include the band in the episode was pitched during the episode 's production . " Phish plays at the rally . We thought they 'd be the perfect group to use for the plot . " , Jean said . Meyer , who pitched the episode 's premise , was a fan of the band , but Jean did not know much of them before they appeared in the episode ; " I 've never seen one of their concerts , so I 'm not the most familiar " , he said . He first became aware of the band after reading an article about them in Entertainment Weekly . As they worked on the episode however , Jean became more acquainted with the band members . " They were nice " , he said . " Jon Fishman said to me that the band had talked from time to time about if they were to ever be on The Simpsons , what it would be like . I said , ' Well , how close was it ? ' He said , ' Pretty close to what we expected . ' ( laughs ) That was gratifying . "
According to Peter Shapiro of Relix , some fans of Phish debated whether or not there had been any references to the band before " Weekend at Burnsie 's " . While the band was mentioned by name in the season 12 episode " Lisa the Tree Hugger " , there had not been any conscious attempts to reference the band before " Weekend at Burnsie 's " . This includes a scene in the season 11 episode " Saddlesore Galactica " , which shows Duncan the diving horse hanging from a hoist ; some Phish fans argued that the scene was a " blatant " reference to the cover of the band 's seventh studio album , Hoist . " That was a total coincidence " , Jean said . " It reminds me of the whole Wizard of Oz / Pink Floyd ( Dark Side of the Moon ) hook @-@ up . I haven 't done it and I 'm sure it works , but I just keep thinking that it must be a coincidence . Before there was the invention of video , I don 't know how Pink Floyd would have done a whole album to a movie . "
= = Themes and cultural references = =
On May 17 , 2002 , Robert S. Stephens and Roger A. Roffman of The Seattle Times wrote an analysis of " Weekend at Burnsie 's " in a guest column for the newspaper . The two argued that drugs are almost always shown as having only negative effects , even though 10 million people in the United States use marijuana for recreational purposes . " We believe there are good reasons for a more honest dialogue about the positive and negative effects of marijuana use . A recent episode of the popular TV show The Simpsons highlighted the pros and cons of marijuana use , and Homer Simpson 's experiences with marijuana provide an example of what we mean " , they wrote . For example , when under the influence of marijuana , Homer is relieved from the pain in his eye , and he also finds himself having a variety of sensory experiences and an enhanced appreciation of music and food . " These are real effects reported by many marijuana users , and we would be hard pressed to call them anything other than benefits " , Stephens and Roffman wrote . However , Homer is also depicted spending more time with other drug users than with his family , and his friends find that his personality has changed . Eventually , Homer is shown having problems with memory and attention , losing track of the date on which a pro @-@ marijuana rally takes place . Stephens and Roffman wrote that the side effects shown in the episode are " Perhaps a bit exaggerated , but clearly there are costs of marijuana use similar to these that are experienced by real @-@ life users . "
Jean has stated that he " does not know enough " to say whether he approves of the legislation of medicinal marijuana , but none of The Simpsons ' writers use the drug . " It 's one of the most sober writing staffs I 've ever encountered " , staff writer Max Pross said in the episode 's DVD commentary . When asked about what stance the episode holds regarding the legislation of medicinal marijuana , Jean said that series ' staff wanted to explore both sides of the issue , rather than making an absolute statement . He added that the episode is rather a critique of legislations that are immediately criminalized after they are legitimized . " The stance is that it seems ridiculous to legalize something and then criminalize it , which I have seen happen in various states " , Jean said . He continued , " It 's just weird to take away a right or to grant people a liberty and then abandon it . I would say that 's the strongest statement [ the episode ] makes . " The episode also criticizes the use of genetically modified foods . At the beginning of the episode , Marge announces that the family 's dinner includes genetically modified vegetables , to which Lisa replies " American corporations should stop playing god with nature . " She then notices that her potato starts eating her carrot . Even though the episode portrays genetic modifications in a negative light , none of The Simpsons ' writers were actually against the technique . After the scene was written , Reiss asked all the writers if they were against genetic modifications of food , and none of them were . " Very often we take these stands on the show that we do not believe in at all " , Reiss explained in the DVD commentary for the episode . The scene was originally three times longer , and was conceived during a rewrite session with the staff writers .
The name of the episode is a reference to the 1989 comedy film Weekend at Bernie 's , in which two young insurance executives try to convince people that their deceased boss is alive . The last part of the episode , in which Homer and Smithers believe that they have killed Burns , is based on the film 's plot . While under the influence of marijuana , Homer shaves his beard , causing blood to pour out from his face . To Homer , the blood looks like psychedelic rainbows , and the song that plays during the scene is " Wear Your Love Like Heaven " by Scottish singer @-@ songwriter Donovan . When speaking at the Phish concert , Homer stands in front of a large picture of himself . The scene is a reference to the 1941 drama film Citizen Kane , in which the main character Charles Foster Kane makes a political speech in front of a large picture of himself . In another scene , Homer and Smithers smoke marijuana in order to find Mr. Burns ' jokes funny . While high , Smithers wears a suit similar to one worn by American actress and singer Judy Garland . While talking to Homer , Smithers forgets to take Mr. Burns out of his bathtub . Horrified , Smithers thinks that the unconscious Mr. Burns has drowned . The scene is a reference to " The Big High " , an episode of the television crime drama Dragnet in which a married couple accidentally drown their baby while they are smoking marijuana .
= = Release = =
In its original American broadcast on April 7 , 2002 , " Weekend at Burnsie 's " received a 6 @.@ 8 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 2 million viewers . The episode finished in 34th place in the ratings for the week of April 1 @-@ 7 , 2002 , tying with a new episode of the comedy television series Malcolm in the Middle . On August 24 , 2010 , " Weekend at Burnsie 's " was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray set . Matt Groening , Al Jean , Matt Selman , Don Payne , Jon Vitti , Tom Gammill , Max Pross , Mike Reiss and David Silverman participated in the audio commentary of the episode .
Following its home video release , " Weekend at Burnsie 's " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict praised the episode 's premise , writing that it " brim [ s ] with potential " even though it is " fairly simple " . She also praised the episode 's setpiece , which she described as " particularly good " , even though she found it to be " super @-@ random " . She gave the episode an A- rating and added that it has " lots of great gags " . Writing for WhatCulture ! , Adam Rayner described " Weekend at Burnsie 's " as " utterly hilarious " and " superbly executed " . He wrote , " Apart from being very funny , the episode also manages to make statements about Marijuana , but never becomes preachy . " He continued that it can be compared to the series ' best episodes , writing that it " resemble [ s ] The Simpsons in its glory years " . Casey Broadwater of Blu @-@ ray.com considers it to be one of the season 's best episodes , and so did High @-@ Def Digest 's Aaron Peck , who described it as one of his personal favorites . James Plath , a reviewer for DVD Town , wrote that the episode is a " classic " . On the other hand , giving the episode a mixed review , Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide wrote that " Weekend at Burnsie 's " " falls into the abyss as a distinctly ordinary episode . " He continued , " Like many other S13 shows , this one feels recycled , as it lacks much to make it stand out as creative or memorable . " He summarized the episode as being " decidedly mediocre " .
Since its broadcast , " Weekend at Burnsie 's " garnered little to no scrutiny from viewers . Vitti has never gotten any questions about the episode , except from his sister @-@ in @-@ law who wanted him to explain the episode for his nephews . " [ ... ] My sister @-@ in @-@ law called me up saying that I needed to talk to my nephews about how this was wrong that Homer did " , Vitti said . " They watched it and had lots of questions for her . And she referred them all to me . So there are some people who are still bothered by it . " The little amount of scrutiny that the episode attracted took The Simpsons ' staff by surprise , as they anticipated that the episode would generate a lot of controversy . Instead , " Blame It on Lisa " , an episode which aired the previous week , caused an uproar in Brazil because of its depiction of the country . It became one of the biggest controversies the series has ever faced . " It just goes to show that you never know what 's going to be a problem " , Jean said in the DVD commentary for " Weekend at Burnsie 's " .
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= No Me Ames =
" No Me Ames " ( English : " Don 't Love Me " ) is a Latin pop duet recorded by American singers Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony for Lopez 's debut studio album , On the 6 ( 1999 ) . It is a Spanish cover version of the Italian song " Non Amarmi " , written by Giancarlo Bigazzi , Marco Falagiani and Aleandro Baldi and recorded by Baldi and Francesca Alotta for Baldi 's album Il Sole ( 1993 ) . The song was translated into Spanish by Ignacio Ballesteros at Anthony 's request . Two versions of the song were produced for On the 6 ; one as a ballad and the other as a salsa . The ballad version was produced by Dan Shea , while the salsa version was arranged and produced by Juan Vicente Zambrano . The music video was directed by Kevin Bray and received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Short Form Music Video . It served as the encore during the couple 's co @-@ headlining tour in 2007 .
" No Me Ames " speaks of a complicated relationship between two lovers . It was first released by Work Records on May 11 , 1999 , as a B @-@ side to " If You Had My Love " ( 1999 ) . The work received generally positive reviews from critics . The song peaked at number one in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . It received a Latin Grammy nomination for " Best Pop Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals " . At the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2000 , the song received an award for Hot Latin Track of the Year by a Vocal Duo and two nominations for Tropical / Salsa Track of the Year and Hot Latin Track of the Year . It also received an award for Salsa Song of the Year at the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers Awards of 2000 .
= = Background = =
" No Me Ames " is a cover of the chart @-@ topping Italian song " Non Amarmi " , originally recorded by Aleandro Baldi and Francesca Alotta for Baldi 's album Il Sole ( 1993 ) . " Non Amarmi " was issued as a single in 1992 . The song speaks of a complicated relationship between two lovers . It was written by Giancarlo Bigazzi , Marco Falagiani and Baldi , and was later adapted into Spanish by Ignacio Ballesteros . The song won the " Newcomers " section of the 1992 Sanremo Music Festival . The first Spanish version of the song was released by Mexican singer Yuri and her husband Rodrigo Espinoza with different lyrics titled " Hoy Que Estamos Juntos " ( " Now That We 're Together " ) on her album Huellas ( 1997 ) .
One day , whilst working on On the 6 , Jennifer Lopez " happened to be " recording at the same recording studio where American recording artist Marc Anthony was recording . Anthony , who had become intrigued by Lopez after seeing her in Selena ( 1997 ) , came into her studio and asked her to appear in the music video for his song " No Me Conoces " . She agreed , but only if he recorded a song with her , to which he in turn agreed . Lopez recalled the events on her Feelin ' So Good video album by stating : " So at that time I called Tommy [ Mottola ] and I 'm like ' Look , so Marc Anthony said he would do a song and I really don 't want to do a duet with just anybody , I want to do a duet with him . So can you force him to sign something , so he has to do a record with me ? If I do this video ! ' " . The two first shot the video and then began working on the song .
According to Lopez , Anthony had the idea to translate " Non Amarmi " , an " old Italian song " , into Spanish . Two versions of the songs were produced for On the 6 , a ballad and a salsa production . The ballad was produced by Dan Shea , while the other was produced by Juan Vicente Zambrano . Lopez stated : " I don 't want to be straight Latin ! I want it to be more like , y 'know , dance @-@ y music @-@ y " .
= = Commercial performance = =
The song was released on May 11 , 1999 , as a b @-@ side to " If You Had My Love " . The song was promoted by Sony Discos , who released both versions of the song in their respective radio formats . " No Me Ames " debuted in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at number 23 in the week of May 15 , 1999 , climbing to the top ten three weeks later . The song peaked atop the chart for the week of June 26 , 1999 , replacing " Livin ' la Vida Loca " by Ricky Martin and was succeeded by " Bailamos " , by Spanish singer @-@ songwriter Enrique Iglesias , two weeks later . The song returned to number one on the week of July 3 , 1999 , lasting five weeks until it was displaced by Alejandro Fernández 's " Loco " . " No Me Ames " ended 1999 as the third best performing Latin single of the year in the United States .
On the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart , the song debuted at number seven for the week of June 5 , 1999 . The song peaked at number two four weeks later for the week of June 26 , 1999 where it remained for seven weeks . On the year @-@ end charts , the song was the eighth best @-@ performing Latin pop single of the year . On the Billboard Tropical Songs , " No Me Ames " entered the top ten on the week of May 29 , 1999 . The song peaked at the top of the chart , replacing " Pintame " by Elvis Crespo for the week of July 3 , 1999 and remained on atop the chart for five weeks until it was succeeded by Gilberto Santa Rosa 's " Dejate Querer " for the week of August 14 , 1999 . On the year @-@ end charts , " No Me Ames " was the second best @-@ performing Tropical Song of 1999 after " El Niágara en Bicicleta " , by Juan Luis Guerra .
The salsa version of the song was featured as a bonus track on the European edition of Lopez 's remix album J to tha L – O ! The Remixes ( 2002 ) and on Anthony 's 1999 compilation Desde un Principio : From the Beginning . The ballad version was featured on Anthony 's 2006 compilation album Sigo Siendo Yo : Grandes Exitos .
= = Reception and accolades = =
In her review of On the 6 , Heather Phares of Allmusic commented that the tropical version of " No Me Ames " was one of the two songs that " emphasize Lopez 's distinctive heritage " . In his review of Desde un Principio : From the Beginning , Jose Promis also from Allmusic praised the song as " surpisingly good " . Mario Tarradell of the Dallas Morning News remarked " No Me Ames " as an " island flavored " song . Lauri Mascia of the Sun @-@ Sentinel expressed disappointment over the song and felt that the tropical version did not fit the album . NME listed the ballad version as one of the " potentially offensive slushy ballads " on the album . Baldi cited Lopez and Anthony 's cover as one of the two that encouraged him to come out of retirement to record another album .
At the 2000 Billboard Latin Music Awards , " No Me Ames " received an award for Hot Latin Track of the Year by a Vocal Duo and two nominations for Tropical / Salsa Track of the Year and Hot Latin Track of the Year . In the same year , the song led to the duo receiving a nomination for Pop Group or Duo of the Year at the 12th Lo Nuestro Awards . At the 1st Latin Grammy Awards , the song received a nomination for " Best Pop Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals " . In 2000 , the song received an award for Salsa Song of the Year at the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers Awards of 2000 . At the inaugural Juventud Awards in 2004 , " No Me Ames " was nominated in the category for " La Más Pegajosa " ( " Catchiest Tune " ) .
= = Promotion = =
While Lopez and Anthony were recording the song , Lopez came up with the video concept . Lopez recalled the events by stating : " And I asked him [ Anthony ] if he liked it . And I actually explained it to Tommy and him at the same time another day in the studio after the song was recorded and they both loved it . " The music video for " No Me Ames " was directed by Kevin Bray in Los Angeles , California , the day after she shot the music video for " If You Had My Love " . The video features Lopez and Anthony as two lovers . Anthony dies of an unnamed illness . His spirit watches over a grieving Lopez . Of the video , Lopez stated that it is " like a foreign movie , like ' Life Is Beautiful ' " . The music video received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Short Form Music Video . The music video was included on the DVD set for Lopez 's compilation album , The Reel Me ( 2003 ) .
The song was scheduled to be performed at the first annual Latin Grammy Awards , but Anthony was unable to attend due to complications with his wife 's pregnancy . As part of their 2007 co @-@ headling concert tour , the song was performed as an encore along with " Por Arriesgarnos " after each show . Lopez and Anthony performed the song at the final show of Lopez 's Dance Again World Tour .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Charts = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
The credits are adapted from the On the 6 liner notes .
Giancarlo Bigazzi – songwriter
Aleandro Baldi – songwriter
Marco Falagiani – songwriter
Ignacio Ballesteros – songwriter ( Spanish adaption )
Jennifer Lopez – lead vocals
Marc Anthony – lead vocals
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= Can 't Stop the Disco =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " ( stylized as " can 't stop the DISCO " ) is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Ami Suzuki for her seventh studio album , Supreme Show ( 2008 ) . It was written and produced by Japanese producer and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata . The track is Suzuki 's third single with Nakata after her June 2008 single " One " . " Can 't Stop the Disco " premiered on September 24 , 2008 as the second single from the album .
Musically , the track was described as a dance and techno song . The lyrics describes freedom on the dance floor , amongst other themes . Upon its release , " Can 't Stop the Disco " garnered positive reviews from music critics and was praised for its composition and commercial appeal . It also achieved lukewarm success in Japan , peaking at number 17 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart and 47 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart . As of March 2016 , " Can 't Stop the Disco " has sold over six thousand units in Japan alone ; this is her only single to reach over the five thousand sales limit .
The accompanying music video for " Can 't Stop the Disco " was shot in Tokyo ; it features Suzuki in several different four @-@ by @-@ four rooms , all centering around Suzuki 's fashion and the video props . The music video became notable for displaying another change in Suzuki 's persona and is cited as an example of her numerous " reinventions " . For additional promotion , The song was featured on Suzuki 's One Promotional Tour , and at her 29th birthday event .
= = Background and release = =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " was written , produced , composed and arranged by Japanese musician and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata . Nakata was not credited as the single 's featuring artist where it was first introduced on Suzuki 's double a @-@ side single " Free Free " and " Super Music Maker " ( 2007 ) . It is Suzuki 's fourth single to be handled by Nataka , following " Free Free " , " Super Music Maker " , and " One " . It was selected as the second and final single from Supreme Show , and was released on September 24 , 2008 by Avex Trax .
The Maxi CD of the single contains the original composition , an album track " Climb to the Top " , and a remixed version of " Super Music Maker " . The DVD format of the single includes the radio edit music video of " Can 't Stop the Disco " ; both CD and DVD formats are mixed in a non @-@ stop format and tracked . The cover sleeve features Suzuki in a purple and pink lit room , posing in the corner with the song 's title on the wall . The CD and DVD formats have different poses of Suzuki . The CD format was used as the digital EP cover for the iTunes Store and Amazon.com. The cover sleeve is placed at the back of the jewel case , with the front cover featuring a booklet with a different photo .
= = Composition = =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " was recorded mid 2008 by Nakata at Avex Studio in Tokyo , Japan , and was co @-@ distributed by Nakata 's label Contemode , owned by Avex and Yamaha in Japan . " Can 't Stop the Disco " was described as a dance @-@ pop song with numerous musical elements , including techno and club music . Throughout the entire song , Suzuki 's vocals are processed with autotune and vocoder post @-@ production work . Tetsuo Hiraga from Billboard 's Hot Express magazine compared the " club " sounds and production to Suzuki 's previous single " Free Free " , feeling that both songs displayed " full energy " and " dynamism " through Suzuki . The lyrics to " Can 't Stop the Disco " describes the freedom on the dance floor , and being able to met a range of different people .
= = Critical response = =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " received favorable reviews from most music critics . A staff reviewer from CD Journal commended the composition of the track , labeling it " cool " . The reviewer sound that the techno @-@ pop influence " enhanced " the coherency of the sound . An editorial review on the Japanese Amazon.com website was positive in their review , commending the " upper and delicate club sound " . The reviewer concluded that the song was a " welcome " return to dance music . An editorial review on the Japanese HMV website commended Suzuki 's move to dance music , saying that Suzuki has now " challenged the club scene " . Hiraga gave the song a mixed review on Hot Express , stating that while " Can 't Stop the Disco " presented an " outrageous " and " pounding " club sound , he found it inferior to Suzuki 's previous singles with Nakata .
= = Commercial performance = =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " debuted at number 17 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart , selling over 4 @,@ 600 units in its first week of sales . This became Suzuki 's highest charting single , alongside " One " and her 2006 single " Alright ! " since " Fantastic " ( 2006 ) . The song lasted four weeks on the singles chart , her longest spanning single alongside " One " since " Alright ! " with five . The song remains her only single to reach the top 20 and sold over 6 @,@ 000 units in Japan , her only release to reach that sales limit . " Can 't Stop the Disco " debuted and peaked at 37 , 54 and 47 on the Billboard Japan Hot Singles Chart , Billboard Japan Radio Songs , and the Japan Hot 100 . It dropped to ninety @-@ eight on the Hot Singles Chart , and fell off the following week on the Radio Songs and Japan Hot 100 chart .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " Can 't Stop the Disco " was shot in Tokyo . The video opens with several circles moving across the screen , each of the circles featuring images of Suzuki posing . The first verse opens with Suzuki standing inside a large circle , singing the song with close @-@ up and body shots . The outfit Suzuki wears is exactly the same from the CD and DVD cover sleeves of the single . It moves onto Suzuki with a new outfit , dancing inside of four @-@ by @-@ four room with silver silk wallpaper . The pre @-@ chorus has Suzuki in a dark blue room , wearing a black and white hoodie . By the first chorus , several scenes use different transition effects while Suzuki sings in different circles .
The second verse has Suzuki in the dark blue room again . By the pre @-@ chorus , It then uses neon effects to immolate white objects ; as a result , Suzuki 's sunglasses and hoodie lights up . The final chorus finishes with transitions of different scenes from the video , including Suzuki in the silver room , standing inside of circles , and inside the dark blue room . The video ends with a close @-@ up of Suzuki standing next to a large circle , and pans out .
An editor from Channel @-@ Ai blog was positive towards the video 's visual effects and Suzuki 's fashion , stating " For this reason all her 2008 releases were produced by the electronic producer and capsule leader Yasutaka Nakata , where Suzuki reinvented herself as a disco queen . " The editor concluded that " The media would portray Ami as the new fashion leader portraying the popular ero @-@ kakoii style . " The music video appeared on the DVD release of " Can 't Stop the Disco " , and the bonus DVD format of Supreme Show .
= = Promotion and live performances = =
" Can 't Stop the Disco " was used for two television commercials in Japan ; a campaign for Mr. Donut and the Japanese television show Gyotekku , which was used as the ending theme song . " Can 't Stop the Disco " made its first live premiere at Suzuki 's One Party , which consisted live performances in celebration of Suzuki 's 10th Anniversary of her career . The song was performed live at two club party events hosted by Suzuki : the 2008 Cruising Party , and a live performance at Club Asia . The live version was released on the limited edition DVD format for Supreme Show . " Can 't Stop the Disco " was then performed again at Club Asia for a second hosting party by Suzuki ; this live version was released on the bonus DVD format for Supreme Show . " Can 't Stop the Disco " was included on the track list on one of Suzuki 's concert tours ; this being a concert for her 29th birthday , at the Liquidroom event . " Can 't Stop the Disco " was placed in the middle section for both concerts . The Liquidroom live performance appeared on the bonus DVD format of Suzuki 's extended play , Snow Ring ( 2013 ) .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Supreme Show .
Ami Suzuki – vocals , background vocals
Yasutaka Nakata – songwriting , composition , production , arrangement , management
Avex Trax – Suzuki 's management
Contemode – Nataka 's management
Recorded by Nakata at Avex Studio , Tokyo , Japan
= = Charts and sales = =
= = Release history = =
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= Aaron Rome =
Aaron Rome ( born September 27 , 1983 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman . He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played with the Norfolk Admirals in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Rome was selected in the 4th round ( 104th overall ) of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings .
Unsigned by the Kings , he joined the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim organization in 2004 , earning most of his playing time with their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliates . In 2007 , he played one game with the Ducks during their Stanley Cup @-@ winning playoff season . The following season , he was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets , playing two seasons in the organization between the NHL and AHL . Becoming an unrestricted free agent in July 2009 , he signed with the Vancouver Canucks and established himself as a regular in the team 's lineup . After three seasons with the Canucks he signed a three @-@ year contract with the Dallas Stars as a free agent . After two seasons , playing in a combined 52 games , the Stars used a compliance buyout to terminate the final year of his contract .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior = = =
Rome played junior hockey in the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) from 1999 – 2004 . After debuting in one game for the Saskatoon Blades in 1998 – 99 , he registered 6 assists over 47 games in the following season . During his rookie WHL season , he played alongside older brother Reagan Rome as defensive partners for a short span ( Reagan played five games for Saskatoon in 1999 – 2000 before moving to the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League ) . Three games into the 2000 – 01 season , Rome moved from Saskatoon to the Kootenay Ice and finished the season with 2 goals and 10 points . Rome began the 2001 – 02 season with another new WHL team , the Swift Current Broncos . Playing in his third major junior season , he improved to 7 goals and 31 points . In the off @-@ season , Rome was selected by the Los Angeles Kings , 104th overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft . He was scouted as a stay @-@ at @-@ home defenceman with strong positioning and some offensive skills .
Returning to Swift Current following his draft for the 2002 – 03 season , he recorded a junior career @-@ high 12 goals and 56 points , ranking eighth among league defencemen in scoring . Late in the 2003 – 04 season , he was traded to his fourth WHL team , the Moose Jaw Warriors , where he joined his younger brother , Ashton Rome ( also a defenceman ) . Between Swift Current and Moose Jaw , he scored a combined 10 goals and 52 points over 69 games . Ranking third among WHL defencemen in point @-@ scoring , he was named to the WHL East Second All @-@ Star Team .
= = = Anaheim Ducks = = =
Unsigned by the Kings two years after his NHL draft , he became a free agent in the 2004 off @-@ season . On June 7 , 2004 , he was signed by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . He began his professional career with Anaheim 's minor league affiliate , the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) in 2004 – 05 . During that season , he had a second opportunity to play with his brother , Reagan Rome , as the latter was called up from Cincinnati 's ECHL affiliate , the Reading Royals , for two games . Playing 74 games in his rookie AHL season , he scored 2 goals and 16 points . He helped Cincinnati to the second round of the 2005 playoffs , adding 3 goals and 6 points over 12 post @-@ season games .
The following season , Anaheim 's AHL affiliate was changed to the Portland Pirates and Rome began a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half season stint with his new club . He improved to 24 points over 64 games in his second AHL season . During the 2006 @-@ 07 season , Rome was called up to Anaheim and appeared in his first NHL game on January 2 , 2007 , a 2 – 1 loss against the Detroit Red Wings . Registering 14 minutes of ice time , he had a -1 plus @-@ minus rating and took one shot on goal . Completing the season with Portland , he tallied 25 points , including an AHL career @-@ high 8 goals . He was recalled once more for the Ducks ' 2007 playoff run , appearing in one post @-@ season game . The Ducks went on to win the Stanley Cup that year . As Rome did not play in the Stanley Cup Finals , he did not qualify to have his name engraved on the trophy . Anaheim did , however , award him a Stanley Cup ring , as well as the customary day spent with the trophy in the off @-@ season .
= = = Columbus Blue Jackets = = =
After beginning the 2007 – 08 season with the Pirates , Rome was traded from the Ducks to the Columbus Blue Jackets , along with Clay Wilson , for Geoff Platt , on November 15 , 2007 . Rome was assigned to the Blue Jackets ' AHL affiliate , the Syracuse Crunch , immediately following the trade . After appearing in 41 games with Syracuse , scoring 3 goals and 24 points , he was called up to Columbus on February 26 , 2008 . He scored his first NHL goal late in the season against goaltender Dominik Hasek , in a 3 – 2 loss against the Red Wings on April 3 , 2008 . After his first Blue Jackets training camp in September 2008 , Rome was placed on waivers . After clearing , he was assigned to start the season with Syracuse . He remained with the Crunch until February 2009 , when he was recalled by the Blue Jackets for the remainder of the 2008 – 09 season . He played eight games with the Blue Jackets , registering one assist . Over 48 games in the AHL , he notched 7 goals and 28 points . Rome remained with the Blue Jackets for the franchise 's first playoff season in 2009 , competing in one game . Columbus was eliminated in the first round by Detroit .
= = = Vancouver Canucks = = =
Rome became an unrestricted free agent in the subsequent off @-@ season and was signed by the Vancouver Canucks on July 1 , 2009 , to a one @-@ way , one @-@ year contract worth $ 550 @,@ 000 . He played the majority of the season with the Canucks , notching 4 assists in 49 games , while also appearing in 7 games with Vancouver 's affiliate , the Manitoba Moose ; he scored 6 goals and 7 points in the AHL . During a three @-@ game stint with the Canucks that season , he played forward for the first time in his career . He appeared in one playoff game for the Canucks in 2010 , missing nine games due to injury .
In the off @-@ season , Rome re @-@ signed with Vancouver to a two @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract . He scored for the first time as a Canuck on March 29 , 2011 , an empty netter in a 3 – 1 win against the Nashville Predators . It was his first goal in 109 games . Rome finished the 2010 – 11 season with an NHL career @-@ high 56 games with a goal and four assists . In the 2011 playoffs , he scored his first NHL post @-@ season goal against Antti Niemi of the San Jose Sharks in Game 2 of the third round – a 7 – 3 win . The following game , he was injured off a boarding hit from Sharks forward Jamie McGinn . Rome was sidelined from the rest of the game ; McGinn received a five @-@ minute penalty on the play , but did not receive further discipline from the league .
In game three of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , Rome sent Boston forward Nathan Horton to the ice with a late hit . Horton sustained a severe concussion and was taken off the ice on a stretcher . Rome was ejected from the game after being assessed a five @-@ minute major penalty for interference and a game misconduct . After a disciplinary hearing the next morning , Rome was assessed a four @-@ game suspension and missed the remainder of the 2011 playoffs . The NHL determined that Rome hit Horton over a second after Horton gave up the puck . The NHL considered a hit to be late if it takes place more than half a second after a player loses possession . This proved to be a series @-@ changing event , as the Canucks had already won games 1 and 2 at home before the hit took place . The Canucks went on to lose a momentum @-@ swinging Game 3 and ended up losing the series four games to three . The Canucks were outscored 23 @-@ 8 in the 7 @-@ game series by the Boston Bruins .
Rome began the 2011 – 12 season sidelined after suffering a broken hand during training camp . He returned to the Canucks lineup in early @-@ November after missing the first 14 games of the campaign . In his first four games back , Rome registered three goals and two assists , matching his points output from entire previous season . Later in the month , he missed three games with a thumb injury .
= = = Dallas Stars = = =
On July 1 , 2012 , Aaron Rome signed a three @-@ year deal with an annual average salary of $ 1 @.@ 5 million with the Dallas Stars . He played 27 games with Dallas during the shortened 2012 – 13 NHL season , registering 5 assists and 18 penalty minutes .
On October 14 , 2013 , Rome was activated from injured reserve and was assigned to the Texas Stars of the AHL for conditioning . During the 2013 – 14 season , Rome played 7 games in the AHL with the Texas Stars , and 25 games with the Dallas Stars , scoring no goals and just one assist with the NHL club . On June 16 , 2014 , Rome was placed on unconditional waivers by the Dallas Stars , and the following day ( after he cleared waivers ) Dallas confirmed their use of a compliance buyout , allowing the team to save salary cap space by removing the final year of his three @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 5 million contract , from the team 's salary calculations .
As a free agent , Rome was unable to secure an NHL contract , and instead accepted an invitation to attend the Detroit Red Wings training camp on a try @-@ out for the 2014 – 15 season . At the completion of the Red Wings pre @-@ season , Rome was released and later signed to a professional try @-@ out contract with the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL on October 22 , 2014 . After two games with the Admirals , Rome was released from his try @-@ out contract .
= = Personal life = =
Rome was born and raised in Nesbitt , Manitoba , a small community of less than 30 people . He was the third of four sons born to Dennis and Karen Rome . All four brothers played hockey and made it to the minor professional level ; Rome is the only one to compete in the NHL . Ashton Rome is the only other brother to be drafted into the NHL , selected 143rd overall in 2006 by the San Jose Sharks , and has played in the ECHL and AHL . Eldest brother Ryan Rome competed in the United ( UHL ) and Central Hockey Leagues ( CHL ) , while Reagan Rome has played in the ECHL , AHL and in Europe .
Rome and his wife Adrianne have a son , Grayson . They spend their off @-@ seasons in Brandon , Manitoba .
= = Career statistics = =
Statistics taken from Aaron Rome 's NHL Profile
= = Awards = =
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= D 'Oliveira affair =
The D 'Oliveira affair was a prolonged political and sporting controversy relating to the scheduled 1968 – 69 tour of South Africa by the England cricket team , who were officially representing the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . The point of contention was whether or not the England selectors would include Basil D 'Oliveira , a mixed @-@ race South African player who had represented England in Test cricket since 1966 , having moved there six years earlier . With South Africa under apartheid , the potential inclusion by England of a non @-@ white South African in their tour party became a political issue .
A Cape Coloured of Indian and Portuguese ancestry , D 'Oliveira left South Africa primarily because the era 's apartheid legislation seriously restricted his career prospects on racial grounds and barred him from the all @-@ white Test team . He qualified for Worcestershire County Cricket Club through residency in 1964 and first played for England two years later . The consequences of D 'Oliveira 's possible inclusion in the 1968 – 69 MCC tour of South Africa were discussed by English and South African cricketing bodies as early as 1966 . Manoeuvring by cricketing and political figures in both countries did little to bring the matter to a head . The MCC 's priority was to maintain traditional links with South Africa and have the series go ahead without incident . South Africa 's Prime Minister B. J. Vorster sought to appease international opinion by publicly indicating that D 'Oliveira 's inclusion would be acceptable , but secretly did all he could to prevent it .
D 'Oliveira was omitted from the England team for part of 1968 amid a slump in his batting form , but he marked his return in late August with a score of 158 runs in England 's final Test match of the year , against Australia at The Oval . Days later , the MCC selectors omitted D 'Oliveira from the team to tour South Africa ; they insisted that this was based entirely on cricketing merit , but many in Britain voiced apprehension and there was a public outcry . After Tom Cartwright 's withdrawal because of injury on 16 September , the MCC chose D 'Oliveira as a replacement , prompting accusations from Vorster and other South African politicians that the selection was politically motivated . Attempts to find a compromise followed , but these led nowhere . The MCC announced the tour 's cancellation on 24 September .
Sporting boycotts of South Africa were already under way by 1968 , but the D 'Oliveira controversy was the first to have a serious effect on South African cricket . The South African Cricket Board of Control announced its intention to remove racial barriers in South African cricket in 1969 , and formally integrated the sport in 1976 . Meanwhile , the boycott movement escalated sharply , leading to South Africa 's near @-@ complete isolation from international cricket from 1971 , though the country continued to play international rugby into the 1980s , twice allowing mixed @-@ race New Zealand rugby teams into the country during the 1970s . D 'Oliveira played for England until 1972 , and for Worcestershire until 1979 . South Africa returned to international cricket in 1991 , soon after apartheid began to be dismantled .
= = Background = =
= = = South Africa = = =
From the time that European settlers first arrived in South Africa in 1652 , the country was divided on racial lines , in common with similar settlements . In contrast to other European colonies , racial distinction and segregation intensified during the early 20th century , and the various ethnic groups became more sharply defined and divided . Following its general election victory in 1948 , the National Party , led by Daniel Malan , formalised this racism under a government policy called apartheid . Under apartheid , different races were kept apart in all aspects of life . This system was thoroughly enforced during the 1950s ; any resistance from non @-@ white races was put down and laws , supposedly to prevent the rise of communism , were passed to prevent political agitation .
From a cricketing viewpoint , the apartheid policy made little difference . Although cricket was played widely among the different racial groups in South Africa , the Test team , which represented the country in international matches , had always been all white . Under apartheid , this became official policy as the government reasoned that black , coloured ( mixed race ) and Indian players were inherently inferior and not worthy of selection . Different races were forbidden from competing against each other . South African cricket teams did not compete against India , Pakistan or the West Indies , but teams from England , Australia and New Zealand continued to visit the country . English cricketers particularly enjoyed tours to South Africa owing to the hospitality they received and the quality of living . The political writer and historian Peter Oborne commented : " Relations between the cricket establishments of the two countries were exceptionally warm . Only few visitors noticed , and even fewer cared , that there was something wrong . "
During the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) tour of South Africa during 1948 – 49 , the first under apartheid , the BBC commentator John Arlott was horrified when he saw a black man assaulted for no reason . This prompted him to visit several townships where he found black people living in very poor conditions . He contrasted this unfavourably with the luxury of the homes where he was entertained by white families . Billy Griffith , one of the touring team , accompanied him on one visit to a township , and was similarly appalled , but did not speak out against it . Arlott later condemned apartheid , during a 1950 BBC broadcast , and refused to commentate during future tours to the country . His example was followed by the England batsman and clergyman David Sheppard , who declined to tour South Africa , refused to play the team in 1960 , and spoke out publicly against the policies of the South African government despite efforts by the MCC to silence him . Otherwise , there was little protest in England against South African cricket during the 1950s .
= = = England = = =
From the mid @-@ 1950s , the United Nations began to express concern over apartheid , and there was a growing general awareness in Britain of its effects . In 1960 the UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan criticised apartheid in his " Wind of Change " speech to the South African parliament . However , the British government was cautious ; the large number of British passport holders and businesses based in South Africa made them reluctant to force the issue and provoke a confrontation . Additionally , there was support for the policy among some right @-@ wing politicians . When the MCC team toured South Africa in 1956 – 57 , the players observed and were shocked by what they considered to be injustices against the black population . As many players and officials had family and friends in the country , they were disinclined to take a stand , but several condemned the situation in print at the time or later .
Overall attitudes in England towards South African cricket began to change in the 1960s . At the time , race was becoming an emotive matter in England and the immigration from Asia and the Caribbean became an issue in general elections . Racial tensions had risen throughout the 1950s , and race riots had occurred . Tim Quelch , in his review of English cricket in the 1950s , suggests that " [ England 's ] record on race relations had hardly been exemplary " . But Jack Williams , in his book Cricket and Race , suggests that cricket was a force for racial harmony in England given the influx of African @-@ Caribbean and Asian overseas players and the mingling of white and African @-@ Caribbean supporters during Test series between England and the West Indies . Against this background , when the South African team toured England in 1960 , there were some protests against apartheid .
= = = International sport = = =
Within South Africa , there was growing realisation among opponents of apartheid that sport could play a role in pressuring the government . During the 1950s , South Africa competed freely in international competition ; the governing bodies of the major international sports recognised only the official , all @-@ white South African institutions . By the end of the decade , this began to change . Several non @-@ white sporting organisations within South Africa united and began to influence international opinion . The resulting pressure brought about the suspension of the all @-@ white Football Association of South Africa from FIFA — for two years from 1961 , then after a brief reinstatement , again from 1964 — which prevented South Africa from participating in the 1966 World Cup . South Africa was also excluded from international fencing in 1964 . However , because neither fencing nor football was closely followed in white South Africa , the impact was limited . Suspension from the Olympics had a greater effect ; another campaign from within South Africa and the consequent change in international opinion resulted in South Africa being barred from the 1964 Olympics and those that followed .
In 1966 , before a tour by the New Zealand rugby team , the South African government asked New Zealand to field an all @-@ white team ( thereby excluding Māori players ) ; the New Zealand Rugby Football Union refused and cancelled the tour . As rugby was very popular among white South Africans , this caused concern in that community . The England cricket team was in New Zealand at the time , and Billy Griffith , by then the secretary of the MCC , when questioned said that the MCC would also cancel in similar circumstances . Despite these events in other world sports , South Africa continued to play international cricket . Efforts to put pressure on the International Cricket Conference ( ICC ) failed , and even when South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1961 ( theoretically forfeiting the national team 's Test status ) , their traditional opponents continued to play @-@ official Tests against them despite opposition from India , Pakistan and the West Indies .
= = = D 'Oliveira = = =
Basil D 'Oliveira was born in Cape Town in 1931 and , coming from a mixed Indian @-@ Portuguese background , formed part of the Cape Coloured community . He demonstrated skill in cricket from an early age , but as the apartheid system classified him as non @-@ white , he was barred from playing first @-@ class cricket in South Africa or representing the national team . He represented and captained a " non @-@ white " South African team which played unofficial international matches . He was left distraught by the cancellation in 1959 , at the behest of South African anti @-@ apartheid campaigners , of a proposed visit by a West Indies team which was to compete against non @-@ white sides . Realising that he had achieved all he could as a non @-@ white sportsman in South Africa , he wrote to John Arlott in England to ask for help finding employment as a cricketer .
Arlott enlisted the help of John Kay , a cricket journalist with expertise in the Lancashire leagues , to find a job for D 'Oliveira as a club professional . No teams were initially interested , but when Middleton 's professional withdrew at the last minute , the club employed D 'Oliveira for the 1960 season . After a poor start , he prospered for Middleton . He established a wider reputation by playing televised matches for a team called the " Cavaliers " , and took part in overseas tours with some leading cricketers . Several English counties expressed an interest in him , and he eventually joined Worcestershire . Qualifying for the county team through residency , he made his debut in 1964 and scored a century on his first appearance . By the 1966 season , he had progressed to the England Test team . He was successful from the start and by the following year was well @-@ established in the team .
= = Build @-@ up = =
= = = Anticipation = = =
From early in his England career , D 'Oliveira and his supporters saw the MCC tour of South Africa in 1968 – 69 as potentially being a key moment in his career . Guy Fraser @-@ Sampson suggests : " Nobody could be in any doubt that the possibility of D 'Oliveira being chosen as a member of the England touring party would raise massive political complications " . When D 'Oliveira visited South Africa to work as a coach in 1966 , the subject was raised continually . People speculated whether D 'Oliveira would be selected and , if so , whether the South African government would allow him to play . Some of his supporters worried that his acceptance of a place on a tour to South Africa might be interpreted as approval of the political situation there , but D 'Oliveira was determined to play , aware of what it would mean to the non @-@ white people of South Africa . In 1967 , Griffith flew to South Africa to discuss the forthcoming tour and to seek a solution to any potential problems — the MCC wanted the tour to go ahead without any political trouble . Little came of the meetings ; Oborne suggests that both sides simply " agreed to hope that the whole issue went away " .
After a successful season for England in 1967 , D 'Oliveira was chosen to tour the West Indies in 1967 – 68 ; this raised awareness in England and South Africa that he was a realistic contender to tour South Africa a year later . However , his opportunities to excel were few in the West Indies ; circumstances were against him in several matches , and he had a statistically poor tour . Any mitigating circumstances were offset by problems off the field . D 'Oliveira took full advantage of the social opportunities available on a tour of the West Indies and frequently disappeared to parties and other events , often not reappearing until after breakfast . Rumours to this effect reached the press and the MCC tour manager spoke to D 'Oliveira about his responsibilities on tour . D 'Oliveira said that his behaviour and poor form were partly a result of the pressure placed on him . He was frequently questioned about the South African tour and about race — some groups in the West Indies accused him of " selling out " by playing for England 's " white " team .
= = = South Africa 's position = = =
The position of the South African government towards mixed @-@ race teams was well established by 1967 . It was stated explicitly after the visit of Griffith when , in February 1967 , the Interior Minister P. K. Le Roux said in a speech : " We will not allow mixed teams to play against our white teams here . That is our policy . It is well known here and overseas . " These comments caused a public row in Britain , and some commentators wanted the tour to be called off ; the MCC informed the British government that players would be selected on ability alone and that any attempts from within South Africa to interfere would cause the tour to be cancelled . Denis Howell , the Minister for Sport , informed the House of Commons of the MCC position and stated that the government expected that the MCC would cancel the tour if any player were to be rejected . Privately , the MCC committee were unhappy to have been forced into so unequivocal a position .
B. J. Vorster , the Prime Minister of South Africa , was embarrassed by Le Roux 's public comments and forced him to deny having made them . However , the British government 's intervention cemented in Vorster 's mind the idea that it and the MCC were closely connected . In April 1967 he gave a speech in which he said that while sport between white and non @-@ white teams could not take place in South Africa , the government would be prepared to send mixed teams to play abroad and to accommodate mixed teams from South Africa 's " traditional " opponents . This change of direction was aimed at entering a team in the 1968 Olympics , to avoid a repeat of the cancelled New Zealand rugby tour and with D 'Oliveira 's selection in mind . The MCC decided later in 1967 to clarify that Vorster 's government would impose no limitations on the players chosen for the tour . In January 1968 , Griffith wrote on behalf of the MCC to the South African Cricket Association ( SACA ) with the implication that the tour would be cancelled if a free selection was not guaranteed .
According to Oborne , Vorster was a pragmatic politician who wanted to maintain apartheid and to make it appear acceptable to the outside world . To this end , attempting to broaden South Africa 's international connections , he accepted black foreign diplomats in the country and began to plan a policy to allow mixed @-@ race sport to prevent South Africa 's international isolation . However , such policies were unpopular with his domestic supporters and he was careful not to go too far . Oborne writes : " Vorster knew that there was a limit to how far he could go without imperilling his own position . That limit was Basil D 'Oliveira . " According to Oborne , Vorster never intended to allow D 'Oliveira to play with the MCC team ; his supporters would not have accepted a non @-@ white South African benefiting from this change of policy and demonstrating his ability at a high level . Vorster therefore worked to give the impression overseas that D 'Oliveira would be welcome , while at the same time doing his utmost to stop him from playing . He courted the British ambassador , Sir John Nicholls , and told him that a tour party including D 'Oliveira would be acceptable . Nicholls passed this on to the UK government . Vorster meanwhile monitored D 'Oliveira 's progress closely ; from his debut in 1966 , South Africa kept a security file on him .
= = = MCC manoeuvres = = =
In March 1968 , having received no response from the SACA to Griffith 's letter , the MCC asked Alec Douglas @-@ Home to intervene . Douglas @-@ Home , a former British Prime Minister and then the Opposition spokesman for foreign affairs , had just finished his term as MCC president and was visiting Rhodesia and South Africa ; he agreed to raise the question of D 'Oliveira during a meeting with Vorster that was part of his itinerary . Douglas @-@ Home believed that the best way to deal with apartheid was through dialogue and that contact between the countries should be increased , not reduced — as he described it , " precept and example must be better than ostracism " . When he met Vorster , Douglas @-@ Home was reluctant to press him for an unequivocal answer , but discussed D 'Oliveira . He also sounded out other figures in South Africa and returned to England to tell the MCC , in the words of the cricket writer E. W. Swanton , that " if D 'Oliveira were to be chosen the odds were 5 / 4 on his being allowed in " .
In the view of Fraser @-@ Sampson : " While Douglas @-@ Home 's motives remain obscure , it is clear that he muddied the waters dreadfully . By allowing the MCC to believe they could continue happily fudging the issue , and by misleading them as to Vorster 's true intentions , he delivered the worst of both worlds . " Following Douglas @-@ Home 's advice , the MCC let the matter drift throughout the 1968 season . Conscious of D 'Oliveira 's poor form in the West Indies and continued lack of success during early 1968 , the MCC committee kept in mind that it was far from certain that he would even make the team to tour South Africa .
Meanwhile , with the knowledge of Vorster and the South African government , the SACA carefully devised its answer to the MCC letter . The reply , which avoided directly answering the MCC question , was hand @-@ delivered to the MCC secretary George " Gubby " Allen in March 1968 by the former South African Test captain Jack Cheetham , a close associate of several MCC officials . By this point , the MCC had accepted Douglas @-@ Home 's advice and no longer wanted a reply to their letter — Oborne records that when Cheetham " cheerily produced his laboriously produced document , a panic @-@ stricken Gubby Allen waved it away . " The letter was never presented to the full MCC Committee , and Cheetham returned to South Africa with news that a reply was not required — preparations for the tour could proceed as normal . This allowed Vorster to conceal his intentions regarding D 'Oliveira for a further six months . Allen later justified his actions by suggesting that he was concerned that the SACA letter would be leaked to the press if it went any further . Oborne believes that Allen wished to hide from the full committee the MCC hierarchy 's change of mind over the approach to take with the South Africans ; he suggests that Allen and Griffith were effectively acting as a secret MCC subcommittee from this point .
= = = South African plan = = =
Vorster and the SACA followed D 'Oliveira 's form closely throughout the tour of West Indies and into the 1968 season . D 'Oliveira 's lack of success prompted press speculation that he might lose his England place for entirely non @-@ political reasons , but Vorster was convinced that the MCC were committed to selecting him under any circumstances . He therefore conceived a two @-@ pronged plan to prevent D 'Oliveira 's selection for the 1968 – 69 tour . He and the SACA would attempt to bribe D 'Oliveira to make himself unavailable , while simultaneously persuading the English selectors — or more specifically the MCC , who Vorster believed would determine selection policy — not to choose him . The latter part of the plan depended on the MCC realising that picking D 'Oliveira would mean no tour , but in making such attempts the South Africans risked public discovery , which would cause the tour to be cancelled anyway .
The bribery was planned from an early stage , but had to be postponed when D 'Oliveira did not return to South Africa before the 1968 season . The second part of the plan was put into operation in March 1968 . Vorster resolved to send a secret message to the MCC through Lord Cobham , a member and former president of the MCC with close links to D 'Oliveira 's county side Worcestershire . Cobham was visiting South Africa at Griffith 's request to meet Arthur Coy , an official of the SACA . Cobham told Coy that he wanted the tour to go ahead , but agreed with him that D 'Oliveira 's inclusion would be " disastrous " . Cobham seems to have promised Coy that he would attempt to dissuade D 'Oliveira from touring , but never actually did so . Cobham then met Vorster , who told him that if D 'Oliveira were chosen , the tour would be cancelled .
On his return to England , Cobham kept this information from the full MCC committee , knowing that they would be forced to cancel the tour if they became aware of it . Instead , he wrote a letter to a committee member , whose identity has never been made public . The letter 's recipient passed it on to Griffith , who in turn showed it to Allen and Arthur Gilligan , at that time the MCC president . These three men chose to hide the information from the full committee , and nobody informed Denis Howell . Allen later defended these actions , setting out his reasoning in his biography , which was written by his close friend Swanton — Allen argued that the advice given by Douglas @-@ Home , an international diplomat , took precedence over Cobham 's information and had already been accepted by the MCC . He further suggested that , as the four England selectors had to choose the team " without any other consideration " , and two of them sat on the MCC committee , it would have been unfair to burden them with Cobham 's information . Oborne dismisses Allen 's reasoning as " disastrously muddled " , pointing out that Cobham 's advice was far more up @-@ to @-@ date than Douglas @-@ Home 's , and that there would have been no burden of conscience for the team selectors as the new information would have caused the tour to be cancelled .
By the beginning of the 1968 season , the MCC 's public position followed the advice of Douglas @-@ Home : it was unknown whether or not South Africa would accept D 'Oliveira and it would be better not to press the issue . Even so , three key members of the MCC were aware of the reality of the situation . Vorster had avoided international condemnation as he had not publicly declared D 'Oliveira unacceptable , but his stand had been clearly conveyed to London in private .
= = = D 'Oliveira in 1968 = = =
D 'Oliveira was aware of the political discussions surrounding him during 1968 , and the pressure on him was intensified by the scrutiny of his supporters and opponents in England and South Africa . Conscious of his failure in the West Indies , he made a concerted effort to improve his batting . He scored runs consistently and was chosen for England 's first Test of 1968 , against Australia in early June . He was very successful , scoring 87 not out and taking two wickets . After England lost , however , D 'Oliveira was blamed in some sections of the press . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack noted that he failed as a bowler , and his innings was difficult to evaluate as England had effectively lost the match by that stage . Even so , most observers expected him to retain his place , including the watching South Africans .
Before the second Test , played at Lord 's , a series of events took place that Fraser @-@ Sampson later described as " so bizarre as to be totally unbelievable , and yet [ they ] happened " . The evening before play began , Griffith suggested to D 'Oliveira that , to save the 1968 – 69 series , he should withdraw himself from consideration for the tour , and announce that he wished in future to play for South Africa rather than England . D 'Oliveira angrily declined . The next day , E. W. Swanton — a journalist technically unconnected with the MCC , but a close friend of Allen and a member of the " Establishment " — approached the player with a similar proposition , which D 'Oliveira again dismissed . Both Griffith and Swanton were opposed to apartheid — Swanton had refused to report on the 1964 – 65 MCC tour of South Africa because of his objections to the system , and he supported D 'Oliveira from a cricketing standpoint . This plan probably originated from one of the several South Africans present at Lord 's with an interest in the D 'Oliveira question , including Coy and the private cricket tour organiser Wilfred Isaacs ; according to Fraser @-@ Sampson , there is evidence to suggest that it first came from the SACA . Oborne writes that Griffith and Swanton were probably well @-@ intentioned , and posits that they might have been caught up in a South African scheme in their search for a solution to the D 'Oliveira problem . Fraser @-@ Sampson suggests that they and other MCC figures may have felt forced into this course of action by the vigour of the South Africans ' protests that they would not tolerate a team including D 'Oliveira .
On the morning of the second Test , D 'Oliveira was told by Colin Cowdrey , the England captain , that he had been left out of the team and was instead twelfth man . In his place , England chose a fast bowler to strengthen their bowling attack . While the game was taking place , Doug Insole , the chairman of the England selectors , introduced D 'Oliveira to Isaacs , who offered him warm hospitality if he toured South Africa during the English winter . Deeply upset with his omission , D 'Oliveira returned to play for Worcestershire once his twelfth man duties ended . Oborne suggests that , from a cricketing viewpoint , the decision to drop D 'Oliveira looks odd , and that it may have been connected to the South African presence at Lord 's . The replacement for D 'Oliveira , Barry Knight , performed well in the second Test ; D 'Oliveira , by contrast , lost all batting form . From mid @-@ June until August , bothered by the pressure over South Africa , he struggled to score , managing just 205 runs at an average of 12 @.@ 81 . He maintained his form as a bowler , but critics believed his chance had gone . In July , as part of a standard procedure , the MCC wrote to 30 leading players to ask if they were available to tour South Africa ; D 'Oliveira was not contacted . According to Fraser @-@ Sampson , the idea that D 'Oliveira was not then one of England 's best 30 players was absurd ; he writes that the selectors must therefore have been aware that Vorster would not accept his selection and they had consequently decided not to choose him .
During his slump in form , D 'Oliveira was contacted by Tienie Oosthuizen , a director at the tobacco company Carreras , which was , alongside Rothmans , part of the South African Rembrandt Tobacco Corporation . Rembrandt had set up a group known as the South African Sports Foundation ( SASF ) to promote amateur sport . Oosthuizen told D 'Oliveira that he represented Rothmans , who had sponsored matches featuring D 'Oliveira while he was waiting to qualify for Worcestershire . He offered D 'Oliveira work as a coach for the SASF on an annual salary of £ 4 @,@ 000 — a vast sum for a professional cricketer at the time — on the condition that he took up this role immediately at the end of the 1968 season , and thereby made himself unavailable for the MCC tour before selection took place . D 'Oliveira tentatively declined , but Oosthuizen persisted , first offering to find out if he would be included in the MCC team , then telling him that his presence in that side would embarrass Vorster . D 'Oliveira was aware that accepting the offer could cause many to lose respect for him as he would be abandoning the opportunity to play against South Africa , but nevertheless considered it over the following weeks . Oosthuizen repeatedly pressured him to accept . Shortly before the final Test of 1968 , he offered personally to match the money that D 'Oliveira told him he had been offered to make himself available for the MCC team . D 'Oliveira stalled , and involved his agent , Reg Hayter . After further conversations with Oosthuizen , D 'Oliveira decided to try to postpone a decision until after the team to tour South Africa was announced — Hayter had established from a source close to the selectors that D 'Oliveira had a good chance of being picked .
During a later press investigation , Oosthuizen claimed to have acted independently . Anton Rupert , the head of Rembrandt , endorsed this version , asserting that Oosthuizen had acted in his capacity as an employee of the SASF . Rupert said this was an autonomous organisation , but according to Oborne the SASF constitution made it totally dependent on Rembrandt . Oborne writes that Oosthuizen 's offers were rooted in the plans made by Vorster and Coy to bribe D 'Oliveira indirectly by offering him work that would prevent him from playing for the MCC . Oborne surmises that the position and salary offered to D 'Oliveira did not come from the SASF , but were actually part of a scheme involving Vorster and Rupert to remove the controversial player from the tour . Williams also concludes that the offer was effectively a bribe to stop D 'Oliveira playing .
In early August , D 'Oliveira returned to form with an innings of 89 against Warwickshire . Before the fifth and final England – Australia Test match , played between 22 and 27 August , Cowdrey batted at the Oval , where the match was to be played , and deduced that medium @-@ paced bowlers would be very effective given the condition of the cricket pitch . Consequently , when the England team was chosen , he asked for a medium @-@ paced bowler to be placed in reserve in case conditions warranted their selection . The two first @-@ choice selections , Knight and Tom Cartwright , were unavailable , so D 'Oliveira was called up by Cowdrey as a reserve on account of his bowling . On the day before the game , one of the England batsmen , Roger Prideaux , withdrew from the team , saying he had an infection . The team was duly re @-@ arranged and the new version included D 'Oliveira as a batsman . He heard no more from Oosthuizen , who was transferred from the London office soon after . The intervention of Oosthuizen became public knowledge when it was reported in the press in April 1969 .
= = Height of controversy = =
= = = Oval Test match = = =
Feeling much more confident , D 'Oliveira expected to be successful in the Oval Test match . Before the game , an unnamed MCC official circulated a story that D 'Oliveira had been offered thousands of pounds to keep himself available for the South Africa tour . This was a similar story to that which D 'Oliveira had told Oosthuizen ; it had probably travelled back to the MCC via South Africa , but was not true . When the game began , Australia held a 1 – 0 lead after four Tests ; England needed a win to level the series . England made a reasonable start on the first day , but a late wicket brought D 'Oliveira in to bat with the game delicately poised . Oborne observes that D 'Oliveira was under huge pressure , both for simple cricketing reasons and because the world was watching to see if he would be successful . Wisden reported : " In the last hour D 'Oliveira began his fine effort . He hooked the short ball superbly " . At the end of the first day , he had scored 23 runs .
Early on the second day , D 'Oliveira batted with less certainty . He was dropped by the opposition wicket @-@ keeper with his score on 31 , but he was encouraged by the umpire Charlie Elliott and his batting partner John Edrich . As his score reached fifty , Elliott whispered , " Well played — my God you 're going to cause some problems . " D 'Oliveira went on to score 158 runs before he was out , although he was dropped a few more times after passing three figures . He received a prolonged ovation from the crowd when he was out , and congratulations from John Gleeson , one of the opposing Australians . Oborne assesses the innings as one of the best ever : despite the relatively weak attack and easy batting conditions , Oborne believes that no other cricketer had faced so much pressure and so many outside forces conspiring against him . Later in the game , D 'Oliveira also contributed with the ball . After rain had reduced the amount of playing time and caused further delays through the subsequent clean @-@ up , England faced a race against time to win the match . D 'Oliveira took a crucial wicket with his 12th ball to break a long partnership and open the way for Derek Underwood to bowl England to victory in the game and a share in the series .
Off the field , manoeuvres started immediately . Vorster followed the innings closely , with Oosthuizen in attendance . On the second day of the match , Geoffrey Howard , the secretary of Surrey County Cricket Club ( who played at the Oval ) , received a call from Oosthuizen , who informed Howard that he had been trying without success to contact Billy Griffith . He told Howard to pass along to Griffith the message that if " today 's centurion is picked , the tour will be off " . Meanwhile , Insole asked D 'Oliveira if he was available to tour South Africa , and Cowdrey questioned him about how he would handle the inevitably tense situations . Cowdrey also said that he wanted him in the team . D 'Oliveira was left in little doubt that he would be selected to tour South Africa .
= = = Selection meeting = = =
The selectors , after a six @-@ hour meeting , chose the team to tour South Africa on 27 August 1968 . The official records of the meeting are incomplete and of those present , no one left an account of what happened . Oborne believes that at least ten men were present — the four selectors , Insole , Peter May , Don Kenyon and Alec Bedser ; the England captain Colin Cowdrey ; Gubby Allen , Billy Griffith , Arthur Gilligan and Donald Carr for the MCC ; and possibly Maurice Allom , another MCC member . Oborne suggests that one of those present might have been acting for the South African government , as Vorster was well @-@ informed about what happened at the meeting and followed events closely . He also observes that , of those present , Allen , Griffith and Gilligan knew from the Cobham letter what would happen if D 'Oliveira were selected ; he argues that they may have passed the information on to other selectors . Coy , who had been at the Lord 's Test , may also have made the South African position clear at the meeting . According to Oborne , " Everyone in the room , with the possible exception of the Worcestershire skipper Don Kenyon , would have been aware that the selection of D 'Oliveira could at best cause difficulties and at worst cause the tour to be cancelled . " Fraser @-@ Sampson goes further , suggesting that Insole , and possibly also May , knew the whole story from an early stage .
From a cricketing viewpoint , most critics agreed that D 'Oliveira should probably have been selected based on his score at the Oval , his past record , and the usefulness of his bowling . The selectors left him out , however , deciding that his bowling was not strong enough to classify him as an all @-@ rounder . Oborne points out that , judged in cricketing terms , this was " not an outrage " . D 'Oliveira had several rivals as a batsman , and of the places available , one went to Ken Barrington , who had a good Test record , and the other to Keith Fletcher , who was much younger than D 'Oliveira . Oborne judges both of these decisions fair . Nobody at the selection meeting supported including D 'Oliveira . Some of those present said later that , despite his prior assurances to D 'Oliveira , Cowdrey opposed his selection at the meeting , which influenced others there . Fraser @-@ Sampson suggests that Cowdrey , who later tried to justify his role in events , may have inwardly supported D 'Oliveira 's inclusion , but spoken against it out of a lack of confidence and decisiveness . It is also possible , argues Fraser @-@ Sampson , that if May had been aware of the true state of affairs , he may have confided in Cowdrey , a close friend ; this would have left Cowdrey , who was very keen to lead a team to South Africa , in a difficult and conflicted position . Fraser @-@ Sampson concludes : " Far from being the villain of the piece , Cowdrey may simply have been an honourable man pushed beyond the limits of his character and overwhelmed by events . "
As is customary at such selection meetings , there was no vote . Insole recalled that there was no hostility towards D 'Oliveira at the meeting , and pointed out that although he was not chosen in the main team , he was made a reserve . Williams , while acknowledging that there were several worthy batsmen as candidates for places in the team , asserts that even if those at the meeting had only discussed the players ' respective cricketing abilities , " every selector must have known that by not selecting D 'Oliveira they would improve the prospects of the tour going ahead . " The full MCC Committee met to formally approve the selected team on the afternoon of 28 August . Nobody voiced opposition .
D 'Oliveira , who learned of his omission over the radio in the Worcestershire dressing room having just scored 128 runs against Sussex , was deeply upset and faced intense press attention . Insole and Griffith defended the decision to omit D 'Oliveira to the press , saying that there had been no pressure from South Africa and that the chosen team simply included better players than D 'Oliveira . Oborne writes that Insole considered the events surrounding the selection meeting as among the worst of his life , but that " he and the other selectors were victims of the decision , reached on the advice of Alec Douglas @-@ Home early in 1968 , not to press for an answer to the MCC demand there should be ' no preconditions ' for the tour . Once that decision had been made , everything else followed : the bribery attempt , the secret pressure and the nobbling of the MCC . Had the matter been dealt with ... Insole would never have been subject to the innuendo and accusations of racism and betrayal that have haunted him ever since . "
= = = Reaction = = =
While the general public were baffled that a man who just scored a century against Australia could be left out of the team , the English cricketing press were divided on the decision . Some journalists supported the MCC on cricketing grounds , including the cricket correspondents of The Times and The Daily Telegraph . Others , prominently the former England captain Ted Dexter , the former Test player Trevor Bailey and E. W. Swanton , all of whom generally sided with the cricket establishment , contended that D 'Oliveira deserved to be in the team on merit . Swanton said he had received no letters which actually agreed with the omission . Other commentators , such as the Worcestershire club secretary and the former West Indies Test player Learie Constantine , openly stated that D 'Oliveira was omitted either because of his race or because the MCC supported apartheid . Some Labour politicians also expressed concern . John Arlott , while asserting that D 'Oliveira deserved to be included , suggested that to demonstrate opposition to apartheid , the MCC should perhaps have selected him even if this were not the case . The general press took a wider view , with several newspaper columns reporting that the decision appeared to have been made to avoid offending the South African government . According to Williams , the public positions held by much of the MCC committee towards South Africa led to suspicions that D 'Oliveira may have been left out simply to save the tour .
More recent commentators suggest that the MCC members were not directly motivated by support of apartheid . Oborne argues that the MCC establishment , without favouring apartheid , wished to maintain traditional links with white South Africa . Williams suggests that the committee were politically naive , and that they ignored the political dimensions of D 'Oliveira 's non @-@ selection . Williams writes that the committee seemed unaware that its decision made it appear to support apartheid . Fraser @-@ Sampson believes that those involved " acted for what they thought were the best of motives , namely what they saw as the good of the game . " Regarding the right @-@ wing links of some individuals — Gilligan had been a member of the British Fascists during the 1920s , and Bedser later became a member of the Freedom Association , which Fraser @-@ Sampson classifies as " far @-@ right " — neither Oborne nor Fraser @-@ Sampson suggests that the two men were racist , or that any of the selectors ' actions regarding D 'Oliveira were tainted by prejudice or support for apartheid . Fraser @-@ Sampson does comment , however , that some individuals were " apologists " for Vorster , and that many of them firmly believed in the separation of politics and sport .
Not all MCC members supported the selectors . Around 70 members met , including the clergyman and former England captain David Sheppard , and called for the tour to be abandoned . Sheppard 's intervention shook Cowdrey , a religious man . Within weeks , several MCC members had resigned in protest at the decision , and the MCC had received nearly 1 @,@ 000 letters about it , mainly complaints . In South Africa , whites received the news happily — one nationalist rally broke into cheers upon hearing the news — while the black community viewed the omission as a betrayal . The British Anti @-@ Apartheid Movement sent telegrams to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson , asking him to intervene , and to Gilligan , asking for the tour to be cancelled on the grounds that by playing in South Africa the England team would be " condoning apartheid " . D 'Oliveira received many letters of support from the public . He also received sympathetic letters from Cowdrey , Insole , Griffith and Cobham . He responded with a burst of good form , and was not drawn into publicly criticising the MCC , even offering the team his support . He signed a contract to cover the tour for the News of the World newspaper , which drew criticism from other newspapers and shook Vorster . At the time , non @-@ whites were not allowed into South African press boxes other than " in a menial capacity " — Vorster suggested that D 'Oliveira may not even be allowed on the tour as a journalist .
= = = Cancellation = = =
One of the MCC team , Tom Cartwright , had been struggling with an injury . He had considered withdrawing from the tour on moral grounds , owing to his reservations about involvement with the apartheid government . There are different versions of what actually happened . According to Cowdrey , Cartwright played without discomfort on 14 September , passed a fitness test the following day , and suddenly withdrew after an overnight reaction to his exertions , prompting the selectors to take only ten minutes to choose D 'Oliveira as a replacement . Fraser @-@ Sampson records that Cartwright actually had two fitness tests , owing to pre @-@ existing concerns over his health ; the selectors tried to persuade him not to pull out , with Cowdrey particularly insistent , but Cartwright was adamant . On 16 September , he withdrew from the MCC team , citing his injury . D 'Oliveira was duly called up , a decision announced the following day . Despite having been rejected as a bowler at the earlier meeting , he was now replacing a bowler in the team ; the selectors stated that D 'Oliveira 's bowling might prove useful . Oborne 's assessment of the decision is that " they had had enough and were bowing to public opinion . " Williams comments that the belated addition of D 'Oliveira in the wake of outcry at his exclusion confirmed in the minds of many that politics had been involved in the team selection . Denis Howell felt the need to state publicly that the decision was the MCC 's alone , and that there had been no pressure from the UK government . D 'Oliveira was pleased but suspected that the tour would no longer go ahead .
In South Africa , Vorster heard that D 'Oliveira had been added to the team shortly before addressing the Orange Free State National Party congress at Bloemfontein on 17 September . He immediately announced that English team would not be allowed into South Africa if it included D 'Oliveira . He told the gathering that while " we are and always have been prepared to play host to the MCC ... [ we ] are not prepared to receive a team thrust upon us by people whose interests are not the game , but to gain certain political objectives which they do not even attempt to hide " . To loud applause , he went on to describe the revised MCC team as " not the team of the MCC but the team of the Anti @-@ Apartheid Movement , the team of SANROC [ the South African Non @-@ Racial Olympic Committee ] and the team of Bishop Reeves [ a critic of apartheid ] . " Vorster expressed similar sentiments elsewhere , accusing the MCC of making a purely political decision . He insisted that he " had taken a decision for South Africa " . The South African press was mostly critical , warning that Vorster 's stand might lead to the country being excluded from international sport , but Professor Bruce Murray comments that the MCC 's initial exclusion of D 'Oliveira , only to then include him instead of a bowler , had given Vorster some ammunition to claim that the MCC selection was politically charged . Including D 'Oliveira from the start would , by contrast , have forced Vorster to reveal that his plan to allow mixed teams was false .
In England , Griffith responded that the tour would be cancelled were D 'Oliveira not allowed to play , and that he was in the team on merit having missed selection first time around by " a bee 's whisker " . Cowdrey , meanwhile , proposed flying to South Africa himself to safeguard the tour but the South African minister Ben Schoeman said that D 'Oliveira had been chosen because of politics and that South Africa would make no deal to let him play . Coy and Cheetham flew secretly to London to try to find a compromise . They held a four @-@ hour meeting with the MCC committee on 24 September , directly after which the committee announced that " the side selected to represent MCC in South Africa is not acceptable for reasons beyond the control of the SACA . The MCC committee therefore decided unanimously that the tour will not take place . " Williams argues that the delay in cancelling the tour suggests that some in the MCC might still have hoped to find common ground with the South Africans . D 'Oliveira briefly considered withdrawing from the team to save the series , but decided not to .
Sheppard and other MCC rebels called a Special General Meeting of the MCC ; they wanted the MCC to state publicly that the team selection had been mishandled and that no further cricket should take place with South Africa until cricket there had been made non @-@ racial . Before the meeting took place , the General Committee met the rebels and initially claimed that it would have been inappropriate to ask South Africa about D 'Oliveira before the tour — although they had done so . The committee then admitted writing a letter but said that they had never received a reply . The Special General Meeting took place in December 1968 , but the rebels were outvoted by the other members ; Sheppard was criticised by members at the meeting , and his former friend Peter May refused to talk to him afterwards . Those opposing Sheppard suggested that he opposed apartheid whereas the committee wanted to advance cricket . It was also suggested that the MCC should not act as the conscience of Great Britain . Williams suggests that the vote indicated that a high proportion of the MCC favoured maintaining cricketing links with South Africa despite knowing that South African cricket operated racial segregation .
= = Aftermath = =
Coming just after New Zealand abandoned their 1967 rugby tour over South Africa 's refusal to accommodate a mixed team , the cancellation of the 1968 – 69 MCC series over D 'Oliveira marked the second such incident in two years . According to Oborne , the affair forced upon South African cricket a realisation that it had to change . In 1969 , the South African Cricket Board of Control ( SACBOC ) announced that future teams would be racially integrated and selected purely on merit ; efforts duly began to allow all races to compete against each other and share facilities . This led to some disagreement among non @-@ white sports organisations between those who supported these incremental changes and those who wanted immediate disbanding of the old system . D 'Oliveira , a member of the first group , was partly drawn into this conflict . He also faced criticism from those in South Africa and England who believed that , to oppose apartheid , he should have declared himself unavailable to tour in the first place . With the tour to South Africa cancelled , the MCC hastily arranged for its team to play a Test series in Pakistan instead . D 'Oliveira played and was very successful . He remained an England regular for four more years and played for Worcestershire until 1979 .
In 1969 , many of the events from the previous year became public knowledge , including the deceptions of Allen , Griffith and Gilligan . The MCC committee met and granted retrospective approval to the actions of the four men . Griffith 's offer to resign was declined . The press outcry of 1968 was not repeated ; Fraser @-@ Sampson speculates that the MCC may have applied pressure to journalists . Griffith and Allen later received honours from the British government .
Controversy continued to flare in Britain and other countries regarding sporting links with South Africa . The South Africa rugby team 's 1969 – 70 tour of Britain and Ireland was accompanied by mass demonstrations against apartheid , including an attempt by a protester in London to hijack the South African team bus , and a demonstration in Dublin where people tried to stop the South Africans from reaching the match venue by lying down in the middle of the street . The South Africa cricket team was due to tour England shortly afterwards , and the MCC remained keen for the series to go ahead . They cancelled the tour a week before the South Africans were due to arrive , following public protests and pressure from the UK government . Virulent anti @-@ apartheid demonstrations in Australia during the South Africa rugby team 's 1971 tour led to soaring police costs , matches played behind fences and barbed wire , and a state of emergency in Queensland , all of which prompted the Australian Cricket Board to cancel the tour by the South Africa cricket team that had been scheduled to follow .
South Africa was thereafter almost totally isolated from international cricket , but not from rugby . The Australian Rugby Union severed ties with South Africa after the turbulent 1971 series , but its counterparts in New Zealand , France and the Home Nations retained links into the 1980s . With Māori and Samoan players officially designated " honorary whites " by the South African government , mixed @-@ race New Zealand rugby teams toured South Africa in 1970 and 1976 . The SACBOC formally integrated South African cricket in 1976 , but enduring overseas opposition to South Africa 's internal governance meant that the country did not play @-@ official international cricket again until 1991 , after the start of the process to dismantle apartheid .
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= All Souls ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" All Souls " is the seventeenth episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode originally aired on the Fox network on April 26 , 1998 . The episode 's teleplay was written by Frank Spotnitz and John Shiban , from a story by Dan Angel and Billy Brown ; it was directed by Allen Coulter . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the mythology , or overarching fictional history , of The X @-@ Files . " All Souls " received a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 5 and was watched by 13 @.@ 44 million viewers in its initial broadcast . It received mixed reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , the unexplained death of a young girl with polydactyly ( among other health problems ) prompts Father McCue ( Arnie Walters ) to ask Scully for her help , but her investigation leads her to a mystery involving Nephilim — children of mortal women and angels . Scully soon learns that Aaron Starkey ( Glenn Morshower ) , a department of social services worker and demon in disguise , is after the girls , in order that the Devil may control their power .
The original version of " All Souls " was a simple story about Mulder , Scully , and angels . Shiban and Spotnitz , however , overhauled the idea and added elements of the earlier " Christmas Carol " and " Emily " story arc , making " All Souls " the unofficial third part . The entry also contained several elaborate effects , which were achieved via makeup and CGI . After they viewed the final cut of the installment , Shiban and Spotnitz decided to frame the action around Scully confessing her story to a priest in a confessional .
= = Plot = =
In Alexandria , Virginia , sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Dara Kernof ( Emily Perkins ) , a severely mentally and physically challenged girl confined to a wheelchair , somehow manages to leave her house in the middle of the night , soon after her baptism . Her father , Lance ( Eric Keenleyside ) , finds her in the middle of the street , with her arms raised upward , kneeling before a Dark Figure . Suddenly , lightning flashes and the Dark Figure disappears . When Lance reaches Dara , he realizes she is dead and that her eyes are gone , as if having been burned out of their sockets .
Father McCue ( Arnie Walters ) contacts Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and asks for her help in the case . Scully visits the Kernofs , and learns that Dara was adopted six years earlier . Due to her severe spinal deformities , there is no explanation as to how Dara walked out of the house . Lance is convinced that it was the Devil that stood over her in the street . Scully examines Dara 's body with a pathologist Vicki Belon ( Lorraine Landry ) , who notes her surgically removed extra fingers . Belon reluctantly proposes that the girl was struck down by God , as if she was a mistake .
Meanwhile , a man named Father Gregory ( Jody Racicot ) visits a psychiatric hospital attempting to visit a girl named Paula Koklos ( Perkins ) , Dara 's twin sister . However , he is blocked by Aaron Starkey ( Glenn Morshower ) , a social worker . That night , Paula dies when a man enters her room . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) , locates Dara 's birth records and reveals that she was a quadruplet . Shortly thereafter , Starkey reveals that Paula was about to be adopted by Father Gregory . When the agents visit the priest , he insists he was trying to protect Paula from harm . Later , while examining Paula 's body , Scully experiences a vision of her daughter Emily ( Lauren Diewold ) .
Mulder performs further research on the adoption records and uncovers information on a third sister ( Perkins ) , who is apparently troubled and homeless . With Starkey 's help , Mulder canvases abandoned buildings in a desolate part of town . However , the Dark Figure finds and kills the girl . After finding Father Gregory at the scene , Mulder believes that he is responsible for the murders . Under questioning by Mulder and Scully , Father Gregory insists that he tried to protect the girls ' souls from the Devil , and that the fourth girl must be located . While the agents step out of the interrogation room , Starkey enters and demands to know the location of the fourth girl . When Gregory does not answer , he is burned alive by Starkey , who is revealed to be the Devil .
Scully is approached by the Dark Figure , who is revealed to be a Seraph , an angel who descended from the heavens and fathered four children with a mortal woman . God sent the Seraph to return the girls to Heaven in order to keep the Devil from claiming them as his own . Scully and Starkey find the fourth girl , Roberta Dyer ( Perkins ) at Gregory 's church . However , Scully sees Starkey 's horned shadow , revealing his true origins . Scully tries to help Roberta escape , but the women are confronted by the Seraph . She reluctantly lets go of Roberta 's hand , after seeing Emily in place of Roberta , and lets her enter Heaven . Later , Scully tells Mulder they should have been protecting the girls from Starkey , not Gregory . She also believes that they are now in a place where they were meant to be .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
The script for " All Souls " was written by John Shiban and Frank Spotnitz , and directed by Allen Coulter . The original genesis for the episode was an idea developed by Dan Angel and Billy Brown , two story board editors for the series that had left after Christmas of 1997 . In this incarnation , the plot was radically different ; according to Shiban , the story was " about Mulder and Scully and angels , but it never quite worked the way it was originally conceived . " Shiban and Spotnitz decided to over @-@ haul the script and feature elements of the earlier " Christmas Carol " and " Emily " story arc . The episode , according to Andy Meisler , thus became the unofficial third part in the story . Shiban and Spotnitz wanted to include the " very universal " idea of Scully exploring feelings for her deceased daughter . In addition , by making Scully the believer and Mulder the skeptic , the writers added " the Mulder @-@ Scully criss @-@ cross " that was a major theme for the fifth season .
