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= Something / Anything ? = Something / Anything ? is a double album by Todd Rundgren , released in February 1972 . It was Rundgren 's third solo release , and was recorded in late 1971 in Los Angeles , New York City and Bearsville Studios , Woodstock . Three quarters of the album was recorded in the studio with Rundgren playing all instruments and singing all vocals , as well as being the producer . The final quarter of the album consisted of a number of tracks recorded live in the studio without any overdubs , save for a short snippet of archive recordings from the 1960s . Rundgren had become confident enough at other instruments beyond his standard guitar and keyboards that he had tackled in earlier releases , and this , coupled with a general dissatisfaction with other studio musicians , led him to temporarily relocate to Los Angeles in an attempt to record an entire album single @-@ handedly . After he had created significantly more material than would fit on a standard LP , an earthquake struck LA . He decided to head back to New York for some live sessions , with the help of Moogy Klingman , to lighten the mood . The final sessions were in Bearsville , where the remainder of the recording and mixing took place , and this created enough material for a double album . The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold three years after its release . It remains the singer @-@ songwriter 's best @-@ selling album . A single taken from the album , " Hello It 's Me " , was a top @-@ five hit in the US in late 1972 . Something / Anything ? has also continued to attract critical acclaim and has been praised for being Rundgren 's best work , particularly since Rundgren moved away from the straightforward pop ballads present on this album to more experimental territory and progressive rock in later releases , beginning with the following A Wizard , A True Star and his band Utopia . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 173 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . = = Recording = = = = = Sides 1 @-@ 3 = = = By the time Rundgren started recording the album , he had already achieved commercial success as a solo artist , and a producer , and this increased his self @-@ confidence . He had also become dissatisfied with other musicians playing on his recordings , recalling , " I 'd never played drums or bass before , though I would hector those that did . " This led him to decide to record the entire album by himself using multi @-@ tracking . Rundgren wrote the material for the album at a prolific rate . He attributed his productivity to Ritalin and cannabis , stating that the drugs " caused me to crank out songs at an incredible pace . ' I Saw the Light ' took me all of 20 minutes . " He found some of the other songs quick to write , too , noting " they were all basically starting out with C Major 7th , and I 'd start moving my hand around in predictable patterns until a song came out . " The majority of backing tracks on the first three sides of the album were recorded at I.D. Sound Studios , Los Angeles , engineered by James Lowe with assistance from John Lee . The studio was one of the first independent units in LA , and Lowe believes Rundgren chose it due to the ability to work hands @-@ on without record company interference and having all the latest technology and equipment . Rundgren played every instrument in turn , starting with the drums , noting it " was the logical place to start , " with each instrument laid down on top . While recording the drums , Rundgren would try and hum the song in his head to remember where he was , but " if I would screw up , then I would change the song afterwards , to fit the mistake that I had made , because it was easier than going back and fixing it . " In retrospect , Rundgren felt he might have performed better with a click track , being a novice drummer at the time , but concluded that the end result " sound [ s ] like a band " . He didn 't think his lack of technical proficiency on the instrument was a particular handicap , saying that " people comprehend what you 're playing , and it has a greater impact . " Engineering the album , Lowe recalled he was " mostly working in the dark " , and that Rundgren would leave spaces for instruments during recording , spontaneously developing a song as it was being recorded . " I was never sure exactly where the song was going until we 'd put down about four or five tracks . " In addition to recording at I.D. Sound , Rundgren took an 8 @-@ track recorder and some studio equipment , installing it at his rented home on Astral Drive , Nichols Canyon . ' Intro ' and ' Breathless ' were recorded here , along with various guitar and keyboard overdubs . A version of ' Torch Song ' was also recorded , but was scrapped due to excessive background noise . Rundgren recalled that recording at home meant he could spend time working on pieces of technology or production , such as programming a VCS3 synthesizer , at his leisure without wasting anyone else 's time . The artwork on the original gatefold sleeve was also shot in this apartment . Despite working long hours each day in both I.D and at home , with minimum breaks for sleeping and eating , Rundgren said he enjoyed the recording experience , and " wouldn 't have had it any other way . " = = = Side 4 = = = Rundgren contemplated recording more tracks to make up a double album in a similar manner , but following an earthquake , he decided to relocate to New York City and hold a live recording session at the Record Plant with session players . The basic idea was to create songs with sing @-@ along choruses . Rundgren did not pre @-@ plan who would play on the sessions , but simply wanted anyone who happened to be in or near the studio to turn up and learn the material . Rundgren contacted Moogy Klingman , who would appear on several tracks and later co @-@ found Utopia with Rundgren . Rundgren instructed Klingman to find the best session players possible for the recording . Klingman recalled getting a phone call from Rundgren late on a Friday evening asking him to find a full band by Sunday morning : " He wanted horns , singers , everything , so I made a ton of phone calls . " Klingman said that not everyone could make the entire session , so a variety of musicians , particularly guitarists and bassists , needed to be used . The performers , including Rundgren himself , only rehearsed the songs a few times before committing the performance to tape , in order to sound spontaneous , and some of the banter between takes appears on the finished album . Three songs were recorded at the Record Plant , including one of Klingman 's own , " Dust in the Wind " . Guitarist Rick Derringer appeared on one track , and would collaborate with Rundgren in the future . Trumpeter Randy Brecker had been a founding member of Blood , Sweat & Tears and , along with his brother Michael , who also played on the Record Plant sessions , went on to find commercial success with the Brecker Brothers . Trombonist Barry Rogers , who completed the brass section on the Record Plant recordings , had also collaborated with the Brecker brothers in the band Dreams . A further live session was held at Bearsville Studios in Woodstock , which used some of the members of the Paul Butterfield blues band , resulting in two other tracks . The final track on side four , " Slut " , was recorded earlier at a live session in I.D. Sound Studios , and featured previous collaborators Tony and Hunt Sales , and guitarist Rick Vito . = = = Vocals and post production = = = The majority of vocals for the existing studio tracks were also recorded at the Record Plant , with additional recording at Bearsville , where the album was mixed . As in LA , Lowe helped out with the engineering . " We 'd just put up a Neumann U67 and he 'd sing right there in the control room using the monitors for the playback . " In addition to the live sessions , the fourth side was completed by two small extracts of archive recordings featuring Rundgren in the 1960s . The first was a performance of Barrett Strong 's " Money ( That 's What I Want ) " by a group of the same name ' Money ' , recorded around 1966 , while the second was a clip of " Messin ' with the Kid " performed by Woody 's Truck Stop in Philadelphia , late 1966 . In the liner notes , the first side of the album is described as " a bouquet of ear @-@ catching melodies " , the second as " the cerebral side " , the third as " The kid gets heavy " , and the fourth is titled " Baby Needs a New Pair of Snakeskin Boots ( A Pop Operetta ) " . Rundgren wrote the sleeve notes , and included a small operetta that described a narrative between live tracks . White @-@ labeled promotional DJ issues of the LP were pressed on colored vinyl — the first record on red vinyl , the second on blue . = = = Songs = = = " I Saw the Light " was placed at the start of album , as it was felt to be the most likely hit . The song was influenced by Carole King . " Hello It 's Me " had been recorded by Rundgren 's old band , Nazz . As with the rest of the live tracks on side four , little preparation was done for the track . Rundgren later claimed the entire song was rehearsed and recorded in under two hours , and the horn lines and backing vocals at the end of the track were completely improvised . It was released as a single late in 1973 , and reached # 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 the following year . " Couldn 't I Just Tell You " has had a major influence on artists in the power pop musical genre , with music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the All Music Guide calling it one of " the great songs that provided power pop with its foundation " . The song was covered , for example , by Game Theory , and included as a bonus track on the CD release of Real Nighttime ( 1985 ) . The 2010 book Music : What Happened ? called the song " likely the greatest power pop recording ever made , " with lyrics " somehow both desperate and lighthearted at the same time , " and a guitar solo having " truly amazing dexterity and inflection . " = = Reception = = Reviewing the original release of the album , Billboard said that Rundgren 's songs " have an aura of being irreverent , irrelevant little ditties , while in reality they are penetratingly strident observations " , and that he seemed to have had fun making the album . Retrospective reviews of the album have been overwhelmingly positive . Allmusic especially praised the album 's endearing tone and often adventurous variety of styles , commenting that " Listening to Something / Anything ? is a mind @-@ altering trip in itself , no matter how many instantly memorable , shamelessly accessible pop songs are scattered throughout the album . " Robert Christgau also applauded the strong variety : " The many good songs span styles and subjects in a virtuoso display ... And the many ordinary ones are saved by Todd 's confidence and verve . " Rolling Stone said the album " demonstrates his command of the studio , unfurling his falsetto over a kaleidoscope of rock genres " . Axl Rose declared in a 1989 Rolling Stone interview that " Today , my favorite record is Todd Rundgren 's Something / Anything " . Rundgren himself has been more ambivalent about the album 's success and critical acclaim . He has stated several times that since he had already become successful as a producer , he was not as interested in straight commercial pop success as other artists . In particular , he rejected a tag of being " a male Carole King " . " With all due respect , " he later stated , " I took no comfort in merely being labeled a ' singer / songwriter ' . " Subsequent albums , beginning with the follow @-@ up A Wizard , A True Star and the spin @-@ off group Utopia , would see a radical shift away from straightforward three @-@ minute pop . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Todd Rundgren except as indicated . = = = Side one : A Bouquet of Ear @-@ catching Melodies = = = " I Saw the Light " – 2 : 56 " It Wouldn 't Have Made Any Difference " – 3 : 50 " Wolfman Jack " – 2 : 54 " Cold Morning Light " – 3 : 55 " It Takes Two to Tango ( This Is for the Girls ) " – 2 : 41 " Sweeter Memories " – 3 : 36 Total Length : 20 : 52 = = = Side two : The Cerebral Side = = = " Intro " – 1 : 11 " Breathless " – 3 : 15 " The Night the Carousel Burnt Down " – 4 : 29 " Saving Grace " – 4 : 12 " Marlene " – 3 : 54 " Song of the Viking " – 2 : 35 " I Went to the Mirror " – 4 : 05 Total Length : 23 : 41 = = = Side three : The Kid Gets Heavy = = = " Black Maria " – 5 : 20 " One More Day ( No Word ) " – 3 : 43 " Couldn 't I Just Tell You " – 3 : 34 " Torch Song " – 2 : 52 " Little Red Lights " – 4 : 53 Total Length : 20 : 22 = = = Side four : Baby Needs a New Pair of Snakeskin Boots ( A Pop Operetta ) = = = " Overture – My Roots : Money ( That 's What I Want ) / Messin ' with the Kid " ( Janie Bradford , Berry Gordy , Jr . , Mel London ) – 2 : 29 " Dust in the Wind " ( Mark Klingman ) – 3 : 49 " Piss Aaron " – 3 : 26 " Hello It 's Me " – 4 : 42 " Some Folks Is Even Whiter Than Me " – 3 : 56 " You Left Me Sore " – 3 : 13 " Slut " – 4 : 03 Total Length : 25 : 38 = = Personnel = = = = = Sides 1 - 3 = = = Todd Rundgren – all instruments and vocals = = = Side 4 = = = " Money ( That 's What I Want ) ” Todd Rundgren – lead guitar Rick Valente – lead vocals Randy Read – rhythm guitar Collie Read – bass Stockman – drums " Messin ' with the Kid ” No personnel credited " Dust in the Wind " ( Recorded at the Record Plant , New York ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , piano Mark Klingman – organ Rick Derringer – guitar John Siegler – bass John Siomos – drums Randy Brecker – trumpet Mike Brecker – tenor sax Barry Rogers – trombone Hope Ruff , Richard Corey , Vicki Robinson , Dennis Cooley , Cecilia Norfleet – backing vocals " Piss Aaron ” ( Recorded at Bearsville Studios , Woodstock ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , electric piano Amos Garrett – guitar Ben Keith – pedal steel Jim Colgrove – bass Billy Mundi – drums " Hello It 's Me ” ( Recorded at the Record Plant , New York ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , piano Mark Klingman – organ Robbie Kogale – guitar Stu Woods – bass John Siomos – drums Randy Brecker – trumpet Mike Brecker – tenor sax Barry Rogers – trombone Hope Ruff , Richard Corey , Vicki Robinson , Dennis Cooley , Cecilia Norfleet – backing vocals " Some Folks Is Even Whiter Than Me ” ( Recorded at Bearsville Studios , Woodstock ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , guitar Mark Klingman – piano Ralph Walsh – guitar Bugsy Maugh – bass Billy Mundi – drums Serge Katzen – conga Gene Dinwiddle – tenor sax " You Left Me Sore ” ( Recorded at the Record Plant , New York ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , piano Mark Klingman – organ Robbie Kogale – guitar Stu Woods – bass John Siomos – drums Hope Ruff , Richard Corey – backing vocals " Slut ” ( Recorded at I.D. Sound Studios , Los Angeles ) Todd Rundgren – lead vocals , guitar Rick Vito – guitar Charlie Schoning – piano Tony Sales – bass Hunt Sales – drums Jim Horn – tenor sax John Kelson – tenor sax Brook Baxes , Anthony Carrubba , Henry Fanton , Edward Olmos – backing vocals = = Charts = = Album Single = = Certifications = =
= Cyclone Arthur ( 2007 ) = Cyclone Arthur ( RSMC Nadi designation : 08F , JTWC designation : 09P ) was the eighth tropical depression and fourth tropical cyclone of the 2006 – 07 South Pacific cyclone season . Forming as tropical depression on January 25 , Arthur rapidly intensified into a strong Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale according to the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi , Fiji . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed the storm to have peaked as a minimal Category 1 cyclone . Shortly after peaking in intensity , the cyclone began to deteriorate due to unfavorable conditions . Quickly moving towards the east @-@ southeast , the Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition . After turning towards the southeast , the center of circulation was almost fully exposed due to strong wind shear . However , Arthur briefly re @-@ strengthened late on January 26 before becoming extratropical the next day . Tropical Cyclone Arthur affected several small islands during its existence . French Polynesia observed the most noteworthy effects from the storm , where several landslides damaged a few homes . = = Meteorological history = = On January 21 , 2007 , the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi , Fiji identified a tropical depression , which was given the number 08F , about 435 km ( 270 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Savai 'i island in Samoa . The depression slowly traveled towards the east @-@ southeast for several days as the overall structure of the storm fluctuated due to diurnal variations and strong wind shear . Around 1700 UTC on January 22 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the depression . The system developed a large banding feature in the northern portion of the circulation and deep convection formed around the center of circulation . The depression had moved into an area of weak to moderate wind shear with favorable diffulence aloft . Later that day , gale warnings were issued for the northeastern quadrant of the system . Tropical Depression 08F continued to develop as an anticyclone developed above the system , enhancing the environment around it . A mid @-@ latitude trough located north of the depression was steering it towards the east . Early on January 24 , the system became better organized and strengthened into a cyclone at 0600 UTC . The storm , which was named Arthur by the RSMC Nadi , began to undergo rapid intensification as the structure improved significantly . Deep convection developed around the center with strong outflow towards the north . Several hours after becoming a cyclone , the JTWC issued their first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 09P as it traveled quickly towards the east @-@ southeast . The quick movement was due to the influences of subtropical ridge to the north and a trough to the south . Later that day , a banding eye feature began to develop as the storm intensified into a Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale . At 1800 UTC , the JTWC assessed Arthur to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) , the equivalent of a minimal Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Early on January 25 , Arthur reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) with a minimum pressure of 975 hPa ( mbar ) while located about 635 km ( 350 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Rarotonga . Shortly after peaking in intensity , Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition and rapidly deteriorated due to strong wind shear . The storm also began to merge with a low @-@ level frontal boundary associated with the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Zita . The strong shear left the center of circulation partially exposed , with deep convection persisting in only the southeastern quadrant . In addition to the shear , dry air began to enter the system , causing it to weaken further . While continuing to move at a quick pace , the storm began to turn towards the southeast along a baroclinic zone . Early on January 26 , the JTWC issued their final advisory on the cyclone as it lost most of its tropical characteristics . Arthur re @-@ intensified shortly after and the JTWC reissued advisories on the storm around 2100 UTC . The brief re @-@ strengthening was the result of a breakdown in the baroclinic zone which allowed convection to redevelop around the center . Around the same time , Arthur left RSMC Nadi 's area of responsibility ( AoR ) and entered the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Wellington 's AoR . The storm completed its extratropical transition around 1200 UTC on January 27 , leading to the final advisory being issued on the storm . = = Preparations and impact = = On January 21 , a gale watch was issued for Tutuila , American Samoa , Manu 'a , and Swains Island as Tropical Depression 08F approached the islands . Winds of up to 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) , with gusts up to 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) , were expected . Small craft advisories were issued for the Cook Islands due to large swells produced by the storm . All of the watches were cancelled late on January 23 as the depression was no longer forecast to impact the islands . On January 24 , an Orange Alert was issued for the Austral Islands . As the storm neared the region , the alert was upgraded to a Red Alert for Rurutu and Tubuai . Arthur produced minor damages in the Cook Islands — primarily consisting of beach erosion — on January 24 . Heavy rains throughout French Polynesia resulted in several landslides which damaged several homes on Tahiti and Moorea . Waves near the islands ranged from 1 @.@ 5 to 2 m ( 4 @.@ 9 to 6 @.@ 5 ft ) . Winds in Tubuai reached 85 km / h ( 50 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) with gusts up to 115 km / h ( 71 mph ) . Several homes were damaged and roads were blocked by fallen trees throughout the island . Minor coastal flooding also occurred due to the large swells .
= M @-@ 13 Connector ( Michigan highway ) = Connector M @-@ 13 ( Conn . M @-@ 13 ) is a state trunkline highway running 2 @.@ 41 miles ( 3 @.@ 88 km ) connecting Interstate 75 / US Highway 23 ( I @-@ 75 / US 23 ) to M @-@ 13 near the community of Kawkawlin , just north of Bay City . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) internally calls the road Connector 13 . The freeway was once the northern end of the US 23 freeway in the area before I @-@ 75 was built to the northwest and US 23 was rerouted to follow it . When these changes were made in 1967 , Conn . M @-@ 13 was designated for the freeway stub . = = Route description = = Conn . M @-@ 13 starts at exit 164 along I @-@ 75 / US 23 north of Bay City . At the interchange that marks its southern terminus , the connector route continues to the north while the main I @-@ 75 freeway turns northwesterly . About three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) north , there is an interchange for Wilder Road . Traffic running southbound on the connector that wishes to continue northbound on I @-@ 75 / US 23 has to use Wilder Road to connect to the latter freeway . The connector route is bordered by fields and residential subdivisions as it continues north to the community of Kawkawlin . The freeway ends at an at @-@ grade intersection with M @-@ 13 . Conn . M @-@ 13 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the traffic levels along Conn . M @-@ 13 were 13 @,@ 939 vehicles daily south of the Wilder Road and 7 @,@ 031 vehicles per day north of that interchange . The only section of the freeway that has been listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) is from the southern terminus to the Wilder Road interchange . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = This short freeway was opened in late 1960 or early 1961 as the north end of a new US 23 freeway around Bay City . The freeway was extended farther north to the Standish area in 1967 ; M @-@ 13 was extended north to replace the US 23 designation along the latter 's former routing through Pinconning . At that time , the freeway stub north of Bay City became Conn . M @-@ 13 . = = Exit list = = The entire highway is in Monitor Township , Bay County . All exits are unnumbered .
= All Through the Night ( Cyndi Lauper song ) = " All Through the Night " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Cyndi Lauper , released from her debut album She 's So Unusual . It was written by Jules Shear for his album Watch Dog , as a mid @-@ tempo folk @-@ rock song . After The Cars recorded their own version , which they did not use on any of their albums , Lauper decided to cover it . Although she initially intended to do a straight cover of Shear 's version , she turned it into a pop ballad instead . The song was the only single released worldwide by Lauper that did not have a music video . It peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Lauper 's fourth top five single in the U.S. Lauper became the first woman in the 26 @-@ year history of Billboard to take four singles from the same album to Top 5 on the Hot 100 . The song was mostly positively received by critics . An acoustic version was sung by Lauper on her 2005 album , The Body Acoustic . In this version , Shaggy provided backing vocals . = = Background = = = = = Writing and development = = = The song was originally written by Jules Shear , and included on his 1983 debut solo album , Watch Dog . Shear later recalled in an interview , " [ it 's ] like a big bonus really . Cyndi Lauper does a song ( ' All Through the Night ' ) that 's on a solo record of mine . I just thought , ' No one 's really going to hear this . ' Then she does it , and it becomes a Top 5 song . " " I 'm just glad people know the songs , really . I think they 're really good . The only problem is with people who don 't know I wrote them . I do them and they think , ' God , he 's doing that Cyndi Lauper song . ' " Before Lauper covered the song , the band The Cars produced an early version of it that was not released . ( Elliot Easton of the Cars had played guitar on Shear 's original recording , which is most likely where the Cars heard the original tune . ) Shear 's version was originally a folk @-@ rock song , but Lauper instead turned it into a pop ballad for her album , with a heavy emphasis on a synthesizer . According to Lauper , she wanted it to be just like Shear 's version , with a bit more of an acoustic sound . However , she changed her mind , saying that she wanted to sing it like herself . Unlike her other singles from the album , this one did not have a music video released with it . = = = Music and lyrics = = = Shear 's original version of " All Through the Night " is set in the key of F major , and proceeds at a tempo of approximately 96 beats per minute . For her cover version , Lauper transposed the key up a minor third to A @-@ flat major , and kept the tempo at the same 96 beats per minute as the original . The song is set in common time . Lauper 's voice spans an octave and a fourth between G3 and D ♭ 5 . Jules Shear himself makes a guest appearance on Lauper 's version , singing a wordless falsetto melody near the end , as well as the lower harmony in the choruses . The chorus was unintentionally altered by Lauper from the Shear version when she heard the upper harmony vocal and thought it was the lead vocal . Lyrically , " All Through the Night " addresses the same concept of love and its tug at heart @-@ strings as was emphasized by Lauper 's previous single , " Time After Time . " = = Critical reception = = Reception for the song was mostly positive . Don McLeese of Chicago Sun @-@ Times said that the song was the one that " showed her impressive range to best advantage . " The Philadelphia Inquirer said that she had a " strong voice " in the song . However , another Philadelphia Inquirer review said that the song was " a not terribly good version of Jules Shear 's terribly good [ song ] . " Richard Harrington of The Washington Post believed that it was her most reflective song . Kevin East of Sensible Sound said that the song was " a heavy , melancholy tune . " Leslie Gray Streeter of the Palm Beach Post said that the song was " lovely " and " delicate . " Even Shear himself was a fan of Lauper 's version , saying " The Cyndi Lauper thing where she did ' All Through the Night , ' that was great because she did it so differently than the way I did . I liked that , too . " However , the St. Petersburg Times did not like the song , saying that it was a " pedestrian filler number " on the album . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that the song was a part of the side that he calls the very best of the album . He also says that the side is " so strong that it makes the remaining tracks — all enjoyable , but rather pedestrian — charming by their association with songs so brilliantly alive " , and that it was " astonishing it is consistency . " Kurt Loder of Rolling Stone said that Lauper " does an almost tasteful reading " of the song . Sal Cinquemani of Slant magazine said that the song emerged as one of " the greatest pop masterpieces of the ' 80s . " The song was later re @-@ recorded by Lauper , for her album The Body Acoustic , an album in which she recorded acoustic versions of her favorite songs . This version included vocals by Shaggy . Charles Andrews of Audio / Video Revolution said of this version , " Acoustic guitar strumming continues into " All Through the Night " and then – whoa ! – who 's that toaster ? It 's Shaggy , ducking in and out with his own rapid @-@ fire lyric take , an inspired bit of casting that turns the romantic ballad on its head . " The song is also one of her more popular songs that she performs in live concerts . = = Chart performance = = " All Through The Night " was released in the United States in September 1984 . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number forty @-@ nine , and reached a peak position of five in its tenth week , becoming Lauper 's fourth consecutive top five in the U.S. The song achieved some crossover success , peaking at number four on the Adult Contemporary chart for three weeks , and reaching a peak position of thirty @-@ eight on the Mainstream Rock Chart . " All Through the Night " made Lauper the first female singer to generate four top 10 hits in the Hot 100 from a debut album . The week ending January 19 , 1985 , while it was moving down the Hot 100 , it was the biggest free @-@ faller , falling to # 64 from # 33 . In Canada , the single peaked at number seven on the RPM singles chart in December 1984 , and was certified gold by the Music Canada in January 1985 . In the United Kingdom the song did not perform as well as Lauper 's previous releases . It debuted at number eighty @-@ two on the UK Singles Chart in November 1984 , peaking at number sixty @-@ four , staying only six weeks on the chart . The single performed similarly throughout the rest of Europe , peaking at number sixteen in Switzerland , and at number thirty @-@ five in Germany . It was more successful in Austria , where it peaked at number five , becoming her fourth consecutive top five in the country . = = Track listing = = 7 " Single " All Through the Night " – 4 : 33 " Witness " – 3 : 40 = = Credits and personnel = = Cyndi Lauper – Vocals Jules Shear - songwriter , backing vocals Rick Chertoff – producer Lennie Petze – executive producer Caroline Greyshock – photography Janet Perr – design / artwork Credits adapted from the album liner notes . = = Cover versions = = In 1984 , Marie Fredriksson ( who would achieve international success later as Roxette 's female lead vocalist ) recorded it in Swedish as " Natt efter natt " ( Night after night ) , and was released as a B @-@ side . In 1985 , famous Greek singer and worldwide chanson star Nana Mouskouri recorded a German version of the song called " Ich hab geweint , ich hab gelacht " ( Träume der Nacht ) . That same year , she recorded a French version entitled " Toute la nuit . " She recorded the original English version in 1987 . In 2005 , a cover by Tori Amos appeared on her set of live albums , The Original Bootlegs . In 2006 , by German dance project Novaspace . In 2008 , Girlyman released a live album , Somewhere Different Now , featuring a version of the song . In 2008 , a cover by Tommy february6 appeared on the tribute album , We Love Cyndi - Tribute to Cyndi Lauper . In 2011 , Sam Llanas did a version of the song on his second solo record 4 A.M. In 2012 , collaborative project U.S. Elevator ( Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion and Rondo Brothers ) did a beat folk version on single , Moons and Junes In 2014 , a cover by Sleeping at Last was heard on episode 1014 of Grey 's Anatomy and on episode 2 in season 6 of The Vampire Diaries . In 2015 , the song was sung by Stevie McCrorie , a contestant on The Voice UK ( BBC ) in the quarter finals . Stevie later went on to win the competition . = = Charts = =
= Saints Row : The Third = Saints Row : The Third is a 2011 open world action @-@ adventure video game developed by Volition and published by THQ . It is the third title in the Saints Row series . As in the previous games , the player @-@ character leads the Third Streets Saints gang in a turf war against three rival gangs using a variety of weapons and vehicles in single @-@ player and cooperative play . The series , and especially this title , is known for its crazy scenarios and lighthearted gameplay . It was released on November 15 , 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 , and later abroad . Game development began by late 2008 . There was high staff turnover from the previous Saints Row team with one @-@ fifth of the final 100 @-@ person staff having worked on a previous title in the series . They aimed to improve on the series by giving the game a coherent tone , and found it in films such as Hot Fuzz and the game 's signature sex toy bat . Saints Row : The Third was built using the Havok physics engine . The game received " generally favorable " reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Reviewers noted its general zaniness and praised its customization options . Critics thought the setting was insipid and that its humor occasionally fell flat , and others thought the game perfected the Saints Row formula . It was a nominee for Best Narrative at the 2012 Game Developers Conference , an IGN Editor 's Choice , and a recipient of perfect scores from GamesRadar and G4 . A complete edition including the three downloadable content packs was released a year after the original release , and its planned Enter the Dominatrix expansion became the game 's sequel , Saints Row IV . = = Gameplay = = Saints Row : The Third is an action @-@ adventure game played from the third @-@ person perspective in an open world , such that players explore an unrestricted environment . Similar to the premise of the previous Saints Row games , the player 's goal is to lead the Third Street Saints gang to overtake its rival gangs in the city turf war . While the protagonist is the same , the game introduces a new setting , the city of Steelport , with its new gangs : the Morningstar , Luchadores , and Deckers , together known as the Syndicate . Once The Syndicate is defeated , the government 's Special Tactical Anti @-@ Gang unit ( STAG ) is summoned to quell the Saints . The Third is the first in the series to intertwine the narratives of its three @-@ gang structures , and also presents the player with story @-@ altering decisions . The series has historically been considered a clone of Grand Theft Auto that later positioned itself as more " gleefully silly " in comparison . In combat , players select weapons from a weapon selection wheel , including regular pistols , submachine guns , shotguns , and rocket launchers alongside special weapons such as UAV drones and a fart @-@ in @-@ a @-@ jar stun grenade . Player melee attacks include running attacks such as DDTs and a purple dildo bat . Players may use vehicles to navigate the city , including a hover jet ( known as the F @-@ 69 VTOL ) and a pixelated retrogame tank that are unlocked through story missions . Once special vehicles are unlocked , they are in unlimited supply and can be delivered directly to the player @-@ character 's location . Player actions are intensified with what Volition calls the " awesome button " , where for example the player will divekick through the windshield into the driver 's seat of a car . The main story campaign missions can be played alone , or cooperatively either online or via System Link offline . Some elements are added to the campaign for the second player . There is no competitive multiplayer , but a " wave @-@ based survival mode " called Whored Mode that supports up to two players . Players customize their characters after the introductory mission . Player @-@ character bodies , dress , and vehicles can be customized , as well as home properties . Players can additionally share their character designs in a Saints Row online community . Apart from the main story missions , there are optional diversions to make money and earn reputation , such as Insurance Fraud , where players hurt themselves in traffic to maximize self @-@ injury before a timer expires , or Mayhem , where players maximize property destruction before a time expires . Some of these diversions were introduced in previous Saints Row games . Activities serve the plot and are positioned as training the player @-@ character or damaging the Syndicate . They can also be repeated . Outside of structured diversions , players are free to make their own fun by purchasing property , shopping for items , finding hidden sex doll and money cache collectibles , and wreaking unsolicited havoc . There are also " flashpoint " gang operations that grant respect when disrupted . Attacking others increases the player 's notoriety level , as depicted with stars . Saints Row : The Third introduced experience levels and weapon upgrades to the series . Most actions in the game come with incentives in the form of money and respect ( reputation ) . Money buys land , weapons , and other upgrades , and respect is a kind of experience point that can unlock player abilities like " no damage from falling " or " infinite sprint " , as well as upgrades to the player 's computer @-@ controlled gang member support . In turn , players receive further incentive to nearly miss car collisions , streak naked through the streets , shoot others in the groin , blow up Smart cars , and kill mascots in ambient challenges to earn more respect . Lack of respect does not hinder story progress , as it has in previous games . Player progress and unlocks are managed by an in @-@ game cell phone menu that also lets the player call for vehicle deliveries and non @-@ player character backup . The computer @-@ controlled support will also dialogue with each other . = = Plot = = Three years after the destruction of Ultor Corporation , the 3rd Street Saints street gang have become a media empire with their own energy drink , Japanese commercials , toys and large fanbase , with a movie in the works . However , when the Saints ' leader , The Boss , and two lieutenants , Shaundi and Johnny Gat , attempt to rob a bank as a publicity stunt , the bank tellers unexpectedly start shooting back . The police , who they had paid off beforehand , intervene and arrest the Saints . They are shortly released to the man who owned the bank , Phillipe Loren , the leader of a criminal organization known as " the Syndicate ; " on his private jet . Loren offers to let the Saints live if they turn over most of their earnings . The Saints ' leaders refuse and break out , but Gat is seemingly killed as the Boss and Shaundi escape via parachute . Upon landing , the Boss and Shaundi find themselves in Steelport , a dystopian criminal city controlled by the Syndicate 's three gangs : The Morningstar , a gang controlled by Loren with advanced technology equipment ; The Luchadores , a Mexican gang led by the killer wrestler Eddie " Killbane " Pryor ; and the Deckers , a hacker @-@ based gang led by Matt Miller . The Boss quickly calls in Saints lieutenant Pierce Washington and begins attacking the Morningstar 's businesses , culminating with an attack on Loren 's headquarters . After rescuing and recruiting the giant superhuman Oleg Kirrlov , the basis of the cloned " brutes " the Syndicate uses , The Boss kills Loren . The Saints return to their hometown of Stilwater for Gat 's funeral at the Hughes Memorial Bridge , but Killbane attacks the Saints and destroys the bridge . To retaliate , the Boss seeks out anti @-@ Syndicate talent , recruiting ex @-@ FBI hacker Kinzie Kensington ; Zimos , the oldest pimp in Steelport ; and Angel de la Muerte , Killbane 's vengeful former tag @-@ team partner . With Zimos ' help , The Boss clears out the Morningstar , during which Viola DeWynter , one of Loren 's twin lieutenants , joins the Saints after Killbane kills her twin sister Kiki out of rage due to a failed assassination attempt on the Boss . Her defection , however , coincides with the arrival of paramilitary Special Tactical Anti @-@ Gang ( S.T.A.G. ) forces in Steelport , led by Cyrus Temple and created by Senator Monica Hughes to end gang violence once and for all . The Saints take on STAG whilst also dealing with the Syndicate , resulting in Steelport going under martial law . The Boss works with Kinzie and Angel to eliminate The Deckers and The Luchadores , providing Kinzie with technology to enter the Deckers mainframe and killing the other wrestlers in Killbane 's Murderbrawl XXXI pay @-@ per @-@ view to gain entrance . The Boss defeats Matt Miller 's avatar in a virtual reality fight to drive the Deckers out of town , and defeats Killbane at Murderbrawl with Angel 's help . Following his humiliating defeat , Killbane instigates several attacks throughout Steelport to cause chaos . Whilst quelling the fighting between the Luchadores and STAG , the Boss is simultaneously informed by Angel that Killbane is escaping the city , while STAG second @-@ in @-@ command Kia is holding Shaundi , Viola , and Mayor Burt Reynolds hostage at a Steelport monument rigged to blow to frame the Saints . The Boss is given the choice to kill Killbane or save Shaundi . In the canon ending , the Boss chooses to save Shaundi , disarming the explosives to save the monument and killing Kia to save Shaundi . The Saints are then held as heroes and STAG are kicked out of Steelport for their brutality . The ending shows the Boss tracking Killbane down to Mars and killing him , but it is revealed to be a scene from the Saints sci @-@ fi film Gangstas in Space , which the Boss and several members are acting in . If the Boss kills Killbane , The Saints are framed as terrorists and the monument 's destruction is used as a pretext by STAG to attack Steelport with the airborne aircraft carrier Daedalus . The Boss destroys the Daedalus , killing Cyrus Temple in the process , and declares Steelport an independent city @-@ state under the Saints ' control . = = Development = = Saints Row 2 's design philosophy was to " put everything ... into the game " , which made for a disjointed title with varied tone . Design director Scott Phillips said the series ' legacy of lightheartedness made the sequel 's tone hard to define . The development team withstood a high turnover between the two releases , with only a fifth of the final 100 @-@ person team having worked on a title in the series before . Saints Row : The Third was in development by September 2008 . For its first six months of development , the team tested a choice @-@ based adventure concept featuring an undercover agent infiltrating the Saints , which was dropped for not aligning with the spirit of the series . Now without a vision , the team made a " tone video " with film segments and songs that would define the new title . The final version featured bits from Bad Boys II , Shoot ' Em Up , Hot Fuzz , and Mötley Crüe 's " Kickstart My Heart " . The team worked in this direction to find a personality for Saints Row : The Third , which it found in its signature " dildo bat " . The idea started as one @-@ off mission @-@ specific weapon and the artists ran with the concept . Their design mantra became " Embrace the Crazy ; Fun Trumps All " . They came to the conclusion that " everything had to be ' over the top this time around ' " so as to distinguish Saints Row : The Third from other open world titles and to make the franchise into a AAA title . The team increased playtesting to check for the action 's pacing and " setpiece moments " within its overall flow . Producer Greg Donovan considered Saints Row : The Third a reboot of the franchise , " cohesive " in a way the prior two " semi @-@ serious " entries were not . Other than " over the top " themes , the team wanted " holy shit " " water cooler moments " that players would remember forever and want to share . Phillips also " didn 't want the player to be a dick " . The city of Steelport was designed such that the player could identify locations without needing a minimap , with a spatially recognizable skyline and iconic gang vehicles in specific regions . The title was not shown at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) with the explanation that the company had spent the year " rebuilding the technology " , but a tie @-@ in movie was mentioned as in production and a Saints Row 3 announcement was expected at the December Spike VGAs . Saints Row : The Third was finally announced officially in March 2011 . The team wanted to include many different features and items , so scoping the final product became an issue . They laid out their ideas on a schedule and began to cut until over " 4000 man @-@ days of scheduled work " were removed , including features such as free @-@ running ( called " freegunning " ) and a cover system . Competitive multiplayer was removed due to its lack of popularity in the previous series entries . In retrospect , Phillips said he wanted to remove more . The studio borrowed people from other parts of the company to finish the project . Writer Drew Holmes expressed the difficulty in determining what was too risqué for the game . In keeping with series advertising , Saints Row : The Third included a porn star , Sasha Grey , in the production as a character voice . Other celebrity voice actors include Hulk Hogan and Daniel Dae Kim . The development team also pre @-@ visualized rough drafts to sketch ideas for others to advance . For example , the introductory airplane level was pre @-@ visualized two years prior to its creation as a demonstration for the development team and publisher . Levels were built in Volition 's Core Technology Group ( CTG ) editor , which was continually built in the four years preceding release . Like the other two titles , Saints Row : The Third was built in the Havok physics engine with customizations . The engine let the team build vehicle drifting physics and the VTOL aircraft . The studio considered the Red Faction series ' Geo @-@ Mod 2 engine but chose against it due to the implementation 's difficulty and not wanting that degree of destruction . Phillips gave a game development postmortem at the 2012 Game Developers Conference , where he advised studios to let development team members run with their ideas . Volition began to add modding support to the title and series in mid 2013 . = = = Audio = = = Saints Row : The Third has a licensed soundtrack available as radio stations when driving in vehicles . Players can switch between the playlists , which range from classical to electronic to hip @-@ hop , rock , or customize their own station based on their preferences . The original soundtrack was composed by Malcolm Kirby Jr . , who had previously worked on The Love Guru 's soundtrack . It was released through Sumthing Else Music Works alongside the game via compact disc and digital download . Kirby said the series ' over @-@ the @-@ top nature influenced the score , and that he was a huge fan of the series before he received the opportunity . In his composition , each gang has a theme and specific characteristics that range from " menacing orchestral to gangster hip hop to heavy metal " . = = Marketing and release = = The game was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 simultaneously on November 15 , 2011 , in the United States and Australia , and three days later in the United Kingdom . The November 17 , 2011 , Japan release had the veins removed from the Penetrator weapon ( the three @-@ foot long phallus bat ) due to regulatory restrictions on depictions of genitalia . In lieu of exclusive game content scheduled for the PlayStation 3 version that did not ship with the game , early North American and European players who purchased that version received a complimentary download code for Saints Row 2 . The summer before Saints Row : The Third 's release , THQ pledged to support it with a year 's worth of downloadable content . Around the time of release , Danny Bilson of THQ announced that Saints Row IV was already in planning . Those who preordered the game received Professor Genki 's Hyper Ordinary Preorder Pack , which included Genki @-@ themed downloadable content ( a costume , a vehicle , and a weapon ) . A North American limited edition box set release called the Platinum Pack included the preorder content , the soundtrack , and a custom headset . Australia and New Zealand received two limited editions : the Smooth Criminal pack from EB Games and the Maximum Pleasure bundle from JB Hi @-@ Fi , each of which included tie @-@ in items along with the game and preorder content . Though the game wasn 't shown at E3 2010 , THQ spoke of extensive tie @-@ in merchandising ( collectible card game , books ) and a Saints Row film in production as part of a " robust transmedia play " . Instead , THQ announced Saints Row : Drive By , a tie @-@ in game for the Nintendo 3DS and Xbox Live Arcade that would unlock content in Saints Row 3 . After the game was announced in March 2011 , it was featured on the cover of Game Informer 's April issue . Closer to release , THQ sent rap group the Broken Pixels a development kit with a pre @-@ release version of the game and asked them to record track about " all the wacky things " to do in the game . The group wrote the rap in a day and later produced a YouTube video set to clips from the game . THQ hosted an event in Redfern , Australia where women in skintight clothes pumped free gas for three hours , which generated an estimated 35 times return on investment . Eurogamer recalled that the game was " marketed almost exclusively on the basis of all the wacky stuff it will let you do " from the costumes to the sex toy weapons , and Edge described Saints Row : The Third as " marketed by sex toys and porn stars " . Two weeks before the game 's release , Saints Row : The Third had four times the preorder count of Saints Row 2 at its comparable point . By January 2012 , the game had shipped 3 @.@ 8 million units worldwide , which THQ cited as an example for its business model change to focus on the big franchises . THQ President and CEO Brian Farrell expected to ship five to six million copies of the game in its lifetime . It had reached four million by April , and 5 @.@ 5 million by the end of the year . Saints Row : The Third was an unexpected continued success for the company . It was featured in the Humble THQ Bundle in November 2012 , the PlayStation Plus program in June 2013 , the Humble Deep Silver Bundle in July 2013 , and the Xbox Live Games with Gold program in May 2014 . In April 2016 , Volition released a Linux port of the game . = = Reception = = The game received " generally favorable " reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Reviewers said the game did not try to be more than a good time , and described it as a variant of " ridiculous " , " zany " , or " absurd " . In another way , others called it " juvenile " . Critics praised the degree of customization options , and had mixed views of the array of activities , but found Professor Genki 's Super Ethical Reality Climax a high point . Some found the game 's ironic sexism to verge on misogyny , and that its other humor sometimes fell flat . Several critics referred to the game as the perfection of the Saints Row formula It was a nominee for Best Narrative at the 2012 Game Developers Conference , an IGN Editor 's Choice , and a recipient of perfect scores from GamesRadar and G4 . Edge said that the series " wants to be the WarioWare of open @-@ city games " , " a cartoon flipbook of anything @-@ goes extremity " to Grand Theft Auto 's " ostentatious crime drama " . They wrote that the game 's " single @-@ minded " " puerile imagination " demanded respect and noted the game 's escalation of video game tropes and cultural references from Japanese game shows to text adventures to zombie apocalypses to lucha libre . Famitsu described the game as " ' pop ' crime action " , and IGN 's Daemon Hatfield called the game " an open world adult theme park " . He said that calling it " a good time would be a severe understatement " and praised its method of incentivizing almost every action in the game as " fantastic game design " . Hatfield was " addicted " to efficiently expanding his in @-@ game hourly income . GamesRadar 's Michael Grimm wrote Saints Row : The Third was nearly surreal , and praised the player @-@ character 's running attacks . Referring to the historical comparison between the Saints Row and Grand Theft Auto series , Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer wrote that Grand Theft Auto IV 's serious turn let the Saints Row series be a " gleeful silly sandbox game " , and noted that Saints Row : The Third was " marketed almost exclusively " based on its wackiness , from the costumes to the sex toy weapons . He felt that the " wacky hijinks " quickly became " predictable and repetitive " and the activities felt " sanitized and generic " . Edge wrote that they were " one @-@ off gags " . Eurogamer 's Whitehead added that the tiger escort Guardian Angel missions appeared to draw from Will Ferrell 's Talladega Nights , and that the Prof. Genki 's Super Ethical Reality Climax shooting gallery drew from Bizarre Creations ' The Club shooter . Eurogamer and PC Gamer both found the game easy . Ryan McCaffrey of Official Xbox Magazine thought that the game resolved some of the problems of open world design and thus allowed for an experience with good times and no filler , such as Burnout @-@ style arrows on the streets instead of hidden in the minimap GPS . He added that this was the game Volition " was born to make " . Grimm from GamesRadar similarly praised Volition for their " http : / / deckers.die " mission , which was " so insanely creative and funny that it single handedly makes the game worth playing " . He added that the game 's unrealistic driving made the game more fun . IGN 's Hatfield was " really won ... over " by his character and both was convinced she cared about her friends and impressed by her voice actress . Whitehead of Eurogamer found Zimos , the pimp who speaks in Autotune , to be the game 's best character . Edge found some of the writing " sharp " and executed well by the voice actors . PC Gamer 's Tom Senior found the major story missions to be a highlight . Hatfield of IGN thought the single @-@ player game fell apart at the end and called the two endings either " a super downer " or nonsense . He found the cooperative mode easy to set up , but felt like the game 's missions were not designed well for multiple players , and that the visiting player became a " third wheel " . On the other hand , CBS News 's Christina Santiago called the cooperative mode " near perfect " and exemplary . IGN 's Hatfield considered the game 's graphics average for the age . He " loved the neon @-@ lit towering skyscrapers of Steelport " but thought the streets were sometimes " lifeless " , as the game may be " open world " but not a " living world " . Edge added that the city was easy enough to navigate , but that it was missing character . Grimm of GamesRadar said it didn 't look bad , but wasn 't interesting . Multiple reviewers complained of " pop @-@ in " , or of graphical errors . 1UP.com reported the PC version 's graphics to be more stable , and Eurogamer 's Digital Foundry face @-@ off recommended the PlayStation 3 release for its lack of screen tearing . Eurogamer 's Whitehead felt that the game crept closer " from ironic sexism to outright misogyny " in missions such as " Trojan Whores " and set pieces like " Tits n ' Grits " and " Stikit Inn " , even in the series ' " gloriously lowbrow standards " . Edge added that intent of humor in the sex trafficking @-@ related mission " The Ho Boat " did not come across well , and seemed to be included only for shock value . Hatfield of IGN related that some of the game 's more juvenile aspects made him cringe , and Edge wrote that the game felt " largely meaningless " in response to the desensitizing barrage of " context @-@ free frippery " . PC Gamer 's Tom Senior said he was almost offended during much of the game but stayed more happy than disgusted , adding that while the game has a " huge purple dildo " , it doesn 't have the prostitute @-@ killing liberties or " other moments of nastiness " associated with the Grand Theft Auto franchise . Whitehead of Eurogamer wrote in conclusion that the game doesn 't propose " anything particularly inventive " and instead ends up with a toy box of gadgets . Edge felt that the game was weakest where it leaned on Grand Theft Auto 's precedent without adding a social commentary . Eurogamer 's Whitehead added that Saints Row : The Third missed an opportunity to separate from " the GTA formula " , which Edge thought was done well in the last third of the game . IGN , however , felt the game was explicitly not a Grand Theft Auto clone , and G4 called it " a knockoff no more " . Speaking to the future of THQ in June 2012 , its president , Jason Rubin , said that there is no place in the company " for a game that features a purple dildo " and that Volition chose that route because of the limited options and their " environment at the time " . = = Downloadable content = = Downloadable content for Saints Row : The Third has included additional story missions , weapons , and characters . A " definitive edition " , Saints Row : The Third – The Full Package , contains all post @-@ release downloadable content — including all three mission packs ( " Genkibowl VII " , " Gangstas in Space " , and " The Trouble with Clones " ) and bonus items ( clothes , vehicles , and weapons ) — in addition to the main game . The Full Package was announced in September 2012 for release two months later on PC , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . THQ announced an Enter the Dominatrix standalone expansion as an April Fool 's joke in 2012 . It was confirmed as in development the next month . In Enter the Dominatrix , the alien commander Zinyak imprisons the Saints ' leader in a simulation of Steelport called The Dominatrix so as to prevent interference when he takes over the planet . The expansion also added superpowers for the player @-@ character . In June , THQ said the expansion would be wrapped into a full sequel , tentatively titled " The Next Great Sequel in the Saints Row Franchise " and scheduled for a 2013 release . Parts of Enter the Dominatrix that weren 't incorporated into the sequel , Saints Row IV , were later released as downloadable content for the new title , under the same name .
= Chester A. Arthur = Chester Alan Arthur ( October 5 , 1829 – November 18 , 1886 ) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States ( 1881 – 85 ) ; he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latter 's assassination . At the outset , Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation , which stemmed from his early career in politics as part of New York 's Republican political machine . He succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform . His advocacy for , and subsequent enforcement of , the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration . Arthur was born in Fairfield , Vermont , grew up in upstate New York , and practiced law in New York City . He served as quartermaster general in the New York Militia during the American Civil War . Following the war , he devoted more time to Republican politics and quickly rose in the political machine run by New York Senator Roscoe Conkling . Appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to the lucrative and politically powerful post of Collector of the Port of New York in 1871 , Arthur was an important supporter of Conkling and the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party . In 1878 the new president , Rutherford B. Hayes , fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York . When Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880 , Arthur , an eastern Stalwart , was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket . After just half a year as vice president , Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor . To the surprise of reformers , Arthur took up the cause of reform , though it had once led to his expulsion from office . He signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions . He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive . He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy , but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus , which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War . Suffering from poor health , Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party 's nomination in 1884 ; he retired at the close of his term . Journalist Alexander McClure later wrote , " No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur , and no one ever retired ... more generally respected , alike by political friend and foe . " Although his failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency , he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office . The New York World summed up Arthur 's presidency at his death in 1886 : " No duty was neglected in his administration , and no adventurous project alarmed the nation . " Mark Twain wrote of him , " [ I ] t would be hard indeed to better President Arthur 's administration . " Over the 20th and 21st centuries , however , Arthur 's reputation mostly faded among the public . Although some have praised his economic policies , present @-@ day historians and scholars list him among the bottom half when ranking the American presidents . = = Early life = = = = = Birth and family = = = Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5 , 1829 , in Fairfield , Vermont . Arthur 's mother , Malvina Stone , was born in Vermont , the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens . Malvina 's family was primarily of English descent , and her grandfather , Uriah Stone , fought in the Continental Army during the American Revolution . His father , William Arthur , was born in Dreen , Cullybackey , County Antrim , in what is now Northern Ireland ; he graduated from college in Belfast and emigrated to Canada in 1819 or 1820 . Arthur 's mother met his father while William Arthur was teaching at a school in Dunham , Quebec , just over the border from her native Vermont . The two married in Dunham on April 12 , 1821 , soon after meeting . After their first child , Regina , was born , the Arthurs moved to Vermont . They quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho , and finally to Waterville , as William received positions teaching at different schools . William Arthur also spent a brief time working to join the legal profession . While still in Waterville , William departed from his legal studies , as well as his Presbyterian upbringing , to join the Free Will Baptists , spending the rest of his life as a minister in that sect . William became an outspoken abolitionist , which often made him unpopular with members of his congregations and contributed to the family 's frequent moves . In 1828 , the family moved again , to Fairfield , where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year ; he was the fifth of nine children . He was named " Chester " after Chester Abell , the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth , and " Alan " for his paternal grandfather . The family remained in Fairfield until 1832 , when William 's profession took them on the road again , to several towns in Vermont and upstate New York . The family finally settled in the Schenectady , New York , area . The family 's frequent moves later spawned accusations that Chester Arthur was not a native @-@ born citizen of the United States . When Arthur was nominated for vice president in 1880 , a New York attorney and political opponent , Arthur P. Hinman , initially speculated that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the United States until he was fourteen years old . Had that been true , opponents might have argued that Arthur was constitutionally ineligible for the vice presidency under the United States Constitution 's natural @-@ born @-@ citizen clause . When Hinman 's original story did not take root , he spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada . This claim , too , failed to gain credence . = = = Education = = = Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in the New York towns of York , Perry , Greenwich , Lansingburgh , Schenectady , and Hoosick . One of his first teachers said Arthur was a boy " frank and open in manners and genial in disposition . " During his time at school , he gained his first political inclinations and supported the Whig Party . He joined other young Whigs in support of Henry Clay , even participating in a brawl against students who supported James K. Polk . Arthur also supported the Fenian Brotherhood , an Irish republican organization founded in America ; he showed this support by wearing a green coat . Arthur enrolled at Union College , in Schenectady , New York , in 1845 , where he studied the traditional classical curriculum . As a senior , he was president of the debate society and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . During his winter breaks , Arthur served as a teacher at a school in Schaghticoke . After graduating , Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full @-@ time teacher , and soon began to pursue an education in the law . While studying law , he continued teaching , moving closer to home by taking a job at a school in North Pownal , Vermont . Coincidentally , future president James A. Garfield taught penmanship at the same school three years later , but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers . In 1852 , Arthur moved again , to Cohoes , New York , to become the principal of a school at which his sister , Malvina , was a teacher . In 1853 , after studying at State and National Law School in Ballston Spa , New York , and then saving enough money to relocate , Arthur moved to New York City to read law at the law office of Erastus D. Culver , an abolitionist lawyer and family friend . When Arthur was admitted to the bar in 1854 , he joined Culver 's firm , which was subsequently renamed Culver , Parker , and Arthur . = = Early career = = = = = New York lawyer = = = When Arthur joined the firm , Culver and New York attorney John Jay ( the grandson of the Founding Father of the same name ) were pursuing a habeas corpus action against Jonathan Lemmon , a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves . In Lemmon v. New York , Culver argued that , as New York law did not permit slavery , any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed . The argument was successful , and after several appeals was upheld by the New York Court of Appeals in 1860 . Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory ; in fact his role was minor , although he was certainly an active participant in the case . In another civil rights case in 1854 , Arthur was the lead attorney representing Elizabeth Jennings Graham after she was denied a seat on a streetcar because she was black . He won the case , and the verdict led to the desegregation of the New York City streetcar lines . In 1856 , Arthur courted Ellen Herndon , the daughter of William Lewis Herndon , a Virginia naval officer . The two were soon engaged to be married . Later that year , he started a new law partnership with a friend , Henry D. Gardiner , and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there . At that time , the state was the scene of a brutal struggle between pro @-@ slavery and anti @-@ slavery forces , and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter . The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers ; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City , where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the SS Central America . In 1859 , they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan . After his marriage , Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice , but also found time to engage in Republican party politics . In addition , he indulged his military interest by becoming Judge Advocate General for the Second Brigade of the New York Militia . = = = Civil War = = = In 1861 , Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as engineer @-@ in @-@ chief . The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861 , when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history . Arthur was commissioned as a brigadier general and assigned to the state militia 's quartermaster department . He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted to inspector general of the state militia in April 1862 , and then to quartermaster general that July . He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment elected him colonel early in the war , but at Governor Morgan 's request , he turned it down to remain at his post in New York . He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade , again at Morgan 's request . The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near Fredericksburg , Virginia , in May 1862 , shortly after forces under Major General Irvin McDowell seized the town during the Peninsula Campaign . That summer , he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State William H. Seward in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops , and spent the next few months enlisting New York 's quota of 120 @,@ 000 men . Arthur received plaudits for his work , but his post was a political appointment , and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor Horatio Seymour , a Democrat , took office . When Reuben Fenton won the 1864 election for governor , Arthur requested reappointment ; Fenton and Arthur were from different factions of the Republican Party , and Fenton had already committed to appointing another candidate , so Arthur did not return to military service . Arthur later joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ( MOLLUS ) as a Third Class Companion , the honorary membership category for militia officers and civilians who made significant contributions to the war effort . In addition , Grand Army of the Republic posts in Ogdensburg , Wisconsin and Medford , Oregon were named in his honor . Arthur returned to being a lawyer with the help of additional contacts made in the military , he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished . Even as his professional life improved , however , Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child , William , died suddenly that year at the age of three . The couple took their son 's death hard , and when they had another son , Chester Alan Jr . , in 1864 , they lavished attention on him . They also had a daughter , Ellen , in 1871 . Both children survived to adulthood . Arthur 's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron , ex @-@ Governor Morgan , was elected to the United States Senate . He was hired by Thomas Murphy , a Republican politician , but also a friend of William M. Tweed , the boss of the Tammany Hall Democratic organization . Murphy was also a hatter who sold goods to the Union Army , and Arthur represented him in Washington . The two became associates within New York Republican party circles , eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by Thurlow Weed . In the presidential election of 1864 , Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York and attended Abraham Lincoln 's inauguration in 1865 . = = New York politician = = = = = Conkling 's machine = = = The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan 's Republican machine , including Arthur . Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party , as did the men who worked with him in the organization , including Weed , Seward ( who continued in office under President Andrew Johnson ) , and Roscoe Conkling ( an eloquent Utica Congressman and rising star in the party ) . Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine ; as was common at the time , loyalty and hard work on the machine 's behalf was more important than actual political positions . At the time , U.S. Custom Houses were managed by political appointees who served as Collector , Naval Officer and Surveyor . In 1866 , Arthur unsuccessfully attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the New York Custom House , a lucrative job subordinate only to the Collector . He continued his law practice ( now a solo practice after Gardiner 's death ) and his role in politics , becoming a member of the prestigious Century Club in 1867 . Conkling , elected in 1867 to the United States Senate , noticed Arthur and facilitated his rise in the party , and Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868 . His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights , and his wife resented his continual absence from the family home on party business . Conkling succeeded to leadership of the conservative wing of New York 's Republicans by 1868 as Morgan concentrated more time and effort on national politics , including serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee . The Conkling machine was solidly behind General Ulysses S. Grant 's candidacy for president , and Arthur raised funds for Grant 's election in 1868 . The opposing Democratic machine in New York City , known as Tammany Hall , worked for Grant 's opponent , former New York Governor Horatio Seymour ; while Grant was victorious in the national vote , Seymour narrowly carried the state of New York . Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law , and in 1869 he became counsel to the New York City tax commission , appointed when Republicans controlled the state legislature . He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $ 10 @,@ 000 a year . Arthur resigned after Democrats controlled by William M. Tweed of Tammany Hall won a legislative majority , which meant they could name their own appointee . In 1871 Grant offered to name Arthur as Commissioner of Internal Revenue , replacing Alfred Pleasonton ; Arthur declined the appointment . Shortly thereafter , President Grant gave Conkling control over New York patronage , including the Customs House at the Port of New York . Having become friendly with Murphy over their shared love of horses during summer vacations on the Jersey Shore , Grant appointed him to the Collector 's position . Murphy 's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party , but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him . The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States ' busiest port . Typically , these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for appointing the Collector . Employees were required to make political contributions ( known as " assessments " ) back to the machine , which made the job a highly coveted political plum . Murphy 's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator Reuben Fenton 's faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling 's . Eventually , the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great , and Grant asked for his resignation in 1871 . Grant offered the position to John Augustus Griswold and William Orton , each of whom declined and recommended Arthur . Grant then nominated Arthur , with the New York Times commenting , " his name very seldom rises to the surface of metropolitan life and yet moving like a mighty undercurrent this man during the last 10 years has done more to mold the course of the Republican Party in this state than any other one man in the country . " The Senate confirmed Arthur 's appointment ; as Collector he controlled nearly a thousand jobs and received compensation as great as any federal officeholder . Arthur 's salary was initially $ 6 @,@ 500 , but senior customs employees were compensated additionally by the " moiety " system , which awarded them a percentage of the cargoes seized and fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff . In total , his income came to more than $ 50 @,@ 000 — more than the president 's salary , and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle . Among those who dealt with the Custom House , Arthur was one of the era 's more popular collectors . He got along with his subordinates and , since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling 's adherents , he had few occasions to fire anyone . He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders ' friends in jobs as positions became available . Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy , but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt . A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to rename the financial extractions from employees as " voluntary contributions " in 1872 , but the concept remained , and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs . In that year , reform @-@ minded Republicans formed the Liberal Republican party and voted against Grant , but he was re @-@ elected in spite of their opposition . Nevertheless , the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling 's patronage machine ; in 1874 Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company as a way to increase their own incomes , and Congress reacted , repealing the moiety system and putting the staff , including Arthur , on regular salaries . As a result , his income dropped to $ 12 @,@ 000 a year — more than his nominal boss , the Secretary of the Treasury , but far less than what Arthur had previously received . = = = Clash with Hayes = = = Arthur 's four @-@ year term as Collector expired on December 10 , 1875 , and Conkling , then among the most powerful politicians in Washington , arranged his protégé 's reappointment by President Grant . By 1876 , Conkling was considering a run for the presidency himself , but the selection of reformer Rutherford B. Hayes by the 1876 Republican National Convention preempted the machine boss . Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal , but Conkling limited his own campaign activities to a few speeches . Hayes 's opponent , New York Governor Samuel J. Tilden , carried New York and won the popular vote nationwide , but after the resolution of several months of disputes over twenty electoral votes ( from the states of Florida , Louisiana , Oregon , and South Carolina ) , he lost the presidency . Hayes entered office with a pledge to reform the patronage system ; in 1877 , he and Treasury Secretary John Sherman made Conkling 's machine the primary target . Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House . Jay , with whom Arthur had collaborated in the Lemmon case two decades earlier , suggested that the Custom House was overstaffed with political appointments , and that 20 % of the employees were expendable . Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay , but he approved the commission 's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel reductions . Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and , after a written protest , carried them out . Notwithstanding his cooperation , the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees , and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization . Hayes further struck at the heart of the spoils system by issuing an executive order that forbade assessments and barred federal office holders from " tak [ ing ] part in the management of political organizations , caucuses , conventions , or election campaigns " . Arthur and his subordinates , Naval Officer Alonzo B. Cornell and Surveyor George H. Sharpe , refused to obey the president 's order ; Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign , offering him appointment by Hayes to the consulship in Paris in exchange , but Arthur refused . In September 1877 , Hayes demanded the three men 's resignations , which they refused to give . Hayes then submitted the appointment of Theodore Roosevelt , Sr. , L. Bradford Prince , and Edwin Merritt ( all supporters of Conkling 's rival William M. Evarts ) to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements . The Senate 's Commerce Committee , chaired by Conkling , unanimously rejected all the nominees ; the full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31 – 25 , and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpe 's term had expired . Arthur 's job was only spared until July 1878 , when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell , replacing them with the recess appointment of Merritt and Silas W. Burt . Hayes again offered Arthur the position of consul general in Paris as a face @-@ saving consolation ; Arthur again declined , as Hayes knew he probably would . Conkling opposed the confirmation of Merritt and Burt when the Senate reconvened in February 1879 , but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31 – 25 , as was Burt by 31 – 19 , giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory . Arthur immediately took advantage of the resulting free time to work for the election of Edward Cooper as New York City 's next mayor . In September 1879 Arthur became Chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee , a post in which he served until October 1881 . In the state elections of 1879 , he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling 's faction , who had become known as Stalwarts . They were successful , but narrowly , as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234 – 216 . Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and , owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote , were victorious . Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra @-@ party rivals , but Arthur had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when , on January 12 , 1880 , his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year . Arthur felt devastated , and perhaps guilty , and never remarried . = = Election of 1880 = = Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts , including Arthur , wished to follow up their 1879 success at the 1880 Republican National Convention by securing the nomination for their ally , ex @-@ President Grant . Their opponents in the Republican party , known as Half @-@ Breeds , concentrated their efforts on James G. Blaine , a Senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform . Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and , deadlocked after thirty @-@ six ballots , the convention turned to a dark horse , James A. Garfield , an Ohio Congressman and Civil War General who was neither Stalwart nor Half @-@ Breed . Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination . Levi P. Morton , the first choice of Garfield 's supporters , consulted with Conkling , who advised him to decline , which he did . They next approached Arthur , and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination , believing the Republicans would lose . Arthur thought otherwise and accepted . According to a purported eyewitness account by journalist William C. Hudson , Conkling and Arthur argued , with Arthur telling Conkling , " The office of the Vice @-@ President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining . " Conkling eventually relented , and campaigned for the ticket . As expected , the election was close . The Democratic nominee , General Winfield Scott Hancock , was popular and , having avoided taking definitive positions on most issues of the day , he had not offended any pivotal constituencies . As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War , Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the " bloody shirt " — the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward secessionists . With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets , the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped . Realizing this , they adjusted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country 's protective tariff , which would allow cheaper manufactured goods to be imported from Europe , and thereby put thousands out of work . This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and Indiana , where many were employed in manufacturing . Hancock did not help his own cause when , in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff , he said that " [ t ] he tariff question is a local question " , which only served to make him appear uninformed about an important issue . Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days , but as state Republican chairman , Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion : overseeing the effort in New York and raising money . The funds were crucial in the close election , and winning his home state of New York was critical . The Republicans carried New York by 20 @,@ 000 votes and , in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded — 78 @.@ 4 % — they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7 @,@ 018 votes . The electoral college result was more decisive — 214 to 155 — and Garfield and Arthur were elected . = = Vice presidency = = After the election , Arthur worked in vain to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions with his fellow New York Stalwarts — especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury ; the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when Garfield appointed Blaine , Conkling 's arch @-@ enemy , as Secretary of State . The running mates , never close , detached as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from his patronage . Arthur 's status in the administration diminished when , a month before inauguration day , he gave a speech before reporters suggesting the election in Indiana , a swing state , had been won by Republicans through illegal machinations . Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart , Thomas Lemuel James , to be Postmaster General , but the cabinet fight and Arthur 's ill @-@ considered speech left the President and Vice President clearly estranged when they took office on March 4 , 1881 . The Senate in the 47th United States Congress was divided among 37 Republicans , 37 Democrats , one independent ( David Davis ) who caucused with the Democrats , one Readjuster ( William Mahone ) , and four vacancies . Immediately , the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate , knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans . As vice president , Arthur cast tie @-@ breaking votes in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus . Even so , the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield 's nominations because of Conkling 's opposition to some of them . Just before going into recess in May 1881 , the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other Senator from New York , Thomas C. Platt , resigned in protest of Garfield 's continuing opposition to their faction . With the Senate in recess , Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City . Once there , he traveled with Conkling to Albany , where the former Senator hoped for a quick re @-@ election to the Senate , and with it , a defeat for the Garfield administration . The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question , to Conkling and Platt 's surprise , and an intense campaign in the state house ensued . While in Albany on July 2 , Arthur learned that Garfield had been shot . The assassin , Charles J. Guiteau , was a deranged office @-@ seeker who believed that Garfield 's successor would appoint him to a patronage job . He proclaimed to onlookers : " I am a Stalwart , and Arthur will be President ! " Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable , and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur , they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign . More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on presidential succession : as Garfield lingered near death , no one was sure who , if anyone , could exercise presidential authority . Also , after Conkling 's resignation , the Senate had adjourned without electing a president pro tempore , who would normally follow Arthur in the succession . Arthur was reluctant to be seen acting as president while Garfield lived , and for the next two months there was a void of authority in the executive office , with Garfield too weak to carry out his duties , and Arthur reluctant to assume them . Through the summer , Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his Lexington Avenue home when , on the night of September 19 , he learned that Garfield had died . Judge John R. Brady of the New York Supreme Court administered the oath of office in Arthur 's home at 2 : 15 a.m. on September 20 . Later that day he took a train to Long Branch to pay his respects to Garfield and to leave a card of sympathy for his wife , afterwards returning to New York City . On the 21st , he returned to Long Branch to take part in Garfield 's funeral , and then joined the funeral train to Washington . Before leaving New York , he ensured the presidential line of succession by preparing and mailing to the White House a proclamation calling for a Senate special session . This step ensured that the Senate had legal authority to convene immediately and choose a Senate president pro tempore , who would be able to assume the presidency if Arthur died . Once in Washington he destroyed the mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special session . = = Presidency 1881 – 85 = = = = = Taking office = = = Arthur arrived in Washington , D.C. on September 21 . On September 22 he re @-@ took the oath of office , this time before Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite . Arthur took this step to ensure procedural compliance ; there had been a lingering question about whether a state court judge ( Brady ) could administer a federal oath of office . He initially took up residence at the home of Senator John P. Jones , while White House remodeling he ordered was carried out , including the addition of an elaborate fifty @-@ foot glass screen made by Louis Comfort Tiffany , which remained in a White House corridor until it was dismantled in 1902 . Arthur 's sister , Mary Arthur McElroy , served as White House hostess for her widowed brother ; Arthur became Washington 's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of rumors , though romantically , he remained singularly devoted to the memory of his late wife . His son , Chester Jr . , was then a freshman at Princeton University and his daughter , Nell , stayed in New York with a governess until 1882 ; when she arrived , Arthur shielded her from the intrusive press as much as he could . Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield 's cabinet , most of whom represented his opposition within the party . He asked the cabinet members to remain until December , when Congress would reconvene , but Treasury Secretary William Windom submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of Minnesota . Arthur then selected Charles J. Folger , his friend and fellow New York Stalwart as Windom 's replacement . Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh was next to resign , believing that , as a reformer , he had no place in an Arthur cabinet . Despite Arthur 's personal appeal to remain , MacVeagh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with Benjamin H. Brewster , a Philadelphia lawyer and machine politician reputed to have reformist leanings . Blaine , nemesis of the Stalwart faction , remained Secretary of State until Congress reconvened , then departed immediately . Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine 's place , but the President chose Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey , a Stalwart recommended by ex @-@ President Grant . Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts , but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882 , Arthur selected Timothy O. Howe , a Wisconsin Stalwart . Navy Secretary William H. Hunt was next to resign , in April 1882 , and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing William E. Chandler to the post , on Blaine 's recommendation . Finally , when Interior Secretary Samuel J. Kirkwood resigned that same month , Arthur appointed Henry M. Teller , a Colorado Stalwart to the office . Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield , only Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln remained for the entirety of Arthur 's term . = = = Civil service reform = = = In the 1870s , a scandal was exposed , in which contractors for star postal routes were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials ( including Second Assistant Postal Secretary Thomas J. Brady and former Senator Stephen Wallace Dorsey ) . Reformers feared Arthur , as a former supporter of the spoils system , would not commit to continuing the investigation into the scandal . But Arthur 's Attorney General , Brewster , did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeigh , and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and Richard T. Merrick to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics . Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before his presidency , once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal . An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a hung jury for the rest . After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him , the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial . Before the second trial began , Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense , including a former Senator . The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and , again , did not result in a guilty verdict . Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration 's image , but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud . Garfield 's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform . Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and , by 1882 , a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform . In 1880 , Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination . In his first annual presidential address to Congress in 1881 , Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill , but Congress did not pass it . Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections , in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue . As a result , the lame @-@ duck session of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform ; the Senate approved Pendleton 's bill 38 – 5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155 – 47 . Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16 , 1883 . In just two years ' time , an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long @-@ awaited civil service reform . At first , the act applied only to 10 % of federal jobs and , without proper implementation by the president , it could have gone no further . Even after he signed the act into law , its proponents doubted Arthur 's commitment to reform . To their surprise , he acted quickly to appoint the members of the Civil Service Commission that the law created , naming reformers Dorman Bridgman Eaton , John Milton Gregory , and Leroy D. Thoman as commissioners . The chief examiner , Silas W. Burt , was a long @-@ time reformer who had been Arthur 's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Customs House . The commission issued its first rules in May 1883 ; by 1884 , half of all postal officials and three @-@ quarters of the Customs Service jobs were to be awarded by merit . That year , Arthur expressed satisfaction with the new system , praising its effectiveness " in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment . " = = = Surplus and the tariff = = = With high revenue held over from wartime taxes , the federal government had collected more than it spent since 1866 ; by 1882 the surplus reached $ 145 million . Opinions varied on how to balance the budget ; the Democrats wished to lower tariffs , in order to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods , while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining . They preferred the government spend more on internal improvements and reduce excise taxes . Arthur agreed with his party , and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor , as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure . In May of that year , Representative William D. Kelley of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission ; the bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly protectionists to the committee . Republicans were pleased with the committee 's make @-@ up but were surprised when , in December 1882 , they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25 % . The commission 's recommendations were ignored , however , as the House Ways and Means Committee , dominated by protectionists , provided a 10 % reduction . After conference with the Senate , the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1 @.@ 47 % . The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3 , 1883 , the last full day of the 47th Congress ; Arthur signed the measure into law , with no effect on the surplus . Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger , with increased spending on the 1882 Rivers and Harbors Act in the unprecedented amount of $ 19 million . While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements , the scale of the bill disturbed him , as did its narrow focus on " particular localities , " rather than projects that benefited a larger part of the nation . On August 1 , 1882 , Arthur vetoed the bill to widespread popular acclaim ; in his veto message , his principal objection was that it appropriated funds for purposes " not for the common defense or general welfare , and which do not promote commerce among the States . " Congress overrode his veto the next day and the new law reduced the surplus by $ 19 million . Republicans considered the law a success at the time , but later concluded that it contributed to their loss of seats in the elections of 1882 . = = = Foreign affairs and immigration = = = During the Garfield administration , Secretary of State James G. Blaine attempted to invigorate United States diplomacy in Latin America , urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations . Blaine , venturing a greater involvement in affairs south of the Rio Grande , proposed a Pan @-@ American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the War of the Pacific being fought by Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through , and when Frederick T. Frelinghuysen replaced him at the end of 1881 , the conference efforts lapsed . Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine 's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific , fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict . Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine 's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere ; a treaty with Mexico providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884 . Legislation required to bring the treaty into force failed in the House , however , rendering it a dead letter . Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with Santo Domingo and Spain 's American colonies were defeated by February 1885 , and an existing reciprocity treaty with the Kingdom of Hawaii was allowed to lapse . The 47th Congress spent a great deal of time on immigration , and at times was in accord with Arthur . In July 1882 Congress easily passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States . To their surprise , Arthur vetoed it and requested revisions , which they made and which Arthur then approved . He also signed in August of that year the Immigration Act of 1882 , which levied a 50 @-@ cent tax on immigrants to the United States , and excluded from entry the mentally ill , the intellectually disabled , criminals , or any other person potentially dependent upon public assistance . A more contentious debate materialized over the status of Chinese immigrants ; in January 1868 , the Senate had ratified the Burlingame Treaty with China , allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese into the country . As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873 , Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen 's wages ; in reaction Congress in 1879 attempted to abrogate the 1868 treaty by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act , but President Hayes vetoed it . Three years later , after China had agreed to treaty revisions , Congress tried again to exclude Chinese immigrants ; Senator John F. Miller of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and banned their immigration for a twenty @-@ year period . The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins , but this as well was vetoed by Arthur , who concluded the 20 @-@ year ban to be a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880 . That treaty allowed only a " reasonable " suspension of immigration . Eastern newspapers praised the veto , while it was condemned in the Western states . Congress was unable to override the veto , but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years . Although he still objected to this denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants , Arthur acceded to the compromise measure , signing the Chinese Exclusion Act into law on May 6 , 1882 . = = = Naval reform = = = In the years following the Civil War , American naval power declined precipitously , shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52 , most of which were obsolete . The nation 's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur 's election had been on the Indian wars in the West , rather than the high seas , but as the region was increasingly pacified , many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy . Garfield 's Secretary of the Navy , William H. Hunt , advocated reform of the Navy and his successor , William E. Chandler , appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization . Based on the suggestions in the report , Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel protected cruisers ( Atlanta , Boston , and Chicago ) and an armed dispatch @-@ steamer ( Dolphin ) , collectively known as the " ABCD Ships " or the " Squadron of Evolution " . Congress also approved funds to rebuild four monitors ( Puritan , Amphitrite , Monadnock , and Terror , ) which had lain uncompleted since 1877 . The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder , John Roach & Sons of Chester , Pennsylvania , even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist . Democrats turned against the " New Navy " projects and , when they won control of the 48th Congress , refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships . Even without the additional ships , the state of the Navy improved when , after several construction delays , the last of the new ships entered service in 1889 . = = = Civil rights = = = Like his Republican predecessors , Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in the South and how , if at all , to protect the civil rights of black southerners . Since the end of Reconstruction , conservative white Democrats ( or " Bourbon Democrats " ) had regained power in the South , and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region , blacks , were disenfranchised . One crack in the solidly Democratic South emerged with the growth of a new party , the Readjusters , in Virginia . Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding ( for black and white schools alike ) and abolition of the poll tax and the whipping post , many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party . Arthur agreed , and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans . He followed the same pattern in other Southern states , forging coalitions with independents and Greenback Party members . Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit , but others ( including Frederick Douglass and ex @-@ Senator Blanche K. Bruce ) endorsed the administration 's actions , as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats . Arthur 's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia , however , and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president . Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective : when the Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in an 1883 decision , Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress , but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place . Arthur did , however , effectively intervene to overturn a court @-@ martial ruling against a black West Point cadet , Johnson Whittaker , after the Judge Advocate General of the Army , David G. Swaim , found the prosecution 's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racism . The administration faced a different challenge in the West , where the LDS Church was under government pressure to stop the practice of polygamy in Utah Territory . Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values , and Arthur 's views were , for once , in line with his predecessor 's . In 1882 , he signed the Edmunds Act into law ; the legislation made polygamy a federal crime , barring polygamists both from public office and the right to vote . = = = Native American policy = = = The Arthur administration was challenged by changing relations with western American Indian tribes . The Indian Wars were winding down , and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans . Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Indian education , which it did in 1884 , although not to the extent he wished . He also favored a move to the allotment system , under which individual Native Americans , rather than tribes , would own land . Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but , in 1887 , the Dawes Act changed the law to favor such a system . The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time , but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white speculators . During Arthur 's presidency , settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Indian territory . Arthur initially resisted their efforts , but after Secretary of the Interior Henry M. Teller , an opponent of allotment , assured him that the lands were not protected , Arthur opened up the Crow Creek Reservation in the Dakota Territory to settlers by executive order in 1885 . Arthur 's successor , Grover Cleveland , finding that title belonged to the Indians , revoked Arthur 's order a few months later . = = = Health , travel , and 1884 election = = = Shortly after becoming president , Arthur was diagnosed with Bright 's disease , a kidney ailment now referred to as nephritis . He attempted to keep his condition private , but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate ; he had become thinner and more aged in appearance , and struggled to keep the pace of the presidency . To rejuvenate his health outside the confines of Washington , Arthur and some political friends traveled to Florida in April 1883 . The vacation had the opposite effect , and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington . Later that year , on the advice of Missouri Senator George Graham Vest , he visited Yellowstone National Park . Reporters accompanied the presidential party , helping to publicize the new National Park system . The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur 's health than his Florida excursion , and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel . As the 1884 presidential election approached , James G. Blaine was considered the favorite for the Republican nomination , but Arthur , too , contemplated a run for a full term as president . In the months leading up to the 1884 Republican National Convention , however , Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support : the Half @-@ Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine , while Stalwarts were undecided ; some backed Arthur , with others considering Senator John A. Logan of Illinois . Reform @-@ minded Republicans , friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform , were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont , who had long favored their cause . Business leaders supported him , as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage , but by the time they began to rally around him , Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination . He kept up a token effort , believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health , but by the time the convention began in June , his defeat was assured . Blaine led on the first ballot , and by the fourth ballot he had a majority . Arthur telegraphed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity . He played no role in the 1884 campaign , which Blaine would later blame for his loss that November to the Democratic nominee , Grover Cleveland . = = = Administration and cabinet = = = = = = Judicial appointments = = = Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the United States Supreme Court . The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of Associate Justice Nathan Clifford , a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War . Arthur nominated Horace Gray , a distinguished jurist from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to replace him , and the nomination was easily confirmed . The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice Ward Hunt retired in January 1882 . Arthur first nominated his old political boss , Roscoe Conkling ; he doubted that Conkling would accept , but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron . The Senate confirmed the nomination but , as expected , Conkling declined it , the last time a confirmed nominee declined an appointment . Senator George Edmunds was Arthur 's next choice , but he declined to be considered . Instead , Arthur nominated Samuel Blatchford , who had been a judge on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals for the prior four years . Blatchford accepted , and his nomination was approved by the Senate within two weeks . Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893 . = = Retirement , death , and memorials = = Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home . Two months before the end of his term , several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate , but he declined , preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur , Knevals & Ransom . His health limited his activity with the firm , and Arthur served only of counsel . He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house . He managed a few public appearances , until the end of 1885 . After spending the summer of 1886 in New London , Connecticut , he returned home , and became seriously ill and , on November 16 , ordered nearly all of his papers , both personal and official , burned . The next morning , Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness ; he died the following day at the age of 57 . On November 22 , a private funeral was held at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York City , attended by President Cleveland and ex @-@ President Hayes , among other notables . Arthur was buried with his family members and ancestors in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands , New York . He was laid beside his wife in a sarcophagus on a large corner of the plot . In 1889 , a monument was placed on Arthur 's burial plot by sculptor Ephraim Keyser of New York , consisting of a giant bronze female angel figure placing a bronze palm leaf on a granite sarcophagus . In 1898 , the Arthur memorial statue — a fifteen @-@ foot , bronze figure of Arthur standing on a Barre Granite pedestal — was created by sculptor George Edwin Bissell and installed at Madison Square , in New York City . The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur 's sister , Mary Arthur McElroy . At the dedication , Secretary of War Elihu Root described Arthur as " wise in statesmanship and firm and effective in administration " , while acknowledging that Arthur was isolated in office and unloved by his own party . Arthur 's unpopularity in life carried over into his assessment by historians , and his reputation after leaving office disappeared . By 1935 , historian George F. Howe said that Arthur had achieved " an obscurity in strange contrast to his significant part in American history . " By 1975 , however , Thomas C. Reeves would write that Arthur 's " appointments , if unspectacular , were unusually sound ; the corruption and scandal that dominated business and politics of the period did not tarnish his administration . " As 2004 biographer Zachary Karabell wrote , although Arthur was " physically stretched and emotionally strained , he strove to do what was right for the country . " Indeed , Howe had earlier surmised , " Arthur adopted [ a code ] for his own political behavior but subject to three restraints : he remained to everyone a man of his word ; he kept scrupulously free from corrupt graft ; he maintained a personal dignity , affable and genial though he might be . These restraints ... distinguished him sharply from the stereotype politician . "