In order to counter some of the darker aspects of the script , Shiban and Spotnitz — on the behest of co @-@ star David Duchovny — added several bits of comic relief to be offered by Mulder . According to Duchvony , " It was in the more straight ahead investigative shows , the creepier , scarier shows , that I would try to make sure that we kept this kind of humanity alive through humor of it . "
= = = Filming = = =
Scenes at " St. John 's Church " — the church featured in the episode — were shot in the actual St. Augustine Church in Vancouver , British Columbia . In order to secure permission for filming , the script was sent to the church 's local Archdiocese for approval by a Monseigneur . Eventually , the script was approved and filming commenced . The production crew , however , scouted several other churches in case permission to film at St. Augustine fell through , although none of them had " the ornate physical presence " of the chosen church . Special stain @-@ glass windows were created that featured an angel ascending into Heaven , to go along with the themes of the episode . Father McCue 's book about the Nephilim was created by assistant art director Vivien Nishi with guidance from Spotnitz . Scenes at Father Gregory 's church were filmed in an older boiler room at George Pearson Hospital . This location had previously been used in the earlier fifth season entry " Kitsunegari " as a cafeteria . The production crew initially worried that the high windows in the building would not allow the cameras enough time to film , as the light coming through would dramatically shift as the day wore on . A solution was devised in which some of the windows were lit up via artificial means .
The episode also contained several elaborate effects , which were achieved via makeup and CGI . Makeup artist Laverne Basham and hairstylist Anji Bemben were given the task of creating four distinct looks for the quadruplets , all played by Emily Perkins . In addition , they were also responsible for making Jody Racicot appear older . This task proved particularly difficult because Racicot did not have any hair to dye grey and had " the tightest skin of any thirtysomething guy [ they 'd ] ever seen . " The visual effects to create the shifting heads of the Seraphim were created by means of CGI and took visual effects supervisor Lauri Kailsen @-@ George a long time to complete ; she did not finish until " hours before airtime . " The scene was created by having actor Tracy Elofson wear a lion mask to track the scene . Then , the different heads were filmed against a green screen and added in . Various light effects were then interlayed to " make it look scary " and more " angelic " .
After they viewed the final cut of the episode , Shiban and Spotnitz decided that they were " far from the end " . Feeling that something was missing , the two decided to frame the happenings of the episode with two scenes featuring Scully in a church confessional . Vancouver producer J.P. Finn was chosen to play the role of the priest in the scene , due to his " hushed delivery and map @-@ of @-@ Ireland features " . Initially , Gillian Anderson was sent the script for the last @-@ minute shot — which comprised two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half pages — well in advance . On the night before the reshoot , however , the crew sent her the further rewrites , which were much greater . Anderson refused to rush her performance , noting that , not only would it be difficult for her to memorize her lines , it would also undermine the emotion she was supposed to put into the scene . The crew ended up shooting a day later . Due to this , Finn never actually filmed with Anderson . In order to make up for the added scenes — a total of seven pages worth — the first cut of the episode had to be trimmed " scene by scene and line by line " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" All Souls " premiered on the Fox network in the United States on April 26 , 1998 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on February 24 , 1999 . It earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 5 , with a 12 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 12 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 13 @.@ 44 million viewers .
" All Souls " received mixed reviews from television critics . Dave Golder from SFX magazine named the episode 's Nephilim as among of the top " 10 TV Angels " . He applauded the episode 's role @-@ switching , allowing Scully to be the believer and Mulder to be the skeptic . John Keegan from Critical Myth awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 and called it " [ a ] nother gem of the fifth season " . He cited that the episode was " the last strong Scully @-@ centric episodes for quite some time " and was a " stunning exploration of her questions of faith . " Furthermore he wrote that " a number of important psychological questions are addressed , and the stage is set for her decisions in Fight the Future . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club wrote positively of the episode and awarded it a " B + " . Despite calling the entry " an occasionally too @-@ slow episode " , VanDerWerff praised Anderson , lauding her performance as " another [ … ] potential Emmy tape in a season full of them " . Furthermore , he enjoyed the juxtaposition of Scully 's skepticism and her religious beliefs , noting that the series could have taken the idea into the realm of irony , but instead played it " with a deathly seriousness " that allowed it to work .
Other reviews were more negative . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely critical review and awarded it one star out of four . Vitaris wrote " with its trip into blatant religiosity , ' All Souls ' comes off like a bad episode of Millennium " . Furthermore , she was critical of the scenes wherein the Nephilims ' souls were taken , noting the excessive religious imagery : " as [ Dara 's ] soul is taken , the camera pans to the right and stops to linger on a telephone pole that forms a cross . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode one star out of five . The two derided the fact that the episode 's killer appears to either be God or an angel commanded by God , along with the fact that the four girls are destined to die because they are disabled and " have no right to live " . Furthermore , Shearman and Pearson concluded that , while religious worship is not a passive act , it is treated so in the episode . Ultimately , they concluded that while " looking at death from a different angle is fascinating " it would be explored better " in ' Closure ' . "
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= Paul Collingwood =
Paul David Collingwood MBE ( born 26 May 1976 ) is an English cricketer . He was a regular member of the England Test side , and captain of the One Day International ( ODI ) team ( 2007 – 2008 ) . He is also captain of his county , Durham County Cricket Club . Collingwood is a batting all @-@ rounder , whose batting combines natural strokeplay with great tenacity . He also bowls reliable medium pace . Described as a " natural athlete " , he is also regarded as one of the finest fielders of his time ; usually fielding at backward point or in the slips , he has also deputised as wicket @-@ keeper for England .
His first class debut was in 1996 , and he made his first appearance for England in One Day International cricket in 2001 and made his Test match debut in 2003 . For two years he remained an occasional Test player , but after selection for the final Test of the 2005 Ashes , he secured a regular place . His 206 during the 2006 – 07 Ashes was the first double century by an England batsman in Australia for 78 years and in a match that England lost . A series of three consecutive match @-@ winning performances by Collingwood at the end of the 2006 – 07 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia brought him enthusiastic approval in the British media . His " allround display of incredible nerve and tenacity " helped to secure the trophy for England . In 2010 he led the England team to their first ICC trophy , the 2010 World Twenty20 . He is England 's most capped ODI cricketer and was , until passed by Ian Bell in 2015 , the leading ODI run scorer . He announced his retirement from Test cricket in January 2011 , during the 5th Test of the 2010 – 11 Ashes series . He finished on a high , becoming a three @-@ times Ashes winner as England won a series in Australia for the first time in 24 years , with three innings victories contributing to a 3 – 1 win .
= = Early and personal life = =
Collingwood was born and brought up in Shotley Bridge , near Consett , County Durham , by parents David and Janet , along with his elder brother Peter , and was educated at Blackfyne Comprehensive School , now known as Consett Academy . Introduced to cricket " on the playing fields of Blackfyne Comprehensive School " , Paul was able to " force his way into Shotley Bridge 's Under – 13s team at the age of just nine " .
As a teenager , his father , who still remains a member of the Shotley Bridge Cricket Club , persuaded him to give up football and concentrate on cricket . Collingwood still makes regular visits to his old cricket club , " ... he is a brilliant role model for the kids and his success is an aspiration to follow ... " .
He currently lives in Northumberland with wife Vicky , whom he married in February 2005 in Cape Town , South Africa , and their three daughters Shannon ( born September 2006 ) , Keira ( born 24 February 2008 ) , and Hannah Mae ( born 9 February 2011 ) . He is a big fan of Sunderland AFC . His nicknames are Colly , Weed and Shep ; the latter is an apparent homage to the famous Blue Peter Collie dog , Shep .
= = Domestic career = =
= = = County cricket = = =
Paul Collingwood signed for Durham , his local county cricket side , in 1995 , playing first in List A one @-@ day cricket . When he first came to Durham 's attention , Collingwood was regarded " as a bowler who batted a bit " . According to coach Geoff Cook 's 2006 assessment it was Collingwood 's determination , rather than his talent , that shone through .
Collingwood made his first – class debut against Northamptonshire in 1996 , at Durham 's Riverside Ground . He made an immediate impression by taking the wicket of former England all @-@ rounder David Capel with his first ball , and scoring 91 in his first innings . However , his early years as a first @-@ class player were characterised by steady and relatively modest performances with bat and ball : in each season from 1996 to 2000 , his batting average was between 20 and 30 and his bowling average was between 30 and 60 .
His breakthrough began in 2000 , when he was voted Player of the Year by the Durham members , particularly for his one @-@ day efforts . His form varied following a back injury , but he hit his stride in 2001 , when he excelled both in the County Championship and in the one @-@ day game . In the six English seasons from 2001 , Collingwood has exceeded a batting average of 40 four times and achieved a bowling average of less than 40 on three occasions .
Recognising his need to improve his all @-@ round game Collingwood took himself off to Australia for their 2000 – 01 season where he played for the long @-@ established Richmond Cricket Club in the tough Melbourne Premier League . At the end of the season Collingwood was awarded the prestigious Jack Ryder Medal for the best player in the league ( an award he shared ) , and was the first – and so far only – Richmond player to ever receive it .
Durham only achieved first @-@ class status in 1992 . In the 15 years since then , their best performances in the two league championships ( the first @-@ class County Championship and the List @-@ A ( One @-@ Day ) National League ) both came in 2006 ( finishing sixth and eighth respectively ) . Following in 2007 with the Friends Provident Trophy , beating Hampshire by 125 runs , Collingwood picking up 22 runs and bowling figures of 3 / 33 . However , Collingwood 's involvement was severely limited by his England commitments and he made no appearances at all in either competition .
This stood in marked contrast to the previous season , when Collingwood was available to Durham for four of the five Tests , before his England recall for the final Ashes Test ; he " pushed his claims for a Test recall with three centuries in four innings in the Frizzell County Championship . " In just 13 appearances in the County Championship in that 2005 season , Collingwood scored 1103 runs and took 21 wickets , averaging 55 @.@ 15 and 31 @.@ 90 respectively .
In the traditional reward for services to a county , Durham awarded Collingwood a benefit year for 2007 . He chose to support two charities through his benefit , Marie Curie Cancer Care and the Cricket Foundation 's " Chance to Shine " project , which encourages cricket coaching in state schools . In that same year , two days after achieving his fifth Test century at Riverside in an England victory , he joined Liam Plunkett in helping the county enter its first Friends Provident Trophy final , which they would also go on to win .
= = = Indian Premier League = = =
With England players free to participate in the second season of the Indian Premier League , Collingwood was signed by the Delhi Daredevils for $ 275 @,@ 000 during their second player auction . In the 2011 auction , he was signed up by Rajasthan Royals for US $ 250 @,@ 000 , but could not take part in IPL4 due to a knee injury that he picked up during the World Cup .
= = International career = =
= = = England debut = = =
Collingwood 's form for Durham in 2001 earned him a call @-@ up to the England One Day International ( ODI ) squad , selected for the NatWest Series against Pakistan and Australia that summer , becoming the 162nd to play for England in ODI cricket . He was not particularly successful on his ODI debut in June 2001 , scoring only two runs and taking no wickets against Pakistan at Edgbaston , and doing poorly ( 20 runs in four innings and no wickets ) in the rest of the series . Despite this , the selectors showed confidence in him by choosing him for the 2001 – 02 one @-@ day tour of Zimbabwe , where he took his first ODI wicket , that of Dion Ebrahim in the Third ODI at Harare Sports Club . He starred with the bat in the Fourth ODI at Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo , with a match @-@ winning 77 , and made an unbeaten 56 in the final ODI , also in Bulawayo , helping England secure a 5 – 0 whitewash .
Collingwood played in all seven matches of the 2002 NatWest Series against India and Sri Lanka , ending on the losing side in the final to India . Neither his batting nor bowling during this series were particularly impressive , averaging less than 24 with the bat and taking only five wickets in the series , but he went on to make his first ODI century in the 2002 / 2003 VB Series victory against Sri Lanka at the WACA . While this performance cemented his position in the England one – day setup , he dislocated his right shoulder while fielding in a pre – season county friendly against Lancashire and was forced to miss most of the 2003 season . Nevertheless , he was awarded a 12 @-@ month ECB contract when the winter touring squads were announced for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . With Nasser Hussain suffering from a bout of ' flu , Collingwood made his Test debut against the Sri Lankans in the First Test at Galle in December 2003 , becoming the 622nd Englishman to play Test cricket . It was during this game that he established his position as one of the best English fielders , with five catches and a run @-@ out in the drawn match . Since then his performances in the field have drawn comparisons with South African specialist fielder , Jonty Rhodes .
With the selection of pace bowler James Anderson for the Third Test , Collingwood was dropped . Although unable to establish a regular place in the 11 @-@ man team , his all – round ability and fielding strengths made him a regular on England 's overseas Test tours as 12th Man .
He retained his place in England 's one @-@ day side throughout the summer of 2004 despite a knee injury , and scored an unbeaten 79 in the second match of the NatWest Challenge against India at The Oval , with England winning the series 2 – 1 . Collingwood was also England 's second highest run @-@ scorer in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy , scoring 141 runs at an average of 70 @.@ 5 , which included an unbeaten 80 in the opening game against Zimbabwe . He played in all 11 ODIs against Zimbabwe and South Africa , and was then named in the England Development Squad in May 2005 , and the 14 @-@ man squad for the NatWest Series against Bangladesh and Australia and the NatWest International Twenty20 against Australia that summer .
= = = Ashes 2005 = = =
On 21 June 2005 , playing for England against Bangladesh at Trent Bridge , Collingwood scored 112 not out from 86 balls and then took six wickets for 31 runs . These were the best – ever bowling figures by an Englishman in an ODI , and made Collingwood the first player to score a century and take six wickets in an ODI . This performance surpassed the previous best all – round ODI performance , that of Viv Richards , who scored a hundred and took five wickets against New Zealand in Dunedin in the 1986 / 1987 season . Another highlight that was produced that same series was a stunning mid @-@ air catch off the bowling of Steve Harmison to dismiss Matthew Hayden during the Natwest Series ODI at Bristol . This catch has subsequently been included by Canada 's The Score television network as a part of their " Score 64 " greatest @-@ highlight contest . Pitted against Tiger Woods ' chip at the Canadian Open in the first round , the catch squeezed out a slim victory .
Collingwood also played in England 's inaugural Twenty20 International match , held at the Rose Bowl , where a useful contribution of 49 and the wickets of Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie helped jump @-@ start England on its pursuit of the Ashes , with 100 @-@ run defeat of Australia .
Collingwood was selected for the Test squad at the outset of the series but was not called into action until bowler Simon Jones was ruled out due to injury during the Fourth Test at Trent Bridge . Collingwood therefore played only the Fifth Test . Although he only scored 7 and 10 with the bat that match , his " blocking " alongside Kevin Pietersen in a 60 @-@ run sixth wicket stand on the final day helped England draw the match , and clinch the series to take the Ashes for the first time since 1987 . In the 2006 New Year 's Honours List , Collingwood was awarded the MBE , together with other members of the England team , for his role in the successful Ashes victory . There was some critical comment that his limited role did not warrant the honour as he had played only in the Fifth Test and scored just 17 runs in 2 innings .
= = = Success in Pakistan and India = = =
Following the successful Ashes campaign in 2005 , Collingwood was selected to tour with England to Pakistan and India in 2005 – 06 . He played in the First Test in against Pakistan in Multan in 2005 , but scored only 13 runs in his two innings and took no wickets . He was dropped for the Second Test as Michael Vaughan returned , but came back into the team for the Third Test against Pakistan when the top – order was reshuffled after Andrew Strauss returned to England for the birth of his first child . Despite Collingwood making his maiden Test 50 and following it with another in the second innings , England lost the match and consequently the three @-@ match series 2 – 0 . In the ODI series , he and Durham teammates Liam Plunkett and Steve Harmison accounted for the majority of the wickets taken by England , through a combination of their bowling and fielding .
Following his performance in Pakistan , Collingwood was called into the England team for the First Test against India in March 2006 after injury and illness respectively to Vaughan and Marcus Trescothick . Collingwood justified his position in the team with a magnificent 134 not out in the first innings on 2 March 2006 , his first Test century . Collingwood thus became the first Durham player to make a Test century for England . Following this innings , The Times , which had been among the critics of Collingwood 's MBE , ran the headline , " MBE ? Give this man a knighthood ! "
= = = Sri Lanka and Pakistan in 2006 = = =
Collingwood kept his place for the first three Tests against Sri Lanka in the summer of 2006 . Uncharacteristically , he dropped two catches during the First Test at Lord 's , but he scored an unbeaten half @-@ century . He went on to make up for the dropped catches in the Second Test at Edgbaston , where he took five catches in two innings while playing his usual batting style as foil ( with Andrew Flintoff ) to Kevin Pietersen 's 142 in the first innings . In the subsequent Twenty20 International match against Sri Lanka , he took 4 – 22 , the best bowling record in Twenty20 Internationals , but still ended on the losing side .
He then followed this up with an important innings in the First Test against Pakistan later that summer , scoring his second Test century . On this occasion he was the dominant partner , batting for most of his innings with rookie Alastair Cook . When Cook departed , he continued with Ian Bell to complete his 150 before at last being removed by Danish Kaneria for 186 . This score proved to be England 's highest of the series .
Collingwood took his first Test wicket on 6 August 2006 , trapping Faisal Iqbal leg before wicket for a golden duck in the Third Test at Headingley . During this series he also bowled a couple of overs of off @-@ spin , to the surprise of many , including the commentary team on Test Match Special . Later that summer , he reached his 100th ODI cap and 50 ODI wickets in the same match by claiming the wickets of Inzamam @-@ ul @-@ Haq and Abdul Razzaq during the Fifth ODI against Pakistan in Birmingham on 10 September .
= = = Ashes 2006 / 07 = = =
Following a successful summer , Collingwood was selected later in 2006 for both the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy squad and Ashes touring party . However , after two lacklustre defeats to India and Australia , critics such as Geoffrey Boycott and some fans began to question the coaching staff 's placement of him in the batting order .
The return of Andrew Flintoff following an injury would reignite the ongoing debate about which two of Cook , Bell and Collingwood should be included in the team , with many speculating that Collingwood would be the man to miss out . With the sudden departure of Marcus Trescothick from the tour just over a week before the First Test , the debate was settled for the time being .
The first ball of the First Test , at the Gabba in Brisbane , bowled wildly wide by Steve Harmison set the tone for the series . However , on the fourth day , England seemed to be batting towards a draw , when Collingwood , who had worked his way to a hard – earned 96 was stumped " ... skipping miles down the pitch and trying to smack Warne over his head to reach a hundred " . This was a pivotal moment : England went on to lose the next six wickets for 126 runs , and so lost the Test match . In the Second Test at Adelaide , Collingwood made a career @-@ best 206 in England 's first innings , sharing in a 310 – run fourth – wicket stand with Pietersen ; he became only the eighth English double centurion against Australia in Ashes history , and the first in Australia since Wally Hammond scored 251 and 200 in consecutive innings during the 1928 – 29 Ashes . In the second innings he added an unbeaten 22 from 119 balls over nearly 3 hours , while England collapsed to 129 all out and so went 2 – 0 down . Collingwood received some praise but mostly criticism from commentators on the manner in which he batted with the tail @-@ enders .
England fared no better in the Third and Fourth Tests , losing them both , with Collingwood picking up only 60 with the bat in his four innings . During the Fifth Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground in January 2007 , Australia 's Shane Warne revived the controversy of Collingwood 's MBE with clearly audible " sledging " at Collingwood 's expense . Collingwood 's performance during this Test was mediocre , scoring 27 and 17 with the bat and not being called upon to bowl a single ball , as Australia won comfortably by ten wickets .
Despite the series ending with a 5 – 0 whitewash by Australia , Collingwood finished the series ranked 14th in the LG ICC World Rankings for Test batsmen .
The Commonwealth Bank One @-@ Day International Series began on a low note for Collingwood , with a loss in the opening game against Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Despite the defeat being followed by a narrow win over New Zealand in Hobart , the team and Collingwood went into a rapid decline , losing a string of four matches . He missed England 's 92 – run victory over Australia due to food poisoning , but returned to make 106 and capture two wickets in the decisive 14 – run victory over New Zealand in the final group stage match . He then hit a century and scored the winning runs as England won the first of three finals in Melbourne , against Australia , becoming the eighth Englishman to hit centuries in consecutive ODIs . His innings of 120 not out was the highest ever by an English ODI player against Australia in Australia . In the second of the finals , he was Man of the Match for the third consecutive game , top – scoring for England with 70 and taking two wickets , as well another difficult catch off the bowling of Sajid Mahmood to once again dismiss Matthew Hayden .
= = = World Cup 2007 = = =
Flush with confidence and in form from the tri @-@ series victory , Collingwood and the English arrived in the Caribbean with high hopes . However , two unimpressive performances by the team during the warm @-@ up matches against Bermuda and Australia , followed by defeat to New Zealand in the first Group match dampened expectations . This was coupled with the removal of Andrew Flintoff from the vice @-@ captaincy due to an incident of unruly behaviour , which led to speculation that Collingwood would be in line for the captaincy should either Michael Vaughan or Andrew Strauss be unavailable . However , all such discussion came to nought as Vaughan remained in charge , despite the reprimanding of Flintoff .
The tournament was uneventful for Collingwood and the English , as he and the team were soon left by the wayside after qualification into the Super Eight round . Unimpressive victories over Ireland followed by a nervy 37 @-@ run seventh wicket stand with Paul Nixon to victory over Bangladesh along with a close 2 @-@ run loss to Sri Lanka and heavy losses to Australia and South Africa meant elimination from the knockout stages , as Collingwood was only able to manage lower scores with limited successes with the white ball . He did , however , end up as the tournament 's joint top fielder , grabbing eight catches along with Graeme Smith , and took what is arguably his most stunning catch , to dismiss Devon Smith off the bowling of Andrew Flintoff during the final Super Eight match versus the West Indies .
= = = 2007 season = = =
Collingwood and the team opened their first home Test at Lord 's with a dominant first innings against the West Indies , as Collingwood 's score of 111 joined Alastair Cook , Ian Bell , Matt Prior and Kevin Pietersen in becoming the first ever group of five Englishmen to score centuries at Lord 's in the same match . This was followed up during the opposition innings with his second Test wicket , that of Dwayne Bravo . He then added his second century of the series at Durham 's home ground at Chester @-@ le @-@ Street during the fourth Test , hitting 128 from 188 balls as part of a 169 @-@ run seventh @-@ wicket stand with Prior before being bowled by Corey Collymore . Following his good form in the Test series , Collingwood was named as captain of the England team for the two Twenty20 Internationals and three One @-@ Day International games against the West Indies , following previous captain Michael Vaughan 's resignation of the position of captain in the format four days before . Of the Twenty20s , England lost the first but won the second to draw Collingwood 's first Twenty20 International series as a captain . While only contributing 27 from 24 balls in the second match , Collingwood outshone the other English batsmen with his individual effort during the first , hitting 79 runs from just 41 deliveries . The England team continued into the 50 @-@ over ODI matches , winning the first by a comfortable 79 under Collingwood 's captaincy , though the man himself hit only 5 runs . He went on to captain the one @-@ day side against India , where they won the 1st ODI but lost an entertaining 2nd ODI at Bristol by 9 runs . After the 2nd ODI Collingwood was fined half of his match fee for a slow over rate . England eventually won the closely fought series 4 – 3 .
Collingwood was fined £ 1000 during the 2007 Twenty20 World Championship when he visited a lap @-@ dancing club prior to England 's match with New Zealand . Collingwood led the team to victory over Zimbabwe in the group stages of the tournament , but England , under his leadership , were later defeated by Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and India to go out of the competition before the final stages . During England 's subsequent tour of Sri Lanka Collingwood led the team to victory in the ODI Series . In the later Test series , he became the 709th Test wicket of Muttiah Muralitharan , who thus overtook Shane Warne as the highest Test wicket taker .
= = = 2008 = = =
Collingwood enjoyed a successful Test series away in New Zealand in early 2008 , scoring 244 runs from three matches at 40 @.@ 66 , passing 50 three times . His ODI game also enjoyed success – 151 runs at 50 @.@ 33 with two half @-@ centuries from his four ODI matches . Collingwood had a less successful home series , however , scoring only 32 runs in three matches , 24 of these in one innings , and ended the series with an average of just 10 @.@ 66 . His home ODI series was one of great controversy . While playing in the fourth match , he appealed controversially for the run @-@ out of Grant Elliott after Elliott had collided with Ryan Sidebottom and injured himself . While this action drew criticism from the New Zealand dressing room , there was separate incident in this match ( relating to an inadequate England over @-@ rate ) , for which the ICC banned Collingwood for four limited @-@ overs internationals . This was for a second offence in twelve months relating to England , with Collingwood as captain , completing its overs outside of the time limit . Pietersen was called upon to take over as captain .
Collingwood 's poor form continued into the first Test of South Africa 's tour of England in July 2008 , as he scored only seven runs in his first innings at Lord 's , although replays suggested an umpiring error , the ball hitting not his bat but only his pad . He was left out of the side for the following Test at Headingley , making way for Andrew Flintoff , but was recalled for the third Test at Edgbaston , scoring a century and giving England a chance of beating South Africa and levelling the series .
Half an hour after Michael Vaughan resigned from the Test captaincy , Collingwood relinquished charge of the ODI squad because it was affecting his ability to enjoy the game . Collingwood told his wife on the night before his century against South Africa that it was time to go . He later explained , " I 've found the extra workload to be very difficult [ ... ] . It 's mentally tiring , and that 's the top and bottom of it . I want to have a smile on my face when I 'm playing cricket , and , if I 'd have kept going , I 'm not sure that would have been the case . "
= = = 2009 = = =
Collingwood deputised as England wicket @-@ keeper for an injured Matt Prior in the second home Test against the West Indies in May 2009 ; he enjoyed the experience and was generally successful , including effecting a catch from an edge by Shivnarine Chanderpaul .
Collingwood 's form in the 2009 World Twenty20 tournament wasn 't good : in five innings , managing just 63 runs . More important , however , was his form in the longest version of the game , in which he had attained something like a peak . Going into the 2009 Ashes , indeed , he was relishing his best @-@ ever run in the Test side , having hoarded three centuries in his last twelve innings .
In the first Test of the 2009 Ashes at the SWALEC Stadium in Cardiff , Collingwood scored 64 in the first innings as England totalled 435 . On a flat wicket , however , this was put into context by the Australians , who amassed 674 for 6 declared , with four centurions ; Collingwood bowled nine overs , and claimed the wicket of Brad Haddin caught at deep midwicket . In reply , England slid to 70 for 5 and seemed certain to succumb to an innings defeat . In response , Collingwood stayed at the crease for 5 ¾ hours ( nearly the whole of the final day ) and top @-@ scored for England with 74 runs from 245 balls . He was ninth man out , edging Peter Siddle to gully , but final pair James Anderson and Monty Panesar blocked out the final 11 ½ overs of the match to secure an improbable draw .
In the second Test at Lord 's Collingwood succumbed to a loose first @-@ innings dismissal , chipping part @-@ time spinner Michael Clarke to mid @-@ on for 16 ( and earning the ire of his captain Andrew Strauss , who went on to score 161 ) ; England , poised at 302 for 3 before Collingwood 's dismissal , subsided to 425 all out . Nonetheless , England 's seamers bowled Australia out for 215 , and in the second innings Collingwood scored a measured 54 , acting as foil to the aggressive strokeplay of Matt Prior ( their partnership adding 86 in twelve overs ) and Andrew Flintoff ( 51 in eight overs ) . As Flintoff and Graeme Swann combined to bowl England to victory , Collingwood contributed two fine slip catches .
After Lord 's , however , his form tailed away considerably : tormented by Australia 's seam @-@ bowling attack , his scores for the rest of the series were 13 , 0 and 4 , and 24 and 1 , bringing his batting average for the five @-@ match series down to 27 @.@ 78 . Collingwood 's difficulties with the bat seemed to affect his usually high @-@ class catching , and he dropped three chances of varying degrees of difficulty on the final day of the series at the Oval , though he did take a sharp catch to dismiss Mitchell Johnson for a duck off Steve Harmison as part of England 's surge to a 197 @-@ run victory in the match , and a 2 – 1 victory in the series .
Against South Africa in November 2009 , Collingwood surpassed Alec Stewart 's record of 170 ODIs to become England 's most capped player .
= = = 2010 World Twenty20 and Australia = = =
In early 2010 , Collingwood led the England Twenty20 team to the 2010 World Twenty20 championship . Collingwood appeared in all seven games , struggling with the bat as he scored only 61 runs at 10 @.@ 16 , with the ball he only bowled one over for ten runs , however his prowess in the field continued – his four catches the joint highest with the wicket keeper , Craig Kieswetter , for the England team . It was Collingwood 's captaincy that was most praised , as he led England to their first ever ICC trophy , hitting the winning runs in their seven @-@ wicket victory over Australia in the final .
Collingwood was then rested for the home Test series against Bangladesh , however returned for the five @-@ match ODI series against Australia in June . During the second match , he overtook Alec Stewart 's record to become England 's all @-@ time leading runscorer in the format . Following poor batting performances in the 2010 – 11 Ashes series , he announced his retirement from Test cricket .
In July 2014 , he played for the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord 's .
= = = Coaching = = =
After retiring from international cricket , Collingwood associated with England and Scotland cricket teams as coach and supporting staff . In November 2014 , Paul agreed to return in Scotland 's coaching staff for 2015 Cricket World Cup . He then became the captain / assistant coach of Durham , which led them to win the 2013 LV County Championship , the inaugural 2014 Royal London One @-@ Day Cup . Collingwood has been named as Limited Overs Consultant for England in September 2015 .
= = Achievements = =
= = = Test matches = = =
Records :
1 @,@ 000 + Test runs in a calendar year in 2006 .
England fourth wicket partnership record against Australia – 206 in a partnership of 310 with Kevin Pietersen in 2006 .
Double century against Australia in 2007 – only the third English batsman to score a double century in Australia , and the first since Wally Hammond in 1936 .
First Durham player to score a Test century for England , and first to hit one at Riverside Ground .
Test Centuries :
Career performance :
= = = One @-@ Day Internationals = = =
Records :
Most capped ODI player for England
Best bowling figures in an ODI by an England player – 6 / 31 against Bangladesh in 2005 .
Best ODI all @-@ round performance – 6 / 31 and 112 * against Bangladesh in 2005 .
Fastest half century by an England player , 50 off 24 deliveries .
The second most career runs in ODI matches for England .
Man of the match awards :
Career performance :
= = = Twenty20 Internationals = = =
Records :
Best bowling figures by an Englishman in a Twenty20 International ; 4 / 22 against Sri Lanka in 2006 .
Highest wicket partnership for England in Twenty20 Internationals ; 54 in a partnership of 102 with Owais Shah against New Zealand in 2008 .
First English cricket captain to lead a major ICC tournament winning side .
Man of the match awards :
Career performance :
= = = Wisden Cricketer of the Year = = =
He was chosen as one of the five Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 2007 , alongside England teammate Monty Panesar . In their rationale , Wisden describes him as having become the embodiment of " the sort of cricketer who not only made the most of his ability but was also determined to keep getting better . "
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= Vision of Love =
" Vision of Love " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It served as Carey 's debut single , the first from her self @-@ titled debut album . Written by Carey and Ben Margulies , " Vision of Love " was released on May 15 , 1990 , by Columbia Records . After being featured on Carey 's demo tape for Columbia , the song was re @-@ sung and produced by Rhett Lawrence and Narada Michael Walden . " Vision of Love " features a slow @-@ dance theme tempo and backing vocals sung by Carey herself , and introduces her usage of the whistle register . Lyrically , the song describes a past and present relationship with a lover . Carey describes the " vision of love " she dreamed of , as well as the present love she feels for him .
The song 's music video was filmed in April 1990 . It features Carey in a large cathedral , where she meditates and sings by a large carved window . " Vision of Love " was performed on several television and award show ceremonies , such as The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Arsenio Hall Show and the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards . It has been performed at almost every one of Carey 's concerts and tours , and is featured on Carey 's live album MTV Unplugged ( 1992 ) and on many of her compilation albums , Number 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) and The Ballads ( 2008 ) .
" Vision of Love " was lauded by contemporary music critics . While the production of the song was typical of late 1980s pop , the vocals were not , being much more showy and expressing a wider range than artists popular at the time such as Paula Abdul and Debbie Gibson . It has been credited with popularizing the use of melisma in modern popular music and for inspiring several artists to pursue a career in music . The New Yorker named " Vision of Love " the " Magna Carta of melisma " for its and Carey 's influence on pop and R & B singers and American Idol contestants . Additionally , Rolling Stone said that " the fluttering strings of notes that decorate songs like " Vision of Love , " inspired the entire American Idol vocal school , for better or worse , and virtually every other female R & B singer since the nineties . " The song topped the singles charts in Canada , New Zealand and the United States , where it spent four weeks atop the chart .
= = Background and recording = =
Throughout 1986 , Carey had already begun writing music while in high school . After composing a song with her friend , Gavin Christopher ( of " Once You Get Started " fame ) , Carey met a young drummer and songwriter , Ben Margulies . After initially meeting and becoming friends , the pair began spending time in his father 's old studio , writing material and composing new songs . Together , the first song they compiled was titled " Here We Go Around Again . " Although the song was Carey 's first composition ; it was never recorded . As the year wore on , they had composed seven songs for Carey 's demo tape ; of them was the rough and unfinished version of " Vision of Love " . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Carey described how she met and came to work with Margulies .
" We needed someone to play keyboards for a song I did with Gavin Christopher . We called someone and he couldn 't come , so by accident we stumbled on Ben . Ben came to the session , and he can 't really play keyboards very well @-@ he 's really more of a drummer @-@ but after that day , we kept in touch , and we just sort of clicked as writers .
After meeting Brenda K. Starr and being introduced to Tommy Mottola , the future head of Sony Music Entertainment , the song was re @-@ done in a professional studio , with the assistance of two producers . Carey flew to Los Angeles to work with Rhett Lawrence , one of the album 's main producers . After hearing the original version of the song , Lawrence described it as having a " ' 50s sort of shuffle . " After Carey agreed to alter the song , Lawrence contemporized its tempo . " Vision of Love " was recorded at the Skyline Studios in New York , and featured Lawrence behind the keyboard , Margulies on the drums , bassist Marcus Miller , drum programmer Ren Klyce and guitarist Jimmy Ripp . Lawrence took Carey 's vocals from the original demo version , and used them as background vocals for the song 's final version . After adding different instrumentation to the song , Lawrence and Narada Michael Walden produced " Vision of Love . "
= = Composition = =
" Vision of Love " is a love song with pop and R & B influences . It incorporates heavy backup vocals during the song 's bridge and features usage of Carey 's whistle register and melisma . Author Chris Nickson described the song and its vocals :
" [ ' Vision of Love ' ] was the perfect introduction to her voice . With an ideal slow @-@ dancing tempo , it still managed to swing , with Mariah 's background vocals ( herself multi @-@ tracked ) answering her lead . On the final chorus , her voice flew towards those trademark high notes before the instruments drop out , leaving Mariah to sing her way out to the tune 's climax alone . "
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Vision of Love " is set in common time and in the key of C major . Carey 's vocal range spans from the low note of Eb3 to the high whistle note of C7 . The song 's lyrics and melody were written and composed by Carey , with Margulies , Miller , Klyce and Rip on the instrumentals . Lawrence and Walden produced the song , which heavily deviated from its original version on Carey 's demo . Michael Slezak from Entertainment Weekly wrote regarding the song 's instrumentation and vocals " From those opening sci @-@ fi @-@ esque synths to that signature dog @-@ whistle high note , Mariah 's very first single is inspired : Even folks who object to her trademark vocal excesses are hard @-@ pressed to fault this rousing , gospel @-@ tinged song about finding ' the one that I needed . ' "
= = Lyrical content = =
The song 's lyrics have been subject to various interpretations and suggested relationships by critics . Some have noted the relationship between Carey and God , while others point out one with a lover . Carey has yielded to both , while claiming them to have a connection to her childhood and obstacles growing up . Michael Slezak wrote " Though it 's not clear if she 's celebrating a secular love or her relationship with a higher power , this exuberant ballad is a near @-@ religious listening experience . " In an interview with Ebony in 1991 , Carey spoke of the song 's lyrics and success .
" Consider the lyrics : Prayed through the nights / Felt so alone / Suffered from alienation / Carried the weight on my own / Had to be strong / So I believed / And now I know I 've succeeded / In finding the place I conceived . Well , just because you are young doesn 't mean that you haven 't had a hard life . It 's been difficult for me , moving around so much , having to grow up by myself , basically on my own , my parents divorced . And I always felt kind of different from everyone else in my neighborhoods . I was a different person – ethnically . And sometimes that can be a problem . If you look a certain way everybody goes , ' White girl , ' and I 'd go , ' No , that 's not what I am . ' "
According to Nickson , Carey chose to express her innermost feelings in her songs rather than becoming depressed and bitter throughout the hardships in her life . " You really have to look inside yourself and find your own inner strength , and say , `I 'm proud of what I am and who I am , and I 'm just going to be myself . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Vision of Love " has been lauded by contemporary music critics for its lyrical content , vocals , and use of melisma . In a retrospective review on the album in 2005 , Entertainment Weekly called the song " inspired " and complimented Carey 's use of the whistle register in the song . In 2006 , Sasha Frere @-@ Jones from The New Yorker named the song " the Magna Carta of melisma " for it and Carey 's influence on pop and R & B singers and American Idol contestants . Additionally , Rolling Stone said that " the fluttering strings of notes that decorate songs like " Vision of Love , " inspired the entire American Idol vocal school , for better or worse , and virtually every other female R & B singer since the nineties . " Slant Magazine critic Rich Juzwiak , wrote " I think [ " Vision of Love " ] was a vision of the future world of American Idol . " In a separate review from Slant , RJ wrote " The last half of " Vision Of Love " ( starting with the belted bridge ) is a series of crescendos that get so intense that another Mariah has to step in to keep up the momentum . " Additionally , RJ complimented the usage of the whistle register in the song " And then there 's the whistle note . And then there 's the final vocal run that 's more like a roller @-@ coaster track . If you think these aren 't climaxes , she proves you wrong with her denouement , the way the last word , " be , " sort of wanes into an " mm hmm hmm . " Bill Lamb from About.com said that " ' Vision of Love ' is one of the best songs of Mariah 's recording career [ ... ] It is simply one of the most stunning debut releases ever by a pop recording artist . "
= = = Legacy = = =
" Vision of Love " was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 33rd annual ceremony , held on February 20 , 1991 : Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , winning the latter . Additionally , the song received the Soul Train Music Award for Best R & B / Soul Single , Female and a Song of the Year Award at the BMI Pop Awards . Devon Powers from Popmatters has stated during the release of Carey 's Greatest Hits album that " Mariah 's Greatest Hits moves chronologically through that remarkable career , beginning with “ Vision of Love ” , the 1990 single that introduced the singer to instant stardom . Still , after so many years and songs , it ’ s by far among her best , if not the best — a simple testament to the incredible pipes that gave her a permanent place in pop cultural memory . Powers added that " From its first moments , the song demands to be legendary — a gong crash smolders low as Mariah ’ s gospel @-@ inspired vocals hum confidently , grandly . "
VH1 named " Vision of Love " the 14th greatest song of the 1990s . About.com ranked it fourth on its top ten pop hits of 1990 list and 28th on its top 100 pop songs of the 1990s list . Entertainment Weekly included it on their " 10 Great ( and 10 Grating ) Karaoke Songs " list as a grating karaoke song , saying : " You cannot do this song . Seriously . Tackling this lung @-@ crusher might seem like a fun challenge , but three minutes , five octaves , and one 10 @-@ second note later , you will realize that you did not conquer ' Vision of Love . ' ' Vision of Love ' conquered you . " USA Today critic Elysa Gardner picked " Vision of Love " as one of the most intriguing tracks , saying that it is still Mariah 's best song . T. Field and a research team discovered that " Vision of Love " is one of the songs that has physiological and biochemical effects on depressed female adolescents . R & B singer Beyoncé Knowles said that she began doing vocal " runs " after listening to " Vision of Love " for the first time . Similarly , pop singers Rihanna and Christina Aguilera cited the song and Carey as big influences in her career as a singer . In an interview during the early stages of her career , Aguilera said " I 've totally looked up to Mariah since ' Vision of Love ' came out . "
The song was featured in a late 1990 episode of the daytime soap opera All My Children as well as 1991 episodes of Santa Barbara and The Young and the Restless .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Vision of Love " entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 73 during the week of June 2 , 1990 , and reached the chart 's summit nine weeks later . The song remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks , and was ranked sixth on the Hot 100 year @-@ end chart . After four weeks at number one , it fell to number eight , and spent seven weeks lingering in the top ten . It also topped the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs for two weeks and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks for three weeks . In August 1990 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the song gold , denoting shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 units . In Canada , " Vision of Love " entered the Canadian RPM Singles Chart at number 75 , during the week of July 7 , 1990 . In its eighth week on the chart , the song reached number one and remained on the chart a total of 17 weeks . " Vision of Love " finished eighth on the Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990 . " Vision of Love " entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 67 during the week of August 5 , 1990 . It peaked at number nine , and spent a total of 19 weeks in the top 100 . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) certified the song gold , denoting shipments of over 35 @,@ 000 units .
In the Netherlands , the song entered the singles chart at number 99 , during the week of July 14 . It spent a total of 17 weeks in the chart , spending two weeks at its peak position of number eight . " Vision of Love " entered the French Singles Chart at number 39 on November 11 , 1990 . It peaked at number 25 , spending two weeks at the position and a total of 14 on the chart . In Ireland , the song peaked at number ten , and spent six weeks in the singles chart . " Vision of Love " topped the chart in New Zealand , spending two consecutive weeks atop the singles chart . After fluctuating for 24 weeks in the chart , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipments of over 7 @,@ 500 units . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 74 , during the week of August 4 , 1990 . " Vision of Love " peaked at number nine in its seventh week , and spent a total of 12 weeks in the chart . According to MTV , sales in the UK are estimated at 170 @,@ 000 units .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
After completing the album , Sony hired Bojan Bazelli to direct the song 's music video . After filming the video 's first version , record label executives felt the result was sub @-@ par in comparison to the quality of the music . They scrapped the first video and re @-@ filmed it with director Andy Morahan , changing the plot , scenery and imagery . After word got out of the two videos , a Sony employee spoke to the press about Carey , saying how " the special treatment really upset " him . He felt they treated Carey differently from how they would another artist signed to the label , and that they viewed her as a higher priority . He also claimed that Carey was the reason they re @-@ filmed , " they spend $ 200 @,@ 000 on a video and Mariah doesn 't like it . No big deal . " Another employee estimated the figure of both videos at over $ 450 @,@ 000 . After the reports were made , Don Ienner , the president of Sony , refuted the claims , calling them " total bullshit " although admitting , " If we 're going to take the time and effort that we did with Mariah , on every level , then we 're going to image her the right way . If it costs a few extra dollars to make a splash in terms of the right imaging , you go ahead and do it . "
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video takes place in a large cathedral @-@ like room , with large winding staircases on each side . Throughout the video , the scenery changes several times from a cloudy and sunny day , to a glowing sunset . These time shifts are seen through a large carved window in the cathedral . The video begins with Carey 's hair in long golden curls , and her wearing a skin @-@ tight black jumper . She sits on the large ledge by the window , staring into the different colors in the sky . As the video progresses , Carey is joined by a small black dog , which accompanies her as she meditates on the large stairwell . After the song 's second verse , a large microphone is seen in the middle of the room , where scenes of Carey singing and standing on the window 's ledge interchange . The last scenes show Carey staring out into the meadow , smiling . According to author Chris Nickson , during the scenes of Carey by the large window , it is " obvious " that she is praying to God and connecting to her creator . He felt that alongside the song 's lyrics of faith and prayer , the video 's moments of meditation truly went " hand in hand . "
= = Live performances = =
Serving as her debut single , Carey performed " Vision of Love " on several live television and award show appearances , both stateside and throughout Europe . Carey 's first live performance of the song was on The Arsenio Hall Show , where she was joined on stage by the Billie T. Scott Ensemble , a trio of male background vocalists . Additionally , she sang it during a televised appearance at New York City 's TATU Club , where she also gave a live rendition of Ben E. King 's " Don 't Play That Song ( You Lied ) " . As part of a live segment and interview , Carey appeared on Good Morning America in July 1990 , where she gave a live performance of the song . In the further months , Carey performed the song live on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , The Oprah Winfrey Show and the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards . In Europe , Carey performed " Vision of Love " on Wogan in the United Kingdom , and Avis de Recherche and Le Monde Est A Vous in France . In 1992 , Carey performed the song on MTV Unplugged . It was released on her EP and home video that same year , as MTV Unplugged and MTV Unplugged + 3 respectively . In July 1993 , Carey recorded a live concert performance at Proctor 's Theatre which included " Vision of Love " . It was taped and released as Here Is Mariah Carey in December 1993 . Additionally , the song was part of a four @-@ song set @-@ list on BET 's Blueprint , where Carey performed in July 2005 .
" Vision of Love " was performed on several of Carey 's tours and concert shows . It was first featured on her Music Box Tour , her first full @-@ length stateside tour . For the song 's performances , Carey donned a large black trench coat , with matching pants and leather boots . She featured her signature curly locks , and was joined by Trey Lorenz , Melonie Daniels and Kelly Price . On her 1996 Daydream World Tour , Carey once again included the song on the tour 's set @-@ list . During her shows at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo , Japan , Carey donned a long black gown , with teased up straightened hair and a matching head @-@ band . For the European leg on the tour , Carey wore a long white gown , and was joined by additional background vocalists . Carey included the song on her set @-@ list for her Butterfly World Tour ( 1998 ) , where she once again featured the same trio of supporting singers . For the show 's performances , she donned a sheer and beige mini @-@ dress , with long and wavy golden hair . Additionally , she wore a cream @-@ colored long @-@ sleeve sheer sweater with matching high @-@ heeled sandals . " Vision of Love " was included on Carey 's Rainbow World Tour in 2000 , as well as the Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey ( 2002 – 03 , and The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) . During The Adventures of Mimi Tour in 2006 , Carey performed the song at select shows . For the performances of the song , she donned a long yellow cocktail gown and black Christian Louboutin pumps . Once again Lorenz was featured on stage , however with the addition of two different female back @-@ up singers , MaryAnn and Sherry Tatum . Carey also performed the song at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards along with Infinity to promote her number 1 To Infinity album . Carey also included the song in her Las Vegas residency , Mariah Carey Number 1 's , a chronicle of her 18 US number 1 hits . The song was first in the chronological setlist , and for the performance Carey donned a black sequined gown , and her signature curls .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the Mariah Carey linear notes .
Songwriting – Mariah Carey , Ben Margulies
Production – Rhett Lawrence , Narada Michael Walden
Instruments and programming – Rhett Lawrence , Jimmy Ripp
Recording – Rhett Lawrence
Audio engineering – Narada Michael Walden
Background vocals – Mariah Carey
Programming – Ben Margulies , Marcus Miller , Ren Klyce
Mixing – Rhett Lawrence , Narada Michael Walden
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= 16 Vayathinile =
16 Vayathinile ( English : At Age 16 ; read as Pathinaaru Vayathinile ) is a 1977 Indian Tamil language drama film written and directed by P. Bharathiraja in his directorial debut . The film features Kamal Haasan , Sridevi , and Rajinikanth in the lead roles , with Ganthimathi , Sathyajith and Goundamani in supporting roles . 16 Vayathinile 's soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja , with cinematography by P. S. Nivas . P. Kalaimani wrote the film 's dialogue .
The film focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil ( Sridevi ) , a 16 @-@ year @-@ old schoolgirl , and the challenges she faces and overcomes . The film , originally titled Mayil , is set in rural Tamil Nadu and is Rajinikanth 's first colour film . 16 Vayathinile is the first Tamil film to be shot completely outdoors ; Tamil films were primarily filmed in Chennai studios .
The first Tamil film distributed by a producer across Tamil Nadu , 16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977 to critical praise for Bharathiraja 's script , Ilaiyaraaja 's music and the performances of Kamal , Sridevi and Rajinikanth . It was commercially successful , with a 175 @-@ day theatrical run .
16 Vayathinile , considered a Tamil cult film , is the bellwether of films featuring realistic portrayals of rural life . Making stars of its director and lead actors , the film won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki , the Filmfare Award for Best Actor ( Tamil ) for Kamal and five State Awards , including Best Film ( First prize ) , Best Director and Best Actor for Kamal . It was remade in Telugu by K. Raghavendra Rao as Padaharella Vayasu ( 1978 ) and in Hindi by Bharathiraja as Solva Sawan ( 1979 ) , with Sridevi reprising her role in both versions .
= = Plot = =
Mayil ( Sridevi ) is a 16 @-@ year @-@ old schoolgirl who lives in a village with her mother , Guruvammal ( Ganthimathi ) . Guruvammal also takes care of the limping orphan Gopalakrishnan ( Kamal Haasan ) , who is called " Chappani " ( " Lame " ) by the villagers and does whatever he can to earn a living . Mayil 's ambition is to become a teacher , and she hopes to marry a sophisticated , educated man ; although Chappani is in love with her , she ignores him .
An urban veterinarian named Sathyajith arrives in the village to work and falls in love with Mayil . Mayil , believing that Sathyajith is the man for her , falls in love with him , to the point of refusing an opportunity to attend a teacher @-@ training course in Madras to remain with him . Despite loving Sathyajith , she does not allow him to exploit her sexually , which disappoints him . Never intending a serious relationship with Mayil , he proceeds to his native place to get married to another woman . When Mayil begs Sathyajith not to leave her , he says he befriended her for pleasure — not marriage .
A dejected Mayil confesses this to Guruvammal , who quickly plans to betroth her to someone else . The village ruffian Parattaiyan , alias Parattai ( Rajinikanth ) — who lusts for Mayil — spreads rumours about her relationship with Sathyajith . Because of this , Mayil 's engagement plans are halted and the village becomes hostile to her . Unable to bear the shame , Guruvammal commits suicide and leaves Chappani to take care of Mayil .
Chappani takes good care of Mayil , cheering her up when she needs it . She warms to Chappani , making him more confident and assertive and grooming him and his manners , to the surprise of many in the village . Mayil tells him to slap anyone who calls him " Chappani " and to respond only to those who address him by his name , Gopalakrishnan . When Sathyajith and Parattai call him " Chappani " despite his request to use his real name , Gopalakrishnan slaps them . Mayil and Gopalakrishnan celebrate his newfound courage . An insulted Parattai later beats Gopalakrishnan badly . Mayil saves him , spitting on Parattai for the brutal attack .
Mayil decides to marry Gopalakrishnan , and sends him to the nearby town for buying wedding supplies . Learning of Gopalakrishnan 's absence , Parattai goes to Mayil 's house and tries to rape her . Gopalakrishnan returns to Mayil 's house and pleads with Parattai to leave her . When Parattai refuses , Gopalakrishnan kills him with a rock and is arrested . He promises Mayil that he will return , and she waits everyday for him .
= = Cast = =
Kamal Haasan as Gopalakrishnan ( Chappani )
Sridevi as Mayil
Rajinikanth as Parattaiyan ( Parattai )
Ganthimathi as Guruvammal
Sathyajith as Sathyajith
Goundamani as Koothu , a friend of Parattaiyan
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
16 Vayathinile was P. Bharathiraja 's directorial debut and his first screenplay . He originally planned to make a film funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India under the title Mayil , with Nagesh and Roja Ramani in mind for the lead roles , but the NFDC rejected his script . In an October 2013 interview , Bharathiraja said that the script was rejected at the last minute without a reason .
When singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam heard about the rejection he introduced Bharathiraja to S. A. Rajkannu , and Bharathiraja told Rajkannu about his ideas for Sigappu Rojakkal ( 1978 ) and Mayil . Although Rajkannu was uninterested in the first , he agreed to produce Mayil . Feeling that 16 Vayathinile sounded more artistic than Mayil , Rajkannu asked Bharathiraja to change the film 's title . A few alterations were made to the screenplay , and the dialogue was written by P. Kalaimani .
Although Bharathiraja was initially hesitant to direct the film , Rajkannu insisted and he received an advance of ₹ 500 . 16 Vayathinile was initially made on a low budget of ₹ 425 @,@ 000 . P. S. Nivas was signed as cinematographer , Somnath @-@ Kamalasekharan as art director and R. Bhaskaran as editor .
= = = Casting = = =
Bharathiraja wanted Chithra Lakshmanan ( assistant director with K. Bhagyaraj ) to sign Kamal Haasan for the role of Chappani , expecting to pay Kamal ₹ 15 @,@ 000 since the actor had received ₹ 17 @,@ 000 for Aayirathil Oruthi ( 1975 ) . When Kamal asked for ₹ 30 @,@ 000 , Lakshmanan suggested that Bharathiraja offer the role to Sivakumar since the production unit could not afford Kamal 's request ; however , Bharathiraja saw Kamal as the ideal choice and agreed to pay him ₹ 27 @,@ 000 . For his character , the actor grew his curly hair long and wore lungis and khadi high @-@ buttoned shirts . Dhananjayan states in his 2011 book The Best of Tamil Cinema that Sridevi received ₹ 9 @,@ 000 for her role as Mayil .
Bharathiraja , who had been an assistant director to Puttanna Kanagal , included Rajinikanth in the film after seeing his performance in Katha Sangama ( 1976 ) . Although he had finalised ₹ 3 @,@ 000 as the salary for Rajinikanth after the latter initially charged ₹ 5 @,@ 000 , he had paid ₹ 2 @,@ 500 to Rajinikanth . 16 Vayathinile marked Rajinikanth 's first appearance in a colour film . Since the actor was not fluent in Tamil at the time , Bhagyaraj read him his lines and Rajinikanth repeated them until he mastered them . For Mayil 's mother Guruvammal , Bharathiraja wanted someone who could speak the village dialect fluently and chose Ganthimathi for her acting style . Receiving a salary of ₹ 150 , Bhagyaraj was initially considered for the veterinarian 's role but wanted to concentrate on directing ; that role finally went to Sathyajith . Although comedian Goundamani made his major film debut with Annakili ( 1976 ) , it was 16 Vayathinile which made him popular .
= = = Filming = = =
Shot in 25 days in Mysore , Sivasamudram , Velakkadu , Kolakkadu and Kollegal , 16 Vayathinile was the first Tamil film made completely outdoors and no sets were used . The actors wore normal village clothing and wore no make @-@ up . According to Kamal , due to budgetary constraints the technical crew could not afford a camera which could film slow motion and Sridevi had to run in slow motion for the song " Chendoora Poove " . Kamal 's salary helped increase the budget from ₹ 425 @,@ 000 to ₹ 500 @,@ 000 .
The scene in which Mayil spits on Parattai required several takes before Rajinikanth insisted that Sridevi actually spit on him for realism . Rajinikanth finished his part of the film in five or six days . While Bharathiraja wanted the film to follow a linear narration , it was Bhagyaraj 's idea to begin the film with a flashback sequence . After the film completed its shoot , it was screened at least 20 times for the distributors and the narrative switched every time between the linear and non @-@ linear versions . Eventually , the producer himself released the film , with the flashback narrative . A total of 8 @,@ 534 metres ( 27 @,@ 999 ft ) of film negative was used , and its final length was 3 @,@ 822 m ( 12 @,@ 539 ft ) .
= = Themes = =
16 Vayathinile focuses on rural Tamil Nadu , and the vulnerabilities of Mayil . Film critic Naman Ramachandran compared Parattai to Rajinikanth 's character Kondaji from Katha Sangama ( 1975 ) , stating " Like in that film , Rajinikanth is a card @-@ playing wastrel with henchmen in tow . Just like the Thimmaraya character in Katha Sangama runs errands for Kondaji , here Chappani / Gopalakrishnan performs services for Parattai , but the similarity ends there because Thimmaraya is evil and Chappani is good . " He also described the film as the first instance when a villainous character played by Rajinikanth does not have a change of heart or get away without getting his just deserts : " Here he pays for his deeds with his life . " According to film scholar Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai , the film is marked by " ambiguous and dark protagonists , new subjectivity , [ and ] avoidance of clichéd and cathartic closures " .
= = Music = =
The soundtrack album and background score for 16 Vayathinile were composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by Kannadasan , Gangai Amaran and Alangudi Somu . Ilaiyaraaja , in an April 2015 interview with Maalai Malar , stated that Kannadasan accepted salaries ranging from ₹ 1 @,@ 000 to ₹ 1 @,@ 500 . Ilaiyaraaja requested Kannadasan to accept ₹ 750 citing the film 's budget constraints , to which Kannadasan agreed . The album was released on EMI Records . The album cover shows a scene from the film where Mayil ( Sridevi ) pours water on Gopalakrishnan ( Kamal ) , with several other women from the village awaiting to do the same to him .
16 Vayathinile was Ilaiyaraaja 's first collaboration with Kamal . Bharathiraja insisted that the director and Rajkannu meet Ilaiyaraaja , although Rajkannu doubted if Ilaiyaraaja would sign on since he had become well @-@ known after his debut film Annakili ( 1976 ) . Ilaiyaraaja initially refused because of an earlier bet with Bharathiraja that Ilayaraaja 's mentor , G. K. Venkatesh , would compose the music for Bharathiraja 's first film . Venkatesh later insisted that Ilaiyaraaja compose the music .
Although Ilaiyaraaja wanted S. P. Balasubrahmanyam to sing " Chavanthi Poo " and " Aattukkutti " , the singer had pharyngitis at that time and was replaced by Malaysia Vasudevan . " Chavanthi Poo " , the first song recorded , was the first written by Kannadasan for the film , and Gangai Amaran 's debut as lyricist . Ilaiyaraaja also debuted as a singer with this film , singing the number " Solam Vidhaikkaiyile " , although it does not appear on the soundtrack . According to film critic Baradwaj Rangan , " Chendoora Poove " used Viennese musical tropes . B. Kolappan of The Hindu wrote that the song " employs a rush of violins to set up the intro for the folk melody that follows . "
The album , a blend of folk and Western classical music , was praised by critics and " Chendoora Poove " remains popular among the Tamil diaspora . Film producer and writer G. Dhananjayan wrote that Ilaiyaraaja " achieved great heights with the music and background score " of the film . About " Chendoora Poove " , B. Kolappan of The Hindu wrote , " The maestro ’ s genius is most evident in his ability to combine forms seamlessly . " Tribune described " Chendoora Poove " as a " silver lined melody that paced the film and added to its brilliance . Do not miss it at any cost . " The song inspired the title of a 1988 film starring Vijayakanth , and a television serial of the same name . The film 's songs were remastered in DTS 5 @.@ 1 six @-@ channel audio by A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music in June 2013 .
= = Release = =
16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977 . During its early theatrical run , the audience could not understand the film and there were catcalls outside theatres . Within a week its box office improved due to positive reviews and word of mouth , and it became commercially successful . 16 Vayathinile completed a theatrical run of 175 days , making it a silver jubilee film .
The film earned $ 1 million at the box office according to a 2010 estimate by South Scope , and the producer went into hiding to avoid income @-@ tax raids . It was the first Tamil film released by a producer across Tamil Nadu without distributors . When 16 Vayathinile became successful , distributors bought the theatrical rights for a number of areas across the state . The film was remade in Telugu by Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao as Padaharella Vayasu ( 1978 ) and in Hindi by Bharathiraja as Solva Sawan ( 1979 ) , with Sridevi reprising her role in both . In October 2009 , Kannada actor Ganesh revealed that he and his wife bought the remake rights of 16 Vayathinile for Kannada .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The film received critical acclaim , with praise for Bharathiraja 's script , Ilaiyaraaja 's music and the performances of Kamal , Sridevi and Rajinikanth . According to the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan 's original review , " If four more films come with the quality of this film , Tamil cinema will achieve greater heights " . The magazine gave the film 62 @.@ 5 marks out of 100 , their highest rating for a Tamil film . G. Dhananjayan wrote that 16 Vayathinile was " truly a marvellous film which has an universal appeal even today for the way it was made " . Rediff called 16 Vayathinile a " new genre of pastoral film , which was true to village life in characterisation , costumes and dialect " . The Times of India stated that it " showcase [ s ] the best of the superstar [ Rajinikanth ] and the universal hero [ Kamal Haasan ] " .
= = = Awards = = =
In addition to the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki , 16 Vayathinile won Kamal the Filmfare Award in the Best Tamil Actor category . The film won five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , and Rajinikanth won the Arima Sangam Award for Best Actor for his role as Parattai .
= = Legacy = =
I am [ Bharathiraja 's ] very first fan ... These are not empty words . Before 16 Vayathinile 's release , when he showed me the film , I wrote him a letter of appreciation . That 's why I say that I 'm his first fan and proud to be so .
16 Vayathinile is considered a cult film and a landmark in Tamil cinema , diverging from traditional Tamil films of the time . With Annakili , the film was a bellwether for realistic portrayals of rural life and made stars of Bharathiraja , Kamal , Sridevi and Rajinikanth . According to Naman Ramachandran and S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu , Kamal 's performance was considered a tour de force by critics since he was typecast as a romantic hero at that time . The dialogue " Idhu Eppadi Irukku ? " ( " How 's this ? " ) , the first catchphrase of Rajinikanth 's career , became very popular ; IANS and Rediff included it on their lists of lines popularised by Rajinikanth . Manisha Lakhe , writing for Forbes India , noted that 16 Vayathinile " paved the way for unkempt villains who had a singularly disgusting laugh . " A digitally remastered version of the film was being planned for a late 2013 release ; although its trailer was released in October that year , the film has yet to see a theatrical release as of 2016 .
In July 2007 , S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight Tamil directors to list their all @-@ time favourite Tamil films ; seven – C. V. Sridhar , K. Balachander , J. Mahendran , K. Bhagyaraj , Mani Ratnam , K. S. Ravikumar and Ameer – named 16 Vayathinile . According to Ratnam , the film was " memorable for its script , high standard and realism . " The magazine South Scope included Kamal 's performance on its list of " Kamal 's best performances " in July 2010 . S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu included the film on his December 2010 list of " Electrifying Rajinikanth @-@ Kamal Haasan films " with Moondru Mudichu ( 1976 ) , Avargal ( 1977 ) and Aval Appadithan ( 1978 ) . In April 2013 CNN @-@ IBN included the film on its list of " 100 greatest Indian films of all time " , saying that it was a " decisive move away from the studio @-@ bound productions and paved the way for successful integration of subaltern themes and folk arts into mainstream commercial cinema . " In December 2014 , The Times of India included 16 Vayathinile on its list of " Top 12 Rajinikanth movies " . In August 2015 , CNN @-@ IBN included the film in its list of " 10 performances that make [ Sridevi ] the ' Last Empress ' of Indian cinema " . In November the same year , Daily News and Analysis included the film in its list of " Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan 's repertoire " . Actors Vijay Sethupathi and Vikram included 16 Vayathinile among their favourite films . After seeing the film , director K. Balachander wrote in a letter of appreciation to Bharathiraja , " You have hit the bull 's eye " .
16 Vayathinile was spoofed in Murattu Kaalai ( 2012 ) by Vivek , whose character Saroja is called " Mayil " by Cell Murugan 's character ( a veterinarian similar to Sathyajith 's character in the film ) . Sridevi 's line , " Aatha Naan Passaayitten " ( " Mother , I 've passed the exam " ) , was the title of a 1990 film starring Arjun Sarja . In Sivaji ( 2007 ) , Vivek 's character delivers one of Rajinikanth 's catchphrases and finishes by saying : " Idhu eppadi irukku ? " . The film 's title and characters have inspired other film titles : Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram ( 2007 ) , Mayilu ( 2012 ) and 36 Vayadhinile ( 2015 ) . In 2000 Bharathiraja 's son , Manoj , and the actress Meena released a low @-@ profile pop album entitled Pathinaaru Vayathinile .
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= Singapura cat =
The Singapura is one of the smallest breeds of cats , noted for its large eyes and ears , brown ticked coat and blunt tail . Reportedly established from three " drain cats " imported from Singapore in the 1970s , it was later revealed that the cats were originally sent to Singapore from the US before they were exported back to the US . Investigations by the Cat Fanciers ' Association ( CFA ) concluded no wrongdoing and the Singapura kept its status as a natural breed .
= = History = =
They were originally from Singapore .
= = = Foundation = = =
In 1975 , after working in Singapore , Tommy and Hal Meadow returned to the US with what they say were three local brown @-@ ticked cats . These three cats , a pair of male and female kittens from the same litter and another young female , were the foundation used to establish the Singapura . The breed takes its name from the Malay name for Singapore . In 1981 a breeder visited Singapore and chanced upon a cat fitting the profile of the Singapura ( with the exception of the tail ) in the local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . The cat was imported to the US and adopted into the breeding program .
The Singapura was accepted for registration by the CFA in 1982 and granted championship status in 1988 . In between this period , breeders found that the occasional litter would have a solid colored kitten , caused by the recessive gene for solid color . In a desire for the Singapura to breed true , many breeders chose to do test matings to pinpoint and remove from their breeding programs individuals with the recessive gene . It was discovered that two of the three foundation cats carried this gene .
= = = Controversy = = =
In 1987 , while on a cat finding trip to Singapore , American breeder Jerry Mayes discovered importation papers which revealed that the three foundation cats were actually taken into Singapore from the US in 1974 . Lucy Koh , a friend of Mayes , made efforts to correct the history of the Singapura presented by the Meadows but that went relatively unnoticed until 1990 , when the Singapore Tourist and Promotion Board ( now Singapore Tourism Board ) started a campaign to use the Singapura as a national mascot . Reporter Sandra Davie was informed of the discrepancy and published an article about it in the national broadsheet The Straits Times .
Because the cats were registered as Abyssinians in the import certificates , and because the Meadows had been breeders of Abyssinian , Burmese , and Siamese , some have speculated that the Singapura is a Burmese / Abyssinian cross and it has even been described as such by CFA Judges . The resemblance of some Burmese / Abyssinian cross to the Singapura , as well as the Singapura 's small litter size , which is uncommon in natural breeds , added more doubts to the Meadows ' story .
The CFA investigated the incident at the request of a Singapura breed club . In the investigation , Hal Meadow told the investigation board that the three cats were grandchildren of four local cats he sent back to the US during a previous sensitive business trip to Singapore in 1971 , contradicting the Meadows ' earlier claim of the foundation cats ' origin . Apparently Tommy Meadow lied about it to conceal the secret trip . The CFA found no wrongdoing and kept the Singapura 's status as a natural breed . CFA 's Joan Miller said that " Whether they mated on the streets of Singapore or whether they mated in Michigan , it doesn 't really matter . " Referring to the cat picked up from the SPCA in 1981 , she said that " In addition , there is at least one documented cat that is behind many Singapura pedigrees and it was picked up at the pound . Even with none of the cats the Meadows brought in we still have a legitimate cat from Singapore behind our Singapuras . "
Recent studies in 2007 based on feline DNA showed that there are very few genetic differences between the Singapura and Burmese , adding support to the claim that the Singapura is not a natural breed .
= = = Singapuras in Singapore = = =
The Singapore Tourist and Promotion Board ( STPB ) proceeded with the decision to use the breed ( advertised under the name Kucinta ) as a tourism mascot after CFA concluded its investigation . The name Kucinta is an amalgamation of the Malay words kucing ( cat ) and cinta ( love ) and taken from the winning entry in a naming competition . Incidentally , Kucinta also means " The one I love " in Malay . Sculptures of the Singapura can be found by the Singapore River .
While brown cats with ticked coats can occasionally be seen , few if any resembles the Singapura , with the majority of cats being bobtailed tabbies , tortoiseshells or bicolor , and the move by the STPB is seen by locals to be an advertising move based on the popularity of the breed among tourists at that time .
In 2004 , the Singapore Zoo hosted a temporary exhibit of Singapura cats in celebration of the nation 's 39th National Day . Four Singapura cats were loaned by their owners for the event .
= = Description = =
The Singapura is a moderately stocky and muscular and is one of the world 's smallest cats , with a very short and fine coat . A full grown female usually weighs 5 – 6 pounds ( 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 7 kg ) while the male weighs 6 – 8 pounds ( 2 @.@ 7 – 3 @.@ 6 kg ) . The large , slightly pointed and deep cupped ears together with the large almond @-@ shaped eyes are characteristics of the breed . The tail is slender , slightly shorter than the length of the body and has a blunt tip .
The breed 's coat pattern is that of a ticked tabby . That is , individual hair strands have alternating sections of dark and light color , typically two dark bands separated by two light bands , with a dark color at the tip . The underside , including the chest , muzzle and chin , takes the color of the light bands . The Singapura is recognized by cat registries in only one color , the sepia agouti , described as " dark brown ticking on a warm old ivory ground color " .
The Singapura is described by the CFA as active , curious and playful . They are affectionate and desire human interaction . They have a tendency to perch on high places , to allow them a better view of their surrounding .
In 2006 , a pet @-@ quality Singapura in the UK cost £ 300 @-@ 400 ( US $ 500 @-@ 600 USD ) while a show specimen can cost upwards of £ 600 . At present pet @-@ quality Singapuras can cost £ 800 @-@ 900 ( US $ 1 @,@ 300 @-@ 1 @,@ 500 USD ) while show specimens go for upwards of £ 1 @,@ 000 .
= = = Health = = =
Of concern to breeders is the condition known as uterine inertia , an inability to expel the foetus due to weak muscles . This condition was present in one of the foundation cats and appears in some Singapura females today . Individuals with uterine inertia may require deliveries to be made by Caesarean section . Another issue that affects the breed is Pyruvate kinase deficiency , which leads to hemolytic anemia . Typical symptoms includes lethargy , diarrhea , lack of appetite , poor coat quality , weight loss and jaundice .
Some breeders have shown concern regarding the lack of genetic diversity in the breed due to inbreeding caused by a small gene pool . Researchers who completed the 2007 DNA study found that the Singapura ( along with the Burmese ) have the least genetic diversity among the 22 breeds studied . The possibility of outcrossing with another breed to increase the genetic diversity had been raised among CFA breeders , but not many were receptive to the idea , preferring to use Singapuras from around the world that are not so closely related to the CFA line . In April 2013 , UK 's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy started allowing outcrossing for the breed . Individuals chosen have to meet certain health and appearance requirements .
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= Hengistbury Head =
Hengistbury Head / ˈhɛŋɡəstbri / is a headland jutting into the English Channel between Bournemouth and Mudeford in the English county of Dorset . It is a site of international importance in terms of its archaeology and is scheduled as an Ancient Monument . Declared a Local Nature Reserve in 1990 , the head and its surroundings form part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest . It is also a Special Area of Conservation , Special Protection Area , an Environmentally Sensitive Area and a Site of Nature Conservation Interest . The name " Hengistbury Head " refers to the immediate area ; the elevated portion is called Warren Hill .
There has been human activity on the site since the Upper Palaeolithic ; during the Victorian era , it was heavily quarried , and in recent years tourism has become significant – it receives over a million visitors annually . The various habitats on the Head provide a home for many plants , birds and insects , some of them rare and critically endangered . Erosion remains a threat to the site , although long @-@ term projects are intended to secure it for the future .
= = Location = =
Hengistbury Head is a sandstone headland forming part of Southbourne , which is a suburb of the town of Bournemouth to the west ; the nearest major settlement is Christchurch to the north . It is the most easterly part of the Borough of Bournemouth , and marks the most easterly point of Poole Bay . Historically part of Hampshire , the Local Government Act 1972 designated the area a part of Dorset . The northern slope of the hill tailing off towards the sea forms Mudeford spit , the sand bar closing Christchurch Harbour from the south .
= = Buildings = =
The spit is home to more 300 privately owned beach @-@ huts which are some of the UK 's most expensive . In 2015 five of the huts were put on the market for a combined asking price of £ 1 million . On average the huts measure around five by three metres , have no running water , and the occupants may only stay overnight from March to October . Despite the relative lack of amenities , the area has become one of the UK 's most desirable ; huts are rented out for up to £ 600 a week .
The Black House , a local landmark , stands at the end of the spit , opposite Mudeford Quay , site of the Battle of Mudeford in 1784 . Built in 1848 , it was once a boat @-@ builders ' house , but is now rented out to holidaymakers . It has served a variety of functions over the years , and is commonly associated with the area 's smuggling past .
= = Toponymy = =
Mentioned as Hednesburia in a church deed of the early 12th century , and referred to as Hynesbury Head in the 17th , Hengistbury only took on its current spelling in the 19th century , during a period of what archaeologist Barry Cunliffe calls " antiquarian romanticism " . Many prehistoric sites around this time were renamed to link them with historical figures . It was thought at the time that the legendary Anglo @-@ Saxon leader Hengist could be buried here , as he was said to have been laid to rest in an unlocated mound . Twentieth @-@ century excavations have established that the tumuli at Hengistbury Head date to the Bronze Age however .
= = History = =
Hengistbury Head is home to a plethora of nationally and internationally significant archaeological sites , with features dating from the Late Upper Palaeolithic to the Roman settlement of Britain , earning the site Scheduled Ancient Monument status . Interest in the site declined throughout the Dark Ages , until extensive development took place in Christchurch around 890 AD , when the Head may have been used as a lookout post . The area was heavily quarried during the Victorian period and nowadays receives over a million visitors annually .
= = = Stone Age = = =
Several archaeological digs have revealed that the site was occupied during the Upper Palaeolithic . There is evidence of an open settlement of the Creswellian culture on the hill in the middle of the headland dating to around 14 @,@ 100 years ago . With over 13 @,@ 000 lithic artefacts it is probably the largest site of the period . Most interesting were several blades typically found at Upper Paleolithic sites across Europe , but rarely seen outside of caves in the UK , where open air sites of this age are extremely rare . People at the Head were heavily involved with the production of blades , further excavations identified 649 tools , dominated by backed blades , endscrapers and burins .
At the time the Warren Hill would have overlooked a large river valley that was to become the English Channel . Once the sea had inundated the surrounding valley , Mesolithic hunter gatherers exploited the site . Pollen analysis of peat from the Solent bed suggest a lightly wooded headland free of close @-@ knit undergrowth during this period , an ideal habitat for game .
= = = Bronze Age = = =
In Bronze Age Britain this was an important seaport . Eleven Bronze Age Britain round barrows sit on the promontory with two more a little further inland . Eleven of the round barrows were excavated ; three by Bushe Fox in 1911 – 12 and eight by Harold St George Gray in 1919 and 1922 . Two appear to be undisturbed . Numerous finds including Early Bronze Age axes and cremation urns were recovered from these tumuli , which have been consistently found to be between 3500 and 4000 years old .
One of the barrows ( south of where the thatched barn now stands ) contained a high status cremation of a woman of about twenty years in age , accompanied by an incense cup , a halberd @-@ style pendant made from amber and copper alloy , and two gold cones that would have covered buttons of an organic material . The burial @-@ goods recovered are similar to those of the Wessex culture , the Wilsford and Dorset Ridgeway series in particular . An urn from one of the barrows likely to have been made between 1700 and 1500 B.C. , has been identified as Trevisker ware , a type widely found throughout Devon and Cornwall which was transported east in lesser amounts , this find being one of the easternmost discovered .
= = = Iron Age = = =
In Iron Age Britain around 700 BC , a settlement on the Head was established ; also around this time , the headland was cut off from the mainland by the construction of two banks and ditches called the Double Dykes , similar to those found at Maiden Castle . The earthworks consisted of an inner bank three metres high , with a ditch three and a half metres deep . An outer ditch six metres wide and two metres in depth is now obscured due to wind @-@ blown deposits of sand and a gradual silting process . These defences turned Hengistbury Head into a fortified settlement area which seems to have grown over succeeding centuries until it became an important port . The Iron Age port at Hengistbury Head forms a final site in a small chain of fortified earthworks , starting from Hambledon Hill , and also including Hod Hill , Spetisbury Rings , Buzbury Rings , Badbury Rings and Dudsbury Camp .
John Lavender of the local Red House Museum noted evidence of small iron @-@ ore smelting hearths on Warren Hill , while green vitreous slag has been also found on the Head . In his 1911 to 1912 excavations , Bushe @-@ Fox found evidence for working of lead , copper and silver ; two ingots discovered at this time revealed that raw materials would have been imported to the area . One ingot was of nearly pure copper , while the other , which weighed 8 @.@ 6 kg , was roughly 50 / 50 copper @-@ silver alloy with around one percent gold . Argentiferous ( i.e. silver @-@ bearing ) copper was refined to produce silver at the Head . There are also indications that gold was worked at Hengistbury . One excavation produced part of a torc , twisted together with a small gold bracelet and another fragment in a manner suggesting it was scrap ; a different site produced a streaked touchstone indicating use in gold testing .
Thousands of bronze coins have been found from the pre @-@ Roman period , the vast majority having been struck by the Durotriges . The abundance of coins , together with various hearths and smelting artefacts found within a close proximity suggest that the Durotrigan finds were minted here .
= = = = International trade centre = = = =
The advanced level of metallurgy in the area , coupled with its ease of access from the Continent , meant that Hengistbury Head became a significant Late @-@ Iron Age port ; trading worked metal of iron , silver , and bronze in return for figs , glass , tools and other goods . Armorican coins and pottery uncovered here show links to the Brittany peninsula . Amphorae used for the transportation of North Italian wine have been found in such quantities ( more than all other sites in the south of England put together ) , that it is clear that the Head was a main port of entry into the country . However , no similar amphorae have been unearthed in Armorica , hinting at a more direct trade route between Hengistbury Head and Italy . Most of these vessels date from before 50 B.C. , while later styles are absent despite being common in other parts of Britain , indicating the wine trade seems to have declined at about the time Caesar began his Gaulish campaigns .
= = = Roman occupation to Medieval period = = =
After the Roman conquest , the south @-@ east of England started to develop into a more urban economy , while the socio @-@ economic system of the south @-@ west remained little changed . Hengistbury would still have served as an important hub for the Dumnonii of Cornwall and Devon , and the Durotriges of Wiltshire and Dorset ; since transport by water was more efficient at the time , and the Head offered both a coastal route , and freshwater options via the Stour and Avon rivers .
No evidence of Saxon use has been found at the Head . The area was not substantially reoccupied until Alfred the Great decided to rebuild the harbour as a defence against raiders . He built the town that later became Christchurch , on the north side of the harbour . Access to Salisbury up the River Avon made this a more strategic place . The Head may have been used for harbour defence at this time . In the 11th century , some of the iron @-@ ore rich stones found at the Head were used in the construction of Christchurch Castle . These reddish @-@ coloured stones can still be seen in the base of the now ruined castle .
= = = 17th , 18th and 19th centuries = = =
In the late 1600s , Andrew Yarranton ( with backing from the Earl of Clarendon ) commenced a scheme to improve the harbour . In 1693 a channel was cut out to sea , whilst ironstone boulders from the head were used to create a pier . The plans proved ineffective ; the pier was poorly positioned and subsequent storms ( including the Great Storm of 1703 ) soon undid most of the work although parts of the pier known as " Clarendon 's Jetty " or the " Long Rocks " are still visible today . Many tons may have been removed from the beach and the head itself to make the jetty .
In 1733 a new Excise and Customs Bill was introduced , restricting imports and raising taxes on many luxury items . Christchurch rapidly became a hot @-@ bed for smugglers , where they were known as " freetraders " , and much of the town was involved in the trade . The " Double Dykes " are said to have been used to hide contraband , while Mudeford spit is rumoured to have been used in the construction of " Guinea boats " ( cheaply built galleys sometimes capable of outrunning the day 's steamships ) . One apocryphal story is that the black house acquired its distinctive black colour when customs officers tried to smoke out some holed @-@ up smugglers by lighting fires around the base . The house was constructed in 1848 and used by shipwrights as a dwelling and workshop , smuggling was in decline with the introduction of a free trade policy and more effective measures being implemented by the Coast Guard by this time , so the house may not in fact have had much involvement in smuggling . The spit has a long association with shipbuilding with two large ships being built in the mid 19th century , the Viscountess Canning of 193 tons and the Enterprise 253 tons .
From 1848 to 1872 , the Hengistbury Mining Company – formed by a Christchurch @-@ based merchant , John E. Holloway – extracted many more ironstone boulders through quarrying . Holloway brought coal from Southampton , and took the ironstone as ballast for the return journey . These boulders , known as Iron Doggers , were prized for their high quantity of iron ore ( up to 30 % ) . They form the base of Hengistbury Head , and the removal of a substantial amount of doggers over the years has weakened the headland . These and earlier excavations resulted in a loss of up to a third of the Head , caused mainly by erosion after the quarry 's closure . The silt being washed down also threatened the ecology of the saltmarsh below . This has been reduced by the building of a dam , in 1976 , to create a pool . Many " doggers " can still be seen lining the route of the land @-@ train and at the quarry .
= = = UK 's first airshow = = =
In 1910 the first international aviation meeting ever held in Britain took place on a specially laid out aerodrome consisting of a mile of grassland between the " Double Dykes " and the nearby village of Tuckton . About twenty pioneer aviators from around the world participated in various competitions including spot landing , altitude tests and speed trials ( both for the fastest and slowest circuit ) .
On the second day of the meeting , co @-@ founder of Rolls @-@ Royce and pioneer aviator Charles Rolls was thrown from his plane , which disintegrated beneath him . Despite the fact that the first @-@ ever powered flight had occurred only seven years previously , Rolls had been attempting a precision landing . He died from his injuries shortly after his fall . The event was Britain 's earliest fatal flying accident involving a powered aircraft .
= = = 20th century = = =
There were a number of development schemes for the head including a major railway and docks scheme proposed in 1885 , proposals for housing and a golf course were also put forward before World War I , though none of these schemes came to fruition . In 1919 the head was sold by Sir George Meyrick to Harry Gordon Selfridge with plans to construct a grand house . These plans also came to nothing , apart from the establishment of a nursery garden . Bournemouth Borough Council purchased the head in 1930 for £ 25 @,@ 200 ; although plans for housing existed west of double dykes , the head itself was to be kept as public open space . During World War II the head was closed to the public and was occupied by the army , becoming home to a number of installations including a radar station . The area was also extensively mined . The Head was finally cleared of the military defences by the 1950s .
= = Present day = =
Hengistbury Head Local Nature Reserve is currently owned and managed by Bournemouth Borough Council . In 1990 , the land was declared a Local Nature Reserve , as a commitment by the town of Bournemouth to conserve and enhance the environment . The heathland forms part of the Dorset Heaths and is internationally protected as a Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area . Nearby , the upper reaches of Christchurch Harbour ( including the meadows at Wick ) are recognised as an Environmentally Sensitive Area .
The head today is used for a variety of reasons . Firstly it is a tourist spot where country walks can be taken all over the head due to the well defined gravel paths , some of which form part of the Bournemouth Coast Path . In 2008 , many paths were resurfaced , making more ( though not all ) parts of the Head wheelchair accessible . For example , it is now possible to gain wheelchair access to Quarry Pool . Regular field trips to the site are made by students of all ages and there are occasional guided tours or meetings around the Head covering a wide variety of subjects .
There is a cafe at the bottom of the Head on the Bournemouth side . Hengistbury Head Outdoor Education centre is located near here on the south shore of the harbour . Run by Brockenhurst College , the centre offers a variety of water and outdoor activities . A scenic land train ( known as " the Noddy train " ) makes regular journeys from the cafe to the end of the spit , a journey of ten or so minutes . On the head itself is a H. M. Coastguard radio relay station , a nature reserve and a triangulation pillar , shown on Ordnance Survey maps as 36 metres above sea level . Ample parking ( subject to charges ) can be found near the cafe , but the Head is also within walking distance of Southbourne and parts of Christchurch .
The Quarry Pool is now a significant part of the nature reserve features of the Head . While it was very acidic in the early years , since 1990 it has allowed the growth of a significant number of plant and insect species , as well as mallard and little grebe . The insects provide valuable food for migrating sand martins and swallows .
= = = Visitor centre = = =
A new visitor centre for Hengistbury Head was opened in December 2013 . The extant thatched barn was upgraded in an eco @-@ friendly way and the new addition cost over a million pounds . Funds were provided by developer contributions , the Heritage Lottery Fund and £ 300 @,@ 000 from landfill tax .
The centre houses a display area which documents the site 's archaeology , ecology and geology , while work space has been created for volunteers and other community groups such as the Hengistbury Head Supporters Group , Residents ' Association and Christchurch Harbour Ornithological Group . The public now have the chance to scrutinise a selection of the finds discovered at Hengistbury Head in the last century , and to interact with experienced staff , as well as providing them with the opportunity to become actively involved in the administration of the nature reserve .
The surrounding area has been extensively landscaped to create outdoor learning areas and a wildlife garden . Energy @-@ saving features include photovoltaic panels for electricity and ground source heat pump for heating . A green roof ( a living roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium ) , is used to absorb rainfall and provide insulation . The centre is constructed using timber @-@ frame walls insulated with straw bales .
= = Geography = =
According to Ian West of Southampton University , " Hengistbury Head is the best part of the Bournemouth coast for geology and geomorphology .... [ and ] is geologically important for the unusual nodules of sideritic ironstone [ found ] in Middle Eocene strata . " The exposed and relatively untouched cliff face at the Head perfectly lends itself to students of stratigraphy . Warren Hill itself is composed of Tertiary Bracklesham Beds , a mixture of clays and marls with overlying sandy and lignitic beds .
= = = Erosion = = =
One serious threat to the future of the Head is erosion of the exposed southern cliff face from wind and rain , as well as erosion caused by the sea primarily through the process of Longshore drift . A comparison of Ordnance Survey maps reveals that 25 metres of cliff was washed away from 1915 to 1962 , a process accelerated by the Bournemouth cliff 's concreted promenade and groynes , construction of which started in the early 20th century . It is thought that in the last 200 years around 150 metres of land has been lost from the Head . The first attempt to counteract erosion came in the 1930s when Bournemouth Council constructed a breakwater now known as " the Long Groyne " . Since then , a gabion revetment has been constructed to secure the weakest point at the eastern end of the Head . In a long @-@ term project to secure the Head 's future , from 2005 to 2008 Poole Bay was replenished with 1 @.@ 8 million cubic metres of beach material , drawing ire from some surfers and beach lovers owing to the increase in sharp stones on Southbourne beach in particular . The project 's organizers , the Poole Bay Partnership , state that : " The resulting wide beaches have been a success in terms of their function as a coast protection structure and for the enjoyment they provide to the area 's residents and visitors . "
= = Flora and fauna = =
Hengistbury Head forms part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , and in May 1990 was declared a Local Nature Reserve . The Head supports 500 plant species ( a quarter of the national flora ) , including eight red data book species , 14 nationally scarce , and 39 locally rare species . The main nature reserve area faces Christchurch Harbour , and is contiguous with the reed beds of Wick Fields . The Head contains a large variety of habitats from the heathland on Warren Hill to freshwater ponds , sand dunes , and salt marshes . The woodland ( known as Withybed Wood ) is home to English oak and silver birch amongst many other trees , and is of particular interest , as it is the only such area to be shown on an 1811 Ordnance Survey map of the Bournemouth / Christchurch area . In 2002 , cattle @-@ grazing commenced in a field near the new visitor centre known as " Barn Field " . This , combined with gorse eradication , has assisted in the restoration of this habitat to its ancient character .
Present on the site is sea knotgrass ( Polygonum maritimum ) , the rarest of the knotgrasses in Britain , and currently listed as a " schedule 8 species " under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . Such plants are afforded greater than usual protection against damaging activities – such as " cutting , picking , destroying or selling . " The heathland is both a Special Area of Conservation and a Special Protection Area , part of a network of the best wildlife sites in Europe .
The various habitats provide homes to numerous species of insects . There are 700 moth species recorded in the nature reserve , again a quarter of the national total . At different spots across the site butterflies ( including the green hairstreak ) , damselflies ( like the large red ) , and dragonflies ( such as the hairy dragonfly ) can be observed . According to a 2005 report , the exceedingly rare thirteen @-@ spotted ladybird ( Hippodamia 13 @-@ punctata ) was recently observed at the Head , the first sighting in the UK since 1952 .
Over 300 bird species have been recorded in the area , making Hengistbury Head an important migratory point . The Balearic shearwater , considered critically endangered with extinction by the IUCN and seldom sighted in the UK , has been seen in the area . Other rare birds spotted here include the purple heron , the pink @-@ footed goose , the European honey buzzard and the melodious warbler . The fields and reserved areas near the car park provide an ideal spot to watch and listen to a significant population of skylarks during the summer months .
In 1989 a project commenced to re @-@ introduce the country 's rarest amphibian , the natterjack toad , to Hengistbury Head . The natterjack was last recorded on the headland in the 1950s before its extinction , probably as the result of a lack of suitable ponds . The project has been a great success and today there are thriving populations at various locations . The ideal time to witness their mating rituals is in May as dusk approaches , when the distinctive call of the natterjack can be heard for miles around .
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= Battle of Waddams Grove =
The Battle of Waddams Grove , also known as the Battle of Yellow Creek was part of the Black Hawk War . It took place in present @-@ day Stephenson County , Illinois on June 18 , 1832 . After several incidents of Sauk Indian raids on settlers along the Apple River , Captain James W. Stephenson left Galena with a group of volunteer militia in pursuit of the Native party . The group clashed on June 18 , 1832 near Yellow Creek and the ensuing battle descended into a bayonet and knife fight in which several Sauk and three militia men were killed . Stephenson was severely wounded by a musketball to the chest during the fighting . The dead were eventually interred in a memorial cemetery in Kellogg 's Grove , Illinois where a stone monument was erected in memory of those killed during the war .
= = Background = =
Angered by the loss of his birthplace , in prior disputed treaties , Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830 . Each time , he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed . In April 1832 , encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British , he again moved his " British Band , " of around 1 @,@ 000 warriors and civilians , into Illinois . Finding no allies , he attempted to return to Iowa , but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman 's Run . A number of other engagements followed , and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk 's band . The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War .
Following the first confrontation of the war Stillman 's Run , the exaggerated claim that 2 @,@ 000 " bloodthirsty warriors were sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction " sent shock waves of terror through the region . Several small massacres and skirmishes ensued and until the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , fought two days before the clash at Waddams Grove , public confidence in the militia was low .
= = Prelude = =
On June 9 , 1832 , between two attacks that occurred at Fort Blue Mounds , a party of Native Americans crossed over from the west side of the Mississippi River near Galena . The group continued up the Apple River , looting and stealing horses along the way , including an incident about ¾ of the way up the Apple River in which about a dozen horses were stolen from a small stockade . The Sauk raiding parties were mostly stealing food and supplies for Black Hawk 's band of 1 @,@ 000 men , women and children which were camped in the marshes of southwestern Wisconsin . A similar incident a few days later , though without injury or death , prompted a reaction from the white militia in the area .
Rising anxiety levels in the white settlers caused Captain James W. Stephenson to gather 12 volunteers and move toward the area of the disturbances from Galena . Stephenson recruited more men at Apple River Fort and then traveled eastward . Stephenson and his men rose before dawn on June 18 and started following the trail of the band of Sauk who had stolen the horses . The militia marched through pounding rain before they finally caught up with the Sauk .
= = Battle = =
Stephenson caught up with the band of Native Americans on June 18 , 1832 in an open area near Yellow Creek , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Kellogg 's Grove , Illinois . Initially , the militia could not get a clear shot at the Sauk as they rushed for cover in a wooded area near the creek . The militia men observed from what was likely to be West Point Hill .
Shots rang out from Stephenson 's men but the Sauk did not immediately return fire and the fight eventually descended into a bayonet and knife battle . The militia charged into the thicket and the Sauk returned fire , killing Stephen P. Howard . The militia force made two more charges into the woods . During one of these , Thomas Sublette stabbed a Sauk in the neck and George Eames was killed in action . The third charge resulted in severe wounds for Stephenson , who was shot in the chest with a musketball , and the death of militia man Michael Lovell . According to Stephenson 's account of the battle , five or six Native American warriors were killed and the militia lost three men .
The Sauk forces outnumbered Stephenson 's militiamen and the group was forced to withdraw and retreat . When they left they took with them most of the horses that the Sauk had stolen in their journey up the Apple River .
= = Aftermath = =
Although it allowed the militia men to draw Native American blood in revenge , the result of the battle was inconclusive with respect to its original purpose of stopping the Native American raids in the area . The men of the militia returned triumphantly to Galena , Illinois bearing the scalps of two Sauk warriors they had slain . The battle helped raise public opinion towards the militia . After the disastrous defeat at Stillman 's Run in May , the battle at Yellow Creek coupled with the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , helped to demonstrate that the militia could stand up to and defeat Black Hawk 's warriors .
The militiamen killed in the Battle of Waddams Grove were eventually interred in a memorial cemetery in Kellogg 's Grove . The graves are located beneath a large stone monument dedicated to those militia men killed during the Black Hawk War . The battlefield itself is believed to be located along the Yellow Creek northwest of William Waddams ' original land claims north of the present day unincorporated town of Waddams Grove , Illinois .
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= Ahmose I =
Ahmose I ( Egyptian : Jˁḥ ms ( j.w ) , sometimes written Amosis I , " Amenes " and " Aahmes " and meaning Born of Iah ) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty . He was a member of the Theban royal house , the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty , King Kamose . During the reign of his father or grandfather , Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos , the rulers of Lower Egypt . When he was seven his father was killed , and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes , after reigning only three years . Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother , and upon coronation became known as Neb @-@ Pehty @-@ Re ( The Lord of Strength is Re ) . The name Ahmose is a combination of the divine name ' Ah ' ( see Iah ) and the combining form ' -mose ' .
During his reign , he completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region , restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan . He then reorganized the administration of the country , reopened quarries , mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom . This building program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers . Ahmose 's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom , under which Egyptian power reached its peak . His reign is usually dated to the mid @-@ 16th century BC .
= = Family = =
Ahmose descended from the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty . His grandfather and grandmother , Senakhtenre Ahmose and Tetisheri , had at least twelve children , including Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep . The brother and sister , according to the tradition of Egyptian queens , married ; their children were Kamose , Ahmose I and several daughters . Ahmose I followed in the tradition of his father and married several of his sisters , making Ahmose @-@ Nefertari his chief wife . They had several children including daughters Meritamun B , Sitamun A and sons Siamun A , Ahmose @-@ ankh , Amenhotep I and Ramose A ( the " A " and " B " designations after the names are a convention used by Egyptologists to distinguish between royal children and wives that otherwise have the same name ) . They may also have been the parents of Mutnofret , who would become the wife of later successor Thutmose I. Ahmose @-@ ankh was Ahmose 's heir apparent , but he preceded his father in death sometime between Ahmose 's 17th and 22nd regnal year . Ahmose was succeeded instead by his eldest surviving son , Amenhotep I , with whom he might have shared a short coregency .
There was no distinct break in the line of the royal family between the 17th and 18th dynasties . The historian Manetho , writing much later during the Ptolemaic dynasty , considered the final expulsion of the Hyksos after nearly a century and the restoration of native Egyptian rule over the whole country a significant enough event to warrant the start of a new dynasty .
= = Dates and length of reign = =
Ahmose 's reign can be fairly accurately dated using the Heliacal rise of Sirius in his successor 's reign , but because of disputes over from where the observation was made , he has been assigned a reign from 1570 – 1546 , 1560 – 1537 and 1551 – 1527 by various sources . Manetho supposedly gives Ahmose a reign of 25 years and 4 months ( but , as Manetho called the first ruler of his dynasty " Tethmosis " , he probably intended someone else ) . This figure is seemingly supported by a ' Year 22 ' inscription from his reign at the stone quarries of Tura . A medical examination of his mummy indicates that he died when he was about thirty @-@ five , supporting a 25 @-@ year reign if he came to the throne at the age of 10 . The radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570 – 1544 BC , the mean point of which is 1557 BC .
Alternative dates for his reign ( 1194 to 1170 BC ) were suggested by David Rohl , but these were rejected by the majority of Egyptologists even before the radiocarbon date was published in 2010 .
= = Campaigns = =
The conflict between the local kings of Thebes and the Hyksos king Apepi had started during the reign of Seqenenre Tao and would be concluded , after almost 30 years of intermittent conflict and war , under the reign of Ahmose I. Seqenenre Tao was possibly killed in a battle against the Hyksos , as his much @-@ wounded mummy gruesomely suggests , and his successor Kamose ( likely Ahmose 's elder brother ) is known to have attacked and raided the lands around the Hyksos capital , Avaris ( modern Tell el @-@ Dab 'a ) . Kamose evidently had a short reign , as his highest attested regnal year is year 3 , and was succeeded by Ahmose I. Apepi may have died near the same time . The two royal names — Awoserre and Aqenienre — known for Apepi attested in the historical record were for the same Hyksos king that were used by Ahmose 's opponent at different times during the latter king 's reign .
Ahmose ascended the throne when he was still a child , so his mother , Ahhotep , reigned as regent until he was of age . Judging by some of the descriptions of her regal roles while in power , including the general honorific " carer for Egypt " , she effectively consolidated the Theban power base in the years before Ahmose assumed full control . If in fact Apepi II was a successor to Apepi I , then he is thought to have remained bottled up in the delta during Ahhotep 's regency , because his name does not appear on any monuments or objects south of Bubastis .
= = = Conquest of the Hyksos = = =
Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi 's reign , but the sequence of events is not universally agreed upon .
Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital of Avaris is extremely difficult . Almost everything known comes from a brief but invaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus , consisting of brief diary entries , one of which reads
Regnal year 11 , second month of shomu , Heliopolis was entered . First month of akhet , day 23 , this southern prince broke into Tjaru .
While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose , it is today believed instead to refer to Ahmose 's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of ' Prince of the South ' rather than king or pharaoh , as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him . Anthony Spalinger , in a JNES 60 ( 2001 ) book review of Kim Ryholt 's 1997 book , The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period , c.1800 – 1550 BC , notes that Ryholt 's translation of the middle portion of the Rhind text chronicling Ahmose 's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the " 1st month of Akhet , 23rd day . He @-@ of @-@ the @-@ South ( i.e. Ahmose ) strikes against Sile . " Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not question Ryholt 's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether :
" it is reasonable to expect a Theban @-@ oriented text to describe its Pharaoh in this manner ? For if the date refers to Ahmose , then the scribe must have been an adherent of that ruler . To me , the very indirect reference to Ahmose — it must be Ahmose — ought to indicate a supporter of the Hyksos dynasty ; hence , the regnal years should refer to this monarch and not the Theban [ king ] . "
The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose 's military strategy when attacking the Delta . Entering Heliopolis in July , he moved down the eastern delta to take Tjaru , the major border fortification on the Horus Road , the road from Egypt to Canaan , in October , totally avoiding Avaris . In taking Tjaru he cut off all traffic between Canaan and Avaris . This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris , isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan .
Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of a participating soldier , Ahmose , son of Ebana . These records indicate that Ahmose I led three attacks against Avaris , the Hyksos capital , but also had to quell a small rebellion further south in Egypt . After this , in the fourth attack , he conquered the city . He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their stronghold Sharuhen near Gaza after a three @-@ year siege . Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year of his reign at the very latest . This is suggested by " a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby ' oxen from Canaan ' were used at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose 's regnal year 22 . " Since the cattle would probably have been imported after Ahmose 's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris , this means that the reign of Khamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose 's 25 @-@ year reign at the very latest .
= = = Foreign campaigns = = =
After defeating the Hyksos , Ahmose began campaigning in Syria and Nubia . A campaign during his 22nd year reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates , although the later Pharaoh Thutmose I is usually credited with being the first to campaign that far . Ahmose did , however , reach at least as far as Kedem ( thought to be near Byblos ) , according to an ostracon in the tomb of his wife , Ahmose @-@ Nefertari . Details on this particular campaign are scarce , as the source of most of the information , Ahmose , son of Ebana , served in the Egyptian navy and did not take part in this land expedition . However , it can be inferred from archaeological surveys of southern Canaan that during the late 16th century BC Ahmose and his immediate successors intended only to break the power of the Hyksos by destroying their cities and not to conquer Canaan . Many sites there were completely laid waste and not rebuilt during this period — something a Pharaoh bent on conquest and tribute would not be likely to do .
Ahmose I 's campaigns in Nubia are better documented . Soon after the first Nubian campaign , a Nubian named Aata rebelled against Ahmose , but was crushed . After this attempt , an anti @-@ Theban Egyptian named Tetian gathered many rebels in Nubia , but he too was defeated . Ahmose restored Egyptian rule over Nubia , which was controlled from a new administrative center established at Buhen . When re @-@ establishing the national government , Ahmose appears to have rewarded various local princes who supported his cause and that of his dynastic predecessors .
= = Art and monumental constructions = =
With the re @-@ unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Ahmose , a renewal of royal support for the arts and monumental construction occurred . Ahmose reportedly devoted a tenth of all the productive output towards the service of the traditional gods , reviving massive monumental constructions as well as the arts . However , as the defeat of the Hyksos occurred relatively late in Ahmose 's reign , his subsequent building program likely lasted no more than seven years , and much of what was started was probably finished by his son and successor Amenhotep I.
Work from Ahmose 's reign is made of much finer material than anything from the Second Intermediate Period , though the craftsmanship from his reign does not always match the best work from either the Old or Middle Kingdoms . With the Delta and Nubia under Egyptian control once more , access was gained to resources not available in Upper Egypt . Gold and silver were received from Nubia , Lapis Lazuli from distant parts of central Asia , cedar from Byblos , and in the Sinai the Serabit el @-@ Khadim turquoise mines were reopened . Although the exact nature of the relationship between Egypt and Crete is uncertain , at least some Minoan designs have been found on objects from this period , and Egypt considered the Aegean to be part of its empire . Ahmose reopened the Tura limestone quarries to provide stone for monuments and used Asiatic cattle from Phoenicia to haul the stone , according to his quarry inscription .
The art during Ahmose I 's reign was similar to the Middle Kingdom royal Theban style , and stelae from this period were once more of the same quality . This reflects a possibly natural conservative tendency to revive fashions from the pre @-@ Hyksos era . Despite this , only three positively identified statuary images of Ahmose I survive : a single shabti kept at the British Museum , presumably from his tomb ( which has never been positively located ) , and two life @-@ size statues ; one of which resides in the New York Metropolitan Museum , the other in the Khartoum Museum . All display slightly bulging eyes , a feature also present on selected stelae depicting the pharaoh . Based on style , a small limestone sphinx that resides at the National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh , has also been tentatively identified as representing Ahmose I.
The art of glass making is thought to have developed during Ahmose 's reign . The oldest samples of glass appear to have been defective pieces of faience , but intentional crafting of glass did not occur until the beginning of the 18th dynasty . One of the earliest glass beads found contains the names of both Ahmose and Amenhotep I , written in a style dated to about the time of their reigns . If glassmaking was developed no earlier than Ahmose 's reign and the first objects are dated to no later than his successor 's reign , it is quite likely that it was one of his subjects who developed the craft .
Ahmose resumed large construction projects like those before the second intermediate period . In the south of the country he began constructing temples mostly built of brick , one of them in the Nubian town of Buhen . In Upper Egypt he made additions to the existing temple of Amun at Karnak and to the temple of Montu at Armant . According to an inscription at Tura , he used white limestone to build a temple to Ptah and the southern harem of Amun , but did not finish either project . He built a cenotaph for his grandmother , Queen Tetisheri , at Abydos .
Excavations at the site of Avaris by Manfred Bietak have shown that Ahmose had a palace constructed on the site of the former Hyksos capital city 's fortifications . Bietak found fragmentary Minoan @-@ style remains of the frescoes that once covered the walls of the palace ; there has subsequently been much speculation as to what role this Aegean civilization may have played in terms of trade and in the arts .
Under Ahmose 's reign , the city of Thebes became the capital for the whole of Egypt , as it had been under the 11th Dynasty in the early Middle Kingdom . It also became the center for a newly established professional civil service , where there was a greater demand for scribes and the literate as the royal archives began to fill with accounts and reports . Having Thebes as the capital was probably a strategic choice as it was located at the center of the country , the logical conclusion from having had to fight the Hyksos in the north as well as the Nubians to the south . Any future opposition at either border could be met easily .
Perhaps the most important shift was a religious one : Thebes effectively became the religious as well as the political center of the country , its local god Amun credited with inspiring Ahmose in his victories over the Hyksos . The importance of the temple complex at Karnak ( on the east bank of the Nile north of Thebes ) grew and the importance of the previous cult of Ra based in Heliopolis diminished .
Several stelae detailing the work done by Ahmose were found at Karnak , two of which depict him as a benefactor to the temple . In one of these stelae , known as the " Tempest Stele " , he claims to have rebuilt the pyramids of his predecessors at Thebes that had been destroyed by a major storm . The Thera eruption in the Aegean has been implicated by some scholars as the source of the damages described in the Tempest Stele .
= = = Pyramid = = =
The remains of Ahmose 's pyramid in Abydos were discovered in 1899 and identified as his in 1902 . Most of its outer casing stones had been robbed for use in other building projects over the years , and the mound of rubble upon which it was built has collapsed . However , two rows of intact casing stones were found by Arthur Mace , who estimated its steep slope as about 60 degrees , based on the evidence of the limestone casing ( compare to the less acute 51 degrees of the Great Pyramid of Giza ) . Adjacent to the main pyramid temple and to its east , Harvey has identified two temples constructed by Ahmose 's queen , Ahmose @-@ Nefertary . One of these structures also bears bricks stamped with the name of Chief Treasurer Neferperet , the official responsible for re @-@ opening the stone quarries at el @-@ Ma 'asara ( Tura ) in Ahmose 's year 22 . A third , larger temple ( Temple C ) is similar to the pyramid temple in form and scale , but its stamped bricks and details of decoration reinforce that it was a cult place for Ahmose @-@ Nefertary .
The axis of the pyramid complex may be associated with a series of monuments strung out along a kilometer of desert . Along this axis are several key structures : 1 ) a large pyramid dedicated to his grandmother Tetisheri which contained a stele depicting Ahmose providing offerings to her ; 2 ) a rockcut underground complex which may either have served as a token representation of an Osirian underworld or as an actual royal tomb ; and 3 ) a terraced temple built against the high cliffs , featuring massive stone and brick terraces . These elements reflect in general a similar plan undertaken for the cenotaph of Senwosret III and in general its construction contains elements which reflect the style of both Old and Middle Kingdom pyramid complexes .
There is some dispute as to if this pyramid was Ahmose 's burial place , or if it was a cenotaph . Although earlier explorers Mace and Currelly were unable to locate any internal chambers , it is unlikely that a burial chamber would have been located in the midst of the pyramid 's rubble core . In the absence of any mention of a tomb of King Ahmose in the tomb robbery accounts of the Abbott Papyrus , and in the absence of any likely candidate for the king 's tomb at Thebes , it is possible that the king was interred at Abydos , as suggested by Harvey . Certainly the great number of cult structures located at the base of the pyramid located in recent years , as well as the presence at the base of the pyramid of a cemetery used by priests of Ahmose 's cult , argue for the importance of the king 's Abydos cult . However , other Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was constructed ( like Tetisheri 's pyramid at Abydos ) as a cenotaph and that Ahmose may have originally been buried in the southern part of Dra ' Abu el @-@ Naga ' with the rest of the late 17th and early 18th Dynasties .
This pyramid was the last pyramid ever built as part of a mortuary complex in Egypt . The pyramid would be abandoned by subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom , for both practical and religious reasons . The Giza plateau offered plenty of room for building pyramids ; but this was not the case with the confined , cliff @-@ bound geography of Thebes and any burials in the surrounding desert were vulnerable to flooding . The pyramid form was associated with the sun god Re , who had been overshadowed by Amun in importance . One of the meanings of Amun 's name was the hidden one , which meant that it was now theologically permissible to hide the Pharaoh 's tomb by fully separating the mortuary template from the actual burial place . This provided the added advantage that the resting place of the pharaoh could be kept hidden from necropolis robbers . All subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom would be buried in rock @-@ cut shaft tombs in the Valley of the Kings .
= = Mummy = =
Ahmose I 's mummy was discovered in 1881 within the Deir el @-@ Bahri Cache , located in the hills directly above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut . He was interred along with the mummies of other 18th and 19th dynasty leaders Amenhotep I , Thutmose I , Thutmose II , Thutmose III , Ramesses I , Seti I , Ramesses II and Ramesses IX , as well as the 21st dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I , Pinedjem II and Siamun .
Ahmose I 's mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June 9 , 1886 . It was found within a coffin that bore his name in hieroglyphs , and on his bandages his name was again written in hieratic script . While the cedarwood coffin 's style dates it squarely to the time of the 18th dynasty , it was neither of royal style nor craftsmanship , and any gilding or inlays may have been stripped in antiquity . He had evidently been moved from his original burial place , re @-@ wrapped and placed within the cache at Deir el @-@ Bahri during the reign of the 21st dynasty priest @-@ king Pinedjem II , whose name also appeared on the mummy 's wrappings . Around his neck a garland of Delphinium flowers had been placed . The body bore signs of having been plundered by ancient grave @-@ robbers , his head having been broken off from his body and his nose smashed .
The body was 1 @.@ 63 m in height . The mummy had a small face with no defining features , though he had slightly prominent front teeth ; this may have been an inherited family trait , as this feature can be seen in some female mummies of the same family , as well as the mummy of his descendant , Thutmose II .
A short description of the mummy by Gaston Maspero sheds further light on familial resemblances :
... he was of medium height , as his body when mummified measured only 5 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 68 m ) in length , but the development of the neck and chest indicates extraordinary strength . The head is small in proportion to the bust , the forehead low and narrow , the cheek @-@ bones project and the hair is thick and wavy . The face exactly resembles that of Tiûâcrai [ Seqenenre Tao ] and the likeness alone would proclaim the affinity , even if we were ignorant of the close relationship which united these two Pharaohs .
Initial studies of the mummy were first thought to reveal a man in his 50s , but subsequent examinations have shown that he was instead likely to have been in his mid @-@ 30s when he died . The identity of this mummy ( Cairo Museum catalog n ° 61057 ) was called into question in 1980 by the published results of Dr. James Harris , a professor of orthodontics , and Egyptologist Edward Wente . Harris had been allowed to take x @-@ rays of all of the supposed royal mummies at the Cairo Museum . While history records Ahmose I as being the son or possibly the grandson of Seqenenre Tao , the craniofacial morphology of the two mummies are quite different . It is also different from that of the female mummy identified as Ahmes @-@ Nefertari , thought to be his sister . These inconsistencies , and the fact that this mummy was not posed with arms crossed over chest , as was the fashion of the period for male royal mummies , led them to conclude that this was likely not a royal mummy , leaving the identity of Ahmose I unknown .
The mummy is now in the Luxor Museum alongside the purported one of Ramesses I , as part of a permanent exhibition called " The Golden Age of the Egyptian Military " .
= = Succession = =
Ahmose I was succeeded by his son , Amenhotep I. A minority of scholars have argued that Ahmose had a short co @-@ regency with Amenhotep , potentially lasting up to six years . If there was a co @-@ regency , Amenhotep could not have been made king before Ahmose 's 18th regnal year , the earliest year in which Ahmose @-@ ankh , the heir apparent , could have died . There is circumstantial evidence indicating a co @-@ regency may have occurred , although definitive evidence is lacking .
The first piece of evidence consists of three small objects which contain both of their praenomen next to one another : the aforementioned small glass bead , a small feldspar amulet and a broken stele , all of which are written in the proper style for the early 18th dynasty . The last stele said that Amenhotep was " given life eternally " , which is an Egyptian idiom meaning that a king is alive , but the name of Ahmose does not have the usual epithet " true of voice " which is given to dead kings . Since praenomen are only assumed upon taking the throne , and assuming that both were in fact alive at the same time , it is indicated that both were reigning at the same time . There is , however , the possibility that Amenhotep I merely wished to associate himself with his beloved father , who reunited Egypt .
Second , Amenhotep I appears to have nearly finished preparations for a sed festival , or even begun celebrating it ; but Amenhotep I 's reign is usually given only 21 years and a sed festival traditionally cannot be celebrated any earlier than a ruler 's 30th year . If Amenhotep I had a significant co @-@ regency with his father , some have argued that he planned to celebrate his Sed Festival on the date he was first crowned instead of the date that he began ruling alone . This would better explain the degree of completion of his Sed Festival preparations at Karnak . There are two contemporary New Kingdom examples of the breaking of this tradition ; Hatshepsut celebrated her Heb Sed Festival in her 16th year and Akhenaten celebrated a Sed Festival near the beginning of his 17 @-@ year reign .
Third , Ahmose 's wife , Ahmose Nefertari , was called both " King 's Great Wife " and " King 's Mother " in two stelae which were set up at the limestone quarries of Ma`sara in Ahmose 's 22nd year . For her to literally be a " King 's Mother , " Amenhotep would already have to be a king . It is possible that the title was only honorific , as Ahhotep II assumed the title without being the mother of any known king ; though there is a possibility that her son Amenemhat was made Amenhotep I 's co @-@ regent , but preceded him in death .
Because of this uncertainty , a co @-@ regency is currently impossible to prove or disprove . Both Redford 's and Murnane 's works on the subject are undecided on the grounds that there is too little conclusive evidence either for or against a coregency . Even if there was one , it would have made no difference to the chronology of the period because in this kind of institution Amenhotep would have begun counting his regnal dates from his first year as sole ruler . However , co @-@ regency supporters note that since at least one rebellion had been led against Ahmose during his reign , it would certainly have been logical to crown a successor before one 's death to prevent a struggle for the crown .
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= Congress Hall =
Congress Hall is a building near the intersection of Chestnut and 6th Streets in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania that served as the seat of the United States Congress from December 6 , 1790 to May 14 , 1800 . During Congress Hall 's duration as the capitol of the United States , the country admitted three new states , Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee ; ratified the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution ; and oversaw the Presidential inaugurations of both George Washington ( his second ) and John Adams .
Congress Hall was restored throughout the 20th century to its original appearance in 1796 . The building is now managed by the National Park Service within the Independence National Historical Park and is open for tours by the public . Congress Hall should not be confused with Independence Hall , which is located next door .
= = Background = =
Philadelphia served as the capital of the United States both during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War . Independence Hall , located next door , served as the meeting place of the Continental Congress until the Pennsylvania Mutiny in June 1783 . The failure of the Pennsylvania government to protect Congress from a mob of angry mutineers caused the representatives to withdraw to Princeton , New Jersey . The national capital then moved to Annapolis , Maryland in November 1783 , then to Trenton , New Jersey in November 1784 before finally moving to New York City in January 1785 . State delegates did not return to Independence Hall in Philadelphia until the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787 ; however , New York City remained the official capital even during the convention . Designed by architect Samuel Lewis , Congress Hall was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse ; construction began in 1787 and was completed two years later .
= = Temporary capitol = =
Article One , Section Eight , of the United States Constitution granted Congress the authority to create a federal district to serve as the national capital . Following the ratification of the Constitution , the Congress , while meeting in New York , passed the Residence Act on July 9 , 1790 . The Act established the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac River between the states of Maryland and Virginia to serve as the new federal capital . However , Robert Morris , a Senator from Pennsylvania , convinced Congress to return to Philadelphia while the new permanent capital was being built . As a result , the Residence Act also declared Philadelphia to be the temporary capital for a period of ten years .
In an attempt to convince Congress to keep the capital in Philadelphia , the city began construction on a massive new Presidential palace on 9th Street as well as an expansion to the County Courthouse into what would become Congress Hall . Upon the return of Congress to Philadelphia on December 6 , 1790 , the first level of Congress Hall had been transformed into the chamber for the House of Representatives and the second floor had been converted into a chamber for the United States Senate . Despite their efforts to construct new buildings for use by the federal government , the city 's residents failed to convince Congress to modify the Residence Act and make Philadelphia the permanent capital . Congress Hall served as the capitol building until May 14 , 1800 , when the offices of the national government moved to Washington , D.C.
= = Interior = =
The House chamber on the first floor is rather simple and featured mahogany desks and leather chairs . The room eventually accommodated 106 representatives from 16 states : the 13 original states as well as the representatives from the new states of Vermont in 1791 , Kentucky in 1792 , and Tennessee in 1796 . The room has been restored to its original appearance in 1796 .
The second floor , reserved as the chamber for the Senate , was more ornate and adorned with heavy red drapes . By 1796 , the room featured 32 secretary desks very similar to the desks that are still used in the current Senate chamber in the United States Capitol ; 28 of the desks at Congress Hall are original . Portraits of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette , presented as gifts from the French monarch following the American Revolution , hang in adjoining committee rooms . A fresco of an American bald eagle is painted on the ceiling , holding the traditional olive branch to symbolize peace . Also on the ceiling , a plaster medallion in the form of a sunburst features 13 stars to represent the original colonies . The design mirrors a similar pattern on the floor , where a carpet made by William Sprague , a local weaver , features the shields of each of the 13 original states . The carpet seen today is a reproduction of the original .
= = Legacy = =
During the almost ten years it served as the capitol , Congress Hall witnessed many historic events including the admittance of three new states . The United States Bill of Rights was ratified at Congress Hall in 1791 . The second Presidential inauguration of George Washington took place in the House chamber in 1793 , as did inauguration of John Adams in 1797 . Congress also used the time to establish the First Bank of the United States , the Federal Mint , and the United States Department of the Navy . The Jay Treaty , which secured a temporary peace with Great Britain , was also ratified at Congress Hall in 1796 . After the capital moved to Washington , Congress Hall returned to its original function as the Philadelphia County Courthouse and served as the location of both state and federal courts during the early 19th century . Also designed by Samuel Lewis , the Burlington County Courthouse in Mount Holly Township , New Jersey was built in 1796 and modeled after Congress Hall .
= = Restoration and present status = =
After its use as a courthouse in the early 19th century , Congress Hall , like other buildings in the area , had fallen into disrepair . In 1870 , the Pennsylvania General Assembly ordered the demolition of all the buildings surrounding Independence Hall . However , the law was never enforced and was officially repealed in 1895 . Under the leadership of a civic organization known as The Colonial Dames of America , the architect George Champlin Mason , Jr. began restoring Congress Hall in 1895 @-@ 96 , though this work was mostly limited to the Senate chamber . In 1900 , the Philadelphia chapter of the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) began a study of Congress Hall and initiated a funding drive for the building 's complete restoration . After funds were secured , the City of Philadelphia approved the restoration project in 1912 under the supervision of the AIA . Work on Congress Hall was completed the following year when President Woodrow Wilson rededicated the building . Additional work to refurbish the House chamber was completed in 1934 . In 1942 , over 50 civic and patriotic groups met at the American Philosophical Society and joined to create the Independence Hall Association . The association lobbied for the creation of Independence National Historical Park , which was initially approved by Congress in 1948 and formally established on July 4 , 1956 .
Congress Hall is now maintained by the National Park Service , which operates guided tours of the building throughout the year on a first @-@ come , first @-@ served basis .
On December 2 , 2008 , the building hosted President @-@ elect Barack Obama 's meeting with the National Governors Association where they discussed the economic crisis then facing the country .
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= Reinhard Heydrich =
Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( German : [ ˈʁaɪnhaʁt ˈtʁɪstan ˈɔʏɡn ̩ ˈhaɪdʁɪç ] ) ( 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942 ) was a high @-@ ranking German Nazi official during World War II , and one of the main architects of the Holocaust . He was SS @-@ Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei ( Senior Group Leader and Chief of Police ) as well as chief of the Reich Main Security Office ( including the Gestapo , Kripo , and SD ) . He was also Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor ( Deputy / Acting Reich @-@ Protector ) of Bohemia and Moravia , in what is now the Czech Republic . Heydrich served as president of the International Criminal Police Commission ( ICPC ; later known as Interpol ) and chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference , which formalised plans for the Final Solution to the Jewish Question — the deportation and genocide of all Jews in German @-@ occupied Europe .
Many historians regard him as the darkest figure within the Nazi elite ; Adolf Hitler described him as " the man with the iron heart " . He was the founding head of the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , an intelligence organisation charged with seeking out and neutralising resistance to the Nazi Party via arrests , deportations , and murders . He helped organise Kristallnacht , a series of co @-@ ordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9 – 10 November 1938 . The attacks , carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians , presaged the Holocaust . Upon his arrival in Prague , Heydrich sought to eliminate opposition to the Nazi occupation by suppressing Czech culture and deporting and executing members of the Czech resistance . He was directly responsible for the Einsatzgruppen , the special task forces which travelled in the wake of the German armies and murdered over two million people , including 1 @.@ 3 million Jews , by mass shooting and gassing .
Heydrich was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by a British @-@ trained team of Czech and Slovak soldiers who had been sent by the Czechoslovak government @-@ in @-@ exile to kill him in Operation Anthropoid . He died from his injuries a week later . Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky . Lidice was razed to the ground ; all men and boys over the age of 16 were shot , and all but a handful of its women and children were deported and killed in Nazi concentration camps .
= = Early life = =
Heydrich was born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth Anna Maria Amalia Krantz . His mother was Roman Catholic . His two forenames were patriotic musical tributes : " Reinhard " referred to the tragic hero from his father 's opera Amen , and " Tristan " stems from Richard Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde . Heydrich 's third name , " Eugen " , was his late maternal grandfather 's forename ( Professor Eugen Krantz had been the director of the Dresden Royal Conservatory ) .
Heydrich was born into a family of social standing and substantial financial means . Music was a part of Heydrich 's everyday life ; his father founded the Halle Conservatory of Music , Theatre and Teaching and his mother taught piano there . Heydrich developed a passion for the violin and carried that interest into adulthood ; he impressed listeners with his musical talent .
His father was a German nationalist who instilled patriotic ideas in his three children , but was not affiliated with any political party until after World War I. The Heydrich household was strict . As a youth , he engaged his younger brother , Heinz , in mock fencing duels . Heydrich was very intelligent and excelled in his schoolwork — especially in science — at the " Reformgymnasium " . A talented athlete , he became an expert swimmer and fencer . He was shy , insecure , and was frequently bullied for his high @-@ pitched voice and rumoured Jewish ancestry . The latter claim earned him the nickname " Moses Handel " .
In 1918 , World War I ended with Germany 's defeat . In late February 1919 , civil unrest — including strikes and clashes between communist and anti @-@ communist groups — took place in Heydrich 's home town of Halle . Under Defence Minister Gustav Noske 's directives , a right @-@ wing paramilitary unit was formed and ordered to " recapture " Halle . Heydrich , then 15 years old , joined Maercker 's Volunteer Rifles ( the first Freikorps unit ) . When the skirmishes ended , Heydrich was part of the force assigned to protect private property . Little is known about his role , but the events left a strong impression ; it was a " political awakening " for him . He joined the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund ( National German Protection and Shelter League ) , an anti @-@ Semitic organisation .
As a result of the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles , hyperinflation spread across Germany and many lost their life savings . Halle was not spared . By 1921 , few townspeople there could afford a musical education at Bruno Heydrich 's conservatory . This led to a financial crisis for the Heydrich family .
= = Naval career = =
In 1922 Heydrich joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine ) , taking advantage of the security , structure , and pension it offered . He became a naval cadet at Kiel , Germany 's primary naval base . On 1 April 1924 he was promoted to senior midshipman ( Oberfähnrich zur See ) and sent to officer training at the Naval Academy Mürwik . In 1926 he advanced to the rank of ensign ( Leutnant zur See ) and was assigned as a signals officer on the battleship Schleswig @-@ Holstein , the flagship of Germany 's North Sea Fleet . With the promotion came greater recognition . He received good evaluations from his superiors and had few problems with other crewmen . He was promoted on 1 July 1928 to the rank of sub @-@ lieutenant ( Oberleutnant zur See ) . The increased rank fuelled his ambition and arrogance .
Heydrich became notorious for his countless affairs . In December 1930 he attended a rowing @-@ club ball and met Lina von Osten . They became romantically involved and soon announced their engagement . Lina was already a Nazi Party follower ; she had attended her first rally in 1929 . In 1931 Heydrich was charged with " conduct unbecoming to an officer and gentleman " for breaking an engagement promise to a woman he had known for six months before the von Osten engagement . Admiral Erich Raeder dismissed Heydrich from the navy that April . The dismissal devastated Heydrich , who found himself without career prospects . He kept the engagement and married Lina in December 1931 .
= = Career in the SS and military = =
In 1931 , Heinrich Himmler began setting up a counterintelligence division of the SS . Acting on the advice of his associate Karl von Eberstein , who was von Osten 's friend , Himmler agreed to interview Heydrich , but cancelled their appointment at the last minute . Lina ignored this message , packed Heydrich 's suitcase , and sent him to Munich . Eberstein met Heydrich at the train station and took him to see Himmler . Himmler asked Heydrich to convey his ideas for developing an SS intelligence service . Himmler was so impressed that he hired Heydrich immediately . Although the starting salary of 180 Reichsmarks ( the equivalent of 40 USD ) was low , Heydrich decided to take the job because Lina 's family supported the Nazi movement , and the quasi @-@ military and revolutionary nature of the post appealed to him . At first he had to share an office and typewriter with a colleague , but by 1932 Heydrich was earning 290 Reichsmarks a month , a salary he described as " comfortable " . As his power and influence grew throughout the 1930s , his salary grew commensurately ; by 1938 his income increased to 17 @,@ 371 @.@ 53 Reichsmarks annually ( the equivalent of 78 @,@ 000 USD ) . His NSDAP number was 544 @,@ 916 and his SS number was 10 @,@ 120 . Heydrich later received a Totenkopfring from Himmler for his service .
On 1 August 1931 Heydrich began his job as chief of the new ' Ic Service ' ( intelligence service ) . He set up office at the Brown House , the Nazi Party headquarters in Munich . By October he had created a network of spies and informers for intelligence @-@ gathering purposes and to obtain information to be used as blackmail to further political aims . Information on thousands of people was recorded on index cards and stored at the Brown House . To mark the occasion of Heydrich 's December wedding , Himmler promoted him to the rank of SS @-@ Sturmbannführer ( major ) .
In 1932 Heydrich 's enemies began to spread rumours of his alleged Jewish ancestry . Wilhelm Canaris said he had obtained photocopies proving Heydrich 's Jewish ancestry , but these photocopies never surfaced . Nazi Gauleiter Rudolf Jordan also claimed that Heydrich was not a pure Aryan . Within the Nazi organisation such innuendo could be damning , even for the head of the Reich 's counterintelligence service . Gregor Strasser passed the allegations on to the Nazi Party 's racial expert Dr. Achim Gercke who investigated Heydrich 's genealogy . Gercke reported that Heydrich was " ... of German origin and free from any coloured and Jewish blood " . He insisted that the rumours were baseless . Even with this report , Heydrich privately engaged SD member Ernst Hoffman to further investigate and dispel the rumours .
= = = Gestapo and SD = = =
In mid @-@ 1932 , Himmler appointed Heydrich chief of the renamed security service — the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) . Heydrich 's counterintelligence service grew into an effective machine of terror and intimidation . With Hitler striving for absolute power in Germany , Himmler and Heydrich wished to control the political police forces of all 17 German states . They began with Bavaria . In 1933 , Heydrich gathered some of his men from the SD and together they stormed police headquarters in Munich and took over the police using intimidation tactics . Himmler became the Munich police chief and Heydrich became the commander of Department IV , the political police .
In 1933 , Hitler became Chancellor of Germany , and through a series of decrees became Germany 's Führer und Reichskanzler ( leader and chancellor ) . The first concentration camps , which were originally intended to house political opponents , were established in early 1933 . By year 's end there were over fifty camps .
Hermann Göring founded the Gestapo in 1933 as a Prussian police force . When Göring transferred full authority over the Gestapo to Himmler in April 1934 , it immediately became an instrument of terror under the SS 's purview . Himmler named Heydrich to head the Gestapo on 22 April 1934 . On 9 June 1934 , Rudolph Hess declared the SD the official Nazi intelligence service .
= = = Crushing the SA = = =
Beginning in April 1934 , and at Hitler 's request , Heydrich and Himmler began building a dossier on Sturmabteilung ( SA ) leader Ernst Röhm in an effort to remove him as a rival for party leadership . At this point , the SS was still part of the SA , the early Nazi paramilitary organisation which now numbered over 3 million men . At Hitler 's direction , Heydrich , Himmler , Göring , and Viktor Lutze drew up lists of those who should be liquidated , starting with seven top SA officials and including many more . On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued for two days . Röhm was shot without trial , along with the leadership of the SA . The purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives . Up to 200 people were killed in the action . Lutze was appointed SA 's new head and it was converted into a sports and training organisation .
With the SA out of the way , Heydrich began building the Gestapo into an instrument of fear . He improved his index @-@ card system , creating categories of offenders with colour @-@ coded cards . The Gestapo had the authority to arrest citizens on the suspicion that they might commit a crime , and the definition of a crime was at their discretion . The Gestapo Law , passed in 1936 , gave police the right to act extra @-@ legally . This led to the sweeping use of Schutzhaft — " protective custody " , a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings . The courts were not allowed to investigate or interfere . The Gestapo was considered to be acting legally as long as it was carrying out the leadership 's will . People were arrested arbitrarily , sent to concentration camps , or killed .
Himmler began developing the notion of a Germanic religion and wanted SS members to leave the church . In early 1936 , Heydrich left the Catholic Church . His wife , Lina , had already done so the year before . Heydrich not only felt he could no longer be a member , but came to consider the church 's political power and influence a danger to the state .
= = = Consolidating the police forces = = =
On 17 June 1936 all police forces throughout Germany were united , following Hitler 's appointment of Himmler as Chief of German Police . With this appointment by the Führer , Himmler and his deputy , Heydrich , became two of the most powerful men in the internal administration of Germany . Himmler immediately reorganised the police into two groups : the Ordnungspolizei ( Order Police ; Orpo ) , consisting of both the national uniformed police and the municipal police , and the Sicherheitspolizei ( Security Police ; SiPo ) , consisting of the Geheime StaatsPolizei ( Secret State Police ; Gestapo ) and Kriminalpolizei ( Criminal Police ; Kripo ) . At that point , Heydrich was head of the SiPo and SD . Heinrich Müller was the Gestapo 's operations chief .
Heydrich was assigned to help organise the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . The games were used to promote the propaganda aims of the Nazi regime . Goodwill ambassadors were sent to countries that were considering a boycott . Anti @-@ Jewish violence was forbidden for the duration , and news stands were required to stop displaying copies of Der Stürmer . For his part in the games ' success , Heydrich was awarded the Deutsches Olympiaehrenzeichen or German Olympic Games Decoration ( First Class ) .
In January 1937 Heydrich directed the SD to secretly begin collecting and analysing public opinion and report back their findings . He then had the Gestapo carry out house searches , arrests , and interrogations , thus in effect exercising control over public opinion . In February 1938 when the Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg resisted Hitler 's proposed merger with Germany , Heydrich intensified the pressure on Austria by organising Nazi demonstrations and distributing propaganda in Vienna stressing the common Germanic blood of the two countries . In the Anschluss on 12 March , Hitler declared the unification of Austria with Nazi Germany .
In mid @-@ 1939 Heydrich created the Stiftung Nordhav Foundation to obtain real estate for the SS and Security Police to use as guest houses and vacation spots . The Wannsee Villa , which the Stiftung Nordhav acquired in November 1940 , was the site of the Wannsee Conference ( 20 January 1942 ) . At the conference , senior Nazi officials formalised plans to deport and exterminate all Jews in German @-@ occupied territory and those countries not yet conquered . This action was to be coordinated among the representatives from the Nazi state agencies present at the meeting .
On 27 September 1939 the SD and SiPo ( made up of the Gestapo and the Kripo ) were folded into the new Reich Main Security Office or Reichssicherheitshauptamt ( RSHA ) , which was placed under Heydrich 's control . The title of Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD ( Chief of Security Police and SD ) or CSSD was conferred on Heydrich on 1 October . Heydrich became the president of the ICPC ( later known as Interpol ) on 24 August 1940 , and its headquarters were transferred to Berlin . He was promoted to SS @-@ Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei on 24 September 1941 .
= = = Red Army purges = = =
In 1936 , Heydrich learned that a top @-@ ranking Soviet officer was plotting to overthrow Joseph Stalin . Sensing an opportunity to strike a blow at both the Soviet Army and Admiral Canaris of Germany 's Abwehr , Heydrich decided that the Russian officers should be " unmasked " . He discussed the matter with Himmler and both in turn brought it to Hitler 's attention . But the " information " Heydrich had received was actually misinformation planted by Stalin himself in an attempt to legitimise his planned purges of the Red Army 's high command . Stalin ordered one of his best NKVD agents , General Nikolai Skoblin , to pass Heydrich false information suggesting that Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky and other Soviet generals were plotting against Stalin . Hitler approved Heydrich 's plan to act on the information immediately . Heydrich 's SD forged documents and letters implicated Tukhachevsky and other Red Army commanders . The material was delivered to the NKVD . The Great Purge of the Red Army followed on Stalin 's orders . While Heydrich believed they had successfully deluded Stalin into executing or dismissing 35 @,@ 000 of his officer corps , the importance of Heydrich 's part is a matter of speculation and conjecture . Soviet military prosecutors did not use the forged documents against the generals in their secret trial ; they instead relied on false confessions extorted or beaten out of the defendants .
= = = Night @-@ and @-@ Fog decree = = =
By late 1940 , German armies had swept through most of Western Europe . The following year , Heydrich 's SD was given responsibility for carrying out the Nacht und Nebel ( Night @-@ and @-@ Fog ) decree . According to the decree , " persons endangering German security " were to be arrested in a maximally discreet way : " under the cover of night and fog " . People disappeared without a trace and none told of their whereabouts or fate . For each prisoner , the SD had to fill in a questionnaire that listed personal information , country of origin , and the details of their crimes against the Reich . This questionnaire was placed in an envelope inscribed with a seal reading " Nacht und Nebel " and submitted to the Reich Main Security Office ( RSHA ) . In the WVHA " Central Inmate File " , as in many camp files , these prisoners would be given a special " covert prisoner " code , as opposed to the code for POW , Felon , Jew , Gypsy , etc . The decree remained in effect after Heydrich 's death . The exact number of people who vanished under it has never been positively established , but it is estimated to be 7 @,@ 000 .
= = = Acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia = = =
On 27 September 1941 , Heydrich was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Reich on 15 March 1939 ) and assumed control of the territory . The Reich Protector , Konstantin von Neurath , remained the territory 's titular head , but was sent on " leave " because Hitler , Himmler , and Heydrich felt his " soft approach " to the Czechs had promoted anti @-@ German sentiment and encouraged anti @-@ German resistance via strikes and sabotage . Upon his appointment , Heydrich told his aides : " We will Germanize the Czech vermin . "
Heydrich came to Prague to enforce policy , fight resistance to the Nazi regime , and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were " extremely important to the German war effort " . He viewed the area as a bulwark of Germandom and condemned the Czech resistance 's " stabs in the back " . To realise his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized . He explained , " Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought . " Heydrich started his rule by terrorising the population : 92 people were executed within three days of his arrival in Prague . Their names appeared on posters throughout the occupied region . Almost all avenues by which Czechs could express the Czech culture in public were closed . According to Heydrich 's estimate , between 4 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 people were arrested by February 1942 . Those who were not executed were sent to Mauthausen @-@ Gusen concentration camp , where only four per cent of Czech prisoners survived the war . In March 1942 , further sweeps against Czech cultural and patriotic organisations , military , and intelligentsia resulted in the practical paralysis of Czech resistance . Although small disorganised cells of Central Leadership of Home Resistance ( Ústřední vedení odboje domácího , ÚVOD ) survived , only the communist resistance was able to function in a coordinated manner ( although it also suffered arrests ) . The terror also served to paralyse resistance in society , with public and widespread reprisals against any action resisting the German rule . Heydrich 's brutal policies during that time quickly earned him the nickname " the Butcher of Prague " .
As Acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia , Heydrich applied carrot @-@ and @-@ stick methods . Labour was reorganised on the basis of the German Labour Front . Heydrich used equipment confiscated from the Czech organisation Sokol to organise events for workers . Food rations and free shoes were distributed , pensions were increased , and ( for a time ) free Saturdays were introduced . Unemployment insurance was established for the first time . The black market was suppressed . Those associated with it or the resistance movement were tortured or executed . Heydrich labelled them " economic criminals " and " enemies of the people " , which helped gain him support . Conditions in Prague and the rest of the Czech lands were relatively peaceful under Heydrich , and industrial output increased . Still , those measures could not hide shortages and increasing inflation ; reports of growing discontent multiplied .
Despite public displays of goodwill towards the populace , privately Heydrich left no illusions about his eventual goal : " This entire area will one day be definitely German , and the Czechs have nothing to expect here . " Eventually up to two @-@ thirds of the populace were to be either removed to regions of Russia or exterminated after Nazi Germany won the war . Bohemia and Moravia faced annexation directly into the German Reich .
The Czech workforce was exploited as Nazi @-@ conscripted labour . More than 100 @,@ 000 workers were removed from " unsuitable " jobs and conscripted by the Ministry of Labour . By December 1941 , Czechs could be called to work anywhere within the Reich . Between April and November 1942 , 79 @,@ 000 Czech workers were taken in this manner for work within Nazi Germany . Also , in February 1942 , the work day was increased from eight to twelve hours .
Heydrich was , for all intents and purposes , military dictator of Bohemia and Moravia . His changes to the government 's structure left President Emil Hacha and his cabinet virtually powerless . He often drove alone in a car with an open roof — a show of his confidence in the occupation forces and in his government 's effectiveness .
= = Role in the Holocaust = =
Historians regard Heydrich as the most fearsome member of the Nazi elite . Hitler called him " the man with the iron heart " . He was one of the main architects of the Holocaust during the early war years , answering only to , and taking orders from , Hitler , Göring , and Himmler in all matters pertaining to the deportation , imprisonment , and extermination of Jews .
Heydrich was one of the organisers of Kristallnacht , a pogrom against Jews throughout Germany on the night of 9 – 10 November 1938 . Heydrich sent a telegram that night to various SD and Gestapo offices , helping to co @-@ ordinate the pogrom with the SS , SD , Gestapo , uniformed police ( Orpo ) , SA , Nazi party officials , and even the fire departments . It talks about permitting arson and destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues , and orders the confiscation of all " archival material " out of Jewish community centres and synagogues . The telegram ordered that " as many Jews – particularly affluent Jews – are to be arrested in all districts as can be accommodated in existing detention facilities ... Immediately after the arrests have been carried out , the appropriate concentration camps should be contacted to place the Jews into camps as quickly as possible . " Twenty thousand Jews were sent to concentration camps in the days immediately following ; historians consider Kristallnacht the beginning of the Holocaust .
When Hitler asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939 , Himmler , Heydrich , and Heinrich Müller masterminded a false flag plan code @-@ named Operation Himmler . It involved a fake attack on the German radio station at Gleiwitz on 31 August 1939 . Heydrich masterminded the plan and toured the site , which was about four miles from the Polish border . Wearing Polish uniforms , 150 German troops carried out several attacks along the border . Hitler used the ruse as an excuse to launch his invasion .
On Himmler 's instructions , Heydrich formed the Einsatzgruppen ( task forces ) to travel in the wake of the German armies at the start of World War II . On 21 September 1939 , Heydrich sent out a teleprinter message on the " Jewish question in the occupied territory " to the chiefs of all Einsatzgruppen with instructions to round up Jewish people for placement into ghettos , called for the formation of Judenräte ( Jewish councils ) , ordered a census , and promoted Aryanization plans for Jewish @-@ owned businesses and farms , among other measures . The Einsatzgruppen units followed the army into Poland to implement the plans . Later , in the Soviet Union , they were charged with rounding up and killing Jews via firing squad and gas vans . Historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen and related auxiliary troops killed more than two million people , including 1 @.@ 3 million Jews . Heydrich , however , moved to ensure the safety and well @-@ being of certain Jews , such as Paul Sommer , the former German champion fencer he knew from his pre @-@ SS days . He also protected the Polish Olympic fencing team that competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics .
On 29 November 1939 , Heydrich issued a cable about the " Evacuation of New Eastern Provinces " , detailing the deportation of people by railway to concentration camps , and giving guidance surrounding the December 1939 census , which would be the basis on which those deportations were performed . In May 1941 Heydrich drew up regulations with Quartermaster general Eduard Wagner for the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union , which ensured that the Einsatzgruppen and army would co @-@ operate in murdering Soviet Jews .
On 10 October 1941 , Heydrich was the senior officer at a " Final Solution " meeting of the RSHA in Prague that discussed deporting 50 @,@ 000 Jews from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to ghettos in Minsk and Riga . Given his position , Heydrich was instrumental in carrying out these plans since his Gestapo was ready to organize deportations in the West and his Einsatzgruppen were already conducting extensive killing operations in the East . The officers attending also discussed taking 5 @,@ 000 Jews from Prague " in the next few weeks " and handing them over to the Einsatzgruppen commanders Arthur Nebe and Otto Rasch . Establishing ghettos in the Protectorate was also planned , resulting in the construction of Theresienstadt , where 33 @,@ 000 people would eventually die . Tens of thousands more passed through the camp on their way to their deaths in the East . In 1941 Himmler named Heydrich as " responsible for implementing " the forced movement of 60 @,@ 000 Jews from Germany and Czechoslovakia to the Lodz ( Litzmannstadt ) Ghetto in Poland .
Earlier on 31 July 1941 , Hermann Göring gave written authorisation to Heydrich to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of a Endlösung der Judenfrage ( Final Solution to the Jewish question ) in territories under German control . On 20 January 1942 , Heydrich chaired a meeting , now called the Wannsee Conference , to discuss the implementation of the plan . Historian Donald Bloxham avows that for all the discussion over perpetrators in the Final Solution , Heydrich " barely spared a hateful thought for the Jews " and instead concentrated his efforts on the scale of his " supranational task " .
= = Assassination = =
= = = Death in Prague = = =
In London , the Czechoslovak government @-@ in @-@ exile resolved to kill Heydrich . Jan Kubiš and Jozef Gabčík headed the team chosen for the operation . Trained by the British Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) , the pair returned to the Protectorate , parachuting from a Handley Page Halifax , on 28 December 1941 . They lived in hiding , preparing for the assassination attempt .
On 27 May 1942 , Heydrich planned to meet Hitler in Berlin . German documents suggest that Hitler intended to transfer Heydrich to German @-@ occupied France , where the French resistance was gaining ground . Heydrich would have to pass a section where the Dresden @-@ Prague road merged with a road to the Troja Bridge . The junction , in the Prague suburb of Libeň , was well @-@ suited for the attack because motorists have to slow for a hairpin bend . As Heydrich 's car slowed , Gabčík took aim with a Sten sub @-@ machine gun , but it jammed and failed to fire . Instead of ordering his driver to speed away , Heydrich called his car to halt and attempted to confront the attackers . Kubiš then threw a bomb ( a converted anti @-@ tank mine ) at the rear of the car as it stopped . The explosion wounded Heydrich and Kubiš .
When the smoke cleared , Heydrich emerged from the wreckage with his gun in his hand ; he chased Kubiš and tried to return fire . Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedalled away . Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed . He sent his driver , Klein , to chase Gabčík on foot . In the ensuing firefight , Gabčík shot Klein in the leg and escaped to a local safe house . Heydrich , still with pistol in hand , gripped his left flank , which was bleeding profusely .
A Czech woman went to Heydrich 's aid and flagged down a delivery van . Heydrich was first placed in the driver 's cab , but complained that the van 's movement was causing him pain . He was placed in the back of the van , on his stomach , and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital . Heydrich had suffered severe injuries to his left side , with major damage to his diaphragm , spleen , and lung . He had also fractured a rib . A physician , Slanina , packed the chest wound , while another doctor , Walter Diek , tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters . He immediately decided to operate . This was carried out by Diek , Slanina , and Hohlbaum . Heydrich was given several blood transfusions . A splenectomy was performed . The chest wound , left lung , and diaphragm were all debrided and the wounds closed . Himmler ordered another physician , Karl Gebhardt , to fly to Prague to assume care . Despite a fever , Heydrich 's recovery appeared to progress well . Theodor Morell , Hitler 's personal physician , suggested the use of sulfonamide ( a new antibacterial drug ) , but Gebhardt , thinking Heydrich would recover , refused . On 2 June , during a visit by Himmler , Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father 's operas :
Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler 's visit and never regained consciousness . He died on 4 June , probably around 04 : 30 . He was 38 . The autopsy concluded that he died of sepsis . Heydrich 's facial expression as he died betrayed an " uncanny spirituality and entirely perverted beauty , like a renaissance Cardinal , " according to Bernhard Wehner , a Kripo police official who investigated the assassination .
= = = Funeral = = =
After an elaborate funeral held in Prague on 7 June 1942 , Heydrich 's coffin was placed on a train to Berlin , where a second ceremony was held in the new Reich Chancellery on 9 June . Himmler gave the eulogy . Hitler attended and placed Heydrich 's decorations — including the highest grade of the German Order , the Blood Order Medal , the Wound Badge in Gold and the War Merit Cross 1st Class with Swords — on his funeral pillow . Although Heydrich 's death was employed for pro @-@ Reich propaganda , Hitler privately blamed Heydrich for his own death , through carelessness :
Since it is opportunity which makes not only the thief but also the assassin , such heroic gestures as driving in an open , unarmoured vehicle or walking about the streets unguarded are just damned stupidity , which serves the Fatherland not one whit . That a man as irreplaceable as Heydrich should expose himself to unnecessary danger , I can only condemn as stupid and idiotic .
Heydrich was interred in Berlin 's Invalidenfriedhof , a military cemetery . The exact burial spot is not known — a temporary wooden marker that disappeared when the Red Army overran the city in 1945 was never replaced , so that Heydrich 's grave could not become a rallying point for Neo @-@ Nazis . A photograph of Heydrich 's burial shows the wreaths and mourners to be in section A , which abuts the north wall of the Invalidenfriedhof and Scharnhorststraße , at the front of the cemetery . A recent biography of Heydrich also places the grave in Section A. Hitler planned for Heydrich to have a monumental tomb ( designed by sculptor Arno Breker and architect Wilhelm Kreis ) , but due to Germany 's declining fortunes , it was never built .
Heydrich 's widow won the right to receive a pension as the result of a series of court cases against the West German government in 1956 and 1959 . She was entitled to a substantial pension because her husband was a German general killed in action . The government had previously declined to pay because of Heydrich 's role in the Holocaust . The couple had four children : Klaus , born in 1933 , killed in a traffic accident in 1943 ; Heider , born in 1934 ; Silke , born in 1939 ; and Marte , born shortly after her father 's death in 1942 . Lina wrote a memoir , Leben mit einem Kriegsverbrecher ( Living With a War Criminal ) , which was published in 1976 . She remarried once and died in 1985 .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Heydrich 's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss . Cyril and Methodius Cathedral , an Orthodox church in Prague . After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location , the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo . Several Czechs were killed , and the remainder hid in the church 's crypt . The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire , tear gas , and by flooding the crypt . Eventually an entrance was made using explosives . Rather than surrender , the soldiers killed themselves . Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church 's leader , Bishop Gorazd , who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church .
Infuriated by Heydrich 's death , Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10 @,@ 000 randomly selected Czechs . But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank , he tempered his response . The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military , and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region 's productivity . Hitler ordered a quick investigation . Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky . A Gestapo report stated that Lidice , 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) north @-@ west of Prague , was suspected as the assailants ' hiding place because several Czech army officers , then in England , had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky . On 9 June , after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank , Hitler ordered brutal reprisals . Over 13 @,@ 000 people were arrested , deported , and imprisoned . Beginning on 10 June , all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Ležáky were murdered . All the women in Ležáky were also murdered . All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp ( four were pregnant – their unborn babies were forcibly aborted at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp ) . Some children were chosen for Germanization , and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp . Both towns were burned and Lidice 's ruins were levelled . At least 1 @,@ 300 people were massacred after Heydrich 's death .
Heydrich 's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA , and Karl Hermann Frank ( 27 – 28 May 1942 ) and Kurt Daluege ( 28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943 ) as the new acting Reichsprotektors .
After Heydrich 's death , implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated . The first three true death camps , designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext , were built and operated at Treblinka , Sobibór , and Bełżec . The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich .
= = Summary of career = =
Reinhard Heydrich 's career in the SS has been among one of the most extensively studied of any SS general , with several dramatic portrayals depicting Heydrich at various stages during his ascent to power in the SS .
Heydrich 's leadership style was to use fear to extract obedience and respect . He was a serious person , never friendly or jovial , who cultivated a soldierly demeanor . He exercised daily and took meticulous care of his appearance , and expected his subordinates to do the same . He had few close friends , and was highly suspicious , distrusting most of the other senior SS officers . Himmler was an exception ; to him Heydrich offered blind obedience and was seen as a " true SS man " for his devotion . Himmler 's own motivations for trusting Heydrich lay partly in Heydrich 's lack of interest in taking Himmler 's place ( a view Heydrich told Himmler and others on several occasions ) .
Heydrich developed close professional relationships only within the circle of the SS security forces . Heinrich Müller was one such example , and Heydrich appears to have trusted him . Adolf Eichmann 's straightforward loyalty impressed Heydrich , and was one reason why he appointed him as secretary for the Wannsee Conference . Herbert Kappler , who was appointed as commander of all SS security forces in Rome , was said to have been a protege of Heydrich . SS personnel favoured by Heydrich , especially those who attended the Wannsee conference , possessed similar traits of devotion to SS , lack of remorse regarding brutal or genocidal orders , and above all personal loyalty to Heydrich in his capacity as commander of the security forces . On the other hand , Heydrich 's dislike and distrust of Arthur Nebe and Walter Schellenberg may have stemmed from their independence and ambition .
Heydrich was said to despise the Concentration Camp service and held a particular derision for Theodor Eicke , whom he referred to as an " ambitious dwarf " . Heydrich had little to do with and did not trust Oswald Pohl . He characterized Rudolf Höss , commander of Auschwitz , as an uneducated thug . Within upper SS administration , Heydrich was friendly towards Karl Wolff . In later years , Wolff said he was always wary of Heydrich , who seemed to be waiting for an opportunity to move against him and disgrace him with Himmler . Within the Allgemeine @-@ SS , Heydrich forged relationships with some of the more powerful SS and Police Leaders such as Friedrich Jecklen . Heydrich maintained a dialogue with him , but cautiously , especially after Jecklen ran afoul of Himmler in the late 1930s and early 1940s .
The security and police officials selected to run the camps of Operation Reinhard were among Heydrich 's closest professional contacts . Heydrich was said to be on particularly good terms with Odilo Globocnik and Christian Wirth . In his other realm of responsibility , that of governor of the Czech Protectorate , Heydrich behaved coldly towards Karl Hermann Frank , whom he did not know well or trust .
= = = SS record = = =
Heydrich 's time in the SS was a mixture of rapid promotions , reserve commissions in the regular armed forces , and front @-@ line combat service . During his 11 years with the SS Heydrich " rose from the ranks " and was appointed to every rank from private to full general . He was also a major in the Luftwaffe , flying nearly 100 combat missions until 22 July 1941 , when his plane was hit by Soviet anti @-@ aircraft fire . Heydrich made an emergency landing behind enemy lines . He evaded a Soviet patrol and contacted a forward German patrol . After this Hitler personally ordered Heydrich to return to Berlin to resume his SS duties . His service record also gives him credit as a Navy Reserve Lieutenant , although during World War II Heydrich had no contact with this military branch .
Heydrich received several Nazi and military awards , including the German Order , Blood Order , Golden Party Badge , Luftwaffe Pilot 's Badge , bronze and silver combat mission bars , and the Iron Cross First and Second Classes .
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= Gumbo =
Gumbo is a stew that originated in southern Louisiana during the 18th century . It consists primarily of a strongly @-@ flavored stock , meat or shellfish , a thickener , and the Cajun holy trinity of vegetables , namely celery , bell peppers , and onions . Gumbo is often categorized by the type of thickener used , the vegetable okra , the Choctaw spice filé powder ( dried and ground sassafras leaves ) , or roux , the French base made of flour and fat . The dish likely derived its name from either a word from a Bantu language for okra ( ki ngombo ) or the Choctaw word for filé ( kombo ) .
Several different varieties exist . Creole gumbo generally contains shellfish , tomatoes , and a thickener . Cajun gumbo is generally based on a dark roux and is spicier , with either shellfish or fowl . Sausage or ham is often added to gumbos of either variety . After the base is prepared , vegetables are cooked down , and then meat is added . The dish simmers for a minimum of three hours , with shellfish and some spices added near the end . If desired , filé powder is added after the pot is removed from heat . Gumbo is traditionally served over rice . A third , lesser @-@ known variety , the meatless gumbo z 'herbes , is essentially a gumbo of slow @-@ cooked greens sometimes thickened with roux , with rice served on the side .
The dish combines ingredients and culinary practices of several cultures , including French , Spanish , German , West African , and Choctaw . Gumbo may have been based on traditional West African or native dishes , or may be a derivation of the French dish bouillabaisse . It was first described in 1802 , and was listed in various cookbooks in the latter half of the 19th century . The dish gained more widespread popularity in the 1970s , after the United States Senate cafeteria added it to the menu in honor of Louisiana Senator Allen Ellender . The popularity of chef Paul Prudhomme in the 1980s spurred further interest in gumbo . The dish is the official cuisine of the state of Louisiana .
= = Etymology = =
Scholars and chefs have offered various explanations for the etymology of the word " gumbo " . The dish was likely named after one of its two main ingredients , okra or filé . In the Bantu languages spoken by many slaves from West Africa , the vegetable okra was known as ki ngombo or quingombo ; the word is akin to the Umbundu ochinggômbo and the Tshiluba chinggômbô " okra " . In the language of the native Choctaw people , filé , or ground sassafras leaves , was called kombo .
= = Variations = =
Gumbo is a heavily seasoned soup or stew that combines several varieties of meat or seafood with a sauce or gravy . Any combination of meat or seafood can be used . Meat @-@ based gumbo may consist of chicken , duck , squirrel , or rabbit , with oysters occasionally added . Seafood @-@ based gumbo generally has shrimp , crabmeat , and sometimes oysters . Andouille sausage is often added to both meat and seafood gumbos to provide " piquancy , substance , and an additional layer of flavor " to the dish . With the exception of sausage and ham , beef and pork are almost never used . Most varieties of gumbo are seasoned with onions , parsley , bell pepper , and celery . Tomatoes are sometimes used in seafood gumbo , but traditionally few other vegetables are included .
= = = Thickeners = = =
Gumbo sauce or gravy derives from three primary thickeners : okra , filé powder , and roux . Traditionally , okra and filé powder are not used in the same dish , although this rule is sometimes broken . Roux can be used alone or in conjunction with either of the other thickeners .
Okra is more often used as a thickener in seafood gumbos than those with meat . This mucilaginous vegetable is usually cooked first , and other ingredients added once the desired consistency is reached . According to The Oxford Companion to Food , okra @-@ based gumbos are becoming less popular , as changing tastes have made the okra texture less palatable .
Ground sassafras leaf , known as filé , is generally not added to the gravy until after the vegetables and meats or seafood have finished cooking and have been removed from the heat source . If added during the boiling process , filé makes the gumbo too ropey ; when added at the end , the gumbo gains a slightly stringy texture .
Roux has become the most popular thickener , made from cooking together a roughly equal proportion of flour and fat ( traditionally hog lard , although increasingly made with butter since the mid @-@ 20th century ) . The length of cooking time determines the final flavor and texture , since the longer the roux is cooked before being added to the gumbo , the darker it becomes and the less thickening power it retains . A very dark roux provides a much thinner sauce with a more intense flavor than a light roux .
= = = Cajun vs. Creole gumbo = = =
Gumbo is typically divided into two varieties . Combinations traditionally common in New Orleans and southeastern Louisiana are known as " Creole " after the Louisiana Creole people , descendants of French and Spanish settlers , who lived in those areas . " Cajun " combinations were common in southwestern Louisiana , which was populated primarily by Cajuns , descendants of the French @-@ speaking settlers expelled from Acadia ( in northeastern North America ) in the mid @-@ 18th century .
Cajun gumbo is usually identified by its dark roux , cooked until it is a color " a few shades from burning " . The roux is used with okra or filé powder . Seafood is popular in Cajun gumbo , but the southwestern areas of Louisiana often use fowl , such as chicken or duck , and sausage . The fowl is generally not deboned , and onions , celery , and bell pepper are not strained out of the dish . Cajun gumbo is usually topped with parsley and green onions .