= Walter Gilbert ( cricketer ) = Walter Raleigh Gilbert ( 16 September 1853 – 26 July 1924 ) was an amateur English cricketer who played first @-@ class cricket for Middlesex and Gloucestershire between 1873 and 1886 . A cousin of W. G. Grace , he played for Gloucestershire when , dominated by the Grace family , it was the leading county . Gilbert 's best season was 1876 , when he scored 205 not out for the county , but he was subsequently less successful . Closely connected with the United South of England Eleven , a professional touring team of which he eventually became secretary , Gilbert was financially affected by a declining interest in such teams . With insufficient income to continue as an amateur he became a professional in 1886 , but played only one match before he was caught stealing from team @-@ mates in a minor match , ending his first @-@ class career . After serving a 28 @-@ day prison sentence Gilbert moved to Canada , where he worked for the Land Titles Office in Calgary while remaining a prominent cricketer . He died aged 70 in 1924 , but for nearly 60 years after his death , there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence over his fate . = = Early life and career = = Walter Gilbert was born in London on 16 September 1853 . He spent some time living in Downend with his maternal aunt , Martha Grace , the mother of W. G. Grace , as a result of which he became friendly with Grace and his brothers . Between 1869 and 1871 Gilbert made several appearances in minor cricket for teams representing Worcestershire and went on to play for the United South of England Eleven , one of several fully professional teams that toured the country playing mainly minor matches . In 1871 he made his first @-@ class debut , playing as an amateur in a team chosen by W. G. Grace for a match against Kent . He scored 13 and 1 , kept wicket in at least the first innings , held two catches , and achieved a stumping . By virtue of his London birth , Gilbert was qualified to play cricket for Middlesex . He made nine appearances for the county during the 1873 and 1874 seasons , achieving a highest score of 49 , averaging 17 @.@ 40 with the bat and taking two wickets . His first score of over fifty runs in first @-@ class matches came for the United South of England XI , for whom he continued to play regularly , against the United North of England XI in 1874 . He also achieved some success as a bowler , taking five wickets for W. G. Grace 's team against Kent in 1873 . = = Achieving prominence = = In the English winter of 1873 – 74 , Gilbert was chosen by W. G. Grace to accompany his touring team to Australia . Gilbert had a string of single @-@ figure scores and a highest score of 33 not out . Nevertheless he and Grace got on well , and he was a popular member of the touring party . Grace enjoyed his company to the extent of hunting kangaroos with him . During the 1874 season Gilbert made a double century in minor cricket , scoring 254 not out for Thornbury against Sneyd Park . Later in the season he made a further representative appearance , playing for the Gentlemen against the Players at Prince 's Cricket Ground and opening the batting with W. G. Grace ; he scored 14 and 16 and took four wickets in the Players ' first innings . He also played in the corresponding fixture the following year . By 1876 Gilbert had qualified to play for Gloucestershire , as he had lived in the county for the length of time required by the rules . In his first season for the club he finished fifth in the first @-@ class batting averages , scoring 907 runs at an average of 36 @.@ 28 . His highest score was 205 not out for an England XI against Cambridge University , the third @-@ highest score of the season after W. G. Grace 's two triple centuries . His innings lasted about seven hours , and he batted on each of the three days of the match . This was his maiden first @-@ class century ; he scored another hundred later in the season when he made 143 runs for a combined Kent and Gloucestershire side against a team representing England . In the same season he took 28 wickets at an average of 19 @.@ 64 , including seven wickets for 65 runs in the match between the United South of England XI and the United North of England XI . = = Decline and disgrace = = Over the next few seasons Gilbert was not as successful with the bat ; in 1877 he failed to exceed 47 in any innings , he scored about half the number of runs that he had during the previous year , and his average dropped to 15 @.@ 70 . His average remained below 20 in four of the next five seasons and never passed 23 . In six seasons , he scored only six fifties . On the other hand , he took 56 wickets in both 1877 and 1878 , averaging under 17 with the ball . He achieved some notable performances as a bowler , including bowling unchanged throughout a game in partnership with W. G. Grace . But from 1879 he bowled less frequently , and never passed 23 wickets in a season again . Even so , Gilbert represented the Gentlemen against the Players twice in 1877 , his final appearances in the fixture ; in four games , he scored just 43 runs and took 16 wickets . By this time Gilbert faced financial difficulty as an amateur cricketer . Most amateurs were from privileged backgrounds , whereas professionals mainly came from the working class . It was almost unthinkable for an amateur to become a professional , although many did receive financial inducements such as generous expenses and sinecure positions within county organisations . Unlike the Grace brothers , Gilbert did not have a profession outside cricket to provide a supplementary income allowing him to live comfortably . A solution seemed to arrive in 1880 , when Fred Grace , the manager of the United South of England XI touring side and one of W. G. Grace 's brothers , died and Gilbert took over his paid job as secretary . But the popularity of professional touring teams was already in decline , and the increasing number of matches between county teams attracted more interest . An indication of trouble came in 1882 when a professional cricketer took Gilbert to court over unpaid fees for an appearance in a match . In three seasons between 1883 and 1885 Gilbert 's batting form improved somewhat . Appearing mainly for Gloucestershire , Gilbert increased his first @-@ class batting average beyond 20 , and in 1885 he hit his third first @-@ class century when he scored 102 against Yorkshire . At the start of the 1886 season Gilbert was featured in the popular biographical article in the weekly magazine Cricket , a significant accolade suggesting that he was highly regarded . A few days after the article 's appearance Gilbert announced that he would in future play for Gloucestershire as a professional , but after only one appearance for the county he disappeared from first @-@ class cricket . Official sources , including Cricket magazine in which Gilbert had recently been featured , James Lillywhite 's Cricketers ' Annual and Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack offered no explanation . Wisden ended its match report on Gilbert 's only professional appearance : " ... about [ Gilbert 's ] subsequent disappearance from cricket there is no need to speak " . Gilbert had also been engaged by a club called East Gloucestershire , based in Cheltenham , which played minor cricket . The explanation for Gilbert 's disappearance was to be found in a match he played for the club on 4 and 5 June 1886 . Before the second day 's play , Gilbert arrived early at the ground and went into the pavilion . Because several sums of money had recently gone missing from the pavilion , a policeman was hidden in the team 's dressing room and he saw Gilbert searching clothes and stealing money . On being confronted , Gilbert produced the coins , one of which had been marked so that it could be identified . The East Gloucestershire match continued , but Gilbert 's name was omitted from the published scorecard ; the wickets he had taken on the first day were credited to " Smith " , and either only ten players were listed or Gilbert 's position in the batting order was taken by " Mr E. L. Even " , who did not bat . Gilbert had been selected for Gloucestershire 's first @-@ class match against Sussex on 7 June , but he was dropped from the side and his place taken by a player making his only appearance in the side . Gilbert was in Police Court while the match was taking place , charged with theft . He admitted stealing from two men and expressed remorse . According to the report in The Times , he stated that if he were forgiven , he would move to Australia ; his solicitor argued that Gilbert had been " harassed and worried " for some time and was suffering from erysipelas and could barely control his own behaviour . His solicitor requested that any punishment should allow Gilbert to go overseas , but Gilbert was sentenced to 28 days imprisonment . Gilbert 's family then arranged for him to move to Canada ; at the time it was common for families to send disgraced members to distant parts of the British Empire to minimise scandal . In first @-@ class cricket , Gilbert scored 5 @,@ 290 runs at an average of 19 @.@ 16 with three hundreds . With the ball , he took 295 wickets at an average of 17 @.@ 93 . His Wisden obituary stated : " His fielding at deep @-@ leg to W. G. Grace 's bowling was always excellent , for he covered much ground and was a sure catch . Although overshadowed by his famous cricketing cousins , he played a prominent part in the victories gained during Gloucestershire 's greatest years . " = = Final years = = In Canada Gilbert found employment with the Land Titles Office in Calgary , for whom he worked for 17 years . Cricket historian Benny Green wrote : " No breath of scandal or disgrace ever attached to Gilbert 's thirty @-@ eight years of exile , nor was there found to be even one square inch missing from the Land Titles Office when Gilbert finally retired from it . " Gilbert had four children from his marriage to the daughter of cricketer James Lillywhite senior . His son was killed in the First World War , flying with the Royal Flying Corps , and his three daughters joined the Royal Army Medical Corps . He continued to play cricket and became one of Canada 's leading cricketers . Gilbert died in Calgary on 24 April 1924 , aged 70 . = = Continued controversy = = After Gilbert 's retirement , and even following his death , controversy remained attached to his name ; there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence surrounding his fate . Cricket historians rarely mentioned him , despite his varied career . W. G. Grace , although including Gilbert in an appendix of leading batsmen in his 1891 book Cricket , did not include him in the text at all , despite the book 's more than 400 pages ; in his Cricketers I Have Met , Grace described 121 cricketers but did not mention his cousin . Further evidence of Gilbert 's disgrace came in the pages of Wisden . Although Gilbert began as an amateur cricketer , which entitled him to have " Mr. " before his name in the " Births and Deaths " section , he was referred to until his death as " Gilbert , W. R. " , which denoted a professional . However , in his Wisden obituary he received the title " Mr. W. R. Gilbert " , even though the " Births and Deaths " still listed him as a professional , and in 1935 he was once again restored to amateur status in " Births and Deaths " , for reasons which are unclear . The same obituary glossed over Gilbert 's enforced retirement from cricket , simply observing : " At the beginning of 1886 he became a professional , and the season was not far advanced before his career in first @-@ class cricket ended abruptly . He then left England for Canada . " Even in 1970 , the silence continued ; historian Rowland Bowen wrote about the story but concluded by saying : " Another indication of the recurring instinct for suppression was a suggestion to me that if this story had not appeared in print before ( it has not ) it should not now . " It is not clear who made this suggestion , whether it was descendants of the Grace family , a cricket administrator or someone else . It was not until 1984 that the full story was published by historian Robert Brook . In reviewing what he considered to be the injustice of the case , and reflecting on Gilbert 's success in Canada , Green wrote : " No wonder that those responsible for this act of appalling cruelty went to such fatuous lengths to keep its details a secret . "
= Tragic Kingdom = Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by American rock band No Doubt . It was released on October 10 , 1995 by Trauma Records , a division of Interscope Records , less than 7 months after the release of their previous album The Beacon Street Collection . It is the final album to feature original keyboardist Eric Stefani , who left in 1994 . The album was produced by Matthew Wilder and recorded in eleven studios in the Greater Los Angeles Area between March 1993 and October 1995 . Between 1995 and 1998 , seven singles were released from it , including " Just a Girl " , which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart ; and " Don 't Speak " , which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and peaked in the top five of many international charts . The album received mostly positive reviews from music critics . At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards , No Doubt earned nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album . It has sold over sixteen million copies worldwide ; and was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in the United States and Canada , platinum in the United Kingdom , and triple platinum in Australia . Tragic Kingdom helped to initiate the ska revival of the 1990s , persuading record labels to sign more ska bands and helping them to attract more mainstream attention . The album was ranked number 441 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . No Doubt embarked on a tour to promote the album . It was designed by Project X and lasted two and a half years . An early 1997 performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim was filmed and released as Live in the Tragic Kingdom on VHS and later DVD . = = Background = = No Doubt released their self @-@ titled debut album in 1992 , a year after being signed to Interscope . The album 's pop @-@ oriented sound sharply contrasted with grunge music , a genre which was very popular at the time in the United States . The album sold 30 @,@ 000 copies ; in the words of the program director of KROQ , a Los Angeles radio station on which it was one of the band 's driving ambitions to be played , " it would take an act of God for this band to get on the radio . " The band began work on their second album in 1993 , but Interscope rejected most of the material , which was written by Gary Angle , and paired the band with producer Matthew Wilder . Keyboardist Eric Stefani did not want to relinquish creative control to someone outside the band and eventually stopped recording and rehearsing . He encouraged other members of the band to write songs , but sometimes felt threatened when they did . Eric became increasingly depressed , and in September 1994 , he stopped attending rehearsals , though they were usually held at his house . He soon left the band to pursue an animation career on the animated sitcom The Simpsons . Bassist Tony Kanal then ended his seven @-@ year relationship with Gwen Stefani . The band decided to produce their next album independently and recorded their second album , The Beacon Street Collection , in a homemade studio . No Doubt 's first two singles were released for The Beacon Street Collection : " Squeal " and " Doghouse " , under their own record label , Beacon Street Records . Despite limited availability , the album sold 100 @,@ 000 copies in the year of its release . Their independence attracted Interscope 's attention and ensured that the label would fund a third album . = = Production = = Tragic Kingdom was recorded in eleven different studios in Los Angeles , starting in March 1993 and finally being released two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years later in October 1995 . During one of these recording sessions , the band was introduced to Paul Palmer , who had previously worked with Bush and was interested in working on No Doubt 's new album . After mixing the first single with David J. Holman , " Just a Girl " , Palmer and Holman went on to do the same to the rest of the record . He wanted to release the album on his own label , Trauma Records , which was already associated with Interscope , and succeeded in getting the contract . The album is named after the nickname Dumont 's 7th grade teacher had for Disneyland , which is in Anaheim , California , where the band members grew up . It is a pun on the popular nickname for Disneyland — " The Magic Kingdom " . The album photography and portraits were taken by photographer fine artist Daniel Arsenault . Gwen is featured in the foreground while the rest of the band members are standing in an orange grove in the background . Gwen pushed for Eric to be included on the album cover — a source of tension for the band — reasoning that although he had left the band , he had still contributed substantially to the album . Eric is seen near the back of the picture , looking away from the camera . The pictures on the cover and in the liner notes were taken on city streets in their native Orange County ( namely Anaheim and City of Orange ) and in orange groves . The red dress Gwen wears on the cover was loaned to the Hard Rock Cafe and was later displayed at the Fullerton Museum Center in an exhibit titled " The Orange Groove : Orange County 's Rock n ' Roll History " . The dress , appraised as high as US $ 5 @,@ 000 , was stolen from the exhibit in January 2005 . = = Music = = = = = Musical style = = = Tragic Kingdom uses elements of a variety of musical genres . Third wave ska and ska punk ( a fusion of ska and punk rock ) are the genres most prominent on the album . The album also uses elements of new wave , pop , and post @-@ grunge , and dance rhythms influenced by reggae , ska , flamenco , and Tejano , among others . Apart from No Doubt 's instrumentation , the album uses horn sections on several songs . = = = Lyrical content = = = Many of the lyrics on Tragic Kingdom were written by lead vocalist Gwen Stefani , and were about her experiences in life . Those from No Doubt and The Beacon Street Collection were written mainly by Eric Stefani , who left the band after Tragic Kingdom was finished . Therefore , the style of music changed from what the band had previously produced . Guitarist Tom Dumont explained the change in sound in an interview for Backstage Online : = = = Singles = = = The first single released from Tragic Kingdom was " Just a Girl " , which details Gwen Stefani 's exasperation with female stereotypes and her father 's concerned reaction to her driving home late from her boyfriend 's house . It peaked at number twenty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number ten on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song also charted on the UK Singles Chart , where its original release peaked at number thirty @-@ eight and its re @-@ issue at number three . The second single was " Spiderwebs " , written about an uninterested woman who is trying to avoid the constant phone calls of a persistent man . It peaked at number five on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart , at number eleven on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart , and at number sixteen on the UK Singles Chart . The third single was " Don 't Speak " , a ballad about the breakup of Stefani and Kanal 's relationship . It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , and maintained that position for sixteen consecutive weeks , a record at the time , although it was broken in 1998 by the Goo Goo Dolls ' " Iris " with eighteen weeks . The song was not eligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 because no commercial single was released , which was a requirement at the time . The song also peaked on Modern Rock Tracks at number two , the Adult Contemporary chart , where it peaked at number six , the Adult Top 40 , where it hit number one and the Rhythmic Top 40 , where it hit number nine . The song also appeared on several international charts , reaching number one in Australia , Belgium , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom , number two in Austria and Germany , and number four in Finland and France . " Excuse Me Mr. " and " Happy Now ? " were released as the album 's fourth and fifth singles , respectively . " Excuse Me Mr. " reached number seventeen on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number eleven in New Zealand , but " Happy Now ? " failed to chart anywhere . " Sunday Morning " was released as the album 's sixth single . It peaked at number thirty @-@ five on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart , number twenty @-@ one in Australia , number forty @-@ two in New Zealand , and number fifty @-@ five in Sweden . Composing the song began when Kanal was having a fight with Stefani , then his girlfriend , through the bathroom door of his parents ' house in Yorba Linda , California . Stefani later changed the lyrics to discuss dealing with her breakup with Kanal . Finally , " Hey You ! " was released as the seventh and final single from Tragic Kingdom ; it peaked at number fifty @-@ one on the Dutch Single Top 100 . Despite being a Dutch @-@ only single , a music video ( directed by Sophie Muller ) was made to promote the single . = = Release and promotion = = Tragic Kingdom was first released by Trauma / Interscope on October 10 , 1995 . The album did not appear on the Billboard 200 chart until the first week of January 1996 . To promote the album , Trauma launched a street campaign that targeted high school students and the skateboarding community . No Doubt performed on the Warped Tour , which was sponsored by several skateboarding companies , and at several skateboarding festivals . The album remained low on the Billboard 200 and did not enter the top hundred until February 1996 , when it jumped twenty @-@ seven positions to number eighty @-@ nine . Palmer attributed the jump to a Channel One News program that Stefani hosted in January 1996 , which was broadcast in twelve thousand classrooms , and the band 's subsequent performance at a Blockbuster store in Fresno , California . In May 1996 , the band worked with HMV , MuchMusic , and the Universal Music Group to put on a global in @-@ store promotion . The band performed and answered questions in MuchMusic 's studios in Toronto , Ontario . The session was broadcast live to HMV stores worldwide and on a webcast so that fans could watch and ask the band questions through MuchMusic 's VJs . Sales of Tragic Kingdom doubled the week after the event . The event 's sponsors lobbied Guinness World Records to create a category for the largest virtual in @-@ store promotion to recognize the event . No Doubt embarked on the Tragic Kingdom Tour after the release of the album . It chose Project X , headed by Luc Lafortune and Michael Keeling , to design the stage . No Doubt suggested decorating the stage as a clearing in a forest . Project X created three anthropomorphic trees with glowing oranges . The show included clear and mylar confetti designed to look like rain . Lighting design was difficult because there were only four rehearsals , so the show was arranged to be flexible to allow for what Lafortune referred to as " a very kinetic performance " . The band expected to tour for two months , but the tour ended up lasting two and a half years . An early 1997 performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim was filmed and was released as Live in the Tragic Kingdom on video cassette on November 11 , 1997 . It was re @-@ released on November 25 , 2003 on DVD as part of the box set Boom Box , which also contained The Singles 1992 – 2003 , Everything in Time , and The Videos 1992 – 2003 ; and again on June 13 , 2006 as a single DVD , containing bonus material of extra songs , a photo gallery , and an alternate version of " Don 't Speak " . = = Commercial performance = = Tragic Kingdom eventually reached the top of the Billboard 200 albums chart in December 1996 , and it remained there for eight weeks . It was listed second on the 1997 year @-@ end Billboard 200 , behind the Spice Girls ' Spice . In February 1999 , the Recording Industry Association of America certified the album diamond for shipping ten million copies . By April 2004 , the album had sold a total of sixteen million copies worldwide . The commercial success of Tragic Kingdom prompted record labels to sign ska bands , and more independent labels released ska records and compilations . Save Ferris 's guitarist and vocalist Brian Mashburn stated that No Doubt helped allow bands like his receive attention from the mainstream . Tragic Kingdom topped the Canadian Albums Chart in 1996 , and it was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in August 1997 . In Europe , the album topped the albums chart in Belgium , Finland , and Norway ; reached the top five in Austria , Germany , the Netherlands , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom ; and placed in the top twenty in France . = = Critical reception = = The album received mostly positive reviews from critics . David Fricke of Rolling Stone magazine gave a mostly positive review , describing Tragic Kingdom as " ear candy with good beats , not just bludgeon @-@ by @-@ numbers guitars " and its music as " a spry , white @-@ suburban take on ska and Blondieesque pop " . Fricke however described " Don 't Speak " as " irritating swill " with " high @-@ pitched rippling " from Gwen Stefani . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 441 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the album a C + rating . Reviewer David Browne attributed the album 's sales to Gwen Stefani 's " leggy , bleached @-@ blond calling card " and concluded that " sex still sells " . Browne , however , described the music as " a hefty chunk of new @-@ wave party bounce and Chili Peppers @-@ style white @-@ boy funk , with dashes of reggae , squealing hair @-@ metal guitar , disco , ska @-@ band horns " and the band as sounding like " savvy , lounge @-@ bred pros " . Individual songs were singled out and commented on : " Just a Girl " was described as " a chirpy , ska @-@ tinged bopper " , " Don 't Speak " as " an old @-@ fangled power ballad " , " Sixteen " as a " song of solidarity with misunderstood teenage girls " , and " Spiderwebs " and " End It on This " as " [ Stefani ] acknowledg [ ing ] obsessions with losers and tr [ ying ] to break free . " Calling the album a marked improvement over " the diffuse , rambling songwriting of [ No Doubt 's ] two previous CDs " , Los Angeles Times critic Mike Boehm felt that on the album , " The band is bright , hard @-@ hitting and kinetic , as sharp production captures the core , four @-@ man instrumental team and adjunct horn section at their best " . In a favourable review for The Village Voice , critic Chuck Eddy felt that although " [ the album ] turns pretentious ... No Doubt resurrects the exuberance new @-@ wave guys lost when ' 80s indie labels and college radio conned them into settling for slam @-@ pit fits and wallflower wallpaper " . AllMusic called it " pure fun " and described the music as something " between ' 90s punk , third @-@ wave ska , and pop sensibility " and a mix of " new wave melodicism , post @-@ grunge rock , and West Coast sunshine " , indicating the songs " Spiderwebs " , " Just a Girl " , and " Don 't Speak " as " positively [ ruling ] the airwaves " . Yahoo ! Music reviewer Bill Holdship called the album a " phenomenon " containing " hit after hit " , and describing " Spiderwebs " as " a terrific opener " . Reviewer Robert Christgau gave the album a C + rating , calling Stefani " hebephrenic " and the album " hyped up " and not " as songful as its fun @-@ besotted partisans [ claim ] " . At the 1997 Grammy Awards , No Doubt were nominated for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album . In a retrospective review in April 2009 , Adrienne Warrell of 34th Street Magazine called Tragic Kingdom a " perfect mixture of ska and power ballad , horn sections and deep vibrato vocals , an inclusive pop style with a touch of classic punk " , and described its appeal to young teenagers . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Tragic Kingdom . No Doubt Gwen Stefani – vocals Tom Dumont – guitar Tony Kanal – bass Adrian Young – drums , percussion Eric Stefani – keyboards , piano Phil Jordan – trumpet Additional personnel = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Siege of Porto Ferrajo = The Siege of Porto Ferrajo was a French attempt to force the surrender of the Tuscan fortress town of Porto Ferrajo ( now Portoferraio ) on the island of Elba following the French occupation of mainland Tuscany in 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars . The Tuscan garrison was heavily outnumbered , but received significant support from British Royal Navy forces who controlled the Mediterranean Sea and ensured that supplies reached the garrison and that French supply convoys were intercepted . The French began the siege with 1 @,@ 500 men in May 1801 , later reinforced to more than 5 @,@ 000 , but could not make an impression on the fortresses defences , instead seeking to starve the defenders into submission with the support of a squadron of French Navy frigates operating off the coast . The presence of a small British naval squadron in the region rendered this plan impractical and additional British reinforcements under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren and Lieutenant Colonel George Airey strengthened the defenders to the point that sallies could be made against French offensive positions . The French subsequently lost all of the frigates sent to blockade the port to patrolling British warships in a series of one @-@ sided engagements , giving the British local dominance that allowed them to maintain the fortress . Despite a number of naval actions and one significant land engagement , the siege dragged on inconclusively for the summer and early autumn of 1801 , and when the first articles of the Treaty of Amiens were signed in October , the town was still under Tuscan control , although the provisions of the final agreement , signed in March 1802 , granted the island to France . = = Invasion = = In 1800 , French First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte advanced into Italy , achieving victories against the Austrian Empire at the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden . After a year of warfare , the French and Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville on 9 February 1801 , which divided Northern Italy between the states and awarded the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to the French . Included in this division was the island of Elba in the Ligurian Sea off the Western Italian coast , which at that time was shared between Tuscany and the Kingdom of Naples . On 28 March 1801 , the Treaty of Florence was signed between Naples and France , officially turning the entirety of Elba over to French control , although it had not yet been surrendered by its Neapolitan and Tuscan commanders . Although the Ligurian Sea was by this stage largely French territorial waters , after the Royal Navy had destroyed the French Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of the Nile off Egypt in 1798 , the British in fact controlled it and the whole Mediterranean Sea . By 1801 British bases at Gibraltar , Minorca and Malta allowed British naval forces to cruise throughout the sea largely unopposed ; their presence forced the remnants of the French fleet based at Toulon to make short journeys between French bases to avoid interception and capture . It was therefore not until a large French squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Honoré Ganteaume briefly asserted regional naval superiority that a French expeditionary force was able to secure Elba . They sailed from Piombino on 2 May 1801 with 1 @,@ 500 men under General Jean Victor Tharreau , who landed unopposed at the Neapolitan town of Porto Longone . The invasion force rapidly spread across the island , meeting no resistance as the entire Neapolitan portion and almost all of the Tuscan region surrendered before them . Soon , all that remained in Tuscan hands was the fortress port town of Porto Ferrajo on the northern coast . This was a powerful defensive position , and the Tuscan commander Carlo de Fisson rejected Tharreau 's demands that he surrender . The presence of two British frigates , HMS Phoenix and HMS Mermaid , off the port , buttressed de Fisson 's position . Tharreau responded by laying siege to the fortress . The sudden departure of the two frigates in the face of Ganteaume 's squadron , which bombarded the town on 6 May before being forced to retire following the outbreak of typhus on board the squadron , encouraged Tharreau . The small French frigate Badine subsequently blockaded Porto Ferrajo , with the intention of starving the defenders into surrender . Three more frigates Carrère , Bravoure and Succès , under the overall command of Captain Jacques @-@ François @-@ Ignace Bretel , soon arrived to augment Badine 's blockade . = = Reinforcements = = For the next three months the siege continued with little significant activity on either side , until the arrival at the end of July of General François Watrin with 5 @,@ 000 additional men and instructions from General Joachim Murat to prosecute the siege more vigorously . However , the arrival off Porto Ferrajo on 1 August of a powerful British squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren in HMS Renown , whose ship chased Bravoure and Succès as far as Leghorn and reopened the sea passage into the port , almost immediately frustrated Watrin 's ambitions . At the same time , a small British force under Captain Gordon landed at Porto Ferrajo to augment the Tuscan garrison . Then at 14 : 30 on 3 August , three of Warren 's patrolling frigates , Phoenix under Captain Lawrence Halsted , HMS Pomone under Captain Edward Leveson @-@ Gower and HMS Pearl under Captain Samuel James Ballard , discovered a sail off the western shore of Elba and gave chase . The ship was the 38 @-@ gun Carrère under Captain Claude @-@ Pascal Morel @-@ Beaulieu , carrying 300 barrels of powder and escorting a convoy of small coastal vessels carrying military supplies from Porto Ercole to Porto Longone . Although Carrère turned away from the British pursuit and actively engaged the lead ship Pomone with her stern @-@ chasers ( cannon mounted in the rear of the frigate ) , Carrère was too laden to escape her opponents . After a ten @-@ minute chase as Pearl cut off the route to Porto Longone and Pomone manoeuvered into a firing position , Captain Morel @-@ Beaulieu surrendered . Losses on Pomone were limited to two killed and four wounded , two of whom subsequently died ; Carrère had suffered " tolerably severe " casualties in the engagement from a complement of 352 . The delay caused by the brief chase however had allowed the coastal ships to disperse and flee so that all of them avoided capture and some even reached Porto Longone . Carrère was a modern ship seized from the Republic of Venice after the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 . The Royal Navy took her into service under her existing name , although the Admiralty retired her from active service within a year . = = September = = Although Warren departed soon afterwards leaving just a frigate squadron behind , the siege continued throughout August . French forces dominated Elba but were unable to make an impression on the walls of the fortress while Royal Navy forces controlled access to the island by sea , providing supplies for the defenders and denying them to the French . Halsted and Phoenix maintained a blockade of the port of Piombino on the Italian mainland , ensuring the interception of French supplies . At the end of August , Watrin learned that Phoenix was alone off the port and sent a message to Leghorn , where the remainder of the French squadron still lay at anchor , instructing them to attack the isolated British warship . Succès and Bravoure sailed on 31 August and arrived off Piombino at 06 : 30 on 2 September to discover that the frigates Pomone and HMS Minerve , under Captain George Cockburn , had joined Phoenix . Halsted had received an intelligence report detailing Watrin 's demand that the French ships sail from Leghorn and had summoned reinforcements . Minerve was the closest to the arriving French vessels and immediately gave chase , Cockburn signalling to Halsted and Leveson @-@ Gower to join him . On sighting the British frigates Bretel turned back northwards towards Leghorn , but by 09 : 00 all three British warships were gaining on his small squadron . Unable to escape pursuit and with Minerve rapidly approaching , Bretel drove Succès ashore at Vada beach near Cecina in the hope of luring Minerve away from Bravoure , but Cockburn instead simply fired on the grounded vessel in passing before continuing towards the remaining ship while Bretel surrendered to Pomone . Captain Louis @-@ Auguste Dordelin made desperate attempts to reach Leghorn before he was overtaken , but a northerly wind drove him back repeatedly and eventually he was forced to drive his frigate ashore under the Antignano battery , 4 nautical miles ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) south of Leghorn harbour . Waves battered Bravoure , causing all three masts to fall overboard and the ship to become a total wreck . The small British force under Lieutenant William Kelly that boarded Bravoure was only able to bring off a few prisoners before heavy fire from batteries ashore forced them to quit her . Kelly ignored his instructions to burn Bravoure in order to spare the lives of the many French sailors still trapped on the ship . To the south , the British dragged Succès off the beach.The French had captured her in February 1801 , and after repairs she returned to service in the Royal Navy under her former name of HMS Success . = = Counter @-@ attack = = With the French threat by sea eliminated , the Royal Navy was free to go on the offensive , and command of the Porto Ferrajo garrison was placed in the hands of Lieutenant Colonel George Airey while Warren had returned with his powerful squadron . Plans were then drawn up for a force of seamen , Royal Marines and Tuscan auxiliaries to launch an amphibious operation against the French batteries that overlooked the mouth of the harbour . The British assembled a landing party of 449 Marines and 240 seamen from Renown , HMS Gibraltar , HMS Dragon , HMS Alexander , HMS Genereux , HMS Stately , Pomone , Pearl and the brig HMS Vincejo , all under the command of Captain George Long of Vincejo and Captain John Chambers White of Renown . Approximately 1 @,@ 000 Tuscan troops joined them . Landings took place on the morning of 14 September . The troops then moved inland against the batteries in two columns while Dragon and Genereux bombarded a fortified tower at Marciana . The attack began well as the British destroyed several batteries and took 55 prisoners of war , but soon the greater French numbers began to tell and the landing parties were pushed back to their beachheads in some confusion , having lost 32 killed , including Captain Long , 61 wounded and 105 missing , of which 15 dead , 33 wounded and 77 missing were British troops . General Watrin claimed this as a victory , inflating the numbers engaged and inaccurately claiming to have caused 1 @,@ 200 casualties to the allies as well as having captured 200 men . Watrin also claimed to have dismasted a frigate and destroyed several smaller craft with fire from his batteries ; none of the British warships reported any damage . Although Warren departed the region soon afterwards with most of his squadron , Watrin was still unable to make an impression on the walls of Porto Ferrajo , and Airey held the town against the French for the last few weeks of the war until news arrived of the ceasefire that accompanied the provisional signing of the Treaty of Amiens on 1 October . In March 1802 under Article XI of the final terms of the Treaty , the British turned over the entire island to the French and Elba remained in French hands throughout the Napoleonic Wars .
= Holocaust denial = Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews and other groups in the Holocaust during World War II . Holocaust denial often includes the following claims : that Nazi Germany 's Final Solution was aimed only at deporting Jews from the Reich , but that it did not include the extermination of Jews ; that Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas chambers to mass murder Jews ; and that the actual number of Jews killed was significantly ( typically an order of magnitude ) lower than the historically accepted figure of 5 to 6 million . Scholars use the term " denial " to describe the views and methodology of Holocaust deniers in order to distinguish them from legitimate historical revisionists , who challenge orthodox interpretations of history using established historical methodologies . Holocaust deniers generally do not accept the term denial as an appropriate description of their activities , and use the term revisionism instead . The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are often based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary . Most Holocaust denial claims imply , or openly state , that the Holocaust is a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples . For this reason , Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic conspiracy theory , is frequently criticized , and is illegal in several countries . = = Terminology and etymology = = Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism , and object to being referred to as " deniers " . Scholars consider this misleading , since the methods of Holocaust denial differ from those of legitimate historical revision . Legitimate historical revisionism is explained in a resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department , November 8 , 1991 , and reprinted in Duke Chronicle , November 13 , 1991 in response to an advertisement produced by Bradley R Smith 's Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust : That historians are constantly engaged in historical revision is certainly correct ; however , what historians do is very different from this advertisement . Historical revision of major events ... is not concerned with the actuality of these events ; rather , it concerns their historical interpretation – their causes and consequences generally . In 1992 Donald L. Niewyk gave some examples of how legitimate historical revisionism — the re @-@ examination of accepted history and its updating with newly discovered , more accurate , or less @-@ biased information — may be applied to the study of the Holocaust as new facts emerge to change the historical understanding of it : With the main features of the Holocaust clearly visible to all but the willfully blind , historians have turned their attention to aspects of the story for which the evidence is incomplete or ambiguous . These are not minor matters by any means , but turn on such issues as Hitler 's role in the event , Jewish responses to persecution , and reactions by onlookers both inside and outside Nazi @-@ controlled Europe . In contrast , the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust , as understood by mainstream historiography , did not occur . Sometimes referred to as " negationism " , from the French term négationnisme introduced by Henry Rousso , Holocaust deniers attempt to rewrite history by minimizing , denying or simply ignoring essential facts . Koenraad Elst writes : Negationism means the denial of historical crimes against humanity . It is not a reinterpretation of known facts , but the denial of known facts . The term negationism has gained currency as the name of a movement to deny a specific crime against humanity , the Nazi genocide on the Jews in 1941 – 45 , also known as the holocaust ( Greek : complete burning ) or the Shoah ( Hebrew : disaster ) . Negationism is mostly identified with the effort at re @-@ writing history in such a way that the fact of the Holocaust is omitted . = = Background : staking a claim on post @-@ war Holocaust historiography = = = = = Efforts to conceal the historical record = = = = = = = German efforts = = = = While the Second World War was still underway , the Nazis had already formed a contingency plan that in case of defeat they would carry out the total destruction of German records . Historians have documented evidence that as Germany 's defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial , great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination . Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commandants to destroy records , crematoria , and other signs of mass extermination . As one of many examples , the bodies of the 25 @,@ 000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula ( near Riga ) in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943 . Similar operations were undertaken at Belzec , Treblinka and other death camps . In the infamous Posen speeches of October 1943 such as the one on October 4 , Himmler explicitly referred to the extermination of the Jews of Europe and further stated that the genocide must be permanently kept secret : I also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter . We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves , and yet we will never discuss this publicly . Just as we did not hesitate on June 30 , 1934 , to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them , we also never spoke about it , nor will we ever speak about it . Let us thank God that we had within us enough self @-@ evident fortitude never to discuss it among us , and we never talked about it . Every one of us was horrified , and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time , when the order is given and when it becomes necessary . I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews , to the extermination of the Jewish people . = = = = French collaboration in archive destruction = = = = In occupied France , the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better , partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations , and partly to avoid culpability . For example , at Liberation , the Prefecture of Police destroyed nearly all of the massive archive of Jewish arrest and deportation . = = = Efforts to preserve the historical record = = = = = = = During the war = = = = One of the earliest efforts occurred in France during the war , where Drancy internment camp records were carefully preserved and turned over to the new French Bureau of Veterans and War Victims ; which however then held them in secret refusing to release copies later , even to the CDJC . In 1943 , Isaac Schneersohn , anticipating the need for a center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also support claims post @-@ war , gathered together 40 representatives from Jewish organizations in Grenoble which was under Italian occupation at the time in order to form a centre de documentation . Exposure meant the death penalty , and as a result little actually happened before liberation . Serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation ( CDJC ) . = = = = Immediate post @-@ war period = = = = In 1945 , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Supreme Allied Commander , anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize the documentation of Nazi crimes as propaganda and took steps against it : The same day I saw my first horror camp . It was near the town of Gotha . I have never been able to describe my emotional reactions when I first came face to face with indisputable evidence of Nazi brutality and ruthless disregard of every shred of decency . Up to that time I had known about it only generally or through secondary sources . I am certain however , that I have never at any time experienced an equal sense of shock . I visited every nook and cranny of the camp because I felt it my duty to be in a position from then on to testify at first hand about these things in case there ever grew up at home the belief or assumption that " the stories of Nazi brutality were just propaganda " . Some members of the visiting party were unable to go through with the ordeal . I not only did so but as soon as I returned to Patton 's headquarters that evening I sent communications to both Washington and London , urging the two governments to send instantly to Germany a random group of newspaper editors and representative groups from the national legislatures . I felt that the evidence should be immediately placed before the American and the British publics in a fashion that would leave no room for cynical doubt . Eisenhower , upon finding the victims of the death camps , ordered all possible photographs to be taken , and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead . He wrote the following to General Marshall after visiting a German internment camp near Gotha , Germany : The visual evidence and the verbal testimony of starvation , cruelty and bestiality were so overpowering as to leave me a bit sick . In one room , where they [ there ] were piled up twenty or thirty naked men , killed by starvation , George Patton would not even enter . He said that he would get sick if he did so . I made the visit deliberately , in order to be in a position to give first @-@ hand evidence of these things if ever , in the future , there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to " propaganda " . = = = = Nuremberg trials = = = = The Nuremberg trials took place in Germany in 1945 @-@ 1946 . The stated aim was to dispense justice in retribution for atrocities of the German government . This Allied intention to administer justice post @-@ war was first announced in 1943 in the Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe and reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Berlin in 1945 . While the intention was not specifically to preserve the historical record of the Holocaust , some of the core documents required to prosecute the cases were provided to them by the CDJC , and much of the huge trove of archives were then transferred to the CDJC after the trials and became the core of future Holocaust historiography . The Nuremberg trials were important historically , but the events were still very recent , television was in its infancy and not present , and there was little public impact . There were isolated moments of limited public awareness from Hollywood films such as The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1959 ) or the 1961 Judgment at Nuremberg which had some newsreel footage of actual scenes from liberated Nazi concentration camps including scenes of piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits , which was considered exceptionally graphic for the time . Public awareness changed when the Eichmann trial riveted the world 's attention fifteen years later . = = = = Trial of Adolf Eichmann = = = = In 1961 , the Israeli government captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial for war crimes . Chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner 's intentions were not only to demonstrate Eichmann 's guilt personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust , thus producing a comprehensive record . The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage . Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front @-@ page coverage of the story . Israelis had the opportunity to watch live television broadcasts of the proceedings , and videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day . = = History and development of Holocaust denial after World War II = = = = = Harry Elmer Barnes = = = Harry Elmer Barnes , at one time a mainstream American historian , assumed a Holocaust @-@ denial stance in his later years . Between World War I and World War II , Barnes became an anti @-@ war writer and a leader in the historical revisionism movement . Starting in 1924 , the American worked closely with the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War , a German government @-@ funded think tank whose sole purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was the victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid . Headed by Major Alfred von Wegerer , a völkisch activist , the organization portrayed itself as a scholarly society , but historians later described it as " a clearinghouse for officially desirable views on the outbreak of the war . " Following World War II , Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan , including the Holocaust , were wartime propaganda used to justify the United States ' involvement in World War II . Barnes claimed there were two false claims made about World War II , namely that Germany started the war in 1939 , and the Holocaust , which Barnes claimed did not happen . In his 1962 pamphlet , Revisionism and Brainwashing , Barnes claimed that there was a " lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct " . Barnes argued that there was " a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal , painful , mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans " . He claimed that in order to justify the " horrors and evils of the Second World War " , the Allies made the Nazis the " scapegoat " for their own misdeeds . Barnes cited the French Holocaust denier Paul Rassinier , whom Barnes called a " distinguished French historian " who had exposed the " exaggerations of the atrocity stories " . In a 1964 article , " Zionist Fraud " , published in the American Mercury , Barnes wrote : " The courageous author [ Rassinier ] lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria , the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent , mythical and imaginary cadavers , whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner . " Using Rassinier as his source , Barnes claimed that Germany was the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939 , and that reports of the Holocaust were propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany . = = = Beginnings of the modern denial movement = = = In 1961 , a protégé of Barnes , David Hoggan published Der Erzwungene Krieg ( The Forced War ) in West Germany , which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo @-@ Polish conspiracy in 1939 . Though Der Erzwungene Krieg was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II , it also down @-@ played or justified the effects of Nazi antisemitic measures in the pre @-@ 1939 period . For example , Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reich @-@ mark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called " Jewish profiteering " at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht ( in fact , 91 German Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht ) . Subsequently , Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled The Myth of the Six Million , which was published by the Noontide Press , a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature . In 1964 , French historian Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews . Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor ( he was held in Buchenwald for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis ) , and modern @-@ day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust . Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions ; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist / Allied / Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust , a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors . The publication of Arthur Butz 's The Hoax of the Twentieth Century : The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry in 1976 ; and David Irving 's Hitler 's War in 1977 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold . Butz was a tenured associate professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University . In December 1978 and January 1979 , Robert Faurisson , a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon , wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist . A colleague of Faurisson , Jean @-@ Claude Pressac , who initially shared Faurisson 's views , later became convinced of the Holocaust 's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979 . He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book , Auschwitz : Technique and operation of the gas chambers . Henry Bienen , the former president of Northwestern University , has described Arthur Butz 's view of the Holocaust as an " embarrassment to Northwestern " . In 2006 , sixty of Butz 's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz 's Holocaust denial as " an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars " . The letter also called for Butz to " leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence " . = = = Institute for Historical Review = = = In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review ( IHR ) , an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust . The IHR sought from the beginning to establish itself within the broad tradition of historical revisionism , by soliciting token supporters who were not from a neo @-@ Nazi background such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III , and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and American anti @-@ war historian Harry Elmer Barnes , in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial had a base of support beyond neo @-@ Nazis . The IHR republished most of Barnes 's writings , which had been out of print since his death . While it included articles on other topics and sold books by mainstream historians , the majority of material published and distributed by IHR was devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust . In 1980 , the IHR promised a $ 50 @,@ 000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz . Mel Mermelstein wrote a letter to the editors of the LA Times and others including The Jerusalem Post . The IHR wrote back , offering him $ 50 @,@ 000 for proof that Jews were , in fact , gassed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz . Mermelstein , in turn , submitted a notarized account of his internment at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards ushering his mother and two sisters and others towards ( as he learned later ) gas chamber number five . Despite this , the IHR refused to pay the reward . Represented by public interest attorney William John Cox , Mermelstein subsequently sued the IHR in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County for breach of contract , anticipatory repudiation , libel , injurious denial of established fact , intentional infliction of emotional distress , and declaratory relief ( see case no . C 356 542 ) . On October 9 , 1981 , both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took " judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944 , " judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge , and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed . On August 5 , 1985 , Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on July 22 , 1985 . The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $ 90 @,@ 000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to " Mr. Mel Mermelstein , a survivor of Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau and Buchenwald , and all other survivors of Auschwitz " for " pain , anguish and suffering " caused to them . In the " About the IHR " statement on their website , the IHR states , " The IHR does not ' deny ' the Holocaust . Indeed , the IHR as such has no ' position ' on any specific event .... [ The ] IHR does not necessarily agree with the content or outlook of posted or distributed [ on the IHR website , and presentations given at IHR meetings and conferences ] . " One example of a Holocaust denialist 's view that was published by the IHR is the transcript of the speech made by the Lutheran pastor Herman Otten at the Ninth IHR Conference ( 1989 ) , in which he says There is no dispute over the fact that large numbers of Jews were deported to concentration camps and ghettos , or that many Jews died or were killed during World War II . Revisionist scholars have presented evidence , which " exterminationists " have not been able to refute , showing that there was no German program to exterminate Europe 's Jews , and that the estimate of six million Jewish wartime dead is an irresponsible exaggeration . The Holocaust – the alleged extermination of some six million Jews ( most of them by gassing ) – is a hoax and should be recognized as such by Christians and all informed , honest and truthful men everywhere . Commentators and historians have noted the misleading nature of statements by the IHR that they are not Holocaust deniers . Paul Rauber writes that : The question [ of whether the IHR denies the Holocaust ] appears to turn on IHR 's Humpty @-@ Dumpty word game with the word Holocaust . According to Mark Weber , associate editor of the IHR 's Journal of Historical Review [ now Director of the IHR ] , " If by the ' Holocaust ' you mean the political persecution of Jews , some scattered killings , if you mean a cruel thing that happened , no one denies that . But if one says that the ' Holocaust ' means the systematic extermination of six to eight million Jews in concentration camps , that 's what we think there 's not evidence for . " That is , IHR doesn 't deny that the Holocaust happened ; they just deny that the word ' Holocaust ' means what people customarily use it for . According to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans : Like many individual Holocaust deniers , the Institute as a body denied that it was involved in Holocaust denial . It called this a ' smear ' which was ' completely at variance with the facts ' because ' revisionist scholars ' such as Faurisson , Butz ' and bestselling British historian David Irving acknowledge that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and otherwise perished during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result of the harsh anti @-@ Jewish policies of Germany and its allies ' . But the concession that a relatively small number of Jews were killed was routinely used by Holocaust deniers to distract attention from the far more important fact of their refusal to admit that the figure ran into the millions , and that a large proportion of these victims were systematically murdered by gassing as well as by shooting . = = = Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust = = = In 1987 , Bradley R. Smith , a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review , founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust ( CODOH ) . In the United States , CODOH has repeatedly tried to place advertisements questioning whether the Holocaust happened , especially in college campus newspapers , which have not always been rejected . Bradley Smith has sought other avenues to promote Holocaust denial – with little success . On September 8 , 2009 , the Harvard Crimson school paper ran a paid ad from Bradley R Smith . It was quickly criticized and an apology was issued from the editor , claiming it was a mistake . Smith referred to his tactics as the CODOH campus project . He says , " I don 't want to spend time with adults anymore , I want to go to students . They are superficial . They are empty vessels to be filled . " " What I wanted to do was I wanted to set forth three or four ideas that students might be interested in , that might cause them to think about things or to have questions about things . And I wanted to make it as simple as possible , and to set it up in a way that could not really be debated . " Holocaust deniers have placed " Full page advertisements in college and university newspapers , including those of Brandeis University , Boston College , Pennsylvania State University , and Queens College . Some of these ads arguing that Holocaust never happened ran without comment ; others generated op @-@ ed pieces by professors and students . " = = = James Keegstra = = = In 1984 , James Keegstra , a Canadian high @-@ school teacher , was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for " promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti @-@ Semitic statements to his students " . During class , he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had " created the Holocaust to gain sympathy . " He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews . Keegstra was charged under s 281 @.@ 2 ( 2 ) of the Criminal Code ( now s 319 ( 2 ) , which provides that " Every one who , by communicating statements , other than in private conversation , wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group " commits a criminal offence . He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen 's Bench . The court rejected the argument , advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer , Doug Christie , that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2 ( b ) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal . That court agreed with Keegstra , and he was acquitted . The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada , which rule by a 4 @-@ 3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter . The Supreme Court restored Keegstra 's conviction . He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterwards . = = = Zündel trials = = = The Toronto @-@ based photo retoucher Ernst Zündel operated a small @-@ press called Samisdat Publishers , which published and distributed Holocaust @-@ denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die ? by Richard Harwood ( a pseudonym of Richard Verrall – a British neo @-@ Nazi ) . In 1985 , he was tried in R. v. Zundel and convicted under a " false news " law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court for " disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust " . The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial . Zündel 's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality , leading to a second trial in 1988 , in which he was again convicted . The 1988 trial included , as witnesses for the defense , Fred A. Leuchter , David Irving and Robert Faurisson . The pseudo @-@ scientific Leuchter report was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel 's Samisdat Publishers and , in Britain , in 1989 by Irving 's Focal Point Publishing . In both of his trials , Zündel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka . His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the " false news " law unconstitutional . Zündel has a website , web @-@ mastered by his wife Ingrid , which publicises his viewpoints . In January 2002 , the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling in a complaint involving his website , in which it was found to be contravening the Canadian Human Rights Act . The court ordered Zündel to cease communicating hate messages . In February 2003 , the American INS arrested him in Tennessee , USA , on an immigration violations matter , and few days later , Zündel was sent back to Canada , where he tried to gain refugee status . Zündel remained in prison until March 1 , 2005 , when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda . On February 15 , 2007 , Zündel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany 's Volksverhetzung law , which bans the incitement of hatred against a portion of the population , and given the maximum sentence of five years in prison . = = = Ernst Nolte = = = The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte , starting in the 1980s , advanced a set of theories , which though not denying the Holocaust appeared to flirt with Holocaust denial as a serious historical argument . In a letter to the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka of December 8 , 1986 , Nolte criticized the work of the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson on the ground that the Holocaust did occur , but went on to argue that Faurisson ’ s work was motivated by what Nolte claimed were the admirable motives of sympathy towards the Palestinians and opposition to Israel . In his 1987 book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg ( The European Civil War ) , Nolte claimed that the intentions of Holocaust deniers are " often honourable " , and that some of their claims are " not obviously without foundation " . Nolte himself , though he has never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust , has claimed that the Wannsee Conference of 1942 never happened , and that the minutes of the conference were post @-@ war forgeries done by " biased " Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany . The British historian Ian Kershaw has argued that Nolte was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the " negative myth " of the Third Reich was created by Jewish historians , his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by " biased " Jewish historians , and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers , whom Nolte takes considerable pains to stress are not exclusively Germans or fascists . In Kershaw 's opinion , Nolte is attempting to imply that perhaps Holocaust deniers are on to something . In a 1990 interview , Nolte implied that there was something to the Leuchter report : " If the revisionists [ Holocaust deniers ] and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even ' Auschwitz ' must be an object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be given credit for this . Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now . " In his 1993 book Streitpunkte ( Points of Contention ) , Nolte praised the work of Holocaust deniers as superior to " mainstream scholars " . Nolte wrote that " radical revisionists have presented research which , if one is familiar with the source material and the critique of the sources , is probably superior to that of the established historians of Germany " . In a 1994 interview with Der Spiegel magazine , Nolte stated " I cannot rule out the importance of the investigation of the gas chambers in which they looked for remnants of the [ chemical process engendered by Zyklon B ] " , and that " ' Of course , I am against revisionists , but Fred Leuchter 's ' study ' of the Nazi gas ovens has to be given attention , because one has to stay open to ' other ' ideas . " The British historian Richard J. Evans in his 1989 book In Hitler 's Shadow expressed the view that Nolte ’ s reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of these and other controversial statements on his part . The American historian Deborah Lipstadt in a 2003 interview stated : Historians such as the German Ernst Nolte are , in some ways , even more dangerous than the deniers . Nolte is an anti @-@ Semite of the first order , who attempts to rehabilitate Hitler by saying that he was no worse than Stalin ; but he is careful not to deny the Holocaust . Holocaust @-@ deniers make Nolte 's life more comfortable . They have , with their radical argumentation , pulled the center a little more to their side . Consequently , a less radical extremist , such as Nolte , finds himself closer to the middle ground , which makes him more dangerous . = = = Mayer controversy = = = In 1988 , the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken ? , which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust , but lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of " natural causes " such as disease , not gassing . Mayer also cited the works of Holocaust deniers Arthur Butz and Paul Rassinier in his book 's bibliography . Critics such as Lucy Dawidowicz criticized Mayer 's citation of deniers , and argued that his statements about Auschwitz were factually incorrect . Holocaust expert Robert Jan van Pelt has noted that Mayer 's book is as close as a mainstream historian has ever come to supporting Holocaust denial . Holocaust deniers such as David Irving have often cited Mayer ’ s book as one reason for embracing Holocaust denial . Though Mayer has been often condemned for his statement about the reasons for the Auschwitz death toll , his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz , as Holocaust deniers often claim . Some mainstream Holocaust historians have labeled Mayer a denier . The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer wrote that Mayer " popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and Bolshevism their main enemy , and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this ; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the Soviet Union , in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus , he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial " . Defenders of Mayer argue that his statement that " Sources for the study of the gas chambers at once rare and unreliable " has been taken out of context , particularly by Holocaust deniers . Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman observe that the paragraph from which the statement is taken asserts that the SS destroyed the majority of the documention relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps , which is why Mayer feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are " rare " and " unreliable " . = = = Ken McVay and alt.revisionism = = = Ken McVay , an American resident in Canada , was disturbed by the efforts of organizations like the Simon Wiesenthal Center to suppress the speech of the Holocaust deniers , feeling that it was better to confront them openly than to try to censor them . On the Usenet newsgroup alt.revisionism he began a campaign of " truth , fact , and evidence " , working with other participants on the newsgroup to uncover factual information about the Holocaust and counter the arguments of the deniers by proving them to be based upon misleading evidence , false statements , and outright lies . He founded the Nizkor Project to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers , who responded to McVay with personal attacks , slander , and death threats . = = = David Irving and the Lipstadt libel case = = = Deborah Lipstadt 's 1993 book Denying the Holocaust sharply criticized various Holocaust deniers , including British author David Irving , for deliberately misrepresenting evidence to justify their preconceived conclusions . In 1996 Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and her publisher , Penguin Books . American historian Christopher Browning , an expert witness for the defense , wrote a comprehensive essay for the court summarizing the voluminous evidence for the reality of the Holocaust , and under cross @-@ examination , effectively countered all of Irving 's principal arguments to the contrary . Cambridge historian Richard J. Evans , another defense expert witness , spent two years examining Irving 's writings , and confirmed his misrepresentations , including evidence that he had knowingly used forged documents as source material . The judge , Justice Charles Gray , ultimately delivered a long and decisive verdict in favor of Lipstadt that referred to Irving as a " Holocaust denier " and " right @-@ wing pro @-@ Nazi polemicist . " In February 2006 Irving was convicted in Austria , where Holocaust denial is illegal , for a speech he had made in 1989 in which he denied the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz . Irving was aware of the outstanding arrest warrant , but chose to go to Austria anyway " to give a lecture to a far @-@ right student fraternity " . Although he pleaded guilty to the charge , Irving said he had been " mistaken " , and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust . " I said that then , based on my knowledge at the time , but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers , I wasn 't saying that anymore and I wouldn 't say that now . The Nazis did murder millions of Jews . " Irving served 13 months of a 3 @-@ year sentence in an Austrian prison , including the period between his arrest and conviction , and was deported in early 2007 . The episode sparked intense international debate over the limits of freedom of speech . Upon hearing of Irving 's sentence , Lipstadt said , " I am not happy when censorship wins , and I don 't believe in winning battles via censorship .... The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth . " According to CNN , upon Irving 's return to the UK , he " vow [ ed ] to repeat views denying the Holocaust that led to his conviction " stating he felt " no need any longer to show remorse " for his Holocaust views . = = Recent developments and trends = = In February 1995 a Japanese magazine named Marco Polo , a 250 @,@ 000 @-@ circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju , ran a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka which stated : The ' Holocaust ' is a fabrication . There were no execution gas chambers in Auschwitz or in any other concentration camp . Today , what are displayed as ' gas chambers ' at the remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland are a post @-@ war fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the Soviet Union , which controlled the country . Not once , neither at Auschwitz nor in any territory controlled by the Germans during the Second World War , was there ' mass murder of Jews ' in ' gas chambers.' The Los Angeles @-@ based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers , including Volkswagen , Mitsubishi , and Cartier . Within days , Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor , Kazuyoshi Hanada , quit , as did the president of Bungei Shunju , Kengo Tanaka . In Turkey , in 1996 , the Islamic preacher Harun Yahya distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year , entitled Soykırım Yalanı ( " The Holocaust Lie " ) and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges . The publication of Soykırım Yalanı sparked much public debate . This book claims , " what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans . " In March 1996 , a Turkish painter and intellectual , Bedri Baykam , published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah @-@ Beyaz ( " Black and White " ) . A legal suit for slander was brought against him . During the trial in September , Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar . The suit was withdrawn in March 1997 . In France , Holocaust denial became more prominent in the 1990s as négationnisme , though the movement has existed in ultra @-@ left French politics since at least the 1960s , led by figures such as Pierre Guillaume ( who was involved in the bookshop La Vieille Taupe during the 1960s ) . Recently , elements of the extreme far right in France have begun to build on each other 's negationist arguments , which often span beyond the Holocaust to cover a range of antisemitic views , incorporating attempts to tie the Holocaust to the Biblical massacre of the Canaanites , critiques of Zionism , and other material fanning what has been called a " conspiratorial Judeo @-@ phobia " designed to legitimize and " banalize " antisemitism . In Belgium in 2001 , Roeland Raes , the ideologue and vice @-@ president of one of the country 's largest political parties , the Vlaams Belang ( formerly named Vlaams Blok , Flemish Bloc ) , gave an interview on Dutch TV where he cast doubt over the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust . In the same interview he questioned the scale of the Nazis ' use of gas chambers and the authenticity of Anne Frank 's diary . In response to the media assault following the interview , Raes was forced to resign his position but vowed to remain active within the party . Three years later , the Vlaams Blok was convicted of racism and chose to disband . Immediately afterwards , it legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang ( Flemish Interest ) with the same leaders and the same membership . = = = Holocaust denial in the Arab world = = = Denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media . Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments , including Iran and Syria . Prominent Arab figures from the Middle East have rarely made publicized visits to Auschwitz — Israel 's Arab community being the exception . In 2010 , Hadash MK Mohammed Barakeh visited , following a previous visit of two other Arab @-@ Israeli lawmakers , and a group of about 100 Arab @-@ Israeli writers and clerics in 2003 . Individuals from the Syrian government , the Palestinian Authority , and a number of Palestinian groups have all engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial . In 2006 Robert Satloff writing in The Washington Post , reported that " A respected Holocaust research institution recently reported that Egypt , Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote Holocaust denial and protect Holocaust deniers . " Hamas leaders have promoted Holocaust denial ; Abdel Aziz al @-@ Rantissi held that the Holocaust never occurred , that Zionists were behind the action of Nazis , and that Zionists funded Nazism . A press release by Hamas in April 2000 decried " the so @-@ called Holocaust , which is an alleged and invented story with no basis " . In August 2009 , Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust , which it called " a lie invented by the Zionists " and referred to Holocaust education as a " war crime " . Nasser told a German newspaper in 1964 that " no person , not even the most simple one , takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered [ in the Holocaust ] . " The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of Mahmoud Abbas , a co @-@ founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority , was " The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement " . In his 1983 book The Other Side : the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism based on the dissertation , Abbas denied that that six million Jews had died in the Holocaust ; dismissing it as a " myth " and a " fantastic lie " . At most , he wrote , 890 @,@ 000 Jews were killed by the Germans . Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes . " It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement , however , is to inflate this figure [ of Holocaust deaths ] so that their gains will be greater . This led them to emphasize this figure [ six million ] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism . Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions — fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand . " In his March 2006 interview with Haaretz , Abbas stated , " I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers . I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned . One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800 @,@ 000 . I have no desire to argue with the figures . The Holocaust was a terrible , unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation , a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind . The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it . " While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014 , Abbas has defended the position that Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to perpetrate it . In 2012 , Abbas told Al Mayadeen , a Beirut TV station affiliated with Iran and Hezbollah , that he " challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II " . Surveys conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28 % in 2006 to 40 % in 2008 . Smooha commented : In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews ( embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West ) but rather a form of protest . Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim . They deny Israel 's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to . Arab disbelief in the Shoah is a component of the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict , unlike the ideological and anti @-@ Semitic denial of the Holocaust and the desire to escape guilt in the West . = = = Holocaust denial in Iran = = = Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad frequently denied the Holocaust , formally ' questioning ' the reliability of the historical evidence , although he on occasion confirmed belief in it . In a December 2005 speech , Ahmadinejad said that a legend was fabricated and had been promoted to protect Israel . He said : " They have fabricated a legend , under the name of the Massacre of the Jews , and they hold it higher than God himself , religion itself and the prophets themselves .... If somebody in their country questions God , nobody says anything , but if somebody denies the myth of the massacre of Jews , the Zionist loudspeakers and the governments in the pay of Zionism will start to scream . " The remarks immediately provoked international controversy as well as swift condemnation from government officials in Israel , Europe , and the United States . All six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning this Holocaust denial . In contrast , Hamas political leader Khaled Mashaal described Ahmadinejad 's comments as " courageous " and stated , " Muslim people will defend Iran because it voices what they have in their hearts , in particular the Palestinian people . " In the United States , the Muslim Public Affairs Council condemned Ahmadinejad 's remarks . In 2005 the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader , Mohammed Mahdi Akef , denounced what he called " the myth of the Holocaust " in defending Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's denial of the Holocaust . On December 11 , 2006 , the Iranian state @-@ sponsored " International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust " opened to widespread condemnation . The conference , called for by and held at the behest of Ahmadinejad , was widely described as a " Holocaust denial conference " or a " meeting of Holocaust deniers " , though Iran denied it was a Holocaust denial conference . A few months before it opened , the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi stated : " The Holocaust is not a sacred issue that one can 't touch . I have visited the Nazi camps in Eastern Europe . I think it is exaggerated . " In 2013 , in an interview with CNN , newly elected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani was quoted as condemning the Holocaust , stating , " I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity , including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non @-@ Jews is reprehensible and condemnable . Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews , we condemn . " Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani ’ s comments . In his official 2013 Nowruz address , Supreme Leader of Iran Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei questioned the veracity of the Holocaust , remarking that " The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened , it ’ s uncertain how it has happened . ” This was consistent with Khamenei 's previous comments regarding the holocaust . In 2015 , the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the International Holocaust Cartoon Competition , a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit cartoons on the theme of Holocaust denial . The winner of the contest will receive $ 12 @,@ 000 . Hamshahri , a popular Iranian newspaper , held a similar contest in 2006 . = = = Propaganda in the media = = = According to James Najarian , Holocaust deniers working for the Institute for Historical Review are not trained in history and " put out sham scholarly articles in the mock @-@ academic publication , the Journal of Historical Review " . They appeal to " our objectivity , our sense of fair play , and our distrust of figurative language " . Thus , they rely on facts to grab the readers ' attention . These facts , however , are strung by what Najarian calls " fabricated decorum " and are re @-@ interpreted for their use . For example , they pay particular attention to inconsistencies in numbers . Holocaust denial propaganda in all forms has been shown to influence the audiences that it reaches . In fact , even the well @-@ educated — that is , college graduates and current university students alike — are susceptible to such propaganda when it is presented before them . This stems from the growing disbelief that audiences feel after being exposed to such information , especially since Holocaust witnesses themselves are decreasing in number . Studies centered on the psychological effects of Holocaust denial propaganda confirm this assertion . Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone , in particular , show that Denial essays decrease readers ' belief in the Holocaust , regardless of their prior Holocaust awareness . = = Reactions to Holocaust denial = = = = = Types of reaction = = = Scholarly response to Holocaust denial can be roughly divided into three categories : Some academics refuse to engage Holocaust deniers or their arguments at all , on grounds that doing so lends them unwarranted legitimacy . A second group of scholars , typified by the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , have tried to raise awareness of the methods and motivations of Holocaust denial without legitimizing the deniers themselves . " We need not waste time or effort answering the deniers ' contentions , " Lipstadt wrote . " It would be never @-@ ending .... Their commitment is to an ideology and their ' findings ' are shaped to support it . " A third group , typified by the Nizkor Project , responds to arguments and claims made by Holocaust denial groups by pointing out inaccuracies and errors in their evidence . Even scholarly responses , however , can trigger vigorous rebuttals . In 1996 , the British historian David Irving brought a civil defamation suit against Lipstadt and her publisher , stemming from Lipstadt 's book Denying the Holocaust , in which she named Irving as " one of the more dangerous " Holocaust deniers , because he was a published author , and was viewed by some as a legitimate military historian . He was " familiar with historical evidence " , she wrote , and " bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda " . Irving , who appeared as a defense witness in Ernst Zündel 's trial in Canada , and once declared at a rally of Holocaust deniers that " more women died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy 's car than ever died in a gas chamber at Auschwitz , " claimed that Lipstadt 's allegation damaged his reputation . After a two @-@ month trial in London , the trial judge issued a 333 @-@ page ruling against Irving . In December 1991 the American Historical Association issued the following statement : The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust . No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place . This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near @-@ unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged . The association 's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust . The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA 's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts . = = = Public figures and scholars = = = A number of public figures and scholars have spoken out against Holocaust denial , with some – such as literary theorist Jean Baudrillard – likening Holocaust denial to " part of the extermination itself " . The American Historical Association , the oldest and largest society of historians and teachers of history in the United States , states that Holocaust denial is " at best , a form of academic fraud " . In 2006 , UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said : " Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust never happened or has been exaggerated . Holocaust denial is the work of bigots ; we must reject their false claims whenever , wherever and by whomever they are made . " Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel calls the Holocaust " the most documented tragedy in recorded history . Never before has a tragedy elicited so much witness from the killers , from the victims and even from the bystanders — millions of pieces here in the museum what you have , all other museums , archives in the thousands , in the millions . " He made a similar statement on a special edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show after his final trip to Auschwitz , along with host Winfrey . In January 2007 , the United Nations General Assembly condemned " without reservation any denial of the Holocaust " , though Iran disassociated itself from the resolution . In July 2013 , Iran 's then president @-@ elect Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad 's remarks about the Holocaust and Israel as " hate rhetoric " and in September 2013 Rohani stated that " The Nazis carried out a massacre that cannot be denied , especially against the Jewish people " and " The massacre by the Nazis was condemnable . We never want to sit by side with the Nazis .. They committed a crime against Jews — which is a crime against .. all of humanity . " While declining to give a specific number of Jewish victims , Iranian analysts suggested that " Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as it could go .. without infuriating the supreme leader , Ayatollah Ali Khamenei , and other conservatives back home . " = = = Former SS members = = = Critics of Holocaust denial also include members of the Auschwitz SS . Camp physician and SS @-@ Untersturmführer Hans Münch considered the facts of Auschwitz " so firmly determined that one cannot have any doubt at all " , and described those who negate what happened at the camp as " malevolent " people who have " personal interest to want to bury in silence things that cannot be buried in silence " . Zyklon B handler and SS @-@ Oberscharführer Josef Klehr has said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be " crazy or in the wrong " . SS @-@ Unterscharführer Oswald Kaduk has stated that he does not consider those who maintain such a thing as normal people . Hearing about Holocaust denial compelled former SS @-@ Rottenführer Oskar Gröning to publicly speak about what he witnessed at Auschwitz , and denounce Holocaust deniers , stating : I would like you to believe me . I saw the gas chambers . I saw the crematoria . I saw the open fires . I was on the ramp when the selections took place . I would like you to believe that these atrocities happened because I was there . = = = Holocaust denial and antisemitism = = = Holocaust denial is widely considered to be antisemitic . The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity , for example , defines Holocaust denial as " a new form of anti @-@ Semitism , but one that hinges on age @-@ old motifs " . The Anti @-@ Defamation League has stated that " Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti @-@ Semitic doctrine of the evil , manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy " and French historian Valérie Igounet has written that " Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti @-@ semitism . " In 2005 , the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia ( now the Fundamental Rights Agency ) published a " working definition " of antisemitism which gave as an example of the way that antisemitism might manifest itself , " denying the fact , scope , mechanisms ( e.g. , gas chambers ) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II ( the Holocaust ) " . Some have argued that not all Holocaust deniers are necessarily antisemitic . In a defense of Holocaust denier Bishop Richard Williamson against the charge of being antisemitic , the journalist and writer Kevin Myers argued " It is not anti @-@ Semitic to make a fool of yourself in public about a historical fact . It is anti @-@ Semitic to preach or promote a dislike of Jews because they are Jews , which is what Bishop Williamson has not done . " According to Walter Reich , psychiatrist and then senior scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , one @-@ time director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , and now professor of international affairs at George Washington University : The primary motivation for most deniers is anti @-@ Semitism , and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history . After all , the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place , and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age . If that crime was a direct result of anti @-@ Semitism taken to its logical end , then anti @-@ Semitism itself , even when expressed in private conversation , is inevitably discredited among most people . What better way to rehabilitate anti @-@ Semitism , make anti @-@ Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti @-@ Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti @-@ Semitism was blamed simply never happened — indeed , that it was nothing more than a frame @-@ up invented by the Jews , and propagated by them through their control of the media ? What better way , in short , to make the world safe again for anti @-@ Semitism than by denying the Holocaust ? The French historian Pierre Vidal @-@ Naquet described the motivation of deniers more succinctly : One revives the dead in order the better to strike the living . = = Examination of claims = = The key claims which cause Holocaust denial to differ from established fact are : The Nazis had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews . Nazis did not use gas chambers to mass murder Jews . The figure of 5 to 6 million Jewish deaths is a gross exaggeration , and the actual number is an order of magnitude lower . Other claims include the following : Stories of the Holocaust were a myth initially created by the Allies of World War II to demonize Germans , Jews having spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine , and now to garner continuing support for the state of Israel . Documentary evidence of the Holocaust , from photographs to The Diary of Anne Frank , is fabricated . Survivor testimonies are filled with errors and inconsistencies , and are thus unreliable . Interrogators obtained Nazi prisoners ' confessions of war crimes through the use of torture . The Nazi treatment of Jews was no different from what the Allies did to their enemies in World War II . Holocaust denial is widely viewed as failing to adhere to principles for the treatment of evidence that mainstream historians ( as well as scholars in other fields ) regard as basic to rational inquiry . The Holocaust was well documented by the bureaucracy of the Nazi government itself . It was further witnessed by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II . It was also witnessed from the inside by non @-@ Jewish captives such as Catholic French Resistance member André Rogerie who wrote extensively and testified about his experiences in seven camps including Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau and also produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium . According to researchers Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman , there is a " convergence of evidence " that proves that the Holocaust happened . This evidence includes : Written documents — hundreds of thousands of letters , memos , blueprints , orders , bills , speeches , articles , memoirs , and confessions . Eyewitness testimony — accounts from survivors , Jewish Sonderkommandos ( who helped load bodies from the gas chambers into the crematoria in exchange for a chance of survival ) , SS guards , commandants , local townspeople , and even high @-@ ranking Nazis who spoke openly about the mass murder of the Jews . Photographs — including official military and press photographs , civilian photographs , secret photographs taken by survivors , aerial photographs , German and Allied film footage , and unofficial photographs taken by the German military . The camps themselves — concentration camps , work camps , and extermination camps that still exist in varying degrees of originality and reconstruction . Inferential evidence or argument from silence — population demographics , reconstructed from the pre – World War II era ; if six million Jews were not killed , what happened to them ? Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of Holocaust deniers centers on the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly never happened as commonly accepted . Numerous accounts have been given by Holocaust deniers ( including evidence presented in court cases ) of claimed facts and evidence ; however , independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research , biased statements , or even deliberately falsified evidence . Opponents of Holocaust denial have documented numerous instances in which such evidence was altered or manufactured ( see Nizkor Project and David Irving ) . According to Pierre Vidal @-@ Naquet , " in our society of image and spectacle , extermination on paper leads to extermination in reality . " = = Laws against Holocaust denial = = Holocaust denial is explicitly or implicitly illegal in 16 countries : Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , France , Germany , Hungary , Israel , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , and Switzerland . Romania officially denied the Holocaust occurred on its territory up until the Wiesel Commission in 2004 . The European Union 's Framework decision on Racism and Xenophobia states that denying or grossly trivializing " crimes of genocide " should be made " punishable in all EU Member States " . Slovakia criminalized denial of fascist crimes in general in late 2001 ; in May 2005 , the term " Holocaust " was explicitly adopted by the penal code and in 2009 , it became illegal to deny any act regarded by an international criminal court as genocide . In 2010 the Parliament of Hungary adopted legislation punishing the denial of the genocides committed by National Socialist or Communist systems , without mentioning the word " Holocaust " . Such legislation remains controversial . In October 2007 , a tribunal declared Spain 's Holocaust denial law unconstitutional . In 2007 Italy rejected a denial law proposing a prison sentence of up to four years . In 2006 the Netherlands rejected a draft law proposing a maximum sentence of one year on denial of genocidal acts in general , although specifically denying the Holocaust remains a criminal offense there . The United Kingdom has twice rejected Holocaust denial laws . Denmark and Sweden have also rejected such legislation . A number of deniers have been prosecuted under various countries ' denial laws . French literature professor Robert Faurisson , for example , was convicted and punished under the Gayssot Act in 1990 . Some historians oppose such laws , among them Pierre Vidal @-@ Naquet , an outspoken critic of Faurisson , on the grounds that denial legislation imposes " historical truth as legal truth " . Other academics favor criminalization . Holocaust denial , they contend , is " the worst form of racism and its most respectable version because it pretends to be a research " . = = Focus on Allied war crimes in Holocaust denial literature = = The focus on supposed Allied atrocities during the war has also been a theme in Holocaust denial literature , particularly in countries where outright denial of the Holocaust is illegal . According to historian Deborah Lipstadt , the concept of " comparable Allied wrongs " , such as the expulsion of Germans after World War II and the bombing of Dresden , is at the center of , and a continuously repeated theme of , contemporary Holocaust denial ; phenomenon she calls " immoral equivalencies " . Pierre Vidal @-@ Naquet pointed out the same phenomenon in the earlier version of Les Assassins de la mémoire under the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde ( Les Assassins de la mémoire , Paris , 2005 , pp. 170 – 180 ) , and accurately about the declarations of Klaus Barbie 's lawyer Jacques Vergès . In 1977 , Martin Broszat , in a review of David Irving 's book Hitler 's War , maintained that the picture of World War II drawn by Irving was done in a such way to imply moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states with both sides equally guilty of terrible crimes , leading to Hitler 's " fanatical , destructive will to annihilate " being downgraded to being " no longer an exceptional phenomenon " . = = Other genocide denials = = Other acts of genocide have met similar attempts to deny and minimize . Gregory H. Stanton , formerly of the US State Department and the founder of Genocide Watch , lists denial as the final stage of a genocide development : " Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide . It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres . The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves , burn the bodies , try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses . They deny that they committed any crimes , and often blame what happened on the victims . " = = Notable Holocaust deniers = =
= Interstate 495 ( Delaware ) = Interstate 495 ( I @-@ 495 ) is a 11 @.@ 47 @-@ mile ( 18 @.@ 46 km ) long Interstate highway in the U.S. state of Delaware . The highway serves as a six @-@ lane bypass of I @-@ 95 around the city of Wilmington . I @-@ 495 begins at an interchange with I @-@ 95 and I @-@ 295 near Newport to the southwest of Wilmington . From here , the road heads east to the Port of Wilmington , where it turns northeast and crosses the Christina River as it heads to the east of downtown Wilmington . Upon reaching Edgemoor , I @-@ 495 runs between the Delaware River to the east and U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) to the west , continuing to Claymont . In Claymont , I @-@ 495 turns north and merges into northbound I @-@ 95 at an interchange with Delaware Route 92 ( DE 92 ) just south of the Pennsylvania state line . Plans for a bypass of Wilmington to the east date back to 1948 and was incorporated into the Interstate Highway System in 1956 . This interstate bypass was numbered I @-@ 495 in the 1960s . Construction on building I @-@ 495 took place during the course of the 1970s , with the entire length of the highway completed and opened to traffic in 1977 . Between 1978 and 1980 , I @-@ 95 was designated along the I @-@ 495 alignment while the South Wilmington Viaduct along I @-@ 95 was reconstructed ; during this time the route through Wilmington was known as I @-@ 895 . The US 13 / DE 3 interchange in Edgemoor opened in 1988 . In 2014 , the bridge over the Christina River was closed due to tilting support columns until repairs were completed . = = Route description = = I @-@ 495 begins at an interchange with I @-@ 95 / US 202 and I @-@ 295 near Newport , heading to the east on a six @-@ lane freeway . At the southern terminus , southbound I @-@ 495 also has a ramp that provides easier access to the DE 141 interchange along I @-@ 95 . The route runs between the Christina River to the north and a landfill to the south prior to reaching an interchange with US 13 and the southern terminus of US 13 Bus. to the north of Wilmington Manor . Past this , the highway enters industrial areas and reaches the DE 9A exit near the Port of Wilmington , turning to the northeast . I @-@ 495 crosses over the Christina River into the eastern part of Wilmington and passes near another landfill as it comes to the 12th Street exit . The road runs through some marshland before coming to an interchange in industrial Edgemoor that connects to the southern terminus of DE 3 as well as to US 13 . Following this interchange , I @-@ 495 runs between US 13 and suburban areas to the west and Amtrak ’ s Northeast Corridor and the Delaware River to the east . I @-@ 495 continues along this configuration until it reaches Claymont . US 13 heads farther west from the freeway and I @-@ 495 makes a turn to the north away from the railroad tracks and the river near the Claymont station along SEPTA 's Wilmington / Newark Line that uses the Northeast Corridor . The road comes to another exit for US 13 before merging into I @-@ 95 at the DE 92 interchange near the Tri @-@ State Mall and the Pennsylvania border . Southbound , the I @-@ 495 splitoff from I @-@ 95 actually starts in Pennsylvania , but crosses into Delaware 220 feet ( 67 m ) later before the exit to DE 92 . I @-@ 495 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 90 @,@ 379 vehicles at the south end of Wilmington near the Christina River to a low of 19 @,@ 234 vehicles at the ramp to I @-@ 95 at the southern terminus . As part of the Interstate Highway System , the entire length of I @-@ 495 is a part of the National Highway System . = = History = = In 1948 , the Wilmington Transportation Study proposed two new roads running between the southern end of Wilmington and the Pennsylvania border to improve traffic flow in the Wilmington area . Route A followed the current alignment of I @-@ 95 through the city while Route B bypassed the city to the east along the current alignment of I @-@ 495 . In 1956 , the Interstate Highway System was created , with FAI @-@ 3 proposed along the current alignment of I @-@ 495 . In 1960 , design work on FAI @-@ 3 was underway . The route of FAI @-@ 3 was numbered as I @-@ 495 in 1962 . In 1968 , structural design for bridges along I @-@ 495 was underway . The same year , the first construction contracts began with three demolition contracts , the building of a culvert under the Penn Central line at Holly Oak Creek , and the relocation of a section of US 13 to the west to allow for room to build I @-@ 495 . In 1970 , work continued on relocating US 13 along with the construction of bridges carrying the interstate over Stoney Creek . A contract was awarded to build I @-@ 495 between Edgemoor and I @-@ 95 in Claymont in 1971 . The same year , work was underway on building the bridge over the Christina River . Design work on the interstate was completed at this time . The following year , construction contracts were awarded to build I @-@ 495 south of the Christina River and to stabilize the road near Cherry Island . Paving was also underway between the Christina River and Edgemoor . In 1973 , contracts were let to build structures along the freeway between the Christina River and Edgemoor . Work on the highway between New Castle Avenue and the Christina River bridge was finished in 1975 . In 1976 , the first section of I @-@ 495 was opened between US 13 and I @-@ 95 in Claymont . The same year , the bridge carrying the highway over Edgemoor Road was completed . In June 1977 , the remainder of I @-@ 495 was completed and opened to traffic . On June 28 , 1978 , the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) approved rerouting I @-@ 95 along the I @-@ 495 alignment . However , AASHTO disapproved renumbering the alignment of I @-@ 95 through Wilmington as I @-@ 595 . On October 27 of that year , AASHTO gave conditional approval for I @-@ 95 through Wilmington to be designated as I @-@ 195 from I @-@ 95 near Newport north to US 202 while the route from US 202 to I @-@ 95 in Claymont would become I @-@ 395 . I @-@ 895 was designated along the conditionally approved route of I @-@ 195 and I @-@ 395 on June 25 , 1979 . In 1980 , the South Wilmington Viaduct along I @-@ 895 was reconstructed . On November 14 , 1980 , I @-@ 95 and I @-@ 495 were returned to their original alignments , with I @-@ 895 decommissioned . In 1988 , an interchange was built at US 13 and DE 3 in Edgemoor . This interchange was numbered as exit 4 , which resulted in the US 13 interchange in Claymont being renumbered from exit 4 to exit 5 . In February 1988 , a tanker drove off the Christina River bridge and exploded , with the truck driver killed . The accident forced the closure of I @-@ 495 in order to repair the heat damage to the bridge structure . In 2000 , through traffic from I @-@ 95 was detoured onto I @-@ 495 while I @-@ 95 was rebuilt between Wilmington and the Pennsylvania border . On June 2 , 2014 , the bridge over the Christina River was closed after it was discovered that four support columns were tilting . I @-@ 495 was closed to traffic between the DE 9A and 12th Street interchanges . DelDOT officials at first said that the bridge would remain closed indefinitely . They later announced plans to have the southbound side of the bridge reopen by Labor Day , with the northbound side to follow by late September . The southbound lanes reopened on July 31 , a month earlier than expected , and the northbound lanes reopened on August 23 . During the closure , traffic was detoured onto I @-@ 95 , and several major roads in the Wilmington area experienced increased traffic congestion . = = Exit list = = The entire route is in New Castle County .