Creole gumbo most often consists of seafood , tomatoes , and a thickener . This variety is generally not as spicy as Cajun gumbo , as cayenne pepper is used much more sparingly . Before the latter half of the 20th century , celery was rarely used in Creole gumbo .
= = = Gumbo z 'herbes = = =
When Catholics were expected to abstain from eating meat during Lent , a meatless variety of gumbo , known as gumbo z 'herbes ( literally " gumbo with herbs " ) , was often served . This variety combined a large number of greens – typically including turnips , mustard greens , and spinach . The greens were cooked to mush and strained through a sieve to produce a thick green liquid . Preparation for this variety of gumbo was time @-@ consuming , and as Lenten restrictions have relaxed , the dish has become less popular . It is very rarely served in restaurants . In modern times , ham or crabmeat is occasionally added to this type of gumbo .
Gumbo z 'herbes may have originated with the French , Germans , or West Africans . It has similarities to the French dish potage aux herbes ( " soup with herbs " ) , as well as to the African callaloo . The meatless dish also bears striking resemblance to a dish often eaten in Germany on Maundy Thursday . German Catholics , obeying the Lenten rules , often served a stew made of seven different greens on this date .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Gumbo is often used as a metaphor for the mix of cultures that exist in southern Louisiana . The dish combines the culinary practices of French , Spanish , indigenous tribes , and Africans , as well as Italians and Germans . In the 18th and 19th centuries , people from these cultures lived together within a fairly small area with minimal mobility . This fostered an environment in which cultures could influence each other and meld to create new traditions and cuisine .
The establishment of New Orleans in 1718 marked the beginning of the French colony of Louisiana . French settlers allied with various native tribes including the Choctaw , Alabama , and Cherokee , from whom they learned new methods of cooking and ways to identify edible indigenous plants .
Slave ships began arriving in Louisiana in 1719 . The first ships carried rice and men who were experienced in its cultivation . The grain adapted well to its new environment , and within a few years , rice was commonly grown along the Mississippi River .
In 1721 , 125 Germans settled 40 miles ( 64 km ) from New Orleans , and introduced the art of making sausage . By 1746 , the white population of Louisiana was estimated to be 3 @,@ 200 , with an estimated 4 @,@ 730 black people . Slaves outnumbered whites in most areas of Louisiana for at least the next 40 years .
The colony was transferred from French to Spanish control in 1762 . The Spanish government actively recruited settlers for Spanish Louisiana . About 2 @,@ 000 people from the Canary Islands moved to the area south of New Orleans . These settlers were primarily fishermen who soon began supplying large amounts of shrimp , crab , and oysters to the food markets in New Orleans . The Canary Islanders also brought " a love for well @-@ seasoned food " , including use of ground cayenne pepper , a spicy hot red chili pepper . Spanish authorities also granted permission for a large number of French @-@ speaking Acadian exiles to relocate from northeastern North America to Louisiana . From 1755 through 1795 , almost 3 @,@ 000 of these settlers , soon known as Cajuns , moved to the areas south and west of New Orleans . Louisiana was secretly returned to France in 1800 , then purchased by the United States in 1803 . The southernmost part of territorial Louisiana , including New Orleans , became the state of Louisiana in 1812 .
By 1800 , most Cajun families in Louisiana had purchased slaves . The new laborers introduced new foods , including the African vegetable okra , and hot pepper plants which likely came from Haiti . Onions and bell peppers were long part of cooking in both the Spanish and African traditions . Tomatoes were introduced to the region shortly thereafter .
= = = Origin = = =
Scholars agree that gumbo originated in Louisiana in the early 18th century , but its uncertain etymology makes it difficult to pinpoint the origins of the food . Although no conclusive evidence exists , cultural markers indicate several plausible scenarios .
According to one suggestion , gumbo is a reinterpretation of traditional African cooking . West Africans used the vegetable okra as a base for many dishes , including soups , often pairing okra with meat and shrimp , with salt and pepper as seasonings . In Louisiana , the dish was modified to include ingredients introduced by other cultural groups . Surviving records indicate that by 1764 African slaves in New Orleans mixed cooked okra with rice to make a meal .
Gumbo could instead be a derivation of traditional French soups , particularly the fish stew bouillabaisse . During the cold winters , Acadians generally cooked soups , using whatever ingredients were readily available . When the Acadians moved to Louisiana in the mid @-@ 18th century , they were unable to find many of their traditional ingredients , including turnips and cabbage . In this scenario , Acadian colonists substituted local ingredients for those commonly included in the original stew . Instead of the fish , settlers used shellfish . The dish was later modified to include ingredients common in other cultures .
Some culinary experts in the early 20th century , including Celestine Eustis , maintained that gumbo was an early special occasion dish for native tribes . This is further implied by a late 18th @-@ century Cajun practice . At that time , rice was a luxury for many Cajuns . They served gumbo over corn grits , a pairing common in the stews of native tribes . The use of corn and filé powder may imply that the dish was derived from native cuisine .
These theories are intermixed in the local legend of the Frying Pan Revolt , or Petticoat Insurrection . According to legend , in 1722 , female French colonists gathered in New Orleans at the home of Governor Jean @-@ Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville , to protest the lack of familiar ingredients . Bienville 's housekeeper , Madame Langlois , taught the women how to improve the basic gumbo . Langlois used okra , an ingredient to which the women had previously been introduced by their slaves . Langlois introduced ingredients common in Choctaw cuisine – rice , shrimp , crawfish , and filé powder .
= = = Development = = =
The first written references to gumbo appear in the early 19th century . In 1802 , John Sibley described " the dish they call gumbo which is made principally of the ochre into a thick kind of soop [ sic ] & eat with rice , it is the food of every body for dinner and supper . " The following year , French governor Pierre Clement de Laussat hosted a soirée in which 24 different gumbos were prepared . According to author Cynthia Lejeune Nobles , these two events " give clues to gumbo 's Spanish colonial popularity and illustrate that the dish could be both humble and refined " .
An 1824 cookbook , Mary Randolph 's The Virginia House @-@ Wife , was the first to include a recipe for gumbo . Called " Gumbo – A West India Dish " , the simple recipe described how to boil okra and bore little resemblance to the stew commonly known as gumbo . The same book contained a recipe for " Ochra Soup " made with okra , onions , fowl , bacon , tomatoes , and lima beans thickened with flour . Although this recipe bore similarities to gumbo , it more closely resembled the Caribbean dish callaloo .
A more familiar version of the dish was described in an 1879 cookbook by Marion Cabell Tyree . Her Housekeeping in Old Virginia described " Gumbo Filit A La Creole " , a filé @-@ based gumbo with chicken and oysters and spiced with allspice , cloves , red and black pepper , parsley , and thyme . The 1881 cookbook What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking , dictated by former slave Abby Fisher , contained three gumbo recipes . " Oyster Gumbo Soup " used a filé base , while " Ochra Gumbo " and " Chicken Gumbo " used okra as a base . Four years later , the cookbook La Cuisine Creole documented eight varieties of gumbo . None used sausage , but almost all of them contained ham .
Until the 1970s , gumbo was primarily popular on the Gulf Coast of the United States . It gained a broader profile after the death of United States Senator Allen Ellender . A native of Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , Ellender had often cooked gumbo for his colleagues , including five American presidents . After Ellender died in 1972 , the Senate directed that their cafeteria add Louisiana Creole Gumbo , made with seafood , to its menu in his honor . The dish became more widely popular in the 1980s , when chef Paul Prudhomme 's popularity spurred interest in Creole and Cajun cooking .
= = Preparation and serving = =
Gumbo is cooked for a minimum of three hours , and often simmers all day . Meat ( but not seafood ) is often browned beforehand and removed from the heat . Okra and roux are cooked before other vegetables and seafood . Okra is removed from heat when it reaches the desired consistency , while roux remains in the pot . Seasoning vegetables are then added to the sauce . When these have turned to mush ( more commonly called cooked down ) , the meat and okra are added to the pot along with water and / or stock , then boiled uncovered until the desired tenderness of the meat is reached . Seasonings , including red , black , and white pepper , bay leaves , thyme , hot sauce , and salt , are added to taste . According to Nobles , " proper seasoning of gumbo is essential , and in Louisiana adding just the right zing is considered an art " . Because seafood cooks fairly quickly , it is not added to the pot until the end of the process . As the gumbo finishes cooking , green onions and parsley are sometimes sprinkled on it . When desired , filé powder is added last .
Creole and Cajun gumbos are served over hot rice , which helps the dish to feed a larger number of people . Gumbo z 'herbes is served with rice on the side . Gumbo is almost always served directly from the pot on the stove , although in wealthier or fancier homes the dish might be transferred to a tureen on the table . Often , gumbo and bread are the sole courses in a meal , although many Cajun families provide a side dish of potato salad . Occasionally , gumbo is served as part of a larger menu .
Soniat gives examples of the main types of creole gumbos , along with descriptions of family traditions about them .
= = Social aspects = =
In Cajun Foodways , C. Paige Gutierrez describes gumbo as " an economical dish " useful for " feed [ ing ] a large number of people with a small amount of meat or seafood " . Nobles concurs that " one of the hallmarks of gumbo is that , with a big enough pot , it can easily be doubled or tripled and is always a good choice to feed a crowd " . With this dish , cooks can use up small portions of various ingredients that were not sufficient for an individual meal . The dish is an efficient way to use up leftover perishable meats and seafood .
Since the 19th century , gumbo has often been served at social gatherings or other special occasions in Louisiana . Local fais do @-@ do ( dance parties ) usually provided gumbo beginning at midnight . Many families " have a gumbo " , or host a casual social gathering where friends and family chat and enjoy alcoholic beverages and gumbo .
In rural Acadiana in southern Louisiana , gumbo is a central feature of Mardi Gras celebrations . On Mardi Gras , local men wander from house to house and beg for gumbo ingredients in an event known as courir de Mardi Gras . Members of the local community then gather in a central location while the men cook the gumbo . When it is ready , the group eats and dances until midnight , when Lent begins .
Gumbo is the official cuisine of the state of Louisiana . Many southern Louisiana cooking competitions center around gumbo , and it is a central feature of many local festivals . The self @-@ described " Gumbo Capital of the World " , Bridge City , Louisiana , holds an annual Gumbo Festival . The festival features gumbo cooked in a cast @-@ iron pot 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) deep and 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in diameter . More commonly , festival gumbo pots measure 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) in depth and diameter .
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= Astrophysics Data System =
The Astrophysics Data System ( ADS ) , developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , is an online database of over eight million astronomy and physics papers from both peer reviewed and non @-@ peer reviewed sources . Abstracts are available free online for almost all articles , and full scanned articles are available in Graphics Interchange Format ( GIF ) and Portable Document Format ( PDF ) for older articles . New articles have links to electronic versions hosted at the journal 's webpage , and these are typically available only by subscription ( which most astronomy research facilities have ) . It is managed by the Harvard – Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics .
ADS is a powerful research tool and has had a significant impact on the efficiency of astronomical research since it was launched in 1992 . Literature searches that previously would have taken days or weeks can now be carried out in seconds via the ADS search engine , custom @-@ built for astronomical needs . Studies have found that the benefit to astronomy of the ADS is equivalent to several hundred million US dollars annually , and the system is estimated to have tripled the readership of astronomical journals .
Use of ADS is almost universal among astronomers worldwide , and therefore ADS usage statistics can be used to analyze global trends in astronomical research . These studies have revealed that the amount of research an astronomer carries out is related to the per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the country in which he / she is based , and that the number of astronomers in a country is proportional to the GDP of that country , so the total amount of research done in a country is proportional to the square of its GDP divided by its population .
= = History = =
For many years , a growing problem in astronomical research ( as in other academic disciplines ) was that the number of papers published in the major astronomical journals was increasing steadily , meaning astronomers were able to read less and less of the latest research findings . During the 1980s , astronomers saw that the nascent technologies which formed the basis of the Internet could eventually be used to build an electronic indexing system of astronomical research papers which would allow astronomers to keep abreast of a much greater range of research .
The first suggestion of a database of journal paper abstracts was made at a conference on Astronomy from Large Data @-@ bases held in Garching bei München in 1987 . Initial development of an electronic system for accessing astrophysical abstracts took place during the following two years ; in 1991 discussions took place on how to integrate ADS with the SIMBAD database , containing all available catalog designations for objects outside the solar system , to create a system where astronomers could search for all the papers written about a given object .
An initial version of ADS , with a database consisting of 40 papers , was created as a proof of concept in 1988 , and the ADS database was successfully connected with the SIMBAD database in the summer of 1993 . The creators believed this was the first use of the Internet to allow simultaneous querying of transatlantic scientific databases . Until 1994 , the service was available via proprietary network software , but it was transferred to the nascent World Wide Web early that year . The number of users of the service quadrupled in the five weeks following the introduction of the ADS web @-@ based service .
At first , the journal articles available via ADS were scanned bitmaps created from the paper journals , but from 1995 onwards , the Astrophysical Journal began to publish an on @-@ line edition , soon followed by the other main journals such as Astronomy and Astrophysics and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . ADS provided links to these electronic editions from their first appearance . Since about 1995 , the number of ADS users has doubled roughly every two years . ADS now has agreements with almost all astronomical journals , who supply abstracts . Scanned articles from as far back as the early 19th century are available via the service , which now contains over eight million documents . The service is distributed worldwide , with twelve mirror sites in twelve countries on five continents , with the database synchronized by means of weekly updates using rsync , a mirroring utility which allows updates to only the portions of the database which have changed . All updates are triggered centrally , but they initiate scripts at the mirror sites which " pull " updated data from the main ADS servers .
= = Data in the system = =
Papers are indexed within the database by their bibliographic record , containing the details of the journal they were published in and various associated metadata , such as author lists , references and citations . Originally this data was stored in ASCII format , but eventually the limitations of this encouraged the database maintainers to migrate all records to an XML ( Extensible Markup Language ) format in 2000 . Bibliographic records are now stored as an XML element , with sub @-@ elements for the various metadata .
Since the advent of online editions of journals , abstracts are loaded into the ADS on or before the publication date of articles , with the full journal text available to subscribers . Older articles have been scanned , and an abstract is created using optical character recognition software . Scanned articles from before about 1995 are usually available free , by agreement with the journal publishers .
Scanned articles are stored in TIFF format , at both medium and high resolution . The TIFF files are converted on demand into GIF files for on @-@ screen viewing , and PDF or PostScript files for printing . The generated files are then cached to eliminate needlessly frequent regenerations for popular articles . As of 2000 , ADS contained 250 GB of scans , which consisted of 1 @,@ 128 @,@ 955 article pages comprising 138 @,@ 789 articles . By 2005 this had grown to 650 GB , and is expected to grow further , to about 900 GB by 2007 . No further information has been published .
The database initially contained only astronomical references , but has now grown to incorporate three databases , covering astronomy ( including planetary sciences and solar physics ) references , physics ( including instrumentation and geosciences ) references , as well as preprints of scientific papers from arXiv . The astronomy database is by far the most advanced and its use accounts for about 85 % of the total ADS usage . Articles are assigned to the different databases according to the subject rather than the journal they are published in , so that articles from any one journal might appear in all three subject databases . The separation of the databases allows searching in each discipline to be tailored , so that words can automatically be given different weight functions in different database searches , depending on how common they are in the relevant field .
Data in the preprint archive is updated daily from the arXiv , the main repository of physics and astronomy preprints . The advent of preprint servers has , like ADS , had a significant impact on the rate of astronomical research , as papers are often made available from preprint servers weeks or months before they are published in the journals . The incorporation of preprints from the arXiv into ADS means that the search engine can return the most current research available , with the caveat that preprints may not have been peer reviewed or proofread to the required standard for publication in the main journals . ADS 's database links preprints with subsequently published articles wherever possible , so that citation and reference searches will return links to the journal article where the preprint was cited .
= = Software and hardware = =
The software runs on a system that was written specifically for it , allowing for extensive customization for astronomical needs that would not have been possible with general purpose database software . The scripts are designed to be as platform independent as possible , given the need to facilitate mirroring on different systems around the world , although the growing use of Linux as the operating system of choice within astronomy has led to increasing optimization of the scripts for installation on that platform .
The main ADS server is located at the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge , Massachusetts , and is a dual 64 @-@ bit X86 Intel server with two quad @-@ core 3 @.@ 0 GHz CPUs and 32 GB of RAM , running the CentOS 5 @.@ 4 Linux distribution . Mirrors are located in Brazil , China , Chile , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Japan , Russia , South Korea , United Kingdom , and the Ukraine .
= = Indexing = =
ADS currently receives abstracts or tables of contents from almost two hundred journal sources . The service may receive data referring to the same article from multiple sources , and creates one bibliographic reference based on the most accurate data from each source . The common use of TeX and LaTeX by almost all scientific journals greatly facilitates the incorporation of bibliographic data into the system in a standardized format , and importing HTML @-@ coded web @-@ based articles is also simple . ADS utilizes Perl scripts for importing , processing and standardizing bibliographic data .
The apparently mundane task of converting author names into a standard Surname , Initial format is actually one of the more difficult to automate , due to the wide variety of naming conventions around the world and the possibility that a given name such as Davis could be a first name , middle name or surname . The accurate conversion of names requires a detailed knowledge of the names of authors active in astronomy , and ADS maintains an extensive database of author names , which is also used in searching the database ( see below ) .
For electronic articles , a list of the references given at the end of the article is easily extracted . For scanned articles , reference extraction relies on OCR . The reference database can then be " inverted " to list the citations for each paper in the database . Citation lists have been used in the past to identify popular articles missing from the database ; mostly these were from before 1975 and have now been added to the system .
= = Coverage = =
The database now contains over eight million articles . In the cases of the major journals of astronomy ( Astrophysical Journal , Astronomical Journal , Astronomy and Astrophysics , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ) , coverage is complete , with all issues indexed from number 1 to the present . These journals account for about two @-@ thirds of the papers in the database , with the rest consisting of papers published in over 100 other journals from around the world , as well as in conference proceedings .
While the database contains the complete contents of all the major journals and many minor ones as well , its coverage of references and citations is much less complete . References in and citations of articles in the major journals are fairly complete , but references such as " private communication " , " in press " or " in preparation " cannot be matched , and author errors in reference listings also introduce potential errors . Astronomical papers may cite and be cited by articles in journals which fall outside the scope of ADS , such as chemistry , mathematics or biology journals .
= = Search engine = =
Since its inception , the ADS has developed a highly complex search engine to query the abstract and object databases . The search engine is tailor @-@ made for searching astronomical abstracts , and the engine and its user interface assume that the user is well @-@ versed in astronomy and able to interpret search results which are designed to return more than just the most relevant papers . The database can be queried for author names , astronomical object names , title words , and words in the abstract text , and results can be filtered according to a number of criteria . It works by first gathering synonyms and simplifying search terms as described above , and then generating an " inverted file " , which is a list of all the documents matching each search term . The user @-@ selected logic and filters are then applied to this inverted list to generate the final search results .
= = = Author name queries = = =
The system indexes author names by surname and initials , and accounts for the possible variations in spelling of names using a list of variations . This is common in the case of names including accents such as umlauts and transliterations from Arabic or Cyrillic script . An example of an entry in the author synonym list is :
AFANASJEV , V
AFANAS ’ EV , V
AFANAS ’ IEV , V
AFANASEV , V
AFANASYEV , V
AFANS ’ IEV , V
AFANSEV , V
= = = Object name searches = = =
The capability to search for papers on specific astronomical objects is one of ADS 's most powerful tools . The system uses data from the SIMBAD , the NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database , the International Astronomical Union Circulars and the Lunar and Planetary Institute to identify papers referring to a given object , and can also search by object position , listing papers which concern objects within a 10 arcminute radius of a given Right Ascension and Declination . These databases combine the many catalogue designations an object might have , so that a search for the Pleiades will also find papers which list the famous open cluster in Taurus under any of its other catalog designations or popular names , such as M45 , the Seven Sisters or Melotte 22 .
= = = Title and abstract searches = = =
The search engine first filters search terms in several ways . An M followed by a space or hyphen has the space or hyphen removed , so that searching for Messier catalogue objects is simplified and a user input of M45 , M 45 or M @-@ 45 all result in the same query being executed ; similarly , NGC designations and common search terms such as Shoemaker Levy and T Tauri are stripped of spaces . Unimportant words such as AT , OR and TO are stripped out , although in some cases case sensitivity is maintained , so that while and is ignored , And is converted to " Andromedae " , and Her is converted to " Herculis " , but her is ignored .
= = = Synonym replacement = = =
Once search terms have been pre @-@ processed , the database is queried with the revised search term , as well as synonyms for it . As well as simple synonym replacement such as searching for both plural and singular forms , ADS also searches for a large number of specifically astronomical synonyms . For example , spectrograph and spectroscope have basically the same meaning , and in an astronomical context metallicity and abundance are also synonymous . ADS 's synonym list was created manually , by grouping the list of words in the database according to similar meanings .
As well as English language synonyms , ADS also searches for English translations of foreign search terms and vice versa , so that a search for the French word soleil retrieves references to Sun , and papers in languages other than English can be returned by English search terms .
Synonym replacement can be disabled if required , so that a rare term which is a synonym of a much more common term ( such as ' dateline ' rather than ' date ' ) can be searched for specifically .
= = = Selection logic = = =
The search engine allows selection logic both within fields and between fields . Search terms in each field can be combined with OR , AND , simple logic or Boolean logic , and the user can specify which fields must be matched in the search results . This allows complex searches to be built ; for example , the user could search for papers concerning NGC 6543 OR NGC 7009 , with the paper titles containing ( radius OR velocity ) AND NOT ( abundance OR temperature ) .
= = = Result filtering = = =
Search results can be filtered according to a number of criteria , including specifying a range of years such as ' 1945 to 1975 ' , ' 2000 to the present day ' or ' before 1900 ' , and what type of journal the article appears in – non @-@ peer reviewed articles such as conference proceedings can be excluded or specifically searched for , or specific journals can be included in or excluded from the search .
= = Search results = =
Although it was conceived as a means of accessing abstracts and papers , ADS provides a substantial amount of ancillary information along with search results . For each abstract returned , links are provided to other papers in the database which are referenced , and which cite the paper , and a link is provided to a preprint , where one exists . The system also generates a link to ' also @-@ read ' articles – that is , those which have been most commonly accessed by those reading the article . In this way , an ADS user can determine which papers are of most interest to astronomers who are interested in the subject of a given paper .
Also returned are links to the SIMBAD and / or NASA Extragalactic Database object name databases , via which a user can quickly find out basic observational data about the objects analyzed in a paper , and find further papers on those objects .
= = Impact on astronomy = =
ADS is almost universally used as a research tool among astronomers , and there are several studies that have estimated quantitatively how much more efficient ADS has made astronomy ; one estimated that ADS increased the efficiency of astronomical research by 333 full @-@ time equivalent research years per year , and another found that in 2002 its effect was equivalent to 736 full @-@ time researchers , or all the astronomical research done in France . ADS has allowed literature searches that would previously have taken days or weeks to carry out to be completed in seconds , and it is estimated that ADS has increased the readership and use of the astronomical literature by a factor of about three since its inception .
In monetary terms , this increase in efficiency represents a considerable amount . There are about 12 @,@ 000 active astronomical researchers worldwide , so ADS is the equivalent of about 5 % of the working population of astronomers . The global astronomical research budget is estimated at between 4 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 million USD , so the value of ADS to astronomy would be about 200 – 250 million USD annually . Its operating budget is a small fraction of this amount .
The great importance of ADS to astronomers has been recognized by the United Nations , the General Assembly of which has commended ADS on its work and success , particularly noting its importance to astronomers in the developing world , in reports of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . A 2002 report by a visiting committee to the Center for Astrophysics , meanwhile , said that the service had " revolutionized the use of the astronomical literature " , and was " probably the most valuable single contribution to astronomy research that the CfA has made in its lifetime " .
= = Sociological studies using ADS = =
Because it is used almost universally by astronomers , ADS can reveal much about how astronomical research is distributed around the world . Most users access the system from institutes of higher education , whose IP address can easily be used to determine the user 's geographical location . Studies reveal that the highest per @-@ capita users of ADS are France and Netherlands @-@ based astronomers , and while more developed countries ( measured by GDP per capita ) use the system more than less developed countries ; the relationship between GDP per capita and ADS use is not linear . The range of ADS usage per capita far exceeds the range of GDPs per capita , and basic research carried out in a country , as measured by ADS usage , has been found to be proportional to the square of the country 's GDP divided by its population .
ADS usage statistics also suggest that astronomers in more developed countries tend to be more productive than those in less developed countries . The amount of basic research carried out is proportional to the number of astronomers in a country multiplied by the GDP per capita . Statistics also imply that astronomers in European cultures carry out about three times as much research as those in Asian cultures , perhaps suggesting cultural differences in the importance attached to astronomical research .
ADS has also been used to show that the fraction of single @-@ author astronomy papers has decreased substantially since 1975 and that astronomical papers with more than 50 authors have become more common since 1990 .
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= HMS Unrivalled ( P45 ) =
HMS Unrivalled ( P45 ) was a U @-@ class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II . So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name Unrivalled . Completed in 1942 , the boat spent most of the war in the Mediterranean . She sank a number of small merchant ships and naval auxiliaries , but major success eluded her during the war . Too small and slow for the post @-@ war environment , Unrivalled was scrapped in 1946 .
= = Design and description = =
HMS Unrivalled was one of the second group of U @-@ class submarines ordered on 23 August 1940 . These submarines differed from their predecessors in that they were lengthened by 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) " to give a more streamlined shape aft and to improve the flow of water over the propellers . "
The submarine was 195 feet 6 inches ( 59 @.@ 6 m ) long and 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 80 m ) abeam . Unrivalled had a single hull with internal ballast tanks and had a draft of 15 feet 19 inches ( 5 @.@ 05 m ) when surfaced . She displaced 735 long tons ( 747 t ) while submerged , but only 648 long tons ( 658 t ) on the surface . The submarine was equipped with two diesel engines and twin General Electric electric motors — for surfaced and submerged running , respectively . They were coupled together with a diesel @-@ electric transmission . Unrivalled had a surface speed of up to 11 @.@ 25 knots ( 20 @.@ 84 km / h ; 12 @.@ 95 mph ) and could go as fast as 9 knots ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) while underwater . The boat could carry up to 55 long tons ( 56 t ) of diesel fuel , giving her a range of 5 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 800 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Her electric motors and batteries provided a range of 120 nautical miles ( 220 km ; 140 mi ) at 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) while submerged .
HMS Unrivalled was equipped with four 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) bow torpedo tubes and could carry eight torpedoes . The submarine was also armed with a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) QF Mk I gun deck gun . She had a crew of 33 men .
= = Career = =
HMS Unrivalled was ordered on 23 August 1940 as part of the 1940 naval construction programme from Vickers @-@ Armstrong at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness . She was laid down on 12 May 1941 , launched on 16 February 1942 and commissioned on 3 May 1942 .
Apart from a work @-@ up patrol in the Norwegian Sea , she spent the bulk of the war in the Mediterranean . While working up , Unrivalled fired a torpedo at what was thought to be a submerged enemy submarine . Only the periscope was sighted , and the torpedo was fired in the direction detected by the hydrophones , but no German submarine was in the area . Whilst in service in the Mediterranean , she sank a number of small merchantmen and small naval auxiliary vessels with both torpedoes and gunfire . These included the Italian auxiliary submarine chaser O 97 / Margherita , the Italian merchants Maddalena , Mostaganem and Pasubio , the Italian tugs Genova and Iseo , the Italian sailing vessels Triglav , Albina , Margherita , Sparviero and Ardito , the German auxiliary submarine chasers UJ 2201 / Bois Rose and UJ 2204 / Boréal , the Italian tanker Bivona , the small Italian merchant Santa Mariana Salina , the Italian auxiliary minesweeper R 172 / Impero and the small Italian vessel San Francisco di Paola A.
Unrivalled also damaged the Italian torpedo boat Antonio Mosto on 3 December 1942 , but neither sank or damaged any Axis ships after 28 July 1943 . During Operation Husky in July 1943 , she was stationed offshore to mark the landing beaches for the 1st Canadian Infantry Division . The boat survived the war , but was too slow for requirements and was not retained after the war . She was scrapped at Briton Ferry , Wales , beginning on 22 January 1946 .
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= Photograph ( Ed Sheeran song ) =
" Photograph " is a song recorded by the English singer @-@ songwriter , Ed Sheeran , for his second studio album , × ( 2014 ) . Sheeran wrote the song with Snow Patrol member , Johnny McDaid , who had a piano loop from which the composition developed . After recording several versions with other producers , Sheeran eventually solicited help from Jeff Bhasker ; the collaboration generated a version that Bhasker further enhanced for months . The ballad derives its music primarily from an acoustic guitar , piano and programmed drums . With visually descriptive lyrics , it discusses a long @-@ distance relationship inspired by Sheeran 's own experience of being away from his then @-@ girlfriend while he was on tour .
The song received generally positive commentary from critics , who noted the lyrics and Sheeran 's use of imagery . " Photograph " served as the fifth and final single from the album . It reached the top five on the main singles charts in more than five countries . In the US , where it peaked at No. 10 , " Photograph " became the third single from the album to have reached within the top ten . In the UK , it reached No. 15 and has since been certified platinum for sales of 600 @,@ 000 units . The single has also been certified double platinum in Australia and Canada , and platinum in New Zealand and Italy .
The single 's release on 11 May 2015 followed the premiere of the music video on 9 May 2015 . The video is a montage of real home footage of Sheeran 's infancy , childhood and adolescence , providing insight on his private early life such as his inclination to playing music instruments and fondness of Lego . The video was nominated for Best Video at the 2016 Brit Awards . Sheeran performed the song on television shows and on his x Tour , which ran from 2014 to 2015 .
On 9 June 2016 , it was revealed that Sheeran was being sued by songwriters Martin Harrington and Thomas Leonard , writers of Matt Cardle 's 2011 single " Amazing " , for $ 20 million for copyright infringement .
= = Background and composition = =
Ed Sheeran wrote " Photograph " in May 2012 with Johnny McDaid , instrumentalist and background vocalist of the British band , Snow Patrol . Sheeran toured with the band , for whom he provided opening performances in select North American dates . McDaid had a three @-@ note piano loop that became the basis of " Photograph " . The song 's development began when Sheeran , while in a hotel room in Kansas City , was humming " loving can hurt , loving can hurt " to the loop that was playing on McDaid 's laptop . Sheeran recalled : " I started humming , and then [ McDaid ] put a beat behind it . "
They developed ideas for the song while Sheeran was building a Lego and McDaid was working on his laptop . After four hours , Sheeran picked up a guitar and they began properly structuring the composition . According to Sheeran , they ended up composing the song " within about half an hour " . Both realized what had transpired only after listening back to the song the following day ; they then decided on recording it . Sheeran completed writing the song while in Denver , Colorado .
Sheeran credited " Photograph " as the first record " properly " completed for his second studio album . According to him , he had " probably " recorded 60 to 70 versions of the song ; these varied from live to that with piano accompaniment . Aside from the earlier versions he made with McDaid , Sheeran had recordings with songwriter @-@ producer , Jake Gosling , who produced much of Sheeran 's debut album , and producer , Rick Rubin , who was involved in other tracks from the follow @-@ up album . However , Sheeran thought these versions " never fit " and he eventually solicited help from producer , Jeff Bhasker . This particular collaboration generated a version that Bhasker continued to enhance for several months . Emile Haynie was credited on the album 's liner notes for his additional production . On 24 January 2015 , Sheeran recalled the backstory of " Photograph " for the VH1 Storytellers .
= = Music , lyrics and inspiration = =
An acoustic pop ballad , " Photograph " derives its music from an acoustic guitar , piano , strings , organ , electric and bass guitar , and programmed drums . The melody builds up with the guitar strums and piano keys ; the drums , strings , organ etc then follow . It has a tempo of 108 beats per minute and the originally published key is in E major . " Photograph " features a chord progression that is common in popular music .
The lyrics to the song chronicle a long @-@ distance relationship . It contains detailed imagery such as the protagonist remembering his girlfriend kissing him " under the lamppost , back on 6th street " , and keeping a picture of him " in the pocket of [ her ] ripped jeans " . These lyrics were inspired by Sheeran 's own experience on a long @-@ distance relationship . He dated Nina Nesbitt , a Scottish singer @-@ songwriter , for more than a year . While on this relationship , Sheeran spent five months away from Nesbitt : three months while on a concert tour with Snow Patrol and further two months on his own tour .
= = Release = =
In February 2013 , Sheeran played a demo version of " Photograph " to a German radio station . This performance was not recorded in film or audio , and was the only play Sheeran made prior to the song 's release as part of an album . Sheeran favoured the song as one of the best in the album and claimed : " I think [ " Photograph " ] will be the one that will change my , kind of , career path . " He also asserted that " Photograph " would serve as the " collateral " song that could " sell [ the album ] " even if the rest of the tracks would not prove appealing .
The song was released as an " instant grat " digital download to the iTunes Store on 20 June 2014 ; it served as the final of seven promotional singles from his second studio album , × ( 2014 ) . On 22 April 2015 , through his Twitter account , Sheeran announced that " Photograph " would be the next single off × . It was released on 11 May 2015 to hot adult contemporary format , and the following day to contemporary hit radio in the US . On 12 June 2015 , " Photograph " was released to the German market in CD format with the B @-@ side , " I Will Take You Home " . The latter track was featured in the American television sitcom , Cougar Town .
" Photograph " served as the fifth and last single released from the album . Of the five singles , preceded by two upbeat songs such as the lead single , " Sing " , " Photograph " was the second mellow track released from × . The first was " Thinking Out Loud " , the third single , which is a blue @-@ eyed soul record produced by Gosling . According to Sheeran , no one from his label wanted " Thinking Out Loud " as a single release ; they favoured " Photograph " as the " big song " . " Photograph " was supposed to be the main single , but when " Thinking Out Loud " spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not in radio rotation , the latter song was kept as the third single .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon the album 's release , critical response to " Photograph " was generally positive . In his track @-@ by @-@ track review of x for Billboard magazine , Jason Lipshutz suggested that the line " Loving can hurt sometimes / But it 's the only thing that I know " in " Photograph " was the " lynchpin line of the whole album " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe had the same sentiment ; she called the song " haunting " and felt it " [ crept ] up on you with [ its ] tunefulness " . Jamieson Cox of Time described Sheeran 's use of " detail and powerful imagery " in the lyrics as " smart " ; Cox opined that it " [ brought the song ] to life " .
Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph deemed the track " soulful balladry " and felt it showcased that Sheeran " can slip smoothly through the gears " on the album . Lipshutz described his singing as being " restrained " over " hesitant " acoustic guitar strum before the " arena drums kick in " . Paul Cantor of Vibe picked " Photograph " as one of the standouts from the album , and noted that the song 's " brooding arrangement is an emotional roller coaster " . Kitty Empire of The Observer called " Photograph " a " swelling ballad " , and suggested that Sheeran 's writing was " particularly calculated " . In his review for MusicOMH , John Murphy also felt that " Photograph " was " calculated and a bit cynical , almost as if it 's been written specifically as a soundtrack to a particularly emotional scene in a US television series " .
On her analysis of the lyrical content of the album , Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club expressed that Sheeran 's " self @-@ awareness extends to the rest " of the album by tackling homesickness in " Photograph " , for instance . Meanwhile , Carolyn Menyes of the Music Times wrote in her review of the song that " in the grander scheme of x , ' Photograph ' doesn 't quite seem to line up lyrically " , and noted that most of the album 's songs explored " the feelings of a lover scorned , cheating exes and a little bit of the excess life " . She also said : " Simply put : ' Photograph ' is one of Sheeran 's more simplistically beautiful songs . "
McDaid 's involvement in the song was noted by a few critics . Kevin Harly of The Independent wrote : " If you didn ’ t know Snow Patrol 's Johnny McDaid produced the ballad ' Photograph ' , its stolid plod through clichés about how lovin ' ' can hurt ' and ' heal ' should tell you " . Meanwhile , Dave Hanratty of Drowned in Sound remarked : " ... the cloying ' Photograph ' ... is co @-@ written and produced by a member of Snow Patrol should surprise nobody , given that it follows their heartstring @-@ tugging script so resolutely . At least it moves . " The Herald 's Alan Morrison felt that " Photograph " was " identikit Snow Patrol " .
= = Commercial performance = =
" Photograph " and the rest of the album 's tracks entered the UK Singles Chart due to high streaming rates . The single debuted at number 44 on the chart week ending 5 July 2014 , ten months prior to the single 's release . It peaked at number 15 , and has spent 50 weeks on the chart as of the week ending 5 November 2015 . On 25 September 2015 , the British Phonographic Industry certified the single platinum for sales of 600 @,@ 000 units .
In the US , the single reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and marked the third top 10 from the album . With " Photograph " , Sheeran also became the ninth male solo artist since 2010 to spawn four top 20 hits from a single album , excluding deluxe editions . In specific formats such as the Mainstream Top 40 , the single reached the top 10 on the week ending 29 August 2015 ; it gave the album four that have achieved the threshold . On 21 July 2015 , the Recording Industry Association of America certified the single gold for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 units . Elsewhere , the single reached top five in Austria , Canada , Germany , Ireland , Slovakia , and South Africa .
In April 2015 , commercial streaming company Spotify released a report of the most streamed tracks worldwide under the category sleep . " Photograph " placed at number 18 ; it joined Sheeran 's other six songs ranked in the top 20 . Sleep is one of the company 's most popular categories that , according to Spotify , " people also use for general relaxation and to help themselves unwind " . The Guardian columnist Tim Dowling suggested that the report was an indication of " very popular , slightly mellow songs that keep cropping up on sleep playlists " but not a list of a " carefully curated journey to unconsciousness " .
= = Lawsuit = =
On 9 June 2016 , it was revealed that Sheeran was being sued by songwriters Martin Harrington and Thomas Leonard , writers of Matt Cardle 's 2011 single " Amazing " , for $ 20 million for copyright infringement . The lawsuit says : " Given the striking similarity between the chorus of Amazing and Photograph , ( the ) defendants knew when writing , publishing , recording , releasing , and distributing Photograph that they were infringing on a pre @-@ existing musical composition . "
= = Music video = =
An accompanying music video for " Photograph " was released on 9 May 2015 . The video is a montage of real home footage . Sheeran sourced the clips from his father , who was then compiling it into DVDs for their family Christmas present . He initially intended the clips for inclusion in a documentary that was being produced around that time ; but looking through the collection , he thought it might work for a music video . Sheeran also admitted he could not attend to an actual video shoot , hence he opted for the montage . Emil Nava , who had previously worked with Sheeran on his other promotional music videos , directed " Photograph " . Editor Ellie Johnson worked with Sheeran 's father while in central London . According to Johnson , they spent a weekend gathering the clips used in the montage .
The montage chronicles Sheeran 's infancy , childhood and adolescence ( 1990s and 2000s ) . It features Sheeran playing various music instruments ( including piano , cello , bass guitar , acoustic and drums ) , suggesting that he was musically inclined at a young age . He is also shown displaying his skill in Bodhrán , an Irish frame drum . Other footage depicts a teen Sheeran busking in Galway , Ireland . In another clip before the final , Sheeran is shown performing to a crowd at a festival . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone noted that the clips also revealed Sheeran 's " lifelong obsession with Legos " , an object the latter referenced on his 2011 single " Lego House " .
According to Ryan Book of the Music Times , the media form utilized in the montage contradicted the song 's title . Kreps stated that the video was reminiscent of Kurt Cobain : Montage of Heck , a documentary film about Nirvana front man and 1990s rock icon Kurt Cobain . According to Kreps , the private life of both artists in their youth were revealed through real home videos .
= = Live performances and usage in media = =
" Photograph " was performed on television prior to its commercial release . On 13 December 2014 , Sheeran appeared on The X Factor UK , where he gave his first televised performance of the song . This performance contributed to the song 's first ascent inside the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart . Sheeran also performed the song for various US television shows such as on Good Morning America , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and Undateable , at Canada 's Much Music Video Awards , and at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival . The song was part of the setlist in Sheeran 's x Tour ; the concert tour ran from 2014 to 2015 .
In other usages , English singer Foxes covered the song for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge . The song was used , free of charge , in a video campaign that was launched on 2 March 2015 . According to Same Dimmer of the Coventry Telegraph , the video " [ highlighted ] the issue of child sexual exploitation " in Warwickshire , a non @-@ metropolitan county in England . The song is also used in the trailer and soundtrack for the movie Me Before You .
= = Other recordings = =
The song was recorded by Jordan Feliz , for his debut studio album , Beloved , released by Centricity Music . A critic says the acoustic rendition shows , " his falsetto shining " , while another writes it is an " incredible " cover song , on a track meant to convey the temporal nature with which worldly mortal relationships have compared to one with God 's son Jesus Christ .
= = Formats and track listings = =
CD single
" Photograph " – 4 : 19
" I Will Take You Home " – 3 : 59
Digital download ( Remixes )
" Photograph " ( Felix Jaehn Remix ) – 3 : 22
" Photograph " ( Parvin Riller Remix ) – 3 : 05
= = Credits and personnel = =
Ed Sheeran – vocals , writer , acoustic guitar
Johnny McDaid – writer
Jeff Bhasker – producer , piano , keys , electric bass
Emile Haynie – additional producer , drum programming
Tyler Sam Johnson – engineering , electric guitar , drum programming
Mark " Spike " Stent – mixing
Geoff Swan – engineering
Davide Rossi – string arrangement
Stuart Hawkes – mastering
Credits adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Radio and release history = =
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= William Wurtenburg =
William Charles " Bill " Wurtenburg ( December 24 , 1863 – March 26 , 1957 ) was an American college football player and coach . Born and raised in Western New York to German parents , Wurtenburg attended the prestigious Phillips Exeter Academy , where he played football . He enrolled in classes at Yale University in 1886 and soon earned a spot on the school 's football team . He played for Yale from 1886 through 1889 , and again in 1891 ; two of those teams were later recognized as national champions . His 35 @-@ yard run in a close game in 1887 against rival Harvard earned him some fame . Wurtenburg received his medical degree from Yale 's Sheffield Scientific School in 1893 .
The following year , the United States Naval Academy hired him to coach their football team . He led the squad to a 4 – 1 – 2 record for the season , including a 1 – 1 – 1 record against rival schools . He then accepted a coaching job at Dartmouth College , where for the next four years he led them to perfect records against both of their Triangular Football League opponents . They had a winning record the first year and a 5 – 2 – 1 record the second year . In 1899 , his fifth season as coach , his team went 2 – 7 and lost both of its conference games .
After ending his coaching career , Wurtenburg spent several years acting as a referee for Yale 's football team . His final contribution to football was publishing a book about Yale football in the early 20th century . Around 1904 , Wurtenburg began pursuing a career as a physician . He set up a medical office near his house in New Haven , Connecticut , and became an ear , nose and throat specialist . Wurtenburg maintained his medical office until at least 1920 . He died in 1957 at the age of 93 , in New Haven .
= = Early life and college = =
William Wurtenburg was born on December 24 , 1863 , in Clarksburg , a hamlet in Erie County , New York . He was the son of George M. Wurtenburg and Elizabeth Hochschild , who immigrated from Germany in 1848 . William attended primary school in the Clarksville public school system . For secondary schooling he attended the Griffith Institute in Springville , New York and then Forestville Academy before gaining admittance to Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter , New Hampshire . At Phillips Exeter , Wurtenburg competed in field events at the school 's spring athletic events . In 1884 , he was a well @-@ recognized member of the school 's competitive football team . He served as quarterback and team captain in 1885 , leading the team to a 29 – 11 victory over rival Phillips Academy . In his senior year , 1886 , he placed first in standing broad jump with weights and running broad jump , with jumps of about 12 and 18 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 and 5 @.@ 5 m ) , respectively . Upon graduation from Phillips Exeter , Wurtenburg entered Yale University .
Wurtenburg began taking medical classes on his arrival at Yale , and joined the football team partway through his freshman year . By the following season , he was playing backup halfback to freshman Harmon S. Graves , although he occasionally filled in as a fullback . The 1887 squad , later recognized as the national champion , went 9 – 0 and outscored their opponents 515 – 12 ; this included a 106 – 0 shutout of Wesleyan . During this season Wurtenburg made his most famous play : with Yale leading rival Harvard by a score of 11 – 8 late in the season 's final contest , Wurtenburg made " a brilliant run " of 35 yards and scored a touchdown , which secured the game for Yale . He was credited as one of the people who made the game " undoubtedly the finest ever played in America " , according to writer Richard Melancthon Hurd .
The following year Wurtenburg shifted into his former position at quarterback . He took the starting spot and became a leader of the team . Wurtenburg developed his own unique style at quarterback , regularly attempting " long , low , underhand passes " to his teammates to help set up scoring plays . That year , the Yale team shut out every single one of its opponents and was later recognized as a national champion . At the same time , Wurtenburg played on the school 's baseball team , where he would regularly score three or four runs a game . In September of his graduating year , 1889 , Wurtenburg announced that he would be entering the Sheffield Scientific School . At the Exeter Club 's first annual banquet , held that year , Wurtenburg was asked to present a toast to represent the club 's athletics . In 1890 , he served as the co @-@ editor of The Yale Banner , one of the school 's yearbooks . Wurtenburg played his final season of football at the university in 1891 , after apparently giving up his spot on the team following the 1889 season . However , he was thrown out of the final game of the season , against Princeton , and Frank Barbour was given a guaranteed starting @-@ quarterback slot for the rest of the time Wurtenburg was at Yale . Wurtenburg graduated in 1893 , when he received his Doctorate in Medicine ( M.D. ) .
= = Career and later life = =
= = = 1890s = = =
In 1894 , Wurtenburg was hired to replace former Yale teammate John A. Hartwell as the head coach of the US Naval Academy football team . Hartwell 's 1893 team had amassed a record of 5 – 3 , including a win over rival Army and a loss to rival Penn . Wurtenburg began his coaching career on October 6 , leading his team to a 6 – 6 tie with the Elizabeth Athletic Club of New Jersey at Worden Field on the Naval Academy campus in Annapolis . His first win as a coach came over two weeks later , on October 21 , in a 12 – 0 shutout of rival Georgetown ; it was followed by a defeat of the Carlisle Indian School . His first and only loss of the season came on October 27 , at the hands of rival Penn in a 12 – 0 shutout . At about that time , Wurtenburg left the country and traveled to Germany to complete his medical studies . The team recovered and defeated Lehigh on November 3 , then tied rival Penn State . The season ended two weeks after that match with a 30 – 6 defeat of Baltimore City College . The team did not compete against their major rival Army that year , after violent fights between fans the previous year ; President Grover Cleveland banned the game , which would not be played again until it was reinstated in 1899 by Theodore Roosevelt . Sometime during November , Wurtenburg returned from Germany along with fellow Yale medical graduate A.S. Cheney , and announced his intention to practice medicine in New Haven . That year he received certification , and he expressed interest in eye , throat , and ear treatment .
Wurtenburg did not remain at the Naval Academy the following year and was replaced as head coach by Matthew McClung . He instead accepted a position as the head coach of the Dartmouth team , starting in the fall of 1895 . The season began with a 50 – 0 shutout of his former school , Phillips Exeter . This was followed by a loss and a tie , which were succeeded by back @-@ to @-@ back wins . His team dropped two games to Yale and one to Army , but managed to defeat former Triangular Football League opponent MIT . After that , Wurtenburg led his team to three straight victories , including wins over both Triangular Football League opponents . Although the season ended with a loss to Brown , Dartmouth was awarded the Triangular Football League championship . On November 20 of that year , Wurtenburg married Anna Phillips , daughter of Jason W. Phillips , whom he met while at Chautauqua in 1893 . The wedding took place at Springfield , in Phillips ' home state of Ohio ; it was called " a brilliant event " by the Boston Daily Globe and was attended by Ohio 's governor @-@ elect Asa S. Bushnell and his wife . After the wedding , they moved to a permanent residence in New Haven .
He returned to coach Dartmouth the following year . He began by leading his team to a 30 – 0 shutout of the Worcester Athletic Club on October 3 . His team dropped the next two games , both scoreless losses to Penn and Yale , but finished the month with a win . The second half of the season went much better , with Wurtenburg leading his squad to a 3 – 1 record , including a 42 – 0 total score against conference opponents . The team ended the season with a 5 – 2 – 1 record and a second consecutive conference championship . Wurtenburg retained his coaching position the next season , beginning the year with a blowout of Phillips Exeter , which was followed by three consecutive shutout losses . The team turned the season around in November , defeating Amherst and Williams by a combined score of 106 – 0 for a third consecutive championship . He ended the season with a 4 – 3 record and a secure position as the coach for the next year .
In 1898 , Wurtenburg 's Dartmouth squad went 5 – 6 , but outscored their opponents 205 – 137 . Beginning the season with a win over Phillips Exeter , the team went 4 – 1 in October . Wurtenburg 's team began the month with a shutout loss to Harvard , but recovered to win four straight games , defeating their conference opponents by a combined score of 74 – 12 . In November and December , however , his team lost all five matches , managing only 28 points . In his final year as a coach , Wurtenburg suffered the worst record of his career . After winning the first two games of the season , his team dropped the remaining seven , only able to put up 12 points . He also suffered his first conference losses , falling to opponents Williams and Wesleyan by a combined score of 23 – 10 . Wurtenburg was replaced as coach the following year by one of his former players , Frederick E. Jennings . After the conclusion of his coaching career , Wurtenburg opened up his first medical office , operating a short distance from his New Haven home .
= = = 1900s and death = = =
Even after the turn of the century , Wurtenburg remained involved with the Yale football program . In 1900 , he participated in the annual football team 's spring scrimmage , playing on the school 's " varsity " team . He was repeatedly selected by the university to act as an official in their home games ; he was the school 's referee in 1900 and 1901 , and returned to the position two years later , in 1903 . He expanded his officiating role in 1904 , when he served in three games . For one of those matches , Wurtenburg moved to the position of umpire . Sometime between 1915 and 1925 , Wurtenburg collected a series of newspaper articles and self @-@ published them in a book titled Scrapbook of Newspaper Clippings about Yale Football . At some point around 1904 , Wurtenburg began to dedicate himself to a career as a physician . He received official membership in the American Medical Association and the New Haven Medical Society as a physician specializing in otorhinolaryngology , specifically in ear and nose treatment . By 1909 , he had shifted his focus to the treatment of ear ailments , and occasionally served well @-@ known locals . He retained his membership with the Connecticut State Medical Society until at least 1920 , maintaining his Elm Street office the entire time . Wurtenburg died on March 26 , 1957 , in New Haven , at the age of 93 . A year after his death , Yale established the William G. Wurtenberg Scholarship from his bequest . The scholarship " is to be awarded to a member of the senior class who demonstrates character , leadership qualities , and promise of future usefulness " . Although rarely acknowledged for his influence on Dartmouth football , Wurtenburg is considered by his Dartmouth peers as having brought the program to prominence . Fred Crolius , captain of Wurtenburg 's 1898 team , would later state that :
One man , whose influence more than any other one thing , succeeded in laying a foundation for Dartmouth 's wonderful results , but whose name is seldom mentioned in that connection is Doctor Wurtenberg , who was brought up in the early Yale football school . He had the keenest sense of fundamental football and the greatest intensity of spirit in transmitting his hard earned knowledge . Four critical years he worked with us filling every one with his enthusiasm and those four years Dartmouth football gained such headway that nothing could stop its growth .
= = Head coaching record = =
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= Get the Girl =
" Get the Girl " is the nineteenth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 171st episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 15 , 2012 . " Get the Girl " was written by Charlie Grandy and directed by series regular Rainn Wilson , who portrays Dwight Schrute .
The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) drives across the country to get Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , who has taken up caring for an elderly woman . Meanwhile , in the Scranton branch , Nellie ( Catherine Tate ) shows up and tries to claim the manager position .
" Get the Girl " received mixed reviews by television commentators , with multiple critics criticizing Andy and Erin 's romance . According to Nielsen ratings , " Get the Girl " was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 88 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked second in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) drives all the way to Florida to try and woo back Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , where she has been living with the elderly Irene ( Georgia Engel ) and her middle @-@ aged Grandson , Glenn ( Brad Morris ) , as a live @-@ in maid . He surprises Erin by popping out of a delivery box and singing Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours , but she is not particularly excited to see him , and states she does not want to go back to Scranton with him . The situation is further complicated when Andy reveals to Erin that he has not yet broken up with his current girlfriend , Jessica . Andy tells Erin he loves her , but she rejects him ; Andy subsequently leaves , his feelings crushed . Irene , who had been treating Andy with disdain over the way Erin spoke of him , sees that he is a nice person and encourages Erin to go back with him . She runs up to him in his car and they share a kiss before heading back to Scranton .
Meanwhile , Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) shows up in Scranton after Robert California ( James Spader ) allows her to have a job there . She is invited to take an open desk , and she takes Andy 's manager desk , as he is currently in Florida . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) says she cannot take Andy 's job , but Robert is interested in her spontaneous behavior . As acting manager , Nellie decides to give everyone performance reviews . Both Jim and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) refuse to let her proceed , as she is unfamiliar with the other employees . To counter this , Nellie offers Dwight a raise on the spot , and eventually , he and the other employees relent , except for Jim . When it is Jim 's turn , Jim still refuses . Everyone in the office , except for Jim and his wife , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) , applaud her . Nellie promptly begins rearranging the office .
= = Production = =
" Get the Girl " was written by Charlie Grandy , his second eighth season writing credit after " Lotto " . The episode was directed by series regular Rainn Wilson , who portrays Dwight Schrute . This episode marked his third directing credit to the series , after the sixth season 's " The Cover @-@ Up " , the seventh season 's " Classy Christmas " . The episode marks the sixth appearance of Catherine Tate as Nellie Bertram and her fifth consecutive appearance . Initially , her character , Nellie , worked with several of the office workers on a special project for Sabre in a six @-@ episode arc . " Get the Girl " , however , brought Tate 's character to the Scranton branch where she installed herself as de facto manager .
The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Nellie offering to give Meredith , Nate , and Darryl a raise ; Robert inviting Nellie out for coffee ; and Jim , Pam and Darryl attempting to contact Andy ; the office discussing the situation with Nellie as manager , Robert refusing to put his foot down ; Andy talking to Erin about his drive to Tallahassee ; and Andy telling the camera that he will not give up on their relationship easily .
= = Cultural references = =
While shaving along the sea shore , Andy picks up a horseshoe crab and sarcastically thanks BP , a reference to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Georgia Engel 's character mentions that her son is going to sue Home Depot , a popular retailer of home improvement and construction products and services . Nellie compares herself to Tinkerbell , telling the office that , in order for her to work for them , they need " to believe . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Get the Girl " aired on March 15 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 88 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 3 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , " Last Day in Florida " . The episode finished second in its time slot , beating a rerun of the Fox supernatural series Touch and The CW teen drama series The Secret Circle . Despite this , the episode was defeated by the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy which drew a 3 @.@ 0 / 6 % rating . In addition , " Get the Girl " was the highest @-@ rated NBC television episode of the night , barely beating the return of Community .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received a wide variety of mixed reviews from critics , ranging from largely negative to moderately positive . Matt Dougherty noted that " Get the Girl " returned The Office " to what it was before the Florida storyline , which is bad . " Furthermore , he called the episode " the worst [ ... ] of the show simply because it lacked any form of logic or emotion . " He ultimately gave the episode a 2 out of 10 rating . A review from Clique Clack called the main plot " miserably insufferable " . Other reviews were more mixed . Myles McNutt from The A.V. Club gave the episode a C + rating . A review from WHTC noted that the episode was " rather predictable , somewhat inconsequential , a bit silly and representative of perhaps a slight step back . "
Not all reviews were negative . TV Equals called the episode " pretty funny , " particularly praising the episode 's cold opening . Jeffrey Hyatt from Screen Crave awarded the episode a 7 out of 10 , noting that " There have been worse . And this is another one I will re @-@ watch later and probably like better the second time around . " IGN reviewer Cindy White gave the episode a 7 @.@ 0 out of 10 rating , signifying a " good episode . " Brett Harrison Davinger from the California Literary Review awarded the episode " faint praise " , noting that it was " slightly greater than the sum of its parts . "
Many reviews criticized the Andy @-@ Erin plot . White wrote that , " If the Andy and Erin scenes in this episode were supposed to make me root for them , I 'm afraid it didn 't quite work . " Dougherty wrote , " Was anyone else rooting for Erin to just stay down there ? I certainly was . " McNutt bluntly wrote , " I ’ m not buying this relationship . " The WHTC review noted that the arc was " a total carbon copy of the Jim / Pam version that sucked us all in years ago . "
Reviews were split on the addition of Nellie Betram to the Scranton office . McNutt criticized Nellie Bertram , noting that , despite the character 's potential , the show " places her into the series as a blind antagonist without any sense of what drives her to these actions . " Craig McQuinn from The Faster Times argued that the producers of The Office seemed to be using her only because " ' British people are ridiculous and are completely different to Americans ' " . Dan Forcella from TV Fanatics , on the other hand , praised Catherine Tate 's acting and her character , writing , " Tate 's first appearance last season was intriguing , and her stint as head honcho down in Florida was entertaining , but in " Get the Girl " it became obvious that Nellie Bertram as branch manager could be exactly what The Office needs to stay afloat . "
Several reviews criticized the decision to film Erin in front of a green screen for one of her talking heads . White attributed the " terrible green @-@ screen effect " among other things , to Wilson 's " offbeat sense of humor and style . " McNutt proposed that the reason for the " obnoxious " effect was because the show had lost that lawn set but wanted to add an additional talking head scene .
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= Pensacola Dam =
The Pensacola Dam , also known as the Grand River Dam , is a multiple @-@ arch buttress dam on the Grand River in @-@ between Disney and Langley in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The dam is operated by the Grand River Dam Authority and creates Grand Lake o ' the Cherokees . After decades of vision and planning , it was constructed between 1938 and 1940 for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation , flood control and recreation . It is Oklahoma 's first hydroelectric power plant and is referred to as the longest multiple @-@ arch dam in the world .
= = Background = =
The idea to construct a dam on the Grand River originated in the late 1800s with Henry C. Holderman , a Cherokee Nation citizen , who wanted to provide electric power to the Cherokee Nation . Holderman and a few colleagues soon conducted the first survey of the river in 1895 on their own handmade houseboat . Holderman later left the United States at the age of 16 and worked on dam projects in India and Africa before returning to Oklahoma . He sold his land holdings and borrowed money from friends in order to purchase rights to the dam sites he had prospected . Over several decades , Holderman and a group known as the " Rainbow Chasers " tried to secure funding to construct the a dam ; making several trips to Washington DC .
The dam was almost built in 1914 by British capitalists but plans were halted due to World War I. In 1920 , Holderman refused an offer given by Chicago businessmen and in 1929 , the Wall Street Crash ended the hopes of Canadian engineers and investors building the dam for Holderman . In DC , supporters of the dam , which later included state and federal officials , argued for the dam as a source of hydroelectric power and that it could stimulate the state 's economy but local energy providers opposed the possibility of a state @-@ run electric utility . The onset of the Great Depression would revive and accelerate plans to construct the dam . Just prior in 1928 , Oklahoma Representative Everette B. Howard secured $ 5 @,@ 000 in funding for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to survey the Grand River . The results of the study concluded that it would cost over $ 6 @.@ 2 million to construct a dam at the " Pensacola site " for flood control . The name " Pensacola " was derived from the only available means of identifying the site at the time : an old store on a Cherokee plantation . Because of limited state funding and a limited water supply on the Grand River , the project was not proposed at first for federal funding under the scope of hydroelectric power but instead for flood control .
Oklahoma set up the Grand River Dam Authority ( GRDA ) on January 10 , 1935 . Eventually , on September 18 , 1937 , with the help of Oklahoma Representative Wesley E. Disney , Senator Elmer Thomas and engineer W. R. Holway , President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved $ 20 million in funding through the New Deal 's Public Works Administration for the dam . The higher cost for the dam was attributed to a project that was approved for additional purposes , including hydroelectric power generation and recreation . Additional costs for the dam were covered by the state government and by GRDA municipal bond auctions which appropriated or raised $ 11 million . Disney had pushed much of the legislation for the dam , comparing the higher electric utility rates in Oklahoma compared to other states . Senator Thomas helped appropriate additional state and public funding for the dam while also being instrumental in its legislation .
Once approved and funded , Holway , the main engineer on the project and previous engineer of the nearby Spavinaw Dam , began survey and engineering work on October 25 , 1937 . The multiple @-@ arch buttress design was adopted because materials were expensive at the time of the Great Depression and the limestone and chert foundation was considered " ideal " for the design . John Duncan Forsyth served as the architect for the dam and applied an Art Deco @-@ style to it and the power house . Massman Construction Company out of Kansas City , Missouri was selected to construct the major superstructures , including the dam and power plant . Thousands of workers moved to the area to work on the dam before construction began and 3 @,@ 000 eventually did , earning about $ 16 a week .
= = Construction = =
Initial construction began in February 1938 and included the excavation of over 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 m3 ) of earth and rock . Workers also constructed the first cofferdam on the east side of the river and left it in place until the arches were above the normal water level . Once this was achieved , workers removed the east cofferdam and constructed another on the west side of the river to divert water from the location of the future power plant . On December 30 , 1938 , Massman began the first concrete pour . Pouring was conducting 24 @-@ hours a day for 20 months , totaling 510 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 390 @,@ 000 m3 ) . A total of 23 @.@ 9 million pounds of steel and iron were placed into the dam 's structure to reinforce it . Major works on the dam were complete on March 21 , 1940 and the lake was filled by the end of that year 's summer . The dam 's power plant , with four original hydroelectric generators , began commercial operation in 1941 . The dam was finished in 26 months , ahead of schedule . Much of this was attributed to eastern Oklahoma having its 18 driest months on record during construction which alleviated obstacles from flooding . The federal government took control of the dam in November 1941 to aid in the World War II effort and returned it to the GRDA in 1946 .
= = = Effect on Native Americans = = =
The construction of the Pensacola Dam resulted in the loss of 1 @,@ 285 acres ( 520 ha ) of Cherokee land and 802 acres ( 325 ha ) of the Quapaw Indian Agency , most of which belonged to the Seneca @-@ Cayuga Tribe . This land was condemned and later flooded by the reservoir in 1940 . Half of the Seneca @-@ Cayuga Elk River ceremonial area was flooded as well . Although losing significant portions of land , some tribe members were able to find work on the dam project .
= = = Power plant upgrades = = =
In the 1950s , two additional generators were added to the power station , bringing the total to six . Between 1995 and 2003 , the dam 's six hydroelectric generators were upgraded , bringing the installed capacity of the power plant from 92 MW to 120 MW and increasing its generation 20 % . Each autumn , a generator was taken out of service , upgraded and returned to service by spring of the next year . The sixth and final generator upgrade was completed in May 2003 . Among the components principally upgraded were the turbine shafts and runners .
= = Design = =
Pensacola Dam is a multiple @-@ arch buttress type consisting of 51 arches and one main spillway , two auxiliary . It has a maximum height of 150 ft ( 46 m ) above the river bed . The total length of the dam and its sections is 6 @,@ 565 ft ( 2 @,@ 001 m ) while the multiple @-@ arch section is 4 @,@ 284 ft ( 1 @,@ 306 m ) long and its combination with the spillway sections measure 5 @,@ 145 ft ( 1 @,@ 568 m ) . Each arch in the dam has a clear span of 60 ft ( 18 m ) and each buttress is 24 ft ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide . The thickness of the buttress sidewalls ranges from 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at the base to 2 @.@ 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 67 m ) at the crest . Inside of each buttress are 18 in ( 460 mm ) thick transverse walls that act as " stiffeners " . The buttresses were the widest of their type prior to 1938 and are designed to withstand 500 lbf / in2 ( 3 @,@ 400 kPa ; 35 kgf / cm2 ) .
The main spillway , part of the eastern end of the dam , is a 861 ft ( 262 m ) long Ogee @-@ type and utilizes twenty @-@ one 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall and 36 ft ( 11 m ) wide tainter gates that are operated by two 60 @-@ ton hoists . The auxiliary spillways are located about 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) northeast of the dam and are controlled by another twenty @-@ one 37 ft ( 11 m ) wide and 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) high tainter gates stretched over their combined 860 ft ( 260 m ) length . The lip of the spillways lie at an elevation of 730 ft ( 220 m ) above sea level while the tops of the gates are 755 ft ( 230 m ) . All three spillways have a combined maximum discharge of 525 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ( 14 @,@ 900 m3 / s ) . The two @-@ lane State Highway 28 crosses over the top of the dam and a bridge that stretches over the main spillway . It is accessible by cars and trucks within weight .
The dam 's reservoir , Grand Lake o ' the Cherokees ( Grand Lake over the Cherokees ) , has a storage capacity of 1 @,@ 672 @,@ 000 acre · ft ( 2 @.@ 062 × 109 m3 ) of which 540 @,@ 000 acre · ft ( 670 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) is flood storage . The reservoir 's surface area is 46 @,@ 500 acres ( 188 km2 ) and it extends 66 mi ( 106 km ) upstream , creating 1 @,@ 300 mi ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) of shoreline . Normal surface elevation is 742 ft ( 226 m ) above sea level .
The dam 's power station is located at the base of the dam 's western end and its building is 279 ft ( 85 m ) long , 72 ft ( 22 m ) wide and 60 ft ( 18 m ) tall . The building houses six 20 MW Francis turbine generators that generate 335 million kWh annually and are each fed with their own individual penstock . The power plant is designed to accommodate four additional generators . It operates at its highest generation levels during the summer and lowest during the winter . Just west of the power station is its substation and an observation house .
= = Regulation = =
The power station is regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ( FERC ) , under the Federal Power Act , with the current license issued in 1992 and set to expire in 2022 . The first license was granted by the FERC 's predecessor , the Federal Power Commission in 1939 . When the reservoir 's elevation exceeds 745 ft ( 227 m ) , control of the dam 's discharges are transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) who manage flood control in the larger basin . By federal regulation , the GRDA and the Corps of Engineers often coordinate discharges and reservoir levels .
= = = Impact = = =
FERC and USACE regulated releases downstream from the dam have been the center of controversy in recent years . Since the dam is a multi @-@ purpose project , there are conflicting interests between flood control , environmental conservation , recreation and hydroelectric power production . The USACE may request minimal releases to prevent flooding in areas downstream and in hot mid @-@ summer periods , releases can be minimal . This reduces dissolved oxygen ( DO ) levels in the river downstream . Such reductions resulted in the death of at least 5 @,@ 000 fish downstream in July 2007 . Significant releases from the dam have drawn opposition from people such as Oklahoma State Representative Doug Cox . He argues that the large releases effect the state 's economy as an off @-@ road recreational rock park is flooded downstream . Inconsistent releases are blamed for the overall problem and a better regulation of releases has been proposed while the GRDA is contemplating the installation of aeration devices and conducting studies along with other measures . The 1992 FERC license had addressed problematic DO levels and required the GRDA to plan methods to monitor and improve DO levels to a consistency with state water quality standards .
= = Tourism = =
Between Memorial Day and Labor Day , the GRDA offers free tours of the dam . In 2010 , there were over 9 @,@ 000 visitors ; a number which has been steadily growing in recent years . Additionally in 2010 , the Ecosystems and Education Center was completed and has become part of the tour . The center serves as a water and fish monitoring research lab while offering visitors information about hydropower and water / electrical safety .
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= 1886 Navy Midshipmen football team =
The 1886 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1886 college football season . The team marked the second time that the school played a multiple @-@ game season . The squad was captained by halfback Clarence Stone . The year began with consecutive wins over rivals St. John 's College and Johns Hopkins , but then reversed with a loss to the former and a close victory over the latter . The year concluded with shutout losses to the Princeton reserve squad and Gallaudet . The season was the program 's longest until 1890 , when that year 's team played seven games .
= = Prelude = =
According to Ellsworth P. Bertholf 's biographer C. Douglas Kroll , the first evidence of a form of football at the United States Naval Academy came in 1857 , but the school 's cadets lost interest in the game shortly afterward . The Naval Academy fielded its first official football program in 1879 , headed by William John Maxwell . The team played one match , a 0 – 0 tie , after which the program went on hiatus for two years . It returned with the 1882 season under the guidance of player @-@ coach Vaulx Carter . That season and the following two years of football were single @-@ game seasons played against rival Johns Hopkins ; Navy won two of the three years . The 1885 season was the first the school participated in a multi @-@ game year , playing three games , including the first against nearby St. Johns College . The season was a disappointment , ending in a 1 – 2 record .
= = Schedule = =
= = Season = =
The season began with a game against St. Johns , one of the first contests in what would become a heated rivalry . Navy won the game with relative ease , 12 – 0 . The following game was against Johns Hopkins , played on November 13 . The contest was an irregularity in the schools ' rivalry ; all previous and most following games were played on Thanksgiving Day , as a part of the Naval Academy 's Thanksgiving athletic carnival . Although the score was close , a 6 – 0 win for the Naval Academy , Hopkins was never a threat to the cadets . After this point , the Academy 's luck shifted . The squad was upset 4 – 0 in a rematch with St. Johns , and barely defeated Johns Hopkins in a 15 – 14 contest , played as a part of the athletic carnival . The Baltimore American covered the Johns Hopkins game in detail :
Early in the first half , by much rushing , forcing , snapbacks and vigorous bullyragging Riggs , the huge Hopkins quarterback , crashed over the goal line for 4 points . Paul Dashiell converted . Riggs repeated his performance but Dashiell missed conversion . Navy then adopted the Hopkins rushing tactics and Stone went over for the first score .
With Hopkins backed up against her own goal line , Dashiell broke through the entire Navy team for a touchdown . Goal was missed and the score was 14 to 6 against Navy . With the game fast coming to a close The Tars formed a closely knit ball with the halfback in center .
Navy hit paydirt but the referee found something illegal and called the ball back , much to the consternation of the Cadet rooters . But on the next play George Hayward kicked a field goal , making the score 14 to 11 . Just before the game ended a double pass , Bill Cloke to captain Clarence Stone , carried to ball over the Hopkins goal for the 4 points that won the game .
Just two days after the second Hopkins game , on November 27 , the Naval Academy challenged the Princeton Tigers reserve squad and was easily shutout , 30 – 0 . The Academy never came close to scoring on the reserves . The Naval Academy hosted Gallaudet in its final game of the season sometime in December , a contest that the visitors won in a shutout , 16 – 0 .
= = Players = =
The 1886 Navy football team was made up of twelve players at five unique positions . The squad consisted of five rushers , one snapback , two fullbacks , two halfbacks , and two quarterbacks . Three of the players ( both halfbacks and a rusher ) had played the previous season . The age of the players ranged several years due to the academy 's admission policy ; the school allowed for men between the ages of 14 and 18 to be admitted , which future player John B. Patton remarked made it " just a boys ' school " .
= = Postseason and aftermath = =
The first postseason college football game would not be played until 1902 , with the Pasadena Tournament of Roses ' establishment of the Tournament East @-@ West football game , later known as the Rose Bowl . The Midshipmen would not participate in their first Rose Bowl until the 1923 season , when they went 5 – 1 – 2 and tied with the Washington Huskies 14 – 14 in the match . As a result of the lack of competition , there were no postseason games played after the 1886 season . According to statistics compiled by Billingsly , Houlgate , the National Championship Foundation , Parke H. Davis , and the Helms Athletic Foundation , Princeton and Yale were declared the 1886 season national co @-@ champions .
Paul Dashiell , the Johns Hopkins player who nearly single @-@ handedly beat the Naval Academy , later served as the team 's head coach , leading the program to a 25 – 5 – 4 record between 1904 and 1906 . The 1886 season kept Navy 's overall win – loss record at an even 6 – 6 – 1 . It also brought the Academy 's record against Johns Hopkins to a 4 – 2 lead , from which Hopkins never recovered . The season marked the first time a team for the Naval Academy would play a multiple @-@ game season . The 1886 schedule was the longest for the Naval Academy until 1891 , when that year 's squad played seven matches . Navy finished the 1880s with four winning seasons , and an overall record of 14 – 12 – 2 . The school outscored their opponents 292 – 231 , and would go on to finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54 – 19 – 3 .
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= North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest =
The North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) is an area of European importance for wildlife in Norfolk , England . It comprises 7 @,@ 700 ha ( 19 @,@ 027 acres ) of the county 's north coast from just west of Holme @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea to Kelling , and is additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) listings ; it is also part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . The North Norfolk Coast is also designated as a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list and most of it is a Biosphere Reserve .
Habitats within the SSSI include reed beds , salt marshes , freshwater lagoons and sand or shingle beaches . The wetlands are important for wildlife , including some scarce breeding birds such as pied avocets , western marsh harriers , Eurasian bitterns and bearded reedlings . The location also attracts migrating birds including vagrant rarities . Ducks and geese winter along this coast in considerable numbers , and several nature reserves provide suitable conditions for water voles , natterjack toads and a number of scarce plants and invertebrates .
The area is archaeologically significant , with artefacts dating back to the Upper Paleolithic . The mound of an Iron Age fort is visible at Holkham , and the site of a 23 ha ( 57 acres ) Roman naval port with a fort built on the castrum pattern is just outside Brancaster . The site of the medieval " chapel " ( probably a domestic dwelling ) at Blakeney is no longer accessible . Remains of military use from both world wars include an armoured fighting vehicle gunnery range , a hospital and bombing ranges , as well as passive defences such as pillboxes , barbed wire and tank traps .
The SSSI is economically important to the area because of the tourists it attracts for birdwatching and other outdoor activities , although sensitive wildlife sites are managed to avoid damage from the large numbers of visitors . Another threat is the encroachment of the sea on this soft coast . The Environment Agency considers that managed retreat is likely to be the long @-@ term solution , and is working with the Norfolk Wildlife Trust to create new reserves inland to compensate for the loss of scarce habitats at the coast .
= = Description = =
The SSSI is a long , narrow strip of coast that starts at the eastern boundary of The Wash between Old Hunstanton and Holme @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea , and runs east for about 43 km ( 27 mi ) to Kelling . The southern boundary runs roughly west to east except where it detours around towns and villages , and never crosses the A149 coast road .
The SSSI has a wide variety of habitats , with bare mud , sand and shingle characterising the intertidal zone along the whole of the coast , although higher areas may have algae or eelgrass that are grazed by ducks and geese in winter . The salt marshes which form on sheltered coasts , in the lee of islands , or behind spits are described in the SSSI notification document as " among the best in Europe " due to their exceptionally diverse flora . Sand dunes occur at several places along the coast , but the best examples are at Holme Dunes , Holkham , Blakeney Point , and Scolt Head Island . The latter two sites are also important for geomorphology research purposes as structures consisting mainly of shingle ridges . Reed beds are fairly localised , but substantial areas occur at Titchwell Marsh , Brancaster and Cley Marshes . Grassland is represented by grazing pasture reclaimed from former salt marsh , with wetter areas at Cley and Salthouse marshes . Woodland is limited in the SSSI , although a belt of Corsican pine planted at Holkham has provided shelter for other trees and shrubs to become established .
= = History = =
= = = To 1000 AD = = =
Norfolk has a long history of human occupation dating back to the Palaeolithic , and including significant archaeology . Both modern and Neanderthal people were present in the area between 100 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago , before the last glaciation , and humans returned as the ice retreated northwards . The archaeological record is poor until about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , partly because of the then prevailing very cold conditions , but also because the coastline was much further north than at present . As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic ( 10 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 BCE ) , the sea level rose , filling what is now the North Sea . This brought the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line , so that many ancient sites are under the sea . Early Mesolithic flint tools with characteristic long blades up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long found on the present @-@ day coast at Titchwell date from a time when it was 60 – 70 km ( 37 – 43 mi ) from the sea . Other flint tools have been found dating from the Upper Paleolithic ( 50 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 BCE ) to the Neolithic ( 5 @,@ 000 – 2 @,@ 500 BCE ) .
By 11 @,@ 000 BC , the makers of the long blades had gone . Two timber platforms have been identified within the peat at Titchwell , and may possibly be rare Bronze Age ( 2 @,@ 500 – 800 BCE ) survivals . Seahenge is another early Bronze Age site found on the coast at Holme in 1998 . It consists of a ring of 55 oak posts and was built in 2049 BC ; a similar nearby structure , Holme II , may be almost two centuries older . A large Iron Age fort at Holkham enclosed 2 @.@ 5 ha ( 6 @.@ 1 acres ) at the end of a sandy spit in what was then salt marsh , and remained in use until the defeat of the Iceni in 47 AD .
Roman period settlements have been discovered all along the Norfolk Coast , notably the complex at Branodunum , which covered at least 23 ha ( 57 acres ) near Brancaster . This site included a fort built on the castrum pattern enclosing 2 @.@ 6 ha ( 6 @.@ 3 acres ) within its walls , 2 @.@ 9 m ( 10 ft ) wide . The fort had internal turrets at the corners and was backed by an earth rampart . Early Saxon sites are scarce close to the Norfolk coast , but a gold bracteate found near Blakeney Chapel was a rare and significant 6th @-@ century find , and there is a somewhat later Saxon cemetery at Thornham . The Danelaw left few tangible traces within the SSSI , but place names such as Holkham ( " ship town " ) reflect the Viking influence . Saxon building foundations were described as the ruins of " Cley Chapel " on a 1797 map , although it is more likely that they belonged to a barn .
= = = Medieval to nineteenth century = = =
An " eye " is an area of higher ground in the marshes , dry enough to support buildings . Cley Eye had been farmed since the earliest human habitation , and was 28 ha ( 70 acres ) in extent in 1651 , but is much reduced by coastal erosion . The Eye and its Saxon barn were accessed by an ancient causeway , passable at low tide . A 1588 map showed " Black Joy Forte " in the same area , which may have been intended as a defence against the Spanish Armada , but was never completed . On the other side of the Glaven , Blakeney Eye had a ditched enclosure during the 11th and 12th centuries , and a building known as " Blakeney Chapel " , which was occupied from the 14th century to around 1600 , and again in the late 17th century . Despite its name , it is unlikely that it had a religious function . Nearly a third of the mostly 14th @-@ to @-@ 16th @-@ century pottery found within the larger and earlier of the two rooms was imported from the continent , reflecting the Glaven ports ' importance in international trade at this time .