= Mayawati = Mayawati ( pronunciation ) ( full name : Mayawati Prabhu Das , commonly known as Kumari Mayawati ( Miss Mayawati ) , born 15 January 1956 ) or the Iron Lady Mayawati is an Indian politician who served four terms as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) as national president of the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , which focuses on a platform of social change to improve the welfare of the weakest strata of Indian society — the Bahujans or Dalits , Other Backward Classes , and religious minorities . She was Chief Minister briefly in 1995 and again in 1997 , then from 2002 to 2003 and from 2007 to 2012 . Mayawati 's rise from humble beginnings has been called a " miracle of democracy " by P. V. Narasimha Rao , former Prime Minister of India . In 1993 Kanshi Ram formed a coalition with the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati became the youngest Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995 . She was the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India . In 1997 and in 2002 she was Chief Minister in outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the second time only for a year up to 26 August 2003 due to BJP withdrawing support . Mayawati 's tenure has attracted praise and controversy . Millions of Dalits view her as an icon , and refer to her as Behen @-@ ji ( sister ) . She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party and her birthdays have been widely celebrated by her supporters . The rise in her personal wealth and that of her party have been criticised as indicative of corruption . In 2008 , Forbes added Mayawati in the 59th place on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world . She appeared in Newsweek 's top woman achievers list in 2007 . Newsweek also described her as the Barack Obama of India , and a potential candidate for Prime Minister . Time magazine included Mayawati in India 's 15 Most Influential list for 2007 . After losing the 2012 legislative assembly elections to the rival Samajwadi Party , she resigned from her post as party leader on 7 March 2012 . Later that month she was elected by acclamation to a seat in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of Parliament ) . = = Early life and education = = Mayawati was born on 15 January 1956 at Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital , New Delhi in a Hindu Dalit family . Her father , Prabhu Das , was a post office employee at Badalpur , Gautam Buddha Nagar . The sons in the family were sent to private schools , while the daughters went to " low @-@ performing government schools " . Mayawati studied for her B.A. in 1975 at the Kalindi Women 's College and obtained her LLB from the Campus Law Centre , part of the University of Delhi . She completed a B.Ed. from VMLG College , Ghaziabad , in 1976 . She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony , Delhi , and studying for the Indian Administrative Services exams , when Dalit politician Kanshi Ram visited her family home in 1977 . According to biographer Ajoy Bose , Ram told her : " I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders . " In 1983 , Mayawati was awarded her LL.B from Delhi University . Impressed by her speaking skills and ideas , Kanshi Ram included her as a member of his team when he founded the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) in 1984 . Mayawati was first elected to Parliament in 1989 . = = Early political career = = Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984 . Influenced by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar , the chief architect of the Constitution of India , the party 's primary focus is to improve the situation of Dalits and other disadvantaged groups through police reform , affirmative action on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts , and providing rural development programmes . Reservation in India is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats at universities are reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes . Throughout her political career , Mayawati supported reservation in both government and private sectors for backward classes , with an increase in quotas and inclusion of more communities such as religious minorities and economically weak upper castes . In August 2012 a bill was cleared that starts the process of amending the constitution so that the reservation system can be expanded to promotions in state jobs . Mayawati 's career has been called a " miracle of democracy " by former Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao . Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon and refer to her as " Behen @-@ ji " ( sister ) . Her public meetings have been attended by large audiences , who use slogans such as " Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora ; karegi Behen Mayawati poora " ( Kanshi Ram 's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati ) and " Behenji tum sangharsh karo ; hum tumhare saath hain " ( Sister , go ahead with your struggle ; we are with you ) . In its first election campaign in 1984 , BSP fielded Mayawati for the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) seat of Kairana in the Muzaffarnagar district , for Bijnor in 1985 , and for Haridwar in 1987 . In 1989 she was elected as the representative for Bijnor , with 183 @,@ 189 votes , winning by 8 @,@ 879 votes . Although BSP did not win control of the house , the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years , as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers . The party won three seats in the 1989 national election and two seats 1991 . Mayawati was first elected to the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) in 1994 . In 1995 she became , as head of her party , Chief Minister in a short @-@ lived coalition government , the youngest Chief Minister in the history of the state up until that point , and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India . She won election to the Lok Sabha in two different constituencies in 1996 and chose to serve for Harora . She became Chief Minister again for a short period in 1997 and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party . In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership . = = = BSP presidentship = = = On 15 December 2001 , in an address during a rally in Lucknow , Kanshi Ram named Mayawati as his successor . She was elected national president of the BSP for her first term on 18 September 2003 . She was elected unopposed for a second consecutive term on 27 August 2006 , and for a third term on 30 August 2014 . = = Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh = = As the Chief Minister , Mayawati gained a reputation for efficient governance and promoting law and order , winning praise even from opposition parties and others . In 2007 , MLA Umakant Yadav of her own political party accused in a land grabbing case , was arrested near her dwelling on her orders . During September – October 2010 , at the time of the Ayodhya verdict , her government maintained law and order and the state remain peaceful . Several high profile criminals and mafia dons were jailed during her terms in office . She called for strong anti @-@ rape laws . Fewer riots , rapes , and corruption occurred during her tenure as compared to previous or successive governments . In the 2007 @-@ 2012 assembly , only 124 MLAs were crorepatis as compared to 271 crorepatis in successive assembly elected in 2012 . = = = First term , 1995 = = = Mayawati first served as Chief Minister from 3 June 1995 to 18 October 1995 . During this term , the new districts of Ambedkar Nagar district and Udham Singh Nagar district were created . = = = Second term , 1997 = = = Her second term was from 21 March 1997 to 20 September 1997 . A drive under her government allotted pattas or gram sabha lands on lease to thousands of landless residents . In April 1997 , she created Gautam Budh Nagar district from the district of Ghaziabad , Kaushambi district was separated from Allahabad district , and Jyotiba Phule Nagar district from Moradabad district . In May 1997 , Mahamaya Nagar district was created out of Aligarh district and Banda district was split into Banda and Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Nagar . Mayawati carried out review meetings with bureaucrats and suspended 127 officers . = = = Third term , 2002 – 03 = = = Her third term was from 3 May 2002 to 26 August 2003 . More than 900 officers of IAS , IPS , and PCS cadres were shifted when Mayawati took over as the Chief Minister . This impacted the Chief Secretary , Secretaries , Commissioners , District Magistrates , and police officials . She suspended 12 IAS officers for laxity in carrying out development projects in their regions , including Divisional Commissioners and District Magistrates . Six IPS officers were suspended for failing to maintain law and order , while 24 officers were warned to improve . She started Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University and 511 acre Gautam Buddha University . She suspended three senior officials after review in a couple of administrative divisions . = = = = 2007 State and 2009 general election = = = = Uttar Pradesh , India 's most populous state and one of its poorest , is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters . BSP won a majority in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections , fielding candidates from a variety of castes and religions . The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan : Haathi nahin , Ganesh hain , Brahma , Vishnu Mahesh Hain : " The elephant ( the BSP logo ) is really the Lord Ganesha , the trinity of gods rolled into one " . The new slogan invited everyone , including the higher castes , to " come ride the elephant " , her party 's election symbol . The BSP won 20 seats in Lok Sabha from the state of Uttar Pradesh in the 2009 elections , obtaining the highest percentage ( 27 @.@ 42 % ) of votes for any political party in the state . The party placed third in terms of national polling percentage ( 6 @.@ 17 % ) . = = = Fourth term , 2007 – 12 : BSP absolute majority = = = Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007 . She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed . Her slogan was to make " Uttar Pradesh " ( " Northern Province " ) into " Uttam Pradesh " ( " Excellent Province " ) . Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous Mulayam Singh government . Over 18 @,@ 000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in their hiring , and 25 Indian Police Service officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables . Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process , including posting the results of selection exams online . On 10 August 2007 , the Mayawati government introduced 30 per cent reservation in jobs in the private sector . A quota for promotions was also introduced , but was later quashed by the Supreme Court of India . In September 2007 , Bhimrao Ambedkar Rural Integrated Development Programme was started for the integrated development of over 17 @,@ 000 gram sabhas across the State . The Dr Ambedkar Gram Vikas Yojana scheme was launched for provisioning of essential services like water , electricity , and roads in Dalit @-@ dominated villages . Under this scheme , 24 @,@ 716 villages received improvements during her four tenures . 2000 villages were chosen in the first phase during 2009 @-@ 10 for intensive development work ₹ 800 crore ( US $ 120 million ) were sanctioned for the development of roads , ₹ 260 crore ( US $ 39 million ) to construct community centres and 10 @,@ 000 Dalit villages were provided solar sodium street lights . Government reserved 21 percent quota for Scheduled Castes and two percent for Scheduled Tribes in contracts for construction work worth up to ₹ 5 lakh ( US $ 7 @,@ 400 ) each of various authorities and corporations in the state . In 2008 , Mayawati launched , Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna , a scheme for building low @-@ cost housing colonies for urban poor with 90 @,@ 000 low @-@ cost homes under the first round of construction in different towns and cities across the state while a second and a third round were still underway when government ended in 2012 and next government scrapped the scheme including cutting down electricity of these colonies . Mayawati government started efforts to set up grid @-@ based solar power plants with the help of private sector and first 5 MW solar power plant located in Naini of Allahabad district started functioning on March 2012 and was developed by EMC Limited . UP government signed a MoU with NTPC Limited for 1 @,@ 320 @-@ MW power plant . In December 2007 , Chief Minister Mayawati dedicated a 210 @-@ megawatt Unit No. 4 of Parichha thermal power station in Jhansi district built at a cost of ₹ 1 @,@ 750 crore ( US $ 260 million ) , Four 132 kV and 33 kV power transmission sub @-@ stations built in Faizabad , Puwayan ( Shahjahanpur ) and Gangoh ( Saharanpur ) while she also laid the foundation stones for the 500 @-@ MW ( 2X210 MW ) Parichha thermal power project and 500 @-@ MW ( 2X250 MW ) Harduaganj power station in Bulandshahr district to be built at a combined cost of ₹ 3 @,@ 800 crore ( US $ 560 million ) and of eight transmission sub @-@ stations of 132 kV and 220 kV capacity which would be constructed at Noida , Greater Noida , Varanasi , Jhansi and Saharanpur at cost of ₹ 600 crore ( US $ 89 million ) . She also aimed for 500 MW units of Parichha and Harduaganj to begin production by 2010 so that there sould be no scarcity of electricity . Mayawati 's dream project of 165 km six lane Yamuna Expressway connected Delhi to Agra through Noida – Greater Noida Expressway , touching 1 @,@ 182 villages in the state . Later , Indian Air Force fighter jet Dassault Mirage 2000 test @-@ Landed on Yamuna Expressway as Part of Trials . On 15 January 2008 , Mayawati laid the foundation stone 1 @,@ 047 km Ganga Expressway at the cost of ₹ 30 @,@ 000 crore ( US $ 4 @.@ 5 billion ) for joining Ballia in the far east of the state to Greater Noida . In November 2009 , Mayawati dedicated Noida Metro constructed at the cost of ₹ 557 crore ( US $ 83 million ) . She had vigorously proposed for construction of Jewar airport near Noida . In October 2011 , Mayawati government under public @-@ private partnership with Jaypee Group successfully executed and delivered First F1 Indian Grand Prix , an international event at Buddh International Circuit , Greater Noida constructed by Jaypee Group . The event was hailed as flawlessly conducted salvaging some of India 's prestige when compared to minor embarrassments in 2010 Commonwealth Games ( Before opening ceremony ) conducted in Delhi . Mayawati presented the winning trophy to winner Sebastian Vettel . Foreigners found the track as ' impressive ' and 3 Indian teenagers picked by a F1 panel to train them as future Formula One drivers in Europe . Mayawati has seen through to completion of several memorials dedicated to icons of Bahujan Samaj build first time in India , including the Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden ( inaugurated March 2011 ) , the Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden ( inaugurated October 2011 ) , and the Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Prateek Sthal ( opened November 2012 ) . Mayawati during her tenure directed the all the Commissioners and the District Magistrates to distribute 3 acre land pieces or pattas to weaker sections of society by launching special drive for illegal possesses of pattas be dispossessed of them and the eligible poor be identified by regular monitoring of pattas and strict action against the mafias and musclemen through spot verification of different development and public welfare programmes . She also took steps to ensure possession of land to the genuine people taking strong view on encroachment of land allotted to members of scheduled castes and tribes . In 2010 , 5596 people belonging to the SC and ST communities were allotted 1054 @.@ 879 hectares of agriculture land . In a special drive 74 FIRs were filed and 88 people were arrested for illegal occupation from agricultural land . Sugar Information Service a model website supported by SMS and IVRS facility was developed and adopted by all 116 operational sugar mills was started by the government as the largest rural information technology platform in the country providing a password protected webpage for each of the 30 lakh odd farmers . Mayawati as her dream project constructed four ' affordable ' institutions Mahamaya Balika Inter College in Sector 44 Noida , Panchsheel Balak Inter College in Sector 91 of Noida , Savitri Bai Phule Balika Inter College in Kasna ( Greater Noida ) and Gautam Budh Balak Inter College at Knowledge Park 5 in Greater Noida at a total cost of ₹ 600 crore ( US $ 89 million ) having high @-@ tech classrooms with facilities like projectors and electronic screens , laboratories , well @-@ equipped libraries , air @-@ conditioned blocks , elevators , hostels , staff housing complexes , auditoriums and sport complexes . These charge very nominal tuition fees at ₹ 290 for Classes I to VIII , ₹ 490 for Classes IX and X and ₹ 700 for classes XI and XII and registered a 100 % pass percentage with a number of 10 CGPAs in the CBSE Class X results . In 2008 , Her government established Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University for the Physically challenged students . Mayawati dedicated the ₹ 63 @.@ 5 crore ( US $ 9 @.@ 4 million ) 286 @-@ bed super @-@ specialty Centenary hospital in Lucknow and 50 @-@ bed critical care unit at CSMMU . Mayawati , in 2007 , launched ₹ 500 crore ( US $ 74 million ) Manyawar Kanshiram Multi @-@ speciality Hospital in Greater Noida which started its OPD services in April 2013 . Mayawati government also spent ₹ 510 crore ( US $ 76 million ) on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Multi Speciality Hospital in Sector 30 of Noida . Mayawati government started food tracking system to track mid @-@ day meal scheme to cross @-@ check if children get their hot meal in schools . There is a software based SMS system , where the school principal and a few parents received an automatic message the day less than 50 percent or a large number of school children were served mid @-@ day meal . And this SMS was generated on basis of information on mid @-@ day meal feed by teacher in @-@ charge of the scheme into an online monitoring system . Though principal was required to give an explanation through SMS and parents to verify the claim . This system inspired UPA led center government for starting it nationwide . Her government also instituted Sant Ravidas Kala Samman Award in an effort to promote cultural activities in the field of art with a cash prize of ₹ 1 @.@ 25 lakh ( US $ 1 @,@ 900 ) . Under Savitri Bai Phule Balika Shiksha Madad Yojna , Mayawati distributed over 10 lakh bicycles among Muslim and poor school girls from 2008 to 2011 . The nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of Uttar Pradesh grew at an annual rate of 8 to 12 percent between 2002 – 03 and 2006 @-@ 07 . When Mayawati began her five @-@ year tenure as chief minister from May 2007 , the average annual state GDP growth rate between 2007 – 08 and 2010 @-@ 11 shot up to 17 percent . In financial year 2011 , UP ’ s state GDP was predicted to grow by 11 per cent . Thus , UP ’ s nominal GDP growth in these four years ( 2007 – 11 ) was almost the same as what the entire country clocked in that period . State ’ s per capita income went up by 136 per cent from about Rs 11 @,@ 000 in 2007 to Rs 26 @,@ 000 in 2011 . UP continued to be one of the few states with a revenue surplus and Mayawati has used this surplus to reduce the state ’ s fiscal deficit from 4 percent of state GDP in 2007 @-@ 08 to a budgeted figure of 2 @.@ 97 per cent for the financial year 2011 . Mayawati also ensured that the state ’ s indebtedness came down from 43 percent of state GDP in 2007 @-@ 08 to 32 percent in 2011 @-@ 12 . Mayawati in her five years added about 4 @,@ 000 MW of generation capacity to the state ’ s power sector . Mayawati also planned to create 7 @,@ 000 MW more generation capacity by the end of 2012 for achieving her target is to make state a power @-@ surplus state by 2017 for which the state is already executing power projects with a total capacity of 10 @,@ 000 MW . After coming to power in 2007 , Mayawati wrote letters to the Prime Minister regarding partitioning of Uttar Pradesh into four different states in 2007 , in March 2008 and December 2009 . Finally on 15 November 2011 , Mayawati 's cabinet approved partitioning Uttar Pradesh into four different states ( Pashchim Pradesh , Awadh Pradesh , Bundelkhand and Purvanchal ) for better administration and governance . On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party lost its majority to the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh the next day , thereby becoming the first CM to complete full five years in office . On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha , and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March . = = Personal life = = Mayawati is self @-@ made woman politician that started at cost of her own struggle , hard work and capabilities unlike many women politicians in India like Indira Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi that rise to the top due to dynastic politics . Mayawati chose to remain unmarried for whole life to serve people from the weaker sections of society so that nobody could accuse her of nepotism . Kanshi Ram praised Mayawati at her 47th birthday celebrations for her fundraising activities on behalf of the party . He stated that the party 's eventual goal is to gain power at the national level , and that Mayawati 's efforts help in that quest . Her birthdays have since become major media events at which she has appeared laden with diamonds . Her supporters have declared her birthday as Jan Kalyankari Diwas ( People 's Welfare Day ) . In 2009 the day was marked by the announcement of welfare schemes targeted towards poor and downtrodden people of the state and in 2010 by the launch of programmes with a value of over ₹ 7 @,@ 312 crore . In 2007 @-@ 08 , Mayawati paid ₹ 26 @.@ 26 crore ( US $ 3 @.@ 9 million ) as income tax . She was at number 20 in I @-@ T department 's compilation of the top 200 taxpayers ' list with names like Shah Rukh Khan and Sachin Tendulkar as they top the list in their respective fields . Most of her income comes as " gifts " from her faithfull supporters of Bahujan Movement started by Kanshi Ram . She paid ₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in advance tax in April – December , 2007 . When BSP workers garlanded Mayawati with currency notes on the occasion of the silver jubilee celebrations coinciding with the BSP founder Kanshi Ram ’ s birth anniversary on March 15 , 2010 , All the news channels and newspapers were trying to expose the ‘ scandal ’ behind that act as these presumed that it was an act of corruption that was being flaunted openly declaring that the garland of currency notes was made from money through corrupt means and not from donations of Bahujan Samaj Party supporters as Mayawati , her Ministers and supporters claimed . Media Channels kept daring her to disclose the source of the money but gave her hardly any time to do so propagating their own belief of ill gotten money . Each reporter or channel was having its own estimate of the amount of cash woven into the garland in the ranged from ₹ 2 crore ( US $ 300 @,@ 000 ) to ₹ 51 crore ( US $ 7 @.@ 6 million ) even when Mayawati ’ s supporters kept claiming that it was worth ₹ 21 lakh ( US $ 31 @,@ 000 ) . None of the channels accepted that making clear that they were not interested in the issue but only in Mayawati baiting . This all went on viral till next day Mayawati came out and wore another garland made from currency notes offered by her supporters and this acted as a ' shock treatment ' and thus this isuue began to be ending . Media channels never lost an opportunity to bash Mayawati as this most of the Indian middle and upper classes enjoy . At Kanshi Ram 's funeral ceremonies in 2006 , Mayawati stated that both Kanshi Ram and herself had been , and she would continue to be , observant of Buddhist traditions and customs . She has stated her intention to formally convert to Buddhism when the political conditions enable her to become Prime Minister of India . Her act of performing the last rites ( traditionally done by a male heir ) was an expression of their views against gender discrimination . When she was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , she publicly called Bhikkhus to prayer . = = Political and legal issues = = Mayawati 's political career has attracted praise and controversy . She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party , and her birthdays were major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters . The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption . = = = Taj corridor case = = = In 2002 , the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor , the important tourist area in Agra that includes the Taj Mahal . The project was soon riddled with problems , including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities . Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well , the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) raided twelve residences , including Mayawati 's . It had filed a First Information Report against her and seven others two days earlier . The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income . In June 2007 , Governor T. V. Rajeswar said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her . In his 23 @-@ page order , he said : " the fact that the Mission Management Board , consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government , regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of ₹ 17 crores was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking , NPCC , all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny . " Advocates unsuccessfully challenged the governor 's decision in court . The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI and refused to direct the governor to prosecute her . The Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial . = = = Disproportionate assets case = = = Mayawati 's assets run into millions of dollars , with several properties to her name . In the 2007 – 08 assessment year , Mayawati paid an income tax of ₹ 26 crore , ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country . Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income . Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal . Her party asserted that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters . On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government 's appeal against Mayawati , stating that " she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors , the gifts had been donated by her supporters " . The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court . On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth ₹ 111 @.@ 26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha . The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012 — nine years later — by a Supreme Court bench of Justice P Sathasivam and Dipak Misra ; the court found that the case was unwarranted . Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution , the CBI decided not to file an appeal . On 4 October 2012 a review petition was filed by Kamlesh Verma , contending that the case had been dismissed merely on technical grounds , and that the evidence had not been adequately reviewed . On 8 August 2013 the Supreme Court declined a request to re @-@ open the case . After seeking legal advice , the CBI finally closed their file on 8 October 2013 . = = = Statues = = = In her tenures as a Chief Minister , Mayawati commissioned the production and public display of several statues representing Buddhist , Hindu , and Dalit icons like Gautama Buddha , Gadge Maharaj , Sant Ravidas , Sant Kabir , Narayana Guru , Jyotirao Phule , Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj , Babasaheb Ambedkar , BSP party founder Kanshi Ram , and of herself . She claims that the expenditure was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders , in whose memory nothing had ever been built . She spent somewhere between ₹ 25 and 60 billion rupees ( about US $ 500 million to US $ 1 @.@ 3 billion ) on projects in five parks and at memorials such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Sthal and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal , built in the name of B.R. Ambedkar , Ramabai Ambedkar , and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009 . In June 2009 the Supreme Court issued a stay against further building on the projects , until the Public Interest Litigation ( PLI ) questioning these expenditures was settled . The Comptroller and Auditor General of India reported that ₹ 66 crore ( about US $ 12 million ) in excessive costs had been incurred on the construction of the memorials . In February 2010 Mayawati 's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues , as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them . In December 2010 , her government received permission to continue part of the plan , namely maintenance and completion of Ambedkar Memorial Park . Despite the existing Supreme Court stay , in October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden , built at a cost of ₹ 685 crore . Since the memorial also features her own statues , Mayawati was accused by the Indian National Congress of wasting the taxpayers ' money . The BSP dismissed the allegations , stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram 's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP . Mayawati accused the Congress of being " anti @-@ Dalit " . In January 2012 , the Election Commission ordered that all of the statues of Mayawati as well as recent statues of elephants ( the symbol of the Bahujan Samaj Party ) should be covered up until after February 's Uttar Pradesh election . On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of a group calling themselves " Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena " . A replacement statue was re @-@ installed overnight by the Lucknow city administration . Following the Lucknow vandalism , there were similar such incidents in other parts of Uttar Pradesh . In 2015 , the Supreme Court continued hearings on the PLI case about the statues . The BSP had still not provided evidence about where the monies expended on such monuments came from , whether it was all from appropriation bills passed by the legislature or also included party funds spent for the purpose . = = = World Bank criticism = = = The World Bank loaned India funds for development , and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP . The projects were preplanned and on schedule , but the Mayawati government made changes which put the projects behind schedule , including rapidly transferring high @-@ caste managers in and out of rural posts . The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India 's central government stating , " We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office . The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator . In the forestry project , numerous changes have been made over the past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time @-@ bound projects that require consistently good leadership . " Mayawati initially responded by saying the letter was a fake and later said there had been a misunderstanding . She then decreased the number of transfers , stopped creating new posts , and temporarily reduced the level of government spending on furniture and vehicles in response to the allegations . The World Bank continued to criticise the level of corruption even after these measures had been implemented . = = = WikiLeaks allegations = = = Diplomatic cables published in 2011 through WikiLeaks detailing the opinions of American civil servants asserted that Mayawati ran all governmental decisions through her small group of advisors and that she employed food tasters for security . The leaked messages also allege that she had sent a private jet to Mumbai to retrieve a pair of sandals . Mayawati responded by saying the statements were baseless . = = Books on Mayawati = = Studies have been done on Mayawati and books have been published , including her autobiographies . One of the first works was journalist Mohammad Jamil Akhter 's book , Iron Lady Kumari Mayawati . Her autobiographies are Mere Sangarshmai Jeevan Evam Bahujan Movement Ka Safarnama in three volumes in Hindi and A Travelogue of My Struggle @-@ ridden Life and of Bahujan Samaj , in two volumes in English . Behenji : A Political Biography of Mayawati is a biography by veteran journalist Ajoy Bose .
= Trevor Kincaid = Trevor Kincaid ( December 21 , 1872 – July 1 , 1970 ) was a Canadian @-@ American scientist and professor at the University of Washington who achieved national acclaim for his scientific achievements while an undergraduate student . Kincaid 's interests ranged from insect life to marine biology to mollusks , though he once described himself as an " omniologist " ( one who studies everything ) . He is best known for introducing the gypsy moth parasite to the United States , for helping establish the Washington state oyster industry , and as the driving force behind the creation of the Friday Harbor Laboratories . Kincaid is responsible for the identification and naming of hundreds of species ; at least 47 plant and animal species were , in turn , named after him . In 1938 he was designated Alumnus Summa Laude Dignatus of the University of Washington , that school 's highest honor for its alumni . = = Early life and education = = = = = Family and childhood = = = Trevor Kincaid was born in Peterborough , Ontario , in 1872 . He was the son of Robert Kincaid , a first generation Canadian whose own father had immigrated from Ireland in the early 19th century . Robert Kincaid received his medical degree from Queen 's University and undertook his internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York . In 1861 , Kincaid found himself caught up in the war hysteria that followed the capitulation of Fort Sumter and volunteered to join the United States Army , serving during the American Civil War first as a field surgeon and , later , as a member of the medical staff at Armory Square Hospital in Washington , DC . After the war he returned to Peterborough and took up private medical practice , eventually marrying Mary Bell , who gave birth to Trevor . In his youth , Kincaid was inquisitive about nature and enjoyed playing lacrosse with friends . A series of bad investments by Robert Kincaid , however , led to the family 's bankruptcy , and the Kincaids left Peterborough for Olympia , Washington , in 1889 . A paucity of family funds led Kincaid to work a variety of odd jobs for several years following high school , but a chance encounter with University of Washington ( UW ) biology professor Orson " Bugs " Johnson and the Young Naturalists Society led him to resolve to spend his meager savings to relocate to Seattle and enroll at the university . = = = University and national acclaim = = = As a student , Kincaid showed exceptional aptitude for the natural sciences and achieved national attention for his scientific achievements . In 1897 , while still an undergraduate , he accompanied David Starr Jordan to the Pribilof Islands as part of a study of seals undertaken by the American Fur Seal Commission . Back in Washington , Kincaid 's interests focused more on insect life , and a report that year in the Boston Evening Transcript noted that he had discovered 41 new species of bees , including 22 of the genus Osmia . Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell , at the time one of America 's leading entomologists , directed a portion of the sizable Kincaid bee collection to the Smithsonian Institution . Kincaid missed commencement exercises at the University of Washington due to his appointment as the entomologist attached to the Harriman Alaska Expedition . During that trip , completed before his 27th birthday , he collected about 8 @,@ 000 specimens of insect , resulting in the discovery and naming of more than 240 new species , including Mesenchytraeus harrimani , which he named after the expedition 's patron , E. H. Harriman . Following his graduation from the University of Washington , Kincaid went on to earn a master 's degree . = = Career = = = = = Teaching and research career = = = In 1901 Kincaid was hired as a lecturer in biology at the University of Washington . The following year he was promoted to assistant professor and made chairman of the university 's newly created zoology department , a position he would continue to hold until his retirement 35 years later . In his new position , Kincaid began scouting the Puget Sound region for a suitable site at which the university could establish a marine research field station . After evaluating Port Townsend and Rocky Bay , he chose Friday Harbor as the location for what is now known as Friday Harbor Laboratories , concluding that the " great wealth of life in that area " made up for its extremely remote location . After running a laboratory at temporary sites near Friday Harbor for several years , Kincaid personally petitioned for the transfer to the university of the 484 @-@ acre Point Caution site ( an area of San Juan Island that had been set aside as a military reserve to be used in the event of war with the United Kingdom ) . In 1921 the U.S. government finally ceded Point Caution to the university . Kincaid was dispatched to Japan in 1908 by the United States Department of Agriculture to identify and collect a natural parasite for the gypsy moth , which , at the time , was creating havoc in Massachusetts . His continued research on that parasite , the Chalcid wasp , took him to Russia the following year . The parasite that he discovered was bred by the US Department of Agriculture as a gypsy moth repellent for many years thereafter . His later work on oyster breeding earned him the nickname the " father of the Northwest oyster industry " . During his years at the UW , he was also credited with helping to establish the university 's College of Fisheries . = = = Later studies = = = Kincaid was compelled to retire in 1937 due to the University of Washington 's mandatory retirement age . He continued research as a professor emeritus into his 80s , purchasing a hand printing press that he used to self @-@ publish a series of reports based on previous research he had made of snails . These papers were published under the name " Calliostoma Press " . Proofread by his wife Louise , they were known for being virtually free of typographic errors . = = Personal life = = Kincaid married Louise Pennell on August 23 , 1917 . Pennell had received her master 's degree in zoology from the University of Washington the preceding June . = = Death and legacy = = Kincaid died in 1970 . Kincaid Hall at the University of Washington , constructed in 1971 , is named after him . At least 47 plant and animal species have also been named after Kincaid . In 1938 Kincaid became the first person to be recognized by the University of Washington as Alumnus Summa Laude Dignatus ( " Alumnus Worthy of Highest Praise " ) , the university 's highest honor for its past graduates . = = Selected publications = = Kincaid , T. ( 1966 ) . " A Problematic Sense @-@ Organ Found upon the Maxillae of Intertidal Staphylinid Beetles " . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society , Vol . 85 , No. 2 , pp. 275 – 278 . Kincaid , T. ( 1964 ) . " A Gastropod Parasitic on the Holothurian , Parastichopus californicus ( Stimpson ) " . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society , Vol . 83 , No. 4 , pp. 373 – 376 . Kincaid , T. ( 1963 ) . " The ant @-@ plant , Orthocarpus pusillus , Bentham " . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society , Vol . 82 , No. 1 , 101 – 105 . Kincaid , T. ( 1930 ) . " Control of the European Brown Scale by Chalcid Parasites " . Journal of Economic Entomology , Vol . 23 , No. 5 , pp. 809 – 809 . Kincaid , T. B. ( 1928 ) . " Development of Oyster Industry of the Pacific " . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , Vol . 58 , No. 1 , pp. 117 – 122 . Smith , E. V. , and Kincaid , T. ( 1920 ) . " A report on the taking of immature salmon in the coastal waters of the state of Washington " . Twenty @-@ Eighth and Twenty @-@ Ninth Annual Reports of the State Fish Commissioner . State of Washington Department of Fish and Game . Olympia , Washington. pp. 39 – 46 . Kincaid , T. ( 1900 ) . " The Tenthredinoidea " . Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences , Vol . 2 , pp. 341 – 365 . Kincaid , T. ( 1899 ) . " The Psychodidae of the Pacific Coast " . Entomological News , Vol . 10 , pp. 30 – 37 .
= Iowa Highway 150 = Iowa Highway 150 ( Iowa 150 ) is an 85 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 137 km ) state highway in eastern and northeastern Iowa . It begins at U.S. Route 218 ( US 218 ) in Vinton and ends at US 52 and Iowa 24 in Calmar . From Vinton , it heads north and east towards Urbana where it meets Interstate 380 ( I @-@ 380 ) and Iowa 27 , the Avenue of the Saints highway . At Independence , it intersects US 20 on the south side of town . Further north , it converges with Iowa 3 in Oelwein . As it traverses through the east @-@ central part of the state , Iowa 150 mostly passes through farmland where acreages and farmsteads dot the landscape . Through the towns along the route , the highway generally brings traffic through the central business districts of each town . In Fayette however , the highway bypasses the downtown area . Between Fayette and West Union , part of the route forms the western leg of the River Bluffs Scenic Byway , which passes through Iowa 's " Little Switzerland " region . The Iowa 150 designation has been a part of the primary highway system since its inception in 1920 . The current route was formed in 1941 . The route extended from Calmar to Davenport , by way of Cedar Rapids . In 1969 , the route was truncated at Cedar Rapids , with part of the old route becoming Iowa 130 . In 1984 , it took its current form when the southern part of the route was shifted over the former Iowa 101 . Most of the abandoned part of Iowa 150 became Iowa 920 until July 1 , 2003 . = = Route description = = Iowa 150 begins at a T intersection with US 218 on the southern side of Vinton . US 218 comes up from the south and turns west at the intersection while Iowa 150 begins heading north along C Street . Near downtown , the highway turns to the east for a few blocks . At the Benton County Courthouse , it turns north once again and almost immediately crosses the Cedar River . North of Vinton , the highway passes a small airport surrounded by fields and then curves to the east for a few miles . West of Urbana , it heads back to the north and intersects Interstate 380 ( I @-@ 380 ) . North of I @-@ 380 , Iowa 150 intersects 51st Street . Prior to 1984 , Iowa 150 came from the north along its current route and turned east onto 51st Street and Iowa 101 followed the current path of Iowa 150 to Vinton . The highway heads due north , only passing a few houses until it reaches US 20 south of Independence . Once in Independence , it crosses the Wapsipinicon River over a concrete arch bridge . At 1st Street , the route turns east for two blocks before returning northward . On the north side of town , Iowa 150 passes the Independence Motor Speedway . North of Independence , Iowa 150 continues north through the farmland of rural Buchanan County . It passes through Hazleton a few miles before it meets Iowa 281 south of Oelwein . North of Iowa 281 , which runs along the Buchanan – Fayette county line , Iowa 150 enters Oelwein along Rock Island Road , which eases into 1st Avenue . A block east of downtown , at Charles Street , Iowa 3 approaches from the east and turns north onto Iowa 150 . The two routes head through Oelwein along Frederick Avenue and split a couple miles north of town . The highway turns east very briefly and returns heading north until it reaches Fayette County Road C33 ( CR C33 ) . There , it turns east to go through Maynard and continues east until an intersection with Iowa 187 . Iowa 187 comes from the south and ends at the intersection , while Iowa 150 turns north and continues towards Fayette . At Fayette , the home of Upper Iowa University , Iowa 150 intersects Iowa 93 and crosses the Volga River on the north side of town . Between Fayette and West Union , the highway forms the western leg of the River Bluffs Scenic Byway , through the area known locally as " Little Switzerland " . In West Union , the route meets the western end of Iowa 56 on the south side and then US 18 in the heart of town . North of West Union , the route gradually eases to the west through a series of curves . South of the unincorporated community of Festina , the route straightens out on its way to Calmar . As Iowa 150 comes up from the south , the route ends in Calmar at an intersection with US 52 , which comes in from the east and turns north , and Iowa 24 , which comes in from the west . = = History = = There have been three iterations of Iowa 150 that have been shown on maps since the primary highway system was created in 1920 . The first , designated in 1925 , was a short connector route between US 32 in Homestead and US 30 in Cedar Rapids . This route that later became part of Iowa 149 is currently part of US 151 . The second version first appeared on state maps in 1932 . At first , the route went south from Jefferson to Iowa 46 between Jamaica and Herndon . Iowa 271 , a spur route from Panora north to Yale , was designated in 1935 . Three years later , Iowa 150 was extended southward along Iowa 271 , leaving only the short east – west portion of the supplanted highway with the 271 designation . By 1942 , all of Iowa 150 had been overtaken by Iowa 17 , which was relocated south of Jefferson . = = = Current route = = = The current Iowa 150 was created shortly after Iowa 17 supplanted the former Iowa 150 in the west @-@ central part of the state . The new Iowa 150 replaced Iowa 11 , which stretched from Calmar to Cedar Rapids via Independence , in its entirety . Through Cedar Rapids , the highway entered from the north along Center Point Road NE . It turned west onto US 151 and Iowa 64 along 1st Avenue E near Coe College . It turned south onto 10th Street SE on which it traveled for a few blocks to the corner of Mount Vernon Road and 8th Avenue SE , which carried US 30 east and west , respectively . From Cedar Rapids , the route continued south and east by overlapping US 30 and Iowa 38 to Tipton . It also entirely replaced Iowa 74 , which stretched from Tipton to Davenport . Through Davenport , the highway entered from the northwest along the aptly named Northwest Boulevard . Further into town , it intersected Kimberly Road and then transitioned onto Harrison Street . In downtown , the highway overlapped US 61 and US 67 along 4th Street , briefly along Gaines Street , and then along 2nd Street . Iowa 150 followed US 67 onto the Centennial Bridge where it ended at the state line over the Mississippi River . On the Illinois side of the bridge , US 150 began at the state line . During the 1950s , as today 's highway system was beginning to take shape , Iowa 150 was rerouted a couple times in Cedar Rapids . The first adjustment happened in 1954 , when US 30 was taken off of Mount Vernon Road and put onto a new road on the south side of town . Iowa 150 was moved west through downtown and across the Cedar River . It turned south onto 6th Street SW , on which US 30 and US 218 joined at 18th Avenue SW . The three routes turned east onto the new road , but US 218 turned south at Bowling Street SW . Within five years , Iowa 150 moved to the northeast side of Cedar Rapids and into Marion . Instead of continuing south to Coe College , it turned east at Collins Road and connected with US 151 and Iowa 64 near the eastern city limits . It then followed those two routes to downtown Marion , where it turned south onto a road which headed southeast towards Mount Vernon . East of Mount Vernon , it followed US 30 to Iowa 38 and continued towards Davenport . Within a few years , Iowa 150 was rerouted onto the newly extended Iowa 13 , which was extended south to US 30 near Bertram . At its longest extent , the route was 180 @.@ 52 miles ( 290 @.@ 52 km ) long . That all changed on January 1 , 1969 , when the Iowa State Highway Commission reorganized its primary highway system . The commission reassigned sections of highway with new numbers and removed duplicate numbers where they were unnecessary . In Iowa 150 's case , the route was truncated at US 151 in Cedar Rapids . The duplications along US 151 , Iowa 13 , US 30 , and Iowa 38 were removed and the remaining segment from Tipton to Davenport was renumbered Iowa 130 . The route 's new length was 97 @.@ 96 miles ( 157 @.@ 65 km ) . The southern end of Iowa 150 changed again in 1984 . After I @-@ 380 , which was constructed parallel to Iowa 150 between Cedar Rapids and Center Point , was opened to traffic , Iowa 150 's routing south of Iowa 101 was essentially redundant to the new interstate . As a result , Iowa 150 was rerouted over Iowa 101 south to Vinton . The vacated section of Iowa 150 was renumbered Iowa 920 from old Iowa 101 's north end to Center Point and Iowa 921 from Center Point to Cedar Rapids . In the 1980s , Iowa 150 near Oelwein was rerouted onto a new section of highway along the former right @-@ of @-@ way of the recently liquidated Rock Island Railroad . Originally proposed as a four @-@ lane highway , pressure from Oelwein residents caused the Iowa Transportation Commission to approve a three @-@ lane highway instead . The new section of highway was open by 1986 . The old section of Iowa 150 remained on the primary highway system as the unsigned Iowa 916 until July 1 , 2003 . Construction is currently underway to realign the curves 4 @.@ 5 miles north of Independence . The project has been under discussion since the release of a road safety audit in December 2009 . = = = Flooding in 2008 = = = On June 11 , 2008 , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of Iowa 150 north of Vinton closed for a few months after flood waters from the Cedar River destroyed the roadway . North of the intersection with County Road E16 ( CR E16 ) , a 400 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 120 m ) section of roadbed was completely washed away . By the end of the month , one lane the bridge over the Cedar River had reopened to local traffic and farmers . Reopening the bridge saved drivers from having to use a 22 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 35 km ) detour . By August , Iowa 150 was reopened to all traffic from Vinton to CR E16 . The washed @-@ out section of highway was rebuilt , repaved , and reopened on September 10 , almost three months after it closed . = = Major intersections = = = = Related routes = = = = = Iowa Highway 101 = = = Iowa Highway 101 ( Iowa 101 ) was a highway in Benton and Buchanan counties . It was an original primary highway designated in 1920 from Primary Road No. 40 in Vinton to Primary Road No. 5 in Independence . The northern half of the route was overlapped by Primary Route No. 11 , which would become Iowa 150 . By 1924 , Primary Road No. 101 was truncated to an intersection with Primary Road No. 11 west of Walker . The 15 @.@ 6 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 25 @.@ 1 km ) highway would largely remain the same for the next sixty years . In 1984 , Iowa 150 was rerouted over the highway and the Iowa 101 designation was removed . The former section of Iowa 150 became Iowa 920 and Iowa 921 . = = = Iowa Highway 920 = = = Iowa Highway 920 ( Iowa 920 ) was the northern half of the section of Iowa 150 that was vacated when it was rerouted over Iowa 101 . It began at the same intersection in Benton County west of Walker where Iowa 101 ended . Iowa 920 headed east towards Walker , where the highway skirted the edge of town by curving to the south . The route headed due south along Center Point Road for a few miles until it curved southwest and back to the southeast into Center Point . Through Center Point , the highway was known as Franklin Street . In the southern part of town , where Center Point Road turned south , Iowa 920 ended . In 2002 , the Road Use Tax Fund Committee , a mix of city , county , and state transportation officials , met to review and recommend changes to Iowa 's public road system . The report was necessitated by increasing costs to maintain the highway system and a level of funding that was not keeping up with the rising costs . The committee identified over 700 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) of state highways , including Iowa 920 , which could be turned over to local jurisdictions . Most of the committee 's recommendations were accepted and on July 1 , 2003 , Iowa 920 and over 600 miles ( 970 km ) of state highways were turned over to the counties or local jurisdictions . The east – west portion near Walker was replaced by CR D62 , while the north – south portion became CR W6E . The portion of Center Point Road south of Center Point was known as Iowa 921 for about a year . The 12 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) route extended south to Hiawatha . It was turned over to Linn County by 1986 as sections of I @-@ 380 , which was being built adjacent to Center Point Road , opened to traffic . The rural parts of Center Point Road became known as CR W6E , while the parts in Hiawatha are simply known as Center Point Road .
= Inari Ōkami = Inari Ōkami ( 稲荷大神 , also Oinari ) is the Japanese kami of foxes , of fertility , rice , tea and Sake , of agriculture and industry , of general prosperity and worldly success , and one of the principal kami of Shinto . In earlier Japan , Inari was also the patron of swordsmiths and merchants . Represented as male , female , or androgynous , Inari is sometimes seen as a collective of three or five individual kami . Inari appears to have been worshipped since the founding of a shrine at Inari Mountain in 711 AD , although some scholars believe that worship started in the late 5th century . Worship of Inari spread across Japan in the Edo period , and by the 16th century Inari had become the patron of blacksmiths and the protector of warriors . Inari is a popular figure in both Shinto and Buddhist beliefs in Japan . More than one @-@ third ( 32 @,@ 000 ) of the Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to Inari . Modern corporations , such as cosmetic company Shiseido , continue to revere Inari as a patron kami , with shrines atop their corporate headquarters . Inari 's foxes , or kitsune , are pure white and act as their messengers . = = Depiction = = Inari has been depicted both as male and as female . The most popular representations of Inari , according to scholar Karen Ann Smyers , are a young female food goddess , an old man carrying rice , and an androgynous bodhisattva . No one view is correct ; the preferred gender of depiction varies according to regional traditions and individual beliefs . Because of their close association with kitsune , Inari is often believed to be a fox ; though this belief is widespread , both Shinto and Buddhist priests discourage it . Inari also appears in the form of a snake or dragon , and one folktale has Inari appear to a wicked man in the shape of a monstrous spider as a way of teaching him a lesson . Inari is sometimes identified with other mythological figures . Some scholars suggest that Inari is the figure known in classical Japanese mythology as Ukanomitama or the Kojiki 's Ōgetsu @-@ Hime ; others suggest Inari is the same figure as Toyouke . Some take Inari to be identical to any grain kami . Inari 's female aspect is often identified or conflated with Dakiniten , a Buddhist deity who is a Japanese transformation of the Indian dakini , or with Benzaiten of the Seven Lucky Gods . Dakiniten is portrayed as a female or androgynous bodhisattva riding a flying white fox . Inari 's association with Buddhism may have begun in the 8th century , when Shingon Buddhist monk and founder , Kūkai , took over administration of the temple of Tōji , and chose Inari as a protector of the temple . Thus , Inari is still closely associated with Shingon Buddhism to this day . Inari is often venerated as a collective of three deities ( Inari sanza ) ; since the Kamakura period , this number has sometimes increased to five kami ( Inari goza ) . However , the identification of these kami has varied over time . According to records of Fushimi Inari , the oldest and perhaps most prominent Inari shrine , these kami have included Izanagi , Izanami , Ninigi , and Wakumusubi , in addition to the food deities previously mentioned . The five kami today identified with Inari at Fushimi Inari are Ukanomitama , Sarutahiko , Omiyanome , Tanaka , and Shi . However , at Takekoma Inari , the second @-@ oldest Inari shrine in Japan , the three enshrined deities are Ukanomitama , Ukemochi , and Wakumusubi . According to the Nijūni shaki , the three kami are Ōmiyame no mikoto ( water , ) Ukanomitama no mikoto ( grain , ) and Sarutahiko no mikami ( land . ) The fox and the wish @-@ fulfilling jewel are prominent symbols of Inari . Other common elements in depictions of Inari , and sometimes of their kitsune , include a sickle , a sheaf or sack of rice , and a sword . Another belonging was their whip — although they were hardly known to use it , it was a powerful weapon that was used to burn people 's crops of rice . = = History = = The origin of Inari worship is not entirely clear . The first recorded use of the present @-@ day kanji ( characters ) of Inari 's name , which mean " carrying rice " , ( literally " rice load " ) was in the Ruijū Kokushi in 892 AD . Other sets of kanji with the same phonetic readings , most of which contained a reference to rice , were in use earlier , and most scholars agree that the name Inari is derived from ine @-@ nari ( growing rice ) ( 稲成り ) . The worship of Inari is known to have existed as of 711 AD , the official founding date of the shrine at Inari Mountain in Fushimi , Kyoto . Scholars such as Kazuo Higo believe worship was conducted for centuries before that date ; they suggest that the Hata clan began the formal worship of Inari as an agriculture kami in the late fifth century . The name Inari does not appear in classical Japanese mythology . By the Heian period , Inari worship began to spread . In 823 AD , after Emperor Saga presented the Tō @-@ ji temple to Kūkai , the founder of the Shingon Buddhist sect , the latter designated Inari as its resident protector kami . In 827 , the court granted Inari the lower fifth rank , which further increased the deity 's popularity in the capital . Inari 's rank was subsequently increased , and by 942 , Emperor Suzaku granted Inari the top rank in thanks for overcoming rebellions . At this time , the Fushimi Inari @-@ taisha shrine was among the twenty @-@ two shrines chosen by the court to receive imperial patronage , a high honor . The second Inari shrine , Takekoma Inari , was established in the late ninth century . Inari 's popularity continued to grow . The Fushimi shrine , already a popular pilgrimage site , gained wide renown when it became an imperial pilgrimage site in 1072 . By 1338 , the shrine 's festival was said to rival the Gion Festival in splendor . In 1468 , during the Ōnin War , the entire Fushimi shrine complex was burned . Rebuilding took about thirty years ; the new building was consecrated in 1499 . While the old complex had enshrined three kami in separate buildings , the new one enshrined five kami in a single building . The new shrine also included a Buddhist temple building for the first time , and the hereditary priesthood was expanded to include the Kada clan . During the Edo period , Inari worship spread across Japan ; it became especially prominent in Edo . Smyers attributes this spread to the movement of daimyo ( feudal lords ) . Inari had by the sixteenth century become the patron of blacksmiths and the protector of warriors — for this reason , many castle compounds in Japan contain Inari shrines — and the daimyo took their belief in their protector kami with them when they relocated to a new domain . Inari 's divine role continued to expand ; on the coast , they became a protector of fishermen ; in Edo , they were invoked to prevent fires . They became the patron of actors and of prostitutes , since their shrines were often found near the pleasure quarters where these individuals lived . They began to be worshipped as the Desire @-@ Fulfilling Inari , a deity of luck and prosperity ; a common saying in Osaka was Byō Kōbō , yoku Inari ( For sickness [ pray to ] Kōbō , for desires [ pray to ] Inari ) . Ironically , Inari also began to be petitioned for good health ; they are credited with curing such diverse afflictions as coughs , toothaches , broken bones , and syphilis . Women prayed to Inari to grant them children . After a government decree mandated the separation of Buddhist and Shinto beliefs , many Inari shrines underwent changes . At Fushimi Inari , for instance , structures that were obviously Buddhist were torn down . Among the populace , however , the blended form of worship continued . Some Buddhist temples , such as Toyokawa Inari , maintained Inari worship by arguing that they had always been devoted to a Buddhist deity ( often Dakiniten ) , which the common folk had mistaken as Inari . In the Tokugawa period , when money replaced rice as the measure of wealth in Japan , Inari 's role as a kami of worldly prosperity was expanded to include all aspects of finance , business , and industry . At the beginning of the eighteenth century , followers of Inari at the Ginza mint struck coins meant for offerings to Inari , which featured pictures of two foxes and a jewel or the characters for long life and good luck . = = Shrines and offerings = = Inari is a popular deity with shrines and temples located throughout most of Japan . According to a 1985 survey by the National Association of Shinto Shrines , 32 @,@ 000 shrines — more than one @-@ third of Shinto shrines in Japan — are dedicated to Inari . This number includes only Shinto shrines with full @-@ time resident priests ; if small roadside or field shrines , shrines kept in a home or corporate office , smaller shrines without full @-@ time resident priests , and Buddhist temples were included , the number would increase by at least an order of magnitude . The entrance to an Inari shrine is usually marked by one or more vermilion torii and some statues of kitsune , which are often adorned with red yodarekake ( votive bibs ) by worshippers out of respect . This red color has come to be identified with Inari , because of the prevalence of its use among Inari shrines and their torii . The main shrine is the Fushimi Inari Shrine in Fushimi , Kyoto , Japan , where the paths up the shrine hill are marked in this fashion . The kitsune statues are at times taken for a form of Inari , and they typically come in pairs , representing a male and a female . These fox statues hold a symbolic item in their mouths or beneath a front paw — most often a jewel and a key , but a sheaf of rice , a scroll , or a fox cub are all common . Almost all Inari shrines , no matter how small , will feature at least a pair of these statues , usually flanking or on the altar or in front of the main sanctuary . The statues are rarely realistic ; they are typically stylized , portraying a seated animal with its tail in the air looking forward . Despite these common characteristics , the statues are highly individual in nature ; no two are quite the same . Offerings of rice , sake , and other food are given at the shrine to appease and please these kitsune messengers , who are then expected to plead with Inari on the worshipper 's behalf . Inari @-@ zushi , a Japanese sushi roll of packaged fried tofu , is another popular offering . Fried tofu is believed to be a favorite food of Japanese foxes , and an Inari @-@ zushi roll has pointed corners that resemble fox ears , thus reinforcing the association . Priests do not normally offer these foods to the deity , but it is common for shops that line the approach to an Inari shrine to sell fried tofu for devotees to offer . Fox statues are often offered to Inari shrines by worshippers , and on occasion a stuffed and mounted fox is presented to a temple . At one time , some temples were home to live foxes that were venerated , but this is not current practice . = = Festival = = Inari 's traditional festival day was the first horse day ( the sixth day ) of the second month ( nigatsu no hatsuuma ) of the lunisolar calendar . In some parts of Kyūshū , a festival or praying period begins five days before the full moon in November ; occasionally it is extended to a full week . This is accompanied by bringing offerings of rice products to a shrine to Inari each day and receiving o @-@ mamori ( protection charms ) .
= Haraldr Guðrøðarson = Haraldr Guðrøðarson was a mid thirteenth @-@ century King of the Isles . He was the son of Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson , King of the Isles , son of Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson , King of the Isles . Haraldr Guðrøðarson and his predecessors were members of the Crovan dynasty , and ruled an island @-@ kingdom that encompassed the Mann and portions of the Hebrides , variously known as the Kingdom of the Isles or the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles . In the early thirteenth century , Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's paternal grandfather , Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson , fought over the kingship with his younger half @-@ brother , Óláfr Guðrøðarson . The kin @-@ strife between the two was continued by their descendants , and in time included Haraldr Guðrøðarson himself . Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson was slain in 1229 , whereupon Óláfr took up the kingship . In 1231 , Óláfr co @-@ ruled a split kingdom with Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson 's son aforesaid son , Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson . On the latter 's death in the same year , Óláfr ruled the entire kingdom until his own death in 1237 , whereupon he was succeeded by his son , Haraldr Óláfsson , who was in turn succeeded by another son of Óláfr , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson . In 1249 , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson was slain by a knight who appears to have been an accomplice of Haraldr Guðrøðarson . Immediately following the assassination , Haraldr Guðrøðarson first appears in the mediaeval Chronicle of Mann , the main historical source for the Crovan dynasty , when it records that he took control of the island @-@ kingdom and replaced the chieftains of the old regime with followers of his own choosing . Although he was recognised as the legitimate ruler of the kingdom by Henry III , King of England at first , he was later summoned to Norway by Hákon Hákonarson , King of Norway , for his seizure of the kingdom . Upon his removal from Mann , Haraldr Guðrøðarson is not heard from again . In his absence , Magnús Óláfsson , yet another son of Óláfr , unsuccessfully attempted to seize Mann with Hebridean and Norwegian military support . The leadership of the Manx defenders in this action may have been adherents to Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's cause . Even so , Magnús returned two years later and succeeded to the kingship , becoming the last of the sea @-@ kings of the Crovan dynasty . = = Background = = Haraldr Guðrøðarson was a member of the Crovan dynasty , a family of sea @-@ kings who ruled the Mann and parts of the Hebrides from the late eleventh century to the mid thirteenth century . He was the son of Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson , King of the Isles ( died 1231 ) , who was in turn a son of Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson , King of the Isles ( died 1229 ) . Although the latter monarch may have managed to rule a somewhat independent kingdom , surrounded by formidable Norwegian , Scottish , and English monarchs , his successors fell under the shadow of Hákon Hákonarson , King of Norway ( died 1263 ) , and rendered tribute to the latter in recognition of Norwegian overlordship . Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson and his younger half @-@ brother , Óláfr Guðrøðarson ( died 1237 ) , warred over the dynasty 's island @-@ kingdom in the early thirteenth century , until the former was slain battling Óláfr in 1229 . Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson 's aforesaid son , Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson , took up his father 's claim to the throne , and at his height co @-@ ruled the kingdom with Óláfr in 1231 . Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson was slain in 1231 , however , and Óláfr ruled the entire island @-@ kingdom peacefully afterwards until his own death in 1237 . Óláfr was succeeded by his son , Haraldr Óláfsson , King of Mann and the Isles , who later travelled to Norway and married a daughter of Hákon , but lost his life at sea on his return voyage in 1248 . In the year of Haraldr Óláfsson 's drowning , two prominent members of Clann Somairle , Eógan mac Donnchada , Lord of Argyll ( died in or after 1268 ) and his second cousin Dubgall mac Ruaidrí ( died 1268 ) , travelled to Hákon in Norway and requested the title of king in the Hebrides . Hákon subsequently bestowed the title upon Eógan , and in 1249 , upon learning of Haraldr Óláfsson 's death , Hákon sent Eógan westward to take control of the Hebrides . In May 1249 , Haraldr Óláfsson 's brother , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson ( died 1249 ) , formally succeeded to the kingship . = = Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's ascension = = The mid thirteenth @-@ century Chronicle of Mann records that , on 30 May 1249 , Rögnvaldr Óláfsson was slain in a meadow near the Church of the Holy Trinity at Rushen , and later buried at the Church of St Mary at Rushen . The chronicle names one of Rögnvaldr 's killers as a certain knight named Ívarr , and identifies the others as the latter 's followers . Immediately following Rögnvaldr 's death , Haraldr Guðrøðarson makes his first appearance in the chronicle , as it records that he then seized the kingship . The chronology of events surrounding Rögnvaldr 's death suggests that Haraldr Guðrøðarson and Ívarr were allies . Moreover , a letter of Henry III , King of England ( died 1272 ) , dated April 1256 , further supports the likelihood of an alliance , as the letter commands Henry 's men not to receive the Haraldr Guðrøðarson and Ívarr who " wickedly slew " Rögnvaldr . The identity of Ívarr is uncertain . His designation as a knight may indicate that he was an élite of some sort . One suggestion is that he may have been a member of the Crovan dynasty . One man of the name is known to have been a son of Guðrøðr Óláfsson , although nothing more is known of him , and it is unlikely that a man born before 1187 would have been active in 1249 . The chronicle makes no mention of the knight 's ancestry , and this may be evidence that he was not related to the Crovan dynasty in any meaningful way . It is likely that he is identical to the " domino Yuor ' de Mann " ( " Lord Ívarr of Mann " ) who is recorded in one of Haraldr Óláfsson 's charters of 1246 . Following Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's takeover , the chronicle records that he then drove out all of the chiefs and nobles of the old regime who had been supporters of the deceased Haraldr Óláfsson , and then replaced them with men whom the latter had previously exiled . An example of the chronicle 's bias against the descendants of Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson is one of the two miracle narratives preserved by this source . The story in question is about a miracle attributed to St Mary , which may have been incorporated into the chronicle in order to discredit the reign of Haraldr Guðrøðarson . Whatever the case , the story deals with an aged chieftain named Domnall , who is described as a close friend of Haraldr Óláfsson , and regarded by the latter as worthier than others . The chronicle relates how Domnall and his young son were forced to flee from Haraldr Guðrøðarson to the sanctuary of the Church of St Mary at Rushen . The latter , however , is stated to have tricked them into leaving the church @-@ grounds , whereupon they were immediately seized . It was in this time of need , so the story says , that Domnall 's prayers to St Mary were answered , and that it was through her divine intervention that he and his son escaped from their imprisonment . The chronicle states that Domnall himself recounted the story to the chronicle 's compilers . The account itself seems to have been used as means to portray Haraldr Guðrøðarson as a distrustful oath @-@ breaker , and thereby further discredit the line of Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson ; conversely , the connection between Haraldr Óláfsson and the divinely favoured Domnall may have been intended to imply legitimacy in regards to Óláfr 's line . Although the identities of Domnall and his son are uncertain , there is reason to suspect that they are identical to Domhnall mac Raghnaill , the eponym of Clann Domhnaill , and his son , Aonghas . Haraldr Guðrøðarson may have attempted to strengthen his hold on the kingdom by entering into negotiations with Henry ; and was , for a time at least , regarded as a legitimate ruler by that English king , as a license of safe @-@ passage granted by him , valid from 28 December 1249 to 29 September 1250 , acknowledges Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's kingship , and gives him free pass to travel to the English court . = = Forced exile = = Haraldr Guðrøðarson 's reign was not a long one . In 1250 , the chronicle records that he was summoned by letter to the Norwegian royal court because Hákon was displeased at how Haraldr Guðrøðarson had wrongfully seized the kingship which was not his by right . The chronicle notes that the Norwegian king intended that Haraldr Guðrøðarson should never return to Mann , and he was consequently kept from returning to the island @-@ kingdom . Nothing further is heard from him . In the same year , the chronicle records that Magnús Óláfsson ( died 1265 ) — yet another son of Óláfr — and Eógan arrived on Mann with a force of Norwegians . The exact intentions of the invaders are unknown for certain . It is possible that they may have intended to install Magnús as king . At the very least , Eógan was likely looking for some form of compensation , as he had previously been forcefully dispossessed of his mainland Scottish lordship by Alexander II , King of Scots ( died 1249 ) for his refusal to renounce his allegiance to Hákon . The chronicle states that the invaders made landfall at Ronaldsway , and entered into negotiations with the Manx people ; although , when it was learned that Eógan styled himself " King of the Isles " the Manxmen took offence and broke off all dialogue . The chronicle describes how Eógan had his men form @-@ up on St Michael 's Isle , an island that was attached to Mann by a tidal causeway , and that the Manxmen formed @-@ up on the mainland , on the beach opposite the island . When the tide began to recede , the chronicle states that Eógan and those men closest to him boarded their ships , although much of his force remained stationed on the island . As evening drew near , the chronicle records that an accomplice of Ívarr led an attack upon the island and routed Eógan 's forces there . The next day , the chronicle states that the invading forces left the shores of Mann . Ívarr 's connection to the Manx attack on the invading forces of Eógan and Magnús may suggest that there was still considerable opposition on Mann by adherents of Haraldr Guðrøðarson to the prospect of Magnús ' kingship there . Two years later , the Chronicle of Mann and the Chronicle of Lanercost record that Magnús returned to Mann and with the consent of the Manxmen began his reign . There are indications that opposition to Magnús , and thus possibly support of Haraldr Guðrøðarson , continued into the mid 1250s . For example , the chronicle records that Hákon bestowed upon Magnús the title of king in 1254 ; and further notes that , when Magnús ' opponents heard of this bequeathment , they became dismayed and their hopes of overthrowing him gradually faded away . Furthermore , Henry 's 1256 letter , which orders his men not to receive Haraldr Guðrøðarson and Ívarr , may indicate that the two were still alive and active at the time . Whatever the case , Magnús , the last reigning king of the Crovan dynasty , ruled unchallenged as King of Mann and the Isles until his death in 1265 . = = Ancestry = =
= Thorpe affair = The Thorpe affair of the 1970s was a British political and sex scandal that ended the career of Jeremy Thorpe , the leader of the Liberal Party and Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Devon . The scandal arose from allegations by Norman Josiffe ( otherwise known as Norman Scott ) , that he and Thorpe had shared a homosexual relationship in the early 1960s , at a time when such relationships were illegal in the United Kingdom . Thorpe denied any such relationship , while admitting that the two had been friends . With the help of political colleagues and a compliant press , he was able to ensure that rumours of misconduct were unreported for more than a decade . Scott 's allegations were a persistent threat , however , and by the mid @-@ 1970s he was perceived as a danger both to Thorpe and to the Liberal Party , which was then enjoying a resurgence of popularity and was close to a place in government . Attempts to buy or frighten Scott into silence were unsuccessful , and the problem mounted , until the fallout following the shooting of his dog by a hired gunman brought the matter into the open . After further newspaper revelations Thorpe was forced to resign the Liberal leadership , and subsequent police investigations led to his being charged , with three others , with conspiracy to murder Scott . Before the case came to trial , Thorpe lost his parliamentary seat in the May 1979 general election . At the trial , the prosecution 's case depended heavily on the evidence of Scott , of Thorpe 's former parliamentary colleague Peter Bessell , and of the hired gunman , Andrew Newton . None of these witnesses impressed the court ; Bessell 's credibility was undermined by the revelations of his financial arrangements with The Sunday Telegraph . In his summing @-@ up the judge was scathing about the prosecution 's evidence , and all four defendants were acquitted . Nevertheless , Thorpe 's public reputation was damaged irreparably by the case . He had chosen not to testify at the trial , which left a number of matters unexplained amid public disquiet . Thorpe 's retirement into private life was hastened by the onset of Parkinson 's disease in the mid @-@ 1980s , and he made few public statements afterwards . He achieved a reconciliation with the North Devon Liberal Democrat party , of which he was honorary president from 1988 until his death in 2014 . Allegations of suppression of evidence by the police before the trial were under investigation in 2015 . = = Background = = = = = Homosexuality and UK law = = = Before the passage of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , which decriminalised most homosexual acts in England and Wales ( but did not apply to Scotland or Northern Ireland ) , all sexual activity between men was illegal throughout the United Kingdom , and carried heavy criminal penalties . Antony Grey , a secretary of the Homosexual Law Reform Society , wrote of " a hideous aura of criminality and degeneracy and abnormality surrounding the matter " . Political figures were particularly vulnerable to exposure ; William Field , the Labour MP for Paddington North , was forced to resign his seat in 1953 after a conviction for soliciting in a public lavatory . In the following year Lord Montagu of Beaulieu , the youngest peer in the House of Lords , was imprisoned for a year after being convicted , with several others , of " gross indecency " , victim of a virulent " drive against male vice " led by the Home Secretary , Sir David Maxwell @-@ Fyfe . Four years later public attitudes had changed little . When Ian Harvey , a junior Foreign Office minister in Harold Macmillan 's government , was found guilty of indecent behaviour with a Coldstream Guardsman in November 1958 , he lost both his ministerial job and his parliamentary seat at Harrow East . He was ostracised by the Conservative Party and by most of his former friends , and never again held a position in public life . Thus , anyone entering politics at that time knew that revelations of homosexual activity would likely bring such a career to a swift end . = = = Thorpe = = = John Jeremy Thorpe was born in 1929 , the son and grandson of Conservative MPs . After school at Eton , he studied law at Trinity College , Oxford , where , having decided on a political career , he devoted his main energies to making a personal impact rather than to his studies . Rejecting his Conservative background , he joined the small , centrist Liberal Party , by the late 1940s a declining force in British politics but offering a national platform and a challenge to an ambitious young politician . He became secretary , and eventually president , of the university 's Liberal Club , and met many of the party 's leading figures . In the Hilary term of 1950 – 51 Thorpe served as president of the Oxford Union . In 1952 , while studying at the Inner Temple prior to his call to the bar , Thorpe was adopted as prospective Liberal parliamentary candidate by the North Devon constituency , a Conservative @-@ held seat where , in the 1951 general election , the Liberals had finished in third place behind Labour . Thorpe campaigned tirelessly , using the slogan " A Vote for the Liberals is a Vote for Freedom " , and in the 1955 general election halved his Conservative opponent 's majority in North Devon . Four years later , in October 1959 , he captured the seat with a majority of 362 , one of six successful Liberals in what was generally an electoral triumph for the Conservative Macmillan government . The writer and former MP Matthew Parris describes Thorpe as one of the more dashing among the new MPs elected in 1959 . Thorpe 's chief political interest lay in the field of human rights , and his speeches criticising apartheid in South Africa attracted the attention of the South African Bureau of State Security ( BOSS ) , who took note of this rising Liberal star . Thorpe was briefly considered as best man at the 1960 wedding of his Eton contemporary Antony Armstrong @-@ Jones to Princess Margaret , but was rejected when vetting checks indicated that he might have homosexual tendencies . The security agency MI5 , which routinely keeps records on all members of parliament , added this information to Thorpe 's file . = = = Josiffe , later Scott = = = Norman Josiffe was born in Sidcup , Kent , on 12 February 1940 — he did not assume the name Scott until 1967 . His mother was Ena Josiffe , née Lynch ; Albert Josiffe , her second husband , abandoned the family home soon after Norman 's birth . Norman 's early childhood was relatively happy and stable , but as he entered puberty he became confused by his emergent sexuality ; his homosexual inclinations were at odds with his strict Catholic upbringing . After leaving school at 15 with no qualifications , he acquired a pony by means of an animal charity , and became a competent rider . When he was 16 he was prosecuted for the theft of a saddle and some pony feed , and was put on probation . With the encouragement of his probation officer he took lessons at Westerham Riding School at Oxted in Surrey , and eventually found work at a stable in Altrincham in Cheshire . After moving there he chose to cut all links with his family , and began to call himself " Lianche @-@ Josiffe " ( " Lianche " being a stylised version of " Lynch " ) . He also hinted at an aristocratic background , and of family tragedies that had left him orphaned and alone . In 1959 Josiffe moved to the Kingham Stables in Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , where he learned dressage while working as a groom . The stables were owned by Norman Vater , the self @-@ made son of a coalminer who , like Josiffe , had inflated his name and was known as " Brecht Van de Vater " . In the course of his rise , Vater had made numerous friends in higher social circles , among them Thorpe . Initially , Josiffe was settled and happy at the stables , but his relationship with Vater deteriorated in the face of the latter 's assertive and demanding manner , and he was unable to form good relationships with his fellow @-@ workers . He began to evidence the kind of behaviour which a journalist would later summarise as his " extraordinary talent for wheedling his way into people 's sympathy before turning their lives to misery with his hysterical temper @-@ tantrums . " = = = Bessell = = = Peter Bessell , eight years older than Thorpe , had a successful business career before entering Liberal politics in the 1950s . He came to the party 's attention in 1955 when , as the Liberal candidate in the Torquay by @-@ election , he substantially increased his party 's vote in the first of a series of impressive Liberal results during the 1955 – 59 parliament . He was subsequently selected as candidate for the more winnable constituency of Bodmin , and became both an admirer and personal friend of Thorpe , who in turn was impressed by Bessell 's apparent business acumen . At Bodmin in the 1959 general election , Bessell reduced the Conservative majority , and he followed this in the October 1964 election with victory by over 3 @,@ 000 votes . With the prestige of the letters " MP " after his name , Bessell set out in pursuit of serious money @-@ making , while staying close to Thorpe whom he considered the likely next leader of the Liberal Party . Bessell noted that Thorpe , for all his gregariousness and warmth , appeared to have no female friends and lacked any interest in girls . The former Liberal MP Frank Owen confided to Bessell his suspicions that Thorpe was a homosexual ; other West Country Liberals had formed the same opinion . Aware that exposure as a homosexual would end Thorpe 's career , Bessell became his self @-@ appointed protector , even to the extent , he later said , of falsely claiming to be bisexual , as a means of acquiring his friend 's confidence . = = Origins = = = = = Disputed friendship = = = In late 1960 or early 1961 , Thorpe visited Vater at the Kingham Stables , and briefly met Josiffe . He was sufficiently taken with the young man to suggest that , should Josiffe ever need help , he should call at the House of Commons . Soon after this , Josiffe left the stables after a serious disagreement with Vater . He then suffered a mental breakdown , and for much of 1961 was under psychiatric care . On 8 November 1961 , a week after discharging himself from the Ashurst clinic , Josiffe went to the House of Commons to see Thorpe . He was penniless , homeless and , worse , had left Vater 's employment without the National Insurance card which , at that time , was essential for obtaining regular work and access to social and unemployment benefits . Thorpe promised he would help . According to Josiffe 's account , a homosexual liaison with Thorpe began that same evening , at Thorpe 's mother 's home in Oxted , and continued for several years . Thorpe , while acknowledging that a friendship developed , denied any sexual dimension in the relationship . He organised accommodation for Josiffe in London , and a longer @-@ term stay with a family in Barnstaple , within the North Devon constituency . He paid for advertisements in Country Life magazine , in an effort to find work with horses for his friend , arranged various temporary jobs , and promised to help Josiffe to realise an ambition to study dressage in France . On the basis of Josiffe 's claim that his father had died in an air crash , Thorpe 's solicitors investigated whether any money was due , but found that Albert Josiffe was alive and well in Orpington . When early in 1962 , the police questioned Josiffe about the alleged theft of a suede jacket , Thorpe persuaded the investigating officer that Josiffe was recovering from mental illness , and was under his care . No further action was taken . In April 1962 Josiffe obtained a replacement National Insurance card which , he later said , was retained by Thorpe who had assumed the role of his employer . This was denied by Thorpe , and the " missing card " remained an ongoing source of grievance for Josiffe . He began to feel marginalised by Thorpe , and in December 1962 , in a fit of depression , confided to a friend his intention to shoot the MP and commit suicide . The friend alerted the police , to whom Josiffe gave a detailed statement of his sexual relations with Thorpe , and produced letters to support his story . None of this evidence impressed the police sufficiently for them to take action , although a report on the matter was added to Thorpe 's MI5 file . In 1963 , a relatively calm period in Josiffe 's life as a riding instructor in Northern Ireland ended after he was seriously hurt in an accident at the Dublin Horse Show . He moved back to England , and eventually found a job at a riding school in Wolverhampton , where he stayed for several months before his erratic behaviour proved too much , and he was asked to leave . After a period of aimlessness in London , Josiffe saw an advertisement for a groom 's post in Porrentruy in Switzerland . Thorpe used his influence to secure him the job . Josiffe left for Switzerland in December 1964 , but returned to England almost immediately with complaints that conditions were impossible . In his hurry to depart he left his suitcase behind , which contained letters and other documents that , he believed , supported his claims to a sexual relationship with Thorpe . = = = Threats and counter @-@ measures = = = Thorpe proved to be a lively and witty performer in the cut and thrust of parliamentary debates , and his presence in the House of Commons was soon noticed . In July 1962 , in the wake of some disastrous Conservative by @-@ election performances , Macmillan sacked seven cabinet ministers in what was known as the " Night of the Long Knives " . Thorpe 's comment — " Greater love hath no man than this , that he lay down his friends for his life " — was widely regarded in the press as the most apt verdict on the prime minister . Thorpe raised his political profile with effective attacks on government bureaucracy , and in the October 1964 general election was returned in North Devon with an increased majority . A year later he secured the office of Liberal Party treasurer , a significant step towards his ambition to become the next party leader . By early 1965 Josiffe was in Dublin , where he worked at various horse @-@ related jobs while continuing to badger Thorpe by letter about his missing luggage and the continuing National Insurance card issue . However , Thorpe rejected any responsibility for these matters . In mid @-@ March 1965 Josiffe wrote a long letter to Thorpe 's mother , which began : " For the last five years , as you probably know , Jeremy and I have had a homosexual relationship . " The letter blamed Thorpe for awakening " this vice that lies latent in every man " , and accused him of callousness and disloyalty . Ursula Thorpe gave the letter to her son , who drafted a quasi @-@ legal statement rejecting the " damaging and groundless accusations " and accusing Josiffe of attempting to blackmail him . The document was never sent ; instead , Thorpe turned to Bessell for advice . Bessell , anxious to be of service to his party 's highest @-@ profile figure , flew to Dublin in April 1965 . He found that Josiffe was being advised by a sympathetic Jesuit priest , Father Sweetman , who believed that at least some of Josiffe 's allegations might be true ; otherwise , he asked Bessell , why had he flown all the way from London to deal with them ? Bessell warned Josiffe of the consequences of attempting to blackmail a public figure , but in a more conciliatory vein promised to help recover the missing luggage and insurance card . He also hinted at the possibility of an equestrian job in America . Bessell 's intervention appeared to contain the problem , particularly as Josiffe 's suitcase was recovered shortly afterwards — although , according to Josiffe , letters implicating Thorpe had been removed . For most of the following two years Josiffe remained largely quiescent in Ireland , attempting to establish himself in various careers ; part of this time was spent in a monastery . It was during this period that he formally adopted the name of Scott . In April 1967 Scott wrote to Bessell from Ireland , asking for help in obtaining a passport in his changed name so that he could begin a new life in America . A second , less positive letter , dated July , indicated that Scott had returned to England and was once again in difficulties , with medical bills and other debts . His lack of an insurance card prevented him from claiming benefits . By this time , Thorpe had succeeded Jo Grimond as leader of the Liberal Party . To resolve Scott 's immediate problems , and to prevent a resumption of his tirades against the new party leader , Bessell began paying him a " retainer " of between £ 5 and £ 10 a week , ostensibly in lieu of lost national insurance benefits . Bessell also arranged Scott 's new passport , but by this time Scott had abandoned his American plans and wished to establish a career as a model . He asked Bessell for £ 200 to set him up ; Bessell refused , but in May 1968 gave him £ 75 , on the understanding there would be no further demands for a year . = = Developments = = = = = Incitement = = = Thorpe 's leadership of the Liberals was not , initially , an unqualified success ; his local campaigning skills did not readily transfer to set speeches on national or international issues , and some sections of the party became restless . His engagement to Caroline Allpass , announced in April 1968 , reassured those in the party who had reservations about his private life ; others were shocked by Thorpe 's emphasis on the political motivation for the marriage — worth five points in the polls , he opined to Mike Steele , the party 's press officer . For much of 1968 Thorpe was untroubled by Scott , who had acquired new friends and , according to Bessell , had burned his Thorpe letters . His reappearance in November 1968 , again penniless and without prospect of work , was particularly unwelcome to Thorpe , as he fought to establish his leadership credentials . Bessell provided immediate relief by resuming the weekly cash retainer , but this was a short @-@ term respite . Early in December 1968 Bessell was summoned to Thorpe 's office in the House of Commons . According to Bessell , Thorpe said of Scott : " We 've got to get rid of him " , and later : " It is no worse than shooting a sick dog . " Bessell said later that he was unsure whether Thorpe was serious , but decided to play along , by discussing various ways of getting rid of Scott 's body . Thorpe supposedly thought that disposal down one of Cornwall 's many disused tin mines offered the best option , and also suggested his friend David Holmes as an appropriate assassin . Holmes , one of four assistant treasurers of the Liberal Party appointed by Thorpe in 1965 , had been best man at Thorpe 's wedding , and was completely loyal to him . Bessell further maintained that in January 1969 , Thorpe called him to a meeting together with Holmes , and that again Thorpe put forward suggestions for eliminating Scott . These were dismissed as impractical or ridiculous by Bessell and Holmes , who nevertheless agreed to give the matter further consideration . They hoped , said Bessell , that if they stalled , Thorpe would see the absurdity of his murder scheme and abandon it . Holmes , who largely confirmed Bessell 's account of the meeting , later justified this decision on the grounds that " if we had simply said no , he might have gone elsewhere — and that might have led to an even greater disaster . " According to Bessell and Holmes , discussions of the plan ended in May 1969 , after the surprising news of Scott 's wedding that month . = = = Party enquiry = = = By the spring of 1971 , Thorpe 's political career had stalled . He had led the party to a disastrous performance in the United Kingdom general election of June 1970 ; in an unexpected victory for the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the Liberals lost seven of their thirteen parliamentary seats , and Thorpe 's majority in North Devon fell to below 400 . Bessell , with mounting business worries , did not stand for re @-@ election in Bodmin . Thorpe faced censure for his conduct of a campaign during which he had spent extravagantly and left the party on the verge of bankruptcy , but the matter was put aside in a wave of sympathy when , 10 days after the election , his wife Caroline was killed in a road accident . Thorpe was devastated ; he continued as leader , but for the next year performed little beyond routine party duties . Meanwhile , Bessell 's efforts ensured that for the time being the Scott threat was kept at bay . The missing insurance card meant that Scott 's wife , who was pregnant , could not claim maternity benefits . Scott threatened to talk to newspapers , but the matter was resolved by the issue of an emergency card , after Bessell 's intervention at the Department of Health and Social Security . In 1970 Scott 's marriage collapsed ; he blamed Thorpe , and again threatened exposure . Bessell successfully prevented Thorpe 's name being mentioned in court during the divorce proceedings , and arranged that Thorpe , anonymously , would pay the legal costs . Early in 1971 Scott moved to a cottage in the village of Talybont in North Wales , where he befriended a widow , Gwen Parry @-@ Jones . He convinced her of his mistreatment at the hands of Thorpe sufficiently for her to contact the Liberal MP for the adjoining constituency of Montgomeryshire — Emlyn Hooson , on the right wing of the party and no friend of either Thorpe or Bessell . Hooson suggested a meeting at the House of Commons . On 26 and 27 May 1971 Scott told his story to Hooson and David Steel , the Liberals ' Chief Whip . Neither was fully convinced , but felt the matter warranted further investigation . Against Thorpe 's wishes a confidential party enquiry was arranged for 9 June , to be chaired by Lord Byers , the leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords . At the enquiry Byers took a tough line against Scott , failing to offer him a chair and treating him , Scott said , " like a boy at school up before the headmaster . " Byers 's unsympathetic manner quickly unsettled Scott , who changed the details of his story several times and frequently broke down in tears . Byers suggested that Scott was a common blackmailer who needed psychiatric help . Declaring that Byers was a " pontificating old sod " , Scott fled the room . The enquiry then questioned police officers about letters which Scott had shown to the police in 1962 , but were told that these were inconclusive . Thorpe persuaded the Home Secretary , Reginald Maudling , and the Metropolitan Police Commissioner , Sir John Waldron , to inform Byers that there was no police interest in Thorpe 's activities , and no evidence of wrongdoing on his part . As a result , the enquiry dismissed Scott 's allegations . = = = Further threats = = = Angry at his treatment by the Byers enquiry , Scott sought other means of pursuing his vendetta against Thorpe . In June 1971 he met Gordon Winter , a South African journalist who was also an agent for the South African intelligence agency BOSS . Scott provided details of his supposed seduction by Thorpe , a story which Winter assured his BOSS masters would destroy Thorpe and the Liberal Party . He found that no newspaper would print the story on largely uncorroborated and unreliable evidence . In March 1972 Scott 's friend Gwen Parry @-@ Jones died ; Scott used the inquest to denounce Thorpe for ruining his life and driving Parry @-@ Jones to her death . None of these accusations was published . Depressed , Scott retreated into a state of torpor , assisted by tranquilisers , and for a while presented no threat to Thorpe . In 1972 and 1973 Thorpe 's political fortunes , and those of the Liberals , revived . Thorpe 's personal standing was enhanced when , on 14 March 1973 , he married Marion , Countess of Harewood , whose former husband was a first cousin to the Queen . After a series of by @-@ election victories and local government gains , an electoral breakthrough for the party looked plausible when Heath called a general election in February 1974 . In that election , with more than six million votes ( 19 @.@ 3 % of votes cast ) , the Liberals achieved by far their best election result since the Second World War , but under the first @-@ past @-@ the @-@ post voting system this large vote translated into only 14 seats . However , as neither major party won an overall majority , these seats gave Thorpe ( whose personal majority in North Devon increased to 11 @,@ 072 ) significant leverage . He was briefly in coalition discussions with Heath , who was prepared to give cabinet posts to Thorpe and other senior Liberals . Thorpe later denied that there was any serious prospect of agreement , and in March 1974 Harold Wilson formed a minority Labour government . In the second 1974 general election , in October , Wilson achieved a narrow majority ; the Liberals lost ground , with 5 @.@ 3 million votes and 13 MPs . After Parry @-@ Jones 's death Scott lived quietly for a while in the West Country . In January 1974 he met Tim Keigwin , Thorpe 's Conservative opponent in North Devon , and gave his version of his relationship with Thorpe . Keigwin was advised by the Conservative leadership that the material should not be used . Scott also confided in his doctor , Ronald Gleadle , who was treating him for depression . He had shown Gleadle his dossier of documents ; the doctor , without Scott 's knowledge or consent , sold the papers to Holmes , who had assumed the role of Thorpe 's protector after Bessell settled permanently in California in January 1974 . Holmes paid £ 2 @,@ 500 for the documents , which were promptly burned in the home of Thorpe 's solicitor . A further cache of papers was discovered in November 1974 , by builders renovating a London office formerly used by Bessell . They found a briefcase containing letters and photographs that apparently compromised Thorpe , among them Scott 's 1965 letter to Ursula Thorpe . Undecided what to do with their find , they took it to the Sunday Mirror newspaper . Sidney Jacobson , the paper 's deputy chairman , decided not to publish the material and passed the briefcase and its content to Thorpe . Copies of the documents were , however , kept in the newspaper 's files . = = = Alleged conspiracy = = = In their analysis of the case , the journalists Simon Freeman and Barry Penrose state that Thorpe probably formed the outline of a plan to silence Scott early in 1974 , after the latter 's re @-@ emergence became a matter of increasing concern . Holmes later said that Thorpe was insistent that Scott be killed : " [ Jeremy felt ] he would never be safe with that man around " . Uncertain how to proceed , late in 1974 Holmes approached a business acquaintance , a carpet salesman named John Le Mesurier ( not to be confused with the actor of that name ) . Le Mesurier introduced Holmes to George Deakin , a fruit machine salesman who , he thought , would have contacts with people who might be prepared to deal with Scott . Holmes and Le Mesurier concocted a story involving a blackmailer who needed to be frightened off ; Deakin agreed to help . In February 1975 Deakin met Andrew Newton , an airline pilot , who said he was willing to deal with Scott for an appropriate fee — between £ 5 @,@ 000 and £ 10 @,@ 000 was suggested . Deakin put Newton in touch with Holmes . Newton always said that he had been hired to kill , not frighten , citing the size of the fee that he was offered — too much , he said , simply to scare someone . While these arrangements proceeded , Thorpe wrote to Sir Jack Hayward , the Bahamas @-@ based millionaire businessman , who had given generously to the Liberal Party in the past . In the wake of the Liberals ' February 1974 election successes , Thorpe asked for £ 50 @,@ 000 to replenish the party 's funds . He further requested that £ 10 @,@ 000 of this sum be paid , not into the party 's regular accounts but to Nadir Dinshaw , an acquaintance of Thorpe 's who was resident in the Channel Islands . Thorpe explained that this subterfuge was necessary to deal with a special category of unspecific election expenses . Hayward trusted Thorpe , and sent the £ 10 @,@ 000 to Dinshaw who , instructed by Thorpe , passed the money to Holmes . After the October 1974 election Thorpe again requested funds from Hayward , and again asked that £ 10 @,@ 000 be sent via the Dinshaw route . Hayward obliged , though this time with more reluctance and after some delay . No accounting of this £ 20 @,@ 000 was ever provided ; Holmes , Le Mesurier and Deakin all said that it was used to finance a " conspiracy to frighten " , although they disagreed as to how much was spent . Thorpe later changed the explanation he had given Hayward , and said he had deposited the sum with accountants " as an iron reserve against any shortage of funds at any subsequent election . " He denied that he had authorised any payment to Newton or to anyone else connected with the case . = = = Shooting = = = Newton met Holmes in October 1975 when , the former claimed , he was given a down payment on a fee of £ 10 @,@ 000 . Holmes denied any such transaction , admitting only an agreement that Newton would carry out a frightening operation . Newton then contacted Scott , calling himself " Peter Keene " and claiming to be hired to protect Scott from a hit man . This seemed plausible to Scott , who had been beaten up a few weeks earlier . On 23 October Newton , driving a hired or borrowed yellow Mazda car , met Scott by arrangement in Combe Martin , just north of Barnstaple . Newton explained that he had to drive to Porlock , about 25 miles away , and suggested that Scott accompany him — he and Scott could talk on the journey . Scott had with him his recently acquired pet dog , a Great Dane called Rinka ; this disconcerted Newton , who was afraid of dogs , but Scott insisted that Rinka stay . At Porlock , Newton left Scott and Rinka at a hotel while he supposedly dealt with his business . He picked them up shortly after 8 pm , and they began the drive back to Combe Martin . On a deserted stretch of road , Newton began to drive erratically , feigning tiredness , and accepted Scott 's suggestion that he take over the driving . They stopped ; Scott got out , followed by Rinka , and ran round to the driver 's side , where he found Newton , gun in hand . Newton shot the dog in the head and , saying " It 's your turn now " , pointed the gun at Scott . The pistol failed to fire several times , apparently jammed ; eventually Newton jumped into the car and drove away , leaving Scott and the dead or dying dog by the roadside . After Scott had been picked up in a distressed state by a passing car , the police were notified , and Newton was identified through the Mazda 's registration number , which a friend of Scott 's in Combe Martin had providentially noted down . Newton 's story was that Scott was blackmailing him and that the shooting had been intended to frighten him . He made no mention of his deal with Holmes , calculating that by keeping silent he would maximise his chances of payment from that quarter . = = Revelations = = On 12 December 1975 Private Eye included a short piece by Auberon Waugh which ended : " My only hope is that sorrow over his friend 's dog will not cause Mr Thorpe 's premature retirement from public life " . Most newspapers knew of the stories surrounding Thorpe and Scott , but were wary of libel . According to Parris , they were " serving notice on Thorpe that they knew a bigger story must break , and could wait for it " . In January 1976 Scott appeared before magistrates on a minor social security fraud charge , and stated that he was being hounded because of his previous sexual relationship with Thorpe . This claim , made in court and therefore protected from the libel laws , was widely reported . The Daily Mail had meanwhile discovered Bessell 's whereabouts in California , and on 3 February 1976 carried a long interview with the former MP . Bessell 's story that he had been blackmailed by Scott provided Thorpe with temporary cover . On 6 March newspapers reported Holmes 's purchase of Scott 's dossier from Gleadle , and a few days later David Steel discovered from Dinshaw , a personal friend , that £ 20 @,@ 000 of funds intended for the party had been diverted to Holmes and were unaccounted for . Steel told Thorpe that he should resign , but he refused . In an attempt to reassure his wavering parliamentary colleagues , on 14 March Thorpe provided The Sunday Times 's " Insight " team with a detailed rebuttal of Scott 's charges , under the heading " The Lies of Norman Scott " . Newton 's trial took place at Exeter Crown Court from 16 to 19 March 1976 , where Scott repeated his allegations against Thorpe despite the efforts of the prosecution 's lawyers to steer him away . Newton was found guilty and sentenced to two years ' imprisonment , but did not incriminate Thorpe . However , Thorpe 's difficulties increased when Bessell , fearing for his own position and perhaps scenting the possibility of making money , changed his stance and confessed in the Daily Mail on 6 May that he had lied to protect his former friend . A further concern for Thorpe was the danger that newspapers would publish letters he had sent to Scott early in their friendship . In an effort to forestall this , Thorpe arranged for the publication of two of the letters in The Sunday Times , a paper generally sympathetic towards him . In one of these letters Thorpe referred to Scott by the pet name " Bunnies " . The tone of this letter convinced readers and commentators that Thorpe had not been frank about the nature of the relationship . On 10 May 1976 , amid rising criticism , he resigned as Liberal leader , again categorically denying Scott 's allegations but acknowledging the damage that they were inflicting on the party . After Thorpe 's resignation the relative lack of press attention to the story for 18 months disguised the extent to which investigative reporting continued . Barry Penrose and Roger Courtiour , collectively known as " Pencourt " , had originally been hired by Wilson after his retirement , to investigate the former prime minister 's theory that Thorpe was a target of South African intelligence agencies . Pencourt 's investigations led them to Bessell , who gave them his account of a conspiracy to murder Scott , and Thorpe 's role in it . Before they could publish , they were scooped ; Newton , released from prison in October 1977 , sold his story to the London Evening News . He said that he had been paid £ 5 @,@ 000 to kill Scott , and provided photographs of him receiving payment from Le Mesurier . A lengthy police inquiry followed , at the end of which Thorpe , Holmes , Le Mesurier and Deakin were charged with conspiracy to murder . Thorpe was additionally charged with incitement to murder , on the basis of his 1969 meetings with Bessell and Holmes . After being released on bail , Thorpe declared : " I am totally innocent of this charge and will vigorously challenge it " . On 2 August 1978 Thorpe participated in a House of Commons debate about the future of Rhodesia , but thereafter played no further active part in parliament , although he remained North Devon 's member . At the Liberals ' 1978 annual assembly in Southport , he embarrassed the leadership by making a theatrical entrance and taking his place on the platform . = = Committal and trial = = The prosecution set out its case at the pre @-@ trial committal hearing , which began in Minehead on 20 November 1978 . At the request of Deakin 's counsel , reporting restrictions were lifted , which meant that newspapers were free to print anything said in court without fear of the libel laws . This move infuriated Thorpe , who had hoped for an in camera hearing which would avoid unfortunate newspaper headlines and perhaps lead to the dismissal of the case . Whatever the outcome , Thorpe knew that the adverse publicity would destroy his career , and that Scott would thus have his revenge . As the hearings began , Bessell described the 1969 meetings where he alleged that Thorpe had suggested that Holmes should kill Scott , including the comment about the shooting of a sick dog . The court learned that Bessell had a contract with The Sunday Telegraph , which was paying him £ 50 @,@ 000 for his story . Dinshaw gave evidence of the £ 20 @,@ 000 he had received from Hayward and passed to Holmes , and of subsequent attempts by Thorpe to obscure the details of these transactions . Newton testified that Holmes had wanted Scott killed : " He would prefer it if [ Scott ] vanished from the face of the earth and was never seen again . It was left to me how to do it " . Scott gave clinical details of his alleged seduction by Thorpe at Thorpe 's mother 's house in November 1961 and on other occasions , and also recounted his ordeal on the moors above Porlock Hill . At the end of the hearing the presiding magistrate committed the four defendants for trial at the Central Criminal Court , commonly known as the Old Bailey . In March 1979 James Callaghan 's Labour government fell , and a general election was called for 3 May , delaying the intended start of the trial . Thorpe , who still had a following among North Devon Liberals , was adopted as their candidate . Largely isolated from his party 's national campaign , he lost the seat to his Conservative opponent by over 8 @,@ 000 votes . The trial began on 8 May , under Sir Joseph Cantley , a relatively obscure High Court judge with limited experience of high @-@ profile cases . To conduct his defence Thorpe engaged George Carman , who had established a criminal law practice on the Northern Circuit in Manchester ; this was his first high @-@ profile national case . Carman undermined Bessell 's credibility by revealing his financial interest in Thorpe 's conviction : his newspaper contract provided that in the event of acquittal , only half the £ 50 @,@ 000 would be paid . The judge left no doubt as to his own low opinion of Bessell 's character ; Auberon Waugh , who was writing a book on the trial , thought that Cantley 's general attitude to other prosecution witnesses became increasingly one @-@ sided . On 7 June Deakin testified that although he had put Newton in touch with Holmes , he had thought that this was to help someone to deal with a blackmailer — he knew nothing of a conspiracy to kill . Deakin was the only defendant to testify ; the others all chose to remain silent and call no witnesses , believing that , based on the testimonies of Bessell , Scott and Newton , the prosecution had failed to make its case . During his closing speech on behalf of Thorpe , Carman raised the possibility that Holmes and others might have organised a conspiracy without Thorpe 's knowledge . On 18 June the judge began his summing @-@ up . He drew the jury 's attention to the previous good character of the defendants — " men of hitherto unblemished reputation . " Thorpe was additionally described as " a national figure with a very distinguished public record " . The judge was scathing about the principal witnesses : Bessell was a " humbug " whose contract with The Sunday Telegraph was " deplorable " ; Scott was a fraud , a sponger , a whiner , a parasite — " but of course he could still be telling the truth . It is a question of belief . " Newton was characterised as a perjurer and a chump , " determined to milk the case as hard as he can . " The mystery surrounding the £ 20 @,@ 000 that Thorpe had obtained from Hayward was dismissed as an irrelevance : " The fact that a man obtains money by deceit does not [ prove ] that the man was a member of a conspiracy . " Waugh felt that the judge 's lack of even @-@ handedness could well provoke a counteraction against the accused from the jury . = = Verdict and aftermath = = The jury retired during the morning of 20 June . They returned just over two days later , and acquitted all four defendants on all charges . The judge awarded costs to Deakin , but not to Holmes or Le Mesurier who he thought had been insufficiently co @-@ operative in the enquiry . Thorpe made no application for costs . In a brief public statement , he said that he considered the verdict as " totally fair , just and a complete vindication . " David Steel , on behalf of the Liberal Party , welcomed the verdict as " a great relief " , and hoped that Thorpe would , " after a suitable period of rest and recuperation ... find many avenues where his great talents may be used . " The North Devon Liberals were more effusive ; Thorpe 's acquittal was celebrated by a thanksgiving service at which the presiding vicar proclaimed of Thorpe : " Countless thousands of people in North Devon rise up and call him Blessed ! " Despite the acquittal , the broader public perception was strong that Thorpe had not behaved well , nor had he adequately explained himself . Prevented by his party from a return to active politics , in 1982 he was appointed by Amnesty International as director of its British section , but after protests from the organisation 's staff , he withdrew . Not long afterwards , Thorpe first showed signs of the Parkinson 's disease that led to his almost complete withdrawal into private life in the mid @-@ 1980s . There was a political reconciliation when , in 1988 , following the merger of the Liberals and the Social Democratic Party , the newly formed North Devon Liberal Democrat association made him their honorary president . When he attended the Liberal Democrat party conference in 1997 he received a standing ovation . In 1999 , Thorpe published his political memoir , In My Own Time , in which he justified his silence at the trial , and stated that he had never doubted the outcome . Nine years later , in January 2008 , Thorpe gave his first press interview in 25 years , to The Guardian . Referring to the affair he said : " If it happened now I think the public would be kinder . Back then they were very troubled by it ... It offended their set of values . " Thorpe died on 4 December 2014 . After the trial Deakin disappeared from public view , as did Le Mesurier after unsuccessful attempts to sell " the real story " to national newspapers . In June 1981 , in a series of articles printed in the News of the World , Holmes reasserted his allegation that Thorpe had asked him to kill Scott : " The incitement charge which Jeremy faced was true , and if I had gone into the witness box I 'd have had to tell the truth . " Holmes , who died in 1990 , had previously admitted his participation in a conspiracy to " frighten " Scott , though not to kill him . Bessell 's account of the affair was published in America in 1980 . He died in 1985 ; his final years were devoted to a campaign to stop the erosion of the San Diego beaches in California . Newton , like Le Mesurier , attempted to cash in on the case , but failed to find a newspaper willing to print his story . Scott 's last recorded comments on the affair , immediately after the trial verdict , were that he was unsurprised by the outcome , but was upset by the aspersions on his character made by the judge from the safety of the bench . In December 2014 , Scott , then aged 74 , was reported to have recently relocated from Devon to Ireland . Sir Joseph Cantley died in 1993 . His summing @-@ up became the subject of a parody by the satirist Peter Cook , delivered shortly after the trial at The Secret Policeman 's Ball in aid of Amnesty International . Cook 's version , according to Freeman and Penrose , was " actually not that different from the original . " In a BBC investigative documentary broadcast in December 2014 , an antique firearms collector named Dennis Meighan claimed that he had been hired by an unidentified senior Liberal to kill Scott , for a fee of £ 13 @,@ 500 . Having initially agreed , Meighan says , he changed his mind , but provided Newton with the gun used in the shooting . After confessing to the police , he was asked to sign a prepared statement which , according to him , " left everything out that was incriminating , but at the same time everything I said about the Liberal Party , Jeremy Thorpe , etcetera , was left out as well . " BBC 's Tom Mangold said that Meighan 's account , if true – and there was no reason to disbelieve him – indicated the existence of " a conspiracy at the very highest level " .
= Steve Beshear = Steven Lynn " Steve " Beshear ( born September 21 , 1944 ) is an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who was the 61st Governor of Kentucky from 2007 to 2015 . He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1974 to 1979 , was the state 's Attorney General from 1980 to 1983 , and was the 49th Lieutenant Governor from 1983 to 1987 . After graduating from the University of Kentucky College of Law in 1968 , Beshear briefly practiced law in New York before returning to Kentucky and being elected to the state legislature , where he gained a reputation as a consumer advocate . He parlayed that reputation into a term as attorney general , serving under Governor John Y. Brown , Jr . As attorney general , Beshear issued an opinion that copies of the Ten Commandments would have to be removed from the walls of the state 's classrooms in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision in Stone v. Graham . He also clashed with first lady Phyllis George Brown when he opposed the practice of charging an admission fee for visitors to view the renovated governor 's mansion . In 1983 , Beshear was elected lieutenant governor in the administration of Governor Martha Layne Collins . His most significant action in this capacity was the formation of the Kentucky Tomorrow Commission , a panel charged with making recommendations for the future of the state . Beshear 's initial rise to political prominence was interrupted in 1987 when he finished third in a five @-@ candidate Democratic gubernatorial primary election . The Beshear campaign 's sparring with that of former Governor Brown , the second @-@ place finisher in the primary , opened the door for political novice Wallace Wilkinson 's well @-@ financed campaign to achieve a come @-@ from @-@ behind upset in the race . For the next 20 years , Beshear practiced law at a Lexington law firm . His only foray into politics during this period was an unsuccessful challenge to Senator Mitch McConnell in 1996 . In 2007 , however , Beshear was drawn back into politics by the vulnerability of incumbent Republican Governor Ernie Fletcher , whose administration was under extended investigation by then @-@ Attorney General Greg Stumbo , over violations of the state 's merit system . In the 2007 gubernatorial election , Beshear emerged from a six @-@ candidate Democratic primary – largely on the strength of his pledge to expand casino gambling as a means of further funding social programs like education – and defeated Fletcher in the general election . Beshear won re @-@ election in 2011 , defeating Republican David L. Williams and Independent Gatewood Galbraith . He was ineligible for re @-@ election in 2015 due to term limits imposed by the Kentucky Constitution . = = Early life = = Steve Beshear was born on September 21 , 1944 in Hopkins County , Kentucky . He is the third of five children born to Orlando Russell and Mary Elizabeth ( Joiner ) Beshear . He was raised in the small town of Dawson Springs , where his father owned a furniture store , operated a funeral home , and served as mayor . His father , grandfather , and uncle were all Primitive Baptist lay ministers , and in his childhood years , Beshear attended both his father 's church and the Christian Church where his mother was a member . Beshear also accompanied his uncle , Fred Beshear , as he traveled around the county during several races for a seat in the state House of Representatives . Beshear graduated as valedictorian in a class of 28 at Dawson Springs High School in 1962 . He then attended the University of Kentucky where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1966 . He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta social fraternity and the Phi Beta Kappa honor society . He was also elected student body treasurer and from 1964 to 1965 served as student body president . While in college , he attended Lexington Primitive Baptist Church and often had lunch at the home of Harold and Marie Fletcher , whose son Ernie he would eventually challenge for the governorship of Kentucky . In 1968 , Beshear graduated with honors from the University of Kentucky College of Law . The next year , he married Jane Klingner . After the marriage , Beshear joined the Crestwood Christian Church which his wife attended . The couple have two sons , Jeffery Scott Beshear and Andrew Graham Beshear , two grandsons , and one granddaughter . Following their marriage , the Beshears moved to New York , where Steve worked for the Wall Street law firm of White & Case . He also served as an intelligence specialist in the United States Army Reserve , performing some of the duties of a Judge Advocate General . = = Return to Kentucky = = After two and a half years , the family returned to Kentucky , where Beshear had joined the Lexington law firm of Harbison , Kessinger , Lisle and Bush . He went into practice for himself in 1974 . Taking on partners , he formed the law firm of Beshear , Meng , and Green . He led the firm until his election as attorney general in 1979 . = = Early political career = = In 1973 , Beshear began his political career by being elected to represent the 76th District ( Fayette County ) in the Kentucky House of Representatives . During his first term , his colleagues named him the most outstanding freshman legislator . He was re @-@ elected in 1975 and 1977 ; both campaigns featured close Democratic primaries between Beshear and Jerry Lundergan . As a legislator , Beshear gained a reputation as a consumer advocate , and sponsored bills to increase environmental protections and end the practice of commercial bail bonding . In 1974 , Beshear voted against a resolution condemning the practice of desegregation busing because it called for changes to the federal constitution . One of his major accomplishments in the House was spearheading legislation to improve neonatal care at the University of Kentucky Medical Center . Although he considered a 1978 bill requiring the posting of the Ten Commandments in Kentucky classrooms to be unconstitutional , he abstained from voting on it rather than voting against it , a move he later claimed he regretted . = = = Attorney General = = = Beshear was the first candidate to announce his bid for the post of Attorney General of Kentucky in the 1979 election . Shortly after declaring his candidacy , he was endorsed by outgoing Attorney General Robert F. Stephens . The central issue of Beshear 's campaign was his pledge to be an advocate of the consumer in cases of proposed utility rate hikes . After winning the Democratic primary , he defeated Republican nominee Ron Snyder by a vote of 471 @,@ 177 to 302 @,@ 951 . When incumbent Attorney General Stephens resigned in December 1979 to accept an appointment to the Kentucky Supreme Court , Beshear was appointed to fill the vacancy until his term officially began in January . As attorney general , Beshear created the state 's first Medicaid fraud division and his office took a leading role in the Leviticus Project , an eight @-@ state coalition committed to prosecuting organized crime in the country 's coal fields . Two minor controversies marked Beshear 's tenure as attorney general . The first came in the aftermath of the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in the 1980 case of Stone v. Graham . The ruling struck down the state law requiring the posting of the Ten Commandments in all of the state 's classrooms on grounds that it violated the Establishment Clause of the federal constitution . State Superintendent Raymond Barber asked the Supreme Court to clarify whether its ruling meant that all of the copies of the Commandments already posted had to be taken down or whether it simply invalidated the Kentucky requirement for them to be posted ; the Court refused the request for clarification . Beshear then issued an advisory opinion that displaying the Commandments in classrooms under any circumstances was banned by the Court 's ruling . The second controversy arose as a result of the renovation of the governor 's mansion . Kentucky first lady Phyllis George Brown created the Save the Mansion Fund to help cover the costs of the renovation . When the renovation was complete , she planned a nine @-@ day showcase of the mansion for the general public . Guests were charged $ 10 to take a tour of the mansion . Legislator Eugene P. Stuart objected to taxpayers being charged a fee to view a mansion their tax dollars supported . He asked Beshear to protest the charge , and Beshear requested an injunction against the Save the Mansion Fund . A Lexington judge refused to grant the injunction , and Beshear appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , which upheld the lower court 's decision . Beshear 's actions caused a rift between him and Governor John Y. Brown , Jr . = = = Lieutenant Governor = = = Limited to one term as attorney general by the state constitution , Beshear declared his candidacy for lieutenant governor in 1983 . In a seven @-@ candidate Democratic primary in May , Beshear captured 183 @,@ 662 of the 575 @,@ 022 votes cast to defeat a field that included former state Auditor George L. Atkins , Jefferson County judge executive Todd Hollenbach , Agriculture Commissioner Alben Barkley II , and former Kentucky Wildcats basketball star Bill Spivey . In the general election , Beshear faced Republican Eugene Stuart and Don Wiggins , who became the nominee of the newly formed Consumers Lobby Party after losing in the Republican gubernatorial primary . Stuart categorized Beshear as being too liberal for Kentucky , citing his opinion in the Ten Commandments case , as well as his support for abortion rights and gun control . Beshear denied advocating for gun control and charged that Stuart , a state senator from Jefferson County , had not shown any leadership worthy of election to the lieutenant governor 's office . Beshear easily defeated Stuart by a vote of 568 @,@ 869 to 321 @,@ 352 ; Wiggins captured just 7 @,@ 728 votes . Several changes were proposed to the office of lieutenant governor during Beshear 's tenure . In 1984 , state representative Bobby Richardson proposed a constitutional amendment to abolish the office . When that effort failed , Richardson introduced a bill in the 1986 General Assembly that would have revoked the lieutenant governor 's right to live rent @-@ free in the state 's Old Governor 's Mansion , eliminated his or her police protection , and restricted his or her use of the state 's two executive helicopters . The measure would also have eliminated the lieutenant governor 's salary , paying him or her per diem for days served as acting governor or president of the state senate instead . The measure would further have lifted the ban on the lieutenant governor holding other employment . Although the bill would have exempted Beshear from its provisions , Beshear still opposed it and charged that it was politically motivated . Richardson had expressed interest in running for lieutenant governor in the past , and Beshear claimed that because he was never elected to the office , he " doesn 't want anybody else to have it . " Richardson denied that his efforts were a political ploy ; he claimed the office was largely ceremonial and served only as a stepping stone to the governorship . Three of the previous four lieutenant governors had subsequently been elected governor , including sitting governor Martha Layne Collins . Despite opposing Richardson 's changes to the office , Beshear conceded that the provision of the state constitution that made him acting governor every time Governor Collins left the state was " archaic " . During its 1987 organizational session , the General Assembly relieved the lieutenant governor of his membership on the committees that assigned bills to other committees and that managed the flow of legislation on the Senate floor . Later that year , a subcommittee of the Commission on Constitutional Review proposed requiring the governor and lieutenant governor to run as a ticket and combining the office with that of the secretary of state . These recommendations were not acted on during Beshear 's term . During his service as lieutenant governor , Beshear formed and chaired the Kentucky Tomorrow Commission , a privately financed group assembled to make recommendations for the state 's future growth and development . The 30 @-@ person commission was formed in July 1984 and presented its report – containing more than 100 recommendations – in September 1986 . Among the recommendations in the commission 's report were several changes to the state constitution , adopted in 1891 . The recommended changes included eliminating the offices of state treasurer , secretary of state and superintendent of public instruction , holding elections only in odd @-@ numbered years instead of every year , and raising the term limit for the state 's constitutional officers from one term to two consecutive terms . The state legislature showed little interest in calling a constitutional convention , however , and the commission 's recommendations were not immediately adopted , though several have since been implemented . Other recommendations in the commission 's report included the creation of lifelong learning programs , implementation of criminal justice reforms , and improvements in worker training . The commission was hailed by some as the most substantial undertaking by a lieutenant governor to date , but was panned by others as a move by Beshear to better position himself for a run for governor in 1987 . Among Beshear 's other activities as lieutenant governor was his participation in an investigation of Kentucky Utilities ' coal @-@ buying practices . At issue was whether it was legal and ethical for the company 's coal buyer to accept gifts and other perks from coal suppliers . Beshear had clashed with the company over similar issues during his term as attorney general . The company attempted to block Beshear 's participation in the investigation , but the Kentucky Public Service Commission rejected the attempt . Due to the length of the investigation and the number of appeals filed , the matter was not fully adjudicated until 1992 , well past the end of Beshear 's term . The Kentucky Supreme Court ultimately ruled in favor of Kentucky Utilities . In 1987 , Beshear entered a crowded Democratic gubernatorial primary that included former governor Julian Carroll , millionaire bookstore magnate Wallace Wilkinson , and Eastern Kentucky physician Grady Stumbo . Beshear had the backing of the Collins administration and the endorsement of several labor leaders and the state teachers ' association ; he appeared to be the front @-@ runner in the race until former governor John Y. Brown , Jr. entered late and became the instant favorite . Beshear spent much of the campaign running ads that blasted Brown for his jet @-@ setting lifestyle including , the ads claimed , his " wild nights in Vegas " . Brown countered with ads claiming that Beshear was distorting the facts and could not be trusted . Both Beshear and Brown claimed the other would raise taxes if he were elected . The feud between Beshear and Brown allowed Wilkinson , who was last among the candidates according to polls as late as February 1987 , to launch his own blitz of ads claiming both Beshear and Brown would raise taxes and proposing a state lottery as an alternative means of raising funds for the state . In the final days of the campaign , Wilkinson surged past both Brown and Beshear and captured 221 @,@ 138 votes to win the primary ; Beshear finished third with 114 @,@ 439 , trailing Brown ( 163 @,@ 204 votes ) but leading Stumbo ( 84 @,@ 613 votes ) , Carroll ( 42 @,@ 137 votes ) , and three minor candidates . = = Political interim and 1996 Senate bid = = After his defeat in the 1987 election , Beshear moved to a 35 @-@ acre ( 140 @,@ 000 m2 ) farm in Clark County . He resumed his career as a lawyer , joining the 125 @-@ member Lexington law firm of Stites and Harbison . He handled several high @-@ profile cases such as the bankruptcy of Calumet Farm and the liquidation of the Kentucky Central Insurance Company . He underwent successful surgery to treat prostate cancer in 1994 . Beshear did little in the political arena for almost a decade after his 1987 primary defeat , but in late 1995 , he was encouraged by Democratic leaders – including former governor Ned Breathitt , Senator Wendell H. Ford , and Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee chair Bob Kerrey – to challenge incumbent Republican Senator Mitch McConnell . Beshear entered the primary as a heavy favorite against Tom Barlow , a former one @-@ term Congressman from Kentucky 's First District , and Shelby Lanier , a retired Louisville police officer . During the primary campaign , Beshear virtually ignored Barlow and Lanier and focused his rhetoric on McConnell . Despite Barlow 's tour of all 120 Kentucky counties , Beshear cruised to victory in the primary , garnering 177 @,@ 859 votes ( 66 @.@ 38 % ) to Barlow 's 64 @,@ 235 ( 23 @.@ 97 % ) and Lanier 's 25 @,@ 856 ( 9 @.@ 65 % ) . Beshear faced heavy deficits in polls against McConnell throughout the general election campaign . McConnell also raised twice as much money as Beshear during the campaign . Beshear tried to make McConnell 's fundraising a campaign issue , claiming much of the money came from political action committees that represented interests that lobbied the Senate committees on which McConnell served . McConnell defended his contributors , saying that the right to free speech included the right to donate money . Beshear charged that Republicans , including McConnell , had voted to cut Medicare ; McConnell responded that Republicans had not cut Medicare , but had put forward a plan to curb its growth , a plan that didn 't differ significantly , McConnell said , from the one proposed by Democratic President Bill Clinton . The campaign turned personal during the second of two debates between the two candidates when McConnell charged that the Iroquois Hunt Club , to which Beshear belonged , had no African @-@ American members and was racially discriminatory . Beshear denied that the club was discriminatory and fired back that a prominent McConnell supporter from Louisville was " virulently anti @-@ women . " McConnell countered that Beshear had taken money from a labor union group that was under investigation for links to organized crime . After the debate , it was revealed that the Pendennis Club , of which McConnell had been a member , was under investigation for discriminatory membership practices ; McConnell claimed he had resigned his membership in the club after perceiving that it practiced discrimination , but did not express his reasons for resigning to the club 's membership or leadership . Ultimately , none of Beshear 's arguments gained much traction , and he lost the race by a 724 @,@ 794 votes ( 55 @.@ 5 % ) to 560 @,@ 012 ( 42 @.@ 9 % ) . At the time , it was the largest victory margin of McConnell 's career . In a 2009 biography of McConnell , author John David Dyche wrote that Beshear " had no illusions about his chance of success [ in the race against McConnell ] , but for the sake of his party , and hoping to ride the coattails of President Clinton 's likely re @-@ election , he got in the race . " After the book 's release , Beshear said through a spokesman that Dyche 's assessment " sounds accurate . " Beshear continued his legal practice at Stites and Harbison following his defeat by McConnell . In 2001 , the firm was hired to represent creditors in a bankruptcy case against Wallace Wilkinson , Beshear 's opponent in the 1987 gubernatorial primary . The firm also represented four creditors of Wallace 's Bookstore , the company through which Wilkinson had made his fortune . Wilkinson unsuccessfully sought to have the firm removed from the case , citing a potential conflict of interest stemming from his old political rivalry with Beshear . The case was eventually settled in 2002 , four months after Wilkinson 's death . = = 2007 gubernatorial campaign = = On December 18 , 2006 , Beshear announced that he would enter the 2007 gubernatorial race with Hazard physician and state senator Daniel Mongiardo as his running mate . Beshear promised to return " integrity " to the governor 's office , a slap at sitting governor Ernie Fletcher , who was seeking re @-@ election despite a recently concluded investigation into his administration 's hiring practices conducted by Democratic Attorney General Greg Stumbo . At the time , the only other declared Democratic candidates were state treasurer Jonathan Miller and Harlan contractor Otis Hensley , Jr . , who only ran a limited campaign . By the filing deadline , the list of Democratic challengers had grown to include Louisville millionaire businessman Bruce Lunsford , former lieutenant governor Steve Henry , Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives Jody Richards , and perennial candidate Gatewood Galbraith . Early polls showed that Beshear and Henry led the Democratic field in name recognition , but both trailed Fletcher and his Republican primary rival Anne Northup in that area . Early in the campaign , Beshear attempted to set himself apart from the other candidates by supporting a constitutional amendment that would allow expanded casino gambling in the state , which he claimed could generate $ 500 million in new revenue without the need to raise taxes . Observers noted that this strategy was remarkably similar to the one used by Wallace Wilkinson who , in his 1987 primary victory over Beshear and others , trumpeted the revenue a state lottery would generate . Initially , all of the Democratic candidates except Hensley endorsed a casino amendment , but as Beshear made it the centerpiece of his campaign , support from other candidates began to waver ; Richards officially changed his position to oppose the amendment , while several other candidates charged that Beshear was staking too much of his platform on a proposal that was not guaranteed to pass . In April 2007 , Beshear received the endorsement of former Governor Brereton Jones . Just two weeks before the primary , candidate Jonathan Miller dropped out of the race and endorsed Beshear . Miller , who was consistently lagging in the polls , indicated that he was endorsing Beshear in order to prevent an " unelectable " candidate from becoming the Democratic Party 's nominee for the fall campaign . He later admitted that comment was aimed at Lunsford , who dropped out of the 2003 Democratic gubernatorial primary and in the general election endorsed Fletcher over Democratic candidate Ben Chandler , and at Henry , who faced allegations of illegal medical billing and improper campaign financing . Buoyed by these endorsements , Beshear surged ahead and won the primary ; he garnered 40 @.@ 9 percent of the vote , just enough to avoid a costly runoff election with Lunsford , the second @-@ place finisher . Incumbent governor Fletcher emerged from the Republican primary , and Beshear immediately looked to make the investigation against Fletcher the primary issue of the campaign . Fletcher countered by strengthening his opposition to Beshear 's casino expansion plan . In June 2007 , Fletcher backed off an earlier commitment to let Kentuckians vote on casino gambling amendment ; a campaign staffer told reporters that " The voters will have their chance to decide this issue in [ the ] November [ election ] . To put it on the ballot would be redundant . " Fletcher 's choice to make casino gambling the centerpiece of the campaign proved ineffective . After months of campaigning on the issue , a SurveyUSA poll showed that Fletcher had gained only 6 percentage points on Beshear and still trailed him by 16 percentage points . Further , polling showed that more than half of the state 's voters believed Fletcher had acted unethically with regard to the claims in the hiring investigation while 81 % believed the casino gambling amendment should be placed on the ballot . Late in the campaign , eight of Kentucky 's leading newspapers endorsed Beshear . Ultimately , Beshear was elected by a vote of 619 @,@ 567 to 435 @,@ 856 . = = 2011 gubernatorial campaign = = On January 26 , 2009 , Lieutenant Governor Daniel Mongiardo announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination to challenge incumbent Senator Jim Bunning in the 2010 senatorial election . The move effectively prohibited Mongiardo from running for re @-@ election with Beshear in the 2011 gubernatorial contest . On July 19 , 2009 , Beshear announced that Louisville mayor Jerry Abramson would replace Mongiardo as his running mate in his re @-@ election campaign . Beshear faced no opposition in the Democratic gubernatorial primary , held on May 17 , 2011 . In the Republican primary , Senate President David Williams defeated Louisville businessman Phil Moffett , a favorite of the Tea Party Movement , and Bobbie Holsclaw , county clerk of Jefferson County . Perennial candidate Gatewood Galbraith sought the governorship as an Independent after collecting the requisite 5 @,@ 000 signatures from registered voters requesting that his name be added to the ballot . On November 8 , 2011 , Beshear was re @-@ elected as governor of Kentucky with close to 56 % of the vote in a three way race . On the same night Democratic candidates won all but one of the statewide offices . = = Governorship = = Soon after taking office , Beshear ordered $ 78 million in budget cuts , citing a $ 434 million projected deficit in the state budget . Republican Senate President David Williams questioned the legality of the cuts , claiming that the shortfall was only $ 117 @.@ 5 million and that $ 145 million in surplus funds from the previous fiscal year would cover the difference . Beshear countered that the legislature had already authorized $ 138 million in expenditures from the surplus fund and that his reckoning of the deficit also included $ 300 million in " additional spending needs " . Williams stopped short of filing a legal challenge to the cuts , but warned Beshear that the General Assembly would closely monitor the cuts and override any they disagreed with by passing modifications to the 2006 – 2008 budget after the commencement of the legislative session in February . Beshear was dealt the first political setback of his term in the special election to fill the state Senate seat of his lieutenant governor , Daniel Mongiardo . Despite a 2 @-@ to @-@ 1 voter registration advantage in the district for Democratic candidates and the fact that both Beshear and Mongiardo campaigned heavily for Democratic nominee Scott Alexander , Republican Brandon Smith captured the open seat by 401 votes . The loss by Alexander was the most expensive in state legislative history and gave Republicans a 22 – 15 advantage over Democratic members in the state senate ; the chamber also included one Independent . = = = 2008 legislative session and special session = = = Much of the debate in the 2008 legislative session centered on crafting a budget for the 2008 – 2010 biennium , a period when the state was projected to encounter a shortfall of nearly $ 1 billion . Beshear expressed surprise that the budget issues consumed so much of the Assembly 's time during the session , but admitted that the legislature had become much more independent of the governor than it was when he was a legislator two decades earlier . He listed early childhood education and expanded health care for children among the priorities that he was unable to address in the session . On February 15 , 2008 , Beshear unveiled his promised legislation that would allow casino gambling in Kentucky . Beshear 's plan included a constitutional amendment allowing 12 casinos to be licensed in the state – seven at each of the state 's horse racetracks and five additional free @-@ standing casinos – and a companion bill specifying how the increased revenues would be spent . After the plan encountered initial resistance , House leadership reduced the number of casinos that would have been allowed to by the amendment to nine . One proposal , authored by House Speaker Jody Richards , would have guaranteed five casino licenses to the state 's racetracks and allowed the other four to go to free @-@ standing casinos . A competing measure , drafted by House Majority Whip Rob Wilkey and Speaker Pro Tem Larry Clark , would have allowed all nine licenses to be awarded competitively , with none specifically reserved for racetracks . In late February , the House Elections , Constitutional Amendments , and Intergovernmental Affairs committee failed to advance either proposal to the full floor of the House of Representatives . The following day , Speaker Richards removed Representative Dottie Sims from the committee ; Sims claimed Richards retaliated against her for voting against the proposals , but Richards said he removed Sims because she told him she would vote for the proposals and then voted against them . Following Sims ' removal the committee passed the amendment . The casino legislation was not called to a vote in the Democratic controlled Kentucky House of Representatives , where 60 votes out of 100 would have been required for passage . Beshear announced that his proposal for a constitutional amendment to allow for casinos was dead for the regular session on March 27 , 2008 . Among the other proposals favored by Beshear that failed to pass in the session were an ethics reform measure Beshear proposed in the wake of the investigation of the Fletcher administration , a plan to reduce the projected shortfall in the state 's pension system , and a proposed 70 @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ pack tax increase on cigarettes . Besides the state budget , major legislation passed during the session included incentives for homeowners and businesses to utilize energy efficiency measures , anti @-@ bullying legislation , and increased penalties for animal cruelty . In the final hours of the legislative session , both houses of the General Assembly resorted to the controversial practice of stopping the clocks in their respective chambers a few minutes before midnight in order to avoid the constitutionally mandated deadline for the end of the session – midnight on April 15 . The Assembly then passed twelve bills between midnight and 1 o 'clock on April 16 before adjourning . Among those bills was House Bill 79 , which provided funding and direction for the state 's road @-@ building plan for the next six years . The bill was delivered to Beshear later in the day , and he vetoed it on April 26 . With the General Assembly unable to reconvene and override the veto , Senate President David Williams filed suit , claiming Beshear 's veto was invalid because it was not issued within 10 days of the bill 's passage . Williams ' reasoning was based on the fact that , according to the legislative record , the bill was passed on April 15 . Beshear counter @-@ sued , claiming the bill was actually passed on April 16 and thus invalid to begin with . On July 31 , 2008 , a Lexington judge sided with Beshear , invalidating the law and declaring that the General Assembly would no longer be allowed to use the practice of stopping the clocks ; he did not rule on the validity of the other bills passed after the session expired . Dissatisfied that the General Assembly had not acted to shore up the state pension system , Beshear called a special legislative session for July 23 , 2008 , after House and Senate leaders informed him that they had reached an agreement on a plan after the regular legislative session 's end . The session lasted five days , the minimum amount of time required to maneuver the bill through the legislative process . = = = Other matters of 2008 = = = Following the legislative session , Beshear began to address his agenda related to energy production . In April 2008 , he announced that he would divide the state 's Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet to form a new Energy and Environmental Cabinet . The move essentially reversed the consolidation of Environmental , Public Protection , and Labor Cabinets effected under Beshear 's predecessor , Ernie Fletcher . Later in the year , Beshear released what he called the state 's first @-@ ever comprehensive energy plan . The plan called for expansion of solar , wind , and biomass energy generation , as well as more speculative ventures such as coal gasification and carbon capture and sequestration . Although the plan called for an exploration of the use of nuclear power , Beshear stopped short of advocating an end to the state 's ban on the construction of nuclear reactors . Hoping to attract a proposed ZAP electric vehicle manufacturing plant to the city of Franklin , Kentucky , Beshear issued an executive order permitting low @-@ speed vehicles on many Kentucky roads in August 2008 . The state also offered the company $ 48 million in tax incentives , contingent upon its delivering a promised 4 @,@ 000 jobs . Construction of the proposed plant stalled , however , when GE Capital , a primary investor , pulled out of the project . ZAP officials maintained their intention to build the plant , but said they would also consider other states ' proposals if they could not replace the $ 125 million commitment from GE . Beshear clashed with the state Council on Postsecondary Education over its hiring of Brad Cowgill as its president . Beshear said state law required that the Council conduct a national search for its president and that they hire someone with experience and an established reputation in higher education ; he claimed that Cowgill , a Lexington lawyer and state budget director for former Governor Fletcher , was not qualified for the position and that the council hired him without a national search . Democratic Attorney General Jack Conway issued a non @-@ binding opinion that the hiring was illegal under state law , and Cowgill resigned rather than wage a legal battle with Beshear . Beshear , who had considered asking all of the council members to resign or abolishing the council altogether in favor of a new one , praised Cowgill 's decision . Democratic House Budget Committee Chairman Harry Moberly said Cowgill " had the council headed in the right direction " and added " I would have been satisfied if Brad had the permanent position , but I do not criticize the governor for the role he had played [ in Cowgill 's resignation ] . " Senate President David Williams called Beshear 's interference in the matter " unfortunate " . In September 2008 , Beshear 's administration attempted to seize control of 141 gambling @-@ related domain names in an attempt to block Kentucky residents from accessing those websites . Beshear claimed the sites were conducting illegal , unregulated gambling operations in the state and providing untaxed competition to the state 's horse racing industry . Later that year , a Franklin County judge ruled that Beshear had the authority to seize the domain names , but the Kentucky Court of Appeals overturned that ruling on appeal . Beshear appealed to the Kentucky Supreme Court , partially on grounds that the web site owners were being represented by gambling associations and players groups who Beshear said had no legal standing in the case . In 2010 , the Kentucky Supreme Court agreed with Beshear and ordered the web site owners themselves to appear before the court . As of August 2010 , the case was still in adjudication . = = = 2009 legislative session = = = During the organizational session of the 2009 General Assembly , House Speaker Jody Richards was ousted by House Democratic members by a three @-@ vote margin in favor of former Majority Leader and Attorney General Greg Stumbo . Some speculated that Beshear had personally interfered on behalf of Stumbo , a charge he denied . When asked about Beshear 's alleged interference , Richards refused to comment . Due to the state 's worsening economy , the primary issue facing the legislature for the session was a $ 456 million budget shortfall . Expanded gambling was again proposed as a possible source of revenue , and a bill to allow slot machines at the state 's racetracks passed the House Licensing and Occupations Committee , but died in the House Appropriations and Revenue Committee . Speaker Stumbo expressed doubt that he had enough votes to pass the measure even if it were brought to the House floor . Instead , the Assembly passed a series of tax bills to deal with the shortfall . The Assembly also began the process of reforming the state 's system of school accountability testing , a move advocated by Beshear . Other bills passed during the session revised the state road plan to allocate newly available federal stimulus funds , created a program to divert accused substance abusers to treatment before their trials , and created a statewide database for tracking payday loans . The rules of the House of Representatives required that the final two days of the chamber 's session be reserved for overriding any vetoes by the governor . Beshear hoped that the House would suspend the rules , as they had in previous years , in order to consider bills to increase funding to public defenders , create a transportation authority to oversee bridge @-@ building projects in Louisville and Henderson , and provide various economic incentives , including a package intended to lure a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race to Kentucky Speedway . The House refused to suspend the rules , however , citing its desire to receive legislation in a timely manner in the future . The chamber allowed Beshear 's one veto to stand and adjourned a day early . = = = Other matters of 2009 and special legislative session = = = Following the 2009 legislative session , Attorney General Jack Conway was asked to issue advisory opinions on two gambling @-@ related issues . Republican state senator Damon Thayer asked for an opinion as to whether Instant Racing – allowing individuals to bet on the outcome of previously run horse races – would be allowable under the state constitution . Democratic Representative Jody Richards also asked for an advisory opinion as to whether a constitutional amendment was required to allow video lottery terminals at the state 's racetracks or whether they could be construed as legal under the amendment that allowed a state lottery . Critics charged that Conway had a conflict of interest in the matter because his father was a member of the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission , but Conway denied that a conflict existed , and the state Executive Branch Ethics Board refused to take a position unless an official request for an investigation were made . Conway subsequently opined in June 2009 that video lottery terminals would be legal if governed by the Kentucky Lottery Corporation and in January 2010 that instant racing would be allowable under the state 's parimutuel betting statutes with a few regulatory changes . In an effort to cut costs , the Kentucky State Police announced in May 2009 that it would only offer the state driving test in English beginning June 1 , 2009 . The test had previously been offered in 22 foreign languages , but the state police said that the foreign language versions of the test had not been updated to reflect recent changes to driving laws . Two days later , Beshear announced the reversal of the state police 's new policy , saying he was not informed of it and believed it was the wrong thing to do . He promised the foreign language versions of the test would be updated and would continue to be offered . In April 2009 , Beshear announced a partnership between the University of Kentucky , the University of Louisville , and Chicago @-@ based Argonne National Laboratory to construct a research facility in Lexington to develop advanced battery technologies that could be used to power electric cars . A week later , the National Alliance for Advanced Transportation Battery Cell Manufacture announced they would locate a battery manufacturing plant in Hardin County , citing the nearby research facility as an incentive for choosing Kentucky over competing sites . The venture , however , was predicated upon receiving $ 342 million in federal stimulus funds ; in August 2009 , those funds were denied , and officials conceded it was unlikely that the plant would be built . Beshear called another special legislative session in June 2009 to address another $ 1 billion shortfall in the state budget . Later , Beshear amended the call to include the economic incentives package that was not approved during the regular session and , in light of Attorney General Conway 's opinion on video lottery terminals , a measure to expand gambling in the state by statute . With the threshold lowered from 60 votes for a constitutional amendment to 51 votes for a statute , the House of Representatives passed the expanded gambling bill , but the measure died in the Republican @-@ dominated Senate Appropriations and Revenue Committee by a 10 – 5 vote . The amended budget and the economic incentives bills both passed in the 10 @-@ day session . Again unable to get his expanded gambling proposal past the Senate , Beshear attempted to chip away at the Republican majority in that chamber by appointing some Republican senators to lucrative positions in the executive and judicial branches in advance of the 2010 General Assembly . Shortly after the special session , Beshear named Republican senator Charlie Borders to the state Public Safety Commission . That appointment set up a special election for Borders ' seat , which was won by Democratic senator Robin Webb , reducing the Republican majority to 20 – 17 with one Independent who usually voted with the Republicans . Following Webb 's victory , Beshear appointed Republican senator Dan Kelly to a circuit judgeship , but Republicans held on to that seat in a special election . = = = 2010 legislative and special sessions = = = Early in the 2010 legislative session , Beshear presented his biennial budget proposal to the General Assembly . The state projected a $ 1 @.@ 5 billion shortfall for the biennium , and Beshear once again proposed to make up for the shortfall with revenue generated from expanded gambling . Days after Beshear presented the proposal , both House Speaker Stumbo and Senate President Williams declared all gambling legislation " dead " for the session , saying there was no political will in either chamber to pass such legislation ahead of the legislative elections in November . The process of crafting a budget consumed the vast majority of the Assembly 's time during the session , but legislators reached the constitutionally mandated end of their session with no agreement . Announcing his intent to call a special session to pass a budget and prevent a state government shutdown , Beshear blasted the leadership of both chambers for discarding his budget proposal . " [ W ] riting their own budget would be their ' defining moment ' , " Beshear said the legislators had claimed . " Well , it was . A moment of abject failure . " Beshear said expanded gambling would not be on the agenda for the special session unless an agreement were reached before the session date . In May 2010 , legislators reconvened and passed a budget . Beshear utilized his line @-@ item veto on 19 items in the budget , claiming they restricted his ability to implement the reduction in executive expenses mandated by the budget . Legislators were unable to override the vetoes because the special session had already adjourned . In July 2010 , Beshear announced six mandatory , unpaid furlough days for most state employees in order to achieve the savings called for by the budget . Later in the month , Beshear announced exceptions from the furlough for public safety and mental health care workers . The American Federation of County State and Municipal Employees ( AFCSME ) Council 62 , which represents about 9 @,@ 000 of Kentucky 's state workers , filed suit to block implementation of the furloughs . A Franklin County Circuit Court Judge refused to issue an injunction in September 2010 , but allowed the lawsuit to proceed . A month later , AFCSME agreed to drop the suit and address the furlough issue through Beshear 's Employee Advisory Council . Ultimately , all six furlough days were observed as outlined in Beshear 's plan . = = = 2011 legislative and special sessions = = = In the lead @-@ up to the 2011 legislative session , state senator and former governor Julian Carroll declared , " In all the years I 've been around the Capitol , I can 't recall people expecting so little from a legislative session . " Carroll 's pessimism was the result of Senate President David Williams ' announcement that he would challenge Beshear in the upcoming gubernatorial election , which Carroll believed would disincentivize cooperation between the two leaders . Among the items passed in the legislative session were a bill allowing optometrists to perform eye surgery ( a procedure usually reserved for ophthalmologists ) , a ban on the sale of a psychoactive drug marketed as " bath salts " , and a measure allowing community supervision and addiction treatment as jail alternatives for non @-@ violent drug criminals . Measures that did not pass included tougher measures to curb illegal immigration advocated by Williams and raising the legal age for dropping out of high school from sixteen to eighteen , a proposal supported by Beshear . Also , the Assembly was unable to agree on whether to adopt Beshear 's plan to address a shortfall in the state 's Medicaid obligations or an alternative plan proposed by Williams . Beshear 's plan involved moving $ 166 million from the second year of the biennial budget to cover the shortfall and cover the costs in the second year through savings achieved by switching to a managed care plan for Medicaid . Williams ' plan , passed by the Republican majority in the state senate , called for $ 101 million in cuts to state government spending to cover the shortfall . Without a plan in place , Beshear estimated that the state would have to cut Medicaid reimbursements to health care providers by 30 percent . Immediately following the end of the legislative session , Beshear called for a special legislative session to consider a way to meet the state 's Medicaid obligations and whether or not to raise the minimum dropout age . In the special session , legislators also approved raising the minimum dropout age to 18 during the special session . Following the session , the National Education Association honored Beshear with its America 's Greatest Education Governor Award for 2011 , citing his advocacy for raising the minimum dropout age and his consistent refusal to cut education funding . Both houses also approved a plan that allowed Beshear to move the funds from the second year of the budget , but triggered automatic spending cuts if the managed care plans did not generate sufficient savings . The bill also called for the hiring of an independent accounting firm to assess the savings achieved by the managed care plans . Beshear then used his line @-@ item veto to strike the spending cuts and the savings assessment provisions , per a previous arrangement with Democratic lawmakers . By eliminating these provisions , the version of the bill signed by Beshear was essentially the plan he had proposed during the regular session . The House adjourned the session March 24 , but the Senate remained in session until April 6 , voting to override Beshear 's vetoes , but without concurrence from the House , the override votes were ineffective .