The sheltered waters of Blakeney Haven had brought prosperity to the internationally important Glaven ports of Cley , Wiveton and Blakeney . Blakeney gained its market charter in 1222 , and the three ports , along with Salthouse , were jointly required to provide three ships for Edward II in 1322 , having previously contributed to his father 's navy in 1301 . By the early 15th century , Blakeney was one of the few ports permitted to trade in horses , gold and silver , through " merchants sworn by oath to the king " , which contributed to the town 's growing wealth . In 1640 , land reclamation schemes , especially those by Henry Calthorpe just to the west of Cley , led to the silting up of the shipping channel and relocation of the wharf , and further reclamation east of the Glaven meant that all the Glaven ports declined ; Cley and Wiveton silted up in the 17th century , but Blakeney had packet ships until 1840 . Similar marsh reclamation schemes took place elsewhere , often with the same consequence for the local harbours , as for example at Holkham . Only Wells @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea had significant trade into the late 20th century .
= = = Twentieth century coastal defences = = =
Artillery may been installed at Gun Hill on the coast near Burnham Overy during the Napoleonic wars , but there were no modern fortifications in north Norfolk at the start of World War I. Following the German naval attack on Great Yarmouth in November 1914 , defences such as trenches , concrete pillboxes and gun batteries were constructed along much of the Norfolk coast . The main bases were outside the SSSI boundaries , but Thornham Marsh was used between 1914 and 1918 by the Royal Flying Corps as a bombing range . A World War I concrete building on Titchwell 's west bank was let as holiday accommodation until the British Army returned in 1942 , but some brickwork on Titchwell Marsh is all that remains of a military hospital dating from that period .
There were no new fortifications along this coast at the start of World War II . After the fall of France in 1940 , the threat of invasion led to the creation of new defences . In addition to the installation of anti @-@ tank and other passive obstacles , fourteen coastal batteries , each of two guns , were constructed . A number of these emplacements and other military bases fell within the SSSI area . Four spigot mortar base plates found at Holme dunes may not have originated at that site , since there is no record of such armament there . The marsh at Titchwell was reflooded , and pillboxes built into the beach bank . Between 1942 and 1945 , the marsh was used by the Royal Tank Regiment ; an armoured fighting vehicle gunnery range was established and banks were constructed for firing practice , with targets set at 900 m ( 980 yd ) intervals . Some of the still extant islands were built to hold " pop @-@ up " targets , operated by cables from winches in a building whose foundations now lie below a bird hide . Remains of the triangular concrete track used by the tanks also survive . Military activities continued in the area after the war , and the Royal Air Force returned to Thornham Marsh between 1950 and 1959 . Bombing practice was supervised from a control tower , which was demolished in 1962 , leaving only a concrete structure opposite the end of Titchwell 's west bank . The remains of two World War II Covenanter tanks , probably used as targets , are sometimes exposed at low tide . The SS Vina , an 1894 cargo steamer , was anchored offshore in 1944 for use as an RAF target , but a gale dragged her to the sands off Tiitchwell , where the wreck can still be seen at low tide .
Brancaster beach had a base including three pillboxes , Nissen huts and two gun emplacements , and another possible base , comprising about fifty different structures , was located in a salt marsh north @-@ east of Burnham Overy Staithe . A wreck at the west end of Scolt Head Island was used as a bombing target , and the remains of a Blenheim bomber were found at the north of the island in 2004 .
Royal Artillery military fortifications were established at Cley beach , including two 6 @-@ inch ( 15 @.@ 24 cm ) guns , five buildings , two pillboxes , a minefield , and concrete anti @-@ tank blocks . A spigot mortar emplacement and an Allan Williams Turret machine gun emplacement were sited closer to the village . One of the pillboxes and remains of the beach gun emplacements were still surviving as of 2012 . The military camp accommodated 160 men and was later used to hold prisoners of war . Near the end of the war , the camp was used to house East European refugees , and was finally pulled down in 1948 . Many of the wartime buildings were destroyed by the Royal Engineers in 1955 , but the generator house was taken over by the coastguard service as an observation post . It was acquired by the NWT in 1983 , and the upper part was used as a look @-@ out , while the larger lower section became a beach café . The building was overwhelmed by shingle in a storm in 2008 , and subsequently demolished .
= = = Conservation = = =
The first step towards the protection of this coast by a national conservation body was the purchase of Blakeney Point from the Calthorpe family by banker Charles Rothschild in 1912 . Rothschild gave the property to the National Trust in 1912 , which has managed it since . In 1926 , another early protected area was created when Norfolk birdwatcher Dr Sydney Long bought the land which makes up the Cley Marshes reserve for the sum of £ 5 @,@ 100 , to be held " in perpetuity as a bird breeding sanctuary " . Long then went on to establish the Norfolk Wildlife Trust ( NWT ) .
The current SSSI was created in 1986 from pre @-@ existing SSSIs at Blakeney Point , Holme Dunes , Cley , and Salthouse Marshes ( all designated in 1954 ) , Morston Saltmarshes and Brancaster Manor ( 1968 ) , Stiffkey Saltmarshes ( 1969 ) , Thornham Marshes ( 1972 ) and Titchwell Marshes ( 1973 ) , together with the national nature reserves ( NNRs ) at Scolt Head Island ( 1967 ) and Holkham ( 1968 ) , and substantial formerly undesignated areas .
Although much of the SSSI is in private hands , considerable areas are managed by large conservation organisations . As well as the two NNRs , there is an RSPB reserve at Titchwell Marsh , and Norfolk Wildlife Trust reserves are at Cley and Salthouse Marshes . The NWT also manages the Holme Dunes NNR . In addition to Blakeney Point , the National Trust owns land at Brancaster Staithe .
The SSSI covers 7 @,@ 700 ha ( 19 @,@ 027 acres ) and is additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . Scolt Head Island and the coast from the Holkham NNR to Salthouse are a Biosphere Reserve .
= = Fauna and flora = =
= = = Birds = = =
The SSSI is designated as a Special Protection Area for birds for its variety of coastal habitats . The large breeding colonies of Sandwich terns and little terns , especially those at Blakeney Point and Scolt Head Island , are of " European importance " as defined in the Birds Directive , and the coast as a whole meets Natural England 's criteria for nationally important populations of common terns , pied avocets and reedbed specialists like western marsh harriers , Eurasian bitterns and bearded reedlings . Other birds nesting in the wetlands include the northern lapwing , common redshank , and sedge , reed and Cetti 's warblers . Ringed plovers and Eurasian oystercatchers lay their eggs on bare sand in the dunes . Little egrets , Eurasian spoonbills , ruffs and black @-@ tailed godwits are present for much of the year , and the egret and spoonbill have both started nesting within the SSSI .
In spring and early summer , migrant birds including the little gull , black tern , Temminck 's stint and garganey may pass through on their way to breed elsewhere . In the autumn , birds arrive from the north ; some , such as whimbrels , curlew sandpipers and little stints , just pausing for a few days to refuel before continuing south , others staying for the winter . Offshore , great and Arctic skuas , northern gannets and black @-@ legged kittiwakes may pass close by in favourable winds . Large numbers of ducks winter along the coast , including many Eurasian wigeons , Eurasian teals , mallards and gadwalls , goldeneyes and northern pintails . Red @-@ throated divers are usually on the sea , and brent geese feed on sea lettuce and other green algae . Barn owls and sometimes hen harriers quarter the marshes in winter , and snow bunting flocks can be found on the beaches . Thousands of geese , mainly pink @-@ footed , roost at Holkham .
The SSSI 's north @-@ facing east coast location can be favourable for huge numbers of migrating birds when the weather conditions are right . These may include vagrant rarities . A black @-@ winged stilt , which acquired the nickname " Sammy " , arrived at Titchwell in 1993 and became a permanent resident up to its disappearance in 2005 . Other major rarities included a western sandpiper at Cley in 2012 , a rufous @-@ tailed robin at Warham Greens in 2011 , and a black @-@ winged pratincole at Titchwell in 2009 .
= = = Other animals = = =
Water voles are a highly threatened species in the UK , with a 70 – 90 % decline in numbers mainly due to predation by the introduced American mink , but also habitat loss and water pollution . There are a number of East Anglian sites of national importance for this species , including Cley , Titchwell and other Norfolk coastal sites . Brown hares are widespread , and European otters may be seen at several locations . Both common and grey seals can be seen at the Blakeney Point colony and off the beaches . The common frog , common toad and common lizard all occur in suitable habitats , and the rare natterjack toad breeds at Holkham and Holme .
The green hairstreak , purple hairstreak , hummingbird hawk @-@ moth and ghost moth are sometimes seen , particularly in the woods at Holkham , along with the common butterfly and moth species . In some years the clouded yellow , Camberwell beauty , painted lady or diamondback moth may be seen , and the silver Y can sometimes occur in huge numbers . The dune tiger beetle is a nationally rare denizen of moist sand dunes .
The lagoons behind the shingle beach at Salthouse and Cley are salty due to the percolation of seawater through the bank . These saline lagoons may cover mud , firm sand or submerged vegetation , and hold some rare and threatened invertebrates including the starlet sea anemone , lagoon sand shrimp , Atlantic ditch shrimp , and lagoon cockle . These marshes are the only reliable UK site for the water beetle yellow pogonus , and even here it is localised and hard to find .
= = = Plants = = =
On exposed parts of the coast , the muds and sands are scoured by the tides , and have no vegetation except possibly algae or eelgrass . Where the shoreline is more protected , internationally important salt marshes can form , with several uncommon species . The salt marshes contains glassworts and common cord grass in the most exposed regions , with a succession of plants following on as the marsh becomes more established : first sea aster , then mainly sea lavender , with sea purslane in the creeks and smaller areas of sea plantain and other common marsh plants . The uncommon spiral tasselweed and long @-@ bracted sedge are other lower salt marsh specialists . Scrubby sea @-@ blite and matted sea lavender are characteristic plants of the drier upper salt marsh , although they are uncommon in the UK away from this coast . They may occur alongside scarce species including lesser centaury , curved hard @-@ grass and sea pearlwort , with soft hornwort in the dykes .
Grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass are important in the driest areas of the marshes , and on the coastal dunes , where marram grass , sand couch @-@ grass , lyme @-@ grass and red fescue help to bind the sand . Sea holly and sand sedge are other specialists of this arid habitat , and petalwort is a nationally rare bryophyte found on damper dunes . Bird ’ s @-@ foot trefoil , pyramidal orchid , bee orchid and carline thistle flower on the dunes , and Holkham 's Corsican pines shelter creeping lady ’ s tresses and yellow bird 's nest orchids . The shingle ridges on Scolt Head Island and from Blakeney Point east to Salthouse attract biting stonecrop , sea campion , yellow horned poppy , sea thrift and sea beet . Sea barley is a scarcer species of this habitat .
The reedbeds , the largest of which are at the Cley , Salthouse and Titchwell reserves , are dominated by common reed , and salt marsh rush , brackish water crowfoot , sea clubrush and common bulrush also occur in the various wetland habitats . The coastal pastures at Cley and Salthouse Marshes have jointleaf rush , common silverweed , and less common grasses such as annual beard grass , marsh foxtail , and slender hare ’ s @-@ ear . The flat land just inland from the dunes at Holkham was reclaimed from the marshes by the nineteenth century and was initially used for grazing . It was made arable during World War II , but the water levels have been raised to make the fields attractive to breeding and wintering birds . The pastures are of international importance for the tens of thousands of geese and ducks that feed there in the winter months .
= = Access and facilities = =
Scolt Head Island is accessed by a ferry from Burnham Overy Staithe which runs between April and September . Blakeney Point can also be reached by boats from Morston quay , either to see the seal colonies or to avoid the long walk up the shingle spit from Cley Beach . The National Trust has an information centre and tea room at the quay , and a visitor centre on the Point , formerly a lifeboat station , is open in the summer months .
The rest of the SSSI is close to the A149 coast road , and can be accessed at many points by footpaths or roads . The main nature @-@ orientated facilities are on the major reserves . Holme Dunes NNR is accessed from Holme @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea . It has a visitor centre , three bird hides , one of which has disabled access , and a 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) nature trail . The other reserves are all adjacent to the A149 . Titchwell Marsh RSPB is just west of Titchwell village and has a visitor centre , café and hides . Most of the reserve and its facilities are wheelchair accessible , but the last part of the footpath to the beach is rough , and crosses a steep bank . The two bird hides at Holkham NNR can be reached from the end of Lady Anne 's Drive in Holkham village ; there is also a car park further east on Beach Road , Wells @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea . Cley Marshes visitor centre and car park are to the south of the A149 , opposite the main reserve . The centre and four of the five bird hides are accessible to people with limited mobility .
Their proximity to the main coast road means that the reserves can be accessed by bus as well as car . The Peddars Way National Trail runs the length of the SSSI , and only short sections of this part of the long distance footpath venture south of the SSSI boundary .
= = Recreation = =
A 2005 survey at six North Norfolk coastal sites ( Snettisham , Titchwell , Holkham , Morston Quay , Blakeney and Cley ) found that 39 per cent of visitors gave birdwatching as the main purpose of their visit . The 7 @.@ 7 million day visitors and 5 @.@ 5 million who made overnight stays in the area in 1999 are estimated to have spent £ 122 million , and created the equivalent of 2 @,@ 325 full @-@ time jobs . Titchwell Marsh RSPB , Cley Marshes NWT and Holkham NNR each attract 100 @,@ 000 or more visitors annually .
The small village of Titchwell shows the effect that wildlife visitors can have locally . It adjoins the RSPB 's busiest reserve , Titchwell Marsh , and a 2002 survey reported that an estimated 137 @,@ 700 visitors spent £ 1 @.@ 8 million in the area in 1998 . The village has two three @-@ star hotels and a shop selling telescopes and binoculars , although it does not have a general store or a public house .
The large number of visitors sometimes has negative effects . Wildlife may be disturbed , a frequent difficulty for species that breed in exposed areas such as Ringed Plovers , Little Terns and Common Seals , but also wintering geese . Plants can be trampled , which is a particular problem in sensitive habitats such as sand dunes and vegetated shingle . Damage is reduced by measures such as wardening breeding colonies , using fences , boardwalks and signs to control access , and appropriate positioning of car parks . The Norfolk Coast Partnership , a grouping of conservation and environmental bodies , divide the coast into a number of zones for tourism development purposes . Holme dunes , Holkham dunes and Blakeney Point , sensitive habitats suffering from visitor pressure , were designated as red @-@ zone areas with no development or parking improvements to be recommended . " Orange " locations had fragile habitats , but were under less tourism pressure , or , as with the large nature reserves , were equipped to cope with many visitors . The most robust sites , mainly outside the SSSI , were placed in the green zone .
= = Threats = =
The underlying geology of the North Norfolk coast is Cretaceous chalk , exposed at Hunstanton cliffs just to the west of the SSSI , but for the entire length of the SSSI coast , the chalk is buried by soft Quaternary glacial debris . Unlike the rapidly eroding soft cliffs further east , the coast of the SSSI has shown a less consistent pattern , with a net accretion of beach material between 1880 and 1950 . However , this coastline is threatened by climate change , with sea level rising an estimated at 1 – 2 mm per year for the last 100 years , increasing the risk of flooding and coastal erosion .
One of the most vulnerable stretches is that between Blakeney Point and Weybourne , which included the Cley and Salthouse Marsh reserves . The coast here is protected by a shingle ridge , but the sea attacks the ridge and spit through tidal and storm action , with a single storm sometimes moving a " spectacular " amount of shingle . The Blakeney Point spit has sometimes been breached , becoming an island for a time , and this may happen again . The northernmost part of nearby Blakeney was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages , probably due to a storm . The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m ( 1 yd ) per year , and for the last two hundred years maps have been accurate enough for the encroachment of the sea to be quantified . Blakeney Chapel was 400 m ( 440 yd ) from the sea in 1817 , but this had reduced to 195 m ( 215 yd ) by the end of the 20th century . The landward movement of the shingle means that the channel of the River Glaven becomes blocked increasingly often , leading to flooding of the reserve and Cley village . The Environment Agency considered a number of remedial options to protect these vulnerable areas , and a new route for the river to the south of its original line was completed in 2007 at a cost of about £ 1 @.@ 5 million .
The Environment Agency 's long @-@ term policy is to hold the line only to protect communities and infrastructure , with managed retreat as the solution to rising sea levels elsewhere , even at sites like Cley where the financial benefits from the recreational value of the reserve outweigh the cost of maintaining the sea defences . A scheme to allow tidal flooding of part of the reserve has already been implemented at Titchwell Marsh .
Another strategy is to create new reserves inland . To compensate for the inevitable loss of the important reedbeds at Cley , the Environment Agency and the Norfolk Wildlife Trust have been working since 2010 to make a new wetland near Hilgay . The 60 @-@ hectare ( 150 @-@ acre ) Hilgay Wetland Creation Project is converting former farmland into a variety of wetland habitats by using banks , ditches and a lake to manage water levels . The Trust sees this as the first stage of a long @-@ term plan to create a roughly 10 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare ( 25 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) Wissey Living Landscape .
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= USS Constitution =
USS Constitution is a wooden @-@ hulled , three @-@ masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy , named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America . Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world . Constitution was launched in 1797 , one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed . Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy 's capital ships , and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period . Constitution was built in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt 's shipyard . Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi @-@ War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War .
Constitution is most noted for her actions during the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom , when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships : HMS Guerriere , Java , Pictou , Cyane , and Levant . The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of " Old Ironsides " and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping . She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons , and circled the world in the 1840s . During the American Civil War , she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy . She carried American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878 .
Constitution was retired from active service in 1881 , and served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907 . In 1934 , she completed a three @-@ year , 90 @-@ port tour of the nation . Constitution sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997 , and again in August 2012 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere .
Constitution 's stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy 's role in war and peace through educational outreach , historical demonstration , and active participation in public events as part of the Naval History & Heritage Command . As a fully commissioned U.S. Navy ship , her crew of 60 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies , educational programs , and special events while keeping the ship open to visitors year round and providing free tours . The officers and crew are all active @-@ duty U.S. Navy personnel and the assignment is considered to be special duty in the U.S. Navy . Traditionally , command of the vessel is assigned to a Navy commander . The ship is usually berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard , at one end of Boston 's Freedom Trail . On May 18 , 2015 , Constitution entered Dry Dock 1 in Charlestown Navy Yard to begin a three @-@ year restoration program .
= = Construction = =
In 1785 , Barbary pirates began to seize American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean , most notably from Algiers . In 1793 alone , eleven American ships were captured and their crews and stores held for ransom . To combat this problem , proposals were made for warships to protect American shipping , resulting in the Naval Act of 1794 . The act provided funds to construct six frigates , but included a clause that , if peace terms were agreed to with Algiers , the construction of the ships would be halted .
Joshua Humphreys ' design was unusual for the time , being long on keel and narrow of beam ( width ) and mounting very heavy guns . The design called for a diagonal scantling ( rib ) scheme intended to restrict hogging while giving the ships extremely heavy planking . This design gave the hull a greater strength than a more lightly built frigate . Humphreys ' design was based on his realization that the fledgling United States of the period could not match the European states in the size of their navies . This being so , the frigates were designed to overpower any other frigate yet escape from a ship of the line .
Primary materials used in her construction consisted of pine and oak , including southern live oak , which was cut from Gascoigne Bluff and milled near St. Simons , Georgia . Her masts were of white pine from Maine . Samuel Nicholson , who became the first captain of the ship , offered the owner of the Old Avery Oak Tree " the unheard of price of $ 70 " to buy the tree to harvest the timber for the keel , but the owner would not sell . The keel was ultimately constructed from an alternative white oak tree , sourced from New Jersey .
The name Constitution was selected by President George Washington . Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1794 at Edmund Hartt 's shipyard in Boston , Massachusetts under the supervision of Captain Nicholson and naval constructor Colonel George Claghorn . Constitution 's hull was built 21 inches ( 530 mm ) thick and her length between perpendiculars was 175 ft ( 53 m ) , with a 204 ft ( 62 m ) length overall and a width of 43 ft 6 in ( 13 @.@ 26 m ) . In total , 60 acres ( 24 ha ) of trees were needed for her construction . Paul Revere forged the copper bolts and breasthooks . The copper sheathing , installed to prevent shipworm , was imported from England .
A peace accord was announced between the United States and Algiers in March 1796 , as construction slowly progressed , and construction was halted in accordance with the Naval Act of 1794 . After some debate and prompting by President Washington , Congress agreed to continue to fund the construction of the three ships nearest to completion : United States , Constellation , and Constitution . Constitution 's launching ceremony on 20 September 1797 was attended by President John Adams and Massachusetts Governor Increase Sumner . Upon launch , she slid down the ways only 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) before stopping ; her weight had caused the ways to settle into the ground , preventing further movement . An attempt two days later resulted in only an additional 31 feet ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) of travel before the ship again stopped . After a month of rebuilding the ways , Constitution finally slipped into Boston Harbor on 21 October 1797 , with Captain James Sever breaking a bottle of Madeira wine on her bowsprit .
= = = Armament = = =
Constitution was rated as a 44 @-@ gun frigate , but she often carried more than 50 guns at a time . Ships of this era had no permanent battery of guns , such as modern Navy ships carry . The guns and cannons were designed to be completely portable , and often were exchanged between ships as situations warranted . Each commanding officer outfitted armaments to his liking , taking into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo , complement of personnel aboard , and planned routes to be sailed . Consequently , the armaments on ships changed often during their careers , and records of the changes were not generally kept .
During the War of 1812 , Constitution 's battery of guns typically consisted of thirty 24 @-@ pounder ( 11 kg ) cannons , with 15 on each side of the gun deck . A total of 22 cannons were deployed on the spar deck , 11 per side , each a 32 @-@ pounder ( 15 kg ) carronade . Four chase guns were also positioned , two each at the stern and bow .
Since her 1927 – 1931 restoration , all of the guns aboard Constitution are replicas . Most were cast in 1930 , but two carronades on the spar deck were cast in 1983 . A modern 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) saluting gun was hidden inside the forward long gun on each side during her 1973 – 1976 restoration , in order to restore the capability of firing ceremonial salutes .
= = Quasi @-@ War = =
President John Adams ordered all Navy ships to sea in late May 1798 to patrol for armed ships of France , and to free any American ship captured by them . Constitution was still not ready to sail and eventually had to borrow sixteen 18 @-@ pound ( 8 @.@ 2 kg ) cannons from Castle Island before finally being ready . Constitution put to sea on the evening of 22 July 1798 with orders to patrol the Eastern seaboard between New Hampshire and New York . A month later , she was patrolling between Chesapeake Bay and Savannah , Georgia when Nicholson found his first opportunity for capturing a prize . Off the coast of Charleston , South Carolina on 8 September , she intercepted Niger , a 24 @-@ gun ship sailing with a French crew en route from Jamaica to Philadelphia , claiming to have been under the orders of Great Britain . Perhaps not understanding his orders correctly , Nicholson had the crewmen imprisoned , placed a prize crew aboard Niger , and brought her into Norfolk , Virginia . Constitution sailed south again a week later to escort a merchant convoy , but her bowsprit was severely damaged in a gale ; she returned to Boston for repairs . In the meantime , Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert determined that Niger had been operating under the orders of Great Britain as claimed , and the ship and her crew were released to continue their voyage . The American government paid a restitution of $ 11 @,@ 000 to Great Britain .
After departing from Boston on 29 December , Nicholson reported to Commodore John Barry , who was flying his flag in United States near the island of Dominica for patrols in the West Indies . On 15 January 1799 , Constitution intercepted the English merchantman Spencer , which had been taken prize by the French frigate L 'Insurgente a few days prior . Technically , Spencer was a French ship operated by a French prize crew ; but Nicholson , perhaps hesitant after the affair with Niger , released the ship and her crew the next morning . Upon joining Barry 's command , Constitution almost immediately had to put in for repairs to her rigging due to storm damage , and it was not until 1 March that anything of note occurred . On this date , she encountered HMS Santa Margarita , the captain of which was an acquaintance of Nicholson . The two agreed to a sailing duel , which the English captain was confident he would win . But after 11 hours of sailing , Santa Margarita lowered her sails and admitted defeat , paying off the bet with a cask of wine to Nicholson . Resuming her patrols , Constitution managed to recapture the American sloop Neutrality on 27 March and , a few days later , the French ship Carteret . Secretary Stoddert had other plans , however , and recalled Constitution to Boston . She arrived there on 14 May , and Nicholson was relieved of command .
= = = Change of command = = =
Captain Silas Talbot was recalled to duty to command Constitution and serve as Commodore of operations in the West Indies . After repairs and resupply were completed , Constitution departed Boston on 23 July with a destination of Saint @-@ Domingue via Norfolk and a mission to interrupt French shipping . She took the prize Amelia from a French prize crew on 15 September , and Talbot sent the ship back to New York City with an American prize crew . Constitution arrived at Saint @-@ Domingue on 15 October and rendezvoused with Boston , General Greene , and Norfolk . No further incidents occurred over the next six months , as French depredations in the area had declined . Constitution busied herself with routine patrols and Talbot made diplomatic visits . It was not until April 1800 that Talbot investigated an increase in ship traffic near Puerto Plata , Santo Domingo , and discovered that the French privateer Sandwich had taken refuge there . On 8 May the squadron captured the sloop Sally , and Talbot hatched a plan to capture Sandwich by utilizing the familiarity of Sally to allow the Americans access to the harbor . First Lieutenant Isaac Hull led 90 sailors and Marines into Puerto Plata without challenge on 11 May , capturing Sandwich and spiking the guns of the nearby Spanish fort . However , it was later determined that Sandwich had been captured from a neutral port ; she was returned to the French with apologies , and no prize money was awarded to the squadron .
Routine patrols again occupied Constitution for the next two months , until 13 July , when the mainmast trouble of a few months before recurred . She put into Cap Français for repairs . With the terms of enlistment soon to expire for the sailors aboard her , she made preparations to return to the United States , and was relieved of duty by Constellation on 23 July . Constitution escorted twelve merchantmen to Philadelphia on her return voyage , and on 24 August put in at Boston , where she received new masts , sails , and rigging . Even though peace was imminent between the United States and France , Constitution again sailed for the West Indies on 17 December as squadron flagship , rendezvousing with Congress , Adams , Augusta , Richmond , and Trumbull . Although no longer allowed to pursue French shipping , the squadron was assigned to protect American shipping and continued in that capacity until April 1801 , when Herald arrived with orders for the squadron to return to the United States . Constitution returned to Boston , where she lingered ; she was finally scheduled for an overhaul in October , but it was later canceled . She was placed in ordinary on 2 July 1802 .
= = First Barbary War = =
Troubles with the Barbary States were suppressed during the United States ' preoccupation with France and the Quasi @-@ War by the payment of tribute to ensure that American merchant ships were not harassed and seized . In 1801 , Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli was dissatisfied with the amount of tribute that he was receiving in comparison to Algiers , and he demanded an immediate payment of $ 250 @,@ 000 , equal to $ 3 @,@ 555 @,@ 500 today . In response , Thomas Jefferson sent a squadron of frigates to protect American merchant ships in the Mediterranean and to pursue peace with the Barbary States .
The first squadron under the command of Richard Dale in President was instructed to escort merchant ships through the Mediterranean and negotiate with leaders of the Barbary States . A second squadron was assembled under the command of Richard Valentine Morris in Chesapeake . The performance of Morris 's squadron was so poor that he was recalled and subsequently dismissed from the Navy in 1803 .
Captain Edward Preble recommissioned Constitution on 13 May 1803 as his flagship , and made preparations to command a new squadron for a third blockade attempt . The copper sheathing on Constitution 's hull needed to be replaced ; Paul Revere supplied the copper sheets necessary for the job . Constitution departed Boston on 14 August . On 6 September , near the Rock of Gibraltar , she encountered an unknown ship in the darkness . Constitution went to general quarters , then ran alongside of her . Preble hailed the unknown ship , only to receive a hail in return . After identifying his ship as the United States frigate Constitution , he received the same question again . Preble , losing his patience , said : " I am now going to hail you for the last time . If a proper answer is not returned , I will fire a shot into you . " The stranger returned , " If you give me a shot , I 'll give you a broadside . " Asking once more , Preble demanded an answer , to which he received , " This is His Britannic Majesty 's ship Donegal , 84 guns , Sir Richard Strachan , an English commodore , " as well as a command to " Send your boat on board . " Preble , now devoid of all patience , exclaimed , " This is United States ship Constitution , 44 guns , Edward Preble , an American commodore , who will be damned before he sends his boat on board of any vessel . " And then to his gun crews : " Blow your matches , boys ! " Before the incident escalated further , a boat arrived from the other ship and a British lieutenant relayed his captain 's apologies . The ship was in fact not Donegal but instead HMS Maidstone , a 32 @-@ gun frigate . Constitution had come alongside her so quietly that Maidstone had delayed answering with the proper hail while she readied her guns . This act began the strong allegiance between Preble and the officers under his command , known as " Preble 's boys " , as he had shown that he was willing to defy a presumed ship of the line .
Arriving at Gibraltar on 12 September , Preble waited for the other ships of the squadron . His first order of business was to arrange a treaty with Sultan Slimane of Morocco , who was holding American ships hostage to ensure the return of two vessels that the Americans had captured . Departing Gibraltar on 3 October , Constitution and Nautilus arrived at Tangiers on the 4th . Adams and New York arrived the next day . With four American warships in his harbor , the Sultan was more than glad to arrange the transfer of ships between the two nations , and Preble departed with his squadron on 14 October , heading back to Gibraltar .
= = = Battle of Tripoli Harbor = = =
On 31 October Philadelphia , under the command of William Bainbridge , ran aground off Tripoli while pursuing a Tripoline vessel . The crew was taken prisoner ; Philadelphia was refloated by the Tripolines and brought into their harbor . To deprive the Tripolines of their prize , Preble planned to destroy Philadelphia using the captured ship Mastico , which was renamed Intrepid . Under the command of Stephen Decatur , Intrepid entered Tripoli Harbor on 16 February 1804 disguised as a merchant ship . Decatur 's crew quickly overpowered the Tripoline crew and set Philadelphia ablaze .
Withdrawing the squadron to Syracuse , Sicily , Preble began planning for a summer attack on Tripoli , procuring a number of smaller gunboats that could move in closer to Tripoli than was feasible for Constitution given her deep draft . Arriving the morning of 3 August , Constitution , Argus , Enterprise , Scourge , Syren , the six gunboats , and two bomb ketches began operations . Twenty @-@ two Tripoline gunboats met them in the harbor and , in a series of attacks in the coming month , Constitution and her squadron severely damaged or destroyed the Tripoline gunboats , taking their crews prisoner . Constitution primarily provided gunfire support , bombarding the shore batteries of Tripoli . Despite his losses , Karamanli remained firm in his demand for ransom and tribute .
In a last attempt of the season against Tripoli , Preble outfitted Intrepid as a " floating volcano " with 100 short tons ( 91 t ) of gunpowder aboard . She was to sail into Tripoli harbor and blow up in the midst of the corsair fleet , close under the walls of the city . Under the command of Richard Somers , Intrepid made her way into the harbor on the evening of 3 September , but exploded prematurely , killing Somers and his entire crew of thirteen volunteers .
Constellation and President arrived at Tripoli on the 9th with Samuel Barron in command ; Preble was forced to relinquish his command of the squadron to Barron , who was senior in rank . Constitution was ordered to Malta on the 11th for repairs , and while en route captured two Greek vessels attempting to deliver wheat into Tripoli . On the 12th , a collision with President severely damaged Constitution 's bow , stern , and figurehead of Hercules . The collision was attributed to an " act of God " , in the form of a sudden change in wind direction .
= = = Peace treaty = = =
Captain John Rodgers assumed command of Constitution on 9 November 1804 while she underwent repairs and resupply in Malta . She resumed the blockade of Tripoli on 5 April 1805 , capturing a Tripoline xebec and the two prizes that she had captured . Meanwhile , Commodore Barron gave William Eaton naval support to bombard Derne , while a detachment of US Marines under the command of Presley O 'Bannon was assembled to attack the city by land . They captured it on 27 April . A peace treaty with Tripoli was signed aboard Constitution on 3 June , in which she embarked the crew members of Philadelphia and returned them to Syracuse . Dispatched to Tunis , Constitution arrived there on 30 July , and by 1 August seventeen additional American warships had gathered in its harbor : Congress , Constellation , Enterprise , Essex , Franklin , Hornet , John Adams , Nautilus , Syren , and eight gunboats . Negotiations went on for several days until a short @-@ term blockade of the harbor finally produced a peace treaty on 14 August .
Rodgers remained in command of the squadron , tasked with sending warships back to the United States when they were no longer needed . Eventually , all that remained were Constitution , Enterprise , and Hornet . They performed routine patrols and observed the French and Royal Navy operations of the Napoleonic Wars . Rodgers turned over the command of the squadron and Constitution to Captain Hugh G. Campbell on 29 May 1806 .
James Barron and Chesapeake sailed out of Norfolk on 15 May 1807 to replace Constitution as the flagship of the Mediterranean squadron , but soon encountered HMS Leopard , resulting in the Chesapeake – Leopard Affair . Relief of Constitution was thereby delayed . Constitution continued patrols , unaware of the delay . She arrived in late June at Leghorn , where she took aboard the disassembled Tripoli Monument for transport back to the United States . Arriving at Málaga , she learned the fate of Chesapeake . Campbell immediately began preparing Constitution and Hornet for possible war against Britain . The crew became mutinous upon learning of the delay in their relief , and refused to sail any further unless the destination was the United States . Campbell and his officers threatened to fire a cannon full of grape shot at the crewmen if they did not comply , thereby putting an end to the conflict . Campbell and the squadron were ordered home on 18 August and set sail for Boston on 8 September , arriving there on 14 October . Constitution had been gone over four years .
= = War of 1812 = =
Constitution was recommissioned in December with Captain John Rodgers again taking command to oversee a major refitting . She was overhauled at a cost just under $ 100 @,@ 000 ; however , Rodgers inexplicably failed to clean her copper sheathing , leading him to later declare her a " slow sailer " . She spent most of the following two years on training runs and ordinary duty . Isaac Hull took command in June 1810 , and he immediately recognized that she needed her bottom cleaned . " Ten waggon loads " of barnacles and seaweed were removed .
Hull departed on 5 August 1811 for France , transporting the new Ambassador Joel Barlow and his family ; they arrived on 1 September . During her visit in Cherbourg , Constitution was examined by French engineers , who reported her qualities to Denis Decrès , comparing her to the similar French 24 @-@ pounder frigate Forte . Decrès ordered construction to resume of 24 @-@ pounder frigates , but the fall of the Empire occurred only a few months later . Hull remained near France and the Netherlands through the winter months , continually holding sail and gun drills to keep the crew ready for possible hostilities with the British . After the events of the Little Belt Affair the previous May , tensions were high between the United States and Britain , and Constitution was shadowed by British frigates while awaiting dispatches from Barlow to carry back to the United States . They arrived home on 18 February 1812 .
War was declared on 18 June and Hull put to sea on 12 July , attempting to join the five ships of a squadron under the command of Rodgers in President . Hull sighted five ships off Egg Harbor , New Jersey on 17 July and at first believed them to be Rodgers ' squadron but , by the following morning , the lookouts determined that they were a British squadron out of Halifax : HMS Aeolus , Africa , Belvidera , Guerriere , and Shannon . They had sighted Constitution and were giving chase .
Finding himself becalmed , Hull acted on a suggestion given by Charles Morris , ordering the crew to put boats over the side to tow the ship out of range , using kedge anchors to draw the ship forward , and wetting the sails down to take advantage of every breath of wind . The British ships soon imitated the tactic of kedging and remained in pursuit . The resulting 57 @-@ hour chase in the July heat saw the crew of Constitution employ myriad methods to outrun the squadron , finally pumping overboard 2 @,@ 300 US gal ( 8 @.@ 7 kl ) of drinking water . Cannon fire was exchanged several times , though the British attempts fell short or overshot their mark , including an attempted broadside from Belvidera . On 19 July , Constitution pulled far enough ahead of the British that they abandoned the pursuit .
Constitution arrived in Boston on 27 July and remained there just long enough to replenish her supplies . Hull sailed without orders on 2 August to avoid being blockaded in port , heading on a northeast route towards the British shipping lanes near Halifax and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Constitution captured three British merchantmen , which Hull ordered burned rather than risk taking them back to an American port . On 16 August , Hull was informed of the presence of a British frigate 100 nmi ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) to the south and sailed in pursuit .
= = = Constitution vs. Guerriere = = =
A frigate was sighted on 19 August and subsequently determined to be HMS Guerriere ( 38 ) with the words " Not The Little Belt " painted on her foretopsail . Guerriere opened fire upon entering range of Constitution , doing little damage . After a few exchanges of cannon fire between the ships , Captain Hull maneuvered into an advantageous position and brought Constitution to within 25 yards ( 23 m ) of Guerriere . He then ordered a full double @-@ loaded broadside fired of grape and round shot which took out Guerriere 's mizzenmast . With her mizzenmast dragging in the water , Guerriere 's maneuverability decreased and she collided with Constitution , her bowsprit becoming entangled in Constitution 's mizzen rigging . This left only Guerriere 's bow guns capable of effective fire . Hull 's cabin caught fire from the shots , but the fire was quickly extinguished . With the ships locked together , both captains ordered boarding parties into action , but due to heavy seas , neither party was able to board the opposing ship .
At one point , the two ships rotated together counter @-@ clockwise , with Constitution continuing to fire broadsides . When the two ships pulled apart , the force of the bowsprit 's extraction sent shock waves through Guerriere 's rigging . Her foremast soon collapsed , and that brought the mainmast down shortly afterward . Guerriere was now a dismasted , unmanageable hulk , with close to a third of her crew wounded or killed , while Constitution remained largely intact . The British surrendered .
Using his heavier broadsides and his ship 's sailing ability , Hull had managed to surprise the British . Adding to their astonishment , many of their shots rebounded harmlessly off Constitution 's hull . An American sailor reportedly exclaimed " Huzzah ! her sides are made of iron ! " and Constitution acquired the nickname " Old Ironsides " .
The battle left Guerriere so badly damaged that she was not worth towing to port . The next morning , after transferring the British prisoners onto Constitution , Hull ordered Guerriere burned . Arriving back in Boston on 30 August , Hull and his crew found that news of their victory had spread fast , and they were hailed as heroes .
= = = Constitution vs Java = = =
William Bainbridge , senior to Hull , took command of " Old Ironsides " on 8 September and prepared her for another mission in British shipping lanes near Brazil . Sailing with Hornet on 27 October , they arrived near São Salvador on 13 December , sighting HMS Bonne Citoyenne in the harbor . Bonne Citoyenne was reportedly carrying $ 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 in specie to England , but her captain refused to leave the neutral harbor lest he lose his cargo . Constitution sailed offshore in search of prizes , leaving Hornet to await the departure of Bonne Citoyenne . On 29 December , she met with HMS Java under Captain Henry Lambert , a frigate of the same class as the Guerriere ( approximately half the displacement of Constitution ) and , at the initial hail from Bainbridge , Java answered with a broadside that severely damaged Constitution 's rigging . She was able to recover , however , and returned a series of broadsides to Java . A shot from Java destroyed Constitution 's helm ( wheel ) , so Bainbridge directed the crew to steer her manually using the tiller for the remainder of the engagement . ( Bainbridge was wounded twice during the battle . ) As in the battle with Guerriere , Java 's bowsprit became entangled in Constitution 's rigging , allowing Bainbridge to continue raking her with broadsides . Java 's foremast collapsed , sending her fighting top crashing down through two decks below .
Bainbridge drew off to make emergency repairs and re @-@ approached Java an hour later . As in the case with Guerriere , Java lay in shambles , an unmanageable wreck with a badly wounded crew . The British ship surrendered . Bainbridge determined that Java was far too damaged to retain as a prize and ordered her burned , but not before having her helm salvaged and installed on Constitution . Constitution returned to São Salvador on 1 January 1813 , where she met with Hornet and that ship 's two British prizes to disembark the prisoners of Java . Bainbridge ordered Constitution to sail for Boston on 5 January , being far away from a friendly port and needing extensive repairs , leaving Hornet behind to continue waiting for Bonne Citoyenne in the hopes that she would leave the harbor ( she did not ) . Constitution 's victory over Java , the third British warship in as many months to be captured by the United States , prompted the British Admiralty to order its frigates not to engage the heavier American frigates one @-@ on @-@ one ; only British ships of the line or squadrons were permitted to come close enough to these ships to attack . Constitution arrived in Boston on 15 February to even greater celebrations than Hull had received a few months prior .
= = = Marblehead and blockade = = =
Bainbridge determined that Constitution required new spar deck planking and beams , masts , sails , and rigging , and replacement of her copper bottom . However , personnel and supplies were being diverted to the Great Lakes , causing shortages that kept her in Boston intermittently with her sister ships Chesapeake , Congress , and President for the majority of the year . Charles Stewart took command on 18 July and struggled to complete the construction and recruitment of a new crew , finally making sail on 31 December . She set course for the West Indies to harass British shipping and had captured five merchant ships by late March 1814 , and the 14 @-@ gun HMS Pictou . She also pursued HMS Columbine and Pique , though both ships escaped after realizing that she was an American frigate .
Off the coast of Bermuda on 27 March , it was discovered that her mainmast had split , requiring immediate repair . Stewart set a course for Boston where two British ships HMS Junon and Tenedos commenced pursuit on 3 April . Stewart ordered drinking water and food to be cast overboard to lighten her load and gain speed , trusting that her mainmast would hold together long enough for her to make her way into Marblehead , Massachusetts . The last item thrown overboard was the supply of spirits . Upon Constitution 's arrival in the harbor , the citizens of Marblehead rallied in support , assembling what cannons they possessed at Fort Sewall , and the British called off the pursuit . Two weeks later , Constitution made her way into Boston , where she remained blockaded in port until mid @-@ December .
= = = HMS Cyane and HMS Levant = = =
Captain George Collier of the Royal Navy received command of the 50 @-@ gun HMS Leander and was sent to North America to deal with the American frigates that were causing losses to British merchant shipping . Meanwhile , Charles Stewart saw his chance to escape from Boston Harbor and made it good on the afternoon of 18 December . The ship again set course for Bermuda . Collier gathered a squadron consisting of Leander , Newcastle , and Acasta , and set off in pursuit , but was unable to overtake Constitution .
On 24 December , Constitution intercepted the merchantman Lord Nelson and placed a prize crew aboard . Lord Nelson 's stores readily supplied a Christmas dinner for the crew of Constitution ; she had left Boston not fully supplied . Off Cape Finisterre on 8 February 1815 , Stewart learned that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed , but realized that , until it was ratified , a state of war still existed . On 16 February , Constitution captured the British merchantman Susanna with her cargo of animal hides valued at $ 75 @,@ 000 . She then sighted two British ships on 20 February and gave chase . The two were Cyane and Levant , sailing in company .
Cyane and Levant began a series of broadsides against Constitution , but Stewart outmaneuvered both of them and forced Levant to draw off for repairs . He concentrated fire on Cyane , which soon struck her colors . Levant returned to engage Constitution but , once she saw that Cyane had been defeated , she turned and attempted escape . Constitution overtook her and , after several more broadsides , she too struck her colors . Stewart remained with his new prizes overnight while ordering repairs to all ships . Constitution had suffered little damage in the battle , though it was later discovered that she had twelve 32 @-@ pound British cannonballs embedded in her hull , none of which had penetrated through . The trio next set a course for the Cape Verde Islands and arrived at Porto Praya on 10 March .
The next morning , Collier 's squadron was spotted on a course for the harbor , and Stewart ordered all ships to sail immediately . Stewart had been unaware until then of the pursuit by Collier . Cyane was able to elude the squadron and make sail for America , where she arrived on 10 April , but Levant was overtaken and recaptured . Collier 's squadron was distracted with Levant while Constitution made another escape from overwhelming forces .
Constitution set a course towards Guinea and then west towards Brazil , as Stewart had learned from the capture of Susanna that HMS Inconstant was transporting gold bullion back to England , and he wanted her as a prize . Constitution put into Maranhão on 2 April to offload her British prisoners and replenish her drinking water . While there , Stewart learned by rumor that the Treaty of Ghent had been ratified , and set course for America , receiving verification of peace at San Juan , Puerto Rico on 28 April . He then set course for New York and arrived home on 15 May to large celebrations . Constitution emerged from the war undefeated , though her sister ships Chesapeake and President were not so fortunate , having been captured in 1813 and 1815 respectively . Constitution was moved to Boston and placed in ordinary in January 1816 , sitting out the action of the Second Barbary War .
= = = Mediterranean Squadron = = =
In April 1820 Isaac Hull , commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard , directed a refitting of Constitution to prepare her for duty with the Mediterranean Squadron . Joshua Humphreys ' diagonal riders were removed to make room for two iron freshwater tanks , and timbers below the waterline along with the copper sheathing were replaced . At the direction of Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson , she was also subjected to an unusual experiment in which manually operated paddle wheels were fitted to her hull . If stranded by calm seas , the paddle wheels were designed to propel her at up to 3 knots ( 5 @.@ 6 km / h ; 3 @.@ 5 mph ) by the crew using the ship 's capstan . Initial testing was successful , but Hull and the new commanding officer of Constitution , Jacob Jones , were reportedly unimpressed with paddle wheels on a US Navy ship ; Jones had them removed and stowed in the cargo hold before he departed on 13 May 1821 for a three @-@ year tour of duty in the Mediterranean .
The Constitution experienced an uneventful tour , sailing in company with Ontario and Nonsuch , until the behavior of the crews during shore leave gave Jones a reputation as a Commodore who was lax in discipline . Weary of receiving complaints about the crews ' antics while in port , the Navy ordered Jones to return , and Constitution arrived in Boston on 31 May 1824 , upon which Jones was relieved of command . Thomas Macdonough took command and sailed on 29 October for the Mediterranean under the direction of John Rodgers in North Carolina . With discipline restored , Constitution resumed uneventful duty . Macdonough resigned his command for health reasons on 9 October 1825 . Constitution put in for repairs during December and into January 1826 , until Daniel Todd Patterson assumed command on 21 February . By August she had put into Port Mahon , suffering decay of her spar deck , and she remained there until temporary repairs were completed in March 1827 . Constitution returned to Boston on 4 July 1828 and was placed in ordinary .
= = Old Ironsides = =
Constitution was built in an era when a wooden ship had an expected service life of ten to fifteen years , and she was now thirty @-@ one years old . Secretary of the Navy John Branch made a routine order for surveys of ships held in ordinary , and commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard Charles Morris estimated a repair cost of over $ 157 @,@ 000 for Constitution . On 14 September 1830 , an article appeared in the Boston Advertiser which erroneously claimed that the Navy intended to scrap Constitution . Two days later , Oliver Wendell Holmes ' poem " Old Ironsides " was published in the same paper and later all over the country , igniting public indignation and inciting efforts to save " Old Ironsides " from the scrap yard . Secretary Branch approved the costs , and Constitution began a leisurely repair period while awaiting completion of the dry dock then under construction at the yard . In contrast to the efforts to save Constitution , another round of surveys in 1834 found her sister ship Congress unfit for repair ; she was unceremoniously broken up in 1835 .
On 24 June 1833 , Constitution entered dry dock in company of a crowd of observers , among them Vice President Martin Van Buren , Levi Woodbury , Lewis Cass , and Levi Lincoln . Captain Jesse Elliott , the new commander of the Navy yard , would oversee her reconstruction . With 30 in ( 760 mm ) of hog in her keel , Constitution remained in dry dock until 21 June 1834 . This was the first of many times that souvenirs were made from her old planking ; Isaac Hull ordered walking canes , picture frames , and even a phaeton that was presented to President Andrew Jackson . Meanwhile , Elliot directed the installation of a new figurehead of President Jackson under the bowsprit , which became a subject of much controversy due to Jackson 's political unpopularity in Boston at the time . Elliot was a Jacksonian Democrat , and he received death threats . Rumors circulated about the citizens of Boston storming the navy yard to remove the figurehead themselves .
A merchant captain named Samuel Dewey accepted a small wager as to whether he could complete the task of removal . Elliot posted guards on Constitution to ensure safety of the figurehead , but Dewey crossed the Charles River in a small boat , using the noise of thunderstorms to mask his movements , and managed to saw off most of Jackson 's head . The severed head made the rounds between taverns and meeting houses in Boston until Dewey personally returned it to Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson ; it remained on Dickerson 's library shelf for many years . The addition of busts to her stern escaped controversy of any kind , depicting Isaac Hull , William Bainbridge , and Charles Stewart ; the busts remained in place for the next forty years .
= = = Mediterranean and Pacific Squadrons = = =
Elliot was appointed captain of Constitution and got underway in March 1835 to New York , where he ordered repairs to the Jackson figurehead , avoiding a second round of controversy . Departing on 16 March Constitution set a course for France to deliver Edward Livingston to his post as Minister . She arrived on 10 April and began the return voyage on 16 May , narrowly avoiding being wrecked off the Isles of Scilly due to the mistaken navigation of her Officer of the Deck . She arrived back in Boston on 23 June , then sailed on 19 August to take her station as flagship in the Mediterranean , arriving at Port Mahon on 19 September . Her duty over the next two years was uneventful as she and United States made routine patrols and diplomatic visits . From April 1837 into February 1838 Elliot collected various ancient artifacts to carry back to America , adding various livestock during the return voyage . Constitution arrived in Norfolk on 31 July . Elliot was later suspended from duty for transporting livestock on a Navy ship .
As flagship of the Pacific Squadron under the command of Captain Daniel Turner , she began her next voyage on 1 March 1839 with the duty of patrolling the western coast of South America . Often spending months in one port or another , she visited Valparaíso , Callao , Paita , and Puna while her crew amused themselves with the beaches and taverns in each locality . The return voyage found her at Rio de Janeiro , where Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visited her about 29 August 1841 . Departing Rio , she collided with the ketch Queen Victoria , suffering minor damage , and returned to Norfolk on 31 October . On 22 June 1842 she was recommissioned under the command of Foxhall Alexander Parker for duty with the Home Squadron . After spending months in port she put to sea for three weeks during December , then was again put in ordinary .
= = = Around the world = = =
In late 1843 , she was moored at Norfolk , serving as a receiving ship . Naval Constructor Foster Rhodes calculated that it would require $ 70 @,@ 000 to make her seaworthy . Acting Secretary David Henshaw faced a dilemma . His budget could not support such a cost , yet he could not allow the country 's favorite ship to deteriorate . He turned to Captain John Percival , known in the service as " Mad Jack " . The captain traveled to Virginia and conducted his own survey of the ship 's needs . He reported that the necessary repairs and upgrades could be done at a cost of $ 10 @,@ 000 . On 6 November , Henshaw told Percival to proceed without delay , but stay within his projected figure . After several months of labor , Percival reported Constitution ready for " a two or even a three year cruise . "
She got underway on 29 May , carrying Henry A. Wise , the new Ambassador to Brazil and his family , arriving at Rio de Janeiro on 2 August after making two port visits along the way and remaining there to pack away supplies for the planned journey . She sailed again on 8 September , making port calls at Madagascar , Mozambique , and Zanzibar , and arriving at Sumatra on 1 January 1845 . Many of her crew began to suffer from dysentery and fevers , causing several deaths , which led Percival to set course for Singapore , arriving there 8 February . While in Singapore , Commodore Henry Ducie Chads of HMS Cambrian paid a visit to Constitution , offering what medical assistance his squadron could provide . Chads had been the Lieutenant of Java when that ship surrendered to William Bainbridge thirty @-@ three years earlier .
Leaving Singapore , Constitution arrived at Turon , Cochinchina ( present day Da Nang , Vietnam ) on 10 May . Not long after , Percival was informed that French missionary Dominique Lefèbvre was being held captive under sentence of death . Percival and a squad of Marines went ashore to speak with the local Mandarin . Percival demanded the return of Lefèbvre and took three local leaders hostage to ensure that his demands were met . When no communication was forthcoming , he ordered the capture of three junks , which were brought to Constitution . Percival released the hostages after two days , attempting to show good faith towards the Mandarin , who had demanded their return . During a storm , the three junks escaped upriver ; a detachment of Marines pursued and recaptured them . The supply of food and water from shore was stopped , and Percival gave in to another demand for the release of the junks in order to keep his ship supplied , expecting Lefèbvre to be released . He soon realized that no return would be made , however , and Percival ordered Constitution to depart on 26 May , arriving at Canton , China on 20 June .
She spent the next six weeks there while Percival made shore and diplomatic visits . Again the crew suffered from dysentery due to poor drinking water , resulting in three more deaths by the time that she reached Manila on 18 September , spending a week there preparing to enter the Pacific Ocean . She then sailed on 28 September for the Hawaiian Islands , arriving at Honolulu on 16 November . At Honolulu she found Commodore John D. Sloat and his flagship Savannah ; Sloat informed Percival that Constitution was needed in Mexico , as the United States was preparing for war after the Texas annexation . She provisioned for six months and sailed for Mazatlán , arriving there on 13 January 1846 . She sat at anchor for over three months until she was finally allowed to sail for home on 22 April , rounding Cape Horn on 4 July . Arriving in Rio de Janeiro , the ship 's party learned that the Mexican War had begun on 13 May , soon after their departure from Mazatlán . She arrived home in Boston on 27 September and was placed in ordinary on 5 October .
= = = Mediterranean and African Squadrons = = =
Constitution began a refitting in 1847 for duty with the Mediterranean Squadron . The figurehead of Andrew Jackson that caused so much controversy fifteen years earlier was replaced with another , this time sans the top hat and with a more Napoleonic pose for Jackson . Captain John Gwinn commanded her on this voyage , departing on 9 December 1848 and arriving at Tripoli on 19 January 1849 . She carried Daniel Smith McCauley and his family to Egypt . McCauley 's wife gave birth en route to a son , who was named Constitution Stewart McCauley .
At Gaeta on 1 August Constitution received onboard King Ferdinand II and Pope Pius IX , giving them a 21 @-@ gun salute . This was the first time that a Pope set foot on American territory or its equivalent .
At Palermo on 1 September , Captain Gwinn died of chronic gastritis and was buried near Lazaretto on the 9th . Captain Thomas Conover assumed command on the 18th and resumed routine patrolling for the rest of the tour , heading home on 1 December 1850 . She was involved in a severe collision with the English brig Confidence , which sank with the loss of her captain . The surviving crew members were carried back to America , where Constitution was placed in ordinary at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in January 1851 .
Constitution was recommissioned on 22 December 1852 under the command of John Rudd , and carried Commodore Isaac Mayo for duty with the African Squadron , departing the yard on 2 March 1853 on a leisurely sail towards Africa , arriving there on 18 June . Making a diplomatic visit in Liberia , Mayo arranged a treaty between the Gbarbo and the Grebo tribes . Mayo resorted to firing cannons into the village of the Gbarbo in order to get them to agree to the treaty . Constitution took as a prize the American ship H. N. Gambrill , which was determined to be involved in the slave trade , near Angola on 3 November — her last capture . About 22 June 1854 , Mayo arranged another peace treaty between the leaders of Grahway and Half Cavally . The rest of her tour passed uneventfully and she sailed for home on 31 March 1855 . She was diverted to Havana , Cuba , arriving there on 16 May , and departing on the 24th . She arrived at Portsmouth Navy Yard and was decommissioned on 14 June , ending her last duty on the front lines .
= = = The American Civil War = = =
Santee was the last sailing frigate of the US Navy , launched in 1855 . Steamships began service with the US Navy in growing numbers during the 1850s , and many sail @-@ powered ships were assigned to training duty . Since the formation of the US Naval Academy in 1845 , there had been a growing need for quarters in which to house the students . In 1857 , Constitution was moved to dry dock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard for conversion into a training ship . Some of the earliest known photographs of her were taken during this refitting , which added classrooms on her spar and gun decks and reduced her armament to only 16 guns . Her rating was changed to a " 2nd rate ship . " She was recommissioned on 1 August 1860 and moved from Portsmouth to the Naval Academy .
At the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861 , Constitution was ordered to relocate farther north after threats had been made against her by Confederate sympathizers . Several companies of Massachusetts volunteer soldiers were stationed aboard for her protection . R. R. Cuyler towed her to New York City , where she arrived on 29 April . She was subsequently relocated , along with the Naval Academy , to Fort Adams near Newport , Rhode Island for the duration of the war . Her sister ship United States was abandoned by the Union and then captured by Confederate forces at the Gosport Shipyard in Norfolk , Virginia , leaving Constitution as the only remaining frigate of the original six frigates .
The Navy bestowed the name New Ironsides , to honor Constitution 's tradition of service , on an ironclad that was launched on 10 May 1862 as part of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron ; she participated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter on 7 April 1863 . However , New Ironsides 's naval career was short @-@ lived ; she was destroyed by fire on 16 December 1865 . In August 1865 , Constitution moved back to Annapolis , along with the rest of the Naval Academy . During the voyage , she was allowed to drop her tow lines from the tug and continue alone under wind power . Despite her age , she was recorded running at 9 knots ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) , and arrived at Hampton Roads ten hours ahead of the tug .
Settling in again at the Academy , a series of upgrades was installed that included steam pipes and radiators to supply heat from shore , along with gas lighting . From June to August each year , she would depart with midshipmen for their summer training cruise and then return to operate for the rest of the year as a classroom . In June 1867 , her last known plank owner William Bryant died in Maine . George Dewey assumed command in November and he served as her commanding officer until 1870 . In 1871 , her condition had deteriorated to the point where she was retired as a training ship , and then towed to the Philadelphia Navy Yard , where she was placed in ordinary on 26 September .
= = = Paris Exposition = = =
In the early months of 1873 it was decided that Constitution would be overhauled to participate in the centennial celebrations of the United States . Work began slowly and was intermittently delayed by the transition of the Philadelphia Navy Yard to League Island . By late 1875 the Navy opened bids for an outside contractor to complete her work , and Constitution was moved to Wood , Dialogue and Company in May 1876 , where a small boiler for heat and a coal bin were installed . The Andrew Jackson figurehead was removed at this time and given to the Naval Academy Museum where it remains today . Her construction dragged on during the rest of 1876 , and when the centennial celebrations had long passed , it was decided that she would be used as a training and school ship for apprentices entering the Navy .
Oscar C. Badger took command on 9 January 1878 to prepare her for a voyage to the Paris Exposition of 1878 , transporting artwork and industrial displays of American manufacturers to France . Three railroad cars were lashed to her spar deck and all but two cannons were removed when she departed on 4 March . While docking at Le Havre she collided with Ville de Paris , which resulted in Constitution entering dry dock for repairs . Remaining in France for the rest of 1878 , she got underway for the United States on 16 January 1879 , but poor navigation ran her aground the next day near Bollard Head . She was towed into the Portsmouth Naval Dockyard , Hampshire , England , where only minor damage was found and repaired .
Her problem @-@ plagued voyage would continue on 13 February when her rudder was damaged during heavy storms , resulting in a total loss of steering control . With the rudder smashing into the hull at random , three crewmen went over the stern on ropes and boatswain 's chairs and secured it . The next morning they rigged together a temporary steering system . Badger set a course for the nearest port , and she arrived in Lisbon on 18 February . Slow dock services delayed her departure until 11 April and her voyage home did not end until 24 May . Carpenter 's Mate Henry Williams , Captain of the Top Joseph Matthews , and Captain of the Top James Horton would receive the Medal of Honor for their actions in repairing the damaged rudder at sea . Constitution returned to her previous duties of training apprentice boys , and on 16 November Ship 's Corporal James Thayer , received a Medal of Honor for saving a boy , who was a crew member of the ship , from drowning .
Over the next two years she continued her training cruises , but it soon became apparent that her overhaul in 1876 had been of poor quality , and she was determined to be unfit for service in 1881 . As funds were lacking for another overhaul , she was decommissioned , ending her days as an active @-@ duty naval ship . Moved to the Portsmouth Navy Yard , she was used as a receiving ship . There , she had a housing structure built over her spar deck , and her condition continued to deteriorate , with only a minimal amount of maintenance performed to keep her afloat . In 1896 , Massachusetts Congressman John F. Fitzgerald became aware of her condition and proposed to Congress that funds be appropriated to restore her enough to return to Boston . She arrived at the Charlestown Navy Yard under tow on 21 September 1897 , and after her centennial celebrations in October , she lay there with an uncertain future .
= = Museum ship = =
In 1900 Congress authorized restoration of Constitution , but did not appropriate any funds for the project ; funding was to be raised privately . The Massachusetts Society of the United Daughters of the War of 1812 spearheaded an effort to raise funds , but ultimately failed . In 1903 the Massachusetts Historical Society 's president Charles Francis Adams requested of Congress that she be rehabilitated and placed back into active service .
In 1905 , Secretary of the Navy Charles Joseph Bonaparte suggested that she be towed out to sea and used as target practice , after which she would be allowed to sink . Reading about this in a Boston newspaper , Moses H. Gulesian , a businessman from Worcester , Massachusetts , offered to purchase Constitution for $ 10 @,@ 000 . The State Department refused , but Gulesian initiated a public campaign which began from Boston and ultimately " spilled all over the country . " The storms of protest from the public prompted Congress to authorize $ 100 @,@ 000 for her restoration in 1906 . First to be removed was the barracks structure on her spar deck , but the limited amount of funds allowed just a partial restoration . By 1907 she began to serve as a museum ship with tours offered to the public . On 1 December 1917 she was renamed Old Constitution , to free her name for a planned new Lexington @-@ class battlecruiser . Originally destined for the lead ship of the class , the name Constitution was shuffled around between hulls until CC @-@ 5 was given the name ; construction of CC @-@ 5 was canceled in 1923 due to the Washington Naval Treaty . The incomplete hull was sold for scrap , and Old Constitution was granted the return of her name on 24 July 1925 .
= = = 1925 restoration and tour = = =
Admiral Edward Walter Eberle , Chief of Naval Operations , ordered the Board of Inspection and Survey to compile a report on her condition , and the inspection of 19 February 1924 found her in grave condition . Water had to be pumped out of her hold on a daily basis just to keep her afloat , and her stern was in danger of falling off . Almost all deck areas and structural components were filled with rot , and she was considered to be on the verge of ruin . Yet the Board recommended that she be thoroughly repaired in order to preserve her as long as possible . The estimated cost of repairs was $ 400 @,@ 000 . Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur proposed to Congress that the required funds be raised privately , and he was authorized to assemble the committee charged with her restoration .
The first effort was sponsored by the national Elks Lodge . Programs presented to schoolchildren about " Old Ironsides " encouraged them to donate pennies towards her restoration , eventually raising $ 148 @,@ 000 . In the meantime , the estimates for repair began to climb , eventually reaching over $ 745 @,@ 000 after costs of materials were realized . In September 1926 , Wilbur began to sell copies of a painting of Constitution at 50 cents per copy . The silent film Old Ironsides , which portrayed Constitution during the First Barbary War , premiered in December and helped spur more contributions to her restoration fund . The final campaign allowed memorabilia to be made of her discarded planking and metal . Among the items sold were ashtrays , bookends and picture frames . The committee eventually raised over $ 600 @,@ 000 after expenses — still short of the required amount — and Congress approved up to $ 300 @,@ 000 to complete the restoration . The final cost of the restoration was $ 946 @,@ 000 .
Lieutenant John A. Lord was selected to oversee the reconstruction project , and work began while efforts to raise funds were still underway . Materials were difficult to find , especially the live oak needed ; Lord uncovered a long @-@ forgotten stash of live oak ( some 1 @,@ 500 short tons [ 1 @,@ 400 t ] ) at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida that had been cut sometime in the 1850s for a ship building program that never began . By the mid @-@ 1920s even the tools needed for the restoration were difficult to find , and some came from as far away as Maine . Constitution entered dry dock with a crowd of 10 @,@ 000 observers on 16 June 1927 . Meanwhile , Charles Francis Adams had been appointed as the Secretary of the Navy , and he proposed that Constitution make a tour of the United States upon her completion as a gift to the nation for its efforts to help restore her . She emerged from dry dock on 15 March 1930 , and many amenities were installed to prepare her for the three @-@ year tour of the country , including water piping throughout , modern toilet and shower facilities , electric lighting to make the interior visible for visitors , and several peloruses for ease of navigation .
No stranger to controversy , Constitution experienced another episode when Assistant Secretary of the Navy Ernest Jahncke made comments doubting the ability of the modern US Navy to still sail a vessel of her type . Veterans groups from around the country had proposed that she should make the tour under sail , but due to the schedule of visits on her itinerary she was towed by the minesweeper Grebe . Nevertheless , she was recommissioned on 1 July 1931 under the command of Louis J. Gulliver with a crew of sixty officers and sailors , fifteen Marines , and their mascot , a pet monkey named Rosie . Setting out with much celebration and a 21 @-@ gun salute , the tour of 90 port cities along the Atlantic , Gulf , and Pacific coasts began at Portsmouth , New Hampshire . She went as far north as Bar Harbor , Maine , on the Atlantic coast , south through the Panama Canal Zone , and north again to Bellingham , Washington , on the Pacific Coast . Constitution returned to her home port of Boston in May 1934 after more than 4 @.@ 6 million people visited her during the three @-@ year tour .
= = = 1934 return to Boston = = =
Settled in Boston again , Constitution returned to serving as a museum ship , receiving 100 @,@ 000 visitors per year . She was maintained by a small crew that watched over her and were berthed on the ship , requiring that a more reliable heating system be installed , eventually leading to a forced @-@ air system in the 1950s and the addition of a sprinkler system that would help protect her from fire . On 21 September 1938 during the New England Hurricane , Constitution broke loose from her dock and was blown out into Boston Harbor where she collided with the destroyer Ralph Talbot ; she suffered only minor damage .
With limited funds available , she experienced more deterioration over the years , and items began to disappear from the ship as souvenir hunters picked away at the more portable objects . In 1940 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed her in permanent commission . General Bruce Magruder gave the nickname " Old Ironsides " to the 1st Armored Division of the United States Army in honor of the ship . In early 1941 , she was assigned the hull classification symbol IX @-@ 21 and began to serve as a brig for officers awaiting court @-@ martial . The United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating Constitution in 1947 , and an act of Congress in 1954 made the Secretary of the Navy responsible for her upkeep .
In 1946 Constitution was joined in Boston by the historic sloop @-@ of @-@ war USS Constellation which had spent the previous four decades in Newport , Rhode Island . In an unusual arrangement , both ships had the same commanding officer . In 1954 Constellation was stricken from the Navy list and donated to the city of Baltimore , Maryland for preservation .
= = = Restoration = = =
In 1970 another survey of her condition was performed , this time finding that repairs were required , but not as extensive as those she had needed in the 1920s . The US Navy determined that an officer of the rank of Commander — typically someone with about twenty years of seniority — would be required as commanding officer , so as to have the experience to organize the maintenance she required . Funds were approved in 1972 for her restoration , and she entered dry dock in April 1973 , remaining until April 1974 . During this period , large quantities of red oak were removed and replaced . The red oak had been added in the 1950s as an experiment to see if it would last better than the live oak , but it had mostly rotted away by 1970 .
= = = Bicentennial celebrations = = =
Commander Tyrone G. Martin became her captain in August 1974 , as preparations for the upcoming United States Bicentennial celebrations began . Commander Martin set the precedent that all construction work on Constitution was to be aimed towards maintaining her to the 1812 configuration for which she is most noted . In September 1975 her hull classification of IX @-@ 21 was officially canceled .
The privately run USS Constitution Museum opened on 8 April 1976 , and one month later Commander Martin dedicated a tract of land located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Indiana as " Constitution Grove . " The 25 @,@ 000 acres ( 100 km2 ) now supply the majority of the white oak required for repair work . On 10 July Constitution led the parade of tall ships up Boston Harbor for Operation Sail , firing her guns at one @-@ minute intervals for the first time in approximately 100 years . On the 11th she rendered a 21 @-@ gun salute to Her Majesty 's Yacht Britannia as Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , arrived for a state visit . The royal couple were piped aboard and privately toured the ship for approximately thirty minutes with Commander Martin and Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf . Upon their departure the crew of Constitution rendered three cheers for the Queen . Over 900 @,@ 000 visitors toured " Old Ironsides " that year .
= = = 1995 reconstruction = = =
Constitution entered dry dock in 1992 for an inspection and minor repair period that turned out to be her most comprehensive structural restoration and repair since she was launched in 1797 . Over the 200 years of her career , as her mission changed from a fighting warship to a training ship and eventually a receiving ship , multiple refittings had removed most of her original construction components and design . In 1993 the Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston reviewed Humphreys ' original plans and identified five main structural components that were required to prevent hogging of a ship 's hull , as Constitution had at this point 13 in ( 330 mm ) of hog . Using a 1 : 16 scale model of the ship , they were able to determine that restoring the original components would result in a 10 % increase in hull stiffness .
Using radiography , a technique unavailable during previous reconstructions , 300 scans of her timbers were completed to find any hidden problems otherwise undetectable from the outside . Aided by the United States Forest Service 's Forest Products Laboratory , the repair crew used sound wave testing to determine the condition of the remaining timbers that may have been rotting from the inside . The 13 in ( 330 mm ) of hog was removed from her keel by allowing the ship to settle naturally while in dry dock . The most difficult task , as it had been during her 1920s restoration , was the procurement of timber in the quantity and sizes needed . The city of Charleston , South Carolina , donated live oak trees that had been felled by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 , and the International Paper Company donated live oak from its own property . The project continued to reconstruct her to 1812 specifications even as she remained open to visitors , who were allowed to observe the process and converse with workers . The twelve million dollar project was completed in 1995 .
= = = Sailing on 200th anniversary = = =
As early as 1991 , Commander David Cashman had suggested that Constitution should sail , rather than be towed , to celebrate her 200th anniversary in 1997 . The proposal was approved , though it was thought to be a large undertaking since she had not sailed in over 100 years . When she emerged from dry dock in 1995 , a more serious effort began to prepare her for sail . As in the 1920s , education programs aimed at school children helped collect pennies to purchase the sails to make the voyage possible . Eventually her six @-@ sail battle configuration would consist of jibs , topsails , and driver .
Commander Mike Beck began training the crew for the historic sail using an 1819 Navy sailing manual and several months of practice , including time spent aboard the Coast Guard cutter Eagle . On 19 July 1997 a free showing of the classic silent film Old Ironsides was given , with the film accompanist , organist Dennis James , using original materials by Hugo Riesenfeld , and period scores . During the scene depicting its battle with the Guerriere , the ship 's actual cannon were fired in sync with the film . The next day , on 20 July , Constitution was towed from her usual berth in Boston to an overnight mooring in Marblehead , Massachusetts . En route she made her first sail in 116 years at a recorded 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) , and was absent overnight from her berth in Charlestown for the first time since 1934 . Embarked dignitaries included the Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton , Chief of Naval Operations Jay L. Johnson , the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Richard I. Neal , US Senator Ted Kennedy , US Senator John Kerry , and journalist and avid recreational sailor Walter Cronkite .
The next day , 21 July , she was towed 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ; 5 @.@ 8 mi ) offshore , where the tow line was dropped and Commander Beck ordered six sails set ( jibs , topsails , and spanker ) . She then sailed for 40 minutes on a south @-@ south @-@ east course with true wind speeds of about 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) , attaining a top recorded speed of 4 kn ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) . While under sail , her modern US naval combatant escorts , the guided missile destroyer Ramage and frigate Halyburton , rendered passing honors to " Old Ironsides " , and she was overflown by the US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron , the Blue Angels . Inbound to her permanent berth at Charlestown she rendered a 21 @-@ gun salute to the nation off Fort Independence in Boston Harbor .
= = = Present day = = =
The mission of Constitution is to promote understanding of the Navy 's role in war and peace through active participation in public events and education through outreach programs , public access , and historic demonstration . Her crew of 6 officers and 46 enlisted participate in ceremonies , educational programs , and special events while keeping the ship open to visitors year @-@ round and providing free tours . The crewmen are all active @-@ duty members of the U.S. Navy , and the assignment is considered to be special duty . Despite entering dry dock in May 2015 , Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world , as her dry docking is for a scheduled restoration , before returning to sea .
The Naval History and Heritage Command Detachment Boston is responsible for planning and performing her maintenance , repair , and restoration , keeping her as close to her 1812 configuration as possible . The detachment estimates that approximately 10 – 15 percent of the timber in Constitution contains original material installed during her initial construction period in the years 1795 – 1797 .
Constitution was previously berthed at Pier One of the former Charlestown Navy Yard , at one end of Boston 's Freedom Trail . She is currently docked in Dry Dock 1 , and is open to the public year round . The privately run USS Constitution Museum is nearby , located in a restored shipyard building at the foot of Pier Two . Prior to her dry @-@ docking , Constitution would typically make one " turnaround cruise " each year during which she would be towed out into Boston Harbor to perform underway demonstrations , including a gun drill , and then returned to her dock , where she would be berthed in the opposite direction to ensure that she weathers evenly . The " turnaround cruise " was open to the general public based on a " lottery draw " of interested persons each year .
In 2003 the special effects crew from the production of Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World spent several days using Constitution as a computer model for the fictional French frigate Acheron , using stem @-@ to @-@ stern digital image scans of " Old Ironsides . " Lieutenant Commander John Scivier of the Royal Navy , commanding officer of HMS Victory , paid a visit to Constitution in November 2007 , touring the local facilities with Commander William A. Bullard III . They discussed arranging an exchange program between the two ships .
Constitution emerged from a three @-@ year repair period in November 2010 . During this time the entire spar deck was stripped down to the support beams , and the decking overhead was replaced to restore its original curvature , allowing water to drain overboard and not remain standing on the deck . In addition to decking repairs , 50 hull planks and the main hatch were repaired or replaced . The restoration continued the focus toward keeping her appearance of 1812 by replacing her upper sides so that she now resembles what she looked like after her triumph over Guerriere , when she gained her nickname " Old Ironsides " . The crew of Constitution and her commanding officer , Commander Matt Bonner , during the bicentennial observances of the War of 1812 , sailed Constitution under her own power on 19 August 2012 , the anniversary of her victory over Guerriere . Bonner was Constitution 's 72nd commanding officer . Her 73rd and current commanding officer , Commander Sean D. Kearns , assumed command of Constitution on 26 July 2013 .
On 17 October 2014 , Constitution set out into the Boston harbor for her fifth and final voyage of 2014 , the historic warship 's final Boston Harbor cruise until 2018 . A special ceremony was held aboard the ship to celebrate its 217th birthday . The Boston Pops and Dropkick Murphys gave performances aboard the ship .
On 18 May 2015 the ship entered Dry Dock 1 in Charlestown Navy Yard to begin a three @-@ year restoration program . The restoration plans to restore the copper sheets on the ship 's hull and replace additional deck boards . The Department of the Navy is providing the $ 12 – 15 million expected cost .
After the USS Simpson was decommissioned in September 2015 , the 217 @-@ year @-@ old Constitution became the only United States ship still in active service to have sunk an enemy vessel . However , this arguably depends on the definition of ' enemy ' as USS Farragut , USS Bunker Hill and several other active ships have sunk pirate skiffs / motherboats during Operation Ocean Shield
= = Awards = =
Meritorious Unit Commendation ( 4 awards )
Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal ( 4 awards )
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= Kuch Kuch Hota Hai =
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( English : Something Happens ) also known as KKHH , is an Indian Hindi coming @-@ of @-@ age romantic comedy drama film , released in India and the United Kingdom on 16 October 1998 . It was written and directed by Karan Johar , and starred the popular on @-@ screen pair of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol in their fourth film together . Rani Mukerji featured in a supporting role , while Salman Khan had an extended guest appearance .
Filmed in India , Mauritius , and Scotland , this was Karan Johar 's directorial debut . One of his goals for the film was to set a new level for style in Hindi cinema . The plot combines two love triangles set years apart . The first half covers friends on a college campus , while the second tells the story of a widower 's young daughter who tries to reunite her dad with his old friend .
The film was extremely successful in India and abroad , becoming the highest @-@ grossing Indian film of the year and the third highest @-@ grossing Indian film ever behind Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . The film was also the first Bollywood film to enter the UK cinema top ten . Outside India , the film was the highest grossing Hindi film ever until its record was broken by Karan 's next directorial , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) . Kuch Kuch Hota Hai received a positive reception from critics , with special praise directed to Kajol 's performance . The soundtrack also became the biggest seller of the year . The film won many major awards including the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and the " Best Film " honor at the Filmfare Awards , Zee Cine Awards , Screen Awards , and Bollywood Movie Awards . The film won 8 Filmfare Awards and is the only film in history to win all the four acting category awards at the ceremony . The film remains highly popular on Indian television and has achieved a cult classic status .
= = Plot = =
The film starts with Rahul ( Shah Rukh Khan ) standing near a fire mourning the loss of his wife Tina ( Rani Mukerji ) . A series of flashbacks is then shown with Rahul & Tina 's marriage , their honeymoon , Tina pregnant with her baby girl and , in a year of marriage , Tina gives birth to the baby girl . Tina was told that she would have complications in her pregnancy earlier but decided not to tell Rahul as she knew how much he wanted the child . Tina , who also loved the baby more than her life , has little time left , so she had previously written eight letters to her daughter ( one for each of her first eight birthdays ) and gives them to Rahul 's mother ( Farida Jalal ) so that she will know her mother . Before dying , Tina asks Rahul to promise her to name their daughter Anjali .
Eight years pass , and Rahul is a single parent living with his daughter Anjali Khanna ( Sana Saeed ) and loving mother . On her eighth birthday , little Anjali reads the last and most important letter that her mother left her ; it tells the story of how Rahul met Tina .
We are then taken back in time : Rahul Khanna and Anjali Sharma ( Kajol ) were best friends in St. Xavier 's College . The college principal Mr. Malhotra ( Anupam Kher ) had a beautiful daughter Tina , who came to St. Xavier 's from London to finish her degree . She became friends with both Rahul and Anjali . When Anjali realized that she was in love with Rahul , she was encouraged by her motherly guardian Rifat Bi ( Himani Shivpuri ) to tell him so . Instead , Anjali was left heartbroken when Rahul told her that he loved Tina . Anjali decided to leave college and shared a tearful goodbye with Rahul , going away from Rahul and Tina 's lives forever . Tina then realized that she came between two best friends . Back in the present , Tina explains in her letter that Rahul always said that love is friendship , and without friendship there can be no love . Rahul is a single parent and lacks a friend in his life , so Tina gives her daughter the mission of reuniting Rahul with Anjali Sharma and bringing back Rahul 's lost love .