= Sam & Max Save the World = Sam & Max Save the World is a graphic adventure video game developed by Telltale Games . The game was originally released as Sam & Max : Season One before being renamed in early 2009 . Save the World was developed in episodic fashion , comprising six episodes that were released for Microsoft Windows over the course of late 2006 and early 2007 . The episodes were initially distributed online by GameTap and Telltale Games themselves , although the later retail releases of the game were published by The Adventure Company and JoWooD Productions in North America and Europe respectively . A Wii port of the game was published in late 2008 , and an Xbox Live Arcade version was released in mid @-@ 2009 . Based on Steve Purcell 's comic book series Sam & Max , the game follows the title characters Sam and Max — self @-@ styled vigilante private investigators , the former an anthropomorphic dog and the latter a " hyperkinetic rabbity thing " — through several cases involving a hypnotism conspiracy . Each episode features one case with a contained story , with an underlying plot running through the series . The game was announced by Telltale Games in 2005 following the cancellation of Sam & Max : Freelance Police by LucasArts in the preceding year ; many of the employees at Telltale Games were members of the Freelance Police development team . The game received a positive response from critics , with praise bestowed on the game 's humor , graphics and gameplay . However , concerns were voiced over the low difficulty of the puzzles , repetition in design between episodes and the effectiveness of the story . Opinions dissented across the Atlantic ; some British reviewers did not appreciate the writing in the way that American critics did . Nevertheless , the game has won several awards and is often cited by commentators as the first successful application of episodic distribution . The game was accompanied by a number of short machinima videos set between each episode . The game was followed by two episodic sequels : Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space in 2007 and Sam & Max : The Devil 's Playhouse in 2010 . = = Gameplay = = Sam & Max Save the World is a 3D graphic adventure game in which the player controls the character of Sam . The player has Sam explore the environments of the game and solve a series of puzzles using a simple point @-@ and @-@ click interface . The game 's puzzles have logical solutions , although a number of them have far @-@ fetched solutions due to the game 's cartoon setting . Depending on the type of in @-@ game entity a player selects using the cursor , the player can have Sam walk around an area , look at and comment on objects , pick up certain items or otherwise try to use them . Sam may also engage in conversation with non @-@ player characters ; when this occurs , the game presents a dialog tree with several subjects to pick from . Topics of conversation may directly involve the story or provide assistance with the game 's puzzles , while others may be entirely unconnected . In some cases , the player may be able to choose dialog for Max to speak as well . The game implements an inventory system to allow Sam to store any items that the player picks up during the course of the game . The player may select any of the items in the inventory and can then attempt to use them on objects in the game world or give them to other characters simply by clicking on the desired target . Unlike Save the World 's predecessor , Sam & Max Hit the Road , inventory items are context specific , and cannot be used together or combined to create new items . Typically , Sam carries a gun that may be used to solve several puzzles . The characters can travel between a variety of locations in the game using their black and white 1960 DeSoto Adventurer , which , when selected , will present the player with a list of available destinations . The DeSoto is also used for several driving sequences , usually involving pursuing or fleeing criminals in other vehicles . In these driving sequences , the player can use Sam 's gun , the car 's horn , or have Max attempt to communicate with other vehicles via a megaphone . In addition , special inventory items may be used to complete specific puzzles within these sequences . Driving sequences are also used for several minigames , such as pulling innocent drivers over for fabricated felonies . In keeping with the developer 's heritage from the LucasArts adventure games , Sam & Max Save the World is designed so that the player characters cannot die or reach a complete dead @-@ end . = = Synopsis = = = = = Characters = = = Sam & Max Save the World is set in a universe that parodies American popular culture , and it follows the title characters of Sam and Max , the Freelance Police , a pair of vigilantes and private investigators . Sam is a level @-@ headed but enthusiastic anthropomorphic dog who wears a blue suit and fedora . He is inquisitive , knowledgeable in obscure areas and tends to prefer the logical solution to problems , but he is not above using force . Max is described as " hyperkinetic rabbity thing " ; cunning , uninhibited and reveling in violence and mischief . His reactions to situations usually incorporate force but often with a seeming disregard for his own personal safety . Together , the Freelance Police operate out of a dilapidated office block in a dangerous neighborhood in New York City where they receive cases over the telephone from an unseen police commissioner . Several supporting characters consistently appear throughout the episodes . Bosco is the proprietor of the nearby convenience store and supplies the Freelance Police with a number of items across the game . Driven paranoid by repeated shoplifting , Bosco is obsessed with conspiracies , believing that nearly every US government agency , as well as many criminal outfits , are after him . As such , his store is overwhelmed with security devices and contraptions created by Bosco himself . He regularly attempts to disguise himself as a variety of foreign nationals , but to little effect . Further down the neighborhood is Sybil Pandemik , who owns a small office across from Sam and Max . Sybil is unable to keep a consistent job and regularly changes her career choices . Introduced as a psychotherapist , she is noted to have worked as a tattoo artist , software tester , tabloid journalist and professional witness . In a hole in Sam and Max 's own office resides Jimmy Two @-@ Teeth , a rat who works as a petty criminal , confidence trickster and fence . He profusely dislikes Sam and Max , who he sees as always interfering with his work . Other characters include the Soda Poppers , a group of three former child stars from the 1970s . The three , each with their own trademark catch @-@ phrase , first appear as victims of hypnosis in the first episode , later acting as the judges on a Pop Idol parody in the second episode . By the fourth episode , they are elected the governors of the Dakotas and plunge the region into civil war over ownership of Mount Rushmore . Also making sporadic appearances is Hugh Bliss , an eccentric magician and leader of the Prismatology cult , a parody of Scientology . He is often seen attempting to promote his self @-@ help guides based on Prismatology . Sam finds Bliss irritating , while Max almost idolizes him . Minor characters include Agent Superball , a US Secret Service agent with a penchant for guarding doors ; Chuckles , the pit manager in a mafia @-@ run casino ; and the Computer Obsolescence Prevention Society ( COPS ) , a group of outdated computers attempting to find purpose in the technologically advanced world . = = = Plot = = = The game opens with Sam and Max lounging in their office , awaiting a new case after a long hiatus . Eventually , the commissioner sends them out to investigate a group of former child stars , the Soda Poppers , who have been causing trouble in the neighborhood . The Soda Poppers are attempting to promote a self @-@ help video called Eye @-@ Bo , which ( when watched ) hypnotizes the viewer . After seeking assistance from Sybil to reverse the hypnotism on the Soda Poppers by knocking them unconscious , the Freelance Police learn that the scheme has been devised by one Brady Culture — another former child star who owes his fall from popularity to the rise of the Soda Poppers . Sam and Max and the Soda Poppers confront Culture , who hypnotizes the Soda Poppers again . However , Sam manages to fool Culture into ordering the Soda Poppers to attack himself , subduing the threat . The next case the Freelance Police gets involves liberating a studio audience held hostage by a deranged TV talk show host , Myra Stump . At the TV station , Sam and Max deduce that Myra has been hypnotized and , after using other shows in the studio to become celebrities , they convince her to let them become guests on her show . Once on the show , Sam notes a strange toy bear on the host 's desk , the source of the hypnotism . Using the studio sound system , Sam electrocutes both Myra and the bear , allowing the audience to leave . The commissioner then tasks Sam and Max with infiltrating the Toy Mafia , a criminal organisation operating from a casino . The commissioner 's mole in the organisation has gone quiet ; he wants the Freelance Police to find out what happened to the mole . Sam and Max quickly discover that the Toy Mafia are responsible for the toy bear that hypnotised Myra . As they gain the Mafia 's trust , they ascertain that the mole has switched sides and is now leading the outfit . After discovering that the casino is a front for a factory producing the hypnotizing bears for mass distribution , the Freelance Police sabotage the factory and destroy the operation . Soon after , the US President starts bringing in bizarre policies ; Max is particularly concerned about the introduction of gun restrictions , while Sam believes the President has been hypnotized . At the White House , Max decapitates the President , revealing him to be a mechanical puppet designed to hypnotize the nation through TV broadcasts . The President 's bodyguard , none other than the now @-@ fallen Toy Mafia 's pit boss , activates a giant robot disguised as the statue at the Lincoln Memorial to run in an emergency election against Max . Sam discredits Lincoln 's campaign , resulting in Max winning the presidential election . Lincoln begins a destructive rampage through Washington D.C. , but is neutralized when Max fires an intercontinental ballistic missile at him . The next case given to Sam and Max involves dealing with a computer crisis that is causing the world economy to collapse . They discover the problem is a virtual reality program called Reality 2 @.@ 0 , powered by the Internet ( which has gained sentience ) , which is hypnotizing people so they never want to leave the program . Sam and Max access the program themselves and introduce a computer virus that crashes Reality 2 @.@ 0 and deletes the digital embodiment of the Internet . Prior to expiring , the Internet reveals that it was following the plans of one Roy G. Biv . Sam eventually deduces that Roy G. Biv is actually Hugh Bliss , a character seemingly in the background of all their previous cases . The Freelance Police travel to Bliss ' Prismatology retreat on the Moon , where Bliss is preparing a device to hypnotize the entire planet . Bliss reveals himself as a colony of sentient bacteria that feeds off of the endorphins produced by human happiness ; by hypnotizing the planet , Bliss assures himself of a permanent supply of nourishment . Bliss activates the device , but is killed when Sam tricks him into a tank of water and boils it using the rocket engine of a lunar lander . Returning to Earth , Max takes great pleasure in reversing the hypnotism by personally knocking everyone on the planet unconscious . = = Episodes = = = = Machinima = = For the release of each episode , Telltale Games released three corresponding machinima shorts . These shorts are set between the episodes ; fifteen were released in total . The first short , " Frank Discussion " , released on November 30 , 2006 , has Sam and Max share a discussion regarding frankfurters and their preservative properties in Bosco 's store . The short was followed on December 7 by " Trainspotting " , in which Sam ponders the meaning of life while Max questions the sensibility of being outside , away from the comforts of their office . On December 12 , Telltale released " A Painstaking Search " : having misplaced the keys to their office , Sam and Max return to Brady Culture 's hideout in an attempt to retrace their steps . The first short of 2007 , " Reality Blights " , was released on January 4 and sees Max volunteer the duo to appear on a reality television show , Four Freaks in a Terribly Cramped Office . " Egregious Philosophy Platter " was released seven days later on January 11 and features Sam and Max as host the hosts of television show Egregious Philosphohy Platter , discussing the philosophers Socrates and Descartes . The final short relating to television shows , " Kitchen Consequential " , was released on January 18 and follows Sam and Max hosting Fun in the Kitchen With Sam and Max where they showcase a few recipes of special effects . " Interrogation " was the game 's third episode on February 1 , in which Sam and Max demonstrate how to properly interrogate a suspect . This was followed by " Coffee " on February 8 ; in the short , Sam and Max experiment with telekinesis on coffee cups . On February 15 , " The Blank Blank Blank " was released , where Sam and Max discuss with Bosco a government agency so secret , the acronym is classified . Following episodes relate to Max 's tenure as US President after " Abe Lincoln Must Die ! " ; " War Games " , released on March 1 , has Sam and Max engage in military activities from the White House 's war room under the pretense that they are mere simulations . It was followed by " The Teapot Drone Scandal " on March 15 , in which Max orders a Secret Service agent to recite " I 'm a Little Teapot " over the telephone . " Saving the Economy " was released on March 22 , showing a broadcast by Max outlining his plans to make the economy more efficient by irrationally extending daylight saving time . On April 5 , " Artichoke " was released , in which Max holds a press conference where he is unwisely questioned about his gun control policies . The penultimate short , " Bosco " , was released on April 12 , 2007 and shows Max starting a negative campaign against Bosco for the presidential election , despite the fact that he is not running . " A Fireside Chat " , the final episode , was released on April 19 , depicting a broadcast by Max to the state of Idaho in the hopes of getting them to vote for him . = = Development = = = = = Production = = = Sam & Max Save the World originates from Sam & Max : Freelance Police , a graphic adventure game that was developed by LucasArts from 2002 to 2004 . Freelance Police was a sequel to the 1993 title Sam & Max Hit the Road . However , LucasArts ceased production on Freelance Police in March 2004 . In the subsequent weeks , LucasArts underwent major restructuring ; many of the developers who worked on past LucasArts adventure games were made redundant . Some of the former Freelance Police development team consequently formed Telltale Games in June 2004 to continue developing the sort of adventure games that LucasArts no longer wished to produce . Sam & Max creator Steve Purcell , who described himself as disappointed and frustrated with LucasArts ' decision , took the Sam & Max franchise to Telltale after the LucasArts license expired in mid @-@ 2005 . Telltale Games announced the new series of Sam & Max games in September 2005 . Brendan Q. Ferguson , who worked on Freelance Police as a programmer , designer and writer ; Dave Grossman , one of the project leaders on Maniac Mansion : Day of the Tentacle ; and Purcell primarily led the development of the project . Unlike Freelance Police , Save the World was developed in episodic form , with episodes being released in quick succession , to allow for reduced development time between titles and quicker delivery of content to consumers . Telltale launched a website for Sam & Max in November 2005 to accompany their new series . The following month , Purcell began publishing a Sam & Max webcomic entitled " The Big Sleep " on the site ; the webcomic ran for twelve issues and concluded in April 2007 . Purcell won an Eisner Award in 2007 for the webcomic . In March 2006 , Telltale announced it had acquired US $ 825 @,@ 000 in funding from a group of private investors , to help sustain growth until its next round of equity funding . Telltale released the game 's trailer for the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2006 , showing the new voice actors for Sam and Max : David Nowlin and William Kasten respectively . However , Andrew Chaikin voiced Max in the first episode , but was unable to continue in the role due to health reasons . While at the convention , Telltale announced that the first episode was forecast for release towards the end of 2006 , via the distribution service GameTap . Telltale announced a release date of October 17 , 2006 over GameTap in early September , with the note that each episode would be made available from Telltale themselves within fifteen days of release . Development on the first episode was completed on September 25 , and from October 10 , GameTap began hosting the Sam & Max animated series as promotional material for release . The first episode , " Culture Shock " , was released on @-@ time on October 17 . The next five episodes were released over short intervals until the series finale in April 2007 . The series debuted on Steam on June 15 , 2007 . Telltale began shipping a special collectors edition of the game in July 2007 , while the retail version of the game was published in August 2007 . January 2008 saw a significant update to the game , upgrading the game engine and ensuring compatibility with Windows Vista . Three months later , Telltale announced a Wii version of the game . Telltale reported that an email campaign and Internet rumors of a port had stirred up interest within the company for producing a Wii version . They redesigned the game 's point @-@ and @-@ click interface to accommodate the Wii Remote , the primary controller for the console . The game was initially forecast for release in North America on October 7 , 2008 ; however , it was released a week later on October 14 . The European version was published later in December . In February 2009 , Telltale Games renamed the game from its initial release title of Sam & Max : Season One to Sam & Max Save the World . Telltale 's public relations spokeswoman , Emily Morganti , explained that while Season One was thought to communicate the game 's episodic nature to potential consumers , the company felt that it was nondescript in relation to the game 's story . The message accompanied the announcement of an Xbox Live Arcade version of the game , which had been subject to media speculation since February 2007 . Both Windows and Wii versions of the game are to be republished using the new title . = = = Design = = = According to Dave Grossman , the objective for Telltale Games with Sam & Max Save the World was to create a game with a " lot of story and character in it " . Grossman explained that the Sam & Max franchise was therefore most ideally suited to the graphic adventure genre ; while action was thought to be possible with the source material , it " would be kind of wrong " . Still , designers decided to introduce action moments such as car chase scenes , wanting players to " feel like [ they ] are these crazy Freelance Police officers " and " just be involved in all this sort of mayhem " presented in the original comic strips . Like in previous Sam & Max games , Sam & Max Save the World used a point @-@ and @-@ click gameplay system , itself a variation of the control scheme used by Telltale in their preceding adventure game series , Bone ; the action sequences implemented in the game still maintained the point @-@ and @-@ click interface . Very little of the design from Freelance Police was carried over into Save the World ; LucasArts still held onto the assets created for use in Freelance Police , and Telltale was wary of using similar design patterns . While Ferguson and Purcell had both been involved with the canceled LucasArts project , Grossman had not . The team decided to just start from fresh , and pursue a different treatment of the game 's subject . Purcell himself wanted to ensure that the game conveyed the " gritty " feel of the original comics — something he felt was lacking from the LucasArts renditions of the franchise . Grossman stated that " we wanted to get a little bit more of that dirt on the streets , and the paper cups and people being mean and nasty " . This " gritty " feeling also influenced artistic design . For instance , on Purcell 's suggestion , the sky was changed from blue to yellow in the street outside Sam and Max 's office , instantly making the environment feel " filthy and disgusting " . = = = Audio = = = Bay Area Sound , a company set up by Clint Bajakian , who had worked extensively on composition and sound production on LucasArts games since 1994 , produced the soundtrack . The Save the World soundtrack was composed by Jared Emerson @-@ Johnson , Bajakian 's former protégé , whose previous work included composition and sound editing for LucasArts . Emerson @-@ Johnson 's scores used live performances as opposed to synthesized music often used elsewhere in the video games industry ; a small team of five musicians , including Emerson @-@ Johnson and a recording engineer , produced the soundtrack . The score is primarily grounded in film noir jazz , inspired by the work of Henry Mancini and Charles Mingus . However , Emerson @-@ Johnson noted that as the Sam & Max universe is " open @-@ ended " , he had the chance to explore into other musical genres in some episodes , such as " a song @-@ and @-@ dance Charleston number , faux Philip Glass , an ode to Nina Rota 's music from The Godfather , and even some inspired retro 8 @-@ bit game music " . Several songs were incorporated into the soundtrack , performed by Emerson @-@ Johnson or Peter Barto , the voice actor for Agent Superball . Purcell later commented that Emerson @-@ Johnson had seamlessly blended a " huge palette of genres and styles " , while Ferguson stated that he believed that it was Emerson @-@ Johnson 's scores that created the vital atmosphere in the games , noting that prior to the implementation of the music , playing the games was an " unrelenting horror " . The soundtrack to Sam & Max Save the World was published in July 2007 . = = Reception = = Sam & Max Save the World received positive critical reaction from reviewers . Aggregate review scores on GameRankings and Metacritic rank the fifth episode , " Reality 2 @.@ 0 " , as the critical favorite , while the third episode , " The Mole , the Mob , and the Meatball " received the lowest scores . The entire season holds a score of 88 percent on GameRankings . In addition to receiving several editor choice awards , the game has been recipient to publisher awards for the best adventure game of 2006 . As Telltale Games had managed to release a steady stream content with only small time gaps , journalists in the video game industry had considered Sam & Max Save the World to be the first successful application of episodic gaming . Previous unsuccessful implementations of the distribution model included attempts by Valve Software with the Half @-@ Life series , Ritual Entertainment with SiN Episodes and Telltale themselves with Bone . The debut episode , " Culture Shock " , was recipient to a mostly optimistic response from critics . The episode was thought to adequately follow 1993 's Sam & Max Hit the Road , with the introduction of the new 3D engine and gameplay being positively received . Criticisms of " Culture Shock " focused on the story ; while the humor in the writing was praised , the plot was seen as a " thin excuse for the jokes " and the episode 's primary antagonist was described by IGN 's Steve Butts as " a bit of a letdown " . The second episode , " Situation : Comedy " , was thought to produce a better antagonist than " Culture Shock " , with the puzzles linking in well to the story . However , critics described the puzzles as too easy , and expressed disappointment at the reuse of lines from the first episode . The next episode , " The Mole , the Mob , and the Meatball " , was the lowest rated episode amongst reviewers . Although the episode received compliments for its dialogue and humor , it was criticised for its easy puzzles and short length . The fourth episode , " Abe Lincoln Must Die ! " , was held by critics to be one of the series ' best episodes , The episode 's story of political satire was subject to praise , whilst the increased length was also appreciated . Puzzles were felt to be more difficult and satisfying to solve . Detractors of the episode , however , felt that the episode suffered from the need to constantly move between locations and from the reuse of old characters and locations . " Reality 2 @.@ 0 " , the fifth episode , was the critical favorite of the series . The game 's puzzles were cited as stronger than in " Abe Lincoln Must Die ! " , with a fitting tribute to text adventure games towards the end . However , the script was thought to be inferior to the preceding episode . The season finale " Bright Side of the Moon " received a more reserved response than the two previous episodes , with criticisms directed at the length of the game and the depth of character interaction . Nevertheless , reviewers felt that the episode had reasonable puzzle design and that it was a respectable end to the series . Critics gave positive reviews towards the overall gameplay mechanics , although they often presented some reservations . Several reviews praised the simplicity of the game interface . Andre Thomas of GamePlasma described the game 's learning curve as " incredibly simple " and the gameplay mechanics as logical extension of those from the adventure games of the 1990s , while GamingTrend reviewer Ron Burke praised Telltale 's " intuitive " point @-@ and @-@ click system . Mark Smith of Game Chronicles , however , stated that the streamlined mechanics eliminated " a lot of the exploration and discovery we normally associate with these types of games " . Some reviews directed criticism towards puzzle design ; according to Smith , the game is " certainly accessible to kids and younger teens " , but the adult audience " will find these games way too easy " . Reviewing for Adventure Gamers , Evan Dickens felt that the puzzles took " a bit of thought and consideration , but never to a point of consternation " , believing that the low difficulty was intended by Telltale to allow players to " proceed through the story with minimum frustration " . Hyper 's Tim Henderson commends the game for being " highly accessible [ and ] almost as funny as the original " . However , he criticises it for its episodic content being a " tease " . In relation to the story and writing , critics felt that the overall plot was ineffectual . Al Giovetti of JustAdventure felt the plot was lacking , while Burke considered the episodic nature to be detrimental to maintaining plot cohesion between the episodes , a point with which Dickens agreed . Despite this , several reviewers thought that the individual episode stories and the presentation and development of the characters were good . Reviewers considered the writing for each episode as one of the best features of the game ; they also praised the level of humor in the game , although Dickens felt that it was not until the fourth episode that the writing properly established itself . In addition , they directed some skepticism towards the reuse of scenes and characters , with critical opinion divided on the degree of success in this regard . A point of contention rose between British and American reviewers over the story and setting , exemplified in PC Gamer ; whilst positive towards the first and fourth episodes , the British edition of the magazine felt this repetition was a severe failing of Save the World , and that the writing did not work well . In contrast , the American edition rated each episode highly , stating that the quality of the series was " excellent " . Critics commended Sam & Max Save the World 's graphics and art direction ; Dickens commented that " the cartoonish , absurdist nature of Steve Purcell 's characters is captured perfectly " within an " enthusiastically colorful world that is at its best the stranger it gets " , while GameZone reviewer Anise Hollingshead praised Telltale for successfully upgrading the characters ' graphics " without losing any of their cartoon appeal " . Kristen Reed , writing for Eurogamer , felt that the graphics reflected a " great degree of care and attention to everything from the locations to the standard of character modelling and animation " . They also praised the game for its sound , voice acting and music . In a review for The Entertainment Depot , Tim McGowan complimented Emerson @-@ Johnson 's soundtrack as " being quite excellent and listenable on its own " , and IGN 's Alex Van Zelfdendate described it as a " breath of fresh air " . However , PC Gamer UK 's Alec Meer felt that the opening theme tune was " so busy trying to hint at [ the theme for Sam & Max Hit the Road ] that it forgets to have a memorable melody of its own " . Nowlin and Kasten 's voicework also received a positive response . The Wii version of the game garnered a more reserved view from critics than the PC version ; GameRankings and Metacritic gave aggregate review scores of 75 percent and 74 percent , respectively . For better or worse , reviewers felt that the game had not changed much from the PC version in terms of gameplay , story or overall content . While Sam & Max was thought to be a " perfect , naturally cartoony fit for the Wii " , the critics noted a number of technical issues with the release . Several critics cited minor issues with using the imprecise Wii Remote for puzzles requiring accuracy , while observations were made that lines of dialogue could be cut short and that the frame rate could slow significantly , especially in action sequences .
= Cold Feet ( series 1 ) = The first series of the British comedy @-@ drama television series Cold Feet was first broadcast on the ITV network from 15 November to 20 December 1998 . The six episodes were written by series creator Mike Bullen , produced by Christine Langan , and directed by Declan Lowney , Mark Mylod and Nigel Cole . It follows the award @-@ winning pilot episode , broadcast in 1997 . The storylines focus on three couples : Adam Williams and Rachel Bradley , Pete and Jenny Gifford , and David and Karen Marsden . They are played by James Nesbitt , Helen Baxendale , John Thomson , Fay Ripley , Robert Bathurst and Hermione Norris respectively . The storylines follow the three couples as they try to stay faithful to each other . They are held back by issues such as impotence , infidelity , and unplanned pregnancy . Their lives are further complicated by their jobs , money troubles , and moving in together . Bullen embellished the scripts with events from his own personal life . The directors and producers made additional contributions , with the intent to keep the fiction in the programme as true to life as possible . The series was filmed in Greater Manchester in the first half of 1998 , using Granada Television 's studios , and exterior locations . Critical reaction to the first episodes was negative , with many reviewers not liking the characters and finding the comedy drama format unusual . As the series progressed , critics ' opinions became more positive ; the production values rated highly and the fantasy scenes , which became a hallmark of Cold Feet , were well received . An average of eight million viewers watched the series each week . The following year it won awards from the Royal Television Society , the Broadcasting Press Guild and the British Comedy Awards . It was also nominated for the Rose d 'Or and a Banff Rockie Award . All six episodes have been released on VHS , DVD and internet media formats . = = Episodes = = = = Production = = Cold Feet 's pilot episode was intended by Andy Harries , the executive producer and Granada Television 's controller of comedy , to lead to a series commission from the ITV network . Poor ratings on its night of broadcast in March 1997 stalled a commission ; Harries told writer and creator Mike Bullen and producer Christine Langan to " forget it " . ITV 's limited portfolio of comedy meant that although it was a ratings failure , the pilot was selected by default to represent the network at the Montreux Television Festival that year . The pilot won the Silver Rose for Humour and the Rose d 'Or . ITV still did not commission a series , and in the meantime Granada received offers from the BBC and Channel 4 for a six @-@ part series . In August 1997 , David Liddiment , who had chaired the panel of judges at Montreux , became ITV 's director of programming and pledged to rebrand the network 's comedy output . This included six new episodes of Cold Feet , which were announced that August . Production began in January 1998 . Each episode was budgeted at £ 500 @,@ 000 , a small amount for a 50 @-@ minute drama . = = = Cast = = = All six main cast members from the pilot returned for the series ; James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale play Adam Williams and Rachel Bradley , a couple in a fledgling relationship ; John Thomson and Fay Ripley play Pete and Jenny Gifford , a married couple whose first child is born in the first episode ; Robert Bathurst and Hermione Norris play David and Karen Marsden , an upper @-@ middle @-@ class couple who are considering having a second child . Each had mixed feelings about whether there would be a series commission after the poor reception of the pilot ; Ripley did not stop thinking about it , in contrast to Bathurst , who viewed it as just another failed pilot he had done . Following the resolution of Karen and David 's storyline in the pilot , in which David concedes that the couple need to hire a nanny , Jacey Salles was cast as Ramona Ramirez . Salles was a bit @-@ part actress in BBC sitcoms and had previously appeared in the 1998 Granada film The Misadventures of Margaret , which was co @-@ produced by Harries . In her Cold Feet audition she was required to have a loud argument with her boyfriend over the telephone . She embellished this with " a bit of comic bastardisation of the English language " and won the part . Initially contracted for only two episodes , Salles assumed the Marsdens would employ a new nanny every few episodes , though she made two more appearances in the first series and eventually appeared in every series . Lennie James made two guest appearances as Kris Bumstead , though his second appearance in Episode 6 was mostly in the form of flashbacks . James was keen to find out the resolution to the " who 's the father ? " cliffhanger , reportedly repeatedly asking the producers whether the baby was Kris 's . Other actors to make appearances were Denis Lawson as Alexander Welch and Sam Kelly as Algernon Gifford . John Thomson was pleased to work with Kelly , as he was a big fan of ' Allo ' Allo ! , a sitcom in which Kelly appeared . = = = Writing = = = Storylines for a potential series had been drafted by writer Mike Bullen during production of the pilot . When production on the series began , producer Christine Langan worked with him to create detailed plots for all six episodes , also acting as a script editor to redraft Bullen 's work . Many of the plots were drawn from his own life ; Pete and Jenny bringing up their new baby paralleled Bullen and his wife , whose first child was born in late 1997 . The scenes where Pete and Jenny attend the antenatal classes were written from Bullen 's memory , when he and his wife were " given callipers , forceps and a suction cup to play with " . The conclusion of the fourth episode , in which Pete 's father dies on the way to his grandson 's christening , was suggested by Harries , whose own experience of the death of his father taught him that people rarely have the opportunity to say goodbye to loved ones in real life . Not all storylines were based on real life : For Karen and David 's marriage guidance scenes in Episode 5 , Bullen consulted the relationship support charity Relate . Actors and directors also had input into the scripts ; Bullen 's original script for the marriage therapy scenes ended with David shouting and apparently using a fire extinguisher as an offensive weapon . Bathurst was not convinced that was something that his character would do , as David is " too much of a coward to do anything overtly " and would not leave himself so " exposed " : " As David grapples with the fire extinguisher to remove the hose from the barrel , we hear running footsteps approaching . The door is suddenly flung open and two male colleagues of the counsellor 's burst open into the room . In a second they take a look at the scene , and we see what they see — the counsellor looking lost , Karen looking shocked , and most significantly , David standing over the counsellor , brandishing a fire extinguisher in an apparently threatening manner . Presuming their colleague to be in danger , the two men hurl themselves at David , knocking him to the ground . He squeals as he goes down , and complains loudly as he 's pinned to the floor . " — Episode 5 's marriage guidance scene as originally scripted . Robert Bathurst believed that the scene left his cowardly character " exposed " , so Mike Bullen rewrote it . When storylining the six episodes , Bullen and Langan planned to split up Adam and Rachel at the series ' climax , as " If [ they ] had just left them all living happily in their homes in Didsbury , there would be a less compelling reason to revisit them [ in the second series ] " . Harries opposed the idea , believing that the audience would want a happy ending for the characters . However , he allowed the writer and producer to proceed with their idea . Langan and Episode 6 director Nigel Cole wanted Adam to leave after finding out about Rachel 's pregnancy . She would have followed him and proven her love to him by singing to him over the PA system of the train — similar to the pilot 's conclusion . Bullen thought that this idea was " atrocious " , so spent the Easter weekend drafting an end to the series . The genesis of Rachel becoming pregnant , possibly by Kris , came during the filming of the second episode . Langan suggested to Bullen that they return to Rachel 's marriage later in the series , using an adage she had learned from working on a soap opera that if the " seeds " of a storyline are sown early on it can pay off later . The Brief Encounter homage was conceived close to filming . Bullen had not seen the film so had to rent it on video before writing the scene . = = = Filming = = = The directors had twelve days to film two episodes each , equating to approximately five minutes of screen @-@ time per day . Langan asked Father Ted director Declan Lowney to helm the first two episodes after his successful direction of the pilot . Lowney declined in order to shoot a film in Ireland with Terence Stamp ; production on it was scheduled to begin in October 1997 and would have overrun into Cold Feet 's production calendar . Funding for Lowney 's film fell through and he took the two episodes of Cold Feet after Langan offered them to him a second time . The other two directors were Mark Mylod and Nigel Cole . Sets were constructed at Granada 's Blue Shed studios in Salford for interior filming , which ran over 14 weeks from March to May . Exterior filming and location shooting was done in and around the city from February . The climax to the first episode — where Rachel drives her Mini across a golf course to pick up Pete — was filmed at Withington Golf Club in West Didsbury . A long lens was used to film the Mini approaching Thomson and Bathurst , making it appear closer to them than it was and avoiding having to drive it on the green . Filming on Episode 1 came close to overrunning , so Lowney filmed most of Jenny 's birth scene in one uninterrupted take , encouraging the actors to ad @-@ lib . Ripley wore a prosthetic abdomen to simulate the appearance of pregnancy throughout the episode and had a pubic wig applied for the birth scene . The uncredited baby who played Baby Adam in that scene was a two @-@ week @-@ old child who had been born two weeks premature , giving it the appearance of a new @-@ born baby . The conclusion of the first episode was originally scripted to feature Pete and Adam playing crazy golf indoors . Lowney did not like the scene , so made thirty minutes available at the very end of production and directed Nesbitt and Thomson to just " talk " . The scene was used by Bullen and Langan as the basis for an attraction between Adam and Jenny , implied in the sixth episode and developed in the second series . The scenes of Adam and Rachel having sex in a shop window in the third episode , inspired by one of Bullen 's ex @-@ girlfriends , was filmed in an empty shop unit near Piccadilly station . The unit was dressed to look like a charity shop , with various items and the bed added . Mylod and the stunt co @-@ ordinator storyboarded the sequence where the car comes through the shop window before setting it up on location . Nesbitt and Baxendale were switched with stunt doubles and the car was propelled up a ramp through the window . Explosive charges were placed on the glass to achieve a shatter effect . As only one take could be done , Mylod trailed five cameras on the window . Filming ran from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. the following day . The location was near several clubs and many passers @-@ by inquired what was being filmed . To avoid giving away the plot they were told that Baxendale was filming a bed advertisement , capitalising on her exposure from appearing in Friends . Baxendale selected the lingerie Rachel wears in that episode herself , buying £ 2 @,@ 000 worth from the Janet Reger outlet in Knightsbridge , London . Another stunt scene was filmed for Episode 6 ; the charity ball scene was filmed over two days at a Masonic Lodge and concluded with a fight between Jenny and Natalie ( played by Lorelei King ) . The shots of Jenny spraying Natalie with a fire extinguisher were limited to two takes because it took so long to re @-@ apply King 's make up . The table that Ripley and King 's stunt doubles fall through had its legs weakened , and the glasses on the table were replaced with sugar glass . The Brief Encounter fantasy was filmed at a steam railway near Rochdale . Nigel Cole used the scene as an opportunity to make his mark as a television director . Most of the scene was filmed by Cole and the main crew . Establishing shots were filmed by Langan and the second unit , due to time constraints . The lighting and focus of the fantasy station was intended to be a direct contrast to the harsh modernity of Piccadilly , which appeared in the " real life " scenes . = = Reception = = = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = ITV trailed Cold Feet between 3 and 12 November . The trailer featured clips from the pilot episode , including the scene where Adam sings with a rose clenched between his buttocks . Six people complained to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) , the commercial television regulator , about the scene being inappropriate . Their complaints were not upheld ; the ITC ruled that the trailer did not breach the programming code , as " the humour of the piece was apparent from the outset " . A 96 Sheet billboard advertising campaign also preceded broadcast , featuring the strapline " A comedy about life & all that " . The broadcast was sponsored by Cockburn 's Port . The series was broadcast on ITV from 15 November to 20 December 1998 . Harries wanted the series to air in the 9 p.m. timeslot but ITV Network Centre wanted it on at 10 p.m. ( the same time the pilot had been scheduled ) , because the 9 p.m. timeslot was traditionally what was referred to as " the ironing slot " — programmes that can be watched without viewers having to concentrate . David Liddiment compromised with Harries and scheduled Cold Feet for a 9 @.@ 30 p.m. start . The BBC responded by scheduling Andrew Davies ' adaptation of Vanity Fair at the same time . The first five episodes aired from 9 @.@ 30 p.m. but Episode 6 began at 10 p.m. The main target audience was the " upmarket " ABC1 's . Episode 1 averaged 7 @.@ 47 million viewers over its hour , peaking at 9 @.@ 2 million with a low point of 6 @.@ 9 million . The episode ranked as the thirty @-@ fourth most @-@ watched programme of the week and the sixth most @-@ watched drama ( excluding soap @-@ operas ) . The second episode dropped seven places and 1 @.@ 9 % on the previous week with 7 @.@ 33 million viewers . It recovered to 7 @.@ 46 million the following week but still managed only fortieth place in the Top 70 most @-@ watched programmes . The fourth week held steady at 7 @.@ 44 million viewers and fortieth position again . It had its best figures with Episode 5 , which was seen by 7 @.@ 91 million , making thirty @-@ second in the Top 70 . The final episode of the series suffered from its schedule change , dropping to fifty @-@ ninth and 6 @.@ 77 million viewers . Over the six weeks , Cold Feet averaged a 34 % audience share , which was six points below ITV 's Sunday peaktime average . = = = Critical reaction = = = The series was welcomed as " the British Thirtysomething " and there was additional publicity generated off the back of Helen Baxendale 's appearances in Friends . The first two episodes did not impress critics ; The Independent 's Nicholas Barber called Episode 1 " the most depressing programme [ he 'd ] ever seen " . Commenting on the ending , he observed that " in comedyland , the police 's main duty is to taxi expectant fathers to hospital " . Barber concluded his review with positive comments about the rest of the series , singling out Ripley as being " reminiscent of Elaine in Seinfeld " . A.A. Gill also criticised that episode 's conclusion , comparing it to a Norman Wisdom comedy . On The Late Review , Germaine Greer described Nesbitt 's acting as " especially awful " and suggested that the series had been developed by a marketing department . Critical reaction improved with the third episode ; writing in New Statesman , Andrew Billen praised Episode 3 as being " intricately constructed as a farce " , and commented positively on Ripley 's and Nesbitt 's acting . Billen compared the production and fantasy scenes with Thirtysomething and Ally McBeal . In the Evening Standard , following the conclusion of Vanity Fair and prior to the broadcast of Episode 6 , Billen wrote , " The style is light , the narrative frequently inconsequential . The men go to the pub and lust after the barmaid . The women meet in the wine bar and make fun of the men for lusting after the barmaid . The great settings are DIY stores , antenatal classes and sitting rooms . Why should anyone be interested ? If domestic trivia has now been outlawed by the BBC as a subject for sitcoms and if even soap operas rely on murders and armed sieges to keep up their figures , why should the travails of a set of ex @-@ dinkies have become a minor cult ? " He analysed the series in relation to its early @-@ middle @-@ aged viewers being " a forgotten people " , comparing the storylines to real @-@ life issues experienced by friends . He concluded : This is not the world of Ally McBeal . It is not about finding love remedially . This is a world in which too many of us are asking what use is love if you find it too late . Yet somehow , probably because the moral judgments are lightly made , superannuated singletons such as myself can look on and see an advertisement for , rather than a warning against , that famously honourable estate — just as we do when we gaze at the more benign marriages of our friends . In Vanity Fair , Thackeray deliberately wrote a novel without a hero . We respond to Cold Feet because it , on the contrary , does not despise its characters . Of Episode 6 , The Mirror 's Charlie Catchpole wrote " Although I wouldn 't want to bump into any of these people in a wine bar , I found I really cared about their unravelling relationships , their sad sexual misadventures , their petty jealousies " and concluded by calling the series " Exquisitely written , stylishly produced , superbly performed . " In The Times , Paul Hoggart summarised all six episodes as " [ walking ] a tightrope between satire and sentimentality , frequently falling off on the sugary side " , but wrote positively of the writing , directing , acting , and editing . He approved of the deliberately unhappy ending , looking forward to seeing how Rachel 's departure would be resolved in the second series . Andy Harries attributed the mixed critical reaction to the unusual timeslot the series was given . = = = Awards = = = It won in the Situation Comedy and Comedy Drama category at the Royal Television Society ( RTS ) Awards , the Best Entertainment award at the Broadcasting Press Guild Awards , and the award for Best TV Comedy Drama at the 1999 British Comedy Awards . Edward Mansell received an RTS nomination for Best Tape and Film Editing in Entertainment and Situation Comedy . The third episode was nominated for the Golden Rose of Montreux , though did not win . Ian Johnson , the publicist for the series , believed that the European judges did not understand the farcical humour in the episode , noting that the British delegates to the festival were " helpless with laughter " . The same episode was nominated for the 1999 Banff Rockie Award for Best Comedy — the only non @-@ American series to receive a nomination in that category . It lost to the Ally McBeal episode " Theme of Life " . = = Home media = = The first two episodes were released on a single VHS tape on 11 October 1999 . The other four episodes were scheduled for release over two more videos , to be released on 1 November and 29 November but were cancelled ; the two @-@ tape release of the full series came on 15 November . It was released on 2 @-@ disc region 2 DVD on 25 September 2000 . A re @-@ release , with new packaging and menus , came on 26 March 2006 . The DVD was released in Australia on 4 February 2002 and in the United States on 25 January 2005 . The pilot and first series were made available as free streaming media on ITV 's revamped itv.com website from July 2007 to August 2009 . Additionally , it was one of the first batch of series from ITV 's archives to be made available for purchase on ITV 's iTunes Store shop , introduced in April 2008 .
= The Evil Dead = The Evil Dead is a 1981 American black comedy horror film written and directed by Sam Raimi and executive produced by Raimi and Bruce Campbell , who also stars alongside Ellen Sandweiss and Betsy Baker . The film focuses on five college students vacationing in an isolated cabin in a remote wooded area . After they find an audiotape that releases a legion of demons and spirits , members of the group suffer from demonic possession , leading to increasingly gory mayhem . Raimi and the cast produced the short film Within the Woods as a " prototype " to build the interest of potential investors , which secured Raimi US $ 90 @,@ 000 to produce The Evil Dead . The film was shot on location in a remote cabin located in Newport , Tennessee , in a difficult filming process that proved extremely uncomfortable for the majority of the cast and crew . The low @-@ budget horror film attracted the interest of producer Irvin Shapiro , who helped screen the film at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival . Horror author Stephen King gave a rave review of the film , which helped convince New Line Cinema to serve as its distributor . Though a meager commercial success in the United States , the film made its budget back through worldwide distribution , and grossed $ 2 @.@ 4 million during its theatrical run . Both early and later critical reception were universally positive and in the years since its release , The Evil Dead has developed a reputation as one of the largest cult films and has been cited among the greatest horror films of all time . The Evil Dead launched the careers of Campbell and Raimi , who would collaborate on several films together throughout the years , including Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man trilogy . The film has spawned a media franchise , beginning with two sequels written and directed by Raimi , Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) and Army of Darkness ( 1992 ) , as well as video games , comic books , and a TV series . The film 's protagonist Ash Williams ( Campbell ) is regarded as a cult icon . The fourth film , serving as a reboot , a remake , and a sequel , was titled Evil Dead and was released in 2013 . Raimi co @-@ produced the film alongside Campbell and the franchise producer , Robert Tapert . As with the other films , the followup TV series Ash vs. Evil Dead was created and produced by Sam and Ivan Raimi , with Campbell also executive producing . = = Plot = = Five Michigan State University students – Ash Williams ( Bruce Campbell ) , his girlfriend Linda ( Betsy Baker ) , Ash 's sister Cheryl ( Ellen Sandweiss ) , their friend Scotty , and his girlfriend Shelly – venture into the Tennessee hills to vacation in an isolated cabin for their spring break . They soon run into trouble , first narrowly avoiding another motorist , then having a sudden scare as the bridge near the cabin begins to collapse as they cross . That night , while Cheryl is making a drawing of a clock , her hand becomes violently possessed by a mysterious entity , causing her to draw a picture that looks like a book with a deformed , evil face . She fails to mention the incident to the others , dismissing it as her imagination . When the trapdoor to the cellar mysteriously flies open during dinner , Ash and Scotty go down to investigate and find the Naturom Demonto , a Sumerian version of the Egyptian Book of the Dead , along with a tape recording of incantations in which , when played by Ash then Scotty , unleashes demons and evil spirits . Cheryl becomes hysterical when a tree crashes through the window , and she runs to her room . Later , she hears strange voices and goes outside to investigate . She is attacked and raped by demonically possessed trees , but manages to escape . The others do not believe her story , but Ash agrees to drive her to town where she can find a place to stay for the night . However , they find that the only bridge connecting the cabin to the rest of the world has been destroyed . Back at the cabin , Ash listens to more of the tape and while the girls play cards , Cheryl then becomes demonically possessed , telling them that the demons will kill them . She then stabs Linda in the ankle with a pencil , and Scotty locks her in the cellar . Shelly is the next to become possessed ; she attacks Scotty , who eventually dismembers her with an felling axe . They bury her , and a shaken Scotty leaves to find an alternate trail through the woods . Checking on Linda , Ash discovers that she too became possessed . Scotty returns , suffering from injuries inflicted by the possessed trees . Before losing consciousness , he tells Ash that a trail does exist but is impossible because of the trees . Linda and Cheryl unsuccessfully attempt to deceive Ash into believing they are no longer possessed , only to attack him again . He locks Linda outside the cabin and tends to Scotty 's injuries , but she sneaks in through the back door and attacks Ash with a dagger , which he uses to impale her . Taking her body to the woodshed , Ash tries to force himself to dismember her with a chainsaw , but finds himself unable to do it and buries her instead . She rises from the grave and attacks him , forcing him to decapitate her with a shovel . Returning to the cabin , Ash finds that Cheryl has escaped from the cellar . Arming himself with a shotgun , he finds her hiding outside and shoots her in the shoulder . He then descends into the cellar to search for more shotgun shells after barricading the doors . While there , he hears voices and sees blood seeping from numerous crevices and openings in the walls . A demonically possessed Scotty tries to kill Ash as Cheryl breaks through the door . During their fight , Ash sees that the Book of the Dead has fallen near the fireplace and is starting to burn , as are Cheryl and Scotty . As Cheryl raises a fireplace poker to impale him , Ash snatches the book and throws it into the fire . With the book burned , Cheryl and Scotty disintegrate and their blood is soaked all over Ash . After watching in horror , Ash hears an ominous voice saying " Join us " and heads outside while the sun rises . Walking outside to his car , an unseen evil speeds through the forest and the cabin and descends upon him . He turns around and screams in terror before the film cuts abruptly to the end credits . = = Production = = = = = Background and writing = = = Raimi and Campbell grew up together , and have been friends from a young age . The duo directed several low @-@ budget Super 8 mm film projects together . Several were comedies , including Clockwork and It 's Murder ! . Shooting a suspense scene in It 's Murder ! inspired Raimi to approach a career in the horror genre , and after researching horror cinema at drive @-@ in theaters , Raimi was set on directing a horror film . The idea was to shoot a short film first , which would attract the interest of producers , and then use the money gained from that to shoot a full @-@ length project . The short film that Raimi created was called Within the Woods . It was produced for $ 1 @,@ 600 , but for The Evil Dead , Raimi needed over $ 100 @,@ 000 . To generate funds for the film , Raimi approached Phil Gillis , a lawyer to one of his friends . Raimi showed him Within the Woods , and although Gillis was not impressed by the short film , he offered Raimi legal advice on how to produce The Evil Dead . With his advice in mind , Raimi asked a variety of people for donations , and even eventually " begged " some . Campbell had to ask several of his own family members , and Raimi asked every individual he thought could be interested . He eventually raised enough money to produce a full @-@ length film , though not the full amount he originally wanted . With enough money to produce the film , Raimi and Campbell set out to make what was then titled Book of the Dead , a name inspired by Raimi 's interest in the writer H. P. Lovecraft . The film was supposed to be a remake of Within the Woods , with higher production values and a full @-@ length running time . Raimi turned 20 just before shooting began , and he considered the project his " rite of passage " . = = = Pre @-@ production and casting = = = Raimi asked for help and assistance from several of his friends and past collaborators to make The Evil Dead . Campbell was cast as Ash Williams , the main character . To acquire more actors for the project , Raimi put an ad in The Detroit News . Betsy Baker was one of the actresses who responded , and Ellen Sandweiss , who appeared in Within the Woods , was also cast . The crew consisted almost entirely of Raimi and Campbell 's friends and family . The make @-@ up adviser for Within the Woods , Tom Sullivan , was brought on to compose the effects after expressing a positive reaction to working with Raimi . Without any formal assistance from location scouts , the cast had to find filming locations on their own . The crew initially attempted to shoot the film in Raimi 's hometown of Royal Oak , Michigan , but instead chose Morristown , Tennessee , as Tennessee was the only state that expressed enthusiasm for the project . The crew quickly found a remote cabin located several miles away from any other buildings . During pre @-@ production , the 13 crew members had to stay at the cabin , leading to several people sleeping in the same room . The living conditions were notoriously difficult , with several arguments breaking out between crew members . Steve Frankel was the only carpenter on set , which made him the art direction 's sole contributor . For exterior shots , Frankel had to produce several elaborate props with a circular saw . Otherwise , the cabin mostly remained the way it was found during production . The cabin had no plumbing , but phone lines were connected to it . = = = Filming = = = Because of the crew 's inexperience , filming was a " comedy of errors " . The first day of filming led to the crew getting lost in the woods during a scene shot on a bridge . Several crew members became injured during the shoot , and because of the cabin 's remoteness , securing medical assistance was difficult . One notably gruesome moment on set involved ripping off Baker 's eyelashes during removal of her face @-@ mask . Because of the low budget , contact lenses as thick as glass had to be applied to the actors to achieve the " demonic eyes " effect . The lenses took ten minutes to apply , and could only be left on for about fifteen minutes because eyes could not " breathe " with them applied . Campbell later commented that to get the effect of wearing these lenses , they had to put " Tupperware " over their eyes . Raimi developed a sense of mise en scène , coming up with ideas for scenes at a fast rate . He had drawn several crude illustrations to help him break down the flow of scenes . The crew was surprised when Raimi began using dutch angles during shots to build atmosphere during scenes . To accommodate Raimi 's style of direction , several elaborate , low @-@ budget rigs had to be built , since the crew could not afford a camera dolly . One involved the " vas @-@ o @-@ cam " , which relied on a mounted camera that was slid down long wood platforms to create a more fluid sense of motion . A camera trick used to emulate a Steadicam inexpensively was the " shaky cam " , which involved mounting the camera to a piece of wood and having two camera operators sprint around the swamp . During scenes involving the unseen force in the woods watching the characters , Raimi had to run through the woods with the makeshift rig , jumping over logs and stones . This often proved difficult due to mist in the swamp . The film 's final scene was shot with the camera mounted to a bike , while it was quickly driven through the cabin to create a seamless long take . Raimi had been a big fan of the The Three Stooges franchise during his youth , and it inspired him to use " fake shemps " during production . In any scene that required a background shot of a character , he would use another actor as a substitute to save time if the original actor was preoccupied . During a close @-@ up involving Richard DeManicor 's hand opening a curtain , Raimi used his own hand in the scene since it was more convenient . His brother Ted Raimi was used as a substitute in many scenes when the original actor was either busy or preoccupied . Raimi famously enjoyed " torturing " his actors . Raimi believed that to capture pain and anger in his actors , he had to abuse them a little at times , saying , " if everyone was in extreme pain and misery , that would translate into a horror . " Producer Robert Tapert agreed with Raimi , commenting that he " enjoyed when an actor bleeds . " While shooting a scene with Campbell running down a hill , Campbell tripped and injured his leg . Raimi enjoyed poking Campbell 's injury with a stick he found in the woods . Because of the copious amounts of blood in the film , the crew produced gallons of fake blood with karo syrup . It took Campbell hours to remove the sticky substance from himself . Several actors had inadvertently been stabbed or thrown into objects during production . On the last few days on set , the conditions had become so poor that the crew began burning furniture to stay warm . Since only exterior shots needed to be filmed at that point , they burned nearly every piece of furniture left . Several actors went days without showering , and because of the freezing conditions , several caught colds and other illnesses . Campbell later described the filming process as nearly " twelve weeks of mirthless exercise in agony " , though he allowed that he did manage to have fun while on set . On January 23 , 1980 , filming was finished and almost every crew member left the set to return home , with Campbell staying with Raimi . While looking over the footage that had been shot , Raimi discovered that a few pick @-@ ups were required to fill in missing shots . Four days of re @-@ shoots were then done to complete the film . The final moment involved Campbell having " monster @-@ guts " splattered on him in the basement . = = = Editing = = = After the extensive filming process , Raimi had a " mountain of footage " that he had to put together . He chose a Detroit editing association , where he met Edna Paul , to cut the film . Paul 's assistant was Joel Coen of the Coen brothers , who helped with the film 's editing . Paul edited a majority of the film , although Coen notably edited the shed sequence . Coen had been inspired by Raimi 's Within the Woods and liked the idea of producing a prototype film to help build the interest of investors . Joel used the concept to help make Blood Simple with his brother Ethan , and he and Raimi became friends following the editing process . The film 's first cut ran at around 117 minutes , which Campbell called an impressive achievement in light of the 65 @-@ minute length of the screenplay . It was then edited down to a more marketable 85 minutes . Raimi was inspired by the fact that Brian De Palma was editing his own film Blow Out with John Travolta at the same sound facility . One of the most intricate moments during editing was the stop @-@ motion sequence where the corpses " melted " , which took hours to cut properly . The film had unique sounds that required extensive recording from the crew . Several sounds were not recorded properly during shooting , which meant the effects had to be redone in the editing rooms . Dead chickens were stabbed to replicate the sounds of mutilated flesh , and Campbell had to scream into a microphone for several hours . Much like Within the Woods , The Evil Dead needed to be blown up to 35mm , then the industry standard , to be played at movie theaters . The relatively large budget made this a much simpler process with The Evil Dead than it had been with the short film . = = Promotion and distribution rights = = With the film completed , Raimi and the crew decided to celebrate with a " big premiere " . They chose to screen the film at Detroit 's Redford Theatre , which Campbell had often visited as a child . Raimi opted to have the most theatrical premiere possible , using custom tickets and wind tracks set in the theater , and ordering ambulances outside the theater to build atmosphere . The premiere setup was inspired by horror director William Castle , who would often attempt to scare his audiences by using gimmicks . Local turnout for the premiere exceeded the cast 's expectations , with a thousand patrons showing up . The audiences responded enthusiastically to the premiere , which led to Raimi 's idea of " touring " the film to build hype . Raimi showed the film to anyone willing to watch it , booking meetings with distribution agents and anyone with experience in the film industry . Eventually Raimi came across Irvin Shapiro , the man who was responsible for the distribution of George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead and other famous horror films . Upon first viewing the film , he joked that while it " wasn 't Gone with the Wind " , it had commercial potential , and he expressed an interest in distributing it . It was his idea not to use the then @-@ title Book of the Dead , because it made the film sound boring . Raimi brainstormed several ideas , eventually going with The Evil Dead , deemed the " least worst " title . Shapiro also advised distributing the film worldwide to garner a larger income , though it required a further financial investment by Raimi , who managed to scrape together what little money he had . Shapiro was a founder of the Cannes Film Festival , and allowed Raimi to screen the film at the 1982 festival out of competition . Stephen King was present at its screening and gave the film a rave review . USA Today released an article about King 's favorite horror films ; the author cited The Evil Dead as his fifth favorite film of the genre . The film severely affected King , who commented that while watching the film at Cannes , he was " registering things [ he ] had never seen in a movie before " . He became one of the film 's largest supporters during the early efforts to find a distributor , eventually describing it as the " most ferociously original film of the year " , a quote used in the film 's promotional pieces . King 's comments attracted the interest of critics , who otherwise would likely have dismissed the low @-@ budget thriller . The film 's press attracted the attention of British film distribution agent Stephen Woolley . Though he considered the film a big risk , Woolley decided to take on the job of releasing the film in the United Kingdom . The film was promoted in an unconventional manner for a film of its budget , receiving marketing on par with that of larger budget films . Dozens of promotional pieces , including film posters and trailers , were showcased in the UK , heavy promotion rarely expended on such a low @-@ budget film . Woolley was impressed by Raimi , whom he called " charming " , and was an admirer of the film , which led to his taking more risks with the film 's promotion than he normally would have . Fangoria started covering the film in late 1982 , writing several articles about the film 's long production history . Early critical reception at the time was very positive , and along with Fangoria , King , and Shapiro 's approval , the film generated an impressive amount of interest before its commercial premiere . New Line Cinema , one of the distributors interested in the film , negotiated an agreement to distribute it domestically . The film had several " sneak previews " before its commercial release , including screenings in New York and Detroit . Audience reception at both screenings was widely enthusiastic , and interest was built for the film to such an extent that wider distribution was planned . New Line Cinema wrote Raimi a check large enough to pay off all the investors , and decided to release the film in a unique manner : simultaneously into both cinemas and onto VHS , with substantial domestic promotion . = = Commercial release = = Because of its large promotional campaign , the film performed above expectations at the box office . It grossed a total of $ 2 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 worldwide , nearly eight times its production budget . However , the initial domestic gross was described as " disappointing . " It opened in 15 theaters and grossed $ 108 @,@ 000 in its opening weekend . Word of mouth later spread , and the film became a " sleeper hit " , making over $ 600 @,@ 000 domestically and nearly $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 overseas . In its first week of release in 1983 two years later , the film made £ 100 @,@ 000 in the UK and quickly became that week 's best @-@ selling video release . It became the best @-@ selling video in the country that year , out @-@ grossing large @-@ budget horror releases such as The Shining . Its impressive European performance was chalked up to its heavy promotion there and the more open @-@ minded nature of audiences . The film 's release was met with controversy . Raimi made the film as gruesome as possible with neither interest in nor fear of censorship , which led to the film 's receiving an X rating and being named a " video nasty " . Films with this label were quite violent and disturbing , and the rating was often held by pornographic and other X @-@ rated films . While The Evil Dead was not pornographic in nature , it was considered one of the most violent films of its time , and censors had issues with the film 's content , which impacted some of its commercial potential . The film was called the " number one nasty " in a nod to its status as both a nasty and the year 's best @-@ selling video release . Writer Bruce Kawin described The Evil Dead as one of the most notorious splatter films of its day , along with Cannibal Holocaust and I Spit on Your Grave . The film was banned either theatrically or on video in some countries . = = = Home video release = = = The first VHS release of The Evil Dead was by Thorn EMI in 1983 , and Thorn 's successor company HBO ( Time Warner ) / Cannon ( MGM ) Video later repackaged the film . Congress Video , a company notable for public domain films , issued their version in 1989 . The resurgence of The Evil Dead in the home @-@ video market came through two companies that restored the film from its negatives and issued special editions in 1998 : Anchor Bay Entertainment on VHS , and Elite Entertainment on laserdisc . Anchor Bay was responsible for the film 's first DVD release in 1999 , and between them , Elite and Anchor Bay have released six different DVD versions of The Evil Dead , most notably a 2002 " Book Of The Dead " edition , packaged in a latex replica of the Necronomicon sculpted by Tom Sullivan . The film 's high @-@ definition debut was in a 2010 Blu @-@ ray . = = Reception = = = = = Early reception = = = Upon its release , contemporary critical opinion was mostly positive . Bob Martin , editor of Fangoria , reviewed the film before its formal premiere and proclaimed that it " might be the exception to the usual run of low @-@ budget horror films " . The Los Angeles Times called the film an " instant classic " , proclaiming it as " probably the grisliest well @-@ made movie ever . " In a 1982 review , staff from the trade magazine Variety wrote that the film " emerges as the ne plus ultra of low @-@ budget gore and shock effect " , commenting that the " powerful " and inventive camerawork was key to creating a sense of dread . British press for the film was positive ; Kim Newman of Monthly Film Bulletin , Richard Cook of NME , and Julian Petley of Film and Filming all gave the film good reviews during its early release . Petley and Cook compared the film to other contemporary horror films , writing that the film expressed more imagination and " youthful enthusiasm " than an average horror film . Cook described the camera work by Raimi as " audacious " , stating that the film 's visceral nature was greatly helped by the style of direction . Woolley , Newman , and several critics complimented the film for its unexpected use of black comedy , which elevated the film above its genre 's potential trappings . All three critics compared the film to the surrealistic work of Georges Franju and Jean Cocteau , noting the cinephilic references to Cocteau 's film Orpheus . Writer Lynn Schofield Clark in his novel From Angels to Aliens compared the film to better @-@ known horror films such as The Exorcist and The Omen , citing it as a key supernatural thriller . = = = Later reception = = = The film continues to receive universal acclaim from modern critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 @.@ 1 / 10 , based on an aggregation of 55 reviews . It summarized the film : " This classic low budget horror film combines just the right amount of gore and black humor , giving The Evil Dead an equal amount of thrills and laughs . " Empire magazine stated the film 's " reputation was deserved " , writing that the film was impressive considering its low budget and the cast 's inexperience . He commented that the film successfully blended the " bizarre " combination of Night of the Living Dead , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Three Stooges . A reviewer for Film4 rated The Evil Dead four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , musing that the film was " energetic , original and icky " and concluding that Raimi 's " splat @-@ stick debut is a tight little horror classic that deserves its cult reputation , despite the best efforts of the censors . " Slant Magazine 's Ed Gonzales compared the film to Dario Argento 's work , citing Raimi 's " unnerving wide angle work " as an important factor to the film 's atmosphere . He mused that Raimi possessed an " almost unreal ability to suggest the presence of intangible evil " , which was what prevented the movie from being " B @-@ movie schlock " . BBC critic Martyn Glanville awarded the film four stars out of five , writing that for Raimi , it served as a better debut film than Tobe Hooper 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre or Wes Craven 's The Last House on the Left . Glanville noted that other than the " ill @-@ advised trees @-@ that @-@ rape scene " , the film is " one of the great modern horror films , and even more impressive when one considers its modest production values . " Filmcritic.com 's Christopher Null gave the film the same rating as Glanville , writing that " Raimi 's biggest grossout is schlock horror done the right way " and comparing it to Romero 's Night of the Living Dead in its ability to create stark atmosphere . Chicago Reader writer Pat Graham commented that the film featured several " clever " turns on the standard horror formula , adding that Raimi 's " anything @-@ for @-@ an @-@ effect enthusiasm pays off in lots of formally inventive bits . " The make @-@ up effects in one of the final scenes was called " amazing " by Time Out critic Stephen Garrett , who commented that although the film was light on character development , the " relentless " barrage of violent imagery made for an entertaining film . The same site later cited the film as the 41st greatest horror movie ever made . Phelim O 'Neill of The Guardian combined The Evil Dead and its sequel Evil Dead II and listed them as the 23rd best horror film ever made , announcing that the former film " stands above its mostly forgotten peers in the 80s horror boom . " Complex Magazine composed a list of the twenty @-@ five best horror movies available on Netflix , listing The Evil Dead at No. 21 . Don Summer , in his book Horror Movie Freak , and writer Kate Egan have both cited the film as a horror classic . J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters said , " What is unquestionable is that the Raimis and their pals created a monster in The Evil Dead . It started as a disastrous failure to obtain a big break with a too long , too perilous shoot ( note Campbell ’ s changing hairstyle in the various scenes of the one @-@ day plot ) . The film went through name changes and bannings only to survive as not only ' the ultimate experience in grueling horror ' but as an oft @-@ imitated and cashed @-@ in @-@ on classic , with 30 years of positive reviews to prove it . " = = Aftermath = = While The Evil Dead received favorable critical comment when it was initially released , it failed to establish Raimi 's reputation . It was , however , a box @-@ office success , which led to Campbell and Raimi teaming up again for the release of another movie . Joel Coen and his brother Ethan had collaborated as directors and released the film Blood Simple , to critical acclaim . According to Campbell , Ethan , then an accountant , expressed surprise when the duo succeeded . The Coen brothers and Raimi collaborated on a screenplay , which was released shortly after The Evil Dead . The film , Crimewave , was a box @-@ office failure . The film 's production was a " disaster " according to Campbell , who stated that " missteps " like Crimewave usually lead to the end of a director 's career . Other people involved with the film expressed similar disappointment with the project . Fortunately , Raimi had the studio support to make a sequel to The Evil Dead , which he initially decided to make out of desperation . Evil Dead II was filmed and released in 1987 , and was also a box @-@ office success . A second , and currently final , sequel was released in 1993 , Army of Darkness . Campbell returned as the lead character Ash Williams in both films . At that time , Raimi had become a successful director , attracting Hollywood 's interest . His 1990 superhero film Darkman was another box @-@ office success , which led to an increased budget for Army of Darkness . Army of Darkness had 22 @.@ 8 times the budget of the original Evil Dead , though it was not considered to be a box @-@ office success like its two predecessors . Evil Dead II received general acclaim from critics and is often considered to be better than the original , and Army of Darkness received mostly positive reviews . The series has often attracted attention because each sequel featured more comedic qualities than the last , progressing into " weirder " territory with each film . Unofficial sequels were also made in Italy — where the film was known as La Casa ( " The House " ) — by Joe D 'Amato 's Filmirage . In 1988 , D 'Amato produced two films labeled as sequels to Evil Dead II , Umberto Lenzi 's Ghosthouse ( La Casa 3 ) , and Witchery ( La Casa 4 ) , starring Linda Blair and David Hasselhoff . In 1990 , D 'Amato produced his final La Casa film , Beyond Darkness ( La Casa 5 ) . House II was reissued in Italy as La Casa 6 , and The Horror Show was then released in Italy as La Casa 7 . = = = Legacy = = = The Evil Dead and its sequels have become one of the largest cult film trilogies in history . David Lavery , in his book The Essential Cult TV Reader , surmised that Campbell 's " career is a practical guide to becoming a cult idol " . The film launched the careers of Raimi and Campbell , who have since collaborated frequently . Raimi has worked with Campbell in virtually all of his films since , and Campbell has appeared in cameo roles in all three of Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man films , ( as well as a very brief appearance at the end of Darkman ) , which have become some of the highest @-@ grossing films in history . Though it has often been considered an odd choice for Raimi — a director known for his violent horror films — to direct a family @-@ friendly franchise , the hiring was mostly inspired by Raimi 's passion for comic books as a kid . Raimi returned to the horror @-@ comedy genre in 2009 with Drag Me to Hell . Critics have often compared Campbell 's later performances to his role in Evil Dead , which has been called his defining role . Campbell 's performance as Ash has been compared to roles ranging from his performance of Elvis Presley in the film Bubba Ho @-@ tep to the bigamous demon in the The X @-@ Files episode " Terms of Endearment " . Campbell 's fan base gradually developed after the release of Evil Dead II and his short @-@ lived series The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr .. He is a regular favorite at most fan conventions and often draws sold @-@ out auditoriums at his public appearances . The Evil Dead developed a substantial cult following throughout the years , and has often been cited as a defining cult classic . The Evil Dead has spawned a media empire . A video game adaptation of the same name was for the Commodore 64 in 1984 , as was a trilogy of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games in the 1990s : Evil Dead : Hail to the King , Evil Dead : A Fistful of Boomstick and Evil Dead : Regeneration . Ted Raimi did voices for the trilogy , and Campbell returned as the voice of Ash . The character Ash became the main character of a comic book franchise . Ash has fought both Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees in the Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash series , Herbert West in Army of Darkness vs. Re @-@ Animator , zombie versions of the Marvel Comics superhero team Avengers in Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness , and has even saved the life of a fictional Barack Obama in Army of Darkness : Ash Saves Obama . In January 2008 , Dark Horse Comics began releasing a four @-@ part monthly comic book mini @-@ series , written by Mark Verheiden and drawn by John Bolton , based on The Evil Dead . In addition , the film has inspired a stage musical , Evil Dead : The Musical , which was produced with the permission of Raimi and Campbell . The musical has run on and off since its inception in 2003 . A remake of the film was released in 2013 , directed by Fede Alvarez and produced by Raimi and Campbell . It features actress Jane Levy as the main character , with Ash not appearing . Campbell does make a brief , uncredited cameo appearance at the end of the film in a short post @-@ credits scene . In 2015 , an ongoing television continuation of the films called Ash vs. Evil Dead premiered on the Starz Network . The first episode was directed by Raimi , and Campbell is reprising his role as Ash . The series is being produced by Renaissance , and follows an older Ash as he encounters more spirits and demons from the Necronomicon .
= Nebulous = Nebulous is a post @-@ apocalyptic science fiction comedy radio show written by Graham Duff and produced by Ted Dowd from Baby Cow Productions ; it is directed by Nicholas Briggs . The series premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC Radio 4 . Set in the year 2099 AD , the show focuses on the adventures of the eponymous Professor Nebulous , director of operations for the eco @-@ troubleshooting team KENT ( the Key Environmental Non @-@ Judgmental Taskforce ) as they combat various catastrophes and try to set the world back on the right path following a worldwide environmental disaster known as " The Withering " . As well as being a parody of a number of famous science fiction programmes , including Doctor Who , Quatermass and Doomwatch , Nebulous is considered a cult radio programme , attracting a number of guest appearances from famous actors . There have been three series of Nebulous ; the first was broadcast between 6 January and 10 February 2005 . The series was well received by critics , and a second series was broadcast between 5 April and 10 May 2006 , with a third series commissioned by the BBC which began broadcasting on Thursday , 15 May 2008 at 23 : 00 BST . The first series was released on compact disc on 5 February 2007 by BBC Audio . Since 2009 all three series have been broadcast on BBC Radio 7 . Duff has also announced that he is planning to make an animated series of Nebulous . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The development of the series began with the production pilot episode , written by Graham Duff and produced by Baby Cow Productions in March 2003 . The episode , which eventually became " Night of the Vegetarians " , featured much of the final cast , but with a number of differences : a different actor played Rory , and Sir Ronald Rolands was voiced by Duff , while Gemini originally had two voices : a female voice played by Julia Dalkin , and a male voice by Nicholas Briggs . Malcolm Boyle - who wrote the Nebulous theme and edited the pilot - had written an entire original score for the show . However , due to BBC radio budget limitations , this was not used in the completed series . Nicholas Briggs had also originally created a very deep , realistic soundscape , similar to those he had created for the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audioplays , but was advised that " it 's likely the listener will have distractions and will not listen to it more than once ; therefore , the soundscape must be totally accessible from any point in the episode " , toning down the sound effects to match the series ' comic nature . = = = Recording = = = The Moat Studios in London record Nebulous in stereo , with each half @-@ hour episode typically taking one day to record , including read @-@ through and rehearsal . Nicholas Briggs produces the sound , using a combination of synthesised effects from a Roland SH @-@ 101 and foley sound effects . Briggs also carries out the studio editing in order to bring the 30 @-@ minute episodes down to the 28 minutes mandated by the BBC to allow time for radio trailers between programmes . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Set in the year 2099 , the series depicts the Earth as very different from today . Following a number of environmental disasters , such as " the Withering " – which resulted in the loss of a great deal of human knowledge including the vacuum cleaner and fire ( although the latter came back fairly quickly ) – and a " Cattle @-@ clasm " that killed off most of the livestock , the Earth has been reduced to a wasteland separated between " Withered Zones " and the remaining inhabitable areas . The Withering shifted the Earth into a new orbit , resulting in disruption to the seasons and a reformed calendar . Every day of the week is now 25 @-@ hours long except for Thursday ( which , due to time anomalies , has not occurred in over a decade ) , while the change in the length of the year led to the creation of new months such as Janril , Febtober , and Marchuary . In addition , the dreary season of Hamble was created , which is permanently dark , cold and drizzly . The Withering resulted in vegetarians , pigeons and gays becoming endangered species , and completely wiped out tarts . The Earth 's geography is also radically altered . A new mountain range was formed in Britain by a day @-@ long ice age , and the Earth now has twelve and a half continents . Many locations have been displaced and reduced to islands , including Oxford University and the London borough of Deptford , which is now in the Indonesian Ocean as a part of the Cockney Islands . The solar system is equally altered : Jupiter has been deep fried by Harry Ramsden 's , Mercury and Neptune have been knocked together , and there was an initiative to destroy the Moon , which according to the show was deleterious to the nightlight industry . Religion also exists in the Nebulous universe . Pieced together following the Withering , theologians conclude that there were four true deities : the evil twins Yin and Yang , Feng Shui the destroyer , and merciful Bod , based on the children 's television programme Bod , the theme tune of which has become a hymn , sung in Gregorian chant . Bod is analogous to God , hence the commonly used phrase " Oh my Bod ! " = = = Storyline = = = Nebulous follows the adventures of the eco @-@ troubleshooting team " KENT " ( the Key Environmental Non @-@ Judgemental Taskforce , named after the English county of Kent ) . The group is directed by Professor Nebulous toward the goal of restoring a natural balance to Earth . However , they are woefully under @-@ funded ; KENT was forced to open a laundry to supplement funds . There is at least one other eco @-@ troubleshooting team based in England , but despite their common goals they have a less @-@ than @-@ hospitable view of each other . LOUGHBOROUGH ( the Legitimate Organisation Undertaking General Humanitarian Business Operations Requiring Optimum Unconditional Global Harmony , named after the Leicestershire town Loughborough ) is run by Professor Nebulous ’ ex @-@ love interest , Doctor Erica Flazenby . By comparison to KENT it is over @-@ funded and well @-@ equipped , with bazers , black helicopters and info pills , which provide the user with information by ingestion . Nebulous both parodies and pays homage to several well known science fiction programmes and films in both its setting and plotlines , often incorporating several different elements within a single story : Professor Nebulous himself is similar to Bernard Quatermass , a British scientist who led a research group and fought aliens in the classic science fiction serial The Quatermass Experiment and its sequels . KENT itself is based partly on the Department of Measurement of Scientific Work , nicknamed " Doomwatch " , the eponymous organisation from the BBC science fiction television programme Doomwatch , and partly on the Doctor Who Organization " U.N.I.T " , otherwise known as the " United Nations Intelligence Taskforce " . The second episode of series one , " The Loverly Invasion " , is a direct spoof of the Doctor Who episode " The Claws of Axos " , while " The Deptford Wives " takes both its name and premise from The Stepford Wives ( and also borrows from Jurassic Park ) . From the first episode of series 3 onwards , this also began to include the recent Doctor Who spin @-@ off Torchwood and the ITV series Primeval , with references to " baby dinosaurs falling through a hole in time " and " the sheer amount of paranormal activity in the Cardiff area alone ... starting to threaten the Earth 's plausibility shield " . Episode 6 of that series also parodied the tendency in British sci @-@ fi for attempts to take over the world to start in Britain , with the chief villain ( played by Tenth Doctor actor David Tennant ) stating " Funnily enough , that 's a tax thing , " as well as one of the Ninth Doctor 's nicknames , " the oncoming storm " ( with Nebulous known as " the oncoming drizzle " ) . = = Cast = = Mark Gatiss – Professor Boffo Nebulous Rosie Cavaliero – Paula Breeze ( assistant to Nebulous ) Graham Duff – Rory Lawson ( assistant to Nebulous ) Paul Putner – Harry Hayes ( researcher for KENT ) Graham Crowden – Ronald Rolands ( Minister with Unusual Portfolio ) David Warner – Doctor Klench ( Nebulous ' arch @-@ rival ) Julia Dalkin – Nebulous 's mother , Gemini ( KENT 's resident supercomputer ) Matt Wolf – Nebulous 's father Following positive reviews and high listening figures , the second series was able to attract a number of guest appearances from well known actors , including Peter Davison , Steve Coogan , and Kate O 'Mara . The third series featured appearances from Julia Davis and David Tennant . = = Reviews = = Reception to Nebulous was generally positive : a reviewer from The Times described the first series as " a winning blend of Doomwatch , Quatermass and British silliness that has cult written all over it " , while the second series was described as " cool and cultish " . However , The Daily Telegraph was more guarded , comparing the show to " Hitchhiker 's without the philosophy or Red Dwarf without the energy " , going on to say that show is " funny , but not seriously so " . A reviewer for Doctor Who website UnitNews also initially expressed concerns about the level of jokes in the show , but later claimed " I should have been more patient because when they did arrive , coinciding with the introduction of the character Harry , they were relentlessly funny " .
= Frome = Frome ( / ˈfruːm / FROOM ) is a town and civil parish in eastern Somerset , England . Located at the eastern end of the Mendip Hills , the town is built on uneven high ground , and centres on the River Frome . The town is approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of Bath , 43 miles ( 69 km ) east of the county town , Taunton and 107 miles ( 172 km ) west of London . In the 2011 census , the population was given as 26 @,@ 203 . The town is in the Mendip district of Somerset and is part of the parliamentary constituency of Somerton and Frome . In April 2010 a large hoard of third @-@ century Roman coins was unearthed in a field near the town . From AD 950 to 1650 , Frome was larger than Bath and originally grew due to the wool and cloth industry . It later diversified into metal @-@ working and printing , although these have declined . The town was enlarged during the 20th century but still retains a very large number of listed buildings , and most of the centre falls within a conservation area . The town has road and rail transport links and acts as an economic centre for the surrounding area . It also provides a centre for cultural and sporting activities , including the annual Frome Festival and Frome Museum . A number of notable individuals were born in , or have lived in , the town . In 2014 , Frome was called the " sixth coolest town " in Britain by The Times newspaper . Frome has recently been shortlisted as one of three towns in the country for the 2016 Urbanism Awards in the ' Great Town Award ' category . = = History = = There is some limited evidence for Roman settlement of the area . The remains of a villa were found in the village of Whatley , 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west of Frome . In April 2010 , the Frome Hoard , one of the largest @-@ ever hoards of Roman coins discovered in Britain , was found by a metal detectorist . The hoard of 52 @,@ 500 coins dated from the third century AD and was found buried in a field near the town , in a jar 14 inches ( 36 cm ) below the surface . The coins were excavated by archaeologists from the Portable Antiquities Scheme , and some are now on display in the British Museum . The find was the subject of a BBC TV programme Digging for Britain in August 2010 . The name Frome comes from the Brythonic word * frāmā ( Modern Welsh ffraw ) meaning fair , fine or brisk and describing the flow of the river . A monastery built by St. Aldhelm in 685 is the earliest evidence of Saxon occupation of Frome . The Saxon kings appear to have used Frome as a base from which to hunt in Selwood Forest and in 934 a witenagemot was held there , indicating that Frome must already have been a significant settlement . One of the first English Kings , Eadred ( son of Edward the Elder ) , died in Frome on 23 November 955 . At the time of the Domesday Survey , the manor was owned by King William , and was the principal settlement of the largest and wealthiest hundred in Somerset . Over the following years , parts of the original manor were spun off as distinct manors ; for example , one was owned by the minster , later passing to the Abbey at Cirencester , which others were leased by the Crown to important families . By the 13th century , the Abbey had bought up some of the other manors ( although it did let them out again ) and was exploiting the profits from market and trade in the town . Local tradition asserts that Frome was a medieval borough , and the reeve of Frome is occasionally mentioned in documents after the reign of Edward I , but there is no direct evidence that Frome was a borough and no trace of any charter granted to it . However , the Kyre Park Charters of Edward 's reign note a Hugh , lord of Parva ( or little ) Frome , as well as other witnesses . Additionally , Henry VII did grant a charter to Edmund Leversedge , then lord of the manor , giving him the right to hold fairs on 22 July and 21 September . The parish was part of the hundred of Frome . Hales Castle was built , probably in the years immediately after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . The circular ringwork is 120 feet ( 37 m ) in diameter and stands on the northern slope of Roddenbury Hill , close to the Iron Age Roddenbury Hillfort . It comprises banks and outer ditches and has an unfinished bailey . The manufacture of woollen cloth was established as the town 's principal industry in the 15th century , and Frome remained the only Somerset town in which this staple industry flourished . Families of clothiers gradually came to be the principal landowners in the town , with the manor of Frome itself finally passing into the ownership of a cloth merchant in 1714 . From 1665 to 1725 major expansion , including the building of a new artisans ' suburb to the west of Trinity Street , occurred . In the 1720s Daniel Defoe remarked that the town had grown in the previous few decades so that it was " likely to be one of the greatest and wealthiest inland towns in England " . On 12 April 1477 , Ankarette Twynyho was taken from the manor house that stands , known locally as the Old Nunnery , in Lower Keyford accused by George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence of the murder of Isabel Neville , Duchess of Clarence . She was subsequently tried and hanged . Ankarette 's grandson Roger Twynyho received from Edward IV a full retrospective pardon for Ankarette , and the petition he submitted to the king in 1478 describes fully the circumstances of the case , well illustrating the quasi @-@ kingly high @-@ handedness of Clarence which was ultimately not tolerated by the king . On 27 June 1685 , the forces of the Duke of Monmouth camped in Frome , following their defeat in a skirmish with the King 's forces at Norton St Philip . Large numbers of his army deserted during the few days he stayed in the town before his eventual defeat at the Battle of Sedgemoor . Following the putting down of the Monmouth Rebellion , 12 men were hanged in the town . Poverty , the decline of the wool industry in the mid @-@ 18th century , increased industrialisation , and rising food prices led to some unrest amongst the inhabitants of Frome , and there were riots during the century . By 1791 , the town was described in less flattering terms than those Defoe had used 70 years earlier . In the early 19th century , plans were developed to reinvigorate the town and once again elevate it to its former position as a more important town than Bath . These plans , the idea of a local businessman , Thomas Bunn , mostly failed to come to fruition , although some public buildings were erected and a wide new approach road to the town centre from the south was cut ( named Bath Street after the landowner , Lord Bath of Longleat House ) . Whilst wool remained an important part of the town 's economy into the 19th ( and even 20th ) centuries , other industries were established in the town . A bell @-@ foundry started in 1684 by William Cockey grew to be a major producer of components for the developing gas industry and employer of 800 people . The J W Singer brass foundry and bronze @-@ casting works , was a major employer and produced bronze statues . John Webb Singer was born in Frome and established his art metal work foundry in 1851 . They made brass ornaments for local churches and became known through the Oxford Movement within the Church of England which led to increasing demand for church ornaments . In addition to church ornaments the firm developed the facilities and expertise to create large statues . One of the first statues cast was a copy of General Gordon riding a camel . The firm was also responsible for the bronze statue of Boudica with her daughters in her war chariot ( furnished with scythes after the Persian fashion ) , which was commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft . It was not cast in bronze until 1902 , 17 years after Thornycrofts death , and now stands next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament , London . The statue of Lady Justice on the dome above the Old Bailey was executed by the British sculptor , F. W. Pomeroy and cast by Singers . She holds a sword in her right hand and a pair of weighing scales in her left . The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice ; however , the figure is not blindfolded . The statue of Alfred the Great at Winchester was a further commission . The statues from Singers have also been exported around the world . Printing was another major industry , with the Butler and Tanner printworks being set up in the middle of the century . Brewing was also a source of employment . During the 20th century the old wool industry in Frome declined , although the last fabric mill at Wallsbridge did not close until 1965 . As a result , the population fell and in the 1930s it was slightly smaller than it had been in the mid 19th century . Other industries such as printing , light engineering , metal casting , carpeting and dairying continued , many taking old premises from the cloth mills and others being sited at the new Marston Road Trading Estate which led to growth after World War II , including the construction of council houses . = = Governance and public services = = Frome is the largest town within the Somerset non @-@ metropolitan district of Mendip , although the administrative centre is Shepton Mallet . Prior to 1974 it was administered by Frome Urban District . The town elects three members to Somerset County Council , each from a separate county division . At the last election in May 2013 , Liberal Democrats were elected in Frome East , Frome West and Frome North . However , since then there has been one by @-@ election in which the Conservatives took Frome North and a defection of one Councillor to UKIP in Frome West . The next County elections will be held in 2017 . Frome also has eleven councillors on Mendip District Council , two from each of the town council wards except for Oakfield , which elects only one . Following elections in 2015 , five were Liberal Democrats , three for the Conservatives and three for The Green Party . The civil parish of Frome has adopted the style of a town , and there is a Town Council of 17 members . Reduced from 20 Councillors in 2005 . Councillors are split between eight wards : three each for the Berkley Down , College , Keyford , two each for Market , Oakfield and Park Wards , and once each for the Highpoint and Innox Wards . The most recent elections were in May 2015 , following which the council is made up of 17 members of the Independents for Frome party ( ifF ) . Frome has three twin towns : Château @-@ Gontier in France , Murrhardt in Germany and Rabka @-@ Zdrój in Poland . There are 6 electoral wards in Frome having the same total population as that quoted above . The town was not represented in Parliament until given one member in the House of Commons by the Reform Act of 1832 . Separate representation was abolished for the 1950 general election , with Frome itself being transferred to the Wells division , whilst most of the remainder of the constituency formed the bulk of the new Somerset North constituency . Further changes took place for the 1983 general election when the current Somerton and Frome constituency was created . The current representative is Conservative MP David Warburton . During the general election of 2015 , in which 72 % of those eligible turned out to vote , David Warburton achieved a majority of 20 @,@ 268 votes ( 33 @.@ 6 % of the total ) , Frome is within the South West England European Parliamentary constituency which elects six MEPs using the d 'Hondt method of party @-@ list proportional representation . The town has a new National Health Service community hospital , operated by Somerset Primary Care Trust , located on the site of the former Showground at Fromefield . The new hospital was opened in 2008 , replacing the former Frome Victoria Hospital in Park Road which had been in use since 1901 . The nearest general hospital is the Royal United Hospital in Bath . = = Geography = = The town rests on Forest Marble which dates back to the Middle Jurassic , and has been used for local building . The area surrounding the town is Cornbrash , Oxford Clay and Greensand . Frome is unevenly built on high ground above the River Frome , which is crossed by the 16th century town bridge in the town centre . The town centre is approximately 65 metres ( 213 ft ) above sea @-@ level , whilst the outer parts of the town are between 90 metres ( 295 ft ) and 135 metres ( 443 ft ) above sea @-@ level . The main areas of the town are ( approximately clockwise from the north @-@ west ) : Innox Hill , Welshmill , Packsaddle , Fromefield , Stonebridge , Clink , Berkley Down , Easthill , Wallbridge , The Mount , Keyford and Lower Keyford , Marston Gate , The Butts , Critchill , Trinity , and Gould 's Ground . Although the royal forest of Selwood no longer exists , the nearby countryside is still richly wooded , for example on the Longleat , Maiden Bradley and Stourhead estates . To the west of the town , on the edge of the Mendip Hills , there are large active limestone quarries , such as Whatley Quarry and Merehead Quarry , along with disused quarries . The working quarries are served by a dedicated railway line which branches off the main line at Frome , passes through the town centre and out through the Welshmill and Spring Gardens areas in the north @-@ west quadrant of the town . Along with the rest of South West England , Frome has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The annual mean temperature is about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) with seasonal and diurnal variations , but due to the modifying effect of the sea , the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom . January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) and 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In general , December is the dullest month and June the sunniest . The south west of England enjoys a favoured location , particularly in summer , when the Azores High extends its influence north @-@ eastwards towards the UK . Cloud often forms inland , especially near hills , and reduces exposure to sunshine . The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year . Average rainfall is around 800 – 900 mm ( 31 – 35 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest . The predominant wind direction is from the south west . = = Demography = = The population of Frome was 12 @,@ 240 in the 1831 census , however it then declined to 11 @,@ 057 in 1901 and remained between 11 @,@ 000 and 12 @,@ 000 until the 1970s . Since then , it has increased , nearly doubling to over 23 @,@ 000 in 1991 . In the 2011 census , the population was 26 @,@ 203 , comprising 11 @,@ 863 ( 48 @.@ 4 % ) males and 12 @,@ 647 ( 51 @.@ 6 % ) females . 7 @,@ 674 ( 31 @.@ 3 % ) residents were aged 16 or below , 13 @,@ 150 ( 63 @.@ 3 % ) between 16 and 65 , and 3 @,@ 686 ( 15 @.@ 0 % ) aged 65 or over . In the 2001 census of the population aged between 16 and 74 , 11 @,@ 580 ( 67 % ) were in employment , with only 513 ( 3 % ) unemployed ( the remainder being otherwise economically inactive ) . About 68 % of those in employment were in service industries , with the remainder in manufacturing . 4 @,@ 323 people were employed in managerial or professional occupations , 1 @,@ 362 were self @-@ employed , and 4 @,@ 635 in routine and semi @-@ routine occupations . 10 @,@ 198 households were recorded in the town , of which 7 @,@ 679 ( 75 % ) were owner @-@ occupied , 981 ( 10 % ) rented from private landlords , and 1 @,@ 538 ( 15 % ) rented from the local authority or other social landlord . 10 @,@ 122 ( 99 @.@ 3 % ) heads of households were white . = = Economy = = The metal @-@ working and printing industries which replaced wool as Frome 's main industry have declined but not left the town . Singers still has a presence in the town , as does Butler and Tanner , although the latter ( now named Butler Tanner and Dennis following a take @-@ over ) hit major financial difficulties in 2008 , and made two @-@ thirds of its workforce redundant . Almost half of the economically active population of Frome commute to work outside the town ( in Bath , Bristol , Warminster , Westbury or further afield ) . About 2 @,@ 700 people commute into the town . A substantial part of the workforce has no formal qualifications and is poorly skilled , leaving them vulnerable to a decline in manufacturing work . There is no major local government employment in the town , and the principal public sector employers are the Primary Care Trust and the schools . Frome town centre contains a considerable number of independent shops , and a few chain stores . Retail is primarily aimed at serving the local population 's requirements for food ( there are two large supermarkets on opposite edges of the town , and three smaller supermarkets in the town centre ) , basic clothing , health and beauty , DIY and some electrical goods . However studies show that only about a quarter of the town 's population do their non @-@ food shopping in the town . Banks and building societies have branches in the town centre . Markets are held on Wednesdays and Saturdays in the town centre : some in the Market Yard car park , and others in the former agricultural warehouse , the Cheese and Grain . The Saturday cattle market was moved from the centre of the town to nearby Standerwick in the 1980s . In 2003 , Frome was granted Fairtrade Town status . A Vision for Frome 2008 – 2028 has been developed following a consultation with local people in the spring of 2008 which received over 3 @,@ 000 responses . Mendip District Council and Mendip Strategic Partnership have consulted on a Community Strategy and Local Development Framework for the period to 2026 which includes building 2 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 600 new homes , providing more employment and office space , developing a new secondary school and two new primary schools , remodelling the town centre and encouraging a wider range of retailers and leisure providers into the town . There have been a number of significant housing developments within Frome , many on former industrial sites , and these are continuing with plans for the redevelopment of a site at Saxonvale and Garsdale to include several hundred dwellings , shops and a ' cultural quarter ' containing workshops for artists . = = Culture = = Frome has a thriving arts scene . The high @-@ point is the annual ten @-@ day Frome Festival in July , which in recent years has included more than 160 events held at various venues in and around the town . The town is host to a number of artists , many of whom open their studios to the public during the Festival . An Artisan Market is held on Catherine Hill monthly between April and October . There are two theatres in Frome : The Memorial Theatre was built in 1924 in memory of the fallen of the World War I , while the 240 @-@ seat Merlin Theatre is part of the Frome Community College campus . Frome is also home to Somerset 's first and only pub theatre , with Nevertheless , Productions promoting new dramas four times a year at The Cornerhouse pub . The Cheese and Grain , a former farm produce warehouse which was converted into a market and concert hall in 1997 , has a capacity of up to 800 and hosts regular pop concerts . Locally based musicians include American saxophonist Alfred " Pee Wee " Ellis and Irish folk singer Cara Dillon as well as hardcore punk bands More Than Life , Ghost Of The Avalanche and Landscapes . Frome 's only cinema , the Westway , is in Cork Street in the town centre , which closed indefinitely in March 2016 . There is also an arts centre , The Black Swan , and the town is part of the West Country Carnival circuit . The Glastonbury Festival takes place only 15 miles southwest of Frome at Worthy Farm , Pilton . Frome also boasts two comedy clubs - the Submarine Comedy Club at the Archangel and the Cheesy Grin Comedy Club at the Cheese & Grain bar . The Frome & District Agricultural Society holds an annual Agricultural & Cheese Show in September . This was formerly held on the Showground at Fromefield , but in recent years has moved to West Woodland , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the south of the town . The Frome Society for Local Study was founded in 1958 , and helped to establish and run Frome Museum . Frome is served by two newspapers , the Frome & Somerset Standard and the Frome Times . In 2008 , a ' not for profit ' company called Frome Community Productions was formed by members of the community in order to develop and deliver FromeFM , an internet based community radio station . The station broadcasts 24 hours per day and is completely staffed by volunteers who produce features , interviews and music shows . In 2009 , FromeFM commenced a service to stream the broadcasts to mobile phones . In late 2011 FromeFM was granted a broadcast licence and on 16 July 2012 began broadcast on 96.6FM in the Frome area . FromeTV , another ' non @-@ profit ' organisation , runs an online TV channel presenting Frome 's own Question Time format program , interviews and short films relating to local current affairs . Frome 's Cheap Street is a location in episode six of the first series of BBC TV comedy The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin . Frome has also provided the backdrop to historical dramas , such as Drover 's Gold , filmed by BBC Wales in 1996 . Frome restaurants include the Archangel on King Street , which received a 9 / 10 rating in The Sunday Telegraph . The Archangel was formerly The Angel Inn and is believed to date back to before the Protestant Reformation , and is a Grade II listed building . = = Landmarks = = The older parts of Frome – for example , around Sheppard 's Barton and Catherine Hill – are picturesque , containing an outstanding collection of small late @-@ 17th- and 18th @-@ century houses . The Trinity area , which was built in the latter half of the 17th century and first half of the 18th century , is a fine ( and rare ) example of early industrial housing . More than 300 houses were built between 1660 and 1756 in a very unusual early example of a planned grid pattern . Although about half the area was demolished in the 1960s under a Slum Clearance Order , before its historical importance was realised , the remainder was saved and was restored at a cost of £ 4 million between 1980 and 1984 . Also in this area is the elaborate former Selwood Printing Works . Stony Street , which leads into Catherine Hill , is a steep , cobbled road climbing out of the town centre . Also in the centre of the town , Cheap Street contains buildings dating to the 16th and 17th centuries and has a stream running down the middle fed by the spring at St John 's Church . Cheap Street has never been used for vehicular traffic and its layout is based on land plots dating to approximately 1500 . Despite a fire in 1923 the buildings have remained substantially unchanged since 1830 apart from shop @-@ frontages . The town bridge , originally built in the 14th century , was rebuilt in the 17th century and widened in the 19th century , at which time houses were built on it . The Tourist Information Centre in Justice Lane is contained within a circular dye @-@ house known to have been in existence by 1813 , one of two surviving in the town ( the other being in Willow Vale ) . It was restored in 1994 . In the 1990s and first few years of the 21st century Frome benefited from considerable investment in the restoration of its historic buildings through the English Heritage Heritage Economic Regeneration Scheme and the National Lottery Townscape Heritage Initiative . Frome has more than 500 listed buildings , three of which ( including the parish church ) are grade I listed . The Blue House , next to the town bridge , is one of the grade I buildings ; it was formerly the Bluecoat School and Almshouses , named after the colour of the school uniforms . Built in 1726 at a cost of £ 1 @,@ 401 8s 9d , it replaced a previous almshouse dating from 1461 and rebuilt in 1621 . The Blue House provided a home for twenty widows and schooling for twenty boys . The front of the building is adorned by two statues , one of a man and the other a woman , indicating the building 's dual purpose . They are colloquially known as " Billy Ball " and " Nancy Guy " . The building 's role as a school came to an end in 1921 and it now provides studio and one @-@ bedroom flats for seventeen elderly residents . Rook Lane Chapel was a noncomformist chapel built between 1705 and 1707 by James Pope . The chapel had a gallery around three sides and the centre of the ceiling was domed and supported by two Tuscan columns . Rook Lane ceased to be used as a chapel in 1968 and there followed twenty @-@ five years of neglect . In the early 1990s the building was compulsorily purchased by Somerset County Council and transferred to the Somerset Buildings Preservation Trust , which carried out repairs and restorations . In 2001 it was converted by a firm of architects , the ground floor becoming a community hall and arts centre managed by Rook Lane Arts Trust and the galleried upper floor becoming offices for the architectural firm NVB Architects . Frome is reputed to have one or more systems of tunnels beneath the streets of the older parts of the town . Some entrances are visible above ground ; for example in the wall at the top of Stony Street , with other entrances in the cellars of shops and houses . Their purpose and full extent remain unknown but they have been investigated in recent years by at least one local group and a documentary has been made . = = Religious sites = = The parish church of St John the Baptist , was built between the late 12th century and early 15th century replacing a 685 AD Saxon building . Major restoration work was carried out in the 1860s , including the construction of the Via Crucis , which is thought to be unique in an Anglican church . Outside the east end of the church is the tomb of Bishop Thomas Ken . The tower has eight bells , which bear inscriptions indicating that they were cast at various points between 1622 and 1792 . A daughter church of St John 's , Christ Church , was built in 1818 by George Allen Underwood , although considerable changes were made throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . The third Anglican Church , Holy Trinity , was built in 1837 – 38 by Henry Goodridge in the style of Commissioners ' Gothic . It is unusual in that the altar is at the west end due to the position in which the church was built . The stained glass windows are near @-@ contemporary copies of windows designed by Sir Edward Burne @-@ Jones . Finally , St Mary 's at Innox Hill was built in 1863 , by C.E. Giles , as another Chapel of Ease to St John 's . It is small with a decorated sanctuary ceiling . In 1853 , Irvingite Catholics ( Catholic @-@ Apostolic ) began worshipping in a building in the West End until the church was closed . The Roman Catholic church began in Frome after the building of a temporary church in Park Road in 1928 , and a new church , St Catharine 's Catholic Church , was finally built on the site in 1967 and 1968 . Rook Lane Chapel , a noncomformist chapel , was in use from 1707 until 1968 . In 1773 , a split in the congregation of Rook Lane led to the establishment of another Zion Congregational Church in Whittox Lane . This building was replaced in 1810 , and was extended in 1888 ( a separate , octagonal school room with a conical roof having been built on the grounds in 1875 ) . A Quaker Meeting House existed in Sheppards Barton , now South Parade , from 1675 to 1856 . The original building was replaced around 1730 with a simple unadorned stone building comprising a single meeting room with wrought iron gallery above . The building became a school , the town library , Red Cross centre and , since 1999 , the offices of a software company . The present chapel @-@ like appearance was created in a 1993 refurbishment by the Red Cross . Baptists had been worshipping in the town since 1669 , and had two churches . One was built in Sheppards Barton ( now South Parade ) in 1708 . This was demolished and replaced by a new building in 1850 , which was itself closed in 2001 . Part of this building was converted to residential use but the main church , with a baptism pool , remains disused . A second Baptist Church was built in Badcox Lane ( now Catherine Street ) in 1711 . It was replaced with a new building in 1813 , which was embellished with a Doric portico in 1845 . It closed in 1962 ( later serving as a library , before being converted into flats in the 1980s ) . The Methodist church , built in 1812 at Gorehedge , is still in use after considerable additions in 1863 , restoration in 1871 and major internal rearrangement in the 1980s . Sun Street Chapel was erected by the Primitive Methodists in 1834 , and closed in 1982 , although it was used by another religious group afterwards . It is now used as a Community Centre . There is another Methodist church on Portway , built in 1910 . A Dissenters ' Cemetery with Chapel at Vallis Road , was founded in 1851 by Frome 's ' Free Churches ' , mainly Baptist , Congregational and Methodist and has been the site of over 6 @,@ 000 burials . = = Transport = = Frome is served by the Bristol to Weymouth railway line which passes the eastern edge of the town . Frome station was opened in 1850 and is one of the oldest railway stations still in operation in Britain , now with direct services to London Paddington . Trains are operated by First Great Western . A freight line , which branches off through the town to serve the quarries on the Mendip Hills , is mainly used by Mendip Rail . A continuation of this line , which previously linked Frome to Radstock , is now the route of National Cycle Route 24 , otherwise known as the Colliers Way . The A361 bypasses the town around the southern and eastern edges , while the A362 passes through the centre of the town from north @-@ west to south @-@ east . There is a public @-@ access car club , operated by the social enterprise Co @-@ wheels . Electric cars are available from the Cheese and Grain , and Frome Medical Practice . = = Education = = Frome has thirteen first schools for pupils aged between 4 and 9 years , including Berkley Church of England First School , Christ Church Church of England First School , Hayesdown First School , St John 's Church of England Voluntary Aided First School , St Louis Catholic Primary School , Trinity Church of England First School and Vallis First School . There are two middle schools for pupils between 9 and 13 years of age , Oakfield Middle School and Selwood Anglican / Methodist Middle School . The town 's main college , Frome Community College , provides education between ages 13 and 18 , and has specialist " media arts " status . There is also Critchill School which is a special school catering to students who have special educational needs and Farleigh Further Education College for special needs students going on to post 16 , for example because of learning difficulties or physical disabilities . In 2012 the first publicly funded Steiner Academy in the UK opened in Frome . Initially in a temporary location in Corsley , it moved to the permanent location on Park Road in September 2014 . There are no further or higher education establishments in Frome , the closest third @-@ level institution being the University of Bath . A vocational training facility opened in a temporary building in 2008 . = = Sport and leisure = = The Leisure Centre offers a wide range of activities including swimming , indoor bowls , squash and a gym , originally opened in 1974 , and refurbished through October 2015 to May 2016 . There are also water based sports including the Frome and Warminster Dive Club , and Canoe Club . There is an inland diving centre near Frome at Vobster . Victoria Park offers sports such as Bowls , Tennis , Putting , Skateboard ramps and a Children 's ’ Playground . The Millennium Green has several marked walks and a picnic area close to a semi wild open space for local wildlife . The town is also at one end of the Mendip Way which is a 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) long @-@ distance footpath across the Mendip Hills from Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . Badgers Hill , currently known as the Blindmans Brewery Stadium , is the home of Frome Town F.C. , which in 2009 was promoted from the Western Football League into the Southern Football League . The team were promoted again in 2011 into the Southern Football League Premier Division . The Frome Town ladies ' team also play at Badgers Hill . Frome Town F.C. also has Youth / Mini section , launched in the 2010 / 11 season . This is part of the clubs move towards the FA Community Club Status . The Youth section covers players of all abilities from under 6 's to under 18 's . Frome Cricket Club plays cricket at the Agricultural Showgrounds on the Bath side of town . The club was formed in 1925 and , for the 2009 season , plays in the West of England Premier League : Somerset Division . Somerset County Cricket Club used to use the ground and Harold Gimblett made his debut at the venue in May 1935 . The club 's most famed players are Colin Herbert Dredge , who played county cricket 209 times for Somerset from 1976 to 1988 . Mark Harmon , who played for both Somerset and Kent . Alex Barrow , who plays for Somerset and represented England at under 19 level . Formed in 1883 , Frome Rugby Club plays at Gypsy Lane . It has four senior teams and a thriving mini and junior section . The First XV , Second XV and Third XV all play in the English Rugby Union South West Division Championship ; the First XV play in Southern Counties South , the Second XV in Dorset and Wilts One South and the Third XV in Dorset and Wilts Three West . The Fourth XV , known as the Cavalry , play friendly , social fixtures against other local sides . The Frome Cobble Wobble , is an individually timed bicycle hill climb sprint . It was first organised by the local community and Councillor Alvin Horsfall to celebrate the stage 5 of the 2009 Tour of Britain , which started in Frome . = = Notable people – past & present = = See also Category : People from Frome Benjamin Baker , builder of the Forth Bridge , was born in Frome in 1840 . Charles Ball , founder of Ball & Welch department store chain in Australia . The Formula One racing driver and 2009 world champion Jenson Button was born in Frome in 1980 . He went to Selwood Middle School in Frome , and his mother still lives nearby . A street , Jenson Avenue , has been named after him , as has a new bridge over the River Frome ' The Jenson Button Bridge ' . In May 2010 , Button was awarded freedom of the town . Huey Morgan , American lead singer / guitarist from Fun Lovin Criminals and radio presenter on BBC Radio 6 Music & BBC Radio 2 lives in Frome Cara Dillon , Irish folk singer , and her husband , musician and record producer Sam Lakeman ( brother of Seth Lakeman ) , have lived in Frome since 2002 . The cricketer Colin Dredge was born in Frome in 1954 . Eadred ( or Edred ) ( 923 – 955 ) , King of England between 944 and 955 , died in Frome on 23 November of that year . Alfred " Pee Wee " Ellis ( born 1941 in Bradenton , Florida ) , saxophonist , composer and arranger , lives locally . He was an important member of James Brown 's band in the 1960s . He also worked closely with Van Morrison . Anna Friel , actress . The philosopher Joseph Glanvill was Vicar of Frome from 1662 to 1666 . Guy Green , film director , screenwriter , and cinematographer , who won an Oscar for Great Expectations in the last category , was born at 4 Portway in Frome in 1913 . Alice Seeley Harris , pioneering documentary photographer , missionary and human rights activist , born in Frome in 1870 . Charlie Higson of The Fast Show was born in Frome in 1958 . Actor James Laurenson lives in the town . Lois Maxwell , who played Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond film series from 1962 to 1985 , lived in Frome from 1994 to 2001 . Sir Charles Oatley , developer of one of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes , was born at 5 Badcox in Frome in 1904 . Anthony Powell , author , died in Frome in 2000 . William Henry " Billy " Reed , violinist , composer and biographer of Edward Elgar , was born in Christ Church Street in Frome in 1875 . Kate Rew , author and wild swimmer . Christina Rossetti ( poet , and sister of Dante Gabriel Rossetti ) , helped her mother run a day school in Frome in 1853 / 4 . Elizabeth Singer Rowe ( poet and devotional writer , first published by John Dunton ) . Henry Thomas Ryall , royal engraver to Queen Victoria , was born in Frome in 1811 . Richard Vranch of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? was born in Frome in 1959 . Sir Charles Wilkins , the first translator of Bhagavad Gita into English , was born in Frome around 1749 . Kerry Wilkinson , one of Amazon 's top @-@ 10 best @-@ selling authors worldwide for 2011 , went to Oakfield Middle School and Frome Community College . Luke Hood , owner of the music brand UKF Music .
= Al @-@ Maʿarri = Abul ʿAla Al @-@ Maʿarri ( Arabic أبو العلاء المعري Abū al @-@ ʿAlāʾ al @-@ Maʿarrī , full name أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري Abū al @-@ ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaimān al @-@ Tanūẖī al @-@ Maʿarrī ; 973 – 1057 ) was a blind Arab philosopher , poet , and writer . Born in modern @-@ day Maarrat al @-@ Nuʿman , Syria , he studied at Aleppo , Tripoli and Antioch . Producing popular poems in Baghdad , he nevertheless refused to sell his texts . In 1010 , he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health , and continued writing which gained him local respect . Described as a " pessimistic freethinker " , Al @-@ Maʿarri was a controversial rationalist of his time , citing reason as the chief source of truth . He was pessimistic about life describing himself as " a double prisoner " of blindness and isolation . He attacked the dogmas of religion and rejected Islam . He was equally sarcastic towards the religions of Jews , Christians and Zoroastrians . He advocated social justice , and lived a secluded , ascetic lifestyle . He was a strict vegetarian , writing " do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals . " Al @-@ Maʿarri held an anti @-@ natalist view , in line with his general pessimism , suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains of life . Al @-@ Maʿarri wrote three main works that were popular in his time . Among his works are " The Tinder Spark " , " Unnecessary Necessity " , and " The Epistle of Forgiveness " which may be considered a precursor to Dante 's Divine Comedy . Al @-@ Maʿarri never married and died at the age of 83 in the city where he was born , Maarrat al @-@ Nuʿman . In 2013 , a statue of Al @-@ Maʿarri located in Syria was beheaded by jihadists from the Al Nusra Front . Despite controversy about his unorthodox views , Al @-@ Maʿarri is regarded as one of the greatest classical Arabic poets . = = Life = = Abul Ala was born in Maʿarra , modern Maarrat al @-@ Nuʿman , Syria , near the city of Aleppo , in December 973 . At his time , the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate , the third Islamic caliphate , and was during the Golden Age of Islam . He was a member of the Banu Sulayman , a notable family of Maʿarra , belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe . One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Maʿarra . The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets . He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox . His later pessimism may be explained by his virtual blindness . Later in his life , he regarded himself as " a double prisoner " which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life . He started his career as a poet at an early age , at about 11 or 12 years old . He was educated at first in Maʿarra and Aleppo , later also in Antioch and other Syrian cities . Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh . This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE when al @-@ Maʿarri was still a child . Al @-@ Maʿarri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al @-@ ghufrān . Al @-@ Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli , Al @-@ Maʿarri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to debates about Hellenistic philosophy , which planted in him the seeds of his later skepticism and irreligiosity ; but other historians such as Ibn al @-@ Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine . In 1004 @-@ 5 Al @-@ Maʿarri learned that his father had died and , in reaction , wrote an elegy where he praised his father . Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time , though he was a controversial figure . After the eighteen months in Baghdad , al @-@ Maʿarri returned home for unknown reasons . He may have returned because his mother was ill , or he may have run out of money in Baghdad , as he refused to sell his works . He returned to his native town of Maʿarra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival . He remained in Maʿarra for the rest of his life , where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle , refusing to sell his poems , living in seclusion and observing a strict vegetarian diet . His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town . Though he was confined , he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others . He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally , as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad . Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle , in his seventies , he became rich and was the most revered person in his area . Al @-@ Maʿarri never married and died in May 1057 in his hometown . = = Philosophy = = = = = Irreligion = = = Al @-@ Maʿarri was skeptic in his beliefs who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion . This , along with his general negative view on life , has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker . One of the recurring themes of his philosophy was the right of reason against the claims of custom , tradition , and authority . Al @-@ Maʿarri taught that religion was a " fable invented by the ancients " , worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses . Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true ; they are all fabrications . Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life . The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce . Al @-@ Maʿarri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam , such as the Hajj , which he called " a paganʿs journey . " He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic , for whom reason provides a moral guide , and virtue is its own reward . His religious skepticism and positively anti @-@ religious views extended beyond Islam and also toward Judaism and Christianity . Al @-@ Maʿarri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality : if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians . Encapsulating his view on organized religion , he once stated , " The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts : those with brains , but no religion , and those with religion , but no brains . " = = = Asceticism = = = Al @-@ Maʿarri was an ascetic , renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works . He opposed all forms of violence . In Baghdad , while being well received , he decided not to sell his texts , which made it difficult for him to live . This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time . In Al @-@ Maʿarri 's later years , he became a strict vegan , neither consuming meat , nor any other animal products . He wrote : And do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals , Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young , not noble ladies . [ ... ] I washed my hands of all this ; and wish that I Perceived my way before my hair went gray ! = = = Anti @-@ natalism = = = Al @-@ Maarriʿs fundamental pessimism is expressed in his anti @-@ natalist recommendation that no children should be begotten , so as to spare them the pains of life . In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative , he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life : Soften your tread . Methinks the earth 's surface is but bodies of the dead , Walk slowly in the air , so you do not trample on the remains of God 's servants . Even on Al @-@ Maʿarri 's epitaph , he wanted it written that his life was a wrong done by his father and not one that was done by himself . = = Modern views = = Al @-@ Maʿarri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam , the dominant religion of the Arab World . In 2013 , almost a thousand years after his death , the al @-@ Nusra Front , a branch of al @-@ Qaeda , beheaded a statue of Al @-@ Maʿarri during the civil war in Syria . The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad . The motive behind the beheading is disputed ; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family . Still , Al @-@ Maʿarri is sometimes referred to as one of the greatest classical Arab poets . Some have drawn connections between him and the Roman poet Titus Lucretius Carus , citing how progressive their views were compared to the time in which they lived . = = Works = = An early collection of his poems appeared as " The Tinder Spark " ( Saqṭ al @-@ zand ; سقط الزند ) . The collection of poems included praise of notable people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid King Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla . It gained great popularity and established his reputation as a poet . A few poems in the collection were about armor . A second , more original collection appeared under the title " Unnecessary Necessity " ( Luzūm mā lam yalzam لزوم ما لا يلزم أو اللزوميات ) , which is how Al @-@ Maʿarri saw the business of living ; also Luzūmīyāt " Necessities " , alluding to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used . His third famous work is a work of prose known as " The Epistle of Forgiveness " ( Risālat al @-@ ghufrān رسالة الغفران ) . The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al @-@ Qarih , whom Al @-@ Maʿarri mocks for his religious views . In this work , the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period , contrary to Muslim doctrine which holds that only those who believe in God can find salvation ( Quran 4 : 48 ) . Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise , the Resalat Al @-@ Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante which came hundreds of years after . The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd 's Risala al @-@ tawabi ' wa al @-@ zawabi though there is no evidence that Al @-@ Maʿarri was inspired by Ibn Shahayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by Al @-@ Maʿarri . Algeria reportedly banned " The Epistle " from the International Book Fair held in Algiers in 2007 . " Paragraphs and Periods " ( Al @-@ Fuṣūl wa al @-@ ghāyāt ) is a collection of homilies . The work has also been called a parody of the Quran . = = Extracts = = O fools , awake ! The rites ye sacred hold Are but a cheat contrived by men of old , Who lusted after wealth and gained their lust And died in baseness - and their law is dust . أفيقوا أفيقوا يا غواة فإنما * دياناتكم مكر من القدماء أرادوا بها جمع الحطام فأدركوا * وبادروا وماتت سنة اللؤماء ( Luzum 249 ) Religion and infidelity , and stories that are related , and a Revelation that is cited as authority , and a Pentateuch and a Gospel . Lies are believed amongst every race ; and was any race ever the sole possessor of Truth ? دين وكفر وأنباء تقص وفرقان ينص وتوراة وإنجيل في كل جيل أباطيل يدان بها * فهل تفرد يوما بالهدى جيل ( Luzum 252 ) They have not based their religion on any logical ground , whereby they might decide between Shi ’ ites and Sunnis , In the opinion of some whom I do not mention , the Black Stone is only a remnant of Idols and sacrificial altar stones . لم يثبتوا بقياس أصل دينهم * فيحكموا بين رفاض ونصاب ما الركن في قول ناس لست أذكرهم * إلا بقية أوثان وأنصاب ( Luzum 260 ) Had they been left alone with Reason , they would not have accepted a spoken lie ; but the whips were raised . Traditions were brought to them , and they were bidden say , “ We have been told the truth ” ; and if they refused , the sword was drenched ( in their blood ) . لو يتركون وهذا اللب ما قبلوا * مينا يقال ولكن شالات الجذم أتوهم بأحاديث وقيل لهم * قولوا صدقنا وإلا أروى الخذم وأرهبتهم جفون ملؤها نوب * وأرغبتهم جفان للندى رذم ( Luzum 262 ) Fortune is ( so strangely ) allotted , that rocks are visited ( by pilgrims ) and touched with hands and lips , Like the Holy Rock ( at Jerusalem ) or the two Angels of Quraysh , howbeit all of them are stones that once were kicked . وتقسيم حظوة حتى صخور * يزرن فيستلمن ويلتمسنه كذات إلى القدس أو ركني قريش * وأسرتهٌن أحجار لطسنه ( Luzum 301 ) = = Editions = = G. Brackenbury ( trans . ) , Risalat ul Ghufran , a Divine Comedy , 1943 .