The next day , Rahul , little Anjali and his mom head to Faridabad where they meet Mr. Malhotra for Tina 's death anniversary . Anjali Sharma is no longer the tomboy she was in college ; she is now more feminine , and is engaged to Aman Mehra ( Salman Khan ) , an NRI living in London . However , she explains to her mother ( Reema Lagoo ) that she does not really love him and is marrying him as a compromise as she feels she can never love again after losing Rahul . Aman also suspects that she does not really love him . Anjali Khanna and her grandmother search for Anjali Sharma and soon learn that she is going to be working at a summer camp . Rahul tells Anjali that she is not going to summer camp and heads to a conference , only to find out that his mom and daughter went without telling him but Anjali left a letter . They travel there , with a plan to later lure Rahul to come as well , and the two Anjalis meet each other . One night while watching television , Anjali Sharma realizes she has met her best friend 's daughter , and that Tina is dead . Rahul soon arrives at Camp Sunshine when his daughter Anjali fakes a cough , where he and Anjali Sharma are surprised and delighted to see each other again , sharing a sweet reunion . Throughout the days spent at the camp , Rahul and Anjali feel themselves falling in love . However , Anjali remembers that she is engaged and feels guilty . Aman arrives and tells Rahul that he is Anjali 's fiancee . Rahul is heartbroken but congratulates Anjali . She takes this as him rejecting her again , so she leaves summer camp and decides to get married to Aman as soon as possible .
After seeing Tina in a vision , Rahul and his family go to Anjali 's wedding , where Rahul silently confesses to Anjali that he loves her , and watches in tears as she is brought forth for the wedding . Realizing this , Anjali is hesitant to go on with the marriage , and stands weeping . Aman notices the tears in her eyes and realizes that she has always been in love with Rahul . He releases Anjali from the engagement and tells her to marry Rahul . Rahul and Anjali have an emotional hug and as the two marry , little Anjali sees a vision of Tina , who is smiling and giving her the thumbs up .
= = Cast = =
Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Khanna : A student at St. Xavier 's college and Anjali Sharma 's best friend . He falls in love with Tina Malhotra and marries her and they give birth to a baby girl and name her ' Anjali ' Khanna .
Kajol as Anjali Sharma : The tomboy girl in college and the best friend of Rahul , who secretly loves Rahul so much and afraid of telling him .
Rani Mukerji as Tina Malhotra : The principal 's daughter , the prettiest girl in the college , feminine , sophisticated , an alumna from Oxford University . She falls in love with Rahul and marries him , having a daughter with him , but has always felt guilty for coming between Anjali and Rahul . She passes away after giving birth to her child Anjali Khanna .
Sana Saeed as Anjali Khanna : Named after Anjali Sharma by Tina , she is Rahul and Tina 's daughter and matchmaker between her father and his old friend Anjali .
Salman Khan as Aman Mehra : Anjali Sharma 's fiancé .
Farida Jalal as Mrs. Khanna : Rahul 's mother .
Anupam Kher as Principal Malhotra : Tina 's father . He is slightly infatuated with Ms. Briganza .
Archana Puran Singh as Ms. Briganza : A showy flirtious English teacher . She constantly flirts with Principal Malhotra .
Reema Lagoo as Mrs. Sharma : She is Anjali Sharma 's mother and has doubts about her daughter 's motives for marrying Aman .
Himani Shivpuri as Rifat Bi : St. Xavier 's girl 's hostel housekeeper .
Johnny Lever as Col. Almeida : The manager of Camp Sunshine .
Parzan Dastur as Silent Sardarji : A Sikh boy at Camp Sunshine that doesn 't talk but asks Anjali Sharma when she is leaving summer camp and tells her not to go in Punjabi . He loves Anjali Khanna .
Neelam Kothari as Neelam in a special appearance : She is the host of The Neelam Show .
Nikhil Advani in a special appearance
Farah Khan in a special appearance as the new girlfriend of Nikhil Advani
Geeta Kapoor in a special appearance in the song " Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayee "
= = Production = =
= = = Story = = =
After the experience of assisting and acting in his cousin Aditya Chopra 's directorial debut , the romance film Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , Karan Johar was encouraged to try his own hand at directing . With Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , he chose to pair up the same lead actors , Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , for his own romance film . During the filming of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , Khan had also encouraged Johar to make his own film , and said that he would be willing to star in it .
Johar first wrote a story , which was a love triangle between a tomboy , a very pretty girl and a slightly insensitive boy , but he shelved the idea because he was not very satisfied with it . Then he wrote another plot about a widower and his child , which he shelved as well . Eventually he decided to merge the two stories into one . He explained in an interview with Rediff.com : " It was about the trauma of a widower and his little child . How the child really wants a mother and how she brings her mother into her father 's life . Then I thought : Why not bring a youth aspect to the story ? Why not a flashback ? That 's how the story got made . " The story also includes a " personal desires vs. parental loyalties " theme , and has some " East meets West " themes , but instead of the characters going abroad , it creates a virtual West inside India .
= = = Development = = =
Karan Johar was certain from the beginning that he wanted to cast Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role , having observed him during the making of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . It took longer to fill the role of Tina . The role was written with Twinkle Khanna in mind , but she turned it down . Other actresses such as Tabu , Shilpa Shetty , Urmila Matondkar , Aishwarya Rai , Raveena Tandon and Karisma Kapoor were offered the role but also turned it down . Rani Mukerji , without being asked , read the script and volunteered for the part , which gave a boost to her career . Saif Ali Khan , Ajay Devgan and Chandrachur Singh were initially offered the role of Aman , but they all turned it down , thus prompting Johar to rope in Salman Khan .
Johar , who is also a costume designer , wanted to set a new level for style in Hindi cinema with this film . He and his friend Manish Malhotra , the film 's costume designer , made trips to London for costumes , much to the chagrin of his father and producer Yash Johar , who was concerned about the budget . Many of the costumes in the film prominently displayed logos from designers such as DKNY and Polo . In addition to the designer fashions , Johar also created a somewhat fantastical world where the students speak Hinglish and enjoy a pristine college campus , where there is no crime or hate , and traditional Hindu values are pervasive . Johar admitted that the look and feel of the college scenes in the film were patterned after Beverly Hills 90210 , saying , " The art , the costumes , tilt toward the West , but the soul of the film is Indian . " He hired Sharmishta Roy as art director , and told her to produce something similar to Riverdale High School of the Archie Comics , with some 90210 influence as well . Johar said of the outcome , " If you see KKHH , Shahrukh plays Archie , Rani Mukherji plays Veronica , and Kajol played Bettie . It was exactly that . And the principal looked like Weatherbee , and Ms. Grundy was Archana Puran Singh . " Johar also hired Farah Khan to do the choreography , Jatin @-@ Lalit to provide the music , Santosh Thundiyil as cinematographer , and Nikhil Advani as his associate director . Shabina Khan assisted Manish Malhotra with costume design .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began on 21 October 1997 . The crew was young and inexperienced to the point where Shah Rukh Khan had to explain basic technicalities of filming . Khan later said , " Karan makes no bones of the fact that his technical knowledge of filmmaking was not at its peak when he made the biggest hit of the decade . " The entire film was shot in nine and half months with a substantial part of it shot in Mauritius . The title song was filmed over a ten @-@ day period. in several picturesque locations in Scotland , including Eilean Donan , Glen Coe , Loch Lomond and Tantallon Castle with the nearby Bass Rock as a backdrop in one scene .
During the bicycle sequence in the " Yeh Ladka Hai Deewana " song , Kajol lost control of her bike , fell flat on her face and was knocked unconscious while also injuring her knee . During the promotional Making of Kuch Kuch Hota Hai TV special , Kajol stated that the accident was her most memorable part of shooting the film because she doesn 't remember it . During preparation for the reunion scene where the two leads met after more than 8 years apart , the director told them to improvise and rehearse the reactions that they might use , but he secretly taped them , and was so pleased with the result that it was put into the film .
= = Soundtrack = =
The Kuch Kuch Hota Hai soundtrack was composed by Jatin @-@ Lalit and the lyrics were penned by Sameer . It was released by the Sony Music label on 13 August 1998 . Mukul Deshpande of Planet Bollywood rated the soundtrack 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 stars although he did not like all of the songs . The album became the best selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year . The title song remained on the Indian music charts for over a year , and the album peaked at number 2 on the Malaysian albums chart ( RIM ) in 1999 . In 2012 it was voted as the most popular film song of the previous decade by NDTV . The full soundtrack came in second place in a similar poll conducted by the BBC .
= = Release = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
While comparing the film to Dil To Pagal Hai of 1997 , Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave Kuch Kuch Hota Hai 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . She especially liked the performance of Kajol , and thought that the film would appeal to young and romantic viewers primarily for its " MTV ambiance " and " Valentine Day flavours " . On the negative side , she said " The second half however gets drowned in a sea of emotions . Too many people begin to cry a bit too much . " Anish Khanna of Planet Bollywood rated the film 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 stars , calling it " pure escapist cinema at its best . " He praised the cinematography , choreography , set decoration , and also raved over Kajol 's performance , along with her onscreen chemistry with Shah Rukh Khan . Overall , he said " Karan Johar makes an impressive directorial debut , has a good script sense , and knows how to make a film with S @-@ T @-@ Y @-@ L @-@ E. " In contrast to these views , the reaction of Sujata C J , writing for Rediff.com , was that the film was very disappointing , with many cliches and a bad story line , though Santosh Thundiyil and Sharmishta Roy were praised for their camerawork and art direction , respectively . Nandita Chowdhury in a review for India Today , said that Karan Johar was almost able to rekindle the Khan @-@ Kajol magic of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , and that overall the film was " a good distraction " .
= = = Box office = = =
There were great expectations for Kuch Kuch Hota Hai leading up to its premiere , because it re @-@ united the Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge team of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , and specifically concerning the debut of Karan Johar , whether he would be in the same league as Aditya Chopra as a first @-@ time writer / director .
The film grossed ₹ 80 @.@ 12 crore ( US $ 12 million ) in India and $ 6 @.@ 3 million ( ₹ 26 @.@ 61 crore ) in other countries , for a worldwide total of ₹ 1 @.@ 06 billion ( US $ 16 million ) , against its ₹ 10 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 5 million ) budget , and became the third film to gross over ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) worldwide after Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . It had a worldwide opening weekend of ₹ 8 @.@ 06 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 2 million ) , and grossed ₹ 15 @.@ 13 crore ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in its first week . It is the highest @-@ grossing film of 1998 worldwide .
= = = = India = = = =
It opened on Friday , 16 October 1998 , across 240 screens , along with Bade Miyan Chote Miyan and earned ₹ 87 lakh ( US $ 130 @,@ 000 ) nett on its opening day . It grossed ₹ 2 @.@ 74 crore ( US $ 410 @,@ 000 ) nett in its opening weekend , and went on to record the second highest first week of the year with collections around ₹ 5 @.@ 64 crore ( US $ 840 @,@ 000 ) nett after Bade Miyan Chote Miyan which grossed ₹ 6 @.@ 33 crore ( US $ 940 @,@ 000 ) nett . The film earned a total of ₹ 46 @.@ 86 crore ( US $ 7 @.@ 0 million ) nett , plus a distributor share of ₹ 29 @.@ 88 crore ( US $ 4 @.@ 4 million ) , and was declared " All Time Blockbuster " by Box Office India . It is the highest @-@ grossing film of 1998 in India .
= = = = Overseas = = = =
It had an opening weekend of $ 800 @,@ 000 ( ₹ 3 @.@ 38 crore ) and went on to gross $ 1 @.@ 3 million ( ₹ 5 @.@ 49 crore ) in its first week . It became the first film to cross $ 5 million mark outside India , and became the highest grosser ever that time . The film earned a total of $ 6 @.@ 3 million ( ₹ 26 @.@ 61 crore ) at the end of its theatrical run . It became the second Bollywood film to break into the UK cinema top 10 after Dil Se .. which released the same year . It was a bigger box office success than Titanic when it was screened in Indonesia . Overseas , It is the highest @-@ grossing film of 1998 .
= = = Accolades = = =
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai won many awards , including sweeping all the major categories at the year 's Filmfare Awards , held on 21 February 1999 . It was the third film to win the four major awards ( Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Actress ) at Filmfare . Others include Guide ( 1966 ) , Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) ( also starring Shahrukh Khan and Kajol ) , Devdas ( 2002 ) and Black ( 2005 ) .
= = Post @-@ release = =
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was the subject of reviews and critical analysis following its initial release . Fuad Omar called it a phenomenal debut for director Karan Johar ; he said that the film has a memorable " feelgood factor " . Subhash K Jha called the film " a simple stylish , sensuous and ambrosial love story , " further adding that the chemistry between the lead pair was unbeatable . A reviewer for Timeout Film Guide , while commenting that the second love triangle went on too long , liked most of the film , saying that " its performances , camerawork , storytelling and extensive musical numbers [ are ] all energetically colourful . " In 2004 , Meor Shariman of The Malay Mail called the film a " must watch " for Bollywood fans , and also for those seeking an introduction to Bollywood . The film has also been criticized for creating unreal worlds and characters , to which Johar has said that this was part of his vision of escapism .
A few years after its release , Sony purchased satellite rights for the film for ₹ 4 crore . The film was also released on VHS , DVD , and eventually Blu @-@ ray . Now Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , along with Johar 's second film Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... , often play on television to consistently high ratings . Johar said , " It ’ s gratifying to know that they 've aged well and passed the test of time . " One of the best examples of the iconic status of Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was the 2012 film Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi . Farah Khan and Boman Irani re @-@ created scenes and characters from KKHH for posters to promote their film , and also paid homage in one of the songs , " Ramba Mein Samba " . In 2010 , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was selected by Time as one of their " Five Essential Bollywood movies to Netflix " .
Koochie Koochie Hota Hai is an animated remake of the original , directed by Tarun Mansukhani . Shahrukh Khan , Kajol , Rani Mukherjee , Anupam Kher are reprising their roles as Rahul aka Rocky , Anjali aka Angie , Tina , and the Principal . New cast members include Uday Chopra , Ritesh Deshmukh , Sanjay Dutt and Simi Garewal . The story will have an anthropomorphic animal cast . As of October 2012 , Karan Johar has placed the project on permanent hold . He said , " Animation films are not working nowadays , so as of now I have kept it on stand @-@ by . "
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= En Ami =
" En Ami " is the fifteenth episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 19 , 2000 . The episode helped to explore the series ' overarching mythology . " En Ami " earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 5 , being watched by 11 @.@ 99 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics , although elements of the script , as well as The Smoking Man 's ( William B. Davis ) motives , were criticized .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Scully is intrigued after a young boy with cancer , whose parents don ’ t believe in medical treatment because it is against God ’ s will , recovers miraculously . What she soon discovers is that his cure is not miraculous , but scientific . Eager , if wary , to learn of the truth behind his secrets , Scully agrees to travel with the Smoking Man to get the cure to all mankind ’ s diseases .
The script was Davis ' first — and only — writing contribution to the series . Davis , inspired by the Shakespeare play Richard III , wanted to write a story wherein The Smoking Man was able to lure Scully in by enticing her with medical knowledge . In addition , " En Ami " was the last episode of The X @-@ Files to be directed by Rob Bowman . The episode 's title means " as a friend " in French and also functions as a pun , reading phonetically as " enemy " in English .
= = Plot = =
Jason McPeck , a young cancer patient , is ushered out of the car , carried past cameras and shouting onlookers , and placed in his bed , where his father tells him that God will decide if he can be cured of his cancer . Later in the night , the boy sees bright light and men in black walking towards his window . The next day , the boy is miraculously cured of his cancer .
Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are anonymously given information about Jason 's case , and they soon investigate . At the McPeck house , Jason says that angels came to him and one of them pinched the back of his neck , and now his cancer is gone . Scully examines his neck and finds an incision exactly like the one she received when she was abducted . Upon leaving , Scully finds The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) in her car . The Smoking Man tells her that he was the one who saved Jason 's life , and that since he is dying he wants to atone his previously evil behavior by giving the cure to Scully . Scully leaves , but not before The Smoking Man gives her his phone number . Scully traces the number to The Smoking Man 's office address . He explains that he is dying of a cerebral inflammation that developed after his surgery ( The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati ) . She agrees to go on a trip to retrieve the cure , but wears a wire , in order to send taped recordings of their conversations to Mulder .
During the trip , The Smoking Man tells Scully that he believes he shares a special kinship with her because he once held her own life in his hands . Mulder finds a message Scully left on his phone suspicious and goes to her apartment , where the landlord tells him that she left with someone else . The Smoking Man and Scully arrive at the home of Marjorie Butters ( Louise Latham ) , a 118 @-@ year @-@ old gardener who also has the chip implanted in the back of her neck . Meanwhile , Mulder visits Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) to voice his concern , but Scully calls Skinner during the meeting and says that she is fine . At a gas station , Scully removes the wire , places it in an envelope , and mails it to Mulder . However , a man following the two removes the letter from the mailbox .
The Lone Gunmen come to Mulder 's apartment in disguise and tell him that they cannot find Scully . They reveal that they have found e @-@ mails between Scully and a man called Cobra , who is apparently working on a shadow project at the Department of Defense . Meanwhile , Scully wakes up in a cabin in Pennsylvania in pajamas instead of her clothes , and accuses The Smoking Man of drugging her . He claims she was merely exhausted and he was trying to make her comfortable . She attempts to leave but decides to continue when The Smoking Man tells her she 's free to go and that the choice of whether to accept his help or not is hers . Mulder and The Lone Gunmen go to Skinner to figure out why Scully was communicating with Cobra . They find that an anonymous person has hacked into Scully 's computer and has been sending Cobra messages calling for a meeting . The group believe that it is the work of The Smoking Man , but Skinner still does not know how to get a hold of him . At dinner , The Smoking Man tells Scully that the cure he possesses is not just the cure for cancer , but for all human disease , and that it is extraterrestrial . The Smoking Man goes outside and tells the man who has been following them that Cobra has not shown . Scully finds a note under her dessert plate saying to meet at Calico Cove at dawn . She goes alone and is stopped by Cobra , who gives her a disc before being shot and killed by a sniper . The sniper also attempts to kill Scully , but is killed by The Smoking Man .
Scully leaves The Smoking Man and gives the disc to The Lone Gunmen to analyze , but it turns out that The Smoking Man swapped the disc for a blank one . She goes back to his office but it has been emptied . Mulder informs her that this was a con and she was used to retrieve this information , but he does not understand why The Smoking Man left Scully alive . The final scene shows The Smoking Man throwing the real disc into a lake .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" En Ami " was written by William B. Davis , who portrayed The Smoking Man . The main theme of the episode is The Smoking Man 's desire to seduce Scully using an agenda she would understand , in this case medical knowledge . Davis approached series creator Chris Carter with his idea , who was intrigued . He assigned executive producer Frank Spotnitz to work with Davis and craft a full @-@ fledged script . The script went through many revisions ; several scenes were cut , including one that featured The Smoking Man teaching Scully how to water @-@ ski . Originally , Alex Krycek was in the script and an alliance between him and The Smoking Man was " integral to the storyline . " As the script was written , however , this element was eliminated . The first draft of the script was finished in four weeks .
Davis saw his character as a romantic hero . Carter and Spotnitz , however , did not want " Scully trusting this man she 's spent seven years hating " so easily . Eventually , the producers tweaked the script , adding " the reality of The X @-@ Files 's existing mythos and past character development " to ease the transition . Davis later noted , " I was basically happy with the way [ the episode ] turned out , despite the fact that there were many other ideas that I had that I did not get to see . My original conception of the story was that Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man was a much better actor at winning Scully 's affections and that Scully was less resistant to this attention to her . " Because The Smoking Man was able to manipulate Scully , Carter later referred to " En Ami " as " the creepiest episode of the year . "
Part of the inspiration for the episode came from the Shakespeare play Richard III , most notably , the interaction between Richard and Lady Anne . The biggest inspiration for the episode , however , came from the fact that Davis wished to have an episode wherein he would interact solely with Gillian Anderson . He later noted , " if they 're not going to give me a scene with Gillian , I 'll just have to write one myself . " The episode 's title , " En Ami , " translates from French into English as " as a friend . " The title also functions as a pun , reading phonetically as " enemy " in English .
= = = Filming = = =
Production and filming for the episode were rushed . The scene featuring The Smoking Man and Scully eating dinner at a restaurant was filmed on two different days : Anderson 's side of the scene was shot on one day and Davis ' side was shot on another . The short schedule resulted in some quick scene construction , most notably for the dock sequence near the end of the episode . A majority of the lake scenes were filmed at Lake Sherwood in California . A stunt actor , Danny Weselis , filled in for Anderson during the scenes that called for her to drive the motor boat . " En Ami " was directed by Rob Bowman and marked his last contribution to the show : " Artistically I felt like I couldn 't help any more , " he explained .
Originally , " En Ami " was supposed to air early in the seventh season , but the producers realized that placing the episode so close to the Mulder @-@ centric " The Sixth Extinction " / " Amor Fati " made character development problematic . Thus , the producers decided to move the episode near the middle of the season .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" En Ami " first aired in the United States on March 19 , 2000 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 5 , with an 11 share , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 11 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 11 @.@ 99 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on June 25 , 2000 and received 0 @.@ 62 million viewers , ranking as the fourth most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with a faux @-@ cigarette ad that read " Warning : Tonight 's episode contains the Cigarette Smoking Man and may be harmful to Agent Scully 's health . " The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist 's plans to take over the earth .
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two praised the episode , writing , " The plot itself is all smoke ( ahem ) and mirrors , but that doesn 't really matter " and " Davis ' skills as both an actor and writer is [ … ] very moving . " Rich Rosell from DigitallyObsessed.com awarded the episode 4 out of 5 stars and wrote " Get out your flowcharts to try and keep things straight , as we get to learn a little more about Cigarette Smoking Man and his hijinks , in this ep written by ol ' smoky himself . Scully and CSM get some edgy moments together , as info is revealed about an extraterrestrial @-@ based cure for all human diseases . To further confuse things Black @-@ Haired Man from The X @-@ Files feature film shows up , but so do The Lone Gunmen , so all is not lost . "
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " and wrote that " it mostly overcomes some significant script flaws " . He was critical of the fact that the script " requires Scully to be a lot more naive than she usually is " . Handlen wrote that , because the episode was not as believable as it could have been this far into the series , the reveal that The Smoking Man is using Scully is " more disappointing than shocking . " Despite these setbacks , he concluded that the episode is largely sound because of the performances of Davis and Anderson , as well as the fact that the entry allowed the audience to gain insight into The Smoking Man 's motives . Kenneth Silber from Space.com was not happy with the ambiguity of The Smoking Man , writing , " Perhaps unsurprisingly , the episode provides few answers . And the ending , with its high degree of ambiguity , provides little satisfaction . This reviewer , for one , is puzzled about both CSM 's physical condition and his state of mind . "
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= Shia LaBeouf =
Shia Saide LaBeouf ( / ˈʃaɪ.ə ləˈbʌf / ; born June 11 , 1986 ) is an American actor , performance artist , and director who became known among younger audiences as Louis Stevens in the Disney Channel series Even Stevens . LaBeouf received a Young Artist Award nomination in 2001 and won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2003 for his role . He made his film debut in Holes ( 2003 ) , based on the novel of the same name by Louis Sachar . In 2004 , he made his directorial debut with the short film Let 's Love Hate and later directed a short film titled Maniac ( 2011 ) , starring American rappers Cage and Kid Cudi .
In 2007 , LaBeouf starred in the commercially successful films Disturbia and Surf 's Up . The same year he was cast in Michael Bay 's science fiction film Transformers as Sam Witwicky , the main protagonist of the series . Despite mixed reviews , Transformers was a box office success and one of the highest @-@ grossing films of 2007 . LaBeouf later appeared in its sequels Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , both also box office successes . In 2008 , he played Henry " Mutt Williams " Jones III in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , the fourth film in the Indiana Jones franchise . His other films include Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) , Lawless ( 2012 ) , The Company You Keep ( 2012 ) , Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) and Fury ( 2014 ) . Since 2014 , LaBeouf has pursued a variety of public performance art projects .
= = Early life = =
LaBeouf was born in Los Angeles , California , as the only child of Shayna ( née Saide ) and Jeffrey Craig LaBeouf . His mother is a dancer and ballerina turned visual artist and clothing jewelry designer . His father is a Vietnam War veteran who had numerous jobs . LaBeouf 's mother is Jewish , and his father , who is of Cajun descent , is Christian . LaBeouf has described himself as Jewish , and has stated that he was raised around " both sides " ; he had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony , and was also baptized in the Angelus church . One of the camps he attended was Christian . His first name is derived from the Hebrew shai Yah , meaning " gift of God " .
LaBeouf has described his parents as " hippies " , his father as " tough as nails and a different breed of man " , and his upbringing as similar to a " hippy lifestyle " , stating that his parents were " pretty weird people , but they loved me and I loved them . " During his childhood , he accompanied his father to meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous . LaBeouf has also said he was subjected to verbal and mental abuse by his father , who once pointed a gun at his son during a Vietnam War flashback . LaBeouf has stated that his father was " on drugs " during his childhood , and was placed in drug rehabilitation for heroin addiction , while LaBeouf 's mother was " trying to hold down the fort . "
His parents eventually divorced , mainly owing to financial problems , and LaBeouf had what he has described as a " good childhood " , growing up poor in Echo Park with his mother , who worked selling fabrics and brooches . LaBeouf 's uncle was going to adopt him at one stage because his parents could not afford to have him anymore and " they had too much pride to go on welfare or food stamps . " As a way of dealing with his parents ' divorce , he would perform for his family , mimicking his father . LaBeouf remains close to and financially supports both of his parents .
He attended 32nd Street Visual and Performing Arts Magnet in Los Angeles ( LAUSD ) and Alexander Hamilton High School , although he received most of his education from tutors . In an interview , LaBeouf said that , looking back on his childhood , he feels grateful and considers some of those memories scars .
= = Career = =
= = = 1996 – 2006 : Disney career = = =
Prior to acting , LaBeouf practiced comedy around his neighborhood as an " escape " from a hostile environment . At age 10 , he began performing stand @-@ up at comedy clubs , describing his appeal as having " disgustingly dirty " material and a " 50 @-@ year @-@ old mouth on the 10 @-@ year @-@ old kid . " He subsequently found an agent through the Yellow Pages and was taken on after pretending to be his own manager . LaBeouf has said that he initially became an actor because his family was broke , not because he wanted to pursue an acting career , having originally gotten the idea from a child actor he met who had things he wanted .
In the early 2000s , LaBeouf became known among young audiences after playing Louis Stevens on the Disney Channel weekly program Even Stevens , a role that later earned him a Daytime Emmy Award . He has said that " [ he ] grew up on that show " and being cast was the " best thing " that happened to him . In the next several years , he appeared in the well @-@ received film adaption Holes ( 2003 ) . In 2005 , he co @-@ starred in Constantine , playing the role of Chas Kramer , with Keanu Reeves in the starring role . The same year he provided the voice of Asbel in the Disney @-@ produced English dub of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind . LaBeouf made his directorial debut with the short film Let 's Love Hate with Lorenzo Eduardo . He has played real @-@ life people , including golfer Francis Ouimet and the younger version of Dito Montiel in A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints ( 2006 ) .
= = = 2007 – 08 : Career breakthrough = = =
LaBeouf starred in Disturbia , a thriller released on April 13 , 2007 , as a teenager under house arrest who suspects that his neighbor is a serial killer , which he considered a " character @-@ driven " role . He received positive reviews for the role , with The Buffalo News saying , he " is able to simultaneously pull off [ the character 's ] anger , remorse and intelligence " . First hosting Saturday Night Live on April 14 , 2007 he would also return barely a year later to host the May 10 , 2008 episode . He next played Sam Witwicky , who becomes involved in the Autobot @-@ Decepticon war on Earth , in Transformers .
In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) he was Indiana Jones ' greaser son Mutt Williams . His performance was met with mixed reviews with Todd Gilchrist of IGN commenting " one can 't quite help but wonder what Spielberg saw in the young actor that inspired him to cast LaBeouf " . LaBeouf told the Los Angeles Times that he felt he as an actor " dropped the ball " on Jones ' legacy , and " there was a reason " the film wasn 't universally accepted . His next film was Eagle Eye , released on September 26 . His performance received mixed reviews , with Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly saying he " makes a credible bid for action @-@ hero status , although his occasional stabs at emotional depth don 't really go anywhere . "
= = = 2009 – present = = =
In February , LaBeouf made his music video directorial debut , directing the video for " I Never Knew You " , a single by American rapper Cage , from his third album Depart from Me ( 2009 ) . It was shot in Los Angeles and features several cameo appearances from Cage 's Definitive Jux label @-@ mates . It was also announced the two would be teaming up to make a biopic about the rapper 's life , starring LaBeouf . When speaking on the making of the video , LaBeouf said : " I 'm 22 and I 'm directing my favorite rapper 's music video . This shit is better than riding unicorns . " Through Cage , LaBeouf met Kid Cudi . All three of them have formed a friendship and continued to work together . LaBeouf later worked with Cudi and Cage on a short film inspired by their collaborative " Maniac " , from Cudi 's second album Man on the Moon II : The Legend of Mr. Rager ( 2010 ) . Aside from directing the short film , which was titled MANIAC ( 2011 ) , LaBeouf directed the music video for Kid Cudi 's song " Marijuana " , which he filmed at the 2010 Cannabis Cup .
LaBeouf reprised the role of Sam Witwicky in the 2009 sequel to Transformers , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . Filming for the movie began in May 2008 and ended in late 2008 . Due to LaBeouf 's injury from his car accident , Bay and screenwriter Roberto Orci had to rewrite the script to protect his hand throughout filming . LaBeouf said production was only delayed two days after his accident because Bay made up for it by filming second unit scenes , and LaBeouf recovered a few weeks earlier than expected , allowing him to return to the set . Near the end of filming , LaBeouf injured his eye when he hit a prop ; the injury required seven stitches . He resumed filming two hours later . The movie grossed $ 800 million , but received mostly negative reviews by critics , with LaBeouf sharing a nomination for the " Worst Screen Couple of 2009 " Razzie Award with " either Megan Fox or any Transformer . "
His only 2010 movie was the Oliver Stone @-@ directed film Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps , the sequel to Wall Street ( 1987 ) . In this , LaBeouf played an ambitious Wall Street trader . It became another mixed critical success for him . The Hollywood Reporter named LaBeouf as one of the young male actors who are " pushing – or being pushed " into taking over Hollywood as the new " A @-@ List " . LaBeouf completed the 2010 Los Angeles Marathon on March 21 , 2010 with a time of 4 hours , 35 minutes and 31 seconds .
He reprised his role in the third live @-@ action Transformers film , Transformers : Dark of the Moon , which was released on June 28 , 2011 . He did not return for the fourth film in the series , Transformers : Age of Extinction , and Mark Wahlberg was cast as a new lead character .
In 2012 , Rob Cantor of Tally Hall produced a song describing LaBeouf as a murderous cannibal . In 2014 , Cantor produced a music video based on this song . Despite the title and lyrics , the intent was humorous and non @-@ serious , and LaBeouf appeared at the end of the video , applauding .
LaBeouf has created three short graphic novels Stale N Mate , Cyclical , and Let 's Fucking Party , and a webcomic series , Cheek Up 's through the publishing company , The Campaign Book . In April 2012 , he promoted them at Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo . In 2013 it was discovered that at least two of his graphic novels ( Stale N Mate and Let 's Fucking Party ) contained text plagiarized from Benoît Duteurtre and Charles Bukowski .
LaBeouf played a bootlegger in John Hillcoat 's 2012 crime drama Lawless . In June 2012 , the Icelandic band Sigur Rós released a video for the song " Fjögur Píanó " , starring LaBeouf , in which he appears nude . According to a press release for the band , the video depicts " a man and woman locked in a never @-@ ending cycle of addiction and desire " . In February 2013 , he pulled out of what would have been his Broadway debut , in Lyle Kessler 's play Orphans , citing " creative differences " with co @-@ star Alec Baldwin , though The New York Times and Baldwin himself maintain LaBeouf was fired .
LaBeouf co @-@ starred with Brad Pitt and Logan Lerman in David Ayer 's World War II @-@ set film , Fury ; filming began in September 2013 , and the movie was released in October 2014 . LaBeouf was singled out for praise for his role as Boyd " Bible " Swan . Peter Travers for Rolling Stone called him " outstanding " , whilst Joe Neumaier commented that " ... LaBeouf finally finds a role he can disappear into , without his image getting in the way . " Calvin Wilson for St. Louis Post Dispatch called it one of LaBeouf 's best performances .
In 2015 , LaBeouf starred in Sia 's music video for " Elastic Heart " along with Maddie Ziegler . He is also set to star as the lead role in the upcoming war @-@ thriller film Man Down directed by Dito Montiel alongside Gary Oldman and Kate Mara .
In 2015 LaBeouf appeared in a 31 @-@ minute video for Central Saint Martins , an Art School based in London titled # INTRODUCTIONS , in which LaBeouf reads transcripts that students sent to him . One of the transcripts depicts LaBeouf screaming the words " DO IT ! " at various points .
= = Performance art = =
In January 2014 , LaBeouf stated that his Twitter account was " meta @-@ modernist performance art ” , following a sequence of appropriated Twitter apologies and skywriting messages in response to revelations he had plagiarized the work of graphic novelist Daniel Clowes . Collaborating with British artist Luke Turner and Finnish performance artist Nastja Säde Rönkkö , LaBeouf embarked upon a series of actions described by Dazed as " a multi @-@ platform meditation on celebrity and vulnerability " .
On February 9 , 2014 , LaBeouf caused controversy at the Berlin Film Festival by walking out of the press conference for Nymphomaniac , quoting the famous " seagulls " statement made by French footballer Eric Cantona : " When the seagulls follow the trawler , it is because they think sardines will be thrown into the sea . " Later that night , he arrived at the red carpet wearing a brown paper bag over his head emblazoned with the words " I am not famous anymore " .
Two days later , LaBeouf , Rönkkö , and Turner staged a six @-@ day performance in a Los Angeles gallery entitled # IAMSORRY , in which LaBeouf sat wearing a tuxedo and the paper bag , silently crying in front of visitors . Attendees were allowed to enter one at a time , and invited to choose an item from a table of " implements " to take in with them , including a Transformers toy , an Indiana Jones whip , a bottle of Jack Daniel 's , a pair of pliers , a ukulele , a bowl full of hateful tweets directed at LaBeouf , and a copy of Clowes ' book The Death @-@ Ray . Time columnist Joel Stein , who spent three days waiting in line to see the performance , observed that LaBeouf " was immensely present " and that " he was whatever was projected upon him " , while Kate Knibbs of The Daily Dot found the experience " genuinely disturbing " and " felt like I was further dehumanizing someone whose humanity I 'd discounted " . The Daily Beast 's Andrew Romano opined , " There was more going on in those few seconds than in a lot of contemporary art . LaBeouf 's look @-@ at @-@ me Internet penance ritual had become an actual moment between actual people . " The following November , in an email interview with Dazed Digital , LaBeouf said that a woman " stripped [ his ] clothing and proceeded to rape [ him ] " during the February performance .
The Guardian and Time both suggested that # IAMSORRY bore a resemblance to Marina Abramović 's The Artist is Present , although Abramović herself stated that " this is not the same work " , commenting that LaBeouf 's performance was " a pretty strong statement " and that she found it very interesting " that the Hollywood world wanted to go back to performance ... to be connected to [ the ] direct public , which , you know , being a Hollywood actor doesn 't permit you " . James Franco also voiced his support of LaBeouf , writing a New York Times article in which he called LaBeouf 's project " a worthy one " , describing it as a piece " in which a young man in a very public profession tries to reclaim his public persona " . During LaBeouf 's performance , Jerry O 'Connell parodied the project by opening his own art installation , # IAMSORRYTOO , right next door to the gallery in a stunt for the comedy video website Funny or Die .
On Presidents ' Day 2014 , the day after LaBeouf 's gallery performance ended , LaBeouf arranged for skywriting over Los Angeles to display the message " # StartCreating " . This was in contrast to a similar skywriting message , " # StopCreating " , which LaBeouf had made the previous month in reference to a cease and desist letter Clowes ' lawyer had sent him .
In May 2014 , LaBeouf took part in an exhibition at London 's Auto Italia South East with a performance entitled Meditation for Narcissists , in which he jumped rope for an hour via a live Skype link . During the performance , LaBeouf invited the audience to take the ropes provided in the gallery and " join me on my quest to find my inner self " . Dazed reported that the performance 's attendees " all gave off an air of self @-@ consciousness that came not from watching themselves in a digital mirror , but from being under the gaze of someone who is usually — constantly — under the gaze of the public " .
During 2014 , LaBeouf gave lectures via Skype at the London College of Fashion , in which he read passages from Guy Debord 's 1967 Situationist work The Society of the Spectacle , and at Radboud University Nijmegen , where he presented a talk on metamodernism . Turner 's 2011 Metamodernist Manifesto has also been credited to his collaborator LaBeouf , defining metamodernism as " the mercurial condition between and beyond irony and sincerity , naivety and knowingness , relativism and truth , optimism and doubt , in pursuit of a plurality of disparate and elusive horizons " and concluding with a call to " go forth and oscillate " .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships = = =
From 2004 to 2007 , LaBeouf dated China Brezner , whom he met on the set of The Greatest Game Ever Played . They broke up because he became too busy with his work to put any time into the relationship , and he described the break @-@ up as being like " rebuilding after a tornado . " He dated English actress and one @-@ time co @-@ star Carey Mulligan from August 2009 to October 2010 ; they were introduced by the film 's director , Oliver Stone , prior to filming and began dating shortly after . Of that relationship he said : " I still love her . I think she 's a fucking awesome person and an incredible actress . We 're still pals . I wouldn 't take any of it back , and I don 't think she would either . It just ran its course . " In the August 2011 issue of Details magazine , he acknowledged having had a relationship with actresses Isabel Lucas , while she was still dating Adrian Grenier , and Megan Fox , while she was still seeing her now @-@ husband Brian Austin Green .
= = = Legal troubles and controversy = = =
In February 2005 , LaBeouf was arrested by police in Los Angeles and charged with assault with a deadly weapon after threatening his neighbor by driving into his car . A bystander claimed that LaBeouf " lost his cool " after he had to wait to get access to his garage while the neighbor , who was blocking his path , chatted to his girlfriend . The onlooker said : " Shia began honking his horn and yelling at the guy , but the neighbor told him to wait a minute , and carried on talking to his girlfriend . Then Shia rammed his car into the back of the other guy 's car . Words were exchanged and Shia jumped out and threatened the neighbor . " LaBeouf allegedly appeared at his neighbor 's front door hours later , waving a kitchen knife . The two fought , someone called the police , and LaBeouf was led off in handcuffs .
Early in the morning of November 4 , 2007 , a security guard asked LaBeouf to leave a Chicago Walgreens , which the latter refused . LaBeouf was arrested for misdemeanor criminal trespassing . The criminal charges were dropped on December 12 , 2007 .
In March 2008 , police issued an arrest warrant for LaBeouf after he failed to make a court appearance , which had been in relation to a ticket he had received for unlawful smoking in Burbank , California , in February 2008 . When neither LaBeouf nor a lawyer appeared at the court at the 8 : 30 a.m. hearing , a $ 1000 bench warrant was issued for his arrest . However , the court commissioner in California recalled this warrant on March 19 , 2008 , after the actor 's attorney arrived a day late to plead not guilty on LaBeouf 's behalf , and a pre @-@ trial hearing was set for April 24 , 2008 . The charge was dismissed , after the actor paid a $ 500 fine .
During the early morning of July 27 , 2008 , LaBeouf was involved in a car crash at the intersection of La Brea Avenue and Fountain Avenue in Los Angeles . His Ford F @-@ 150 was hit from the side by a vehicle running a red light . LaBeouf 's hand was out of the window as he drove and , upon impact , the truck rolled onto his exposed left hand , crushing it . While responding to the accident , police officers smelled alcohol on LaBeouf 's breath . Because he refused a breathalyzer examination , authorities arrested LaBeouf at the scene for misdemeanor drunk driving , and his driver 's license was suspended for one year . Michael Bay , who at the time of the accident was working with LaBeouf in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , stated that LaBeouf had been drinking hours before the car accident and he had felt that , by the time the accident had occurred , the alcohol had worn off . LaBeouf had to undergo one of many hand surgeries immediately after the accident . His passenger , Isabel Lucas , and the driver and passenger in the other car all suffered only minor injuries . Due to severe damages from the accident , LaBeouf 's truck was totaled ; his father keeps the vehicle at his home as a memento . Two days later , a Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department spokesman announced that LaBeouf was not at fault in the accident , because the other driver had run the red light . LaBeouf returned to the set of the Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and shooting resumed . In an interview two months later , LaBeouf described the car accident as being " eye @-@ opening and terrifying . " He said that , as a result of the injuries , he had screws and plates put in his left hand ; there is also scarring . A screw was placed in one of his knuckles , and he had a shaved piece of bone from his hip made into a bone for his finger . In April 2009 , he stated he had undergone three hand surgeries . He said that he would regain " probably about 80 @-@ something percent " use of his hand and , while he would be able to make a fist again , " there 's a knuckle [ I will ] never be able to move again . " In May 2010 , he said that he has " completely " regained movement in his fingers . In June 2011 , in an interview in Details magazine , he claimed that he and Lucas were " philandering around " before the accident occurred .
In the early hours of February 5 , 2011 , he was involved in an altercation with another patron at the Mad Bull 's Tavern bar in the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles , which resulted in the actor getting punched in the face . Both LaBeouf and the unnamed patron were placed in handcuffs and questioned by a Los Angeles Police Department officer but later released with no arrest being made . In 2014 , LaBeouf was banned from The Local Peasant restaurant in Sherman Oaks after urinating on the wall .
On June 26 , 2014 , LaBeouf was charged with disorderly conduct and criminal trespass at New York 's Studio 54 theater . He was reported to have been " acting disorderly , yelling and being loud " . He refused to leave the theater , where the musical Cabaret starring Alan Cumming was being performed , so the police were called . In the arrest report it was stated that LaBeouf spat at arresting officers . The report also details LaBeouf using a homophobic slur and swearing at arresting officers . He was arrested and held at the Midtown North police station to later appear in court . Following the incident , LaBeouf voluntarily began seeking outpatient treatment for alcoholism , becoming involved in a 12 @-@ step program . LaBeouf 's publicist stated ' He understands that these recent actions are a symptom of a larger health problem and he has taken the first of many necessary steps towards recovery.'
= = = Plagiarism accusations = = =
On December 17 , 2013 , LaBeouf released his short film Howard Cantour.com to the Internet and shortly after several bloggers noted its close similarity to Justin M. Damiano , a 2007 comic by Ghost World creator Dan Clowes . Wired journalist Graeme McMillan noted at least three similarities in their article , one of which was that the opening monologue for the short and the comic were identical . LaBeouf would later remove the film and claim that he did not intend to copy Clowes but was instead " inspired " by him and " got lost in the creative process . " He followed this up with several apologies via Twitter writing , " In my excitement and naiveté as an amateur filmmaker , I got lost in the creative process and neglected to follow proper accreditation " , and " I deeply regret the manner in which these events have unfolded and want @ danielclowes to know that I have a great respect for his work " . Clowes responded by saying " The first I ever heard of the film was this morning when someone sent me a link . I 've never spoken to or met Mr. LaBeouf ... I actually can 't imagine what was going through his mind . " LaBeouf was criticized over his apology , with some sites such as The A.V. Club noting that the apology itself appeared to have been lifted from a 2010 post on Yahoo ! Answers .
Since the initial discovery of the plagiarism of Clowe 's work , LaBeouf 's other work has come under scrutiny . News outlets reported that LaBeouf 's comic books , Let 's Fucking Party and Stale N Mate , had been plagiarized from Benoît Duteurtre 's The Little Girl and the Cigarette and Charles Bukowski 's Assault .
In January 2014 , LaBeouf spoke about the plagiarism accusations with Bleeding Cool writer Rich Johnston , where he stated that he saw copyright laws as too restrictive and that it did not allow for ideas to flow freely . LaBeouf later tweeted a description of his next project , Daniel Boring ( a reference to David Boring , another comic created by Clowes ) . The description of the project was also taken word @-@ for @-@ word from a description by Clowes of his comic . Clowes ' attorney , Michael Kump , has since sent a cease @-@ and @-@ desist letter to LaBeouf 's attorney , which LaBeouf posted on Twitter .
= = = Sexual assault = = =
In November 2014 , LaBeouf stated that a woman " stripped [ his ] clothing and proceeded to rape [ him ] " the previous February at his Los Angeles art installation # IAMSORRY . LaBeouf 's artist collaborators , Nastja Säde Rönkkö and Luke Turner , stated that as soon as they were aware of the incident starting to occur , they " put a stop to it . " In response to Piers Morgan 's questions on Twitter as to why the woman was not detained , Turner stated that she ran out before it was clear precisely what had happened , and that the first priority had been to ensure everybody 's safety in the gallery . When later asked whether they regretted not having a code of conduct for participants during the exhibit , Turner said , " I don ’ t think you need a notice on the wall saying ' Do not murder the artist ' . "
= = = Religion = = =
In 2004 , LaBeouf contributed an essay to the book I Am Jewish , by Judea Pearl , in which LaBeouf stated that he has a " personal relationship with God that happens to work within the confines of Judaism " . He has described himself as Jewish , but declared in 2007 that religion had " never made sense " to him . However , in an interview published in Interview Magazine in October 2014 , LaBeouf stated " I found God doing Fury . I became a Christian man , and not in a fucking bullshit way – in a very real way . I could have just said the prayers that were on the page . But it was a real thing that really saved me " .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= Samuel Hahnemann Monument =
The Samuel Hahnemann Monument , also known as Dr. Samuel Hahnemann , is a public artwork dedicated to Samuel Hahnemann , the founder of homeopathy . It is located on the east side of Scott Circle , a traffic circle in the northwest quadrant of Washington , D.C. The Classical Revival monument consists of an exedra designed by architect Julius Harder and a statue sculpted by Charles Henry Niehaus , whose works include the John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington , D.C. and several statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection . The monument is significant because Hahnemann is the first foreigner not associated with the American Revolution to be honored with a sculpture in Washington , D.C.
The monument was dedicated in 1900 following years of fundraising efforts by the American Institute of Homeopathy . Among the thousands of attendees at the dedication ceremony were prominent citizens including President William McKinley , Attorney General John W. Griggs , and General John Moulder Wilson . The monument was rededicated in 2000 and a restoration process was completed in 2011 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 . The monument and surrounding lot are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Samuel Hahnemann ( 1755 – 1843 ) was a German physician who created homeopathy , an alternative medicine system that is considered a pseudoscience . He studied chemistry and medicine at the University of Erlangen @-@ Nuremberg , earning a medical degree in 1779 . He was then appointed Surgeon @-@ in @-@ Chief at a hospital in Dresden and later served as superintendent of an insane asylum in Georgenthal . While serving on the faculty at Leipzig University , Hahnemann became disillusioned with standard medical procedures of the time , including over drugging and bleeding . He pursued what he considered " natural laws " of medicine , opposing allopathy and developed the " laws of similars " ( similia similibus curantur , meaning like is cured by like ) . His unorthodox views were controversial at the time , but Hahnemann continued to pursue his homeopathic studies and published several works , including The Organon of the Healing Act ( 1810 ) , Materia Medica Para ( 1811 – 1821 ) , and The Chronic Diseases , Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure ( 1828 ) . He is considered the greatest influence on the practice of homeopathy , which was very influential in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .
A monument honoring Hahnemann was first proposed in 1881 by physician James H. McClelland at a meeting of the Homeopathic Medical Society . It wasn 't until June 1892 at the 45th Session of the American Institute of Homeopathy ( AIH ) that the organization agreed to undertake the project . Members of the nation 's homeopathic community began raising funds , including the largest single donation of $ 4 @,@ 510 by physician Nancy T. Williams . The AIH was assisted in its endeavor by the National Sculpture Society , which formed a committee to select an artist and design . The committee consisted of sculptors George Edwin Bissell , Daniel Chester French , and Olin Levi Warner , and architects Thomas Hastings and Russell Sturgis . A design competition was held with 25 models submitted . They were displayed at the American Academy of the Fine Arts in New York City , the first time a public exhibition of competition models was held in the country . The committee unanimously selected the model submitted by Charles Henry Niehaus ( 1855 – 1935 ) .
Niehaus was a German @-@ American from Ohio who attended the Royal Academy in Munich . In 1881 , the Ohio state government commissioned him to create a statue of the recently assassinated President James A. Garfield . He moved to New York City in 1887 and opened a studio where his works included the pediments at the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State and the doors of Trinity Church . Niehaus was best known for his portraiture work , including eight statues for the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol and two works for the Thomas Jefferson Building 's Main Reading Room . His statue of John Paul Jones in Washington , D.C. is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) . Niehaus created Hahnemann 's likeness by using a bust sculpted by David d 'Angers that is now housed in the Saint Jacques Hospital in Paris .
While funds were being raised for the monument , permission to install the structure in Washington , D.C. was a difficult and long process . Hahnemann was not an American and had never visited the country . Supporters of the monument lobbied members of Congress to support its erection , but President Grover Cleveland refused to sign the agreement . After the election of President William McKinley , supporters renewed their efforts and eventually won the support of many congressional members and the president . But in 1899 , a congressional vote to authorize the monument being placed in Washington , D.C. failed . Members such as Representative L. Irving Handy of Delaware argued that only individuals who had distinguished careers in the military or civil branches of the national government should be honored in the city . Supporters finally won approval of Congress on January 31 , 1900 , when members voted to approve the monument 's placement and appropriate $ 4 @,@ 000 for its foundation . Hahnemann became the first foreigner not associated with the American Revolution to be honored with a sculpture in Washington , D.C. The site selected for the monument was chosen by a committee created by Congress . The committee included McClelland , who first proposed the monument , Senator George P. Wetmore and General John Moulder Wilson . The committee chose a site on the east side of Scott Circle " by reason of its abundant opportunities to display to the best advantage the delicate lines which are features of the artist 's work . " The architect chosen to design the monument was Julius Harder of the firm Israel and Harder . The statue was founded by the Gorham Manufacturing Company and the contractor was the Maine & New Hampshire Granite Company . The total cost of the monument and its installation was around $ 75 @,@ 000 .
= = = Dedication = = =
The dedication ceremony took place on June 21 , 1900 , during an AIH convention . Thousands of people , including hundreds of medical professionals , attended the elaborate ceremony at Scott Circle . In front of the monument were chairs for distinguished guests , including President McKinley and his wife , Ida , both supporters of homeopathy , Attorney General John W. Griggs , General Wilson , and District Commissioner Henry Brown Floyd MacFarland . Temporary scaffolding , adorned with flags and bunting , was built to shield these guests from the sun . When the president arrived , the Marine Band played " Hail to the Chief " .
Physician James Bayard Gregg Custis of Washington , D.C. presided over the event . His remarks included : " This monument is erected in the hope that from it , as a center , truth may be spread which will result in the lessening of suffering and the increased usefulness of mankind . " The invocation was provided by Presbyterian minister Benjamin Franklin Bittinger . McClelland , who served as chairman of the monument committee , gave a brief address and formally presented the monument to the AIH . The monument was then unveiled as the Marine Band played " My Country , ' Tis of Thee " . The president of the AIH , physician Charles E. Walton of Cincinnati , then presented the monument to the government on behalf of the organization 's members . He said , " Their labors make it possible , in this memorable year 1900 , which marks on the dial of time the dividing point of centuries , to rear in our nation 's capital this beautiful monument commemorating at once the genius of Samuel Hahnemann and the loyalty of his followers . " An ode by physician William Tod Helmuth of New York was read followed by acceptance of the monument by government representative Colonel Theodore A. Bingham . He said , " It is with great pleasure that I have the honor , as the government 's officer in charge of public buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia , to accept this monument on behalf of the government , and I assure you that every care will be taken for its preservation . "
The Marine Band then played " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " followed by an address by Attorney General Griggs . He stated : " In the center of this park stands the statue of a great warrior , General Scott ; on the other side is a statue of a great statesman and orator , Daniel Webster . Here on this side , with great appropriateness , has been placed the statue of a scientist , a reformer , a good physician . There is , said he , but one test of worthiness , and that is that a man shall have wrought in unselfishness , in the interests of his country , of humanity and the world . It was the merit of Dr. Hahnemann , he said , that he exposed fallacy , uncovered truth and uncovered errors . " The ceremony concluded with the crowd giving three cheers for the president followed by the band playing music . Following the ceremony , the president invited around 1 @,@ 000 guests to the White House and received them in the state rooms .
= = = Later history = = =
On June 21 , 2000 , one hundred years after the original dedication , the AIH hosted " Homeopathy 2000 : Rededication and Celebration in Washington , D.C. " A rededication ceremony organized by homeopathic societies and other organizations was held with an Armed Forces Color Guard and music provided by the Marine Band Brass Quintet . It was during this ceremony that attendees realized the monument was in need of repair , including the crumbling mosaic above the statue . Physician Sandra M. Chase of the American Institute of Homeopathy Hahnemann Monument Preservation Committee organized a fundraising drive called the Hahnemann Monument Restoration Project . During the next few years , AIH members and the public raised over $ 30 @,@ 000 for repairs . Working with the National Park Service ( NPS ) , the committee hired conservator Judy Jacob to oversee the restoration . The process included the statue being evaluated and cleaned , the granite edifice being cleaned , the fountain basin and pedestal on the back of the monument being restored , and the brick in the surrounding plaza being relayed and leveled . A missing oak tree was also replaced and an informal pathway was covered . The completion of the restoration project was marked by an event at the monument site on September 16 , 2011 , with representatives from the NPS and AIH in attendance .
The monument was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on February 22 , 2007 , and the NRHP on October 11 , 2007 . It is also designated a contributing property to the Sixteenth Street Historic District , listed on the NRHP in 1978 . The monument and surrounding lot are owned and maintained by the NPS , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = Design and location = =
The Samuel Hahnemann Monument is located on Reservation 64 , a small triangular lot on the east side of Scott Circle between Corregidor Street , Massachusetts Avenue , and Rhode Island Avenue NW . The monument faces west towards the traffic circle and the Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott equestrian statue . On the opposite side of the circle is the Daniel Webster Memorial , also listed on the NRHP .
The Classical Revival monument consists of an exedra with a seated statue of Hahnemann on a central niche . The statue measures 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall , 2 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) wide , and 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) long . He is wearing long robes and has his right leg crossed over his left leg . Hahnemann 's right arm is resting on the arm of the chair as his head rests against his right hand . His left arm is resting on the left arm of the chair and his left hand is holding a book . Hahnemann is depicted as bald and seeming to concentrate while looking down to his left . Above Hahnemann on the niche is a decorative ceramic mosaic designed in the Art Nouveau style and keystone lion head . On either side of the lion head are stone reliefs . The right relief is a snake wrapped around a chalice and the left relief is an open book and chemist 's bowl . The niche is flanked by columns and a top panel bears the inscription " HAHNEMANN " . Below the statue is a Latin inscription , " SIMILIA / SIMILIBUS / CURENTUR " , which translates " Likes Are Cured By Like . " On either side of the niche are a pair of bronze reliefs sculpted by Niehaus , each measuring 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high and 1 ft ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) long . The left reliefs depict Hahnemann as a student and as a chemist . The German inscription " DIE MILDE MACHT IST GROSS " , meaning " Gentle Power is Great " , is below the left reliefs . The right reliefs depict Hahnemann as a teacher and as a physician . The Latin inscription " IN OMNIBUS CARITAS " , meaning " In All Thing Charity " , is below the right reliefs . A shell motif is located above the reliefs on each side . On each end of the exedra is a post adorned with a shield and lion head . A large shell is on the top of each of these posts . Four semi @-@ circular steps lead to the exedra . The exedra is 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall , 36 ft ( 11 m ) long , and 24 ft ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide . On the back of the exedra is a fountain basin with a bird @-@ like fountain spout and a relief of two nude figures kneeling back to back .
Inscriptions on the monument include the following :
FEC ' 96 Gorham MFG Co / Founders C H Niehaus ( first left bronze relief )
C.H. Niehaus 1896 ( second left bronze relief )
CH Niehaus 96 ( first right bronze relief )
CH Niehaus / FEC ( second right bronze relief )
HAHNEMANN ( above niche )
SIMILIA / SIMILIBUS / CURENTUR ( base of figure )
AUDE SAPERE ( left side of figure )
NON INUTILIS VIXI ( right side of figure )
IN OMNIBUS CARITAS ( below reliefs , right side )
DIE MILDE MACHT IST GROSS ( below reliefs , left side )
ERLANGEN / DESSAU ( left end post )
COETHEN / LEIPZIG ( right end post )
MCM / CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SAMUEL HAHNEMANN / DOCTOR IN MEDICINE / HOFRATH / LEADER OF THE GREAT / MEDICAL REFORMATION / OF THE NINETEENTH / CENTURY / FOUNDER OF THE / HOMEOPATHIC SCHOOL ( back of exedra , center panel )
PARIS JULY 2 1843 ( back of exedra , right panel )
MEISSEN APRIL 11 , 1755 ( back of exedra , left panel )
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= Wendell Willkie =
Wendell Lewis Willkie ( born Lewis Wendell Willkie ; February 18 , 1892 – October 8 , 1944 ) was an American lawyer , corporate executive , and the 1940 Republican candidate for president . Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field 's only interventionist : although the U.S. remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbor , he favored greater U.S. involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies . His Democratic opponent , incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt , won the 1940 election with roughly 55 % of the popular vote to Willkie 's roughly 45 % of the popular vote . Willkie lost the electoral college vote by a wide margin .
Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892 ; both his parents were lawyers , and he also became one . He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the final days of the war , and saw no action . Willkie settled in Akron , Ohio , where he was initially employed by Firestone , but left for a law firm , becoming one of the leaders of the Akron bar . Much of his work was representing electric utilities and in 1929 , Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation ( C & S ) , a utility holding company . He was rapidly promoted , and became corporate president in 1933 . Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C & S , and announced plans for a Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) that would supply power in competition with C & S. Between 1933 and 1939 , Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress , in the courts , and before the public . He was ultimately unsuccessful , but sold C & S 's property for a good price , and gained public esteem .
A longtime Democratic activist , Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939 . He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries , but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention . He sought backing from uncommitted delegates , while his supporters , many youthful , enthusiastically promoted his candidacy . As Hitler rampaged through Western Europe in the spring of 1940 , many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Thomas E. Dewey , and turned to Willkie , who was nominated on the sixth ballot over Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft . Willkie 's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt , and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft . Both men took more isolationist positions in the final days of the race . Roosevelt won a third term , taking 38 of the 48 states .
After the election , Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt 's informal envoy , and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support . This angered many conservatives , especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes . Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944 , but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April . He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming , after the war , a liberal political party , but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit . Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt necessary political cover in 1940 , which allowed the president to aid Britain in her hour of need .
= = Youth , education and World War I service = =
Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood , Indiana on February 18 , 1892 , the son of Herman and Henrietta ( Trisch ) Willkie . Both of his parents were lawyers , his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar . All four of his grandparents emigrated from Germany after being involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions there . The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but as they were abolitionists , they moved to Indiana after the territory was opened to slavery in the mid @-@ 1850s . Willkie was the fourth of six children , all intelligent , and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well .
Although given the first name Lewis , Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name . Herman Willkie , who had come from Prussia with his parents at age four , was intensely involved in progressive politics , and in 1896 took his sons to a torchlight procession for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan , who had come to Elwood during his campaign . The Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths , and though the Willkies won their battle , Bryan did not , defeated by former Ohio governor William McKinley . When Bryan ran again in 1900 , he stayed overnight at the Willkie home , and the Democratic candidate for president became the first political hero for the boy who would later seek that office .
By the time Willkie reached age 14 and Elwood High School , his parents were concerned about a lack of discipline and a slight stoop , and sent him to Culver Military Academy for a summer in an attempt to correct both . Willkie began to shine as a student at high school , inspired by his English teacher ; one classmate said that Philip " Pat " Bing " fixed that boy up . He started preaching to Wendell to get to work and that kid went to town . " Faced with a set of athletic brothers — Edward became an Olympic wrestler — Willkie joined the football team but had little success ; he enjoyed the debate team more , but was several times disciplined for arguing with teachers . He was class president his final year , and president of the most prominent fraternity , but resigned from the latter when a sorority blackballed his girlfriend , Gwyneth Harry , as the daughter of immigrants .
During Willkie 's summer vacations from high school , he worked , often far from home . In 1909 , aged 17 , his journey took him from Aberdeen , South Dakota , where he rose from dishwasher to co @-@ owner of a flophouse , to Yellowstone National Park , where he was fired after losing control of the horses drawing a tourist stagecoach . Back in Elwood , Herman Willkie was representing striking workers at the local tin plate factory , and in August journeyed with Wendell to Chicago in an attempt to get liberal attorney Clarence Darrow to take over the representation . They found Darrow willing , but at too high a price for the union to meet ; Darrow told Wendell Willkie , " there is nothing unethical in being adequately compensated for advocating a cause in which you deeply believe . "
After graduation from Elwood High in January 1910 , Willkie enrolled at Indiana University in Bloomington . There , he became a student rebel , chewing tobacco , reading Marx , and petitioning the faculty to add a course on socialism to the curriculum . He also involved himself in campus politics , successfully managing the campaign of future Indiana governor Paul McNutt for student office , but when Willkie ran himself , he was defeated . He graduated in June 1913 , and to earn money for law school , taught high school history in Coffeyville , Kansas , coaching debaters and several sports teams . In November 1914 , he left his job there for one as a lab assistant in Puerto Rico arranged by his brother Fred . Wendell Willkie saw workers badly abused ; the experience deepened his commitment to social justice .
Willkie enrolled at Indiana School of Law in the fall of 1915 . He was a top student , and graduated with high honors in 1916 . At the commencement ceremony , with the state supreme court present , he gave a provocative speech criticizing his school . The faculty withheld his degree , but granted it after two days of intense debate . Willkie joined his parents ' law firm , but volunteered for the United States Army on April 2 , 1917 , the day President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany . An army clerk transposed his first two names ; with Willkie unwilling to invest the time to have the bureaucracy correct it , he kept his name as Wendell Lewis Willkie . Commissioned as a first lieutenant , Willkie was sent for artillery training , meaning he did not embark for France until September 1918 . In January of that year , he married Edith Wilk , a Rushville , Indiana librarian ; the couple had one son , Philip . The war ended before Willkie reached the front , and he spent his time defending soldiers who had slipped away for time in Paris against orders . He was recommended for promotion to captain , but was discharged in early 1919 before the paperwork went through .
= = Lawyer and executive ( 1919 – 39 ) = =
= = = Akron attorney and activist = = =
Discharged from the army , Willkie returned to Elwood . He considered a run for Congress as a Democrat , but was advised that the district was so Republican he would be unlikely to keep the seat even if he could win it , and his chances might be better in a more urban area . Herman Willkie wanted Wendell and Robert to rejoin the family law firm , but Henrietta was opposed , feeling that opportunities in Elwood were too limited for her sons . She got her way , and in May 1919 Wendell Willkie successfully applied for a job with the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron , Ohio as head of the legal office that advised workers on wills and other personal matters . He was soon bored there , and on the advice of his wife , left for a law firm despite an offer from Harvey Firestone to double his salary . Firestone told the departing lawyer that he would never amount to anything because he was a Democrat .
Willkie became active in the Akron Democratic Party , becoming prominent enough while still with Firestone to introduce the Democratic presidential nominee , Ohio Governor James M. Cox , when he came to town during the 1920 campaign . He was a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention , and supported New York Governor Al Smith through the record 103 ballots , when the nomination fell to former West Virginia congressman John W. Davis . More important to Willkie , though , was a fight against the Ku Klux Klan , which had become powerful in much of the nation and in the Democratic Party , but he and other delegates were unsuccessful in their attempt to include a plank in the party platform condemning the Klan . He also backed a proposed plank in support of the League of Nations that ultimately failed . In 1925 , Willkie led a successful effort to oust Klan members on the Akron school board .
After leaving Firestone in 1920 , Willkie joined leading Akron law firm Mather & Nesbitt , which represented several local public utilities . Although he quickly gained a reputation as a leading trial lawyer , he was especially noted for presenting utility cases before the Ohio Public Utilities Commission . In 1925 , he became president of the Akron Bar Association . One of Willkie 's clients , Ohio Power & Light , was owned by New York @-@ based Commonwealth & Southern Corporation ( C & S ) , whose chairman , B.C. Cobb , noticed him . Cobb wrote to the senior partner of Willkie 's firm , " I think he is a comer and we should keep an eye on him . " In 1929 , Cobb offered Willkie a salary of $ 36 @,@ 000 to be corporate counsel to C & S , a job which would involve a move to New York , and Willkie accepted .
= = = Commonwealth & Southern executive = = =
Wendell and Edith Willkie moved to New York in October 1929 , only weeks before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and found an apartment overlooking Central Park . Initially intimidated by the size and anonymity of the big city , Wendell Willkie soon learned to love it . He attended the Broadway theatre , and read through ten newspapers each day . Willkie and his wife had little in common , and grew apart through the 1930s . He acquired a social life , and met Irita Van Doren , the book review editor of the New York Herald Tribune who became a friend , and later his lover . Cultured , brilliant and well connected , Van Doren introduced him to new books , new ideas , and new circles of friends . Unlike Van Doren , Willkie was indiscreet about their relationship , and their affair was well known to the reporters covering him during his 1940 presidential campaign . None of them printed a word .
At C & S , Willkie rose rapidly under the eye of Cobb , impressing his superiors . Much of his work was outside New York City ; Willkie was brought in to help try important cases or aid in the preparation of major legal briefs . Cobb , a pioneer in the electricity transmission business , had presided over the 1929 merger of 165 utilities that made C & S the largest electric utility holding company in the country . He promoted Willkie over 50 junior executives , designating the younger man as his successor . In January 1933 , Willkie became president of C & S.
Willkie maintained his interest in politics , and was a delegate to the 1932 Democratic National Convention . Since the incumbent Republican president , Herbert Hoover , was widely blamed for the Depression that had followed the stock market crash , the nominee would have a good chance of becoming president . The major candidates were Smith ( the 1928 nominee ) , Smith 's successor as New York 's governor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Speaker of the House John Nance Garner , and former Secretary of War Newton D. Baker sought the nomination . Willkie backed Baker , and was an assistant floor manager for his campaign . With a two @-@ thirds majority needed to gain the Democratic presidential nomination , Willkie and others tried to deadlock the convention in the hope that it would turn to Baker . Roosevelt was willing to swing his votes to Baker in the event of a stalemate , but this did not occur , as Governor Roosevelt gained the nomination on the fourth ballot . Willkie , although disappointed , backed Roosevelt , and donated $ 150 to his successful campaign .
= = = TVA battle = = =
Soon after taking office , President Roosevelt proposed legislation creating the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , a government agency with far @-@ reaching influence that promised to bring flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished Tennessee Valley . However , the TVA would compete with existing private power companies in the area , including C & S subsidiaries . Willkie appeared before the House Military Affairs Committee on April 14 , 1933 . He approved of the ideas for development of the Tennessee Valley , but felt that the government role should be limited to selling power generated by dams . Although the House of Representatives passed a bill limiting the TVA 's powers , the Senate took the opposite stance , and the latter position prevailed .
Negotiations took place though the remainder of 1933 for C & S to sell assets , including a transmission line , to allow the TVA to distribute energy to retail customers , leading to an agreement on January 4 , 1934 . TVA head David Lilienthal was impressed by Willkie , who left him " somewhat overwhelmed " and " pretty badly scared " . C & S agreed to sell some of its properties in part of the Tennessee Valley , and the government agreed that the TVA would not compete with C & S in many areas . In October 1934 , holders of securities issued by a C & S subsidiary filed suit to block the transfer . Willkie angrily denied that he had prompted the lawsuit , though plaintiffs ' counsel proved later to have been paid by the Edison Electric Institute , of which Willkie was a board member . Willkie warned that New York capital might avoid Tennessee if the TVA experiment continued , and when Roosevelt gave a speech in praise of the agency , issued a statement rebutting him . By 1934 , Willkie had become the spokesman for the private electric power industry .
Amid this tension , Willkie and Roosevelt met for the first time , at the White House on December 13 , 1934 . The meeting was outwardly cordial , but each man told his own version of what occurred : the president boasted of having outtalked Willkie , while the executive sent a soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ famous telegram to his wife : " CHARM OVERRATED ... I DIDNT TELL HIM WHAT YOU THINK OF HIM " Roosevelt decided that the utility holding companies had to be broken up , so stated in his 1935 State of the Union address and met with Willkie later in January to inform him of his intent . In the meantime , the companies did their best to sabotage the TVA ; farmers were told by corporate representatives that lines from the new Norris Dam could not carry enough power to make a light bulb glow , and the company ran " spite lines " that might not even carry power in an effort to invoke the non @-@ compete agreement over broad areas .
Through 1935 , as the breakup legislation wound through Congress , and litigation through the courts , Willkie was the industry 's chief spokesman and lobbyist . When the Senate narrowly passed a bill for the breakup , Willkie made a series of speeches asking the public to oppose the legislation , and a storm of letters to congressmen followed . After the House of Representatives defeated the breakup clause , investigation proved that many of these communications were funded by the electric companies , signed with names taken from the telephone book , though Willkie was not implicated . Amid public anger , Roosevelt forced through a bill requiring the breakup to take place within three years .
In September 1936 , Roosevelt and Willkie met again at the White House , and a truce followed as both sides waited to see if Roosevelt would be re @-@ elected over the Republican , Kansas Governor Alf Landon . Willkie , who voted for Landon , expected a narrow victory for the Republican , but Roosevelt won an overwhelming landslide as Landon won only Maine and Vermont . In December , a federal district court judge granted the C & S companies an injunction against the TVA , and negotiations broke off by Roosevelt 's order as the litigation continued . Willkie took his case to the people , writing columns for major publications , and proposing terms for an agreement that The New York Times described as " sensible and realistic " . He received favorable press , and many invitations to speak .
The January 1938 Supreme Court ruling in Alabama Power Co. v. Ickes , resolving the 1934 case , and the lifting of the injunction by an appeals court , sent the parties back to the negotiating table . Willkie kept the public pressure on : like most corporate executives , he had not spoken out against Roosevelt 's New Deal policies , but in January stated in a radio debate that anti @-@ utility policies were depressing share prices , making it hard to attract investment that would help America to recover . " For several years now , we have been listening to a bedtime story , telling us that the men who hold office in Washington are , by their very positions , endowed with a special virtue . " The Saturday Evening Post dubbed Willkie " the man who talked back " .
Willkie and Lilienthal negotiated for a year , with Willkie wanting $ 88 million for C & S 's properties in and around the Tennessee Valley , and the TVA offering $ 55 million . After a final , January 1939 , legal defeat for C & S in the Supreme Court , the pace of the talks quickened , and on February 1 , 1939 , C & S sold the assets to the TVA for $ 78 @.@ 6 million . Securities and Exchange Commission chairman William O. Douglas deemed Willkie to have outsmarted Lilienthal . Though defeated in the courts , Willkie had gained national stature for driving a hard bargain for his shareholders , and was seen by some as a potential presidential candidate in 1940 .
= = 1940 presidential election = =
= = = Dark horse candidate = = =
The 1940 presidential campaign was conducted against the backdrop of World War II . Although the United States remained neutral , the nation — and especially the Republican Party — was deeply divided between isolationists , who felt the nation should avoid any steps that could lead America into the war , and interventionists , who felt that America 's survival depended upon helping the Allies defeat Nazi Germany . The three leading candidates for the 1940 Republican nomination were all isolationists to varying degrees : Senators Robert A. Taft of Ohio and Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan , and Thomas E. Dewey , the young ( 38 ) , " gangbusting " Manhattan District Attorney . Roosevelt 's popularity had declined since the 1936 landslide , but many still hoped he would run for an unprecedented third term . He had long contemplated one , but made no announcement . Roosevelt 's decision @-@ making on this point is uncertain : as late as April 1940 , he may have been thinking of retirement . If he stepped aside , possible candidates included Vice President Garner , Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Postmaster General James A. Farley .
On the assumption Roosevelt would not seek a third term , Willkie had been spoken of as a possible Democratic presidential candidate as early as 1937 , but raised his stock considerably when on January 3 , 1938 , he debated Assistant Attorney General Robert H. Jackson on the radio show , Town Meeting of the Air . With the topic cooperation between the public and private sectors , Willkie came across as a businessman with a heart , while Jackson appeared dull . A stream of positive press mentions for Willkie continued through 1938 and into 1939 , culminating with a favorable cover story in Time magazine in July 1939 . Willkie was initially dismissive of the many letters he received urging him to run for president , but changed his mind . Van Doren thought Willkie could be president , and worked to persuade her contacts . After hosting the Willkies for a weekend , Fortune magazine managing editor Russell Davenport became convinced Wendell Willkie had presidential timber ; he devoted the magazine 's April 1940 issue to Willkie , and later served as his campaign manager . In that issue , Willkie wrote an article , " We The People : A Foundation for a Political Platform for Recovery , " urging both major parties to omit anti @-@ business policies from their party platforms , protect individual rights , and oppose foreign aggression while supporting world trade . This piece won him applause and supporters from the press .
Willkie never had any doubt that Roosevelt would run for a third term , and that his route to the White House would have to be through the Republican Party . In late 1939 he changed his registration from Democratic to Republican , and early in 1940 announced that he would accept the Republican nomination if it were offered to him . He blamed his allegiance shift on the Roosevelt policies that he deemed anti @-@ business . He had voted for Landon in 1936 , he said , and he felt that the Democrats no longer represented the values he advocated . As he later characterized it , " I did not leave my party . My party left me . "
The start of the war in September 1939 alarmed many Americans , but the majority thought the U.S. should not get involved . Willkie spoke often about the threat to America and the need to aid Britain and other Allies . Willkie biographer Steve Neal wrote that the war " transformed Willkie from a big @-@ business critic of the New Deal into a champion of freedom . And it gave his candidacy new purpose . " Despite the chatter about Willkie , there were many who were skeptical about his chances should he seek the nomination . Kenneth F. Simpson , Republican National Committeeman from New York , initially thought the idea of a Willkie run to be silly . Indiana Senator James Watson stated that he did not mind if " the town whore " joined the church , but she should not lead the choir the first week . Willkie did not enter the Republican primaries , placing his hope in a deadlocked convention . His campaign was composed mostly of political amateurs . New York lawyer Orem Root , Jr . ( grandnephew of former Secretary of State Elihu Root ) formed a network of local Willkie Clubs , which attracted a large membership among Republicans discontented with their leadership and seeking a new figure who might beat Roosevelt . He especially appealed to liberal , Eastern Establishment Republicans who saw none of the declared candidates to their liking . His rumpled suits , country @-@ style haircut , and Indiana twang carried reminders of ordinary midwesterners , something which led to some mocking as the efforts to nominate him became more obvious : Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes mocked that Willkie was " a simple , barefoot Wall Street lawyer " . Alice Roosevelt Longworth stated that the Willkie campaign came " from the grass roots of ten thousand country clubs " .
Although Willkie entered no primaries , this did not greatly disadvantage him as most were " beauty contests " serving only to show voter preferences and not elect delegates . The primaries were governed by a complex set of unwritten rules about who would enter which primary and Taft ran only in his native Ohio , where Dewey did not enter his name . Most delegates pledged to support a candidate had no strong attachment : what was important to most Republicans was to field a nominee who could beat Roosevelt . The run @-@ up to the June convention in Philadelphia coincided with Hitler 's advance in Western Europe , and delegates had second thoughts about running an isolationist , let alone a young one without national experience such as Dewey . Willkie , who had spoken out against isolationism , and who was a successful executive , was an attractive possibility . Willkie made speeches widely , including in a tour of New England that paid off with promises of support , though delegates might first support a favorite son candidate for a ballot or two . Important converts to Willkie 's cause included Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen and Massachusetts Governor Leverett Saltonstall . The move to Willkie was reflected in polls ; he went from 3 to 29 percent in the seven weeks before the convention , while Dewey , the frontrunner , fell from 67 to 47 percent .
= = = Convention = = =
The 1940 Republican National Convention opened at the Philadelphia Civic Center on June 24 , 1940 . As the delegates assembled , they discussed the war , the candidates , and Roosevelt 's appointment of two Republican interventionists to his cabinet four days before the convention . Henry L. Stimson , Secretary of War under President Taft and of State under Hoover , was restored to the War position , and Landon 's 1936 running mate , Frank Knox , was appointed Navy Secretary . The cabinet appointments divided the Republicans , who accused Roosevelt of dirty politics .
Willkie arrived by train in Philadelphia on June 22 , two days before the convention , and immediately attracted attention by walking from 30th Street Station to his hotel , answering questions from reporters and anyone else who could get close enough to be heard . Dewey , Vandenberg and Taft had large public headquarters , but Willkie 's campaign was run from clandestine rooms at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel . Root 's Willkie Clubs and other supporters bombarded the delegates with telegrams urging support for their candidate , to the annoyance of some . Key convention officials were Willkie supporters ; these included House Minority Leader Joe Martin , Massachusetts ' favorite son and permanent chairman of the convention . When the head of the Committee on Arrangements , Ralph Williams ( deemed likely to support Taft ) died just before the convention , he was succeeded by the vice chairman , Sam Pryor , a firm Willkie backer . This placed a Willkie supporter in charge of tickets for the public galleries .