= International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya = The International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya or the situation in the Republic of Kenya is an on @-@ going investigation by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) into the responsibility for the 2007 – 2008 post @-@ election violence in Kenya . The 2007 – 2008 Kenyan crisis followed the presidential election that was held on 27 December 2007 . The Electoral Commission of Kenya officially declared that the incumbent President Mwai Kibaki was re @-@ elected ; supporters of the opposition candidate Raila Odinga accused the government of electoral fraud and rejected the results . A series of protests and demonstrations followed , and fighting — mainly along tribal lines — led to many deaths , injuries and displacements . After failed attempts to conduct a criminal investigation of the key perpetrators in Kenya , the matter was referred to the International Criminal Court in The Hague . In 2010 , the Prosecutor of the ICC Luis Moreno Ocampo announced that he was seeking summonses for six people : Deputy Prime Minister Uhuru Kenyatta , Industrialisation Minister Henry Kosgey , Education Minister William Ruto , Cabinet Secretary Francis Muthaura , radio executive Joshua Arap Sang and former police commissioner Mohammed Hussein Ali — all accused of crimes against humanity . The six suspects , known colloquially as the " Ocampo six " were indicted by the ICC 's Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II on 8 March 2011 and summoned to appear before the Court . The government of Kenya and the National Assembly both attempted to stop the ICC process . The government appealed to both the United Nations Security Council and the Court itself regarding the admissibility of the case . The National Assembly voted in favour of removing Kenya as a state party to the Rome Statute , the international treaty which established the ICC . Despite this opposition , the suspects cooperated with the proceedings and attended preliminary hearings in The Hague in April 2011 and confirmation of charges hearings in September of that year . The Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II confirmed the charges against Kenyatta , Ruto , and Sang and declined to confirm the charges against Ali , Kosgey , and Muthaura . The trial of Ruto and Sang began on 10 September 2013 , while that of Kenyatta is supposed to begin on 5 February 2014 . However the Chief prosecuter has asked that the case be adjourned citing lack of enough evidence required for trial . = = Background = = On 27 December 2007 , a general election was held in Kenya , comprising parliamentary , presidential and civic elections . The incumbent President , Mwai Kibaki , who represents the Party of National Unity and Raila Odinga from the Orange Democratic Movement were the leading candidates . Early indications showed that Odinga was likely to win the election , however the results announced by the Electoral Commission of Kenya showed that Kibaki had been re @-@ elected and he was sworn in as President . Immediately after the Electoral Commission 's announcement , Odinga rejected the result , claiming that widespread electoral fraud had taken place . European Union electoral observers also claimed that the electoral commission had failed to ensure the credibility of the vote . In the days that followed violence spread throughout the country . An estimated 1 @,@ 200 people died and more than 500 @,@ 000 were displaced from their homes . A government spokesman accused Odinga 's supporters of " engaging in ethnic cleansing " , while Odinga claimed that the President 's supporters were " guilty , directly , of genocide " . Violence was mainly perpetrated along tribal lines ; Mwai Kibaki is part of the Kikuyu tribe , the largest tribe in Kenya , while Odinga is a Luo . Violence continued until a peace deal was agreed upon between Kibaki and Odinga under the mediation of former United Nations Secretary @-@ General Kofi Annan , whereby Kibaki would remain as President and Odinga would take over the newly created office of the Prime Minister . = = Waki report and referral to the ICC = = As part of the mediation between Kibaki and Odinga in 2008 the two parties agreed a series of accords . One of these was to establish the Commission of Inquiry into the Post @-@ Election Violence , chaired by Kenyan judge Philip Waki to investigate the violence and particularly the actions of the police . Waki 's report recommended that the Kenyan government set up a special tribunal to prosecute those responsible for the worst crimes. and although both Kibaki and Odinga voiced support for a local tribunal , the idea was rejected by the National Assembly . Waki passed his report , including a list of the names of those he considered most responsible for the violence back to Kofi Annan with instructions that it be passed to the International Criminal Court if progress with the local tribunal was not made . On 16 July 2009 the Waki commission delivered a copy of his report along with six boxes of documents and supporting materials to the International Criminal Court along with a sealed envelope containing a list of people who could be implicated in the violence . The prosecutor , Luis Moreno Ocampo opened the envelope , inspected its contents and re @-@ sealed it . Initially the ICC gave the Kenyan government a deadline of July 2010 to establish a local tribunal before it would refer the case to the ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo . The " Waki List " has so far not been made public , and there is speculation that it may contain more names than the six who were initially indicted by the ICC ; consequently there have been some calls in Kenya for either the ICC or Waki to release the list . = = Pre @-@ Trial Chamber authorisation = = The International Criminal Court 's prosecutor may open a formal investigation in one of three circumstances : when a situation is referred by the government of a state which the investigation concerns , when the situation is referred by the UN Security Council or under his own volition with authorisation from a Pre @-@ Trial Chamber . On 6 November 2009 the ICC Presidency assigned the situation in Kenya to Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II and the prosecutor made an application to that chamber for authorisation to open a formal investigation on 26 November . The judges of the pre @-@ trial chamber granted this authorisation on 31 March 2010 . The judges who made this decision , Ekaterina Trendafilova , Hans @-@ Peter Kaul and Cuno Tarfusser noted in their written ruling that while Article 15 of the Rome Statute does allow for the Prosecutor to investigate and prosecute a case of his own volition , this is one of the more controversial aspects of the ICC . In the ICC 's history , this case was the first time the Prosecutor decided to investigate a case in this manner , with all prior cases being referred to the Court either by a national government , or by the United Nations Security Council . Judge Hans @-@ Peter Kaul made a dissenting opinion in the judgment , but the judgment was passed by a 2 – 1 majority . In his dissent he wrote : In essence , the main reason for this position is the following : both , my interpretation of article 7 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the [ Rome ] Statute , which sets out the legal definition of " attack directed against any civilian population " as constitutive contextual element of crimes against humanity , and my examination of the Prosecutor 's Request and supporting material , including the victims ' representations , have led me to conclude that the acts which occurred on the territory of the Republic of Kenya do not qualify as crimes against humanity falling under the jurisdictional ambit of the Court . = = Suspects = = On 15 December 2010 , Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo named six suspects , and made an application to Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II for summonses to be issued to them . The six men became colloquially known as the Ocampo Six ( or Ocampo 6 ) . The individuals named by Moreno Ocampo were : Major General Mohammed Hussein Ali – the chief executive of the Postal Corporation of Kenya , who at the time of the post @-@ election violence had been the Commissioner of the Kenya Police . Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta – the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance who is also chairman of the KANU political party which is part of President Kibaki 's Party of National Unity . Henry Kiprono Kosgey – the Minister for Industrialisation and member of the National Assembly for the Tinderet Constituency who is also chairman of the Orange Democratic Movement . Francis Kirimi Muthaura – the Head of Public Service , Cabinet Secretary and chairman of the National Security Advisory Committee . William Samoei Ruto – the Minister for Higher Education , Science and Technology and ODM member of the National Assembly for the Eldoret North Constituency . Joshua Arap Sang – the head of operations at the Kalenjin language radio station KASS FM , who at the time of the post @-@ election violence was a radio presenter . = = = Legal representation = = = It was reported in 2011 that Kenyatta has recruited British lawyers Steven Kay and Gillian Higgins , who previously defended Slobodan Milosevic at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia , to lead his legal team . Francis Muthaura initially appointed another British lawyer , Karim Ahmad Khan , who previously led the defence of Charles Taylor at the Special Court for Sierra Leone , and subsequently also recruited Essa Faal and Shyamala Alagendra who both formerly worked in the ICC Prosecutor 's office . Ali 's defence was led by Canadian John Philpot , Kosgey 's by Julius Kemboi , and William Ruto appointed Dr. Kindiki Kithure and Katwa Kigeni . Kigeni is also representing Joshua Sang . The Kenyan government has agreed to pay the legal costs of Francis Muthaura and Mohamed Ali due to their actions being taken in the course of their public employment . This decision has attracted criticism from many Kenyans . = = Charges = = The prosecutor presented the charges to Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II as two separate cases , one case was the prosecution of Ali , Kenyatta , and Mathaura , and the second case is the prosecution of Kosgey , Ruto , and Sang . All six suspects were accused of crimes against humanity . = = = The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto , Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang = = = In the case which concerns the Orange Democratic Movement 's supporters ' actions against the supporters of the government , William Ruto , Henry Kosgey , and Joshua Sang were charged with four counts of crimes against humanity . They were all accused of committing the crimes as indirect co @-@ perpetrators at locations including Turbo town , the greater Eldoret area , Kapsabet town , and Nandi Hills town . Their charges were : Murder , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Rome Statute ; Deportation or forcible transfer of a population , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( d ) of the Rome Statute ; Torture , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( f ) of the Rome Statute ; Persecution , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( h ) of the Rome Statute ; = = = The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura , Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali = = = In the case which concerns the government 's supporters ' actions against the opposition , Francis Muthaura , Uhuru Kenyatta , and Mohammed Ali were charged with five counts of crimes against humanity . They were accused of committing these crimes as indirect co @-@ perpetrators at locations including Kisumu , Kibera , Nakuru and Naivasha : Murder , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Rome Statute ; Deportation or forcible transfer of a population , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( d ) of the Rome Statute ; Rape and other forms of sexual violence , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( g ) of the Rome Statute ; Persecution , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( h ) of the Rome Statute ; Inhumane acts , constituting a crime against humanity in violation of article 7 ( 1 ) ( k ) of the Rome Statute ; = = Pre @-@ trial phase = = Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II ruled that there were reasonable grounds to be believe that William Ruto and Henry Kosgey were criminally responsible as indirect co @-@ perpetrators of the crimes outlined in counts 1 , 2 and 4 , but in the case of Joshua Sang it ruled that his involvement was not essential to the commission of the crimes and so only ruled that there were grounds to believe he otherwise contributed to the crimes . The Chamber rejected the request by the Prosecutor to include the charge of torture in count 3 . In the case of Kenyatta , Muthaura and Ali the Chamber ruled that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Uhuru Kenyatta and Francis Muthaura were guilty as indirect co @-@ perpetrators of the crimes of which they were accused but in the case of Mohammed Ali , the Chamber ruled that his contribution was not essential to the commission of the crimes and so he was charged with having otherwise contributed . On 8 March 2011 , Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for all six of the suspects in the two cases . As with the decision to authorise the investigation by the Prosecutor , Judge Hans @-@ Peter Kaul dissented and opposed the issuance of summonses . = = = Initial hearings = = = On 7 April 2011 , the initial hearing took place in the case of Ruto , Kosgey , and Sang , and the following day the corresponding hearing in the case of Kenyatta , Ali , and Mathaura also took place at the seat of the Court in The Hague . During the hearing , presiding Judge Ekaterina Trendafilova expressed concern at some of the actions of the suspects , in particular speeches that may have been made in an attempt to incite further violence in Kenya . Speaking at the initial hearing she said : It came to the knowledge of the Chamber by way of following some articles in the Kenyan newspapers that there are some movements towards retriggering the violence in the country by way of using some dangerous speeches . I would like to remind the suspects – and I 'm not referring to anyone in particular but this is a general point to be made to all the suspects – that such type of action could be perceived as a sort of inducement which may constitute the breach of one of the conditions set out in the summonses to appear , namely , to continue committing crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court . Accordingly , this might prompt the Chamber to replace the summonses to appear with warrants of arrest . At the initial hearings the chamber set dates for the confirmation of charges hearings to take place in September 2011 . An application by the Office of the Prosecutor to impose conditions on the suspects ' summonses including that they provide details of all their home addresses and that they pay a bond to the Court was rejected by Judge Trendafilova . = = = Location of confirmation of charges hearings = = = In June 2011 , Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II requested that the Prosecutor , defendants , and victims comment on the possibility of holding the confirmation of charges hearings in Kenya rather than in The Hague . This move was supported by Amnesty International , which claimed that holding the hearings in Kenya would bring the justice process closer to victims . The idea of holding the hearings in Kenya was also supported by the defendants Francis Muthaura and Henry Kosgey , with Mathaura suggesting holding the hearings in a military barracks for enhanced security as well as suggesting the possibility of holding the hearings in Arusha , Tanzania , which is the location of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda . The move was opposed by the Prosecution , who cited security concerns as an obstacle , and also by Ali , Kenyatta , Ruto , and Sang who cited the possibility that a change of venue would lead to delays in the trial process in submissions made to the Court . On 29 June Judge Trendafilova ruled that the hearings will take place at the seat of the Court in The Hague . = = = Confirmation of Charges Hearings = = = The hearing in the case of Ruto , Kosgey and Sang took place in The Hague between 1 and 8 September 2011 . The three defendants had all filed applications challenging the jurisdiction of the court which were rejected by the chamber . Although the defence teams had initially proposed calling 43 witnesses to the confirmation of charges hearings the chamber instructed them to present just two witnesses each at the confirmation hearings , which they did . Ruto and Sang additionally made unsworn statements in person . The hearing in the case of Muthaura , Kenyatta and Ali took place between 21 September and 5 October 2011 . Kenyatta and Ali submitted challenges to the court 's jurisdiction which were rejected . The defence teams presented two witnesses each and Kenyatta made a sworn statement . Francis Muthaura exercised his right to make an unsworn statement . = = Participation of victims = = The procedures of the ICC allow for the participation of victims who may submit views and observations to the Court and also apply for reparations . In the case of Ruto et al . 394 victims applied to participate in the proceedings and the pre @-@ trial chamber admitted 327 of those victims as participants . In the case of Muthaura et al . 249 victims applied and 233 were admitted as participants . = = The Prosecutor 's Allegation = = = = = Ruto et al = = = The prosecutor accused the defendants of forming an organisation along with other Kalenjin people as early as 2006 with the stated purpose of removing members of the Kikuyu , Kamba and Kisii ethnic groups from the Rift Valley region of Kenya to create a large pro @-@ ODM power base in that region . To force these communities to relocate , the group planned to inflict fear and destroy homes and property until the victims left the region . The prosecutor alleged that on 15 April 2007 a ceremony took place at a milk plant in Molo where members of the network swore an oath of allegiance and that further meetings took place , including some which took place at William Ruto 's house . In particular the prosecutor claims that a meeting took place on 22 December 2007 at Ruto 's house and that guns and money were distributed to the attendees . Sang , who at the time of the election was the presenter of a radio programme on the Kalenjin language station KASS FM was accused of using his broadcasts to spread instructions and incitements to violence . = = = = Murder = = = = The charge of murder as a crime against humanity was made by the prosecutor in relation to multiple attacks that took place in the aftermath of the election . The prosecution alleges that members of the network attacked Turbo town on 30 and 31 December 2007 , resulting in at least 4 deaths and with one witness claiming that he saw more than 200 dead bodies . Additionally the prosecutor alleges that network members attacked the Huruma , Kiambaa , Kimumu , Langas and Yamumbi areas of Eldoret , resulting in 70 to 87 deaths . It is alleged that during the attack in Kaimbaa several people took refuge in a church which was locked from outside and then burned down causing between 17 and 35 people to be burned to death . Additionally the prosecutor alleges that the towns of Kapsabet and Nandi Hills town were attacked by network members . = = = = Forcible Transfer of Population = = = = The prosecutor claims that the network forced residents of Turbo , Eldoret , Kapsabet and Nandi Hills to leave these areas by destroying homes and that in Turbo town homes and businesses were burned with petrol . Many residents fled to police stations and at one point 7 @,@ 500 displaced people were sheltering at Kapsabet police station alone . = = = = Persecution = = = = The crime of persecution as a crime against humanity is defined under the Rome Statute as " the intentional and severe deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to international law by reason of the identity of the group or collectivity . The prosecutor claims that since the crimes of murder and forcible transfer of population were done against specific ethnic groups which were identified as supporters of the PNU , these crimes amount to persecution . = = = Muthaura et al = = = The prosecutor alleges that Muthaura , Ali , Kenyatta and the leadership of the outlawed Mungiki sect " agreed to pursue an organizational policy to keep the PNU in power through every means necessary , including by orchestrating a police failure to prevent the commission of crimes " . He claims that prior to the election Uhuru Kenyatta was the mediator between the PNU and the Mungiki and organised a series of meetings from November 2007 involving Muthaura , other government officials , businessmen and Mungiki leaders . Kenyatta and Muthaura are accused of providing funding , uniforms and weapons to Mungiki and pro @-@ PNU youth to carry out their attacks . Muthaura , as chairman of the National Security Committee , and Ali as commissioner of police are accused of instructing the Kenya Police not to intervene in the attacks . The prosecutor claims that in preparation for the post @-@ election violence a meeting took place at the State House in Nairobi on 26 November 2007 between Muthaura , Kenyatta , Mungiki representatives and President Kibaki . During this meeting it is alleged by the anonymous " Witness 4 " , one of the Mungiki representatives present at the meeting that Francis Muthaura gave money to the Mungiki representatives . At a second meeting , held on 30 December Kenyatta is accused of giving some MPs and Mungiki coordinators 3 @.@ 3 million Kenyan shillings each ( approximately $ 35 @,@ 000 ) with which to buy guns to attack Nakuru . In late January 2008 , before the crimes in Naivasha , the Mungiki leader Maina Njenga was allegedly given 20 million shillings and that in return for that money and other concessions Njenga placed the Mungiki at the disposal of Muthaura and Kenyatta . = = = = Murder = = = = The prosecutor alleges that murder as a crime against humanity took place in Nakuru and Naivasha . He alleges that that approximately 112 people were killed in Nakuru between 24 and 27 January 2008 and that by 31 January at least 50 people had been killed in Naivasha . One witness testified that 23 people died in Naivasha from burns including 19 who died in a single arson attack on the Kabati estate . The majority of the killings were the result of attacks with machetes and blunt instruments although guns were used in some attacks . = = = = Forcible Transfer of Population = = = = The prosecution alleges that thousands of ODM supporters were forced to leave their homes in Nakuru and Naivasha . In particular 9 @,@ 000 people took refuge at Naivasha police station and in Nakuru many took refuge at the Afraha stadium . It is claimed that public announcements of " Luos must leave " were made in these areas . The people displaced were mainly from the Luo , Luhya and Kalenjin ethnic groups . = = = = Rape and other forms of sexual violence = = = = The prosecutor alleges than in Nakuru forty five cases of sexual violence were reported including rapes , forced male circumcisions and penile amputation . Rapes were also reported in Naivasha , as were forced circumcisions of Luo men . One witness claims that Naivasha 's men were forced to remove their underwear to confirm their ethnicity and forcibly circumcised if their uncircumcised penis identified them as Luo . = = = = Persecution and Other inhumane acts = = = = In relation to the charges of persecution and other inhumane acts the prosecutor cites the physical violence and destruction of property that was committed by the Mungiki members against the ODM supporters as being " other inhumane acts " which constitute crimes against humanity . Since these acts were targeted at people who were believed to support the Orange Democratic Movement or who were part of the Luo , Luhya and Kalenjin ethnic groups the prosecutor further claims that these crimes meet the definition of persecution as a crime against humanity . = = Confirmation of Charges = = The outcomes of the confirmation of charges hearings were announced on 23 January 2012 . Despite the ICC regulations requiring the Pre @-@ Trial Chamber to normally issue a verdict on confirmation of charges within sixty days of the hearings taking place the chamber issued a ruling on 26 October 2011 to vary this time limit to allow both the results in both cases to be announced simultaneously . The chamber ruled by majority ( with judge Kaul dissenting ) to confirm all of the charges against William Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang , to confirm all of the charges with the exception of " other forms of sexual violence " against Uhuru Kenyatta and Francis Muthaura and to decline to confirm the charges against Mohammed Hussein Ali and Henry Kosgey . = = = Hans @-@ Peter Kaul 's dissent = = = Judge Kaul issued a dissenting opinion in both cases . In these opinions he asserted that he continues to believe that the ICC lacks jurisdiction ratione materiae over the situation in Kenya . His assertion was that the although crimes were committed they were not of a nature which constitute crimes against humanity within the jurisdiction of the ICC . This was the third time that Judge Kaul wrote a similar dissent opposing the prosecutions . = = Effect on the Suspects = = Following the confirmation of charges Orange Democratic Movement legislators petitioned the president to dismiss Kenyatta and Muthaura from their posts . They cited an agreement signed by Kibaki as part of the implementation of the Waki Commission 's report in December 2008 which states " The parties shall ensure that any person holding public office or any public servant charged with a criminal offence related to 2008 post @-@ election violence shall be suspended from duty until the matter is fully adjudicated upon " . Kenyan Attorney @-@ General Githu Muigai issued a statement that the pair would not be required to vacate office until their appeals against the confirmation are concluded , however Kenyatta and Muthaura both resigned their posts of Finance Minister and Cabinet Secretary respectively on 26 January . Kenyatta will however retain his position of Deputy Prime Minister . Both Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto declared their candidacies for the 2013 Kenyan presidential elections . = = Response within Kenya = = On 22 December 2010 , a week after the ICC Prosecutor announced the individuals he was seeking to prosecute , the Kenyan National Assembly passed a motion seeking to withdraw Kenya as a State Party to the Rome Statute , the treaty which established the International Criminal Court . The motion , which was introduced by Assembly Member Isaac Ruto had previously been thrown out of the National Assembly by Deputy Speaker Farah Maalim who ruled it was unconstitutional ; however an amended version was introduced the following day and passed . During the debate , the Minister for Energy Kiraitu Murungi claimed the ICC was a colonialist , imperialist court . This motion did not itself affect Kenya 's status as a State Party to the Rome Statute , but rather obliges ministers to move to repeal Kenya 's International Crimes Act which ratified the Rome Statute and made necessarily changes to Kenyan 's criminal code . In February 2011 , Kenya appealed to the United Nations Security Council , asking it to defer the trials at The Hague . Some critics in Kenya have also questioned the constitutionality of the Rome Statute , arguing that it is incompatible with the Constitution of Kenya , which was passed by a referendum in 2010 . The Kenyan government 's attempt to defer the cases at the ICC by appealing to members of the UN Security Council failed without being voted on , however the government , represented by British lawyers Geoffrey Nice and Rodney Dixon , have subsequently applied directly to the Court . The Kenyan government 's application to Pre @-@ Trial Chamber II that the two cases were inadmissible was rejected unanimously by the judges . Many victims of the post @-@ election violence voiced opposition to the government 's stance , and a poll of Kenyans conducted by Synovate shortly after Moreno Ocampo 's announcement that he intended to seek summonses showed that sixty percent of Kenyans supported the trial of the accused taking place in The Hague . = = International response = = Following Moreno Ocampo 's initial announcement of his intention to bring prosecutions against the six suspects , the US President Barack Obama called upon Kenya to co @-@ operate with the ICC . In a statement he said : I urge all of Kenya 's leaders , and the people whom they serve , to cooperate fully with the ICC investigation and remain focused on implementation of the reform agenda and the future of your nation . Those found responsible will be held accountable for their crimes as individuals . No community should be singled out for shame or held collectively responsible . Let the accused carry their own burdens – and let us keep in mind that under the ICC process they are innocent until proven guilty . As you move forward , Kenyans can count on the United States as a friend and partner . The African Union endorsed the position of the Kenyan government in seeking to delay or postpone the ICC proceedings . As of 2011 , all of the formal investigations which have been put before the International Criminal Court have concerned African countries , and only African defendants have been indicted . This has led to some resentment within Africa that the Court is targeting Africa unfairly . In particular the African Union has cited this geographical imbalance of ICC investigations in its decisions not to co @-@ operate in the proceedings against Sudanese President Omar al @-@ Bashir and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi . The ICC Deputy Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda denied that the ICC or its prosecutors are discriminatory , speaking in Côte d 'Ivoire she said : Anytime I hear this about ICC targeting Africa , ICC doing double justice , it saddens me , especially as an African woman , also knowing that these conflicts , most of these conflicts are happening on the continent of Africa
= Jason Heyward = Jason Alias Heyward ( born August 9 , 1989 ) , nicknamed " The J @-@ Hey Kid " , " J @-@ Hey " , and " Hey @-@ hey @-@ heyward " , is an American professional baseball right fielder for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Originally the Atlanta Braves ' first @-@ round selection in the 2007 MLB draft from Henry County High School in Georgia , he began his minor league career at age 17 . Heyward soon became one of the top @-@ rated prospects in all of baseball for batting , speed , and defense , and debuted in MLB as Atlanta 's starting right fielder on Opening Day 2010 . There , he played until being traded to the St. Louis Cardinals after the 2014 season . Standing 6 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) tall and weighing 245 pounds ( 111 kg ) , he throws and bats left @-@ handed . He has worn uniform # 22 throughout his major league career in honor of a high school friend and teammate who died in a traffic collision . A three @-@ time minor league All @-@ Star game selection , Baseball America selected Heyward as the Braves ' top overall prospect in 2007 and the organization 's best power hitter ; it cited Heyward as having the best strike zone discipline and excelling at multiple other skills . In 2009 , he won a Minor League Player of the Year Award from both Baseball America and USA Today . That year , he batted .323 with 17 home runs ( HR ) , 63 runs batted in ( RBI ) , a .408 on @-@ base percentage , and a .555 slugging percentage over 99 games . A consensus number @-@ one MLB prospect entering the 2010 season , Baseball America , Keith Law of ESPN.com , and Jonathan Mayo of MLB.com all listed Heyward as baseball 's top prospect . After making his MLB debut for Atlanta in 2010 , Heyward was named to the National League ( NL ) All @-@ Star team and finished second in the NL Rookie of the Year Award . Baseball America named him their MLB Rookie of the Year . Injuries limited his playing time in 2011 and 2013 . With a breakout season in 2012 , he hit 27 home runs with 82 RBI and 21 stolen bases while finishing tenth in the NL in runs scored with 93 . Also recognized for his defense including coverage in the deepest parts of right field , he won both the Fielding Bible and NL Gold Glove Awards for right fielders in 2012 , 2014 , and 2015 , and Wilson 's MLB Defensive Player of the Year in 2014 . = = Early life and amateur career = = The son of Dartmouth graduates , Jason Heyward was born in Ridgewood , New Jersey . His father , Eugene , is from South Carolina , and mother , Laura , is from New York City ; they met at Dartmouth . Eugene played basketball and majored in engineering and Laura studied French . Eugene 's uncle , Kenny Washington , played basketball for two John Wooden @-@ led NCAA championship UCLA teams in 1964 and 1965 . Jason has one younger brother , Jacob , who attends the University of Miami and plans to major within the school of communication and also plays baseball for the Hurricanes . The Heywards moved to the Atlanta metropolitan area soon after he was born . Jason played and showed marked ability in baseball from an early age . Before he turned 10 , he played for a national championship . In fact , Eugene helped fuel both of his sons ' passion for baseball . He dedicated himself to driving them to every tournament and competition possible in the family Chevrolet Suburban , which saw hundreds of thousands of miles between the events and his 90 @-@ minute work commute to and from Robins Air Force Base to the south in Houston County . While his father emphasized that working hard and approaching the game with discipline were important , it was to be – above all – fun . Heyward maintained this same approach throughout his youth and professional career . One tournament in which he played was the renowned East Cobb Baseball program , where was a standout , and has produced other major league players . Heyward attended Henry County High School in McDonough near Atlanta . Heyward briefly played basketball in his youth , but concentrated exclusively on baseball in high school after his father 's urging . In February 2010 , an Associated Press reporter learned from a varsity coach that Heyward 's early batting practice exploits proved fatal to an oak tree in deep center field at the high school playing field . Facing off against future Major League Baseball ( MLB ) catcher Buster Posey of Lee County High in the Georgia Class AAAA baseball championship during Heyward 's sophomore year , Henry County won two of the best @-@ of @-@ three series . Posey was actually the starting pitcher in the first game as Henry Country prevailed , 2 – 1 . Heyward hit a game @-@ tying 400 feet ( 120 m ) home run in Game 2 to cap an eight @-@ run comeback , but Lee County prevailed 14 – 10 . The next game , Heyward 's three @-@ run single proved the game and series winner in a 16 – 14 outcome . During his junior season , he again helped lead the Henry County High Warhawks to the state championship . As a senior , he batted .520 with eight home runs ( HR ) and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . One of Heyward 's close friends and teammates from the 2005 AAAA Georgia state championship team , Andrew Wilmot , died in a traffic collision while attending college . Wilmot was a catcher who wore the uniform number 22 , the number Heyward would later wear in his major league career to honor him . Wilmot 's mother , Tammie Ruston , was Heyward 's high school literature teacher in his senior year . Numerous colleges showed interest and recruited Heyward , including UCLA , which offered a full @-@ ride scholarship due in part to the family connection . Heyward was also especially interested in Clemson and Georgia Tech . Concurrently , the hometown Atlanta Braves had followed and scouted him for years , while attempting to conceal their excitement . They made him the 14th overall selection in the 2007 Major League Baseball draft . Despite signing a National Letter of Intent with UCLA , Heyward chose professional baseball over college and signed a contract with them worth $ 1 @.@ 7 million – $ 170 @,@ 000 more than MLB 's slot recommendation of $ 1 @.@ 53 million on the following August 12 . It was the same as the 2006 14th @-@ slot amount that the Toronto Blue Jays gave Travis Snider . = = Professional career = = = = = Minor leagues ( 2007 – 09 ) = = = = = = = GCL Braves , Danville , Rome , and Myrtle Beach ( 2007 – 08 ) = = = = At age 17 , Heyward started his professional career in Minor League Baseball in the Braves ' system . He played for both the Gulf Coast League Braves and the Danville Braves of the Appalachian League in 2007 . He homered in his first professional game . In 12 minor league contests in 2007 , he batted .302 with one home run and six runs batted in . He split the next season with Class @-@ A Rome of the South Atlantic League ( SAL ) and Advanced @-@ A Myrtle Beach of the Carolina League . Beginning the season with Rome , Heyward batted .330 ( 33 @-@ for @-@ 100 ) in 26 April games to go with three HR , 16 RBI , and seven stolen bases ( SB ) . He was subsequently named the club 's Player of the Month . In each month that followed , he also batted over .300 , except for July : .345 in May , .315 in June , .250 in July , and .386 in August . From May 7 – 19 , he put together a season @-@ high 11 @-@ game hitting streak , batting .386 with five doubles ( 2B ) and two home runs . He drove in a season @-@ high five runs on June 30 against Columbus to go with three hits , including a home run . While playing for Rome , Heyward authored 42 multi @-@ hit games , including two four @-@ hit games . He finished in the top three in nine offensive categories for the club . He batted .351 ( 33 @-@ for @-@ 94 ) off left @-@ handed pitchers ( LHP ) with four HR and .315 ( 112 @-@ for @-@ 355 ) with seven HR against right @-@ handed pitchers ( RHP ) . His season totals with the club included a .323 batting average ( third in the SAL ) , .388 on @-@ base percentage ( OBP , fourth ) , 88 runs scored ( fifth ) , and an .874 on @-@ base plus slugging percentage ( OPS , sixth ) . The Braves promoted him to Myrtle Beach on August 25 , where he played seven more games . With four hits in 22 AB , his average was .182 . There , he added four RBI . Between the two clubs , his .316 batting average led the Braves ' minor league system , 91 runs ranked second , 29 doubles and 149 hits both ranked fifth , and six triples and .854 OPS both ranked sixth . He also totaled 15 stolen bases . More awards followed the 2008 season . Baseball America named Heyward the South Atlantic League 's Most Outstanding Prospect , Top Batting Prospect , and Most Exciting Player . He was also a Baseball America All @-@ Star for the entire minor leagues , Mid- and Post @-@ Season All @-@ Star , Low @-@ Class A All @-@ Star , and the Braves ' second @-@ best prospect . MLB.com named him the third @-@ best overall minor league prospect . ESPN.com named him the minor leagues ' best corner outfield prospect , the # 1 Atlanta prospect , and third @-@ overall minor @-@ league prospect . = = = = Myrtle Beach , Mississippi and Gwinnett ( 2009 ) = = = = Starting 2009 at Myrtle Beach , Heyward then gained successive promotions to Double @-@ A Mississippi and Triple @-@ A Gwinnett that year . He reached base in 42 of 49 contests at Myrtle Beach and assembled 16 multi @-@ hit contests . He was the Carolina League Player of the Week on May 18 after garnering six hits in 23 at bats ( .261 ) , with three HR and five RBI . In late May , he endured an oblique injury , which caused him to missed a number of games . He was a selection to the Carolina League All @-@ Star team , but missed the game due to the oblique injury . He participated in the All @-@ Star Futures Game at Busch Stadium , where he collected one hit in two at bats . He carried a nine @-@ game hitting streak through July 4 . On July 4 , the Braves promoted Heyward to Mississippi , where he extended the streak to 13 games , totaling 19 hits in 52 at bats ( .352 ) with four doubles and 14 RBI . On July 16 , he matched a career @-@ high with four hits . For that month , he attained 34 hits , 14 walks , 11 doubles , three HR , 19 RBI and a 1 @.@ 230 OPS in 22 games . The Braves named him their Mississippi Player of the Month . His totals with the club included a .446 OBP and 1 @.@ 057 OPS . From September 5 – 7 , he appeared with the Gwinnett Braves of the Triple @-@ A of the International League . He also played four games with the Peoria Saguaros of the Arizona Fall League ( AFL ) , collecting four hits in 14 AB and three 2B . Over three levels in 99 games , he batted .323 with 17 HR and 10 steals , including high numbers in OBP ( .408 ) , slugging percentage ( SLG , .555 ) , and OPS ( .963 ) , while scoring 69 runs and driving in 63 runs . He ranked in the top ten in the organization in many offensive categories including second in runs , third in average , HR and OPS , sixth in hits ( 117 ) and RBI and tied for seventh in doubles ( 25 ) . He displayed consistent hitting ability against both RHP and LHP . In 2009 , Heyward hit .339 in 112 AB against LHP and .316 against RHP . In his minor league career through 2009 , he had batted .335 with six HR against LHP and .313 with 23 HR against RHP . That September , both Baseball America and USA Today named him their Minor League Player of the Year . A consensus number @-@ one MLB prospect entering the 2010 season , Baseball America , Keith Law of ESPN.com and Jonathan Mayo of MLB.com each listed Heyward as baseball 's top prospect ; BA ranked him ahead of Stephen Strasburg and Giancarlo Stanton . Further , Baseball America tabbed him the # 1 prospect in both the Southern and Carolina Leagues , the Best Batting Prospect in all of Double @-@ A and the Most Exciting Player in Single @-@ A. He won the Braves ' organization Hank Aaron Award ( not to be confused with MLB 's Hank Aaron Award ) , conferred annually to the top offensive player in the Braves organization . During his first three years in the minor leagues , Baseball America also ranked parts of Heyward 's skill sets as the best among Braves minor leaguers , including Best Strike Zone Discipline ( three times ) , Best Hitter for Average ( twice ) , Best Hitter for Power ( once ) , Best Defensive Outfielder ( once ) , and Best Outfield Arm ( once ) . The Braves added Heyward to their 40 @-@ man roster before the 2010 season . = = = Atlanta Braves ( 2010 – 14 ) = = = = = = = 2010 = = = = After a rapid ascent through the minor leagues , the Braves invited Heyward to spring training in March 2010 . There , his hitting continued to draw notice , as he routinely hit " rockets " all over the field and over the fences , compelling manager Bobby Cox to make him a regular in the lineup . He mentioned that he heard a different , more pronounced sound , of the balls hit off Heyward 's bat . Reggie Jackson , a New York Yankees special assistant , concurred , characterizing that sound as " stereo " , while everyone else was " in AM . " Heyward hit two notable batting practice home runs at the Champion Stadium training complex in the Lake Buena Vista , Florida . One damaged a Coca @-@ Cola truck in the parking lot , and another broke the sunroof of Atlanta Braves ' assistant general manager Bruce Manno 's car . He was initially issued uniform number 71 . At the end of spring training , he asked the team for , and received , number 22 . He presented one of his jerseys with the number 22 to Ruston to show that he honored her son , which elicited an emotional reaction from her . By now one of the most anticipated prospects in all baseball , shirts depicting his nickname , " The J @-@ Hey Kid " , were in high demand before he even played his first official major league game . Fans and pundits prognosticated on a future Hall of Fame career , eliciting comparisons to former greats such as Darryl Strawberry , Willie McCovey and Willie Mays , among many others . In fact , " The J @-@ Hey Kid " was drawn from Mays ' own nickname , " The Say Hey Kid . " On March 26 , after leading the club in on @-@ base and slugging percentages in spring training , the Braves named Heyward their starting right fielder . Eugene Heyward purchased 60 tickets in advance of his son 's MLB debut on April 5 against the Chicago Cubs . Wearing Heyward 's # 22 jersey , Ruston was also in attendance for the game . During his first MLB plate appearance – and first swing at an MLB pitch – Heyward hit a three @-@ run home run , estimated at 471 feet ( 144 m ) , off starter Carlos Zambrano . The ball landed near the right field seats where Ruston was sitting . Heyward became the fifth player in Braves history to hit a home run in his first major league at bat , and the eleventh in franchise history to do so in his MLB debut , on the heels of Jordan Schafer , who did it the previous year . Through Atlanta 's first 50 games , Heyward robustly lived up to the hype , hitting 10 home runs while batting .301 with a .421 OBP and .596 slugging percentage . He was named the National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Month in both April and May . However , after sustaining a thumb injury while sliding in May , he missed playing time . After he returned later in the season , his performance declined , and consistency was elusive . He was selected as a starter for the NL All @-@ Star team , but did not participate due to the thumb injury . After stealing home in a double steal against the Washington Nationals in the first inning on July 28 , he became the first Brave to do so since Rafael Furcal , who did it more than ten years earlier . A 16 – 5 victory over the Cubs on August featured Heyward 's first MLB multi @-@ home run game and career highs in hits and runs scored with four each . In the final 112 games of the season , Heyward batted .266 with a .381 OBP and .396 SLG . His postseason debut was on October 7 in the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) against the San Francisco Giants . Heyward was hitless in three at bats with two strikeouts . After he collected just two hits in the series , San Francisco eliminated Atlanta on their way to winning the World Series . Heyward finished his first major league season with a .277 batting average , .393 on @-@ base percentage , 18 HR , 29 doubles , 91 bases on balls , and 83 runs scored in 142 regular season games . He ranked fourth overall in the NL in OBP and walks . His longest streak of reaching base was 36 consecutive games . At the time , his OBP was the second @-@ highest in major league history for a rookie aged 20 years or younger , after Ted Williams and before Frank Robinson , and OPS of .849 placed 30th in all MLB history counting rookie seasons . The recipient of several major awards , Heyward was named the Sporting News NL Rookie of the Year , Baseball America 's MLB Rookie of the Year , an outfielder on the magazine 's All @-@ Rookie Team , and to Topps ' Major League Rookie All @-@ Star Team . He finished second to Posey for the NL Rookie of the Year award and 20th in the NL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award balloting . = = = = 2011 = = = = Heyward 's second MLB season commenced in a fashion that reprised the high expectations from his rookie season , but injuries ultimately factored into a lengthy and dramatic slump . In the spring , he was diagnosed with a degenerative condition in his lower back . Like his first MLB at @-@ bat , he began with a home run in his first at @-@ bat of the season on March 31 , off Nationals pitcher Liván Hernández . He became just the second player , after Kazuo Matsui , to homer in his first major league at @-@ bat on opening day , and do the same the following year . Since being drafted in 2007 , it was also the third time Heyward homered in his first game of the season . In a back @-@ and @-@ forth game with the Giants on April 24 , he hit a go @-@ ahead home run off relief pitcher Jeremy Affeldt in a 9 – 6 , ten @-@ inning victory . In the final eight games of the month , he hit .400 with three home runs and a .714 slugging percentage . For the month of April , Heyward hit seven HR with an .879 OPS . Having previously been represented by Victor Menocal from Career Sports Entertainment ( CSE ) until Menocal resigned from CSE , news emerged on May 6 that Heyward switched his agent to Casey Close . From the beginning of spring training , Heyward endured lingering shoulder soreness . After collecting just four hits in 41 at bats in May , the Braves performed a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) scan on May 12 which revealed an inflamed rotator cuff but no structural damage . He rested and received a cortisone injection , but aggravated the injury days later during batting practice . The Braves placed him on the disabled list ( DL ) on May 22 . Public criticism from teammate Chipper Jones for not playing through his injuries followed the next month . Said Jones , " I think where Jason might have erred was the comment that he made , ' I 'm not coming back until it doesn 't hurt anymore . ' ... What Jason needs to realize is that Jason at 80 percent is a force , and Jason at 80 percent is better than a lot of people in this league . " Jones later explained that he reassured Heyward in a phone call that he did not intend to misrepresent Heyward 's efforts to rehabilitate . Heyward returned from the DL with increased difficulty to drive the ball while batting . A sixth @-@ inning home run against the Baltimore Orioles on July 1 was Heyward 's first since April 29 against the St. Louis Cardinals , a span of 104 at @-@ bats . However , he hit just four home runs from the end of April through August 11 . Further , his walk rate declined from 14 @.@ 6 percent the year before to 10 @.@ 7 percent . His line drive rate in that time dropped from 17 @.@ 8 to 13 percent and one @-@ quarter of his balls hit in the air were infield pop @-@ ups , compared with eight percent the year before . During a game against the Chicago Cubs on August 23 , he hit his first career grand slam . Through the end of August , the Braves were the NL wild card leader . However , the Cardinals overcame a 10 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ game deficit for the wild card position by winning 20 of their final 28 to eliminate the Braves from the playoffs on the final day , consummating one of the epic late @-@ season collapses in MLB history . After battling a shoulder injury from the beginning of the season , Heyward 's overall performance dropped off from his rookie season . His batting average dropped 50 points to .227 ; his other contributions , also in decline , included 14 HR , 42 RBI , 18 doubles , and nine stolen bases in 128 games . He batted .240 against right @-@ handed pitchers , compared with .192 against left @-@ handers . = = = = 2012 = = = = To remedy the decline in performance from the season before , Heyward took extra steps in his preseason preparation . He streamlined his swing to mitigate bad habits incorporated after the shoulder injury . He modified his diet to include more fruits , chicken , and fish . Further , he participated in physical therapy to strengthen the shoulder and worked for a leaner weight , dropping from 256 pounds ( 116 kg ) to 235 pounds ( 107 kg ) . He started the 2012 season slowly . However , his bases loaded double on May 13 off Lance Lynn proved the game @-@ winning run as the Braves triumphed over the Cardinals , 7 – 4 . With a .233 batting average through May , his production increased in June . His first multi @-@ HR game of the season , and second of his career , on June 7 helped secure an 8 – 2 victory over the Marlins . That month , he batted .353 with six HR and a 1 @.@ 080 OPS . He also registered four outfield assists , including one that put Mark Teixeira out at home plate on June 19 , preserving a 4 – 3 win over the New York Yankees . The following game , also at Yankee Stadium , he launched two home runs for his third career – and second of the season – multi @-@ HR game . It was a contest that featured nine home runs between the two clubs , tying a Yankee Stadium record , including the original incarnation built in 1923 . That same week , ending June 24 , he won his first NL Player of the Week Award . In six interleague games , he batted a league @-@ leading .522 ( 12 @-@ for @-@ 23 ) and 1 @.@ 130 slugging percentage . Further , his three HR , 12 hits , 26 total bases , and nine runs scored each tied for the league lead . He also added three multi @-@ hit games and five RBI . In a 12 @-@ game hitting streak that spanned from June 13 – 27 , Heyward batted .455 ( 20 @-@ for @-@ 44 ) and homered four times . One hit during that streak was a single on June 16 against the Baltimore Orioles that ended Jason Hammel 's no @-@ hit bid in the seventh inning to leave him a one @-@ hit complete game shutout in the Orioles ' 5 – 0 victory . Heyward 's home run in an 8 – 2 defeat of the Marlins on July 30 helped end Atlanta 's streak of 16 losses on Mondays . After the season , Heyward captured his first career defensive awards for right fielders : the singular MLB Fielding Bible Award , and his first NL Rawlings Gold Glove Award . In 158 games , his batting statistics included a .269 average with career highs of 27 HR , 82 RBI , 93 runs scored , 158 hits , 30 doubles , six triples , .479 slugging percentage and 21 SB . He batted .300 ( 105 @-@ for @-@ 350 ) with 20 HR against right @-@ handers but just .224 ( 53 @-@ for @-@ 237 ) against left @-@ handers . It was the second time he received consideration in the NL MVP balloting , finishing tied for 28th . = = = = 2013 = = = = On January 18 , 2013 , the Braves avoided arbitration with Heyward in his first time eligible , agreeing on a one @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 65 million deal . He was counted on as a component in the outfield including newly acquired brothers Justin and B. J. Upton , with whom he would play alongside until being traded after the 2014 season . An appendectomy on April 22 led him to being placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list . In his first 31 games of the season , he batted .142 ( 15 @-@ for @-@ 106 ) with two home runs and eight RBI . He returned from the appendectomy on May 17 , going 2 @-@ for @-@ 4 in an 8 – 5 win against the Dodgers . His first multi @-@ HR game of the season came against San Diego on June 10 . In 37 games following the All @-@ Star break , Heyward batted .305 with on OBP of .397 and OPS of .932 . He collected 40 hits in 131 at bats with nine doubles , seven home runs and 17 RBI . During a 19 @-@ game stretch from July 28 to August 17 , he batted .400 ( 30 @-@ for @-@ 75 ) with a .457 OBP , six doubles , five HR – four as a leadoff hitter – 15 RBI , eight BB and 23 runs scored . On August 17 , he hit his second multi @-@ HR game of the season against Washington . In the month of August , his .348 batting average ( 23 hits in 66 AB ) ranked tenth in the NL . New York Mets pitcher Jon Niese hit Heyward in the face with a pitch on August 21 , fracturing his jaw in two places . He had surgery , which required the insertion of two plates , and returned on September 20 . Heyward began wearing a protective shield attached to the right side of his batting helmet . He struck out and walked in a 9 – 5 win against the Chicago Cubs . Six days later , Heyward set career highs against Philadelphia with five hits , four extra @-@ base hits , and matched a career @-@ best three doubles . He also hit his third career – and second of the season – leadoff HR . In his last 31 games of the season , starting July 28 , he hit at a .333 ( 38 @-@ for @-@ 114 ) clip . He batted .322 ( 38 @-@ for @-@ 118 ) with a .403 OBP in 30 games as a leadoff hitter . After two stints on the DL , Heyward appeared in 104 total games , batting .254 with 14 HR , 22 2B , 38 RBI , 67 runs scored and two stolen bases . The Braves record was 71 – 33 in the games in which he appeared . = = = = 2014 = = = = The Braves bought out Heyward 's last arbitration @-@ eligible years on February 4 , 2014 , agreeing on a two @-@ year , $ 13 @.@ 3 million contract . Already rated one of the top defensive outfielders in the league , his coverage in right field significantly improved , demonstrated through an increased defensive runs saved ( DRS ) total . Through May 19 , he registered 16 DRS , matching three of his previous four entire season totals . Inside Edge ( IE ) charted that of all batted balls hit to him , Heyward had missed a total of nine in 358 innings ; all nine were rated as having a 10 % or lower chance of being caught . Two catches in motion off the bat of Mike Trout – one tumbling on a sinking line drive and one sprinting and leaping at the warning track – helped ensure a 7 – 3 victory over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on June 15 . Heyward also added a home run . Playing as the Braves ' primary leadoff hitter , he played in 149 games and finished with a .271 batting average , .351 on @-@ base percentage , 74 runs scored , 11 HR , 58 RBI and 20 stolen bases . Caught stealing just four times , his 83 @.@ 33 % success rate placed seventh in the NL . Defensively , Heyward registered a standout season . In 149 games in right field , he led the NL at his position in putouts ( 365 ) , assists ( nine ) , range factor per nine innings ( 2 @.@ 56 ) and game ( 2 @.@ 51 ) , fielding percentage ( .997 ) , and total zone runs ( 30 ) . Among all NL outfielders , he was fifth in assists , third in range factor per game and second in putouts and fielding percentage . Further , per Baseball @-@ Reference.com , Heyward registered fourth in the league with 2 @.@ 8 defensive wins above replacement ( dWAR ) and led all MLB players with 32 total DRS . He saved 40 bases on deep @-@ hit balls , which was the highest output of his career and led all MLB outfielders . Accordingly , Heyward was the recipient of a number of awards , including his second of both the Rawlings NL Gold Glove Award and of the Fielding Bible Award for all MLB right fielders , the latter of which he won unanimously . Wilson Sporting Goods named him their MLB right field Defensive Player of the Year and overall MLB Defensive Player of the Year . = = = St. Louis Cardinals ( 2015 ) = = = On November 17 , 2014 , the Braves traded Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins to replace their former right fielder and top prospect Oscar Taveras , who died in a car accident a month earlier . Cardinals manager Mike Matheny , who wore uniform # 22 and had also done so for most of his playing career , gave his number to Heyward . Heyward wears this number to honor his friend Andrew Wilmot . After the trade was announced , Heyward published a Twitter message thanking the Atlanta Braves organization and fans for their support . Five years to the day of his MLB debut , Heyward appeared in his first game as a Cardinal against the Chicago Cubs on April 5 , 2015 . He garnered three hits , including two doubles and a stolen base in a 3 – 0 victory . His first home run as a Cardinals player was on April 18 against the Cincinnati Reds at Busch Stadium with a 5 – 2 win . After uncharacteristic errors in both of the two previous games , his ninth @-@ inning home run against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 27 tied the game 3 – 3 , and the Cardinals eventually won with a score of 4 – 3 . He homered in three straight games June 22 – 24 , including successive contests against the Marlins from June 23 – 24 as St. Louis won both times . On July 18 against the Mets , he matched a career high with five hits in a 12 – 2 win . In an August 16 contest against the Marlins , Heyward hit two home runs for his first multi @-@ home run game with the Cardinals . An important defensive play was on September 20 against the Cubs . With the bases loaded and no outs in the eighth inning , Addison Russell hit a fly ball that Heyward caught running and threw home to catcher Yadier Molina to tag out Anthony Rizzo by two steps , preserving a 4 – 3 win . In the second game of a doubleheader against Pittsburgh on September 30 , Heyward hit his second career grand slam in an 11 – 1 win , giving the Cardinals their 100th victory of the season while clinching their third consecutive National League Central division title . He also robbed both Francisco Cervelli and Michael Morse of hits in this game . Heyward finished the season with a career @-@ high .293 batting average , .359 on @-@ base percentage , and .439 slugging percentage . Since his major league debut , he also had led all major league fielders in DRS and , for the previous three seasons , was second only to former Braves teammate Andrelton Simmons . Among all outfielders since 2010 , Heyward 's 96 @.@ 2 accumulated ultimate zone rating ( UZR ) led all major league outfielders to second @-@ place Alex Gordon 's 68 @.@ 3 UZR . After becoming a free agent for the first time in his career , Heyward won his third Fielding Bible Award and third Gold Glove Award . = = = Chicago Cubs = = = On December 15 , 2015 , Heyward signed an eight @-@ year , $ 184 million contract with the Cubs . One of his first acts after signing his contract was to pay for hotel suites large enough to accommodate teammate David Ross , his wife , and their three young children on all of the Cubs ' road trips during the 2016 season . Ross , set to retire after the 2016 season , had been Heyward 's teammate during his first three seasons in Atlanta , and Heyward considered him a key mentor in his early MLB career . In an interview with the Bleacher Report website , Heyward said , I know how special it is to have teammates like he was my first three years in Atlanta . You don 't take it for granted . I wanted to say thank you from the bottom of my heart , as a teammate and as a friend , for what he 's done for me . = = Awards = = = = Skills profile = = Standing 6 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) and weighing 245 pounds ( 111 kg ) , Heyward has shown to be an all @-@ round talent . In the minor leagues , his ability to hit for batting average and power , speed , plus defense and arm strength sufficient to play right field , caused him to be considered a five @-@ tool player . Further , his plate discipline and ability to draw walks are unusual for a player his height . He generates much of his power as a pull hitter . From very early in his career , Heyward has played with an outside anticipation of developing into one of the most dominant players in the league . However , he has mentioned being uncomfortable with the pressure that comes with such expectations . Journalist Bernie Miklasz of the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch opined that the pressures of stardom obliquely induced the overall descent in performance from his rookie season . Heyward still has a hole in his swing that has yet to resolve . While he was in the minor leagues , his unorthodox swing was not regarded as a significant issue , but rather was perceived to have worked for him because of his enormous talent . To the contrary , one scout compared it to an awkward golf swing . " You watch him , he really stiff @-@ arms the bat out there " , noting Heyward almost fully extends his arms to attempt to power the head of the bat through the strike zone . He does not protect the inside of part of the strike zone as well as the outside . That creates a weakness that allows pitchers – especially power pitchers – to throw inside , thus exploiting an inability to attain contact on inside pitches efficiently . " The ball he hits well is the ball out away from him " , according to the same scout . " If pitchers pitch around him , on the outer half , he 'll crush it . ... That 's why Niese hit him : He went up and in , and Heyward 's a diver . " Indeed , charts from STATS LLC depicting Heyward 's " Hot Zones " , or a hitter 's zones of maximum effectiveness , corroborate the scout 's findings . Through April 25 , 2014 , Heyward had swung at 22 of 55 pitches in 2014 that qualified as " up and in " , crossing the plate either to the upper left ninth of the strike zone or slightly higher or inside of it . None of those 22 swings had produced a hit . However , an injury contributed to lost power in 2011 . Before that point , Heyward dropped his hands after the start of the swing and rotated his front shoulder in an upward motion in his mode as a pull hitter . Normally , the front half of his upper body generates bat velocity . During the time the injury had not properly healed , it hindered his ability to generate torque from his front shoulder that contributed most to driving the ball . In spite of not reaching his offensive projections , his defense has delivered as promised . Heyward has been rated as one of the top right fielders , if not the top right fielder , in MLB . The Fielding Bible staff has said that he " is the best defensive right fielder in baseball , bar none , " . He is an expert at instantly picking up and reacting to the path of the batted ball and following it with efficient routes . Such defensive ability was demonstrated on a fly ball off Justin Turner 's bat during the 2013 season . The same play was part of a demonstration in 2014 of Major League Baseball Advanced Media 's Statcast system , a hybrid of PITCHf / x , FIELDf / x and a radar @-@ based play tracking . Statcast analyzed that Heyward got a jump off the fly ball the bat in 2 ⁄ 100 second , ran at 18 @.@ 5 miles per hour ( 29 @.@ 8 km / h ) and took a route with a 97 % efficiency . The ball had 4 @.@ 0 seconds of hang time and he ran 80 @.@ 9 feet ( 24 @.@ 7 m ) for the catch . In rating of three zones to where the ball is hit in right field in his first five seasons , he was above average at saving bases on shallow @-@ hit ( + 31 ) and medium @-@ hit ( + 40 ) balls . His greatest strength came with deep @-@ hit balls ( + 140 ) . In 2014 alone , he saved + 40 bases on balls hit to the deepest part of right field , which was the equivalent of 20 doubles . The enormous ground coverage makes up for what would be considered a slightly below average arm among right fielders . Commented Fielding Bible founder John Dewan , " Heyward has been able to accomplish this ( winning the Fielding Bible Award ) by starting and finishing every play extremely well . He excels at picking up the ball off the bat and rarely takes the wrong angle . He is not afraid to dive , demonstrating tremendous body control when doing so . " = = Outside baseball = = In September 2012 , Piedmont Henry Hospital in Stockbridge , Georgia , selected Heyward as one of ten representatives for their Real Men Wear Pink campaign against breast cancer . He stated at the time one of his grandmothers was battling the condition but had improved , and that her battle was an inspiration for him to participate . Heywards brother , Jacob , is an outfielder in the San Francisco Giants organization . He was drafted by the Braves out of high school in the 2013 MLB Draft and the San Francisco Giants in the 2016 MLB Draft . = = = Footnote = = = a b Developed by the organization that awards The Fielding Bible , defensive runs saved ( DRS ) measures a player 's total defensive plays made in terms of numbers of runs above or below what the average player at that position made . A calculation system computes the number of plays made league @-@ wide at each position and a plus @-@ minus total rating for each player compared to a league average player . For example , if Heyward made a play that only 20 % of right fielders would make , he was credited with .8 points – or , 1 point minus .20 . If he failed to make a play that 75 % of right fielders made , then .75 points was subtracted from his score . = = = Source notes = = =
= Liberal Movement ( Australia ) = The Liberal Movement ( LM ) was a South Australian political party in the 1970s . Stemming from discontent within the ranks of the Liberal and Country League ( LCL ) , it was organised in 1972 by former premier Steele Hall as an internal group in response to a perceived resistance to sought reform within its parent . A year later , when tensions heightened between the LCL 's conservative wing and the LM , it was established in its own right as a progressive liberal party . When still part of the league , it had eleven state parliamentarians . On its own , it was reduced to three parliamentarians − Hall and Robin Millhouse in the lower house and Martin Cameron in the upper house . At the 1974 federal election Hall won a Senate seat and was replaced by David Boundy . At the 1975 state election , Millhouse and Boundy retained their seats , while John Carnie won a second seat and Cameron retained his seat in the upper house , bringing the party to a peak of five parliamentarians . In the 1974 federal election , it succeeded in having Hall elected to the Australian Senate with a primary vote of 10 per cent in South Australia . It built upon this in the 1975 state election , gaining almost a fifth of the total vote and an additional member . However , the non @-@ Labor parties narrowly failed to dislodge the incumbent Dunstan Labor government . That result , together with internal weaknesses , led in 1976 to the LM 's being re @-@ absorbed into the LCL , which by then had become the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia . The non @-@ Labor forces again failed at the 1977 state election but succeeded in winning government for one term at the 1979 state election . A segment of the LM , led by former state attorney @-@ general Robin Millhouse , did not rejoin the Liberals , but instead formed a new party — the New LM . This party , combined with the Australia Party — under the invited leadership of Don Chipp — formed the nucleus of the Australian Democrats which aspired to a balance of power in the federal Senate and up to four state upper houses for three decades . The LM and its successor parties gave voice to what is termed " small @-@ l liberalism " in Australia . = = Party system = = Before parties became established in the Australian colonies in the later 19th century , all members of the colonial parliaments were independents , occasionally labelled as " liberal " or " conservative " , amongst other terms . With the advent of Labor , these groups combined to form anti @-@ Labor parties . " Liberal " , in the Australian context , refers to what could be described as classical liberalism , and is distant from the modern meaning that the word has acquired in the United States and some other countries . As a train of thought , Australian liberalism has been less rooted in any defined ideology and more in pragmatism and opposition to Labor . Liberalism in Australia represents the centre @-@ right of the political spectrum , while Labor represents the centre @-@ left . The first Labor party in South Australia was the United Labor Party in 1891 , born out of a trade union association that recommended and supported trade unionist candidates . In response , the National Defence League ( NDL ) was born two years later . In 1909 , the NDL combined with the Liberal and Democratic Union and the Farmers and Producers Political Union to form the Liberal Union , later known as the Liberal Federation . The ULP morphed into the Australian Labor Party in 1910 , and has been known by this name ever since . A separate Country Party subsequently emerged , representing rural interests , but this was assimilated back into the conservative side of politics with the formation of the Liberal and Country League ( LCL ) in 1932 . The South Australian party system has not deviated from this two @-@ party divide , and all other parties gained negligible representation or influence , until the emergence of smaller parties such as the Australian Democrats in the late 20th century , and the Australian Greens and Family First Party in the 21st century . = = Liberal representation = = Political scientists Neal Blewett and Dean Jaensch characterised the LCL as a strange amalgamation of differing groups : " the Adelaide ' establishment ' , the yeoman proprietary ( farmers and regional workers ) , and the Adelaide middle class " . Of these groups , the middle class was the most electorally depressed , both in parliament and within the party itself , owing to a 2 : 1 ratio favouring regional areas both in electoral legislation and the party organisation . The establishment influenced the party with its financial backing , while the yeoman proprietary was the most numerous . Only in 1956 did the urban middle class achieve parliamentary representation through Robin Millhouse , who was elected to the urban middle class seat of Mitcham . Millhouse was a vocal advocate of his broader constituency , championing their case in a party dominated by rural conservatives . He wrote a paper on the ' Liberal Case for Electoral Reform ' , arguing for a fairer electoral system , as it was biased against voters resident in the capital city , Adelaide , whether they be progressive or conservative , Liberal or Labor . Many younger urban middle class voters , who would have normally been attracted to the LCL , were abandoning the party for Labor owing to their dissatisfaction with the malapportioned electoral system known as the ' Playmander ' . But this concerned the rural conservatives little , who hoped to retain their hold on power through the present system , which included a Legislative Council where suffrage was based on land ownership , resulting in a body dominated by the ruling class and the rural landholders , and a 16 – 4 LCL majority . Millhouse 's paper was quickly ignored . The LCL had governed , primarily under the stead of Sir Thomas Playford , for 32 years , and finally lost to Labor in 1965 . A year and a half later , when Playford retired , Steele Hall was elected to replace him . A young farmer from a rural constituency , Hall had never conflicted with the party line , and was expected to uphold the existing LCL principles , having spoken out in support of the Playmander and the restrictive Legislative Council before . However , when the LCL was returned to office in 1968 under his leadership , with the help of malapportionment , Hall was under pressure . Labor had led the LCL 52 @.@ 0 to 43 @.@ 8 % on primary votes , but owing to the Playmander , both ended with 19 seats and an independent supported the LCL and returned them to power . Large protests against the Playmander broke out , and there were strong calls for reform . The LCL had routinely ignored such protests before , but Hall 's course differed from what was expected . He appointed Millhouse his Attorney @-@ General , and continued a raft of social reform that had begun under the previous Labor government . This was opposed by some conservatives within the party ; lines began to be drawn , and factions began to appear . Hall commented in the party 's newsletter that " too many people see the LCL as a party tied to conservative traditions . We must show voters that we can move with the times , that we are ' with it ' . " = = Electoral reform = = The level of malapportionment had grown to a level in excess of 3 : 1 in favour of rural areas , and Hall , having won the 1968 state election on 46 per cent of the two @-@ party @-@ preferred vote , committed himself to a fairer electoral system . Previously 39 members were elected : 13 from metropolitan Adelaide and 26 from the country . Hall 's first attempt for reform was a system with 45 seats and 20 from the country ; this proposal received scorn from both Labor and the rural councillors , and was seen as not going far enough by the former and going too far by the latter . A second proposal , for 47 seats with 19 in the country , was adopted with bipartisan support in the House of Assembly , but encountered opposition in the Legislative Council . The new system would make an LCL win near @-@ impossible at the coming 1970 state election , and Hall and the LCL were aware of it . For his weakening of rural constituencies , Hall became an enemy to those councillors who stood in defence of the previous system . Hall saw the political situation as untenable and felt the LCL needed reform to cope with the removal of an artificial situation . Labor 's leader , Don Dunstan , also introduced a bill for reform of the Legislative Council , which sought to remove its wage and property based qualifications and instil adult suffrage . Hall himself stated he would approve the bill if it included a clause guaranteeing that the Legislative Council could only be abolished through a referendum . Dunstan agreed , but Hall 's own party split on the issue . The bill passed the House of Assembly with Labor support , but failed in the Legislative Council where the LCL 's rural conservatives dominated its restricted electoral base . Behind the votes in parliament was a personal antagonism between Hall and Ren DeGaris , the leader of the LCL in the Legislative Council . DeGaris , who was elected to the council in 1962 , was a staunch defender of its franchise and electoral boundaries . The two were the de facto leaders of the party 's two factions ; Hall represented the urban @-@ based progressives , and DeGaris the rural @-@ based conservatives . The conflict between the two extended beyond politics and on to a personal level , contributing to the polarisation of views within the LCL and making it difficult for an internal compromise to be reached on the issue of electoral reform . After the LCL lost government in 1970 , primarily owing to the electoral reform , Hall managed to be re @-@ elected as leader . He convinced a majority of the party 's membership that reform was needed , and sought to remove the influence that the party 's representatives in the Legislative Council held . When the Dunstan government again introduced a bill to introduce universal suffrage to the council , Hall gained the support of 7 out of 20 members in the Assembly , but only 2 of 16 LCL members in the Legislative Council supported the bill . Internally , there was much opposition to any electoral reform when the matter was debated at party conferences . The conservatives then moved against Hall , putting forward party proposals to lessen the influence of its parliamentary leader . Liberal parties in Australia had long held to a tradition of the separation of houses , independence of members , and the ability of the parliamentary leader to choose his own cabinet . The rural councillors sought to preserve their power , and demanded that cabinet positions not be decided by the leader , but elected by the parliamentary party as a whole . As this would include the Legislative Council , dominated by its rural membership , Hall 's support among moderate Liberals would be overwhelmed by the councillors ' inclusion . Hall privately told Legislative Council Chairman David Brookman that he could not work with De Garis and that he would resign if he was not allowed to choose his cabinet . After the parliamentary party agreed on this issue 12 – 8 , Hall resigned the leadership on 16 March 1972 , stating that " I cannot continue to lead a Party that will not follow ; I cannot lead a Party which has lost its idealism and which has forgotten that its purpose for existence is to govern successfully for the welfare of all South Australians . Our Party is still deeply cleft by the persuasive influence of a number of its members in the Legislative Council . " Later in the speech , he said " Over the last three years I have been subject to a great deal of disloyalty on a continuing basis ... I had hoped this afternoon to move a motion of no confidence in the Government ; instead , I found out Party had moved a vote of no confidence in itself . " Premier Dunstan , with whom Hall had never had amiable relations , crossed the floor of the house and shook Hall 's hand in a gesture of solidarity . Hall said he " was knifed " and said the conservatives ' actions were " a clear example of how deeply the wooden horses of the Legislative Council have entrenched themselves in the ranks of the Assembly membership " . The LCL President Ian McLachlan put on a brave face , saying " Mr Hall had some personal problems with the party , but these differences do not make a divided party " but he was quoted the next day as saying that the proposal was mooted to gauge Hall 's power . The obscure and low @-@ key conservative Bruce Eastick was installed as the new leader , as some more prominent figures such as Millhouse were seen as too sympathetic to Hall . In the meantime , there was a strong reaction to Hall 's departure among the public , and segments of the LCL , notably the youth wings , demonstrated against the events and made motions of objection . Hall had expected to become a normal backbencher , but the groundswell of support prompted a change of heart . = = Formation = = Hall initially sought to appeal to the State Council of the LCL . Although the body had no binding authority over the parliamentary caucus , which chose the leader , Hall and his followers saw it as an opportunity for a media victory . The motion went narrowly against Hall , but it generated much attention and potential embarrassment for the conservatives . After this , he thought of establishing his own separate party , citing small opinion polls that supported this action , but Ian Wilson , the former member for the federal Division of Sturt , convinced him to stay within the LCL and bring about internal change . Strong support emerged from within the party for Hall 's stand , particularly from its youth wing , the Young Liberals . On 21 March 1972 , a faction , but closer to a " party within a party " was formed : the New Liberals . On 28 March it was renamed the Liberal Movement . The conservatives strongly criticised Hall and his new movement , accusing them of undermining Eastick , disrupting the party and being disloyal . It quickly gained support within the LCL 's membership , capturing a number of party branches and began preselecting its own members . Robin Millhouse was a member of the faction , and served as both the deputy leader of the LCL and the LM . Thanks to the electoral reform that had occurred , with more urban electoral districts to contest , the urban @-@ based LM greatly increased its parliamentary representation , with seven members in the House of Assembly ( including Hall , Millhouse and future Premiers David Tonkin and Dean Brown ) , three in the Legislative Council , and one in the Australian House of Representatives ( Ian Wilson ) . Soon there were factional clashes during parliamentary debate , combative television debates , and some LCL members began campaigning anonymously against the LCL . One LCL branch president publicly called Hall a " traitor " . The LM managed to worry the conservatives by managing to seize control of some rural branches within electorates held by strongly anti @-@ LM representatives , including that of De Garis . The conservatives tried to remove Hall 's endorsement for his seat , but failed . Several bitterly fought pre @-@ selection battles followed . As a former premier , Hall was much more proficient than Eastick at dealing with the press , and used his skills to generate more media publicity , prompting Eastick to claim bias . The LM sought to seize control of the LCL agenda by winning key positions on the state executive at the annual general meeting in September , but this was difficult as the malapportionment towards rural groups was entrenched at party level , and because the conservatives had anticipated the LM 's plans . The LM President Alex Perryman challenged McLachlan for the party presidency and in a high @-@ profile contest received 47 % of the vote in a narrow defeat . He received around 90 % among urban delegates and around 33 % of the rural votes , the latter figure shocking the conservatives . The LM later generated more publicity by inquiring about alleged impropriety in the balloting process . The LM 's policies were generally progressive , and Hall himself stated that " we had no major differences with the written philosophies of the LCL " . The LM 's colour , purple , was described by observers as " LCL blue with a dash of Labor red " , signifying the faction 's location on the political spectrum . The LM was less concerned with creating differing policy as it was taking over and reforming the LCL ; however , on the electoral reform front , the LM started by calling for the Legislative Council to be devoid of ministers . Worried by the LM , conservatives in the LCL tried to change the party rules to prevent members from criticising the organisation in public , and enforce discipline . This backfired as the LM exploited it to portray the conservatives as repressive , and the media also viewed it negatively , and the move was put on hold . The non @-@ Labor forces , in their disunity , were in a poor position to challenge the dominance of charismatic Premier Dunstan . The LM itself contained two poorly defined internal groups : moderates , concerned with the inequalities of the electoral systems and the LCL 's aging image ; and radicals , who espoused the aforementioned in addition to the desire for wide @-@ ranging social reform . Some of the latter felt Hall was the most progressive option available , but not progressive enough . Nevertheless , the LM had generated a large amount of campaign funds and had great name recognition ; Hall was also favoured in opinions as a better leader than Eastick by a threefold factor . They cited such figures to portray themselves as the main threat to Labor and justify why they were the direction the LCL needed to take . Late in the year the LM received another boost when Wilson regained the seat of Sturt for the Liberal Party at the 1972 federal election , making much of his LM membership . In the 1973 state election , the LM largely ran a separate campaign from the LCL as a whole . The majority of the LCL 's metropolitan candidates were also within the LM , and it was hoped that enough seats would be gained so that not only would the LCL return to power , but that the LM would be able to overpower the conservative faction in the House of Assembly and re @-@ elect Hall as leader . To do this , they needed to capture at least three marginal Labor seats in Adelaide . This also meant the conservatives in the LCL would be better off losing to Labor if they wanted to maintain their hold on the party , as Labor 's vulnerable seats were in all in the city , and a Labor loss meant a LM gain . The LCL campaign chairperson explicitly said that she would prefer losing if it meant keeping control of the party . While the LM ran an innovative campaign , the LCL itself faltered , losing support in the country to a separate Country Party and to Labor in metropolitan Adelaide . One LM seat held by a rural member was lost to the Country Party . The LM were branded by the LCL conservatives as being the reason behind the LCL 's defeat . The LM saw itself as a more modern and appropriate alternative to the LCL , more in tune with urban mainstream , but there was no evidence that urban LM candidates were more popular than conservative LCL candidates in Adelaide . LM members made up the majority of urban LCL candidates , but were unable to wrest any Labor seats in Adelaide . Labor 's convincing win was not unexpected , particularly as infighting in the LCL had been ongoing for over a year . Friction was present throughout the campaign as well as before it , particularly as much of the donations were given directly to the LM . In the months before the election LCL members had thrown punches in the corridors of Parliament House . Internal battles between conservatives and LM members for party pre @-@ selection were keenly contested . Around half of the LCL candidates were LM supporters and avoided mention of the LCL and its conservative leader Bruce Eastick in their pamphlets . Some of the LM faction candidates instead trumpeted Hall as their leader and printed books detailing their policies . There was also an incident where a LM function celebrating Wilson 's win in the 1972 federal election clashed with Eastick 's main policy speech . Eastick and his conservatives arrived at Wilson 's dinner after they finished campaigning for the night , but then walked out when Wilson was delivering a speech calling for the LCL to be more tolerant of the diverse opinions within the party . Labor ran a sedate campaign , but made much of the internal LCL divisions . = = Split = = Despite the LCL 's defeat , the failure of the LM to gain internal supremacy over the conservatives was seen by the latter as a vindication of their policies . Pressure from the LCL 's leader , Bruce Eastick , who called on the LM to disband , and the conservative wing of the party , saw machinations against the LM . Hall reiterated the LM 's intention to continue , but Millhouse was removed as the LCL deputy leader in 1973 , and pressure began to be mounted on the faction , which did not have any members on the frontbench ; Hall did not pursue a position in the shadow ministry . Tension continued as rumours spread claiming that the LCL State Council was contemplating the forbidding and vetoing of LM members from representing the party in elections . While Hall and Martin Cameron responded by publicly vowing to stand firm , several of their LM colleagues were ambivalent when asked about the intentions if the LM were no longer tolerated within the LCL . However , Heini Becker left the LM . On 23 March , a motion was passed at the state council that allowed it to deny membership to those who belonged to " outside political organisations " , and the LM was subsequently declared to be one . Strangely , an LCL member could also be a member of the Communist Party of Australia , but not the LM . A motion by LM members to also declare the League of Rights an outside political organisation failed . The LCL conservatives were confident the LM would capitulate and reintegrate , as third parties had never been successful in South Australia . At first , LM members tried to have their banning from the LCL deemed illegal , but this failed . It was not expected that the LM would split to form a separate party . But before it was established , Hall promptly resigned from the LCL , declaring it " hypocritical and decadent " . Martin Cameron quickly followed , and Robin Millhouse consulted with members from his constituency before agreeing to resign from the LCL . Ian Wilson , who had earlier managed to convince Hall not to form a separate party , tried in vain to sway him to remain with the LCL and focus on reforming it from within . He wanted to shut down the LM in an attempt to limit the damage to the party , believing that " political groups come and go , but the ideals we aim for will never change " . All other LCL @-@ LM members did not follow ; three lower house members including Tonkin and Brown , Wilson in the federal parliament , and two MLCs all stayed in the LCL . David Tonkin stated that " every one of those Liberals who resign from the League is making it more and more certain that the League will remain just as it is " . A number of LCL branches remained with the LM , and there were mass resignations from the LCL on the whole . Eastick was relatively unconcerned : the LCL had a massive membership of over 30 @,@ 000 and the LM 's split did little to dent it — Eastick admitted 200 individual resignations . In the meantime , the LCL tried to introduce a requirement for members to make " pledge " that they were not aligned with " an outside political body " . This prompted a second wave of resignations , notably from sections of the Young Liberal Movement . Despite its leader 's show of confidence , many in the LCL were concerned that the expulsion of LM elements had apparently backfired ; it also prompted some disillusioned parliamentarians to suggest that rural and urban elements in the LCL could not coexist . The new party was formally announced on 2 April after an LM convention . As the LM had already begun establishing an infrastructure while in the LCL , it was able to pick up momentum readily , presenting itself as a centrist moderate party , but it was never able to shed its reliance on Hall . As Hall and Millhouse were both competent parliamentary performers , it was widely acknowledged in the media that they outperformed the LCL in providing an effective opposition . In one parliamentary division , with the entirety of the ALP and LCL on one side of the house and the LM members on the other , Millhouse took one of many opportunities to taunt Eastick and damage the LCL , labelling him " Dunstan lover ! " The South Australian media , which had earlier warmed to Premier Dunstan , then focused their attention on the LM and gave the fledgling party much @-@ needed publicity . The primary instigator for the creation of the LM in 1972 had been based around the lack of electoral reform . The electoral system had been expected to continue to return rural LCL members in the Legislative Council , yet at the 1973 state election Labor had , through the mass registration of new voters for the council vote , managed to gain two seats , giving a 14 – 6 split in the council . As half the council was elected at each election , Labor only had to retain their vote to gain an additional two seats at the 1975 state election , and a minor rise in it would see additional council seats fall to them . It was increasingly plausible that Labor would be able to gain a majority in the Legislative Council within a decade and then carry through their goal of abolishing it , and push through any electoral legislation it so wished . To the LCL , this was a dangerous situation , and seeing a need to avoid it , they compromised : their position abruptly changed to being in favour of wholesale reform of the Legislative Council . When Dunstan put forward bills to reform it , the LCL relented , and Eastick convinced the LCL councillors to let them pass , conditional on amendments to the legislation . These were a minor change to the particular proportional system used to elect the councillors , and that it remained non compulsory to vote in the council . The new council would eventually have 22 members , with half elected each election from a multi @-@ member constituency covering the entirety of the state . Hall attacked the LCL for its sudden change in stance on reform , and managed to see the first LM policy become law with the lowering of the council suffrage age to 18 . The reform legislation for the Legislative Council was not to take effect until the next election , and the death of LCL MLC Harold Kemp necessitated a by @-@ election for the council district of Southern on 11 August . Southern was an ultra @-@ safe rural LCL seat , and Labor declined to stand in the by @-@ election . It was contested by the LCL , the LM , a separate Country Party and the Australia Party . The three non @-@ LCL parties agreed on favourable preference deals in the hope of one of them displacing the LCL . The LM gained 29 per cent of the vote , and the LCL candidate won by a 4 per cent margin once preferences had been distributed . At the start of 1974 , the LCL had undertaken some progressive reforms . They brought in a less conservative membership at the grassroots level , although the old guard was still prominent in parliamentary roles . They tried to broach the possibility of reintegrating the LM . Wilson and the new executive director of the LCL , John Vial were at the forefront , but the LM was optimistic about its future and refused unless the LCL changed leaders and allowed for explicitly separate urban and rural factions , which did not happen . = = Elections and support = = = = = Federal election 1974 = = = In order to give the LM national exposure , Hall decided to stand for the Australian Senate at the 1974 federal election . Another objective was to allow Millhouse and Cameron to become more prominent at state level and dispel the established perception of the LM as a Hall party . The move was a risk as failure would have left the LM 's main drawcard out of the spotlight entirely until a state election which was not due for another two years , but Hall said the party had no future unless it could gain national stature . Another possible problem was that the media could have lost interest in the LM at a state level regardless of whether Hall won a senate position . The 1975 federal election followed a double dissolution ( meaning that all Senate seats , rather than half , were up for election and thus a candidate needed only roughly half of the normal percentage to gain election ; Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was hoping to attain a majority in the Senate ) , and all ten South Australian Senate seats were contested . The battle between the LCL and the LM was not seen as a large part of the national campaign , as South Australia was only a small part of the nation and most of the marginal seats that would determine the outcome were in other states . The LM gained 9 @.@ 9 per cent of the vote in the Senate and Hall was elected in his own right , without the assistance of preferences . In the House of Representatives , the LM gained 8 @.@ 4 per cent of the vote across the 12 South Australian seats , ranging from a high of 18 per cent in metropolitan Boothby to 1 @.@ 6 per cent in rural Angas . Fortunately for Hall and the LM , the senate election resulted in Labor and the Liberal @-@ Country Party coalition holding 29 seats each , and Hall was one of two crossbenchers who held the balance of power . The media made much of Hall 's position as a powerbroker at federal level , and the Liberals responded to him in a hostile manner ; for his part , Hall continued to persistently attack them as outmoded and lambasted them over the matter of electoral reform . Hall had abandoned his rural Yorke Peninsula @-@ based seat of Goyder to stand for the Senate , and at the 1974 Goyder state by @-@ election the LM were concerned about how their vote would stand without the assistance of its prominent incumbent and in an area outside their urban base ; the LCL had always won the seat easily . The campaign was robust , with strong accusations being traded as what was previously a safe seat became evenly poised and the subject of frantic electioneering . Surprisingly , as the LM was an urban movement , they polled 46 per cent of the vote , which saw David Boundy elected on the back of Country Party preferences with a two @-@ party preferred vote beyond 60 % . Despite most of its preferences flowing to the LM , the Country Party attacked the LM for perceived hypocrisy as they had run in a rural seat despite calling for the anti @-@ Labor forces to be separated into urban and rural divisions . This continued to be a source of tension , as the LM continued to campaign in rural seats , prompting the Country Party to threaten to deny them preferences . The LM triumph embarrassed the LCL , and Eastick survived a leadership challenge from Heini Becker in the aftermath . Over the next year , the LM focused on building the party machinery . = = = State election 1975 = = = At the 1975 state election the LM had ambitions of becoming the largest non @-@ Labor party . The campaign was focused primarily on accusations of mismanagement of the economy by Labor , with the LM seeking to positioning itself between the Liberals and Labor , as the centre @-@ ground of South Australian politics . Advertisements attacked the Liberal Party for being a conservative party , and Labor for its perceived socialism and poor economic record . At the time , inflation and unemployment was increasing . The LM slogan was " Vote LM — You know it 's right " . Despite now being a federal senator , Hall was still synonymous with the LM at state level and he was central in the party 's advertising . The momentum was against Labor , and it was expected that the election could come down to whether Labor would retain their marginal urban seats . The LM proposed to the Liberals to have a joint candidate in the marginal metropolitan seat of Gilles — which required a two @-@ party preferred swing of 6 % — to maximise their chances . The Liberals agreed but wanted the joint candidate to stand in Unley , and no agreement was reached . Millhouse , now the State Parliamentary Leader of the LM , announced the LM 's policy for the 1975 state election at the Adelaide Town Hall on 2 July . He outlined the LM 's plans for economic rejuvenation : an end to compulsory unionism , budget and tax cuts , and measures to curb rising inflation and cost of living . Social policy included proposals for an early form of multiculturalism and promotion of ' cultural diversity ' and bilingualism . Energy policy appealed to a new generation of environmentalists , and promoted conservation and promotion of solar power . He slammed the proposed City of Monarto as a ' monument to socialist folly ' . Contesting 45 of the 47 seats , the LM commanded almost a fifth ( 18 @.@ 2 per cent ) of the vote in the lower house and the combined non @-@ Labor forces gained 50 @.@ 8 per cent of the two @-@ party @-@ preferred total . The LM was more effective in the city , recording 20 @.@ 2 % of the urban vote and 13 @.@ 4 % in rural areas . The party increased its parliamentary representation by one , with an additional member in the Legislative Council , and made several formerly safe Liberal seats marginal ( including that of its leader , Eastick where they captured 20 @.@ 3 % in the rural district of Light ) . The LM withstood a concerted push by the Liberals to oust Millhouse from Mitcham , and retained Goyder . They were also strong in those seats held by LM members who did not break away during the split but stayed with the LCL . However , preferences did not flow as the non @-@ Labor parties had wished , with up to 20 per cent of LM second @-@ preferences flowing to Labor instead of the Liberals or Country Party . With the new proportional system in the Legislative Council after the electoral reforms , the LM captured 18 @.@ 8 % of the vote to end with 2 of the 11 seats available . This was enough to allow Labor and the LM to join together and sidestep conservative Liberal opposition in the upper house . The Liberals , having suffered a 12 per cent reduction in their metropolitan primary vote , and gained their lowest result , quickly dumped Eastick , who was an unimpressive parliamentary performer and seen as an obstacle to reintegration with the LM , as leader . Tonkin became the new leader , the first Liberal leader from a metropolitan seat . The federal Liberal Party was rattled by the strength of the LM , and tried to reintegrate them . Hall was offered a high position in the Liberal senate ticket if he rejoined , and a position in cabinet if the Liberals defeated the federal Labor government . The LM regarded its first state electoral performance as impressive , and optimistic with their future , they flatly rejected the overtures . However , they had also gone into debt to fund their election campaign . Millhouse also found it harder to dominate the Liberals and seize the momentum in parliamentary debate when proceedings resumed ; he found Tonkin a much more formidable opponent than Eastick . = = = Federal election 1975 = = = The second consecutive double dissolution 1975 federal election in December was held owing to the dismissal of the Whitlam Government by Governor General John Kerr , and the subsequent appointment of federal Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister . Prior to the dismissal , the Liberal Party had used its majority in the Australian Senate to block supply bills . Hall voted in favour of the supply bills being passed , and objected to the federal Liberals ' actions . Hall had been praised for his stance on supply , but the Liberals attacked him , accusing him of being " Labor in a purple disguise " and saying that Fraser needed a compliant senate " not hampered by independents sitting on the fence " . Hall countered by saying he was preferencing the Liberals and therefore not Labor @-@ aligned , and that he was a " dedicated anti @-@ socialist " . Hall saw the double dissolution as an opportunity to capture senate seats in all the states across the nation , and the LM sought to create bases outside South Australia . On 18 November , a LM rally was held at Melbourne Town Hall to launch a branch in Victoria . A branch was formed in Queensland and Hall travelled to Western Australia to oversee the formation of a state branch . Generally , the LM 's attempts to spread its message failed owing to the dramatic and highly polarising effects of Whitlam 's dismissal and the constitutional crisis , which produced angry demonstrations around the country . Amid the tumult , the media was almost completely focused on the two main parties , giving other groups almost no opportunities to capture the public imagination . The LM also found it difficult to establish a connection with the populace outside South Australia owing to its formation within a state @-@ specific backdrop . Attempts were made to expand the appeal of the LM through secret merger talks with the Australia Party , who initiated the idea , but these collapsed . The campaign was also hampered by the departure of two LM candidates who relabelled themselves as the Independent Liberal Movement . The first to leave the LM , C. W. Henderson , was a member of the LM Management Committee who criticised Hall 's attempts to make spread the party nationally . He accused Hall of having " delusions of grandeur " , leading to his membership being suspended two days later . The next day , J. Henderson , the sixth member of the senate ticket , quit , saying he did not " want to be a puppet on a party string " . Groves and Henderson aggressively campaigned against the LM , although they were to receive only 0 @.@ 09 % of the senate vote themselves . When the election was held , there was a 12 percent swing towards the Liberal Party in South Australia , or 7 percent on two party preferred . There was a large swing against Labor owing to the dissatisfaction with the Whitlam administration , but it generally went directly to the Liberal Party . Against this background , and with relatively little media attention paid to the LM and its cause , Despite gaining prominence for his stance on supply , Hall struggled to be re @-@ elected , gaining only 6 @.@ 5 per cent of the Senate vote and relying on preferences , ironically from Labor . In South Australia , Labor gained 41 per cent of the vote , and the Liberals 51 per cent . In the lower house , the LM managed only 6 @.@ 2 % across the 12 seats , again recording its best result in Boothby , with 10 @.@ 4 % . Hall 's hope for Australia @-@ wide support for the LM was dashed owing to the previous events , with the party gaining negligible results for their candidates in other states . The lower house candidates in the Australian Capital Territory registered around 3 % , but the senate candidates in Western Australia , New South Wales , Victoria and Queensland received less than 1 % . Hall 's opinion was that " the Liberal Movement was for its part in the contest happy to have survived . " Nevertheless , Hall was still adamant the LM 's future was as a standalone entity : " The LM is going to continue as an Australia @-@ wide party ... We shall have to go through the sickening process of having the Liberal party make overtures to us once again ... I would like to tell them right now that they will be wasting their breath . " Despite Hall 's defiance , the poor showing meant his senate term was only to last for three rather than six years , and he no longer had the balance of power and the resulting media exposure . This was a problem , as the party was largely centred around his personality . = = Decline = = Independent of the LM , the LCL had begun to change . It eventually supported Don Dunstan 's bills for electoral reform , both to the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council , and its internal structure was reorganised and modernised , particular with the arrival of Tonkin , its first urban leader . The LCL renamed itself the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia to bring itself into line with its federal counterpart . Thus , many of the reasons for the LM 's split had become null . Combined with the LM 's declining membership ( one third of members had not renewed ) and its large debt , it found itself in a precarious position . Negotiations in 1976 began with the aim for the LM to merge into the new Liberal Party , and news of the secret talks were leaked in April . Once the news became public , Millhouse stated his complete opposition : " I will not rejoin the Liberal Party ... I have meant what I said in the past and I do not see any change in the attitude of the Liberal Party to alter my view . " He said doing so would entail a surrender of honour and self @-@ respect , and described the LM as the only " genuine Liberal party " in the nation , boldly predicting that its agenda would become dominant in society . Millhouse 's stand was widely condemned by the media , who saw it as based on pride rather than pragmatism , and unhelpful for anti @-@ Labor politics . Hall , however , wanted to unite the non @-@ Labor forces , and acknowledged that " there is no prospect of maintaining LM electorate groups ... in simple terms , our alternatives are to swallow some little pride , and unite to fight Labor . " He said to do otherwise would be to " exist in splendid selfish isolation " , and said they could not survive as a relevant force by holding Goyder and Mitcham and losing upper house seats owing to a dwindling vote . Hall said the LM 's reform agenda had been fulfilled , their finances were untenable and contended there was no ideological reason remaining for a split . This put him at increasing odds with Millhouse , who continued to describe the Liberals as " very conservative " . Some members of the Liberals were also wary of a merger , owing to the long @-@ standing antipathy between the two groups , and persistent criticism of them from the LM over the years . In the meantime , the negotiations continued , with Hall prominent . During informal discussions following the 1975 state election , Millhouse had been offered the deputy leadership in a merged party , and Cameron a leading role in the upper house , but following the poor showing at the federal election and the deteriorating financial state of the LM , the offer was reduced and the posts that had been offered to Millhouse and Cameron were no longer available . However , Hall was still able to negotiate for the LM President and Treasurer to be given positions on a new executive . He also agreed to forego any further senate bids . An agreement was put in place to protect Boundy from being ousted at a pre @-@ selection of the new party , but this was broken at the next election . The LM was also given an equal voting share on pre @-@ selection committees for three urban lower house seats . Labor was not pleased with the prospect of its opponents being reunited and potentially more effective , and Premier Dunstan mocked the opposition parties as a " circus " , while his deputy Des Corcoran predicted the new entity would not be able to last . The media continued to criticise Millhouse 's defiance as disruptive . When the LM voted narrowly in May 1976 to rejoin the Liberals ( 222 to 211 ) , Millhouse immediately created the New LM , and became its only parliamentary representative . He tried to put an optimistic view on the matter , saying that the close @-@ run vote as an endorsement of his position , and the merger as an opportunity to start with a clean slate with no debt . The merger was finalised on 4 June when the Liberals ' State Council voted heavily in favour . He was a prominent member of the Assembly , and a constant irritant to the Liberals , with whom he often sparred . When Don Chipp resigned from the federal Liberal Party , and stated his intention to create a centrist and progressive " third force " in Australian politics , Millhouse 's New LM responded . Chipp 's Australian Democrats was created , and negotiations began for a merger between the two parties . The New LM candidates at the 1977 state election stood under a joint New LM @-@ Australian Democrats ticket , winning 12 @.@ 3 per cent of the vote in the 12 electorates they contested , and Millhouse defeated the Liberal candidate in the lower house seat of Mitcham , which he would hold until 1982 . The merger was finalised on 3 October 1977 and the New LM was absorbed into the Democrats . Meanwhile , the interstate branches of the LM , which had been in existence for only six months , either disbanded in 1976 , or eventually evolved and merged into state components of the Democrats . The Western Australian division of the LM was the strongest interstate branch and renamed itself the Centre Line Party before becoming the state branch of the Democrats . David Tonkin , an LM member before it split and became a separate party , had gained the Liberal party leadership in 1975 , succeeding Eastick . He worked swiftly to heal the internal party wounds , and to re @-@ establish the non @-@ Labor forces and provide an effective opposition . The 1977 state election saw a decline in Liberal support , but the party gained power after the abrupt resignation of Premier Dunstan , with an 11 per cent swing at 1979 state election , receiving 55 per cent of the two @-@ party @-@ preferred vote . The first Democrats MLC was also elected in 1979 on a first preference vote of 6 @.@ 5 per cent . In 1982 , however , the Labor Party again gained office and would rule for over a decade . The Democrats continued to attract support , and would solely hold the balance of power in the Legislative Council until the 1997 state election . = = Parliamentarians = = Steele Hall Robin Millhouse Martin Cameron John Carnie David Boundy All went back in to the fold of the LCL successor , the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia , except for Millhouse who joined the New Liberal Movement ( New LM ) , one of the predecessor parties that would form the Australian Democrats .