The opening night of the convention saw the keynote speech by Governor Stassen ; he subsequently announced his support for Willkie and became one of the candidate 's floor managers . The second night featured a speech by the only living former president , Herbert Hoover , who hoped to stampede the convention to a third nomination . His address went almost unheard in the hall because of problems with the sound system . In the meantime , the Dewey campaign , faced with the German announcement that with France taken , Hitler 's forces would sail on Britain , did its best to stem the flow of delegates to Willkie . Negotiations among Dewey , Taft , and Vandenberg came to nothing as none was willing to accept less than the presidential nomination . A blaze of publicity followed Willkie wherever he went , as he caucused with delegates and appeared at press conferences with supporters , including the entire Connecticut delegation . A strong minority of African Americans still supported the Republicans , and Willkie met with a group of them , urging those delegates to visit him in the White House in 1941 .
Indiana Congressman Charles Halleck gave the nominating speech for Willkie on the evening of June 26 , arguing that Willkie 's recent conversion to the Republican Party was no reason not to nominate him , " is the Republican Party a closed corporation ? Do you have to be born into it ? " When Halleck mentioned Willkie 's name , there were initially boos from some delegates , but they were quickly drowned out by those in the public balconies , who thunderously chanted , " We want Willkie ! " . Pryor had cut ticket allocations to delegations that were not for Willkie , and distributed thousands of standing room passes to Willkie partisans . The vocal support for Willkie among spectators led to complaints that other campaigns had been shorted in the distribution of tickets , but provided one of the convention 's most dramatic moments .
Dewey had predicted he would have 400 of the 501 votes needed to nominate on the first ballot and kept nothing in reserve so that he might show momentum in future ballots . When delegates first balloted on the afternoon of June 27 , he had only 360 to 189 for Taft , 105 for Willkie , and 76 for Vandenberg . On the second ballot , Dewey began to slip , falling to 338 to Taft 's 203 and 171 for Willkie . The losses greatly damaged Dewey 's campaign , as other than the trivial losses suffered in the early rounds of balloting by Warren G. Harding in 1920 , no Republican candidate had ever lost support from the previous ballot and won the nomination . Dewey came under pressure from his advisors to withdraw during the dinner break that followed the second ballot , and when the convention resumed to chants of " We want Willkie ! " from the packed galleries , Dewey continued to slip as the convention became a two @-@ horse race between Taft and Willkie . Listening by radio from his hotel room , Willkie refused to make a deal to get support from Taft delegates in exchange for making the Ohioan his running mate , and became convinced he would lose on the fifth ballot . Dewey had planned to go to the convention and withdraw , hoping to stop Willkie by endorsing Taft , but by the time he decided this , the fifth ballot was about to begin and he could not get to the Civic Center in time . Willkie led with 429 delegates after the fifth ballot , while Taft held 377 and Dewey only 57 . The large states whose votes still were not committed to one of the two leaders were Pennsylvania ( Governor Arthur James was the favorite son ) and Michigan , most of whose delegates stayed with Senator Vandenberg . Although Willkie had refrained from making deals to this point , to get Michigan , he agreed to allow the Republican organization there to pick that state 's federal judges . The sixth ballot , held at 12 : 20 am on June 28 , saw Taft , then Willkie take the lead . As those in the gallery continued to call for Willkie , Vandenberg released his delegates , most of whom went to Willkie . Pennsylvania also broke for him , making Willkie the Republican nominee for president on a vote that was made unanimous .
Willkie had offered the vice presidential nomination to Connecticut Governor Raymond Baldwin , a key supporter , but scuttled those plans after his advisors and Republican officials felt that a New York @-@ Connecticut ticket would not give sufficient geographic balance . They urged Willkie to select the Senate Minority Leader , Oregon 's Charles McNary . A lawyer , advocate of public power , and farmer , McNary was popular and respected in the West . Willkie agreed , and got Baldwin to withdraw as others persuaded McNary , who had called Willkie a tool of Wall Street after arriving in Philadelphia . The convention dutifully nominated McNary . Before departing Philadelphia , Willkie went to the Civic Center to appear before the delegates who had chosen him , becoming the first Republican nominee to speak to the convention after gaining its endorsement :
Democracy and our way of life is facing the most crucial test it has ever faced in all its long history ; and we here are not Republicans , alone , but Americans , to dedicate ourselves to the democratic way of life in the United States because here stands the last firm , untouched foothold of freedom in all the world .
= = = General election campaign = = =
After the convention , Willkie returned to New York . When he went to the movies , he received a standing ovation , as he did when he went to see the play Life With Father . He resigned from C & S on July 8 , 1940 , confident that even if he lost his presidential bid , he would not lack for work . He had Republican National Committee ( RNC ) chairman John Hamilton dismissed on the advice of some of his advisors , who felt Hamilton was too conservative and isolationist , though the former chairman was given the post of executive director with partial responsibility for the Willkie campaign . Congressman Martin became RNC chair . At a time when little campaigning was done until after Labor Day , Willkie left on a five @-@ week working vacation to The Broadmoor , a resort in Colorado Springs , but found neither peace nor privacy .
Roosevelt had been surprised by the outcome of the Republican convention , having expected to oppose a conservative isolationist . The polls showed Willkie behind by only six points , and the president expected this to be a more difficult race than he had faced in his defeats of Hoover and Landon . Roosevelt felt that Willkie 's nomination would remove the war issue from the campaign . Roosevelt was nominated by the Democratic convention at Chicago in July , though he stated that because of the world crisis , he would not actively campaign , leaving that to surrogates . The fact that both major @-@ party presidential candidates favored intervention frustrated isolationists , who considered wooing Charles Lindbergh as a third party candidate .
Willkie formally accepted the nomination at Elwood on August 17 before a crowd of at least 150 @,@ 000 , the largest political gathering in the United States to that point . It was an extremely hot day , and Willkie , who tried to read his speech from a typed manuscript without enlargement , failed to ignite the crowd . He remained in Rushville , where he owned farmland , over the next month , trying to become more associated with his native state than with Wall Street . He gave interviews to reporters there , and his firm support for Roosevelt 's aid for the Allies led Congressman Martin and Senator McNary to support a peacetime draft despite the strident objections of many Republicans and some Democrats . Roosevelt contacted Willkie through intermediaries to ensure that the Republican candidate would not make a political issue out of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement ; Willkie was supportive of the transfer , though he felt Congress should act , and opposed Roosevelt sending armaments to Britain by executive order .
Conservatives and isolationists had little enthusiasm for the Willkie campaign , and the moderates wanted to see stronger positions on progressive issues and foreign policy . Publisher Henry Luce decried both Roosevelt and Willkie for failing to be honest with the American people , " America will never be ready for any war until she makes her mind up there is going to be a war . " ( italics in original ) Despite his pledge not to campaign , Roosevelt made inspection tours to military installations , well covered by the press . The president did not mention Willkie by name , seeking to avoid giving the Republican publicity . According to Susan Dunn in her book in the 1940 campaign , this forced Willkie " to box against a phantom opponent and carry on a one @-@ sided partisan debate ... Even in Willkie 's speeches , Roosevelt occupied center stage " . Willkie promised to keep intact New Deal social welfare programs , expand Social Security , and provide full employment , a job for everyone : " I pledge a new world " .
On September 12 , Willkie began a whistle @-@ stop tour by train , and between then and November 2 , he reached 31 of the 48 states . He did not visit the Solid South , though he spoke in Texas , hoping to win it as Hoover had in 1928 . Willkie filled the Los Angeles Coliseum with 70 @,@ 000 middle @-@ class supporters , but reporters saw few working @-@ class people at his rallies , and he cancelled some appearances at auto plants in the Midwest . Other people in working @-@ class areas booed the candidate , held up signs in support of Roosevelt , or pelted his motorcade with overripe fruit . Although Edith Willkie accompanied her husband on his tour ( he had little time for contact with Van Doren ) , she disliked the media attention and did not give interviews , completing the campaign without ever giving a speech . On one occasion , she looked at her husband and stated , " Politics makes strange bedfellows " . The Democrats knew of Willkie 's affair with Van Doren , but the Republicans had letters from Henry A. Wallace , the Democratic vice presidential nominee , to his former guru , Russian mystic Nicholas Roerich , and neither issue became a factor in the campaign .
With polls released on October 6 showing Roosevelt well ahead , Willkie began to sound an isolationist theme , accusing Roosevelt of being a warmonger . Many of Willkie 's speeches to that point had been on domestic issues , but he had been advised by Martin , Hamilton , and other advisors that the war was the issue the voters really cared about . Willkie began to argue that Roosevelt would not keep the U.S. out of war , but that he would . He was given room to make this argument by the United Kingdom 's increasing success in the Battle of Britain , as it was clear a German invasion was not imminent . The polls showed voters responding positively to this new tack , and Willkie kept on this course for the remainder of the campaign . Roosevelt reacted by scheduling five speeches for the final days , in which he proposed to rebut Willkie 's " falsifications " . The president stated , " I have said again and again and again that your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars . " Willkie was prone to ad lib remarks , which sometimes led to gaffes : addressing steelworkers , he pledged to appoint a new Secretary of Labor , " and it will not be a woman either " . This allusion to Secretary Frances Perkins , the only woman to hold a cabinet position in American history to that point , did not aid him among female voters .
Willkie concluded his campaign on November 2 with a large rally at New York 's Madison Square Garden . Polls showed him four points behind Roosevelt , but with a trend towards the Republicans . Many pundits expected a tight race . On Election Day , November 5 , 1940 , the early returns were encouraging , but quickly turned against Willkie . By 11 pm , radio commentators were reporting that Roosevelt had won a third term . Willkie received 45 percent of the popular vote to Roosevelt 's 55 percent . The president received 27 @.@ 2 million votes to Willkie 's 22 @.@ 3 million , and won 449 to 82 in the Electoral College . Willkie won 10 states to the president 's 38 though he did better than Hoover and Landon had against Roosevelt . Willkie 's popular vote total of 22 @,@ 348 @,@ 480 set a record for a Republican not broken until Eisenhower in 1952 .
The endorsement of CIO head John L. Lewis probably gave Willkie Michigan , and he gained ground in the suburbs and rural areas , but Roosevelt consolidated his 1936 coalition of working @-@ class Americans , minorities , and Southerners to take the election . On the evening of November 11 , Willkie gave a nationwide radio address , urging those who had voted for him not to oppose Roosevelt on all issues , but to give support where it was called for . In late November , Willkie interrupted a Florida vacation for a speech he concluded by offering a toast " to the health and happiness of the President of the United States " ; Roosevelt confided to his son James : " I 'm happy I 've won , but I 'm sorry Wendell lost " .
= = Activist and statesman ( 1940 – 43 ) = =
= = = Visit to Great Britain = = =
Although defeated in the election , Willkie had become a major figure on the public scene , and at age 48 , was deemed likely to remain one for years to come . Landon had received some 6 @,@ 000 letters commiserating with him in his defeat ; Willkie received over 100 @,@ 000 . Financially independent , he was in no hurry to decide among the many offers of employment from top law firms and major corporations . He resumed his affair with Van Doren .
While on vacation , Willkie decided his next cause should be military aid to embattled Britain , and announced his support for the president 's Lend @-@ Lease program on January 13 , 1941 . Lend @-@ Lease was highly unpopular in the Republican Party , and Willkie 's announcement created a firestorm , with Landon and Taft decrying his actions . Former RNC chairman Hamilton wrote that of the almost 200 Republican members of the House and Senate , " Willkie couldn 't dig up ten friends if his life depended on it . "
Roosevelt , both appreciating Willkie 's talents , and seeking to divide and conquer his opposition , had been mulling over ways his former opponent might be of use . The president 's onetime advisor , Justice Felix Frankfurter , had suggested to Van Doren on New Year 's Eve that Willkie should travel across the Atlantic to demonstrate bipartisan support for Britain . Willkie had already been planning a visit in support of Britain . Roosevelt believed that the visit of the nominal head of the opposition party would be far more effective in demonstrating American support than sending one of his advisors .
Willkie visited the president at the White House for the first time as an ally on January 19 , 1941 , the evening before Roosevelt 's third swearing @-@ in . The president asked Willkie to be his informal personal representative to Britain , and Willkie accepted . Eleanor Roosevelt recorded that family members and White House staff found excuses to observe Willkie , and she would have done so herself had she been aware of the visit as it was happening . Roosevelt urged Willkie to see W. Averell Harriman and Harry Hopkins , both in London on missions from Roosevelt , and gave his former rival a letter to be hand @-@ delivered to the British prime minister , Winston Churchill . At this time it was not routine for politicians to travel abroad ; McNary , with considerable influence in foreign affairs , had never left North America . Thus , there was much public attention on Willkie 's mission . He departed from New York Municipal Field for London on January 22 .
Upon arrival , Willkie told the press , " I want to do all I can to get the United States to give England the utmost aid possible in her struggle " . Willkie saw the damage Nazi bombing had inflicted on Britain , visiting bombed @-@ out sites in London , Birmingham , Coventry , Manchester and Liverpool . In London during the Blitz , he walked the streets at night without helmet or gas mask ( until Churchill gave him some ) , visiting bomb shelters . Churchill hosted Willkie at an official luncheon at 10 Downing Street and had him as a guest at Chequers . In his writings , Churchill recalled " a long talk with this most able and forceful man " .
Although it was cut short by Roosevelt 's desire to have him testify before Congress on Lend @-@ Lease , Willkie 's visit to Britain was deemed a triumph . Willkie also went to Ireland , hoping to persuade Éamon de Valera to abandon neutrality , but his urging was unavailing . Willkie left London for Washington on February 5 ; because of the risk of being shot down by Nazi aircraft , the roundabout journey home took four days . He testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on February 11 , and his support was key to passing Lend @-@ Lease .
Willkie 's Senate testimony made him the leading interventionist outside the government , with Lindbergh ( who had testified against Lend @-@ Lease ) the leading isolationist , and they debated in the pages of magazines . Roosevelt weighed in , backing his former opponent in a radio address on March 29 . " The leader of the Republican Party himself — Mr. Wendell Willkie — in word and in action is showing what patriotic Americans mean by rising above partisanship and rallying to the common cause . " That same month , a Gallup poll showed that 60 percent of Americans believed Willkie would have made a good president .
In April 1941 , Willkie joined the New York law firm of Miller , Boston , and Owen as senior partner , with the firm changing its name to Willkie , Owen , Otis , Farr , and Gallagher . Two months later , he agreed to represent motion picture producers before a Senate subcommittee which was investigating claims that Hollywood was producing pro @-@ war propaganda . Willkie defended the rights of the studios to make films that reflected their views , and warned , " the rights of the individuals mean nothing if freedom of speech and freedom of the press are destroyed . " Congress took no further action .
In the fall of 1941 , Willkie fought for the repeal of the Neutrality Act . In September , Lindbergh accused American Jews of " agitating for war " ; Willkie responded that the aviator 's speech was " the most un @-@ American made in my time " . Willkie lobbied Republican congressmen to repeal the act . The measure passed Congress with the aid of Republican votes , though most of that party voted against . Roosevelt invited Willkie to dedicate Mount Rushmore , but because of other commitments , Willkie could not . Roosevelt also sought to have Willkie join his administration , which the Republican was reluctant to do , wishing to preserve independence of word and action .
= = = Wartime advocate = = =
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Willkie offered his full support to Roosevelt . Willkie was interested in the post of war production czar , but that position went to Donald M. Nelson . Labor Secretary Perkins offered to have Willkie arbitrate between management and labor in war industries , but Willkie declined after White House officials informed the press . In the spring of 1942 , Willkie considered a run for Governor of New York . He later stated that Roosevelt had been willing to endorse him , but Willkie ultimately concluded that the Dewey forces were too strong and a defeat might eliminate him from a possible run for president in 1944 . In July , Willkie proposed to Roosevelt that he go on another foreign mission , and the following month Willkie announced that he would be visiting the Soviet Union , China , and the Middle East . Dewey wrote , " I hear he is going to Russia before the Republican [ state ] convention , so he will be where he belongs and I hope he stays there until Christmas " .
According to Dunn , Willkie 's mission was to be Roosevelt 's personal representative , " demonstrating American unity , gathering information , and discussing with key heads of state plans of the postwar future " . After leaving the U.S. on August 26 , Willkie 's first stop was North Africa , where he met General Montgomery and toured the front at El Alamein . In Beirut , he stayed with General de Gaulle , leader of the Free French . In Jerusalem , Willkie met with Jews and Arabs , told the British ruling Palestine that both peoples should be brought into the government , and later wrote that the conflict there was so ancient , it was unrealistic to think it could " be solved by good will and simple honesty " . Willkie had been moved to add the Soviet Union to his itinerary when three Western reporters there urged him by telegram to do so . There , he met with Stalin , and on his return advocated more liberal Lend @-@ Lease terms for the USSR . In China , Willkie was hosted by Chiang Kai @-@ Shek and was fascinated by Madame Chiang . Willkie was taken to the front against the Japanese , and spoke out against colonialism , in China and elsewhere . His statements were reported widely in Britain , angering Churchill , who responded , " We mean to hold our own . I have not become the King 's First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire . "
While in the USSR , Willkie urged the opening of a second front against the Germans ; when reporters asked Roosevelt about those comments , the president responded flippantly that he had read the headlines but had not considered the speculative comments worth the reading . This angered Willkie , and on his return from his 49 @-@ day trip , he confronted Roosevelt about it when making his report at the White House .
On October 26 , 1942 , Willkie made a " Report to the People " , telling Americans about his trip in a radio speech heard by about 36 million people . The following April , he published One World , a book Van Doren edited , in which he recounted his travels and urged that America join a worldwide organization after the war was successfully concluded . The book was an immediate bestseller , selling a million copies in its first month . It was especially influential as Willkie was seen by many as having transcended partisan politics .
= = = Civil rights activist = = =
During his 1940 campaign , Willkie had pledged to integrate the civil service and armed forces , and proudly pointed to what he deemed the strongest civil rights plank in history in the Republican platform . He also promised to end segregation in Washington , D.C. He gained the endorsements of the two largest African American newspapers , the Pittsburgh Courier and Baltimore Afro @-@ American . With Willkie running to the left of Roosevelt on civil rights , Roosevelt feared that blacks would return to their traditional home in the Republican Party , and made several prominent promotions or hirings of African Americans . Roosevelt was successful in keeping the majority of the black vote . Willkie , after the election , promised to keep fighting for civil rights .
Willkie warned Republicans that only a full commitment to equal rights for minorities would woo African Americans back to the party , and criticized Roosevelt for yielding to Southern racists among the Democrats . Willkie addressed a convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in 1942 , one of the most prominent politicians to do so to that point . He urged integration of the armed forces , and when a violent race riot broke out in Detroit in June 1943 , went on national radio to criticize both parties for ignoring race issues . When the movie hearings of 1941 ended without further action , Willkie had been made chairman of the board of Twentieth @-@ Century Fox . In 1943 , he worked with Walter White , executive secretary of the NAACP , to try to convince Hollywood to give blacks better treatment in film . Movie moguls promised changes , and some films featured blacks in major roles , but faced with objections from white Southerners , reverted after Willkie 's death in 1944 to giving blacks stereotyped roles , such as servants . After his death , the NAACP named its headquarters the Wendell Willkie Memorial Building .
On November 9 , 1942 , soon after making his reports to Roosevelt and the American people , Willkie argued the case of Schneiderman v. United States before the Supreme Court . William Schneiderman , secretary of the California Communist Party , was a naturalized American until the government revoked his citizenship , stating that he had concealed his membership on his application for naturalization in 1927 . Two lower federal courts upheld the denaturalization . Representing a communist , and in wartime , did nothing to shore up Willkie 's diminishing support in the Republican Party , but he wrote to a friend , " I am sure I am right in representing Schneiderman . Of all the times when civil liberties should be defended , it is now . " Willkie in his argument quoted Lincoln and Jefferson that the people could , if they deemed it necessary , remake the government , and stated that Marx 's view of revolution was mild by comparison . In 1943 , the Supreme Court ruled for Schneiderman , 5 — 3 , restoring his citizenship . Although he refrained from criticizing Roosevelt 's internment of Japanese Americans , Willkie in a speech stated that war was no excuse for depriving groups of people of their rights . He spoke out against those who blamed the Jews for the war , warning against " witch @-@ hanging and mob @-@ baiting " . For his activities , he received the American Hebrew Medal for 1942 .
= = 1944 campaign = =
Willkie spent much of 1943 preparing for a second presidential run , addressing Republican and nonpartisan groups . He did not meet with Roosevelt ; with the presidential election approaching and both men likely candidates , continued association would be awkward . Although they differed with him on many issues , Republican leaders recognized Willkie 's appeal and had wanted him to campaign for the party in the 1942 midterm elections , but he went around the world instead . The huge publicity received by the titular head of the Republican Party as an emissary for a Democratic president frustrated leading Republicans . In spite of this , the Republicans gained in both House and Senate , though still remaining in the minority . Few Republican members of Congress were by then willing to support Willkie , and he dropped to second place behind General Douglas MacArthur in polls of likely voters in the party 's 1944 presidential primaries . By 1943 , even liberal Democrats did not doubt Willkie 's progressive credentials . He spoke of appointing an African American to the cabinet or the Supreme Court , and warned California 's Republican committee that the New Deal was irreversible and all they would get by opposing it was oblivion .
Willkie made his candidacy clear in an interview with Look magazine in early October 1943 , arguing that a return to isolationism would lead the party to disaster . He decided to enter several presidential primaries to demonstrate public support , and chose Wisconsin , with a primary on April 4 , 1944 , as the first major test . Willkie had not taken Wisconsin 's electoral votes in 1940 , though he had won all parts of the state but Milwaukee . His advisors feared the large German @-@ American vote in Wisconsin , which had contributed to the state being firmly isolationist until Pearl Harbor . None of the other major candidates — Dewey , Stassen , MacArthur and Ohio Governor John Bricker — spoke in Wisconsin ; MacArthur and Stassen were on active duty and could not do so . Willkie stated that if he did badly in Wisconsin , he would end his campaign .
The New Hampshire primary had not taken on the significance it later would , and Willkie won it on March 14 , taking six of eleven delegates . This was deemed a disappointment as he had spoken there many times since 1940 , and was expected to do better . In Wisconsin , Willkie ran a slate of delegates led by future governor Vernon W. Thomson , and devoted two weeks to campaigning there . He was endorsed by most newspapers , but polls showed him well behind Dewey both in the state and nationwide .
On March 16 , his first day of campaigning in Wisconsin , Willkie made eight speeches , and the pace took a toll on his voice . The weather did not cooperate , and he travelled 200 miles ( 320 km ) through a blizzard to reach a rally in the northern part of the state . Willkie attracted large crowds in most places , and he told them the Republican party would fail unless it accepted the New Deal and recognized the need for the U.S. to remain active in the world after the war . The Democrats , he alleged , had been too long in office and did not have the vision needed for the postwar world . Willkie 's speech in Milwaukee attracted 4 @,@ 000 to a hall that could hold 6 @,@ 000 , and he left the state on the 29th for Nebraska , where he had also entered the primary . Once he was gone , Dewey 's backers , including most of the Wisconsin Republican leadership , flooded the state with billboard advertisements and radio commercials . On April 4 , Dewey gained 17 of Wisconsin 's 24 delegates , Stassen 4 , and MacArthur 3 . Willkie 's delegates ran last in every district . The following night , after giving his speech in Omaha , Willkie addressed the crowd :
I quite deliberately entered the Wisconsin primary to test whether the Republican voters of that state would support me ... It is obvious now that I cannot be nominated . I therefore am asking my friends to desist from any activity toward that end and not to present my name at the convention . I earnestly hope that the Republican convention will nominate a candidate and write a platform that really represents the views which I have advocated and which I believe are shared by millions of Americans . I shall continue to work for these principles and policies for which I have fought during the last five years .
= = Final months and death = =
Defeated in his second bid for the White House , Willkie announced he was returning to the practice of law , but his friends doubted he would be content there . Roosevelt was anxious to dump Vice President Wallace from the ticket in the president 's bid for a fourth term , and had an intermediary sound out Willkie about running in Wallace 's place . Willkie was reluctant even to respond , knowing Roosevelt had made promises to potential running mates he did not follow through on . There were further discussions between Willkie and the White House , of which third parties were aware though the details are not known ; the vice presidential nomination went to Harry S Truman . Willkie interested Roosevelt in a new liberal party to be formed once peace came that would combine the left of the two existing major parties , but Willkie broke off contact with the White House after there were leaks of this to the press , as he felt that Roosevelt had used him for political gain . Roosevelt sent a letter expressing his regret for the leak , but that too was printed in the papers , and Willkie stated , " I 've been lied to for the last time . "
In spite of their breach , Roosevelt continued to try to conciliate Willkie . Roosevelt 's son Elliott later stated that his father hoped to have Willkie be the first Secretary General of the United Nations , and the two men agreed to meet in the fall . Willkie had not been invited to speak at the 1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago that nominated Dewey for president , and declined a pass as an " honored guest " . Dewey hoped to get Willkie 's endorsement , and sent his foreign policy advisor , John Foster Dulles , to see Willkie . The former candidate refused to be drawn , and he made no endorsement before he died . Willkie wrote two articles for Collier 's , one urging an internationalist foreign policy , and the other demanding advances in civil rights for African Americans . He also explored becoming a newspaper publisher .
Willkie had long been careless of his health and diet , smoking heavily , and rarely exercising . His heavy drinking had charmed the reporters in Philadelphia in 1940 , but by 1944 it was becoming a problem . In August 1944 , Willkie felt weak while traveling by train to his Rushville home . There , he suffered a heart attack , but had to be persuaded to see a doctor and refused to be admitted to a hospital .
Willkie 's condition only worsened as the weeks went on . He went to New York by rail in mid @-@ September , but on the trip he was stricken again with a heart attack . Although his advisors told him to seek treatment and abandon the trip , Willkie pressed on . When he arrived in New York , Willkie was in great pain and his press secretary called an ambulance to take him to Lenox Hill Hospital . He recovered to some extent , enough so that his friends expected him to be discharged . He spent time working on the galleys of his second book , An American Program , and planned future projects . On October 4 , Willkie caught a throat infection , which was treated with penicillin . As he was recovering , Willkie 's now chronic heart attacks struck again and he suffered three more attacks on October 7 . The hospital , which had been issuing reassuring bulletins to the public , was now forced to inform the public that Willkie 's condition had worsened and that he was critically ill . The next morning , Willkie suffered one last attack which proved fatal . From the time he checked into Lenox Hill Hospital , he was said to have suffered over a dozen heart attacks .
Roosevelt released a statement applauding Willkie 's " tremendous courage " which " prompted him more than once to stand alone ... In this hour of grave crisis the nation loses a great citizen . " War Secretary Stimson offered burial in Arlington National Cemetery , but Edith Willkie wanted her husband to be buried in his native Indiana , at Rushville . His casket was placed in the center aisle of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church ; 60 @,@ 000 people filed by his casket , and 35 @,@ 000 crowded around the church during the service , including many blacks — as , Eleanor Roosevelt noted in her column , was fitting . Wendell and Edith Willkie rest together in Rushville 's East Hill Cemetery , the gravesite marked by a cross , and a book carved in stone , inscribed with quotations from One World . It was designed by sculptor Malvina Hoffman ( 1885 @-@ 1966 ) .
= = Legacy and remembrance = =
Soon after the 1940 convention , Roosevelt described Willkie 's nomination as a " Godsend to our country " , as it ensured the presidential race would not turn on the issue of aid to Britain . Walter Lippmann believed Willkie 's nomination to have been crucial to Britain 's survival , " second only to the Battle of Britain , the sudden rise and nomination of Willkie was the decisive event , perhaps providential , which made it possible to rally the free world when [ Britain ] was almost conquered . Under any other leadership but his the Republican party in 1940 would have turned its back on Great Britain , causing all who resisted Hitler to feel abandoned " . Charles Peters wrote that " it is arguable that [ Willkie 's ] impact on [ the United States ] and the world was greater than that of most men who actually held the office [ of president ] . At a crucial moment in history , he stood for the right things at the right time . " When Georgia Senator Zell Miller , a Democrat , gave the keynote address at the 2004 Republican National Convention , he urged unity instead of partisan strife in the War on Terror , and recalled Willkie 's actions , " He gave Roosevelt the critical support he needed for a peacetime draft , an unpopular idea at the time . And he made it clear that he would rather lose the election than make national security a partisan campaign issue . "
Historian Hugh Ross argued that in gaining the nomination , Willkie " gave exceptional promise of being a winner . There were ample precedents from American political history in which a minority party , queasy over prospects for survival , bypassed professional leadership to entrust its political fortunes to a man without political experience . In most of the previous instances , the nomination had gone to a military man . In 1940 , it went to a businessman . " Richard Moe , in his book on the 1940 election , suggested that the nomination of Willkie left long @-@ lasting scars on the Republican Party , with conservatives angered by the success of the Eastern Establishment wing of the party , " whatever else it did , Philadelphia gave birth to the bitter proprietary division within the Republican Party , one accentuated by ideology and geography , that would define the party for decades to come . " Among those converted from isolationism by Willkie 's oratory , and who worked intensely on the Willkie campaign in Michigan , was Gerald R. Ford , who wrote many years later in his memoirs , " I now realize that my participation did not make much difference at all to the political fate of Wendell Willkie . But it made a lot of difference to me . "
Correspondent and author Warren Moscow wrote that after 1940 , Willkie helped Roosevelt , who was always careful not to go too far in front of public opinion , " as a pace @-@ setter with the President 's blessing " . Willkie 's global trip and the publication of One World increased public support for the idea that the United States should remain active internationally once the war was won , and should not withdraw to a new isolationism . Indiana University president Herman B Wells noted that One World " has had such a profound influence on the thinking of Americans " . Zipp noted , " He launched the most successful and unprecedented challenge to conventional nationalism in modern American history ... He urged [ Americans ] to imagine and feel a new form of reciprocity with the world , one that millions of Americans responded to with unprecedented urgency . "
His advocacy came at a cost to his standing in the Republican Party , according to Moscow , " his appeal for the party to be the party of the Loyal Opposition , supporting the President , was treason to the diehards ; his trip around the world marked him as a Presidential agent seeking to infiltrate the Republican Party " . This decline was accelerated as it became apparent that Willkie was a liberal , standing to the left of Roosevelt and proposing even higher taxes than the president was willing to stomach .
In 1992 , the United States Postal Service marked the centennial of Willkie 's birth with a 75 @-@ cent stamp in the Great Americans series . Dunn concluded that Willkie " died as he had lived , an idealist , a humanitarian — and a lone wolf " . Willkie 's biographer , Neal , wrote of him ,
Though he never became President , he had won something much more important , a lasting place in American history . Along with Henry Clay , William Jennings Bryan , and Hubert Humphrey , he was the also @-@ ran who would be long remembered . " He was a born leader , " wrote historian Allan Nevins , " and he stepped to leadership at just the moment when the world needed him . ' Shortly before his death , Willkie told a friend , " If I could write my own epitaph and if I had to choose between saying , ' Here lies an unimportant President , ' or , ' Here lies one who contributed to saving freedom at a moment of great peril , ' I would prefer the latter . ' "
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= School for Creative and Performing Arts =
The School for Creative and Performing Arts ( SCPA ) is a magnet arts school in Cincinnati , Ohio , United States , and part of the Cincinnati Public Schools ( CPS ) . SCPA was founded in 1973 as one of the first magnet schools in Cincinnati and became the first school in the country to combine a full range of arts studies with a complete college @-@ preparatory academic program for elementary through high school students . Of the approximately 350 arts schools in the United States , SCPA is one of the oldest and has been cited as a model for both racial integration and for arts programs in over 100 cities .
SCPA had three different homes in its first four years , including a makeshift campus in the Mount Adams neighborhood and another in Roselawn . In 1976 , it occupied the Old Woodward High School building , on the site of one of the oldest public schools in the country . The school rose to national prominence in the 1980s , but was nearly closed in the 1990s following a series of scandals , leadership struggles , and an arson fire which destroyed the auditorium . Its reputation recovered in the years that followed and in 2009 – 10 , the school was featured in the MTV reality series Taking the Stage , filmed at the school and featuring SCPA students . In 2010 SCPA combined with the Schiel Primary School for Arts Enrichment to create the first kindergarten through twelfth grade ( about ages five to seventeen ) arts school and first private sector / public arts school in the US . A new facility in Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine was championed by the late Cincinnati Pops Maestro Erich Kunzel and funded through a unique public @-@ private partnership that raised over $ 31 million in private contributions to match public funding . The building features specialized facilities for the arts and three separate theaters and is the key to redevelopment plans for the area .
Students must audition for admission ; fewer than 20 percent of those who apply each year are accepted . SCPA is free to CPS students but also attracts tuition @-@ paying students from outside the district and the state . The newly combined school will serve approximately 1 @,@ 300 students in 2010 , offering a curriculum designed to prepare students for professional careers in creative writing , dance , drama , music , technical theater , and visual art . The emphasis is on performance , and students in every field are required to perform or present their work in public regularly . Students compete successfully in arts competitions locally and internationally . On standardized tests , SCPA ranks second among Cincinnati public schools . Ninety percent of graduating seniors continue on to college , and those students receive one of the highest levels of scholarship funding in the city . A limited number of extracurricular activities are offered , as students are expected to commit significant after @-@ school time to training and performance . SCPA has produced notable graduates in a wide range of artistic fields , including award @-@ winning actors , singers , directors and technicians .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The School for Creative and Performing Arts arose , in part , as a response to the recurring desegregation battles in the Cincinnati Public Schools ( CPS ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . In a 1965 civil rights suit , the city prevailed when a federal judge found that the schools were not intentionally segregated , but that " the racial composition of each school is simply a result of the racial composition of the neighborhoods which they serve " . By 1971 , Cincinnati 's neighborhoods and schools had grown more segregated and the Supreme Court of the United States upheld forced busing as a remedy for school segregation in other cities . Desiring to avoid such drastic remedies for Cincinnati , newly appointed Superintendent Dr. Donald Waldrip pushed forward a program of alternative schools ( later called magnet schools ) , designed " to calm the desires of parents for academic choice and to stem the demands of federal judges for court @-@ ordered desegregation . " The theory behind alternative schools was open enrollment : students could attend any alternative school they chose at no cost , so long as an even racial balance at the new school was maintained . So far as possible , students were admitted to these programs on a one white for one black basis . The School for Creative and Performing Arts was the first alternative school in what would become one of the largest and most robust magnet programs in the country .
In 1965 , Robert McSpadden and Bill Dickinson , both music teachers in the Cincinnati Public Schools , founded the Cincinnati All @-@ City Boy Choir , where they were struck by how the discipline they established for the boys in the choir carried over into their academic studies . They conceived the idea of a school where basic education was combined with intensive attention to children with artistic talents . With the support of Waldrip and Tom Murray , director for the west @-@ central division of Cincinnati elementary schools , they pushed for $ 119 @,@ 000 as part of a tax levy referendum in May 1973 ; the measure was defeated . The school was approved with a drastically reduced budget of $ 27 @,@ 000 plus $ 9 @,@ 850 from the Board of Education ’ s general fund . They turned to private funding and won a $ 292 @,@ 000 grant from J. Ralph Corbett , one of the city 's foremost philanthropists for the arts , and $ 24 @,@ 500 for a piano lab from the Baldwin Piano Company , which had manufactured pianos in Cincinnati since 1891 .
The School for Creative and Performing Arts opened in August 1973 , as the only grade four through six school for the performing arts in the country and the first public school that combined all of the arts in a single program . The curriculum included art , instrumental music , choral music , dance and drama , and was not organized strictly by grade , but permitted students to advance as soon as their abilities allowed . Murray explained :
Fourth through sixth grades will be together in classes . Teaching will often be done in teams . Art students will design scenery for plays , written by drama students . Music pupils will supply the music . They work together regardless of age . In reading classes they will read according to their own individual levels . A brilliant music student , capable of interpreting Beethoven 's wildest dreams , might stumble on fifth level reading . This does not make him a dunce simply a slow reader .
= = = Founding in Mount Adams ( 1973 – 1975 ) = = =
Dickinson was named coordinator and six weeks later he , McSpadden , Murray and others had selected a staff , developed a program , recruited students , and moved into the Mount Adams Public School building at 1125 St. Gregory Street . Described by Cincinnati Magazine as " a quaint village of imaginative , arty residents , unusual shops and restaurants , and historic buildings " and overlooking downtown Cincinnati and the Ohio River , Mount Adams had been home to the Art Academy of Cincinnati ( the museum school of the Cincinnati Art Museum ) since 1887 , and was a " mecca for students and teachers of art " . The Mount Adams School was nearly defunct , with fewer than 80 students remaining . Fifty of those children , ranging from kindergarten ( around age five ) to third grade ( around age eight ) remained alongside the new SCPA . A dozen of the Mount Adams middle school students were accepted into the new program , along with the 140 other fourth through sixth grade pupils selected from schools around the city by audition .
By 1974 , SCPA had 332 students , with 500 on the waiting list , and had overflowed into rented space in the surrounding neighborhood , including three rooms at the nearby Holy Cross School , two rooms at the community center two blocks away , and large room for drama above Mike 's Meat Market across the street . Students practiced instruments in hallways and restrooms , and the library was in the middle of the second floor hall . Student productions were held in other schools around the city , and the first major musical , Babes in Toyland , was performed at Education Center downtown . With plans to expand to ninth grade ( around age 14 ) and 540 students in 1975 , and to twelfth grade ( around age 17 ) and 1 @,@ 400 students in 1977 , a new facility had to be found . Waldrip proposed the school move to the Old Woodward school building , then home of Abigail Cutter Junior High School , in Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine , a predominantly African @-@ American area near downtown . Neighborhood resistance was strong and opponents , arguing that " the school administration was trying to avoid problems of integration by moving an alternative school to Cutter and transferring Cutter students elsewhere " , blocked the plan .
Councilwoman Bobbie Stern proposed the school move to Cincinnati Union Terminal , a National Historic Landmark which the Historic American Buildings Survey called " a unique and monumental manifestation of Art Deco architecture and interior decoration " , noted for its mosaic murals depicting the history of Cincinnati and its rotunda , 106 feet ( 32 m ) high and 110 feet ( 34 m ) long , the largest semi @-@ dome in the western hemisphere . The facility , vacant since it was abandoned by Amtrak in 1972 , was to house the school , a maintenance facility for the Queen City Metro transit service , and a new rail terminal for Amtrak . The plan was approved in April 1975 and was due for completion for the 1976 school year .
= = = Transition in Roselawn ( 1975 – 1976 ) = = =
Temporary space was needed in the interim , and the school relocated its 550 fourth through ninth grade students to rented space in Roselawn , the epicenter of Cincinnati 's Jewish Community . The school was divided between two buildings , the Yavneh Day School building at 1636 Summit Road and the nearby Jewish Community Center . The Yavneh Day school , founded in 1952 by parents who wanted to combine secular and Jewish education for their children , moved to Roselawn in 1958 but had outgrown that facility . The school had no lockers ; students carried their belongings between buildings . Lunches were delivered from another school and served at a nearby church .
Dickinson became principal in 1975 , and worked to fully integrate the arts into the academic program . " Academics don 't end when art , drama or music classes begin , " he said , " but blend , in an interdisciplinary approach to education . " Music study included acoustics and the history and architecture of important musical periods ; art history was part of the art curriculum and anatomy and physiology were studied in the dance program . The school was recognized with The Cincinnati Post 's Corbett Award in 1976 as " the arts organization making an outstanding contribution to the community " .
The Union Terminal project was derailed when the three prospective tenants failed to agree on how to share the space . Having outgrown its temporary facilities , SCPA was again forced to find a new home for the following year . After examining options including the historic Rockdale Temple and two schools slated to be closed in the city 's West End , the school board once again settled on the Old Woodward building , over the objections of the community .
= = = Old Woodward and national attention ( 1976 – 1990 ) = = =
SCPA 's new home was in the heart of Pendleton district in Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine . One of the largest German @-@ American neighborhoods in the United States in the 19th century and a famed entertainment district at that time , Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine had declined into an impoverished and crime @-@ ridden enclave for migrant Appalachians in the 20th century . By 1970 , a combination of white flight and the destruction of surrounding slums had transformed the area into Cincinnati 's most infamous ghetto . It is one of the largest , most intact urban historic districts in the United States and the most dangerous neighborhood in Cincinnati . The school , with its 650 students , moved into this historic but blighted neighborhood , and its Old Woodward School building at 1310 Sycamore Street .
Woodward was one of the oldest public schools in the country , founded as the Woodward Free Grammar School in 1831 ; it was named for William Woodward , a local tanner who donated the land to provide , in his words , " facilities to educate the children of persons who could not afford the expense of private schooling " . The building was replaced once in 1855 , and again in 1907 when President William Howard Taft , who graduated from Woodward in 1874 , laid the cornerstone of the current building ; it opened in 1910 . The site is linked to the Underground Railroad , an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th @-@ century black slaves in the United States ; Levi Coffin ( known as " The President of the Underground Railroad " ) had a home there from 1856 to 1863 . The five @-@ story brick , stone , and terra cotta building is approximately 225 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 20 @,@ 900 m2 ) . Designed by Gustav Brach , it was considered " an architectural gem " in its time , with some of the most modern facilities of its day , including flush toilets , central heating , and two swimming pools . It is graced with 12 rare Rookwood Pottery drinking fountains from the early 1900s , gifts of the Art League , founded in 1895 , which raised dues from students who would then vote on works of art to buy for the school . The building is part of the Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine National Register Historic District , which encompasses 362 @.@ 5 acres ( 146 @.@ 7 ha ) of the original German community and adjoins the Sycamore – 13th Street Historic District , which reflects the significant architecture associated with middle and late 19th century Greek Revival , Queen Anne , and Italianate styles .
Woodward High School moved to a new facility in Bond Hill in 1953 , and the building became Abigail Cutter Junior High School ( also known as Cutter ) , named for William Woodward 's wife . SCPA occupied the fourth floor in 1976 , and the entire building in 1977 , displacing the Cutter students to other public schools . It graduated its first class in 1979 , becoming the first elementary through grade twelve arts program in the country . The first so @-@ called " survivors " , who began in fourth grade , graduated in 1982 .
SCPA continued to attract national attention , and as a local TV special reported , " educators from all over the country flock [ ed ] to Cincinnati to see how , and why , it works . " In 1981 , SCPA was invited to perform The Wiz at the National Theatre in Washington , DC , the " Theatre of the Presidents " and oldest major touring house in the country , becoming the first non @-@ professional group to perform there since it opened in 1835 . SCPA student Roscoe ( Rocky ) Carroll won the 1981 National Endowment for the Arts Talent Search in drama and became a Presidential Scholar in the Arts . The school received the Blue Ribbon School of the United States Department of Education in 1984 and the National Secondary School Merit Award in 1985 . By 1985 , it had been credited as the model for arts schools in 100 cities in the US , Europe , and Asia , and had been cited in textbooks as a model of excellence in school integration .
The school relied heavily on donations , which made up over ten percent of the total budget . The Friends of SCPA ( commonly known as The Friends ) , a nonprofit organization led by parents and members of the business and arts communities , had been a vital source of funding since the school 's inception . In 1984 , The Friends raised over $ 400 @,@ 000 to pay the salaries of the artistic director , technical director , costume designer , and dance , strings , and production teachers . In later years , The Friends raised up to $ 1 million each year through special events , corporate gifts and sponsorships , advertising sales , and other programs to support the artistic needs of the school including staff salaries , production expenses , scholarships for private lessons , and artists in residence .
= = = Controversy and comeback ( 1991 – 2009 ) = = =
Scandal erupted when founding principal Dickinson resigned in 1991 , citing health reasons , while under investigation for alleged improper contact with students off school grounds ; no charges were ever filed . He was succeeded by Dr. Rosalyn England , former principal of Central VPA High School in St. Louis . Controversy continued and between 1992 and 1995 , two teachers confessed to having or attempting to have sex with students and two more were investigated for allegations of sexual misconduct . In 1992 , open conflict with England led to the departure of original Artistic Director Jack Louiso , whom Dickinson had called " the ' life @-@ blood ' of the school 's artistic endeavors " . The artistic program would remain in upheaval ; four more artistic directors would come and go under England . The controversies took a toll ; applications suffered , teachers departed , financial support dwindled and the quality of the productions declined . By 1996 , enrollment had fallen from nearly 1 @,@ 200 to 956 .
In April 1996 , an arson fire destroyed the school 's auditorium , causing over $ 1 million of damage ; it was a turning point for a school then dangerously close to closure . The culprit was never identified . Erich Kunzel , long time Maestro of the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra and nationally renowned as " the Prince of Pops " , announced his vision for a new SCPA campus near Cincinnati Music Hall , which would be part of an arts and education complex that would help revitalize Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine . A campaign was launched that , over the following 13 years , raised funds and made plans for the new facility .
England abruptly retired in 1997 and was replaced by Jeff Brokamp , who had been principal of the Crest Hills Year @-@ Round School , which had won awards for its all @-@ year curriculum . Brokamp , with no previous arts experience , began to turn the school around . A new emphasis on academics , more Advanced Placement courses and more stringent audition standards that admitted only the most dedicated students led to better test scores and a higher level of artistic talent ; Brokamp pushed to expand the school 's vocational training programs in photography , stage management , and costume design by 50 percent . Applications to audition more than tripled by 2001 and fund @-@ raising rebounded .
Brokamp resigned and was replaced by Clarence Crum in 2004 , who was followed by John Carlisle in 2006 . Carlisle went on extended leave in October 2007 , pending an investigation into the alleged rape of a former student off school grounds . Carlisle denied the accusation and no criminal charges were filed . He resigned in March 2008 . According to Cincinnati Magazine , the " scandal launched rumors and confusion " and " the revolving door of school administrators " took a toll on faculty and student morale . Carlisle was replaced by Dr. Jonathan Futch , formerly Assistant Principal at Withrow High School .
= = = Taking the Stage ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = =
Taking the Stage , a " musical reality " TV series set at SCPA , premiered on MTV in March 2009 . The series , co @-@ created and co @-@ produced by SCPA graduate Nick Lachey , was a dramatized depiction of life at the school . The show chronicled the lives of five real SCPA high school students and their friends in their careers at SCPA . Each episode featured original music and choreography by the students themselves , performed at the school and other locations in Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine .
The first season , which premiered on March 19 , 2009 , was the number one primetime cable telecast among females 12 – 24 years old and one of the top four among all viewers 12 – 34 years old . The second season began filming at the school in 2009 , and first aired on January 16 , 2010 . The show was cut from one hour to 30 minutes and focused on new transfer students instead of current SCPA students , leading some students and parents to complain that the admission process had been compromised . The school denied the claim . It ran for 16 episodes , through April 15 , 2010 . In May 2010 , MTV announced there would be no third season .
The school was paid $ 10 @,@ 000 for each of the nine episodes in season one and twelve in season two . The show attracted international attention for the school and interest from prospective students around the world ; applications for admission increased by 60 percent in 2009 .
= = = Washington Park ( 2010 – ) = = =
In the aftermath of the 1996 fire , a group of local benefactors led by Kunzel formed the Greater Cincinnati Arts and Education Center ( GCAEC ) to , in Kunzel 's words , " transform the area around Washington Park into a unique arts community that would include a new School for the Creative and Performing Arts . " The GCAEC committed $ 31 million , the Cincinnati Public Schools $ 34 million , and the State of Ohio $ 7 million , to combine SCPA with the Schiel Primary School for Arts Enrichment in one building to create the first public kindergarten through twelfth grade arts school in what the GCAEC called the " nationally unprecedented public school system – private sector partnership " .
Schiel , built in 1911 as an elementary school for the Corryville neighborhood , was converted to a Spanish @-@ language magnet school in 1974 and again to an arts enrichment school in 1985 . Schiel students have been admitted by open enrollment on a first @-@ come @-@ first @-@ served basis . With 420 kindergarten through third grade students in 2008 ( around ages five through nine ) , 83 percent of them black , 72 percent economically disadvantaged , it has been the primary feeder school for SCPA , for which Schiel students have been required to audition . Schiel was one of two CPS schools recognized as a Blue Ribbon School in 2010 .
The construction plans faced opposition from those in the community who feared the project would displace the Drop Inn Center , the region 's largest homeless shelter , and the design was revised to build around it . By 2007 , after more than a decade of fund @-@ raising and negotiations , 90 percent of the final $ 72 million budget had been secured and ground was broken for a new building across from Washington Park in September of that year . The 5 @.@ 75 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 33 ha ) park , reclaimed from old burial grounds between 1858 and 1863 , is lined with trees and benches and features statues of Friedrich Hecker and Robert Latimer McCook , German @-@ American heroes of the American Civil War . As Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine has declined , a significant homeless population has overtaken the area .
The park faces Cincinnati Music Hall , home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra , Cincinnati Opera , Cincinnati May Festival , and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra . Designed by Samuel Hannaford , one of Cincinnati 's most important architects , and built with private funds in 1878 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 , noting its " stunning composition in the High Victorian Gothic mode " . It was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1974 . Memorial Hall , a Beaux Arts theater built by Hannaford in 1908 , is immediately south of Music Hall , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . Since 2005 the area has also been home to the Art Academy of Cincinnati , founded in 1869 . Formerly aligned with the Cincinnati Art Museum , it became an independent college of design in 1998 . The Ensemble Theatre of Cincinnati and Know Theater are also part of the rich cultural community that has developed around the park and Music Hall .
The combined school retains the name School for the Creative and Performing Arts . Private donors will have a significant and ongoing voice in how the school is operated . According to the Cincinnati Enquirer , the school board approved a plan in 2003 to allow the GCAEC to choose five of the twelve members of the Local School Decision @-@ Making Committee ( LSDMC ) , an independent body that provides oversight for the school , as a condition for continued fund @-@ raising . This private sector oversight has been criticized by union leaders as excluding faculty and staff . The GCAEC began fundraising for an endowment in 2010 , and as of 2010 , had pledged to contribute at least $ 150 @,@ 000 per year to the school .
No plans were announced for the Old Woodward building , but it was expected to remain vacant for years . An Ohio School Facilities Assessment in 2002 reported that it was " very attractive architecturally and merits any means required to preserve it " , and that residential units would be the best use , but that a major redevelopment project , while attractive to private developers , would be prohibitively expensive . The area surrounding the old building has seen a resurgence in recent years including a public green space named Cutter Playground directly north of the building , currently home to the OTR Urban Kickball League . In November , 2012 , the building was sold at auction to Core Redevelopment of Indianapolis for $ 1 @.@ 3 million . It had been appraised at $ 8 @.@ 5 million . The developer 's plans for the building were not made clear at the time .
= = Admission = =
The school has been criticized as " elitist " for its selective admission policies . Prospective students are evaluated on their artistic sensitivity and potential . Students entering grades four through six are required to audition in every arts major ; older students may audition in only the areas they choose . Each applicant performs in front of up to seven teachers in different areas in the day @-@ long process , which is designed to ensure that no student is admitted to a program in which they do not belong . Admission is granted to students scoring 8 out of 10 points in at least one area . On average , 1 @,@ 700 students apply each year , 1 @,@ 000 are invited to audition , and 250 are accepted . Attendance is free for Cincinnati Public School students . Ten percent of students come from outside the district — some from outside the state — and pay tuition to attend . Tuition for the 2006 – 2007 year was $ 6 @,@ 309 for out @-@ of @-@ district students and $ 9 @,@ 654 for out @-@ of @-@ state students .
As a magnet school founded to promote school integration , racial and economic diversity have been important factors in admissions decisions . The student body was 52 @.@ 1 percent black , 41 @.@ 7 percent low income , and 7 @.@ 7 percent disabled in 2009 – 10 . In 2007 , in response to a US Supreme Court decision prohibiting racial criteria for assigning students to public schools , CPS eliminated race and gender as determining factors in magnet school admissions . School officials insist this will have little impact , despite parent concerns that the decision will erode diversity .
= = Curriculum = =
= = = Arts = = =
The curriculum is designed to prepare students for professional careers in the arts . Each student concentrates in at least one major area : creative writing , dance , drama , music , stagecraft , and visual art . Younger students often concentrate in two or more . High school students are required to specialize and major only in the areas in which they have potential to do professional work . Advanced students study up to two hours each day in their major . Forty percent of the students stay at least two hours after school for rehearsals , private lessons , and productions .
The program stresses discipline and performance . There are no appreciation courses ; the curriculum emphasizes that arts appreciation grows from practicing an art . The interrelation of the arts is also stressed . All students take at least one course in each major area . A dancer , for example , will be required to study visual art , drama , and music .
The visual arts program includes drawing , painting , photography , sculpting , digital art , and art history . The program is highly structured , emphasizing technique and control over free expression , which has attracted criticism from the local art community . Art students receive individualized instruction , participate in art exhibits and competitions , undertake commissioned work , and work at in @-@ house galleries and off @-@ site exhibits . Most art majors take Advanced Placement art courses by the end of their sophomore year , and many attend pre @-@ college programs at major universities between their high school years .
The drama program stresses technique and performance ; students must perform in public at least twice a year . There are three major dramatic productions each season , and high school students are required to compete in the English Speaking Union Shakespeare Contest . Advanced students audition for the Acting Ensemble Company , which provides a full season of performances in venues outside the school . The creative writing program focuses on writing as an art in journalism , script writing , poetry , and creative non @-@ fiction . Students participate in writing competitions , internships , and develop portfolios to showcase their work .
The dance program was founded on the training principles of the " most famous dance schools of Europe " , which emphasize body training . All dancers are required to study ballet , but may also learn modern dance , jazz , tap , and other forms of dance . There are nine levels of ballet , and students begin intensive training in fourth grade . Dance classes meet for at least two 45 @-@ minute periods every day ; advanced students may train for three or more . Dance Ensemble , selected by audition , stages public performances throughout the year .
The instrumental music program offers specializations in orchestra , band , piano , jazz , percussion , and harp . Students major in an instrument and specialized training begins in grade four . Advanced students take private lessons , arranged by the school , and have master classes with guest instructors from the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra . Vocal music students audition to perform in one of 13 vocal performance groups . High school students may audition for the most selective of these , " 13th & Broadway " , which performs throughout the region .
The technical theater program offers college @-@ level training in stage management , lighting , sound , and set and costume design . Each specialty has a lab for students to develop concepts and practice technique , and students work side @-@ by @-@ side with professional trades people in their chosen field .
Student present to the faculty of their major department twice a year in a " proficiency review " to assess their progress . It is a learning experience for younger students , but students in grades 7 – 12 who fail to attain a passing rating are placed on probation and must pass their subsequent review to be allowed to continue in that major . Students must audition if they wish to change majors for the following year .
The highlight of the performance season is a major musical production which is an important source of revenue for the school . There are two ballets each year : The Nutcracker in the winter and a piece from repertoire in the spring . The technical and production aspects of performances are handled entirely by students , a level of responsibility the school claims is unusual even among arts schools . Strict racial balance is maintained in all school performances through " non @-@ traditional casting " , in which the race of each lead role alternates in each production .
SCPA students and faculty have performed with professional companies and in major venues including Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center . Students are selected to perform with every major local arts company , including the Cincinnati Opera , Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park , and the Cincinnati Ballet , and appear in local television programs and commercials . SCPA students have performed on PBS with the Cincinnati Pops and toured with Broadway productions including 42nd Street and The King and I. Students on tour continue their studies at " set school " and rejoin their classmates when they return .
SCPA students are encouraged to compete in arts competitions at all levels , including international contests like the World Piano Competition and the American High School Theater Festival in Edinburgh . Honors since 2008 have included first place in the Ohioana Robert Fox Award for Young Writers , a bronze medal at the Cincinnati World Piano Competition , top honors at the Days of International Choir Music Competition , and the 2008 Cincinnati Arts Association Overture Award in Visual Art .
= = = Academics = = =
Students are required to complete a standard CPS academic curriculum alongside their arts studies and the school day is 45 minutes longer than other Cincinnati public schools . SCPA ranks first in the district on standardized test scores at the elementary school level . At the high school level , only Walnut Hills High School , Cincinnati 's selective public college preparatory magnet , ranks higher . In 2009 , the graduation rate was 95 @.@ 5 percent and the mean score on the ACT , a standardized college admissions test , was 23 ( at the 69th percentile ) . On the Ohio Department of Education 2009 – 2010 School Year Report card , SCPA was designated " Effective " and Schiel was designated " Excellent . " Ninety percent of graduating seniors continue on to college , and those students receive one of the highest levels of scholarship funding in the city . In 2007 , the 98 graduating seniors received a combined $ 7 @.@ 1 million in scholarships and SCPA averaged $ 72 @,@ 449 per student , the third most of any public or private school in Cincinnati .
= = Extracurricular activities = =
SCPA offers a limited range of sports and other activities compared to other CPS schools , as students are expected to commit significant after @-@ school time to practice and performance . Volunteer community service opportunities are organized by the Positive School Culture committee and made available to students in every grade . Student Council is elected from each grade and raises funds for student activities . National Honor Society ( for grades ten to twelve ) and National Junior Honor Society ( for grades seven through nine ) are by invitation only to students who demonstrate outstanding achievement , service , leadership , and citizenship .
German , French , and Spanish clubs are open to all students and plan language @-@ related activities . The Astronomy Club for Girls for fourth through sixth graders takes advantage of the nearby Cincinnati Observatory to explore astronomy . The Brain Bowl team , also for fourth through sixth graders , participates in academic competitions . Students Involved in Fostering Tolerance ( SIFT ) works to promote tolerance and diversity through awareness field trips and fundraisers .
Student publications include the yearbook , 1310 Address of the Arts , a monthly newspaper published by the Creative Writing department , but open to contributions by all students , and Pandora 's Backpages , a full @-@ color magazine featuring creative writing , visual art and musical compositions by students , faculty , and alumni .
The school competes athletically in Cincinnati 's Independent conference in boys ' and girls ' basketball , boys ' baseball , and girls ' softball . Intramural sports are open to all high school students .
= = Campus = =
The new building , called the Erich Kunzel Center for Arts and Education , opened for 1 @,@ 350 students in August , 2010 . The $ 72 million facility , bordered by Elm , Race , and 12th streets and facing Central Parkway , was designed by Moody – Nolan , a large minority @-@ owned architectural firm known for its numerous design awards , and is the largest development project in Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine since Music Hall . Civic leaders have called construction of the school " key to renovation of Over @-@ the @-@ Rhine " and development plans for the area include the renovation of Music Hall , a new parking garage and public plaza nearby , and a major expansion of Washington Park .
A reflective stainless steel panel with a diapering pattern curves around the L @-@ shaped building and an " urban curve " of zinc wraps the main theater at the front of the building , contrasting with the brick walls of the school , the design and materials of which reflect those used in the building 's neighborhood . The box office is a red , smokestack @-@ shaped structure that projects a beam of light up into the sky . The four @-@ story , disabled accessible building of 250 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 23 @,@ 000 m2 ) combines arts and academic spaces on each floor , arranged by grade , with the youngest students on the lowest floor . The main entrance features student sculptures selected by contest . An " Avenue of the Arts " , with gallery space for more student artwork , links the 750 @-@ seat main Corbett Theater , the 350 @-@ seat Mayerson Theater , and a 120 @-@ seat black box theater . The Corbett Theater has an 80 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 24 m ) stage , a hydraulically operated orchestra pit , and is acoustically isolated from the rest of the building . An outdoor amphitheater is also planned .
The music facilities include rooms for band , orchestra , jazz ensemble , and vocal music , along with a music library , a grand piano studio , and twelve soundproof practice rooms . Other arts @-@ specific spaces include specialized drama rooms , four rooms for painting and sculpture , and a photography studio with adjoining darkroom . The technical theater facilities include labs for lighting and sound engineering , as well as costume , scenery , and stage prop shops . The main 5 @,@ 500 sq ft ( 510 m2 ) gymnasium is augmented by a fitness center and six multipurpose spaces for gym and dance . Academic facilities include four project labs , two chemistry rooms , two biology rooms , and a 4 @,@ 300 sq ft ( 400 m2 ) library , with 45 academic classrooms designed around flexible " extended learning areas " where students from different classes can study in groups .
= = People = =
SCPA has produced notable graduates in a wide range of artistic fields . Alumni include Cyrus Vorhis , producer of Bulletproof Monk , Kung Fu Panda , Robin Hood and the Emmy @-@ nominated miniseries Sleeper Cell and Todd Louiso , director of Love Liza and actor in Apollo 13 , High Fidelity and other films . Andy Biersack , lead vocalist of Black Veil Brides also attended this school .
Emmy- and Golden Globe @-@ winning Sex and the City star Sarah Jessica Parker attended SCPA , as did four @-@ time Emmy nominee Rebecca Budig of soap opera Guiding Light , Emmy @-@ nominated Chicago Hope and NCIS star Rocky Carroll , film and TV actor Jeff Sams , and Baywatch actress Carmen Electra . Nick Lachey , Drew Lachey , and Justin Jeffre of the multi @-@ platinum album group 98 Degrees graduated from SCPA , as did Canadian Jazz Vocalist of the Year nominee George Evans , Broadway star Ron Bohmer , and nationally known Barack Obama impersonator Iman Crosson .
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= Glenn Robinson III =
Glenn Alan Robinson III ( born January 8 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Robinson played college basketball for the Michigan Wolverines for two years . He was an All @-@ State high school basketball player for Lake Central High School in St. John , Indiana . After his sophomore season at Michigan for the 2013 – 14 team he declared for the NBA draft . Robinson was drafted 40th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 2014 NBA draft . He has also played in the NBA with the Philadelphia 76ers . He is the son of Glenn Robinson , the 1994 NBA first overall draft pick .
= = Early life and high school = =
Robinson was born , weighing 3 pounds 4 ounces ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) , three months premature to his single Purdue University freshman mother , Shantelle Clay , at Methodist Hospital in Gary , Indiana . He spent his first two months in an incubator ( with a miniature basketball ) , until he was about 6 pounds ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) . By age three he was a participant in the Hammond , Indiana YMCA children 's basketball league . Robinson attended Grimmer Middle School in Schererville , Indiana prior to attending Lake Central High School in St. John , Indiana . He stood at 5 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 68 m ) in seventh grade and 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) two years later as a freshman . Robinson was nearly 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) during his sophomore season and stood at over 6 feet 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 97 m ) as a junior .
As a freshman , he played junior varsity for Lake Central and once made a game @-@ winning half @-@ court shot . That year he became obsessed with his dream of dunking and even bought special shoes and wore ankle weights to help his dream come true . At the time , his father lived in Atlanta and Robinson grew up with his mother , Shantelle Clay @-@ Irving and younger brother Gelen . During the summer between his freshman and sophomore season , he came under the wing of two substitute father figures : Dave Milausnic , Lake Central Varsity Basketball head coach , and Wayne Brumm , AAU SYF Players under @-@ 17 coach . Milausnic convinced Robinson to come to the gym for early morning workouts , often waking Robinson at his home . Brumm , who would eventually continue to mentor Robinson as a collegian , advised Robinson to hire a personal trainer named Andrew Wallen , who helped Robinson augment his vertical leap . He also helped Robinson bulk up from 167 pounds ( 75 @.@ 75 kg ) prior to his sophomore year to 210 pounds ( 95 @.@ 25 kg ) in two years . Growing up , Robinson has not embodied the tough vocal demeanor that his father had and the his brother developed . His passive nature has shown itself in all facets of Robinson 's life including his basketball game .
As a sophomore , he was a first @-@ team All @-@ area selection after leading Lake Central in scoring . On September 14 , 2010 , Robinson became the first verbal commitment to the Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball class of 2012 . At the time , he had scholarship offers from Colorado , Valparaiso , Missouri State , IUPUI and Indiana State , and Rivals.com rated him as the 118th best player in the class of 2012 . On February 5 , 2011 , Robinson posted his career @-@ high 39 points against East Chicago Central High School on 14 @-@ for @-@ 19 shooting . This was his first high school game that his father attended . In the 2011 Indiana sectional against Munster High School , Robinson scored 31 points in an overtime 54 – 53 loss , but missed a free throw in the final seconds .
Robinson and Mitch McGary had been friends for years prior to their Michigan affiliation . By the time McGary committed to Michigan in November 2011 , Robinson had moved up to the national number 34 player ranking according to Rivals.com. The pair along with Nik Stauskas gave Michigan a consensus top 10 entering class for its 2012 class . Robinson visited Michigan along with future teammate Stauskas to see the 61 – 56 New Year 's Day 2012 victory by the 2011 – 12 Wolverines team over Minnesota . Robinson blossomed as a senior in 2012 . In January 2012 , he led Lake Central to a 71 – 47 win over North Carolina @-@ bound J. P. Tokoto 's Menomonee Falls High School at the Brandon Jennings Invitational in Milwaukee . Robinson earned Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) honors with 33 points while Tokoto posted 28 . Robinson led Lake Central to its first sectional championship since 1997 with a 24 @-@ point performance in the team 's 63 – 37 victory over Highland High School . The road to the sectional title included a rematch 66 – 56 victory against Munster .
Following the season , Robinson was invited to participate in the four @-@ team All @-@ American Championship along with future teammate McGary in New Orleans on April 1 , 2012 . He posted 16 points and 4 rebounds to earn the ESPNHS All @-@ American Championship game MVP . He was named the 2012 Post @-@ Tribune Boys basketball player of the year . By the end of his senior year , Robinson was considered a five @-@ star player by Rivals.com. Robinson was an honor roll student at Lake Central . Robinson placed fourth in the Indiana Mr. Basketball voting behind Gary Harris , Yogi Ferrell and Kellen Dunham . Robinson was a second team Associated Press All @-@ state selection . His late rise offset a late fall by McGary and enabled Michigan to retain its top ten class status .
= = College career = =
The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team had been co @-@ champions of 2011 – 12 Big Ten Conference , but lost both of its co @-@ captains , Zack Novak and Stu Douglass , to graduation and three players as transfers . The team was returning a nucleus of All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke and Tim Hardaway , Jr .
= = = Freshman = = =
Robinson began his Michigan career in the starting lineup on November 9 . In his first career game , Robinson nearly posted a double @-@ double with ten points and eight rebounds in a 100 – 62 victory against Slippery Rock . In his second game , Robinson had 21 points , while making his first eight field goals in a 91 – 54 victory against the IUPUI Jaguars on November 12 . On November 23 , he posted 12 rebounds in the championship game victory in the NIT Season Tip @-@ Off tournament against Kansas State .
On January 6 , Robinson posted 20 points and 10 rebounds against Iowa , to earn his first career double @-@ double . He was the first Michigan freshman to post at least 20 points and 10 rebounds in a game since LaVell Blanchard did so three times for the 1999 – 2000 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team . On January 7 , he earned recognition as Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Week . Robinson earned his second Big Ten Freshman of the week award on January 28 due to a pair of 12 @-@ point performances on 71 @.@ 4 % shooting in which he averaged 8 rebounds . On January 31 , Robinson and Stauskas were named to the Wayman Tisdale Award ( USBWA National Freshman of the Year ) top 12 midseason list . On February 17 against Penn State , Robinson tied his career @-@ high point total of 21 and posted his second double @-@ double by adding 10 rebounds . He was a 2012 – 13 Big Ten Conference all @-@ freshman and honorable mention all @-@ conference selection by the coaches .
As a number four seed , Michigan defeated its first NCAA tournament opponent , South Dakota State , 71 – 56 . Michigan Robinson tied his career @-@ high again with 21 points . The 27th victory of the season gave the team its most wins in 20 years and matched head coach John Beilein 's career high . Michigan had held a narrow 30 – 26 lead at the half , but Robinson made two 3 @-@ pointers to open the second half . He scored Michigan 's first eleven @-@ second half points as South Dakota only made one field goal in that time . In the first two tournament games against South Dakota State and VCU , Robinson shot a combined 15 @-@ for @-@ 19 . On March 29 against Kansas , Robinson contributed 13 points and 8 rebounds , bringing his averages in the first three tournament games to 16 points and 7 @.@ 7 rebounds . During the final media timeout with 3 : 47 to play and Michigan trailing by 10 points , Robinson became the vocal leader during the team huddle for the first time as a Wolverine reminding his teammates to focus on their defense . With Michigan down by 5 points , he scooped a loose ball for an offensive rebound and made a reverse layup following a Tim Hardaway , Jr. missed three @-@ point shot with 35 seconds remaining . It was part of a Michigan 14 – 4 run in the final 2 : 52 to force overtime in the victory . On April 1 , he was one of two Big Ten players ( Harris ) named to the 21 @-@ man 2013 Kyle Macy Freshman All @-@ America team . Michigan advanced to the April 8 national championship game where the team lost to Louisville by an 82 – 76 margin despite 12 points from Robinson . Following his freshman season there was speculation he was considering entering the 2013 NBA draft . He was a projected first @-@ round pick , however on April 18 , he and Mitch McGary held a joint press conference to announce that they would not enter the draft .
= = = Sophomore = = =
Robinson declined an invitation to try out for the USA Basketball team that competed at the 2013 FIBA Under @-@ 19 World Championship , opting instead to attend a Nike Skills Academy for wing players featuring Kevin Durant and the LeBron James Skills Academy . While training , he became the first player in the history of Michigan basketball to max out the 12 @-@ foot @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 3 @.@ 73 m ) Vertec apparatus that is used to measure vertical leap .
Robinson was a preseason All @-@ Big Ten selection in both the official media poll released by the Big Ten Conference and the unofficial media poll released by the Big Ten Network . Robinson was on the 50 @-@ man Naismith Award and Wooden Award preseason watchlists .
On November 8 , Robinson tied career highs with 4 assists and 3 steals against UMass Lowell on a night when he also had 15 points and 7 rebounds . On November 13 , Robinson earned his first Sports Illustrated cover as part of a four @-@ version set of regional covers depicting college basketball 's greatest rivalries on the College Basketball Preview Issue . Robinson and Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball player Gary Harris represented the Michigan – Michigan State basketball rivalry on one of the four regional versions . On December 14 , Robinson tallied 20 points on 8 – 9 field goal shooting and 4 rebounds against ( # 1 / # 1 ) Arizona in a 72 – 70 loss . On December 28 , against Holy Cross Robinson posted a career high with 23 points .
In the January 2 Big Ten Conference opener against Minnesota , Robinson set a career high with 4 blocks despite missing the final 17 : 24 of the game with an injury to his left ankle . Robinson tied his career high with 23 points against Nebraska on February 5 as the team posted its largest conference game margin of victory since defeating Indiana 112 @-@ 64 on February 22 , 1998 . On February 26 , Robinson contributed a team @-@ high 17 points including a game @-@ winning overtime buzzer beater against his father 's alma mater Purdue to help the team overcome its largest deficit of the season ( 19 ) . On March 8 , Robinson had his fourth 20 @-@ point game of the season to help Michigan close out its season with a season @-@ ending 84 – 80 victory over Indiana . His 20 points included a tie @-@ breaking 3 @-@ pointer with 1 : 10 remaining . Following the regular season , he was named an honorable mention All @-@ Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media .
Michigan played its first two games of the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , which was the home arena for Robinson 's father , Glenn Robinson for most of his NBA career as a member of the Milwaukee Bucks . In the two games at the Bradley Center against Wofford and Texas , Robinson scored 14 points in each game and averaged 6 rebounds . In the Sweet Sixteen round , he opposed his father 's former Purdue roommate and Tennessee head coach Cuonzo Martin . Robinson scored 13 points as Michigan again advanced in the tournament . The 2013 – 14 team was eliminated in the elite eight round of the NCAA Tournament by Kentucky .
On April 15 , in a joint press conference with Stauskas , Robinson announced that he was declaring himself eligible for the 2014 NBA draft . During his two years with Michigan , the school enjoyed its winningest two @-@ year stretch in school history marked by a total of 59 wins .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = =
At the May NBA Draft Combine , Robinson excelled with the top standing vertical jump at the combine , the top small forward spot up shooting percentage and impressive anthropomorphic measurements . Robinson pleased with his overall performance , but disappointed with his 41 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 05 m ) running vertical jump , which was short of his 44 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 12 m ) personal best . Robinson was drafted in the second round of the 2014 draft with the 40th overall pick by the Minnesota Timberwolves . With teammates Stauskas and McGary also being drafted , it marked the first time Michigan had at least three draft picks since the 1990 NBA draft . With Burke and Hardaway having been drafted the year before , every player that started in the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game was drafted either in the 2013 or 2014 NBA draft .
Robinson committed to represent the Timberwolves in 2014 NBA Summer League . On September 17 , 2014 , he signed with the Timberwolves and then made the opening day 15 @-@ man roster . Robinson made his professional debut with the Timberwolves on November 14 against the New Orleans Pelicans , scoring 1 point in 8 minutes of play . On November 21 , he posted his first field goals with a 2 @-@ for @-@ 2 shooting performance against the defending champion San Antonio Spurs . Among his early performances , he tallied 7 points on December 6 against the Spurs and 4 rebounds on December 8 against the Golden State Warriors . On March 5 , 2015 , he was waived by the Timberwolves .
= = = Philadelphia 76ers ( 2015 ) = = =
On March 7 , 2015 , he was claimed off waivers by the Philadelphia 76ers . Robinson debuted for the 76ers on March 14 against the Brooklyn Nets , going scoreless in 7 minutes . He reached double digits for the first time on April 11 against the Chicago Bulls , scoring 10 points . Robinson started in the season finale on April 15 against the Miami Heat . It was his first and only start of the season and he posted a season @-@ high 8 rebounds to go along with another 10 @-@ point performance .
The 76ers opted not to make a qualifying offer to Robinson before the July 1 , 2015 signing period , thus making him a free agent . He later joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2015 NBA Summer League on July 9 .
= = = Indiana Pacers ( 2015 – present ) = = =
On July 27 , he signed a three @-@ year deal with the Indiana Pacers . Pacer General Manager Larry Bird noted that he had been attempting to acquire Robinson for some time due to the potential that he saw . He hooked Robinson up with shooting guru Hal Wissel for extra attention during his first offseason . Robinson entered the season impaired by shoulder soreness and did not dress for the October 28 season opener . Robinson began practicing with the team at the beginning of November as he recovered from his shoulder injury .
On November 4 , he debuted with the Pacers against the Boston Celtics in their 5th game of the season . Robinson posted 10 points and 2 rebounds in over 19 minutes of action . On November 13 , he posted 11 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves . On November 21 , he scored a career @-@ high 17 points off the bench and was 4 @-@ of @-@ 4 from three @-@ point range against the Milwaukee Bucks . On December 27 , he was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . He was recalled the next day . With George Hill attending to personal business and Rodney Stuckey injured , the Pacers — who only dressed 10 players — gave Robinson his first start of the season on January 17 against the Denver Nuggets . Hill missed three consecutive games and come off the bench for a fourth as he endured the loss of his grandmother , mourned the loss of a former IUPUI Jaguars men 's basketball teammate and celebrated the birth of his first child . Hill replaced Robinson in the starting lineup on January 26 against the Los Angeles Clippers .
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = Personal life = =
Robinson is the son of Shantelle Clay ( also known as Shantelle Clay @-@ Irving ) and Glenn Robinson , who was Indiana Mr. Basketball , Collegiate national player of the year , NBA All @-@ Star , NBA first overall draft pick , NBA champion , and an eleven @-@ year NBA veteran . One of Robinson III 's nicknames is " Trey " . His maternal grandmother 's name is Carolyn Crawford . He is also at times referred to as GR3 .
His younger brother , Gelen ( class of 2014 ) , is the 2013 & 2014 Indiana High School Athletic Association ( IHSAA ) 220 @-@ pound ( 100 kg ) wrestling champion , 2014 IHSAA discus champion , 2013 IHSAA shot put runner @-@ up , 2013 IHSAA discus runner @-@ up , 2013 threepeat Post @-@ Tribune Football Defensive Player of the Year Gelen verbally committed to the Purdue Boilermakers football team .
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= Dancin ' Homer =
" Dancin ' Homer " is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 8 , 1990 . In the episode , Homer fires up the crowd at a Springfield Isotopes baseball game and is chosen to be the team 's new mascot . He immediately becomes a popular attraction and the Isotopes start a winning streak . As a result , Homer is promoted to a team in Capital City , the Capital City Capitals . The Simpson family moves there , but Homer fails to enthrall the crowd , and the family returns home .
The episode was written by Ken Levine and David Isaacs and directed by Mark Kirkland . It was Kirkland 's first directing role , and he has since directed many episodes . Singer Tony Bennett guest starred as himself and actor Tom Poston guest starred as the Capital City Capitals 's mascot , the Capital City Goofball . Homer 's chants are a reference to American baseball fan Wild Bill Hagy , who received fame for his chants at Baltimore 's Memorial Stadium . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
One night while drinking beer at Moe 's Tavern , Homer tells the story of how he got his big break . He begins with the family attending " Nuclear Plant Employee , Spouses and No More Than Three Children Night " at the Springfield Isotopes baseball game at the Springfield minor league baseball stadium . At the game , Homer 's hopes of letting loose at the ballpark are ruined when his boss Mr. Burns sits next to him . To Homer 's surprise , Mr. Burns buys him several rounds of beer to show good company relations , and the two begin taunting the Isotopes together . The team is expected to lose their twenty @-@ seventh consecutive game , reportedly the longest losing streak in professional baseball . However , when a drunk Homer fires up the crowd with an impromptu dance to the tune of " Baby Elephant Walk " , the Isotopes win the game .
Homer is offered the job as team mascot of the Springfield Isotopes by the team 's owner . He accepts , and because of his enthusiasm at the games , the Isotopes go on a winning streak . Homer is soon informed that he is going to be promoted to the " big leagues " in Capital City , where he will fill in for the Capital City Goofball as the mascot of the Capital City Capitals . The Simpson family pack up their things , say goodbye to their friends , and move to the big city . Homer 's first performance becomes a disaster as his small @-@ town routine flops before the big @-@ city crowd , and he is booed off the field and promptly fired . Homer sadly finishes his story , only to find that Moe 's regulars are very impressed with his tale .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Ken Levine and David Isaacs , and directed by Mark Kirkland . It was the first episode of The Simpsons Kirkland directed . He has since directed over 50 episodes . Executive producer James L. Brooks came up with the idea of the Moe 's Tavern wraparounds at the beginning and the end of the episode . It was added because the writers did not know how to end the episode . Levine had worked as a minor league baseball announcer before the episode was produced so he was able to give directions to the animators on the characters ' looks and ambiance of the episode .
Many of the new characters introduced in the episode were named after Levine 's friends from his announcer career . The minor league announcer in the episode , that Levine voiced , was named Dan Hoard after his broadcasting partner in Syracuse , New York . The major league announcer was named Dave Glass after Levine 's partner in Norfolk , Virginia , and the Capital City Capitals owner who fires Homer was named Dave Rosenfield after the general manager of the Tidewater Tides . The episode features a guest appearance by singer Tony Bennett , who was the first guest star to appear as himself on The Simpsons . Bennett appears in a scene in which the Simpson family meets him while taking a tour of Capital City . He also sings a song called " Capital City " over the closing credits . The lyrics and music of the song were written by Simpsons writer Jeff Martin . Tom Poston guest starred in the episode as the Capital City Goofball . The mascot has appeared in many episodes later on in the show , but he has only spoken once since " Dancin ' Homer " and has been reduced to making minor background appearances . Ron Taylor was meant to reprise his role of Bleeding Gums Murphy , who he had played in the first season episode " Moaning Lisa " , but was unable to record the part ; Daryl L. Coley filled in for him .
" Dancin ' Homer " was , together with " Old Money " , selected for release in a video collection titled The Best of The Simpsons that was released May 3 , 1994 . In 2000 , it was included on video collection of selected sports @-@ themed episodes , titled : The Simpsons : On Your Marks , Get Set , D 'oh ! . Other episodes included in the collection set were " Faith Off " , " The Homer They Fall " , and " Lisa on Ice " . The episode was again included in the 2004 DVD release of the On Your Marks , Get Set , D 'oh ! set . The episode was also included on The Simpsons season two DVD set , which was released on August 6 , 2002 . Levine , Isaacs , Kirkland , Mike Reiss , and Matt Groening participated in the DVD 's audio commentary .
= = Cultural references = =
Homer 's chants and his nickname " Dancin ' Homer " is a reference to American baseball fan Wild Bill Hagy , who earned the nickname " The Roar from Thirty @-@ Four " for his chants during the 1970s in section thirty @-@ four at Baltimore 's Memorial Stadium . Homer spells out Springfield just like Hagy spelled O @-@ R @-@ I @-@ O @-@ L @-@ E @-@ S with his arms .
A drunk Homer performs his first dance to the 1961 tune " Baby Elephant Walk " written by Henry Mancini .
Bleeding Gums Murphy makes a 26 @-@ minute long performance of the " Star @-@ Spangled Banner " at the game where Homer performs his first dance .
Homer 's line , " Today , as I leave for Capital City , I consider myself the luckiest mascot on the face of the earth " that he says in his farewell speech to the Springfield fans , is a reference to Lou Gehrig 's farewell speech in the 1942 baseball film The Pride of the Yankees .
The song " Capital City " that Bennett sings over the closing credits is a parody of the 1980 song " New York , New York " .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Dancin ' Homer " finished twenty @-@ fifth in the ratings for the week of November 5 – 11 , 1990 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 , equivalent to approximately fourteen million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week .
Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said it was " probably the best episode " of the season , and commented that " Dancin ' Homer " offered a " consistently satisfying show . Like the better episodes , it packed a lot of action into its twenty @-@ three minutes , as Homer ’ s saga took on a near epic feeling . It also contained more wonderfully bizarre asides than usual at this point in the series ’ run . From the Rastafarians who appear in the crowd when Homer performs ' Baby Elephant Walk ' , to the existence of the Players ’ Ex @-@ Wives section at the ballpark , the episode provided a fun and rich program . " In a review of the second season , Bryce Wilson of Cinema Blend said " Dancin ' Homer " felt " a bit flat " , but " even in [ its ] lowest points , humor is easy to find . " Dawn Taylor of The DVD Journal thought the best line of the episode was Homer 's " Marge , this ticket doesn 't just give me a seat . It also gives me the right — no , the duty — to make a complete ass of myself . " Jeremy Kleinman of DVD Talk said lines from the episode such as " A Simpson on a T @-@ shirt , I never thought I 'd see the day " show a " humorous self @-@ awareness of the emergence of The Simpsons as cultural phenomenon " .
The episode was by Jerry Greene of the Orlando Sentinel named the third best episode of the show with a sports theme . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette named it second best sports moment in the history of the show . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , wrote : " Understanding baseball isn 't really a requirement for this episode , as the humor doesn 't come from the games so much as the personalities . Tony Bennett 's cameo is great , and Homer 's dance has rightly become legendary . "
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= Mr. Nobody ( film ) =
Mr. Nobody is a 2009 science fiction drama film . It was written and directed by Jaco Van Dormael , produced by Philippe Godeau , and starred Jared Leto , Sarah Polley , Diane Kruger , Linh Dan Pham , Rhys Ifans , Natasha Little , Toby Regbo and Juno Temple . The film tells the life story of Nemo Nobody , a 118 @-@ year @-@ old man who is the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi @-@ immortality . Nemo , memory fading , refers to his three main loves and to his parents ' divorce and subsequent hardships endured at three critical junctions in his life : at age nine , fifteen , and thirty @-@ four . Alternate life paths branching out from each of those critical junctions are examined . The speculative narrative often changes course with the flick of a different possible decision at each of those ages . The film uses nonlinear narrative and the many @-@ worlds interpretation style .
Mr. Nobody had its world premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival where it received the Golden Osella and the Biografilm Lancia Award . Critical response was generally strong and the film was nominated for seven Magritte Awards , winning six , including Best Film and Best Director for Van Dormael . The film was mostly funded through European financiers and was released in Belgium on 13 January 2010 . Since its original release , Mr. Nobody has become a cult film , noted for its philosophy and cinematography , personal characters and Pierre Van Dormael 's soundtrack .
= = Plot = =
In 2092 , humanity has conquered mortality through the endless renewal of cells . The world watches in fascination as the 118 @-@ year @-@ old Nemo Nobody , the last mortal on Earth , edges towards death . Curious to know of life before quasi @-@ immortality , they interview Nemo . Dr. Feldheim , a psychiatrist , uses hypnosis to help Nemo recall some of his memories , while Nemo relates other memories to a journalist . As he is prodded , Nemo makes contradictory statements . He recounts his life at three primary points : at age 9 , when his parents divorced , at age 15 when he fell in love , and at age 34 as an adult . All three unfold into their many possible outcomes .
Nemo explains that before birth , children remember everything that will happen in their lives . At the moment of conception , the Angels of Oblivion erase their memory . The Angels , however , forget about Nemo , allowing him to " remember " different possible futures for himself . At age 9 , at a railway station , he is forced to choose as his mother leaves on a train while his father stays on the platform . In one case , he manages to board the train while in another he stays with his father .
= = = Life with mother = = =
A rebellious Nemo lives with his mother and her new partner , Harry . He sees a new girl , Anna , in his school and is immediately smitten . One day on the beach , Anna asks if he would like to swim with her and her friends . Nemo insults her friends and they barely see each other again .
In an alternate story line , Nemo admits to Anna he cannot swim ; the two spend time together and fall in love . Anna turns out to be Harry 's daughter and the two step siblings begin an illicit affair . They pledge their lives to one another . When Harry and Nemo 's mother break up , Anna goes to New York with her father , and they lose touch . Years later , Nemo works as a pool cleaner , hoping to run into Anna by chance . They finally see one another at the train station and immediately recognize each other in a crowd of passers @-@ by . After a passionate reunion , Anna announces she is not ready to immediately resume the relationship . She gives him her number , asks him to call her in two days and meet at the lighthouse . However , he loses her number when a sudden downpour makes her note illegible . Nemo waits at the lighthouse every day , but Anna does not come .
In a different storyline , Anna and Nemo are married with children . Nemo works at a television studio narrating educational videos . One evening , while returning home , he hits a bird , loses control of his car , plummets into a lake and drowns .
= = = Life with father = = =
Nemo stays with his father , who later becomes disabled . He works in a shop and spends his free time at home at the typewriter , writing a science fiction story about a journey to Mars . At a school dance , he meets Elise and falls in love . A few days later , Nemo goes to Elise 's house but sees her with her 22 @-@ year @-@ old boyfriend . Frustrated , he speeds away on his motorcycle , has an accident and is hospitalized in a vegetative state . Though he can perceive the world through his senses , Nemo cannot move or speak . He detects his parents ' reunion at his bedside . Nemo tries to remember the movement of his fingers on the typewriter keyboard and eventually manages to lift a finger as this story line comes to a close .
In yet another alternate timeline , Nemo speaks with Elise at her house , and learns that she is still in love with her boyfriend , Stefano . Nemo does not back down and keeps assuring her of his feelings . Finally , Elise gives in and a few years later , they get married . In one version of the story line , Elise dies in an accident on the return from the wedding . Nemo keeps her ashes , having promised her to spread them on Mars . In a far future , Nemo carries Elise 's ash to Mars and spreads them on the planet 's surface . Aboard the spacecraft traveling back to Earth , he meets Anna . Before they can say much to each other , the ship is destroyed by meteoroids . He works at the same television studio but his assistant drowns instead . The assistant 's widow is Anna , whom he recognizes . Another storyline has Nemo and Elise married with three children . However , their marriage is unhappy as Elise suffers from borderline personality disorder and chronic depression . She has attacks of hysteria and , despite Nemo 's attempts to save their marriage , ultimately leaves him to pursue Stefano .
Alternatively , after being rejected by Elise , Nemo resolves to marry the first girl who will dance with him at the school prom . That night , he dances with Jeanne . While taking her home , Nemo pledges to marry her and be successful . Despite being successful and have two children , Nemo is unhappy and bored with his life . Nemo writes over all his possessions to Jeanne and leaves his family . At the airport , he pretends to be a passenger named Daniel Jones and is taken to a hotel by a waiting chauffeur . At Jones ' hotel room , Nemo is murdered while taking a bath , and his body is dumped in the woods .
Running throughout all the many paths his life could take or has taken , the adult Nemo recurringly awakens in a surrealistic world dominated by argyle patterns . This setting seems artificial , like a movie set , and often appears to bleed over into his other lives . Following clues that he finds scattered throughout this city , he ultimately arrives at a crumbling , abandoned wooden @-@ framed house . He stumbles upon a DVD player hooked up to a television screen . In the strangely interactive video , the 118 @-@ year @-@ old Nemo converses with the 34 @-@ year @-@ old one . He explains that the younger man does not exist . He states that he is experiencing the story from the end and that he must stay alive until 5 : 50 AM on 12 February 2092 .
= = = Epilogue = = =
Before his death , Mr. Nobody tells the journalist that neither of them exist . They are figments in the mind of the 9 @-@ year @-@ old Nemo at the train station , as he was forced to make an impossible choice . The young boy tries to find the correct decision , following each choice to its conclusion . Eventually , the boy takes a third option : to not make the choice at all . He leaves both parents and runs away towards an unknown future . He ends up sleeping on a bench by the lighthouse and waiting for Anna 's return . She appears and the two happily reunite . The calculated time arrives and Mr. Nobody 's last words are watched by the world . The expansion of the universe comes to a halt and time begins to reverse . The 118 @-@ year @-@ old man cackles triumphantly as he springs back into awareness with the realization that his younger self has finally found his one true love and life .
= = Cast = =
Jared Leto as Nemo Nobody , both 34- and 118 @-@ year @-@ old . Nemo is a Latin word meaning " nobody " . The name Nemo alludes to Captain Nemo , the main character of Jules Verne 's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea . It is the false name that Odysseus in Homer 's poem Odyssey gives to the cyclops Polyphemus , to deceive him and save his own life . Van Dormael said that Leto was chosen because he is " an actor who could transform himself , as much physically as vocally , rhythmically , his breathing . " Leto described his role saying , " Mr. Nobody is everyone and no one all at the same time , an illusion , the product of his own dreams . He 's love , he 's hope , he 's fear , he 's life and he 's death . This is without doubt the most complex character I 've ever played . It was a challenge to keep all these lives concentrated into one character for the duration of the filming without losing myself . But we had outlines and things that helped me to keep track of where we were . " Actor Toby Regbo portrays Nemo at fifteen and Thomas Byrne Nemo at nine .
Sarah Polley as Elise . Polley was the first to be cast in the film . She describes Elise as " a young woman who carries a lot of love inside her . She yearns to be the best of mothers but just can 't do it . She 's frustrated because of this inability to live the way she would like to live , all of this stemming from her depression . She doesn 't understand why she can 't pull out of it . Over time she develops a feeling of shame and guilt towards her husband and her children . " Actress Clare Stone portrays Elise at fifteen .
Diane Kruger as Anna . Kruger described Anna as " the most complete of all the characters . She never makes any compromises , in any one of her lives . She gets married and keeps her promise until the end : she will not fall in love with anyone else . " Actress Eva Green was originally reported for the role , but the casting was not confirmed . Actress Juno Temple portrays Anna at fifteen .
Linh Dan Pham as Jeanne . Pham said that Jeanne " loves Nemo Nobody with a passion but he doesn 't love her . Their meeting was a misunderstanding . She thought he was honest and full of love for her . But as soon as they start a family she realizes that something is missing in their relationship , that he 's never really there . It also shows that lives that seem perfect on paper might not be so perfect in reality . " Actress Audrey Giacomini portrays Jeanne at fifteen .
Rhys Ifans as Nemo 's father . Van Dormael chose Ifans after seeing his " multifaceted " performances in Notting Hill ( 1999 ) and Enduring Love ( 2004 ) .
Natasha Little as Nemo 's mother . Little was suggested by the casting director in London . Van Dormael said that " her role was decisive for the film : it was necessary that the mother should destroy the childhood happiness but that one would feel the need to go with her at the same time . That 's what Natasha managed to achieve . "
Allan Corduner as Dr. Feldman .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Belgian director Jaco Van Dormael began seeking to film Mr. Nobody in 2001 , an attempt that lasted six years before the director was able to make his English @-@ language feature debut in 2007 . Van Dormael 's project differed from other Belgian productions in being filmed in English instead of in one of Belgium 's main languages . The director explained , " The story came to me in English . It 's a story set over very long distances and time frames . One of the strands of the plot is about a kid who must choose between living with his mother in Canada or his father in England . There are also some incredible English @-@ speaking actors I wanted to work with . " Mr. Nobody is Van Dormael 's first feature film since the Belgian film Le huitième jour ( The Eighth Day ) in 1996 . Van Dormael began preparing production of Mr. Nobody in February 2007 with actress Sarah Polley the first to be cast in the film . Actor Jared Leto was later cast into the primary role of Nemo Nobody .
The production budget for Mr. Nobody was € 33 million ( US $ 47 million ) , ranking it the most expensive Belgian film to date . The budget was approved before casting was done , based on the prominence of the director 's name and the strength of his script . Half of the budget was provided by the film 's French producer Philippe Godeau through his production company Pan @-@ Européenne , and the other half was financed by distributors Wild Bunch and Pathé . Production took place throughout 2007 , lasting 120 days and filming in Belgium , Germany , and Canada . Scenes were filmed on location in Montreal , Canada and at Babelsberg Studios in Berlin , Germany . Van Dormael said , " I think the film needed that for these multiple lives . Each time a new style of setting is required . And each life is filmed in a different style , with a different grammar for the camera , the colours , the decor . At the same time , if all the styles have to be very contrasted , they knock together by fusing . " The three lives that Nemo Nobody experiences were separated by color @-@ coding and musical cues . Each life 's design was also based on the work of British photographer Martin Parr .
= = = Writing = = =
The idea of parallel lives has been explored before in films such as Run Lola Run ( 1998 ) and Sliding Doors ( 1998 ) which influenced Van Dormael 's writing . Unlike any of those , Mr. Nobody has philosophical underpinning inspired by scientific tomes on chaos theory and the butterfly effect , pigeon superstition , and the space @-@ time continuum . Van Dormael stated , " My starting point was a 12 @-@ minute short I made in 1982 called È pericoloso sporgersi . A kid runs behind a train with two possible choices : to go with his mother or with his father . From there we follow two possible futures . I started one version based on the fact that a woman jumps or doesn 't jump on a train . Then Sliding Doors by Peter Howitt came out , followed by Run Lola Run by Tom Tykwer . I had to find something else . And that 's when I realised that the story I was trying to tell was not binary , that I was above all interested by the multiplicity and complexity of choices . With this screenplay I wanted to make the viewer feel the abyss that is the infinity of possibilities . Beyond this , I wanted to find a different way of telling a story . I wanted the gaze of the child on his future to meet the gaze of the old man he has become on his past . I wanted to talk about complexity through cinema , which is a simplifying medium . While reality around us is more and more complex , the information is more and more succinct , political speeches are more and more simplistic . What interests me is complexity . Not the simple answers , which are reassuring but bound to be false . "
While producing the film , Van Dormael took the unique step of publishing his screenplay . The director described the scale of the film , " My producers don 't like me saying it , but it 's really a big @-@ budget experimental film about the many different lives one person can live , depending on the choices he makes . It 's about the infinite possibilities facing any person . There are no good or bad choices in life . It 's simply that each choice will create another life for you . What 's interesting is to be alive . "
= = = Visual effects = = =
Jaco Van Dormael hired visual effects supervisor Louis Morin , known for his work in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , to create visual effects for Mr. Nobody . All five hundred visual effects shots were produced in Quebec by Quebec companies . Modus FX announced having delivered 121 digital visual effects shots for the film . The company was entrusted with complex sequences which could not be captured on film , involving the digital reproduction of entire cities , villages and other @-@ worldly settings . Modus FX also worked on several complex transitions between the different worlds and multiple lives of Nemo Nobody . Modus FX 's post @-@ production contributions involved 37 digital artists and technicians across a six @-@ month period . A long list of software , including Autodesk 's Softimage and Maya , Side Effects ' Houdini and The Foundry 's Nuke , and the creation of a multitude of in @-@ house tools , programs and techniques was required for the shots delivered .
= = = Music = = =
Like Van Dormael 's previous films , the score for Mr. Nobody was written by Pierre Van Dormael . He worked on simple themes and out of synch loops , " a mixture of superficial simplicity and underlying complexity . " He wrote themes that overlapped to form new ones , each theme continuing to exist while being mixed with the others . The director did not want the music to be overtly emotional , so he and Pierre chose a minimalist orchestration , more often than not just a single guitar . Van Dormael said , " We wanted the instrument and the player to be felt . This stance actually sums up the whole adventure : a maximalist project with a minimalist approach . " Mr. Nobody is the last film of composer Pierre Van Dormael before his death in 2008 . His music won the Magritte Award for Best Original Score in 2012 .
The soundtrack features songs by Pierre Van Dormael , Buddy Holly , Hans Zimmer , Otis Redding , Eurythmics , Pixies , Wallace Collection , Nena , Ella Fitzgerald , and The Andrew Sisters , as well as versions of " Mr. Sandman " performed by The Chordettes , The King Brothers , Emmylou Harris , and Gob , and recordings of compositions by Erik Satie and Benjamin Britten , among others .
= = Themes = =
Mr. Nobody is a tale about choice . Nemo , a nine @-@ year @-@ old boy , has been thrust into a position where he must make an impossible decision – to choose between his mother and father . In the seconds preceding the rest of his life , he wonders where each choice will take him . The forces of the universe working to bring about total chaos are counteracted by this boy 's overactive imagination . The dilemma that causes the film 's main problem ( not knowing the future ) once solved makes it all the more difficult – " I don 't know the future , therefore I cannot make a decision . Now that I know the future I still cannot make one . " The eloquent interplay between philosophical lifestyle and what forges reality , is epitomized by the constant change in storyline , between young boy , adolescent man , and mature man . The film takes a four @-@ dimensionalists view of the nature and existence of life in the universe . Each decision thus branching off creating an entirely separate alternative universe . Mr. Nobody raises many ontological arguments about the subjective nature of time . How actions have universal consequences , how the past inevitably shapes the future in a very impacting way – every single choice , no matter its simplicity or complexity can make , alter or change a lifetime .
The film also makes substantial use of chaos theory , string theory , and the butterfly effect to accentuate the lack of control that humanity as individuals possesses . Often at each stage of his life there is a scene where Nemo is subject to the whims of chance , often plunging into water , a place where humans lack all control . This is a visual symbol of the powerlessness attributed to the human condition . The theories are used to compound reality in the film , it is why the smoke never goes back into the cigarette , time is always moving in one direction . At the end when it assumes that the universe is on the precipice of ultimate chaos , making use of the Big Crunch theory , time halts , and it begins to reverse . Thus signalling the absolute freedom Nemo had been seeking – being able to live a life without choice , for while you never choose all things remain possible . The tale of Nemo Nobody reflects a life of choices , whether or not we made the correct choice and what would happen if we could go back and change them . In the reveal Mr. Nobody age 118 states that it doesn 't matter what we choose , because each choice , once made has just as much significance as any alternate choice . The film portrays a life where we are all subject to chance , to the dimensions by which we construct our reality ( height , length , width and time ) , and to the imagination of our former selves . And once the boy Nemo knows the outcomes of either choice , he instinctively opts for another .
The different colors used in the film have symbolic meanings . Each of the three main storylines has its own unique hue that highlights their originality and unlikeness to each other . Color differentiation can be traced as far back as Nemo 's childhood , where three girls sit on a bench . They are his possible future wives : Jeanne , Elise , and Anna ; one in yellow , the other in blue , and the third in a red dress . In his life with Elise , Nemo experiences the consequences of depression and despair , themes associated with the color blue . Choosing Jeanne , Nemo seeks material well @-@ being and independence : yellow – the color of life and wealth – emphasizes this . The true love and passionate relationship between Nemo and Anna is symbolized by the red color of Anna 's dress . It is noteworthy that the unborn Nemo is shown living in a white world . White contains all colors of the visible spectrum ; this supports the allegorical message of the film that all things are possible until a choice is made . By the end of his life , Nemo is a decrepit old man and lives in a white surrounding ( room , clothes , doctor ) . This way we can see that the fate of the protagonist leads him back to the origins from where he started , the point at which everything is possible .
= = Release = =
= = = Theatrical run = = =
An earlier , longer , work @-@ in @-@ progress version of the film was rejected for competition by the Cannes Film Festival , which offered that cut of Mr. Nobody an out @-@ of @-@ competition berth . Producer Philippe Godeau turned that down . The decision by the Cannes Film Festival not to exhibit the film created a national controversy . Eventually , the studio held the film 's world premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival on 12 September 2009 . Six days later , Mr. Nobody screened as a special presentation during the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . Additionally , the film was screened at the Sitges Film Festival and the Stockholm International Film Festival before its theatrical release . Mr. Nobody had its American premiere on 25 June 2011 , at the Los Angeles Film Festival , nearly two years since its original debut . It was among more than 200 feature films , short projects , and music videos , from more than 30 countries , to be shown at the festival . The Consul General of Belgium , Geert Criel , held a second United States screening of Mr. Nobody on 21 December 2011 , at the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica .
Mr. Nobody initially opened in 36 theaters in Belgium in its opening weekend and grossed USD $ 227 @,@ 917 , placing fourth and posting a per @-@ theater average of $ 6 @,@ 331 . Over the second weekend , the film dropped 21 @.@ 9 % in revenue , earning $ 178 @,@ 098 . Grossing nearly $ 1 million , it became one of the ten highest @-@ grossing 2010 films in Belgium . The film was released in France on 13 January 2010 , opening in 150 theaters and had a disappointing opening weekend due to the mixed response from French critics . It finished eighth on its first weekend of release earning $ 640 @,@ 517 , and by its second weekend of release had dropped to the bottom of the top ten with a total of $ 1 @,@ 051 @,@ 211 . Magnolia Pictures released the film in the United States in select theaters on 1 November 2013 .
= = = Home media = = =
Mr. Nobody was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in France on 21 July 2010 , through Pathé , in two formats : a single @-@ disc wide @-@ screen version which special features include a trailer , making @-@ of and a photo gallery ; and a two @-@ disc wide @-@ screen special edition . The latter contains the director 's cut of the film which has 1 re @-@ cut , 23 extended scenes and 12 additional scenes integrated into the original footage , running about 16 minutes longer than the theatrical version . The Warner Home Video Dutch release includes new specials features : interactive menu , scene access , a making @-@ of , a behind the scenes , deleted scenes and a photo gallery . On 11 January 2011 , it was released in Canada through Entertainment One on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc , with a making @-@ of featurette , behind the scenes footage and deleted scenes . Optimum Home Entertainment released Mr. Nobody to the British market on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc on 12 September 2011 , with few special features . It contains a making @-@ of with Leto interview and a trailer of the film .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon its premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival , Mr. Nobody was positively received with a ten @-@ minute standing ovation from the audience . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 67 % of critics have given the film a positive review , with its consensus saying " Mr. Nobody 's narrative tangles may bedevil as much as they entertain , but its big ambitions and absorbing visuals make for an intriguing addition to director Jaco Van Dormael 's filmography . "
Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail praised the film , stating " Van Dormael holds this fractured fairy tale together by giving it an emotional core and delivers two hours of time travel with a playful spirit and at a mostly hyperkinetic pace , sprinkling it with amusing side journeys and sometimes letting a scene unfold at a more natural tempo . " Bruce Kirkland of Jam ! gave the film four stars out of five and wrote , " Expect the unexpected . Try to answer the unanswerable question that writer @-@ director Van Dormael poses . It is a worthwhile exercise . " He also described Leto 's acting as a " marvelously full @-@ blooded , brain @-@ spinning , tour @-@ de @-@ force performance . " Ken Eisner from The Georgia Straight summarized the film as " a dazzling feat of philosophical fancy , and it attempts nothing less than the summing up of an entire life , and an epoch or two , with its free @-@ spinning take on recent human history as projected into possible futures . "
Niels Matthijs , writing for Twitch Film , stated that " It 's astounding how van Dormael turns each scene into a unique little cinematic event . There is hardly filler here , no scenes to drag out the running time or to fill some gaps in between other climaxes . Every scene matters and every scene is made to look like it matters . The director uses all means to his disposal to keep the viewer engaged and interested in the life of the main protagonist , Nemo Nobody . " Fred Topel , writing for Screen Junkies , praised the film 's artistry , saying " All of Nemo 's lives are painful . No matter what he chooses , he experiences heartbreak , death of loved ones , his own death , and clinical depression . My future seems brighter , but the film makes the strong point that every experience is worthwhile . The goal isn 't to choose the easiest path . It 's to live . " Chris Holt from Starburst magazine wrote that " Mr. Nobody is a film that is remarkable by its very existence and that in itself is something to be happy about . You may love it you may hate it , but you can bet that you will never forget it . " Exclaim ! ' s Robert Bell called the film " a powerful movie about what it means to be alive . "
Boyd van Hoeij of Variety magazine was more critical , writing " Though a lot of it is well written and directed and , quite often , funny or poignant , the individual scenes rarely become part of a larger whole . " He praises Leto 's acting , stating " The closest the film comes to having a gravitational center are in the scenes set in 2092 . What makes them soar is not the imaginative staging of the future , but Leto 's performance . His acting talent really comes into full view in his scenes as the last dying man on Earth . " He also praised Regbo and Temple , saying " Regbo , as the teenage Nemo , and Juno Temple , as the teenage Anna , are impressive , bringing the hormonal battles of adolescence vividly to life . " Film critic Eric Lavallée listed Regbo as one of his " Top 10 New Faces & Voices " of 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . He notes that " newbie Toby Regbo might easily be Mr. Nobody 's most " alive " character . Playing Nemo at age 16 , the actor is mostly paired with Juno Temple – their unique love story is the film 's heart pumping portions and plays a lot better than the artery clogging other brushes of romance . "
AlloCiné , a French cinema website , gave the film an average of three out of five stars , based on a survey of 24 reviews . Xavier Leherpeur from Le Nouvel Observateur described it as " a fiction of sterile ramifications , weighed down by a script the labyrinthine constructions of which poorly conceal the poverty of inspiration " . Pierre Fornerod from Ouest @-@ France wrote that " Van Dormael plays with chance and coincidence . The demonstration is long and heavy , but aesthetically , is superb . "
= = Accolades = =
Mr. Nobody was nominated for and won multiple awards from numerous film organizations and festivals . It was nominated for seven Magritte Awards and was awarded six at the 1st Magritte Awards : Best Film , Best Director and Best Screenplay for Jaco Van Dormael , Best Cinematography for Christophe Beaucarne , Best Original Score for Pierre Van Dormael , and Best Editing for Matyas Veress . Emmanuel de Boissieu , Frédéric Demolder and Dominique Warnier lost the award for Best Sound to A Town Called Panic . In addition , the film was named Best Film of 2010 by the Belgian Film Critics Association winning the André Cavens Award , and was awarded Best Film at the 2010 Fonske Awards . It also received the People 's Choice Award for Best European Film at the 23rd European Film Awards , and won the Audience Award at the Biografilm Festival .
At the 66th Venice International Film Festival , Sylvie Olivé was awarded the Golden Osella for Outstanding Technical Contribution and the film received the Biografilm Lancia Award . It was also nominated for the Golden Lion but lost to Lebanon . Jared Leto was nominated for the Volpi Cup for Best Actor . Christophe Beaucarne received Best Cinematography at the 20th Stockholm International Film Festival and Kaatje Van Damme won Best Makeup at the 42nd Sitges Film Festival . Mr. Nobody has appeared on many critics top ten lists of 2010 and is frequently considered to be one of the greatest films of the year . Kurt Halfyard , a film critic for Twitch Film , listed Van Dormael 's film among the best science fiction films of the 21st century . The American Film Institute listed Mr. Nobody as one of the best European films of 2010 .
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= 1925 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1925 Atlantic hurricane season was an inactive Atlantic hurricane season during which four tropical cyclones formed . Only one of them was a hurricane . The first storm developed on August 18 , and the last dissipated on December 1 . The season began at a late date , more than two months after the season began . The official start of the season is generally considered to be June 1 with the end being October 31 ; however , the final storm of the season formed nearly a month after the official end . Due to increased activity over the following decades , the official end of the hurricane season was shifted to November 30 .
The final two storms of the season impacted several areas , with the final storm affecting areas from Cuba to Rhode Island . The third storm caused little or no damage along the Texas coastline with gale @-@ force winds being recorded only along the coast . The last storm caused severe damage along the beaches of the Florida Peninsula , with damages estimated in the millions along with four fatalities near Tampa . At least $ 600 @,@ 000 was lost in damages dealt to the citrus industry and several maritime incidents resulted in over 55 fatalities .
= = Timeline = =
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane One = = =
The first indications of a tropical cyclone developing were on August 17 . A ship in the vicinity of the developing system reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) over 78 ° F ( 25 @.@ 5 ° C ) waters . Around 0000 UTC the next day , the system was classified as a modern day tropical depression with sustained winds estimated at 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) . Roughly 18 hours later , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm , the first of the season while located to the north @-@ northeast of the Bahamas . Gradual intensification took place throughout most of the storm 's life as it traveled towards the northeast until becoming a hurricane around 0600 UTC on August 20 . About 30 minutes later , a ship recorded winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a pressure of 993 @.@ 6 mbar ( hPa ) , the lowest pressure recorded in relation to the small storm . Shortly after , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Increasing in forward motion , the storm became extratropical early on August 21 after turning towards the north .
= = = Tropical Storm Two = = =
The second storm of the season was first identified on August 25 to the east of Florida as a tropical depression . Around this time , several ships were reporting winds up to 25 mph ( 35 km / h ) in the vicinity of the system . Traveling towards the northeast , the storm gradually intensified , attainting tropical storm status around 0600 UTC the next day . Several hours later , a ship recorded a pressure of 1010 mbar ( hPa ) while located in the vicinity of the system . The storm turned towards the west @-@ northwest later that day and forward motion began to increase .
Early on August 27 , the storm weakened below tropical storm status and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while moving over cooler waters . The system dissipated shortly after over open waters . Although the storm remained over water for the duration of its existence , the outer reaches of the system brought rain and light winds to Georgia , Florida , and the Carolinas . In Jacksonville , Florida , the storm produced 0 @.@ 47 in ( 11 @.@ 9 mm ) of rain on August 25 . Between August 26 and 27 , Cape Hatteras received 2 @.@ 06 in ( 52 @.@ 3 mm ) of rain from the storm .
= = = Tropical Storm Three = = =
The third storm of the season was first identified as tropical depression off the northwestern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula early on September 6 . The system moved at a steady pace to the northwest towards the Rio Grande Valley . Shortly after forming , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm . At this time , a ship in the vicinity of the storm recorded a pressure of 1012 mbar ( hPa ) . By 1800 UTC that day , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Around 9 pm CST ( 0300 UTC on September 7 ) that night , storm warnings were issued for areas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi , Texas . These warnings were later expanded to include the entire Texas coastline .
The storm made landfall in northern Mexico , just south of the Texas border , shortly after the warnings were extended . Around the time the storm made landfall , a pressure of 1002 mbar ( hPa ) was recorded in Brownsville , Texas . The storm dissipated later that day over southwestern Texas . No known damage was caused as a result of this storm and storm @-@ force winds were only recorded over a small area on the Texas coastline . The storm produced minor rainfall over south Texas with Brownsville recording 0 @.@ 56 in ( 14 @.@ 2 mm ) and Corpus Christi recording 0 @.@ 95 in ( 24 @.@ 1 in ) . Winds up to 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) were reported in Brownsville around 1 am CST ( 0800 UTC ) on September 7 .
= = = Tropical Storm Four = = =
The final storm of the season formed as tropical depression to the southeast of the Yucatan Peninsula early on November 27 , nearly a month after the official end of the hurricane season . The depression drifted towards the southeast , gradually strengthening into a tropical storm over 80 ° F ( 26 @.@ 6 ° C ) waters . Around 1300 UTC , a ship in the vicinity of the storm recorded winds up to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Once in the Gulf , forward motion picked up as it intensified to winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . During the night of November 30 , the storm made landfall just south of Tampa , Florida ; a pressure of 998 @.@ 8 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) was recorded along with winds up to 52 mph ( 87 km / h ) .
Not long after making landfall , the storm weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while over center Florida . The cyclone emerged over the eastern Atlantic Ocean several hours later and regained hurricane @-@ force winds . By 0000 UTC , the storm reached its peak intensity as an extratropical system with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 980 mbar ( hPa ) . Around this time , the U. S. S. Patoka , which was in the vicinity of the storm , recorded a pressure of 978 @.@ 5 mbar ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) . The northeastward movement slowed shortly after crossing Florida . At around 6 p.m. EST ( 2300 UTC ) , it made landfall between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras with winds equivalent to a minimal hurricane . Shortly after landfall , maximum sustained winds in the storm dropped below 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . A strong area of high pressure located over the Canadian Maritimes caused the system to turn towards the east @-@ southeast . On December 5 , the storm weakened further to the equivalent of a tropical depression as the system began to move towards the south . The remnants of the storm continued towards the east , passing several hundred miles north of Bermuda later that day . Several days later , the cyclone was reported near the Azores . On December 9 , it passed neat Horta where a pressure of 992 @.@ 7 mbar ( 29 @.@ 32 inHg ) was recorded along with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . After passing through the islands , it merged with another cyclone over the North Atlantic .
The storm caused significant property and crop damage along the Gulf Coast of Florida . Trees , power lines , and telegraph wires were uprooted or knocked down by high winds along the Suwannee River . Structures which were previously considered to be safe from storms , being over 100 ft ( 30 @.@ 4 m ) inland , sustained significant damage from what was likely storm surge . The beaches along the Atlantic coast also sustained considerable damages from the storm . Four people were killed near Tampa in two separate incidents . The first occurred when a house collapsed on three men , pinning them to the ground . The second incident occurred after a woman ran outside her home and was struck by a tree limb . In North Carolina , heavy rains and strong winds were reported along the coast . Near record high water rises were recorded around Wilmington . Cape Hatteras was temporarily isolated from the surrounding areas as the high winds from the storm knocked down power lines throughout the area . Several buildings along the coast and numerous boats sustained considerable damage .
Throughout Florida , there were no reports of fatalities but property loses were estimated in the millions , with $ 1 million in Jacksonville alone . Damages to the citrus industry were also significant , with total losses exceeding $ 600 @,@ 000 . In addition to the severe impacts on land , numerous shipping incidents resulted in several deaths . A schooner carrying seven people sunk with no survivors . A tug boat sank off the coast of Mobile , Alabama while towing a lumber barge , the fate of the crew is unknown . A ship named the American S. S. Catopazi sank between Charleston , South Carolina and the northern coast of Cuba ; all 30 crew members drowned . A ship carrying about 2 @,@ 000 cases of liquor with a crew of six sank near Daytona Beach . The last incident , involving a yacht , occurred off the coast of Georgia . The ship sank near Savannah , Georgia with the 12 crew members drowning . The total loss of life at sea was at least 55 .
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= Red @-@ winged fairywren =
The red @-@ winged fairywren ( Malurus elegans ) is a species of passerine bird in the family Maluridae . It is sedentary and endemic to the southwestern corner of Western Australia . Exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorphism , the male adopts a brilliantly coloured breeding plumage , with an iridescent silvery @-@ blue crown , ear coverts and upper back , red shoulders , contrasting with a black throat , grey @-@ brown tail and wings and pale underparts . Non @-@ breeding males , females and juveniles have predominantly grey @-@ brown plumage , though males may bear isolated blue and black feathers . No separate subspecies are recognised . Similar in appearance and closely related to the variegated fairywren ( M. lamberti ) and the blue @-@ breasted fairywren ( M. pulcherrimus ) , it is regarded as a separate species as no intermediate forms have been recorded where ranges overlap . Though the red @-@ winged fairywren is locally common , there is evidence of a decline in numbers .
Bearing a nice narrow pointed bill adapted for probing and catching insects , the red @-@ winged fairywren is primarily insectivorous ; it forages and lives in the shelter of scrubby vegetation in temperate wetter forests dominated by the karri ( Eucalyptus diversicolor ) , remaining close to cover to avoid predators . Like other fairywrens , it is a cooperative breeding species , with small groups of birds maintaining and defending small territories year @-@ round . Groups consist of a socially monogamous pair with several helper birds who assist in raising the young . There is a higher proportion of female helpers recorded for this species than for other species of fairywren . A variety of vocalisations and visual displays have been recorded for communication and courtship in this species . Singing is used to advertise territory , and birds can distinguish other individuals on song alone . Male wrens pluck yellow petals and display them to females as part of a courtship display .
= = Taxonomy = =
The red @-@ winged fairywren was officially described by ornithologist John Gould in 1837 , who derived the bird 's specific name derived from the Latin term elegans ' elegant ' . He gave its location as the East Coast , but realised his error after further collections by John Gilbert from Southwestern Australia . Amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews described birds from the southern karri forests as subspecies warreni in 1916 on the basis of darker female plumage . However , others have not observed this subsequently and the consensus is that no separate subspecies are recognized . In fact there is little variation in size or colour within the species between populations or individuals .
It is one of 12 species of the genus Malurus , commonly known as fairywrens , found in Australia and lowland New Guinea . Within the genus it belongs to a group of four very similar species known collectively as chestnut @-@ shouldered fairywrens . The other three species are the lovely fairywren ( M. amabilis ) of Cape York , the variegated fairywren ( M. lamberti ) found across most of the continent , and the blue @-@ breasted fairywren ( M. pulcherrimus ) of southern Western Australia and the Eyre Peninsula . Molecular study showed the blue @-@ breasted fairywren to be the most closely related to the red @-@ winged fairywren .
Like other fairywrens , the red @-@ winged fairywren is unrelated to the true wrens . Initially fairywrens were thought to be a member of the old world flycatcher family Muscicapidae or warbler family Sylviidae before being placed in the newly recognised Maluridae in 1975 . More recently , DNA analysis has shown the family to be related to Meliphagidae ( honeyeaters ) and Pardalotidae ( peep @-@ wrens ) in a large superfamily , Meliphagoidea .
= = = Evolutionary history = = =
In his 1982 monograph , ornithologist Richard Schodde proposed a northern origin for the chestnut @-@ shouldered fairywren group due to the variety of forms in the north and their absence in the southeast of the continent . Ancestral birds spread south and colonised the southwest during a warm and wetter period around 2 million years ago at the end of the Pliocene or beginning of the Pleistocene . Subsequent cooler and drier conditions resulted in loss of habitat and fragmentation of populations . Southwestern birds gave rise to what is now the red @-@ winged fairywren , while those in the northwest of the continent became the variegated fairywren . Further warmer , humid conditions again allowed birds to spread southwards ; this group , occupying central southern Australia east to the Eyre Peninsula , became the blue @-@ breasted fairywren . Cooler climate after this resulted in this being isolated as well and evolving into a separate species . Finally , after the end of the last glacial period 12 @,@ 000 – 13 @,@ 000 years ago , the northern variegated forms have again spread southwards . This has resulted in the ranges of all three species overlapping . Further molecular studies may result in this hypothesis being modified .
= = Description = =
The red @-@ winged fairywren is 15 cm ( 6 in ) long and weighs 8 – 11 g ( 0 @.@ 21 – 0 @.@ 38 oz ) , making it the largest of the fairywrens . The average tail length is 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 in ) , among the longest in the genus . Averaging 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) in males and 9 @.@ 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) in females , the bill is relatively long , narrow and pointed and wider at the base . Wider than it is deep , the bill is similar in shape to those of other birds that feed by probing for or picking insects off their environs .
Like other fairywrens , the red @-@ winged fairywren is notable for its marked sexual dimorphism , males adopting a highly visible breeding plumage of brilliant iridescent blue and chestnut contrasting with black and grey @-@ brown . The brightly coloured crown , ear tufts and upper back are prominently featured in breeding displays . The male in breeding plumage has a silvery blue crown , ear coverts and upper back , a black throat and nape , bright red @-@ brown shoulders , a long grey @-@ brown tail and wings , and greyish @-@ white belly . Non @-@ breeding males , females and juveniles are predominantly grey @-@ brown in colour , though males may retain traces of blue and black plumage . All males have a black bill and lores ( eye @-@ ring and bare skin between eyes and bill ) , while females have a black bill , rufous lores and pale grey eye @-@ ring . Immature males will develop black lores by six weeks of age and generally moult into an incomplete breeding plumage the first breeding season after hatching . This has a patchy or spotty appearance , with a mixture of blue and grey feathers on the head , and black and grey on the breast ; birds born early in the breeding season will gain more nuptial plumage initially than those born late . Most perfect their nuptial moult by their second spring , though some may need another year . Several males have been observed in breeding plumage in a single group at the same time , although it is unknown if or how this is related to dominance or breeding status .
Both sexes moult in autumn after breeding , with males assuming an eclipse non @-@ breeding plumage . They will moult again into nuptial plumage in winter or spring . Body feathers are replaced at both moults while wing and tail feathers are in spring only , though the latter may be replaced at any time if damaged or worn . The blue coloured plumage , particularly the ear @-@ coverts , of the breeding males is highly iridescent due to the flattened and twisted surface of the barbules . The blue plumage also reflects ultraviolet light strongly , and so may be even more prominent to other fairywrens , whose colour vision extends into this part of the spectrum .
= = = Vocalisations = = =
Vocal communication among red @-@ winged fairywrens is used primarily for communication between birds in a social group and for advertising and defending a territory . They are able to distinguish different individuals on the basis of song alone , which is integral to the identification of group members and strangers . The basic , or " type one " , song is a one to four second high @-@ pitched reel consisting of 10 – 20 short elements per second ; it is sung by both males and females , particularly when there is a dispute over territory boundaries . Singing occurs most frequently before and just after dawn . Foraging birds maintain contact with each other by soft , repeating see @-@ see @-@ see descending tones , while a loud , sharp tsit serves as an alarm call .
= = = Lifespan = = =
Survival of fairywrens from one season to the next is generally high for such small birds , and the red @-@ winged fairywren has the highest rate of all — with 78 % of breeding males and 77 % of breeding females surviving from year to year . It is not unusual for red @-@ winged fairywrens to reach 10 years of age , and the oldest known individual to date attained an age of 16 years .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The red @-@ winged fairywren occurs in the wetter , southwest corner of Western Australia , from Moore River north of Perth south through to the Margaret River region and east to Albany . It is common in parts of its range , though there is some evidence of decline from draining of swampland . It lives in the understorey of karri ( Eucalyptus diversicolor ) and jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ) . Older forests appear to be less favourable habitats , while birds appear to be attracted to disturbed areas after logging . Fire also results in populations disappearing , returning after a period of two years . Forestry plantations of pine ( Pinus spp . ) and eucalypts are generally unsuitable as they lack undergrowth .
Within the forest habitat , the red @-@ winged fairywren prefers wetter gullies and riverside sword sedge ( Lepidosperma effusum ) . It borders the range of the variegated fairywren on the northern limit of its range , and the blue @-@ breasted fairywren in the eastern limit , with the latter two species occupying dryer scrub while the red @-@ winged fairywren is restricted to wetter forests . The lack of intermediate forms reinforces the status of all three taxa as separate species .
Sites identified by BirdLife International as being important for red @-@ winged fairywren conservation are Araluen @-@ Wungong , Jalbarragup , Mundaring @-@ Kalamunda , North Dandalup , the Stirling Range , Two Peoples Bay and Mount Manypeaks .
= = Behaviour = =
Hopping , with both feet leaving the ground and landing simultaneously , is the usual form of locomotion , though birds may run while performing the " rodent run display " detailed below . Its balance is assisted by a proportionally large tail , which is usually held upright and rarely still . The short , rounded wings provide good initial lift and are useful for short flights , though not for extended jaunts .
The red @-@ winged fairywren is a cooperative breeding species , with a pair or small group of birds maintaining and defending a territory year @-@ round . These territories average around 0 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 4 hectares ( 1 – 6 acres ) in optimal habitat of tall karri forest , although are smaller and restricted to dense riverbank undergrowth in less favourable habitats . The area maintained is large enough to support the group in poor years or to accommodate new members after a good breeding season . Groups range from two to nine members in size with an average of four birds , the largest for any fairywren studied to date . This is thought to be due to a very high annual survival and occupancy of suitable territory . Though reproduction rates are low , young birds still have few vacancies available for them to disperse into . Pairs are socially monogamous , with relationships ending for the most part when one partner dies . The survivor in this case selects a new partner , often a helper bird in the group . Though not directly studied , paired red @-@ winged fairywrens are likely to be sexually promiscuous , with each partner mating with other individuals . Female helpers are much more common in this species than the other species intensively studied , the superb fairywren ( M. cyaneus ) . Over half of the groups have two or more helpers , often female , which feed nestlings and reduce the workload of breeding females . Helpers have been shown to improve reproductive success in this species by increasing the number of young raised successfully per year from 1 @.@ 3 to 2 birds . There is some evidence that groups with male helpers may enlarge the territory boundaries with a subsequent " budding @-@ off " of a new territory by a helper .
Major nest predators include Australian magpies ( Gymnorhina tibicen ) , butcherbirds ( Cracticus spp . ) , laughing kookaburras ( Dacelo novaeguineae ) , currawongs ( Strepera spp . ) , crows and ravens ( Corvus spp . ) , and shrike @-@ thrushes ( Colluricincla spp . ) as well as introduced mammals such as the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) , cat and black rat ( Rattus rattus ) . Like other species of fairywrens , red @-@ winged fairywrens may use a " rodent @-@ run display " to distract predators from nests with young birds . While doing this , the head , neck and tail of the bird are lowered , the wings are held out and the feathers are fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call .
Observed in this species , the wing @-@ fluttering display is seen in several situations : females responding , and presumably acquiescing , to male courtship displays , juveniles begging for food , by helpers to older birds , and immature males to senior ones . The fairywren lowers its head and tail , outstretches and quivers its wings and holds its beak open silently .
= = = Feeding = = =
Like all fairywrens , the red @-@ winged fairywren is an active and restless feeder , foraging in bracken ( Pteridium esculentum ) and low shrubs , as well as in leaf @-@ litter on the ground near shelter . It will occasionally ascend trees up to 5 m ( 16 ft ) above the ground in the understorey , particularly in the late summer and autumn as the flaking eucalypt bark is a rich source of arthropods . However , birds are exposed to potential predators and forays are therefore brief . They consumes a wide range of small creatures , mostly insects , eating ants and beetles year @-@ round , and adding spiders , bugs and caterpillars to their diet during breeding season . During spring and summer , birds are active in bursts through the day and accompany their foraging with song . Insects are numerous and easy to catch , which allows the birds to rest between forays . Groups often shelter and rest together during the heat of the day . Food is harder to find during the winter and they are required to spend the day foraging continuously . Ants in particular are an important food source during this period , constituting a high proportion of the diet .
= = = Courtship and breeding = = =
Like other fairywrens , male red @-@ winged fairywrens have been observed carrying brightly coloured petals to display to females as part of a courtship ritual . In this species , the petals that have been recorded have been yellow or , rarely , white . Petals are displayed and presented to a female in the male fairywren 's own , or another 's , territory . The " face fan " display is commonly seen as a part of aggressive or sexual display behaviours ; it involves the flaring of the blue ear tufts by erecting the feathers . The silvery blue upper back feathers are also used more prominently in display than other species .
The breeding season is shorter than that of other fairywrens , occurring from October ( rarely September ) through to December . Constructed solely by the female , the nest is generally situated in thick vegetation and around 20 cm ( 8 in ) above the ground . It is a round or domed structure made of loosely woven grasses and spider webs , with an entrance in one side . The interior may be lined with finer grass and material from Clematis pubescens and Banksia grandis . One or , rarely , two broods may be laid in a season , the second being laid on average 51 days after the first . A clutch consists of two or three matte cream @-@ white eggs , tapered oval in shape with reddish @-@ brown splotches and spots , measuring 12 x 16 mm ( .45 x .6 in ) . The female incubates the eggs alone for around an hour at a time , after which the male calls her and she will leave to forage urgently for 15 – 30 minutes before returning . Her long tail is often bent from the cramped nest space and is a useful field indicator of nesting . Incubation takes 14 to 15 days , a day less in later broods , and an estimated 94 % of eggs hatch successfully . The newly hatched nestlings are altricial – raw red in colour , naked and blind . Within a day , their skin darkens to blue – grey colour as their feathers develop underneath . Sheathed primary feathers emerge through the skin by the third day and eyes begin to open on the fifth day and fully open on the next . Young are fed and their fecal sacs removed by all group members for 11 – 12 days , by which time they are fledged . Though fully feathered , their tails and wings are not fully grown and they are poor fliers . Their wings take another 10 days to develop fully , during which time they generally stay well hidden in cover near the nest . Parents and helper birds will feed them for around one month after fledging . Young birds often remain in the family group as helpers for a year or more before moving to another group . Birds reach sexual maturity at one year of age , but females tend not to breed until their third year as breeding vacancies are scarce . The nests of red @-@ winged fairywrens rarely play host to brood parasites , though parasitism by the Horsfield 's bronze cuckoo ( Chrysococcyx basalis ) and the fan @-@ tailed cuckoo ( Cacomantis flabelliformis ) has been recorded .
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= 1984 European Cup Final =
The 1984 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Roma of Italy on 30 May 1984 at the Stadio Olimpico , Rome , Italy . It was the final match of the 1983 – 84 season of Europe 's premier cup competition , the European Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their fourth final , having won the competition in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 . Roma were appearing in their first European Cup final .
Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . Matches were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . Liverpool 's matches ties ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . They beat Athletic Bilbao by a single goal in the second round , while they beat Benfica 5 – 1 on aggregate in the quarter @-@ finals . Roma 's matches were all close affairs , winning their ties up to the semi @-@ final by two goal margins . They beat Dundee United 3 – 2 on aggregate in the semi @-@ finals , although it was later revealed that Roma had bribed the referee in the second leg of the semi @-@ final . This meant that two British clubs were denied finals of European cup competitions that year after Nottingham Forest were knocked out by Anderlecht in the UEFA Cup semi @-@ finals after Anderlect had bribed the ref .
As the final was held at Roma 's home ground they went into the match as favourites , despite Liverpool 's previous record in the competition . Watched by a crowd of 69 @,@ 693 , Liverpool took the lead in the first half when Phil Neal scored , but Roma equalised before half @-@ time through Roberto Pruzzo . With the scores level at 1 – 1 through full @-@ time and extra @-@ time , the match went to a penalty shoot @-@ out . Liverpool won the shoot @-@ out 4 – 2 to claim their fourth European Cup .
= = Route to the final = =
= = = Liverpool = = =
Liverpool gained entry to the competition by winning the 1982 – 83 Football League , entering as English champions . Their opponents in the first round were Danish champions Odense . The first leg in Denmark at the Odense Stadium was won 1 – 0 by Liverpool . A 5 – 0 victory in the second leg at their home ground Anfield ensured they won the tie 6 – 0 on aggregate .
In the second round Liverpool were drawn against Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao . The first leg in England ended 0 – 0 , but Liverpool won the second leg at the San Mamés Stadium 1 – 0 courtesy of an Ian Rush goal to win the tie 1 – 0 on aggregate . Liverpool 's opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Portuguese champions Benfica . Liverpool won the first leg in England 1 – 0 after another Rush goal . The second leg at the Estádio da Luz in Portugal resulted in a comprehensive 4 – 1 victory for Liverpool . Thus , they won the tie 5 – 1 on aggregate .
In the semi @-@ final , Liverpool 's opponents were Romanian champions Dinamo București . An ill @-@ tempered first leg , which saw Liverpool captain Graeme Souness break the jaw of Dinamo midfielder Lică Movilă , was won 1 – 0 by Liverpool . The second leg at the Stadionul Dinamo was won 2 – 1 by Liverpool after two goals from Rush . Liverpool won the tie 3 – 1 on aggregate to progress to their fourth European Cup final .
= = = Roma = = =
Roma qualified for the competition by winning the 1982 – 83 Serie A becoming Italian champions . Swedish champions IFK Göteborg were their opposition in the first round . Roma won the first leg 3 – 0 at their home ground Stadio Olimpico after three second half goals from Francesco Vincenzi , Bruno Conti and Toninho Cerezo . Despite losing the second leg 2 – 1 in Sweden , Roma progressed to the second round , winning the tie 4 – 2 on aggregate .
Their opposition in the second round were Bulgarian champions CSKA Sofia . Roma won the first leg in Bulgaria 1 – 0 and another 1 – 0 victory in the second leg in Italy meant Roma won the tie 2 – 0 on aggregate . Dynamo Berlin , the East German champions were the opposition in the quarter @-@ finals . Roma won the first leg 3 – 0 , after goals from Francesco Graziani , Pruzzo and Cerezo . They were beaten 2 – 1 in the second leg at Berlin 's home ground the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen , but won the tie 4 – 2 on aggregate .
The opposition in the semi @-@ finals were Scottish champions Dundee United . The first leg was held at Dundee United 's home ground , Tannadice Park . Dundee United won the match 2 – 0 , meaning that Roma had to win by three clear goals to progress to the final . Roma did indeed score three goals to win the tie 3 – 0 and progress to the final , by virtue of a 3 – 2 aggregate victory . In 1986 , Roma president Dino Viola was banned by UEFA for bribing referee Michel Vautrot with £ 50 @,@ 000 before the match , something his son later admitted to happening
= = Match = =
= = = Background = = =
Liverpool were appearing in their fourth European Cup final . They had won their three previous appearances in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 . Roma were appearing in their first European Cup final . Their only success in European competition was in the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup , which they won in 1961 .
Liverpool had finished the 1983 – 84 Football League as champions . They had also won the 1983 – 84 Football League Cup beating Everton 1 – 0 in a replay after the final finished 0 – 0 . Their success meant that Liverpool entered the match with the chance to win an unprecedented treble . Roma had finished second during the 1983 – 84 Serie A and won the 1983 – 84 Coppa Italia , they had qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as a result , but victory would enable them to compete in the European Cup the following season .
The final was held at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , which was Roma 's home ground . UEFA decided that the match would still be played at the stadium , despite it being Roma 's home ground . Therefore , the match was effectively a home match for them . The stadium was significant for Liverpool as well , as their victory in 1977 came at the ground . With home advantage Roma went into the match as favourites , and were 13 – 8 with bookmakers to win the match .
= = = Summary = = =
The opening passages of the match were tentative . Faced with a hostile atmosphere , Liverpool were content to sit back and frustrate Roma . Despite this tactic , Liverpool took the lead in the 15th minute . Souness and Sammy Lee exchanged passes before passing to Craig Johnston on the right hand side of the pitch . Johnston played a high cross into the Roma penalty area , which was challenged for by Roma goalkeeper Franco Tancredi and Ronnie Whelan . The result was that Tancredi dropped the ball , Roma defenders tried to clear the ball , but Michele Nappi 's attempted clearance bounced off Tancredi 's back and fell to Liverpool defender Phil Neal who scored to give Liverpool a 1 – 0 lead . Two minutes later , Souness volleyed the ball into the Roma goal from close range , but his goal was disallowed for offside .
Roma had a chance to equalise in the 27th minute , but Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar saved Conti 's low shot . Neal was shown a yellow card in the 32nd minute for bringing down Conti , and a few minutes later Liverpool had an opportunity to extend their lead . Liverpool striker Rush charged down Dario Bonetti 's clearance and ran onto the ball , but his shot was saved by Tancredi . With minutes remaining until half @-@ time , Roma equalised . Sebastiano Nela passed to Conti , who ran down the left @-@ hand side of the pitch . His first attempt at crossing the ball into the penalty area was blocked by a combination of Neal and Mark Lawrenson , but his cross rebounded back to him . His second attempt found Roberto Pruzzo in the penalty area , whose glancing header went into the Liverpool goal to level the scores at 1 – 1 .
Roma came out for the second half buoyed by their equaliser and they started the half the better of the two sides . Despite this , they were unable to break down the Liverpool defence , with Lawrenson in particular performing well . Roma began to control the midfield with the Brazilian duo Falcão and Toninho Cerezo combining to combat Souness in the Liverpool midfield . Roma 's best chance of this period was a 25 yards ( 23 m ) shot from Falcão which Grobbelaar saved . Roma began to lose control after their period of control , with both sides abandoning their initial game plans for fearing of conceding a goal . Liverpool substituted striker Johnston with defender Steve Nicol in the 72nd minute . The best chance of the half came in the 85th minute ; Kenny Dalglish found Nicol in the Roma penalty area , but his shot was saved by Tancredi . The scores stayed level throughout the remainder of the half , which meant that the match would go into extra @-@ time .
Extra time provided little action ; the only player that looked like changing the scoreline was Conti , whose runs at Neal caused the Liverpool defender problems . Despite this , the score remained the same through the 30 minutes of extra time and the match went to a penalty @-@ shoot @-@ out . Liverpool were the first to take a penalty , but Nicol put his shot over the crossbar . Graziani stepped up to take Roma 's first penalty , but Roma captain Agostino Di Bartolomei took the ball from him and took the penalty instead , scoring to give Roma the lead . Liverpool 's next penalty was taken by their regular penalty taker Neal who scored to level the shoot @-@ out . Conti took the next penalty for Roma , but like Nicol he put his shot over the crossbar . Souness and Ubaldo Righetti converted their respective penalties to make the scoreline 2 – 2 . Rush scored Liverpool 's next penalty to make the score 3 – 2 . Graziani stepped up again to take Roma 's fourth penalty . While he was placing the ball on the penalty spot , Liverpool goalkeeper Grobbelaar was wobbling his legs in the Liverpool goal , hoping to distract Graziani . The tactic appeared to have worked as Graziani placed his penalty over the crossbar . Alan Kennedy was the next player to take a penalty and if he scored Liverpool would win the match . Kennedy scored the penalty sending Tancredi the wrong way . Liverpool won the shoot @-@ out 4 – 2 , thereby winning their fourth European Cup .
= = = Details = = =
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= Finetooth shark =
The finetooth shark ( Carcharhinus isodon ) is a species of requiem shark , in the family Carcharhinidae , found in the western Atlantic Ocean , from North Carolina to Brazil . It forms large schools in shallow , coastal waters , and migrates seasonally following warm water . A relatively small , slender @-@ bodied shark , the finetooth shark can be identified by its needle @-@ like teeth , dark blue @-@ gray dorsal coloration , and long gill slits . It attains a maximum length of 1 @.@ 9 m ( 6 @.@ 2 ft ) . The diet of this species consists primarily of small bony fishes , in particular menhaden . Like other members of its family , it is viviparous with females giving birth to two to six pups in estuarine nursery areas every other year .
Valued for its meat , the finetooth shark forms an important component of the commercial gillnet shark fishery operating off the southeastern United States . Population assessments suggest that this fishery does not currently pose a threat to U.S. populations of the species . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has therefore listed the finetooth shark under Least Concern , though no fishery data are available for this species off South America . This shark is not known to pose a danger to humans , though it snaps vigorously when captured and should be handled with caution .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The finetooth shark was originally described as Carcharias ( Aprionodon ) isodon by French zoologist Achille Valenciennes , in Müller and Henle 's 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen . The type specimen is a 65 @-@ cm ( 26 @-@ in ) juvenile male , possibly caught off New York . This species was later moved to the genus Carcharhinus . The specific epithet isodon means " equal teeth " in Greek , and refers to the similar number of teeth in the upper and lower jaws . This species may also be referred to as the eventooth shark , smoothtooth shark , or night shark ( usually used for C. signatus ) .
As is the case for most Carcharhinus species , attempts to analyze the finetooth shark 's phylogenetic relationships have yielded variable results . In 1988 , Leonard Compagno grouped this species with the spinner shark ( C. brevipinna ) , blacktip shark ( C. limbatus ) , graceful shark ( C. amblyrhynchoides ) , and smooth tooth blacktip shark ( C. leiodon ) , on the basis of morphological characters . Gavin Naylor 's 1992 allozyme analysis found that the finetooth shark is the second @-@ most basal member of the genus next to the blacknose shark ( C. acronotus ) . Mine Dosay @-@ Akbulut 's 2008 study , based on ribosomal DNA , suggested that the closest relative of the finetooth shark is the smalltail shark ( C. porosus ) , and that the two species form a clade apart from other Carcharhinus species .
= = Description = =
The body of the finetooth shark is slender and streamlined . The snout is long and pointed , with the nares preceded by short , broadly triangular flaps of skin . The eyes are large and round , with nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . The mouth is broad with well @-@ defined furrows at the corners . Twelve to 15 tooth rows occur on either side of the upper jaw and 13 – 14 tooth rows on either side of the lower jaw . Each tooth is small and needle @-@ like , with a narrow central cusp and smooth to minutely serrated edges . The five pairs of gill slits are long , measuring about half the length of the dorsal fin base .
The first dorsal fin is high and triangular with a pointed apex , originating forward of the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin is relatively large and originates over the anal fin . No ridge runs between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are small and sickle @-@ shaped , with pointed tips . The dermal denticles are small and overlapping , each bearing three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth . Living finetooth sharks are a distinctive dark bluish @-@ gray above and white below , with a faint pale stripe on the flanks and no prominent fin markings . Some individuals from Florida have green eyes . Males average 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) in length and females 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 4 ft ) ; the largest shark on record was 1 @.@ 9 m ( 6 @.@ 2 ft ) long .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
In North American waters , the finetooth shark is common and found from North Carolina to the northern Gulf of Mexico , and very occasionally straying as far north as New York . In Central and South American waters , it is rare , but may occur more widely than presently known , having been reported off Trinidad and Guyana , infrequently from the Caribbean Sea , and off southern Brazil from São Paulo to Santa Catarina . The northwestern Atlantic , Gulf of Mexico , and South America populations are distinct , with little interchange between them . Old records exist of this species in the eastern Atlantic off Senegal and Guinea @-@ Bissau , but these likely represent misidentifications of spinner sharks ( C. brevipinna ) .
The finetooth shark is often found near beaches and in bays and estuaries . It inhabits extremely shallow waters , no deeper than 10 m ( 33 ft ) in the summer and 20 m ( 66 ft ) deep in the winter . Historically , it was known to venture into rivers in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas , though most of paths into this area are now blocked by dams . The northwestern Atlantic population of this species is strongly migratory : juveniles , followed by adults , arrive off South Carolina from late March to early May , when the water temperature rises above 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . They remain until September to mid @-@ October , until the water temperature drops and they move south to Florida . The movements of other populations are unknown .
= = Biology and ecology = =
Adult and juvenile finetooth sharks form large schools . This energetic , fast @-@ moving predator feeds mainly on small bony fishes , often entering the surf zone during the day to hunt . The most important prey of this species in the northwestern Atlantic is the Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) , with sharks of all ages off northwestern Florida eat almost nothing else . The menhaden are swallowed whole after the head has been removed . Other known prey species include spot croaker ( Leiostomus xanthurus ) , Spanish mackerel ( Scomberomorus maculatus ) , mullet ( Mugil spp . ) , shrimp , and in one case a juvenile Atlantic sharpnose shark ( Rhizoprionodon terraenovae ) , which may have been scavenged from the bycatch discard of a shrimp trawler . The finetooth shark may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworm Triloculatum geeceearelensis , and unidentified species in the genera Anthobothrium , Paraorygmatobothrium , and Phoreiobothrium .
= = = Life history = = =
Like other requiem sharks , the finetooth shark is viviparous : the developing embryos are nourished by yolk for the first 15 weeks , after which the depleted yolk sac develops into a placental connection to the mother . Females produce litters of two to six pups every other year . In the northwestern Atlantic , mating occurs from early May to early June and the young are born at around the same time the following year after a 12 @-@ month gestation period . The males bite at the female to hold her for copulation . The semen exuded by the male congeals into a large , spongy mass inside the female 's uterus , in which the individual spermatozoa are embedded . Called a " spermatozeugma " , the function of this short @-@ lived structure is unknown . Newborn finetooth sharks measure 48 – 64 cm ( 19 – 25 in ) long . Shallow bays and estuaries , such as Bull 's Bay in South Carolina , serve as critical nursery areas for newborns and juveniles .
Female finetooth sharks grow much more slowly and to a larger ultimate size than males . Individuals in the northwestern Atlantic population have a larger body size and reach sexual maturation later than those in the Gulf of Mexico population ; males in the two populations grow at similar rates , but northwestern Atlantic females grow more slowly than Gulf of Mexico females . In the northwestern Atlantic , males mature at a fork length ( length from snout tip to caudal fin fork ) of 99 cm ( 39 in ) and females at 102 cm ( 40 in ) , corresponding to ages of 5 and 6 years , respectively . In the Gulf of Mexico , males mature at a fork length of 94 cm ( 37 in ) and females at 99 cm ( 39 in ) , corresponding to ages of 4 and 5 years , respectively . The maximum lifespan has been estimated to be at least 9 years for males and 14 years for females .
= = Human interactions = =
The finetooth shark has never been implicated in an attack on humans . However , when caught , this shark thrashes and snaps at anything within range , and people have been bitten attempting to handle it . Finetooth sharks are used for human consumption fresh or dried and salted . Other than off the southeastern United States , this species is of little commercial importance : it is small and occurs in water too shallow for most commercial and recreational fisheries , and is generally too fast @-@ swimming to be caught by shrimp trawlers . Small numbers are taken incidentally by floating longlines and on hook @-@ and @-@ line . This species is susceptible to overfishing due to its low reproductive rate , and to habitat degradation due to its inshore habits .
Substantial numbers of finetooth sharks are caught in drift gillnets operated by the shark fishery off southeastern United States , which peaked in 1999 at about 117 tons landed . Stock assessments conducted in 2002 suggested that U.S. populations had not yet been overfished , but that the catch rate was unsustainable , whereas assessments conducted in 2007 concluded that catch rates did not exceed sustainable levels and that populations were stable . Fishing for this species in U.S. waters is regulated by the National Marine Fisheries Service 1993 Fisheries Management Plan for Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico sharks ; it is classified as a " small coastal shark " for the purposes of commercial quotas and recreational bag limits . As a result , the IUCN has assessed the finetooth shark as of Least Concern overall and off the U.S. and Mexico . Concern existsfor this species in South America , where its numbers seem naturally low and it is potentially under heavy pressure by widespread , intensive coastal fisheries . However , the IUCN does not have sufficient data to assess its status in the region beyond Data Deficient .
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= New York State Route 488 =
New York State Route 488 ( NY 488 ) is a state highway in Ontario County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 9 @.@ 53 miles ( 15 @.@ 34 km ) from an intersection with NY 21 in the town of Hopewell , near the city of Canandaigua , to a junction with NY 96 midway between the villages of Phelps and Clifton Springs . NY 488 also passes through the hamlet of Orleans , located within the town of Phelps . Although NY 488 is signed as a north – south highway , most of the route follows an east – west alignment . NY 488 was originally designated as part of NY 88 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 88 was truncated to the village of Phelps in August 1972 , at which time its former routing between NY 21 and NY 96 was renumbered to NY 488 , eliminating an overlap with NY 96 .
= = Route description = =
NY 488 begins at an intersection with NY 21 in the hamlet of Chapin , a small community within the Ontario County town of Hopewell . The highway progresses eastward , crossing the Finger Lakes Railway at a grade crossing less than 100 yards ( 91 m ) from NY 21 . Just past the railroad , the route makes a slight turn to the northeast for 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) before curving back to the east and continuing across open farmland . As NY 488 crosses the town of Hopewell , it serves a handful of isolated homes and intersects several north – south highways of local importance , including County Road 47 ( CR 47 ) . The route continues eastward into the town of Phelps , where it serves a pair of large farms on its way to the small hamlet of Orleans , located on both the western bank of Flint Creek and the right @-@ of @-@ way of the now @-@ defunct Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) .
In the western portion of Orleans , NY 488 intersects with the north – south CR 20 , which leads to most of the hamlet 's residences . NY 488 , meanwhile , bypasses most of the community to the northwest as it makes a gradual turn to the north to follow Flint Creek and the old PRR right @-@ of @-@ way toward the village of Phelps . Outside of Orleans , the route reenters mostly rural surroundings as it approaches a junction with CR 43 . While CR 43 heads north toward Clifton Springs , NY 488 turns to the northeast , following the creek and the old rail bed past the large reservoir serving the village of Newark . At an intersection with Trimble and Griffith Roads , the highway turns back to the north , matching a similar curve in the creek 's routing . NY 488 continues on , crossing the former right @-@ of @-@ way of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and passing Midlakes High School on an otherwise nondescript stretch before ending at an intersection with NY 96 west of the village of Phelps .
= = History = =
On May 25 , 1915 , the state of New York let a contract to improve an 8 @.@ 63 @-@ mile ( 13 @.@ 89 km ) highway connecting the city of Canandaigua to the hamlet of Orleans to state highway standards . The reconstruction of the highway was 70 percent complete by 1920 and finished by 1926 , by which time the highway was added to the state highway system as State Highway 1278 ( SH 1278 ) . The north – south highway connecting Orleans to the village of Phelps was rebuilt to state highway standards c . 1930 as SH 1863 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , SH 1278 and SH 1863 became part of the new NY 88 , which began in the village of Sodus and extended southward through Phelps to the intersection of West Avenue and Main Street in Canandaigua . NY 88 was truncated on its southern end to Phelps c . 1973 . Its former routing from NY 21 in the hamlet of Chapin to NY 96 west of Phelps was renumbered to NY 488 as part of a project statewide to eliminate useless overlaps such as NY 88 and NY 96 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Ontario County .
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= Wilf Barber =
Wilfred Barber , known as Wilf Barber ( 18 April 1901 – 10 September 1968 ) , was a professional first @-@ class cricketer who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1926 to 1947 . He played two Test matches for England in 1935 against South Africa . An opening batsman with an excellent batting technique , Barber often batted in the middle order . He scored 16 @,@ 402 runs in first @-@ class cricket at an average of 34 @.@ 28 with 29 centuries . Barber made his debut in 1926 and made several appearances over the next few seasons . Despite a sound defence , Barber did not secure a regular first team place until 1932 . He scored a thousand runs for the first time that season , a feat he was to achieve eight times , while he scored over 2 @,@ 000 runs in 1935 . Until the Second World War broke out , Barber continued as a regular member of the Yorkshire side . After the war , he played one more full season before retiring in 1947 . His career continued in club cricket and he went on to coach local sides before his death in 1968 .
= = Career = =
Barber was born on 18 April 1901 in Cleckheaton , Yorkshire . He did not appear for the Yorkshire Second XI until he was 25 , in 1926 , when he scored 600 runs , including a century , and averaged 40 . The same season , he made his first @-@ class debut for Yorkshire against Worcestershire without playing a single innings . He was scheduled to bat later in the innings and was not needed to bat as Yorkshire completed an easy victory . In the next season , he was chosen to play three matches , with a top score of 18 . For the next few years , he was unable to attain a regular spot in the Yorkshire side as there were many batsmen competing for places . In the 1928 season , Barber played 16 matches , mainly when other batsmen were required in representative matches , passing fifty for the first time in an innings of 98 against the West Indians , and followed this with two other fifties . Next season , he scored his maiden first @-@ class century against the South Africans in an innings of 108 , out of a team total of 335 , with no other batsman reaching fifty . In total , he played on 22 occasions and scored 857 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 60 , including a second century , against Glamorgan . However , Barber was in and out of the side over the next two seasons . He did not play 20 matches or reach 500 runs in either season and passed fifty only four times in total .
Matters changed for Barber in the 1932 season , when Yorkshire 's regular , long serving opening batsman Percy Holmes began to suffer with illness . This left a batting place empty and enabled Barber to play more regularly . Wisden Cricketer 's Almanack believed that he thoroughly deserved his place in the team as he scored exactly 1 @,@ 000 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 64 , the first time he reached four figures in a season . He finished fifth in the Yorkshire batting averages , the first time he had been placed so high . His runs also played a part in Yorkshire winning the County Championship in his first full season . After this breakthrough , Barber steadily improved his total of runs and batting average , helping Yorkshire to win the County Championship twice in 1933 and 1935 . In 1933 , he scored 1 @,@ 595 runs at an average of 33 @.@ 93 , and in 1934 he scored 1 @,@ 927 runs at an average of 40 @.@ 14 . In both seasons he finished fourth in the Yorkshire averages . However , Barber 's best season statistically was the following season , 1935 , when he achieved his best aggregate of runs and highest average in an English season , passing 2 @,@ 000 runs in a season for the only time in his career . He scored 2 @,@ 147 runs at an average of 42 @.@ 09 and finished third in the Yorkshire averages . These performances earned him selection for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord 's Cricket Ground for the only time in his career , where he scored 61 and 18 not out .
Also in 1935 , Barber was chosen to represent England in the Test series against South Africa . He played in the third and fourth Tests after England had lost the second match to be 1 – 0 down in the series . He was one of six Yorkshire players selected that season . He scored 83 runs in four innings with a highest score of 44 in the fourth Test but England only drew these matches and he was left out of the final game . He also took a wicket with his second ( and final ) ball in Test cricket , when the match was heading towards an obvious draw . Following these matches , he was chosen to go on the non @-@ Test playing tour by the Marylebone Cricket Club of Australia and New Zealand that winter under the captaincy of Errol Holmes . He was the senior professional but was not as effective as had been expected in Australia . However , in New Zealand he scored 365 runs in the matches against a New Zealand representative team , at an average of 60 @.@ 83 . He scored 797 runs in all first @-@ class matches , average 41 @.@ 94 , including two centuries .
Although Barber did not play any more Tests , his scoring was consistent in the four seasons up until World War II . In all but 1936 ( he scored 993 runs that year ) , he scored around 1 @,@ 500 runs and in all but 1938 ( he averaged just under 34 ) , he averaged between 36 and 38 . He was second in the Yorkshire batting averages in 1936 , fourth in 1937 and 1939 but slipped to sixth in 1938 . Following the war , Barber played one more full season , scoring 1 @,@ 170 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 00 in 1946 to be fourth in the Yorkshire averages . It was the eighth and final time he passed 1 @,@ 000 runs in a season . During these seasons , Barber 's runs contributed to Yorkshire being County Champions in four consecutive seasons from 1937 to 1939 and then again after the war in 1946 . He played a further three matches in 1947 to bring his career to a close . From 1932 , when Barber became a regular player , until his last full season in 1946 , he was part of a Championship winning side seven times .
= = Style and achievements = =
Barber scored a total of 16 @,@ 402 runs in his career with 29 hundreds and 182 catches , and was described by Gerald Howat as " the fourth pillar " of the Yorkshire batting in the mid @-@ 1930s ( after Herbert Sutcliffe , Maurice Leyland and Arthur Mitchell ) . A generally defensive batsman , he played carefully in the tradition of Yorkshire opening batsmen . Jim Kilburn said that Barber was " small in stature but upright in style " . He was a good batsman on the off side and had a very good defensive technique , while his strength on the leg side was noted on his Test debut . Although an opening batsman , he often went in lower down the batting order . He was more comfortable in normal circumstances than in a crisis and did not enjoy batting on difficult pitches . Bill Bowes called him the most correct and orthodox batsman he had seen , even more so than Len Hutton . Barber was a kind , modest man , who never believed that his contribution was good enough , even if he had scored a century . On his death , Wisden described him as having " rendered admirable service . "
Barber 's highest score was 255 against Surrey in 1935 . In this innings , he opened the batting and shared three successive century partnerships . Barber also scored 248 against Kent in 1934 . He had scored 73 in the first innings but Kent had built up a lead of 148 on the second day of the match . Barber , opening the batting with Len Hutton , scored 248 and shared a stand of 267 for the first wicket . As a result , Yorkshire drew the game . Barber shared in seven other century opening partnerships Yorkshire , four of them with Arthur Mitchell , and six other 200 partnerships . This included a stand of 346 in four and a half hours with Maurice Leyland , against Middlesex in 1932 which was a record for Yorkshire 's second wicket . His fielding , generally done in the deep , was described by Wisden as " first rate " . Bowes said that he once went for nearly three years without dropping a catch on the leg side boundary from his bowling .
= = Retirement = =
After his retirement , Barber played club cricket into his fifties , playing for Lidget Green and King Cross until 1952 . He went on to play for Mirfield in the Central Yorkshire League between 1952 and 1955 . There , he was the club 's first professional once it reformed in 1952 . During his time at the club , Barber scored eleven half centuries and won an award for his batting . After he left Mirfield , he became coach to the North Riding Educational Authorities , later working as coach and groundsman at a school in Harrogate . He died , aged 67 , in a hospital in Bradford after a short illness , on 10 September 1968 .
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