= Jiloca ( river ) = The Jiloca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xiˈloka ] ) is a river in Aragón , Spain , a tributary of the river Jalón , and part of the watershed of the Ebro basin . The course of the river runs through the provinces of Teruel and Zaragoza . It has a length of 126 kilometres ( 78 mi ) and an average flow rate of 2 @.@ 1 cubic metres per second ( 74 cu ft / s ) , although this varies between the seasons . The river flows in a generally north easterly direction from its source near Monreal del Campo . The valley was an historic route between the Meseta Central and the Mediterranean coast . Roman bridges remain in many pueblos and remains of watermills can be seen . The water is generally of good quality and supports a range of wildlife . Cleaning works by the regional government have been criticised by environmental organisations who claim that the ecology has been damaged . The watershed covers an area of 2 @,@ 957 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 142 sq mi ) . = = Course = = The source is disputed , tradition holds that it rises at an artesian well , the Fuente de Cella , at the base of the Sierra Albarracín in Teruel province . The well is surrounded by an elliptical parapet wall built by the Italian engineer Domingo Ferrari . It is now thought that the stretch of river between Cella and Monreal del Campo is the remains of an 18th @-@ century canal which was cut to drain the Laguna Cañizar at Villarquemado . It is currently accepted that the Jiloca raises at the Ojos ( Eyes ) of Monreal , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the town . These are a series of ponds linked by channels . From Monreal the river flows northwards and near Luco de Jiloca ( Calamocha ) , the Jiloca is joined by its only tributary , the Pancrudo , which rises 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) away in the Sierra de la Costera . From this point there is an irrigation channel which waters a small valley near Daroca . The river flows on from Daroca in a north easterly direction , past Manchones , Morero , Montón , Morata de Jiloca , Maruenda and Paracuellos de Jiloca until it joins the Jalón between Carramolina and Calatayud . Towns named after the river are Morata de Jiloca , Paracuellos de Jiloca , Fuentes de Jiloca , Torremocha de Jiloca , Velilla de Jiloca and Villanueva de Jiloca . = = = Hydrographics = = = The Jiloca has an average flow rate of 2 @.@ 1 cubic metres per second ( 74 cu ft / s ) , although there are seasonal variations , due to a long dry season and wet seasons in the spring and autumn in the Meseta Central . Annual rainfall in the watershed varies from around 400 millimetres ( 16 in ) to 950 millimetres ( 37 in ) , with peak precipitation in May and June . The watershed covers an area of 2 @,@ 957 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 142 sq mi ) . = = Natural history = = The Ojos de Monreal are a series of artesian wells which form pools connected by small channels . This area is rich in wildlife , including waterfowl , grebes , wrens , kingfishers , owls , orioles and woodpeckers . There are frequently visiting wildfowl from the Laguna de Gallocanta , some 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) away . Thickets of poplar , willow and walnut trees give plenty of shelter . The water is considered in very good condition according to the assessment of the Plan Hidrológico de la Cuenca del Ebro ( Hydrological Plan of the Ebro ) . Further downstream in the valley between Manchones and Morero , birdlife includes goshawks , eagles , orioles , robins , finches , hoopoe and kestrels . Deer and bobcats are found in the Sierra Santa Cruz which borders the river , hedgehogs and shrews are to be found near the banks . Trees include poplars , elm , and ash . In 2000 , the Asociación Naturalista de Aragón strongly condemned cleaning works by the regional government , which they said were systematically destroying riparian vegetation , killing fish and upsetting the ecology of the river in the reaches between Daroca and Calatayud . In November 2009 , an investigation into soil erosion in the Jiloca basin was announced , with the intention of determining suitable future land use strategies . = = History = = In the past many water @-@ mills were powered by the river , but now only ruins of these remain . The valley of the Jiloca is an ancient route between the Meseta Central , the Ebro and the coast of the Levante . Many Roman bridges remain in the pueblos of the valley . = = Tributary = = There is one tributary , the Pancrudo , which rises 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) above the pueblo of Pancrudo , in Teruel province and flows generally north east past Torre los Negros , Navarette del Rio and Lechago before joining the Jiloca at Luca de Jiloca after 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) .
= Olga Constantinovna of Russia = Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia ( Russian : О ́ льга Константи ́ новна Рома ́ нова ; IPA : [ ˈolʲɡə kənstɐnˈtʲinəvnə rɐˈmanəvə ] ) , later Queen Olga of the Hellenes ( Greek : Βασίλισσα Όλγα των Ελλήνων ) ( 3 September [ O.S. 22 August ] 1851 – 18 June 1926 ) , was the wife of King George I of Greece and , briefly in 1920 , regent of Greece . Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , is her grandson . A member of the Romanov dynasty , she was the daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife , Princess Alexandra of Saxe @-@ Altenburg . She spent her childhood in Saint Petersburg , Poland and the Crimea , and married King George I of Greece in 1867 at the age of sixteen . At first , she felt ill at ease in the Kingdom of Greece , but she quickly became involved in social and charitable work . She founded hospitals and help centers , but her attempt to promote a new , more accessible , Greek translation of the Gospels sparked riots by religious conservatives . On the assassination of her husband in 1913 , Olga returned to Russia . When the First World War broke out , she set up a military hospital in Pavlovsk Palace , which belonged to her brother . She was trapped in the palace after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , until the Danish embassy intervened , allowing her to escape to Switzerland . Olga could not return to Greece as her son , King Constantine I , had been deposed . In October 1920 , she returned to Athens on the fatal illness of her grandson , King Alexander . After his death , she was appointed regent until the restoration of Constantine I the following month . After the defeat of the Greeks in the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1919 – 22 the Greek royal family were again exiled and Olga spent the last years of her life in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . = = Family and early life = = Olga was born at Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg on 3 September [ O.S. 22 August ] 1851 . She was the second child and elder daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife , Grand Duchess Alexandra , a former princess of Saxe @-@ Altenburg . Through her father , Olga was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I , a niece of Tsar Alexander II and first cousin of Tsar Alexander III . Her childhood was spent at her father 's homes , including Pavlovsk Palace and estates in the Crimea . Her father was a younger brother of Alexander II , and her mother was considered one of the most intelligent and elegant women of the court . Olga was particularly close to her older brother , Nicholas , and was one of the few members of the imperial family to keep in touch with him after he was banished to Tashkent . As a child , Olga was described as a simple and chubby little girl with a broad face and big blue eyes . Unlike her younger sister , Vera , she had a calm temperament , but she was also extremely shy . For example , when interrogated by her tutors during lessons , she burst into tears and ran from the classroom . In 1862 , Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich was appointed viceroy of Russian Poland by his brother and moved to Warsaw with his wife and children . The stay in Poland proved difficult for the Grand Duke , who was the victim of a nationalist assassination attempt the day after his arrival in the Polish capital . Although Constantine embarked on a program of liberalization and re @-@ instated Polish as an official language , Polish nationalists agitating for reform were not appeased . Finally , an uprising in January 1863 and the radicalization of the separatists pushed the Tsar to recall his brother in August . Olga 's difficult experiences in Poland marked her profoundly . = = Engagement and marriage = = The young King George I of Greece visited Russia in 1863 to thank Olga 's uncle Tsar Alexander II for his support during George 's election to the throne of Greece . Whilst there , George met the then twelve @-@ year @-@ old Olga for the first time . George visited Russia again in 1867 to meet with his sister Dagmar , who had married Tsarevitch Alexander ( later Alexander III ) the year before . He was determined to find a wife and the idea of an alliance with a Russian grand duchess , born into the Eastern Orthodox Church , appealed to him . Olga fell in love with George , but she was nevertheless anxious and distraught at the thought of leaving Russia . Her father was initially reluctant to agree to their marriage , thinking that at the age of fifteen she was too young and , being close to his daughter , concerned by the distance between Greece and Russia . For her part , Grand Duchess Alexandra was much more enthusiastic than her husband and , when some members of the imperial family noted the extreme youth of her daughter , she replied that Olga would not always be as young . Eventually , it was decided that Olga and George would marry when she had reached her sixteenth birthday . Meanwhile , she would continue her schoolwork until her wedding day . Olga and George married at the chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg on 27 October [ O.S. 15 October ] 1867 . After five days of festivities , they spent a brief honeymoon at Ropsha , south @-@ west of Saint Petersburg . Over the following twenty years , they had eight children : Constantine ( 2 August 1868 – 11 January 1923 ) , who was born ten months after the marriage of his parents ; he married Princess Sophia of Prussia and succeeded his father as king ; George ( 24 June 1869 – 25 November 1957 ) , High Commissioner of Crete from 1898 to 1906 , married Princess Marie Bonaparte ; Alexandra ( 30 August 1870 – 24 September 1891 ) , married Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia ; their children included Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , one of the assassins of Grigori Rasputin ; Nicholas ( 22 January 1872 – 8 February 1938 ) , married Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia ; Marie ( 3 March 1876 – 14 December 1940 ) , married firstly Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia and secondly Perikles Ioannidis ; Olga ( 7 April 1880 – 2 November 1880 ) ; Andrew ( 2 February 1882 – 3 December 1944 ) , father of Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ; and Christopher ( 10 August 1888 – 21 January 1940 ) , father of Prince Michael of Greece . The Tsar told Olga " to love her new country twice more than her own " , but she was ill @-@ prepared for her new life . Aware of her youth , she chose to retain the services of her governess to continue her education . On arrival at Piraeus , Olga wore blue and white , the national colors of Greece , to the delight of the crowd . On the way to the capital , popular unrest was such that Olga , who was not accustomed to such demonstrations , was close to tears . Unable to speak Greek , and with little time for rest , she attended official functions over several days . Overwhelmed , Olga was found sobbing under a staircase cuddling her teddy bear a few days after her arrival in the kingdom while she was expected for a formal event . In less than a year , she learnt Greek and English . On the advice of her mother , she took an interest in the archeology and history of Greece to gain public support . = = Private life = = Throughout their marriage , George I and Olga were a close @-@ knit couple , and contrary to the prevailing custom spent much time with their children , who grew up in a warm family atmosphere . With age , however , George I argued with his sons and Olga lamented the quarrels that divided the family periodically . In private , Olga and George I conversed in German because it was the only language they both spoke at the time of their marriage . With their offspring , they spoke mainly English , although the children were required to speak Greek among themselves , and Prince Andrew refused to speak anything but Greek to his parents . The life of the royal family was relatively quiet and withdrawn . The Athenian court was not as brilliant and sumptuous as that of Saint Petersburg , and days in the Greek capital were sometimes monotonous for members of the royal family . In spring and winter , they divided time between the Royal Palace in Athens , and Tatoi Palace at the foot of Mount Parnitha . Summers were spent on vacation at Aix @-@ les @-@ Bains in France , visiting relatives in the Russian capital or at Fredensborg and Bernstorff in Denmark , and relaxing at Mon Repos , Corfu . Olga remained nostalgic for Russia . Her room was filled with icons from her homeland and , in the palace chapel , she sang Slavic hymns with her children . She often visited Russian ships that were docked at Piraeus and invited the Russian sailors to the royal palace . She was the only woman in history to bear the title of Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy , an honor given to her on marriage . She was honored in the Greek navy by having a ship named after her . = = Social work = = Olga was genuinely popular and was extensively involved in charity work . On arrival in Athens , her immediate patronages included the Amalieion orphanage founded by the previous queen consort Amalia of Oldenburg , and the Arsakeion school for girls located on University Boulevard . With her personal support and the support of wealthy donors , she built asylums for the terminally ill and for the elderly disabled , and a sanatorium for patients with consumption . She founded a society to help the poor , a kindergarten for the children of the poor , and a soup kitchen in Piraeus that doubled as a cooking school for poor girls that was later expanded into a weaving school for girls and elderly women in financial difficulty . She was patron of two military hospitals and endowed the Evangelismos ( Annunciation ) Hospital , Greece 's largest , in downtown Athens . She built the Russian Hospital in Piraeus in memory of her daughter , Alexandra , who died in Moscow in 1891 . Although aimed primarily at Russian sailors , the hospital was open to all seamen visiting Greece , with consultation fees set at the low rate of thirty lepta and medicines being free . Olga also supported the establishment and funding of hospitals during the conflicts between Greece and its neighbors , including the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War ( 1912 – 13 ) . For their work for the wounded , Olga and her daughter @-@ in @-@ law Crown Princess Sophia were awarded the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in December 1897 . Before Olga 's arrival in Greece , there were no separate prisons for women or the young , and she was instrumental in the establishment of a women 's prison in the capital and , with the support of wealthy philanthropist George Averoff , one for juvenile delinquents . Shortly after Greece 's defeat in the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1897 , shots were fired at Olga 's husband and daughter by disgruntled Greeks in 1898 . Despite the failed assassination , Olga insisted on continuing her engagements without a military guard . Her son Nicolas wrote in his memoirs that one day he spoke of the importance of public opinion to his mother , and she retorted , " I prefer to be governed by a well born lion rather than four hundred rats like me . " Olga 's interest in political and public opinion was limited . Although she favored Greece 's Russian party , she had no political influence over her husband and did not seek political influence in the Greek parliament . = = Evangelika controversy = = An Orthodox Christian from birth , Queen Olga became aware , during visits to wounded servicemen in the Greco @-@ Turkish War ( 1897 ) , that many were unable to read the Bible . The version used by the Church of Greece included the Septuagint version of the Old Testament and the original Greek @-@ language version of the New Testament . Both were written in Koine Greek while her contemporaries used either Katharevousa or the so @-@ called Demotic version of Modern Greek . Katharevousa was a formal language that contained archaicized forms of modern words , was purged of " non @-@ Greek " vocabulary from other European languages and Turkish , and had a ( simplified ) archaic grammar . Modern or Demotic Greek was the version commonly spoken . Olga decided to have the Bible translated into a version that could be understood by most contemporary Greeks rather than only those educated in Koine Greek . Opponents of the translation , however , considered it " tantamount to a renunciation of Greece 's ' sacred heritage ' " . In February 1901 , the translation of the New Testament from Koine into Modern Greek that she had sponsored was published without the authorization of the Greek Holy Synod . The price was set at one drachma , far below its actual cost , and the edition sold well . To mitigate opposition to the translation , both the old and new texts were included and the frontispiece specifically stated it was for " exclusive family use " rather than in church . At the same time , another translation was completed by Alexandros Pallis , a major supporter of a literary movement supporting the use of Demotic in written language . Publication of the translation started in serial form in the newspaper Akropolis on 9 September 1901 . Purist theologians denounced this version as " a ridiculing of the nation 's most valuable relics " and Ecumenical Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople denounced the translation . A faction of the Greek press started accusing Pallis and his Demoticist supporters of blasphemy and treason . Riots , peaking on 8 November , were started by students of the University of Athens , partly motivated by conservative professors . They demanded the excommunication of Pallis and anyone involved with the translations , including Olga and Procopios , the Metropolitan bishop of Athens , who had supervised the translation at her personal request . Troops were called in to maintain order , and conflict between them and the rioters resulted in eight deaths and over sixty people wounded . By December , the remaining copies of Olga 's translation had been confiscated and their circulation prohibited . Anyone selling or reading the translations was threatened with excommunication . The controversy was called Evangelika , i.e. " the Gospels question " , after the word Evangelion , Greek for " Gospel " , and led to the resignation of the metropolitan bishop , Procopius , and the fall of the government of Georgios Theotokis . = = Widowhood = = In 1913 , the First Balkan War ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by a coalition of Greek , Bulgarian , Serbian and Montenegrin forces . Greece was considerably enlarged at the expense of Turkey , but divisions between the victorious powers in the Balkan League soon became apparent : Athens and Sofia vied for possession of Thessaloniki and its region . To affirm Greek control of the main city of Macedonia , George I moved to the city soon after its conquest . Just as he did in Athens , he went about Thessaloniki without any meaningful protection force , and while out for an afternoon walk near the White Tower on 18 March 1913 , he was shot and killed by Alexandros Schinas . Olga , who said her husband 's death was " the will of God " , arrived at Thessaloniki the next day . She and her family visited the scene of the assassination and accompanied the body of the king to Athens . He was buried in the royal cemetery at Tatoi Palace . George and Olga 's eldest son , Constantine , became king and his wife , Sophia of Prussia , became the new queen consort . Olga , as queen dowager , was given the use of a wing in the royal palace but soon returned to her native Russia , to spend time with her younger brother , Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich and his family at his home , and Olga 's birthplace , Pavlovsk Palace . = = World War I = = In August 1914 , Olga was in Russia at the outbreak of World War I , in which the Allied or Entente Powers including Russia , Britain and France fought against the Central Powers including Germany , Austria @-@ Hungary and the Ottoman Empire . She decided to stay in Saint Petersburg and establish a military hospital to support the Russian war effort . Olga created a clinic at Pavlovsk Palace where she cared for wounded soldiers with her sister @-@ in @-@ law , Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna . Other members of the imperial family , such as Princess Helen and Olga 's granddaughter Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna founded field hospitals at the front . As the war continued , Olga became aware of the growing crisis in Russia , and attempted to warn Tsarina Alexandra in 1916 of the danger of revolution but the Russian empress refused to listen . A few weeks later , Olga attracted the fury of the Tsarina after signing a petition asking for a pardon for her grandson , Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich , who had been exiled to the Persian front for his involvement in the assassination of Alexandra 's favorite mystic , Grigori Rasputin . In contrast to Olga , her eldest son , King Constantine I of Greece , was determined to follow a policy of neutrality . His maternal relations were Russian , and his wife was the sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany . His policy brought him into conflict with Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who favored the Allies . Constantine was soon accused of being a Germanophile and the Athenian government was regarded with suspicion in London and Paris . In what became known as the National Schism , Venizelos established a parallel government in Thessaloniki in opposition to Constantine . On the collapse of the Tsarist regime in February 1917 , Olga 's sister @-@ in @-@ law left Pavlovsk with her family , but Olga stayed , soon to be almost alone except for a single young domestic named Anna Egorova . ( After the Revolution , Egorova entered the service of Prince Christopher of Greece and became the governess of his son , Michael . ) Short of food , the two women were limited to eating a little dry bread soaked in poor quality oil . Their safety was far from assured , and a few days after the October Revolution , Bolsheviks invaded and ransacked the palace . Olga was physically unharmed . She accepted the need to leave Russia , but the Bolsheviks refused to let her go and diplomatic help from Greece was not forthcoming in the aftermath of the National Schism . In June , Constantine had been deposed and exiled to Switzerland . As the Allies did not wish to establish a Greek republic or see Crown Prince George succeed his father , Constantine was replaced on the throne by his second son , Alexander , who was thought to be more favorable to the Allies and more malleable than his older brother . Venizelos held power and the supporters of the deposed king were arrested or executed . = = First exile = = After several months of appeals for help , the Danish legation in Russia issued Olga a passport , which she used to enter Germany on the eve of its defeat , eventually joining her eldest son and his family in Switzerland in early 1919 . Other members of the Russian imperial family did not escape . Among those killed were the Tsar , Tsarina and their five children ; Olga 's brothers Grand Dukes Nicholas and Dmitri Constantinovich ; three of her nephews Princes John , Constantine and Igor Constantinovich ; and the Tsarina 's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna . In Switzerland , Constantine I and his family found themselves isolated and without an income . The Greek government under Venizelos did not pay pensions to former rulers and prohibited any contact between the exiles and King Alexander . Already in fragile health , the former king became gradually more depressed . The Russian Revolution and the National Schism deprived Olga of her immovable property and she was forced to live a much less lavish lifestyle than in the past . She did , however , enjoy spending more time with her sons and grandchildren , from whom she had been long separated by the war . = = Regency = = On 2 October 1920 , King Alexander was bitten by a monkey during a walk through the gardens at Tatoi . The wound became infected and Alexander developed septicemia . On 19 October , he began to rave and called his mother at his bedside but the Greek government refused to allow Queen Sophia to return to Greece . Worried about her son , and knowing that his grandmother was the only other royal still in favor with the Venizelists , Sophia asked Olga to go to Athens to care for Alexander . After several days of negotiations , the dowager queen obtained permission to return to Greece but , delayed by rough seas , she arrived twelve hours after her grandson 's death on 25 October . On 29 October , Alexander was buried at Tatoi ; Olga was the only member of the royal family at the funeral . Still opposed to the return of Constantine I and Crown Prince George , the government of Eleftherios Venizelos offered the throne to Constantine 's third son , Prince Paul , who refused to ascend the throne before his father and older brother unless a referendum named him head of state . Only days after Alexander 's death , however , Venizelos was defeated in a general election . On 17 November , Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis , regent since the death of Alexander , retired and the new prime minister , Dimitrios Rallis , asked Olga to assume the regency . She served as regent for about a month until her son Constantine returned to the throne on 19 December after a referendum in his favor . = = Second exile and death = = Constantine I returned to the throne 18 months into the Greco @-@ Turkish War , launched in May 1919 . In September 1921 , the Greek defeat at the battle of Sakarya marked the beginning of the Greek retreat from Turkey . Resentment among the allies for Constantine 's policy during World War I prevented Athens from receiving outside support . Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the new leader of Turkey , regained Smyrna and Eastern Thrace , annexed by Athens at the end of World War I. Following a coup by disgruntled military officers , Constantine I abdicated for a second time on 27 September 1922 . With several other members of his family , including Queen Olga , he went into exile in Italy and his eldest son succeeded him for a few months on the throne as George II . Within months , Constantine died in Italy . One of Olga 's sons , Prince Andrew , was among those arrested by the new regime . Many defendants in the treason trials that followed the coup were shot , including senior politicians and generals . Foreign diplomats assumed that Andrew was also in mortal danger , and George V of the United Kingdom , Alfonso XIII of Spain , the French president Raymond Poincaré and Pope Pius XI sent representatives to Athens to intercede on his behalf . Andrew , though spared , was banished for life and his family fled into exile aboard a British cruiser , HMS Calypso . Unlike her children and grandchildren , Olga was given a pension by the government of the Second Hellenic Republic , but she maintained so many of the faithful old servants who had fled Greece with her that she was usually left with no more than 20 pounds sterling per month ( worth about £ 900 in 2010 prices ) to meet her own expenses . She could , however , count on the support of her family , scattered throughout Western Europe . In the United Kingdom , she shared her time between Spencer House , London , the residence of her youngest son , Prince Christopher ; Regent 's Park , where her daughter , Grand Duchess Marie , rented a mansion ; Sandringham House , the home of her sister @-@ in @-@ law , Queen Alexandra ; and Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace , where her nephew , King George V , lent apartments . Olga 's final years were marked by ill health . Lameness restricted her to a wheelchair , and she stayed in Paris several times to undergo treatment for her eyes . Her poor eyesight caused George V much laughter when she mistook a statue of a naked Lady Godiva for one of Queen Victoria . Increasingly dependent , Olga finally settled with her youngest son , Prince Christopher , shortly after the death of his first wife , Princess Anastasia , in 1923 . Olga died on 18 June 1926 either at Christopher 's Villa Anastasia in Rome , or at Pau , France . Despite republicanism in Greece , Olga was still held in high esteem and the republican government in Athens offered to pay for her funeral and repatriate her remains to Greece . Nonetheless , her children declined the offer , preferring to bury her in Italy beside her son , Constantine I , whose body Greece had refused to accept . Her funeral was held on 22 June 1926 at the Orthodox Church in Rome and the next day she was laid to rest in the crypt of the Russian church in Florence . After the restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935 she was re @-@ interred at Tatoi on 17 November 1936 . As much of her property had been confiscated by the Soviet Union and the Greek republican government , most of her estate comprised jewelry reported in The Times to be worth £ 100 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to more than £ 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 today ) . This was shared between her children and the children of Constantine I. Traumatized by the events of the Russian Revolution , Olga wished to sever all ties with the country in which her family had been massacred . Before dying , she made her grandson , King George II , swear to repatriate the ashes of her daughter Princess Alexandra , buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg . Her wish was fulfilled in 1940 after his restoration to the Greek throne . = = Ancestors = =
= 77th Infantry Division ( United Kingdom ) = The 77th Infantry Division of the British Army was formed during the Second World War , from the re @-@ organisation of the Devon and Cornwall County Division . During its existence the division changed roles several times . On 20 December 1942 , it became the 77th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division , training recruits in infantry and armoured warfare . New recruits to the army were assigned to the 77th to complete their training . On 1 December 1943 , the division was once again renamed . Now known as the 77th ( Holding ) Division , it was responsible for retraining soldiers who had been on medical leave . Once recruits were fully trained , and men returning from injury retrained , they were allocated to formations fighting overseas . Notably , the formation was used as a source of reinforcements for the 21st Army Group , which was fighting in Normandy . After all available British army troops left the United Kingdom for France , the division was disbanded and re @-@ formed as a deception unit to give Germany the impression that the British army had more divisions than it did . The notional 77th Division was held in reserve within the United Kingdom . = = Background = = In 1940 , following the Second World War 's Battle of France , the United Kingdom was under threat of invasion from Nazi Germany . During the summer , the Battle of Britain dampened this threat . As the year progressed , the size of the British Army increased dramatically as 140 new infantry battalions were raised . During October , with the possibility of a German invasion during 1941 , these new battalions were formed into independent infantry brigades that were then assigned to newly created County Divisions . The County Divisions , including the Devon and Cornwall County Division , were around 10 @,@ 000 men strong and assigned to defend the coastlines of threatened sections of the country , including the manning of coastal artillery . These divisions were largely static , lacking mobility and also divisional assets such as artillery , engineers , and reconnaissance forces . Using the recruits in this manner allowed the regular infantry divisions to be freed up from such duties , undertake training , and form an all @-@ important reserve that could be used to counterattack any possible German landing . On 22 June , Germany launched a massive attack upon the Soviet Union ; this attack all but removed the threat of a German invasion of the United Kingdom . However , the British still had to consider the threat of a German invasion due the possibility that the Soviet Union could collapse under the German onslaught and the ease in which Germany could transfer troops back to the west . In late 1941 , the arrival of autumn and winter weather meant that the threat of invasion subsided . This , coupled with the production of new equipment for the British army , allowed the War Office to begin steps to better balance the army due to the large number of infantry units formed during the preceding year and a half . As part of this reform , the County Divisions were disbanded . = = History = = = = = Home defence = = = During the war , the divisions of the British Army were divided between " Higher Establishment " and " Lower Establishment " formations . The former were intended for deployment overseas and combat , whereas the latter were strictly for home defence in a static role . On 1 December 1941 , the Devon and Cornwall County Division was abolished and reformed as the 77th Infantry Division , a " Lower Establishment " division . The division , like its predecessor , comprised the 203rd , the 209th , and the 211th Infantry Brigades . That day , the division was assigned artillery , engineers , and signallers . An anti @-@ tank regiment and reconnaissance troops joined the following month . The war @-@ establishment , the on @-@ paper strength , of an infantry division at this time was 17 @,@ 298 men . Major @-@ General Godwin Michelmore , who had commanded the Devon and Cornwall County Division since 30 October , retained command of the division . The 77th was assigned to VIII Corps , and remained based in the Devon area . The Imperial War Museum comments that the division insignia references " Arthur 's sword Excalibur , acknowledging the [ division 's ] connections with the West Country " and its predecessor division . After the division became a training formation , the insignia was only worn by the permanent division members . = = = Training formation = = = During the winter of 1942 – 43 , the British Army overhauled how it would train new recruits . The 77th was one of three divisions that were changed from " Lower Establishment " units to " Reserve Divisions " . On 20 December , the division was renamed the 77th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division , becoming a training formation in the process . These three divisions were supplemented by a fourth training formation , which was raised on 1 January 1943 . The 77th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division was assigned to Northern Command . Soldiers who had completed their corps training were sent to these training divisions . The soldiers were given five weeks of additional training at the section , platoon and company level , before undertaking a final three @-@ day exercise . Troops would then be ready to be sent overseas to join other formations . Training was handled in this manner to relieve the " Higher Establishment " divisions from being milked for replacements for other units and to allow them to intensively train without the interruption of having to handle new recruits . For example , the 12th Battalion , Devonshire Regiment provided the additional training to the regiment 's new recruits before assigning them to other battalions within the regiment . As part of the restructuring , the 211th Infantry Brigade was transferred to the 80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division . The infantry brigade was replaced with the 11th Army Tank Brigade , in order to provide training facilities for the Royal Armoured Corps and retain reinforcements until they were ready to be deployed . On 1 December 1943 , the division was again re @-@ organised , and became the 77th Holding Division . As part of this restructuring , the 11th Army Tank Brigade was withdrawn . Lieutenant @-@ Colonel H.F. Joslen wrote that the division 's role was now " for sorting , retraining and holding personnel temporarily – due to disbandments , medical and other causes . " For example , as part of the change from a reserve to holding division , the 14th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry was converted from a regular infantry unit into a Rehabilitation Centre . Ex @-@ prisoners of war , repatriates , troops who were suffering from morale issues or of low physique were sent to the battalion where they underwent medical , physical , and military tests . These tests were designed to establish what medical category the soldiers should be assigned , and what job or military capability would best suit them . Likewise , soldiers returning from long periods of overseas service were sent to the 11th Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment for retraining . On 30 June 1944 , the 77th Holding , and the training divisions , had a combined total of 22 @,@ 355 men . Of these , only 1 @,@ 100 were immediately available as replacements for the 21st Army Group . The remaining 21 @,@ 255 men were considered ineligible for service abroad due to a variety of reasons , ranging from medical , not being considered fully fit , or not yet fully trained . Over the following six months , up to 75 per cent of these men would be deployed to reinforce the 21st Army Group , following the completion of their training and / or having come up to the required fitness levels . Stephen Hart comments that , by September , the 21st Army Group " had bled Home Forces dry of draftable riflemen " due to the losses suffered during the Battle of Normandy , leaving the army in Britain ( with the exception of the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division ) with just " young lads , old men , and the unfit " . On 1 September 1944 , the division was disbanded . The 45th ( Holding ) Division was then formed ( the 45th Infantry Division having been disbanded on 15 August ) by Michelmore and his headquarter staff . Michelmore assumed command , and the 45th Holding Division took over the role of the 77th Division . Roger Hesketh states the reason behind this renumbering was due to the 45th Division being a " well @-@ known territorial [ formation from ] before the war whose [ number was ] familiar to the public and [ was ] therefore of recruiting value " . = = = Deception = = = During 1944 , the British army was facing a manpower crisis . The army did not have enough men to replace the losses to front line infantry . While efforts were made to address this ( such as transferring men from the Royal Artillery and Royal Air Force to be retrained as infantry ) , the War Office began disbanding divisions to downsize the army so as to transfer men to other units to help keep those as close to full strength as possible . The 77th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division was one of several " Lower Establishment " divisions , within the United Kingdom , chosen to be disbanded . R Force , a British deception unit , seized upon this opportunity to retain the division as a phantom unit to inflate the army 's order of battle . A cover story was established to explain the change in the division 's status . It was claimed that , with the war nearing an end , several Territorial Army divisions would revert to their peacetime recruiting role and release their equipment and resources to other units . For the 77th , this equipment would be notionally transferred from the 45th Division . With the transfer of equipment , the 77th Division was notionally raised to the " Higher Establishment " . The notional division was held in reserve , within the United Kingdom , pending a future use elsewhere . = = General officer commanding = = Commanders included : = = Order of Battle = =
= Space Race ( Archer ) = " Space Race " is the two @-@ part season finale of the third season of the animated comedy series Archer . It consists of the twelfth and thirteenth episodes of the season , which were initially broadcast in the United States on FX on March 15 and March 22 , 2012 , respectively . In the installment , Commander Anthony Drake ( Bryan Cranston ) urges the field agents of ISIS to travel onto the spacecraft Horizon to aid in ceasing any attacks . After entering and defeating the resistant " mutineers " , the field agents are eventually kidnapped by Drake and his aggregation , whose real objective is to colonize and populate the humans on Mars . " Space Race " , which was written and directed by series creator Adam Reed , is a parody of the 1979 spy film Moonraker , the eleventh film of the James Bond cinema franchise . Additionally , the episode is instilled with multiple references to science fiction cinema , including the popular films Aliens , The Right Stuff , and Star Wars Episode IV , as well as political events such as the Cold War 's space exploration competition between the Soviet Union and the United States . Cranston guest starred in the program , alongside actor Dave Willis , who reprised his role as recurring antagonist Barry Dylan . " Space Race : Part I " received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics , who praised the episode 's humor and character developments . Although it acquired positive critiques from commentators , the humor and general execution of " Space Race : Part II " was deemed inferior to its predecessor . " Space Race : Part I " garnered 1 @.@ 157 million viewers during its initial airing , while " Space Race : Part II " attained 1 @.@ 33 million viewers upon airing , consequently becoming the most viewed episode of Archer 's third season . = = Plot = = = = = Part I = = = The international space station Horizon sends a distress signal to the ISIS agency , stating that the spaceship has been under attack . Anthony Drake ( Bryan Cranston ) , the commander of the station , has urged ISIS to assist the crew in controlling the situation . A reluctant Lana Kane ( Aisha Tyler ) is the first one to voice concern over the issue , as none of them have undergone training in preparation for a flight . Despite these concerns , Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) is quick to take the job for financial gain . The field agents of ISIS — except Sterling Archer ( H. Jon Benjamin ) , who is being evaluated by Doctor Algernop Krieger ( Lucky Yates ) for medical purposes — are subjected to basic astronaut regimens in anticipation for the flight , including a flight simulator ( which Archer makes Cyril crash ) , and weightlessness training , which causes Lana to vomit copiously because of the lack of gravity . ISIS is forced to quit mission training due to time constraints . After the space shuttle Intrepid exits out of the Earth 's atmosphere , Drake introduces them to the blueprints of Horizon , which is overrun with so @-@ called " mutineers " . Drake 's plan is to fight past the mutineers and link up with his men on the bridge . The group is aided with an M41A pulse rifle , which is set into two modes : on kill mode , the weapon fires lethal plasma ammunition , while the weapon serves as a tranquilizer on stun mode . Indeed , stun mode can potentially initiate cardiac arrest , as proven when Archer accidentally shoots Cyril Figgis ( Chris Parnell ) , who is later revived after defibrillation . The trajectory of the shuttle is off course from Horizon , which is later found to be caused by Cheryl Tunt ( Judy Greer ) and Pam Poovey ( Amber Nash ) , who are being harbored in cargo . Archer is then put on probation in the hold , after shooting Pam with his pulse rifle . As the Intrepid lands on a port on the Horizon , Lana , Cyril , and Ray Gillette ( Adam Reed ) enter into the spacecraft with Drake . Being overwhelmed by the number of mutineers , Archer later joins their endeavors after being released by Pam . The party successfully makes it to the bridge , where it is revealed that Drake and his men are the real mutineers , and his real plan was to lure Lana onto the station to become breeding stock for the colonization of Mars . = = = Part II = = = Archer , Lana , Ray , and Cyril are subsequently kidnapped by Commander Drake and his aggregation , after finding out that his main intent was to terraform Mars . Meanwhile , Drake sends some of his crew to search for Pam , Cheryl , and Malory — who are waiting in the Intrepid . In the holding , Lana takes off her suit in order to distract the guard with her breasts . While successfully at distracting the guard , he later activates the security breach . After escaping from their holding , the group encounter a group of scientists , who inform them that Drake 's men are making their way into the Intrepid to launch towards Mars . As Cheryl allures Drake with her self @-@ proclaimed " Martian queen " persona , Pam takes him hostage , holding a pulse rifle to his head . After the ISIS agents reunite and Drake 's mutinous crew agrees to surrender in order to prevent his death , Drake has a mental breakdown , declaring humanity to be doomed and killing himself with Pam 's rifle . Cyril , startled by the sudden gunfire , opens fire himself , killing three people ( one of whom was the only capable pilot of the shuttle other than Drake ) . To worsen the situation , Barry Dylan ( Dave Willis ) challenges Archer to fight him in space . Despite the rigorous taunting and demeaning from Barry , Archer ultimately declines his offer . After Archer makes an act of humility , Cyril aims the launches at Barry 's jet , subsequently stranding him on Horizon . As the group nears the airstrip , Archer , who wishes to take credit for the landing , messes with the steering shift , causing the spacecraft to crash . Afterwards , every ISIS agent except for Archer is shown to be injured as a result , especially Ray , who is now paralyzed from the waist down ( which he ironically had pretended to be earlier in the season ) . = = Production = = " Space Race " was written and directed by Archer creator Adam Reed . American actor Bryan Cranston guest starred in " Space Race " as Commander Drake , an industrious and fastidious astronaut whose main objective is to fight in order to " quell a mutiny on the space platform " . Cranston 's appearance was formally announced by series creator Adam Reed in January 2012 , while being interviewed by The Huffington Post . While Reed didn 't reveal much on the background of the installment , he teased : " I love it when everybody gets to go [ on a mission ] , so a lot more people than you would think get to go to outer space . " " Space Race " is imbued with various references relating to music , cinema , media , and other popular culture entities . The episode title gives homage to the synonymously named era of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States , which coincided during the Cold War . The episode plot gives homage to the James Bond film Moonraker ( 1979 ) . In preparation for the mission , the field agents at ISIS undergo an extensive training regimen similar to the exercise in The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) . In addition , the episode 's narrative is evocative to that of the aforementioned film , as well as the British horror film 28 Days Later ( 2002 ) . To Jesse Carp of Cinema Blend , the characters " drops weird name references " to figures such as American eugenist Charles Davenport and Grace O 'Malley . After main character Sterling Archer is sent into the space brig , he crafts an ode to The Great Escape ( 1963 ) . As the second part of " Space Race " commenced , Carp asserted that Drake 's opening dialogue was nostalgic of a villainous character from the James Bond film series , particularly Hugo Drax . " ' SR : P2 ' tried to clear up this flimsy plot point from ' P1 ' during the opening ' Bond villain ' like speech from Drake , " the Cinema Blend writer iterated , " where he proclaims in a Thank You For Smoking – esque throwaway line that Lana was the perfect and only candidate for the project . " In one of Barry 's first appearances on the space station , he is taunting " Archer , come out to play " , while banging beer bottles together , directly referencing David Patrick Kelly 's Luthor in The Warriors . The design of the spaceship emulates the iconic designs of aircraft from varying films ; the trash compactors were modeled after the Star Wars universe , while the robots were reminiscent to those in the 1986 film Aliens . As Cheryl declares herself as the " Martian queen " , she creates and sports a costumes that closely resembles Björk 's swan dress . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Space Race : Part I " was originally broadcast on March 16 , 2012 in the United States on FX . Upon airing , the episode attained 1 @.@ 157 million viewers and a 0 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , indicating that 0 @.@ 7 % of spectators between ages 18 and 49 who watched television viewed the episode . It garnered the twentieth highest ratings among the 18 – 49 group out of any cable program of the day , according to the Nielsen Media Research , tying with television programs such as The Daily Show on Comedy Central and Family Guy on Adult Swim . Ratings and total viewership for the episode showed significant increases from the previous installment , " Skin Game " , which acquired 1 @.@ 04 million viewers and a 0 @.@ 5 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . " Space Race : Part II " aired the following week on March 23 , 2012 . Ratings and total viewership considerable increased from its predecessor ; 1 @.@ 326 million spectators watched the episode during its initial airing . Concurrently , it obtained a 0 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , thereby becoming the eighth highest @-@ rated cable program of the night . = = = Critical response = = = Commentators commended the first half of " Space Race " . The A.V. Club columnist Todd VanDerWerff approved of several aspects of the episode — mainly its animation , character development , and dialogue . In his A grade review , VanDerWerff felt that the producers were playful with the concepts of space . " Archer , of course , takes place in a weird blend of past and present , " he professed , " but ' Space Race ' goes out of its way to toss ' future ' into the middle of that mix as well . There are so many jokes that come just from the characters hanging out in anti @-@ gravity , for God 's sake , including a ping pong paddle strategically covering Pam 's breasts . " Commenting on the program 's animation , The A.V. Club journalist thought that its emphasis on the convergence of various science fiction techniques resulted in aesthetically pleasing visuals . VanDerWerff stated , " Everything about this one gleams , and it makes for an Archer that will almost certainly look great in HD . " Furthermore , he adulated the episode 's dialogue , avouching that even the characters with very limited screen time were given opportunities to shine with humor . Although Marcos Canales of Screen Invasion opined that " Space Race : Part I " contained far too many one @-@ liners and jokes , he praised the storyline and was keen to the character progression of Lana . " Usually , she ’ s the best agent ISIS has and can do pretty much anything , " explained Canales , " so putting her in a situation where she was not a bad ass gave the character some added depth which is something most animated shows don ’ t prioritize . " Cinema Blend 's Jesse Carp — despite criticizing the show 's " nonsensical " narrative — declared it to be hilarious . Despite positive assessments , " Space Race : Part II " produced more variety within critical opinion . In his " commendable " 8 @.@ 6 out of ten rating review , Ross Bonaime of Paste asserted that the program displayed some exceptional dimension into the characters — from Lana 's apparent self @-@ consciousness , to Cheryl 's eccentric and " odd " persona , and Krieger 's past . Ultimately , Bonaime professed that " Space Race : Part II " was slightly inferior to its predecessor ; " ' Space Race , Part II ' doesn ’ t have some of the big laughs that the first part featured . By that , I mean Archer never rode Cyril through waves of Lana ’ s puke joyously . It is a step down from the first part comedically , but the episode does give us a few fun moments for each member of the cast . " Analogous sentiments were echoed by Blair Marnell of CraveOnline , who concluded : " The space adventure had some fun moments , but it seemed to lack the punch provided by the two episodes that proceeded it . Even though it was good to see Barry again this season , his appearance in this episode seemed pretty tacked on . " VanDerWerff affirmed that the episode was a superb conclusion to Archer 's third season , despite not being as " relentlessly entertaining " as " Space Race : Part I " . While deeming the episode as a hilarious finale , TV Overmind writer Kevin Fitzpatrick claimed that " Space Race : Part II " left many unanswered questions to the audience . Conversely , Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic applauded the episode , issuing it a 4 @.@ 7 out of 5 stars . " Archer ended its third season tonight with the conclusion to its two part episode , ' Space Race ' . And , man , from the second Archer announced he left his light saber in his other space pants , you knew you were in for a solid ending . " Cranston 's performance was a frequent topic in the critiques . Even prior to the airing of the episode , James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly suggested that the actor 's voice would be perfect for an animated television series . VanDerWerff and Carp were amongst the journalists who issued favorable assessments of Cranston 's acting . Carp noted that " Cranston 's work is even more impressive when you consider that he not only plays the hero and villain but manages to be funny as both . " In addressing " Part II " , Carp concluded that " as early as the stunning end of the world sequence , the actor plants the hint of suppressed craziness in Spaceman Drake and it was soon obvious that the just crew would not only be manning a mission to help him combat the mutineers but probably get wrapped up in this nut 's dream to terra form Mars . " For VanDerWerff , " Cranston is the very best kind of guest voice , fully inhabiting his character but also having a lot of fun with the jokes . It ’ s a nice reminder of just how funny Cranston can be , and I hope he gets even more bizarre stuff to do next week . " Jonah Gardner of Ology later said , " Bryan Cranston remains a god among men . "
= Keturah = Keturah ( Hebrew : קְטוּרָה , Modern Ktura , Tiberian Qəṭûrā ; " Incense " ) was a wife and concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham . According to the Book of Genesis , Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife , Sarah ; Abraham and Keturah had six sons . One modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah " the most ignored significant person in the Torah " . Some Jewish scholars have believed Keturah to be the same person as Abraham 's concubine Hagar , but this view is not universally held . = = Relationship of Keturah to Abraham = = Keturah is referred to in Genesis as " another wife " of Abraham ( Hebrew : אִשָּׁה Translit . : ' išāh Translated : woman , wife ) . In First Chronicles , she is called Abraham 's " concubine " ( Hebrew : פִּילֶגֶשׁ Translit . : pilegeš Translated : concubine ) . Eric Lyon theorizes that " it is possible that Keturah was Abraham ’ s ' concubine ' in the beginning , and then became his ' wife ' at a later time . " = = Keturah and Hagar = = There is disagreement amongst Jewish scholars as to whether Keturah was , or was not , the same person as Hagar — the servant of Abraham 's wife Sarah , and Abraham 's concubine — who ( together with her son Ishmael ) was sent away by Abraham at the insistence of Sarah . The discussion of Genesis 25 : 1 – 6 in the Genesis Rabbah includes statements by Rabbi Yehuda ha @-@ Nasi arguing that Hagar returned to Abraham and was renamed Keturah . Her new name ( Keturah means incense in Hebrew ) is said to refer to the pleasant aroma of incense — symbolic of her having turned from misdeeds committed during her time away from Abraham . Since Keturah is referred to in First Chronicles as Abraham 's concubine ( in the singular ) , some scholars concluded that this was why Keturah was identified with Hagar in the Midrash and the Palestinian Targumim . An alternative interpretation of the name Keturah ( based on an Aramaic root meaning " to tie " or " to adorn " ) is also cited in the Genesis Rabbah to suggest that Hagar did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return . The theory that Keturah was Hagar was also supported by the 11th @-@ century scholar Rashi . Biblical scholar Richard Elliott Friedman dismisses the identification of Keturah with Hagar as " an old rabbinic idea " for which " there is no basis ... in the text " , and also notes that the idea was rejected by traditional commentators such as Ibn Ezra , Ramban , and Rashbam . The Book of Jubilees also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people , by stating that Abraham waited until after Hagar 's death before marrying Keturah . = = Descendants = = Keturah bore Abraham six sons : Zimran , Jokshan , Medan , Midian , Ishbak , and Shuah . Genesis and First Chronicles also list seven of her grandsons ( Sheba , Dedan , Ephah , Epher , Enoch , Abida , and Eldaah ) . Keturah 's sons were said to have represented the Arab tribes who lived south and east of Palestine . According to the African writer Olaudah Equiano , the 18th @-@ century English theologian John Gill believed the African people were descended from Abraham via Keturah . According to the Bahá 'í author John Able , Bahá 'ís consider their founder , Bahá 'u'lláh , to have been " descended doubly , from both Abraham and Sarah , and separately from Abraham and Keturah . "
= National emblem of Belarus = The national emblem of Belarus , which replaced the historic Pahonia arms in a 1995 referendum , features a ribbon in the colours of the national flag , a map of Belarus , wheat ears and a red star . It is sometimes referred to as the coat of arms of Belarus , although this is incorrect due to the lack of several heraldic elements . The emblem is an allusion to one that was used by the Byelorussian SSR , designed by Ivan Dubasov in 1950 , with the biggest change being a replacement of the hammer and sickle with an outline map of Belarus . Emblems reminiscent of the times of the Soviet Union are also used in Macedonia , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and the region of Transnistria . The Belarusian name is Дзяржаўны герб Рэспублікі Беларусь , Dziaržaŭny herb Respubliki Biełaruś , and the name in Russian is Государственный герб Республики Беларусь , Gosudarstvennyĭ gerb Respubliki Belarusʹ . In 2012 the emblem has been modified . = = Description = = = = = Design = = = In the center of the emblem sits a green outline of Belarus , superimposed over the rays of a golden sun . The sun is partially covered by a globe , with the landmass ( part of Eurasia ) in purple and waters in blue . Lining the left and right sides of the emblem are stalks of wheat , superimposed with flowers . Clovers adorn the left wheat stalks ; flax flowers adorn the right . Wrapped around the wheat stalks is a red and green ribbon bearing the colours of the flag of Belarus ; the ribbon meets at the base of the emblem , where the name Republic of Belarus ( Рэспублiка Беларусь ) is inscribed in gold in the Belarusian language . At the top of the emblem there is a five @-@ pointed red star . = = = Symbolism = = = The elements that comprise the state emblem are not tied to any " official " symbolism . The design of the emblem of the Byelorussian SSR was used as the basis for the current Belarusian emblem ; the primary difference between the two is that the Byelorussian SSR emblem contains more references to Communism , such as the Communist symbol of hammer and sickle and pure red ribbon , which the modern emblem does not , replaced with the outline and the flag of Belarus , respectively , however it still retains the communist red star , the globe and the wheat bundles , which are also typical of Soviet emblems and still is very Soviet in nature . = = = Legislation = = = The current law regulating the design and use of the Belarusian emblem was passed on July 5 , 2004 . Article 9 of Chapter 3 of Law No. 301 @-@ 3 begins by describing the official drawing of the Belarusian arms and regulates on its proper design . Officially , the arms can be drawn in full colour , monochrome or using two colors . Article 10 states that the national emblem must be displayed at specified locations on a continual basis , such as the residences of the Belarusian leader , the chamber of the National Assembly and at governmental offices of national and regional levels . The emblem can also be used on documents issued by the government , including money , passports and official letterheads . The law also restricts the use of the emblem in other contexts — e.g. cities , towns or oblasts may not adopt a coat of arms or emblem using the national emblem either completely or in part . Furthermore , organizations not listed in the Law on State Symbols may only use the emblem by permission . The emblem can be used by both foreigners and citizens of Belarus , as long as the symbol is displayed with respect , although citizens may not use the state emblem on letterheads or business cards if they are not agents of the government . In addition to standard usages listed in the law , the emblem has been used in various other circumstances . The emblem is displayed , along with the national flag , at the beginning and the end of a video clip with the Belarusian anthem My Belarusy , regularly played on Belarusian television . Another use of the emblem is on ballot boxes and campaign mailings used during national and local elections . The emblem also appears on Belarus 's border posts . = = History = = = = = Pahonia = = = The Pahonia was used as an official coat of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1366 after being first used as the personal arms of Algirdas , the Grand Duke of Lithuania . The arms continued to be used until Grand Duchy of Lithuania were annexed by the Russian Empire in 1795 , though the arms was incorporated into the Imperial coat of arms . The idea of return to the historic national symbol was pursued by Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič in his poem " Pahonia " . The arms was again used in 1918 when the short @-@ lived Belarusian People 's Republic used the Pahonia as part of their emblem . More recently , the Pahonia was the official coat of arms starting in 1991 , when Belarus declared itself independent of the Soviet Union . It was replaced by the current emblem following a controversial referendum held in 1995 . Since it was dropped as the official emblem of Belarus , opposition groups such as the Belarusian People 's Front have used the Pahonia as part of their own party symbols or used them as a form of protest against Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko . = = = Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR = = = From 1920 until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the Byelorussian SSR used an emblem instead of a coat of arms . The first emblem used by Soviet Byelorussia was adopted in 1919 and is similar to the contemporary insignia of the Russian and Ukrainian republics . The central part of the emblem is a stylized red shield , showing a golden sun rising from the base . Above the sun is a crossed golden hammer and sickle , symbolizing unity between workers and peasants . Above the hammer and sickle , the letters Б.С.С.Р are shown in black , denoting the name of the republic . БССР ( BSSR ) is an abbreviation for the full name of the republic ; " Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка " , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic . The shield is framed by ears of wheat meeting at the its base and featuring a red ribbon inscribed in black with the state motto of the Soviet Union , " Workers of the World , Unite ! " The text is written in the Belarusian language . In 1937 , this emblem was replaced by a new one , removing the shield and including more text . The right side of the emblem features oak leaves and the left features wheat ears with clovers placed on top . In the center of the emblem , a sun is rising behind a profile of Earth . A hammer , sickle and red star appears over the sun . Around the ears of wheat and leaves of oak is a red ribbon , featuring the phrase " Workers of the World , Unite ! " written ( from left to right ) in Belarusian , Yiddish , Polish and Russian . The initials Б.С.С.Р are shown at its base denoting the name of the republic . Ten years before in 1927 , the arms was the same except for the wording on the bottom ribbon . Instead of the letters reading БССР , the letters read " С.С.Р.Б " , which stood for the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia . This emblem was in turn replaced by a new one in 1950 . The central feature of this symbol is a crossed hammer and sickle , a universal Communist symbol symbolizing the unity of workers and peasants . Below this symbol , a sun is shown rising behind a globe . The insignia is framed by ears of wheat , each ear ending in flowers ; clover on the left and flax on the right . A red ribbon is wrapped around the ears of wheat , reminiscent of the red flag used by the Communist movement . The base of the emblem shows the letters БССР . The ribbon features the phrase Workers of the World , Unite ! The left side inscribed in Belarusian , the right side in Russian . The red star of Communism is featured above the hammer and sickle . The 1950 version was designed by Ivan Dubasov , a People 's Artist of the USSR . Article 119 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR defines the design of the emblem . = = = 1995 referendum = = = On May 14 , 1995 , a referendum was conducted in all regions of Belarus . Out of four questions , one was the following : " Do you support the introduction of the new national symbols ? " With a voter turnout of 64 @.@ 7 % , the new state symbols were approved by a ratio of 3 : 1 ( 75 @.@ 1 % to 24 @.@ 9 % ) . The way the referendum was carried out was heavily criticized by the opposition , including the exact wording of the question about the national insignia . Supporters of the Pahonia also criticize that the Pahonia and the former white @-@ red @-@ white flag were compared to ones , used by collaboration forces , in propaganda that was published during the run @-@ up to the vote . The comparison was made due to the white , red , white flag and Pahonia being used on the patches and symbols of the Belarusian Central Rada , the Belarusian government under the control of Nazi Germany . Alexander Lukashenko claimed the selection of the Soviet @-@ inspired symbols as a victory , especially to his Great Patriotic War veteran base , by saying " we have returned to you the flag of the country for which you fought . We have returned to you both memory and a sense of human pride . "
= Gears of War 2 = Gears of War 2 is a 2008 military science fiction third @-@ person shooter video game developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 . It is the second installment of the Gears of War series , with lead design by Cliff Bleszinski , . The game was officially released in North America , Europe and Australia on November 7 , 2008 and was released in Japan on July 30 , 2009 . The game expands technically on the previous game by using a modified Unreal Engine 3 engine . The development team brought in comic book writer Joshua Ortega to help write the plot for the game . In Gears of War 2 , the COG continues its fight against the Locust horde , who are attempting to sink all of the cities on the planet Sera . Sergeant Marcus Fenix leads Delta Squad into the depths of the planet to try to stop the Locust during the assault upon Locust territory . The player controls Fenix in the main mission campaign , with the ability to play cooperatively with a second player controlling Fenix 's best friend and fellow Squad member Dominic " Dom " Santiago . The game includes several existing and new multiplayer modes including five @-@ on @-@ five battles between human and Locust forces , and a " Horde " mode that challenges up to five players against waves of Locust forces with ever @-@ increasing strength . New weapons and gameplay mechanics such as " chainsaw duels " and the ability to use downed foes as " meatshields " were added to the game . On its release weekend , Gears of War 2 sold over two million copies , and within two months of release , had sold four million copies . It was the seventh best selling video game of 2009 and received several accolades . The game received similar praise as its predecessor , with the new gameplay and multiplayer modes seen as outstanding additions . = = Gameplay = = Gears of War 2 is a third person shooter with an emphasis on the tactical use of cover , and retains much of the same gameplay from the first game . The player , playing as either Marcus or Dominic in the campaign mode , or as any of the human or Locust characters in multiplayer mode , can only carry a pistol , one type of grenade , and two other weapons at any time , though they may swap these for weapons found in strategic locations or left by downed foes or fallen allies . Each weapon can be used for normal fire as well as for melee attacks ; the game 's signature Lancer , an assault rifle mounted with a chainsaw bayonet for its melee , can be used to instantly kill foes . The game introduces the ability to engage in chainsaw duels should the player attempt to chainsaw an opponent also using the Lancer ; the player is presented with a controller button to press rapidly to try to win the duel and avoid death . Gears of War 2 rebalances the power of the existing weapons while introducing five new ones : a flamethrower , a chain gun , a mortar cannon , a " Gorgon " Pistol , and the Ink Grenade . The chain gun and the mortar are heavy weapons , forcing the player to move at walking speed while carrying it in both hands . The Gorgon Pistol is an SMG @-@ like machine pistol that fires four four @-@ shot bursts per magazine . The Ink Grenade doesn 't damage with its detonation , but instead temporarily poisons the area it was thrown , making it very useful for driving enemies out of cover . Grenades can be planted on walls or floors as proximity traps that go off when an enemy nears , but only fragmentation grenades have the ability to kill foes when they go off . The player 's health is represented by a red " Crimson Omen " that fades onto the screen the more damage the player takes ; staying out of the line of fire allows the player to recover their health . Depending on the game mode or difficulty , if the player takes too much damage , they enter a downed state where they can crawl around the map to get out of battle and seek help . During this time , a teammate can revive him , an enemy may brutally execute the downed player , or the player may bleed out if too much time has passed . The player can also grab a downed character and use them as a meatshield , allowing the body to absorb damage but forcing the player to use a one @-@ handed pistol . Explosive weapons will simply destroy the character they strike . Like its predecessor , Gears of War 2 features an optional mature content filter , which , when active , makes blood appear as sparks and removes harsh language from the dialogue . Furthermore , progress towards most of the Xbox achievements for the game can be earned in either campaign or multiplayer modes . = = = Campaign mode = = = The campaign mode in Gears of War 2 allows for a single player or two players playing cooperatively as Marcus or Dom . A new " Normal " difficulty was added between the game 's " Casual " and " Hardcore " difficulties . There is also an ' Insane ' difficulty that is unlocked after the player completes the game at least once . Players in co @-@ op mode can select different difficulties , and a " communal combat system " will adjust the game 's artificial intelligence to give both players a fair challenge . The co @-@ op campaign can be played in a drop in / drop out manner , with the second player able to join the first player 's game in progress . As well as collecting some COG tags as in the first game , players can search other story @-@ based items such as personal letters and medical records , with discovered items being added to a war journal . The campaign features a deeper story with new characters , new weapons , and new enemies according to John DiMaggio , the voice actor for Marcus Fenix . New vehicles have been added to the game , such as the Centaur Tank , which lead designer Cliff Bleszinski describes as a " tank with monster truck wheels . " Players will also ride a Brumak and Reavers in the game . Cut @-@ scenes use the better facial rendering technology of Epic 's Unreal engine , and engage in more dramatic angles for the conversation , as well as using a video screen on Jack ( the all @-@ purpose robot used by Delta squad ) to talk with their commanders face @-@ to @-@ face . = = = Multiplayer = = = Gears of War 2 features an upgraded multiplayer mode that allows up to ten users to simultaneously play in teams of five @-@ on @-@ five . Gears of War 2 includes most of the multiplayer modes , including Execution , Warzone , Annex and King of the Hill , and adds in three new modes . Guardian is a modified version of Assassination from the original Gears of War , but allows players to continue fighting after the leader has been killed , but losing the ability to respawn . Wingman splits all ten players into five teams of two , where both members of a team play as the same character . Submission , formerly known as Meat Flag , is a version of capture the flag in which players attempt to " down " an enemy controlled by the game 's AI and move its body to their team 's base or objective to earn points . The 10 maps shipped with the game originally are Avalanche , Blood Drive , Day One , Hail , Jacinto , Pavilion , River , Ruins , Security and Stasis A Halo @-@ like matchmaking system has been utilized for the online multiplayer Players can now engage in multiplayer scenarios with any combination of human players and artificial intelligence controlled by the game , with the ability to set the AI 's intelligence level . Horde is a new co @-@ op mode for five players , fighting off waves of attacking Locust together , with each wave becoming more difficult . Horde Mode does not feature bot support as in competitive multiplayer , and can be played alone . Players can pan around a map as the camera focuses on areas of intense fighting , and the Ghost Cam allows a player to roam freely around a map . The ability to take photographs is also featured , which enables the player to take a photo , which can be uploaded to the official Gears of War website and is rated on the quality of action in the shot . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = Gears of War 2 takes place six months after the detonation of the Lightmass Bomb at the end of the first game . Though most of the underground army of the Locust Horde was destroyed , the explosion also caused much of the liquid Imulsion underground to vaporize , causing a fatal disease called Rustlung to spread among the diminished human population . After months of peace , the cities of Tollen and Montevado suddenly and mysteriously disappear underground , leading the Coalition of Ordered Governments ( COG ) to suspect the resurgence of the Locust . Soon after , the once impenetrable Jacinto , one of the last remaining safe havens for humans , begins to show signs that the same fate awaits it . To stop the fall of Jacinto , the COG responds with a large @-@ scale counter @-@ offensive against the Locust . Senior Producer Rod Fergusson says " In order to save Jacinto , [ the COG ] have no choice but to take the war to the Locust . " = = = Characters = = = Returning characters includes the main protagonists of the series Marcus Fenix and Dominic ( Dom ) Santiago and others from the first game , including Marcus and Dom 's fellow Delta Squad COG soldiers , Augustus ' Cole Train ' Cole and Damon Baird . Also returning in supporting roles are radio dispatcher Anya Stroud and senior officer Colonel Hoffman . Lead designer Cliff Bleszinski confirmed that the character Carmine would be returning , but did not reveal how or in what capacity as Carmine was killed in the original Gears of War . It was later revealed that the original Anthony Carmine would not be present in the Gears of War 2 campaign , but rather his brother , Benjamin , would make an appearance . The game also introduces several new characters . They include Chairman Prescott , the noble , yet near @-@ dictatorial military leader of COG ; Tai Kaliso , " a spiritual and meditative warrior from a tradition of honor bound fighters ; " and Dizzy Wallin , a former Stranded who joined the COG to keep his family safe . Dom 's wife Maria also makes an appearance , and Dom 's search for her plays an important part in the story . = = = Plot = = = As Gears of War 2 begins , the COG army is mobilizing to send forces into the depths of Sera to assault the Locust directly . The COG deploy several units into the Locust Tunnels , known as ' The Hollow ' , despite sustaining heavy casualties . Delta Squad , consisting of Marcus Fenix , Dom Santiago , Benjamin Carmine and later Augustus Cole and Damon Baird , continues to search the Hollow and discovers that the Locust are using a giant Riftworm to sink the human occupied cities . The Locust plan to destroy the rock structures at the outskirts of Jacinto , the last major Human city , in hopes of sinking it into the ground . Delta Squad kills the Riftworm before it can sink Jacinto and returns to the surface . They are ordered to investigate a nearby abandoned COG outpost where they encounter experimented creatures of unknown origin and learn of a back door entrance to the Hollow in the nearby Kadar Mountains . They find prisoner cages and Dom convinces Marcus that Maria ( Dom 's wife ) must be inside one of them . They manage to find her , but the Locust imprisonment and torture has left her severely disfigured and traumatized , unable to communicate . Faced with the nigh @-@ vegetative state Maria is in , Dom tearfully chooses to euthanize her . Marcus and Dom then charge into the Locust stronghold . Inside , Delta Squad discovers the Locust Horde is locked in a civil war against the " Lambent , " or a group of Locust who have been exposed to Imulsion . They decide to destroy both the Locust and Lambent forces by detonating a bomb under Jacinto , which will sink the city and flood the Locust tunnels . Marcus and Dom battle their way through the Locust tunnels , while Cole and Baird use a helicopter to transport a bomb into the cavern . A Lambent Brumak destroys the bomb before it can be detonated . Marcus improvises by using a satellite targeting solution to bombard the Brumak with an orbital laser , which causes it to violently explode . Jacinto begins to sink and sea @-@ water floods into the sinkhole , destroying the remaining Locust forces . As the COG forces and civilians evacuate , a voiceover of the Locust Queen talks about unintended legacies . After the credits , a last voice over of Adam Fenix is heard , a radio transmission of a call for help , and a cry of desperation , revealing he is still alive . = = Development = = Gears of War designer Cliff Bleszinski has done several interviews to highlight improvements to the game . Heavy Netcode optimization has been done to negate the host advantage problem in the first title and hundreds of tweaks have gone into improving the cover system and movement . To provide a deeper story , the team brought aboard novelist Joshua Ortega as to incorporate more personal drama within the sci @-@ fi setting . Steve Jablonsky provided the music for the game . Epic Games also considered making the game easier after complaints about Gears of War . Senior producer Rod Fergusson admitted that — for the first game — " We overshot on [ the Casual ] difficulty and a game that was a little harder than we intended . " A teaser image posted to the Gears of War 2 website on July 8 , 2008 suggested that the game was to be released on November 9 , 2008 , but it was confirmed during the Microsoft E3 2008 press conference that the game would be released on November 7 , 2008 . On July 14 , 2008 , the teaser image was removed and the official website relaunched and updated for Gears of War 2 . Gears of War 2 was a focal point during Microsoft 's E3 2008 presentation on July 15 , 2008 , which included a " hands @-@ on " demo . A second trailer , entitled " Rendezvous , " was made available on July 14 , 2008 as a part of E3 . The Joseph Kosinski @-@ directed trailer , which features the Trans Am track " Diabolical Cracker " from the album Red Line , takes its title and spoken words from Alan Seeger 's World War I poem I Have a Rendezvous with Death . The game 's release date was also set , with a worldwide release to occur on November 7 , 2008 . Microsoft and Epic Games announced on October 10 , 2008 that Gears of War 2 had gone gold . It was stated by Cliff Bleszinski that , unlike Gears of War , the previous installment , Gears of War 2 will not feature a PC port . = = = Graphics = = = At the 2008 Game Developers Conference in San Francisco , California , as a showcase for the functionality of the Unreal Engine 3 , Gears of War creators Epic Games showed various improvements to the engine with specific reference to the sequel itself . The video showed several demonstrations of the improvements , the initial being improvements to the in @-@ game lighting through Screen Space Ambient Occlusion , in which dynamic shadows could be generated through the use of a pixel shading technique to render more realistically lit and shaded objects and actors , illustrated through comparison between character and environment models in the original game engine to that of Unreal Engine 3 . Also showcased was the ability of the engine to render hordes of actors within the engine , as demonstrated with a large crowd of locust flocking through the " Gridlock " multiplayer map from the original game . Alongside this technology was improvements to " Matinee , " an artistic tool used for the rendering and editing 3 @-@ dimensional scenes within the game . Other physics @-@ related features included improvements to the rendering of water in which specular light and physical interactions with were displayed more realistically , improvements to soft body entities demonstrated with a " Meat Cube " and a floating ball possessing properties similar to that of liquid helium . The largest of these physics engine related changes was the introduction of destructible environments due to the implementation of real @-@ time structural analysis tools to generate the damage of the materials and subsequently their deformed shapes based upon resultant forces placed upon them . This was demonstrated with the use of explosive arrows fired from the " Torque Bow " of the original game causing damage to wooden planks , and also revealing rebar present after destroying areas of a stone structure . = = = Downloadable content and updates = = = On February 20 , 2008 , coinciding with the game 's official announcement at the Game Developers Conference , a free set of gamer pictures and a dashboard theme , as well as a teaser trailer titled " Duel , " were made available via the Xbox Live Marketplace . The first footage of gameplay from the campaign , highlighting new features of the game , was released online and to the Marketplace on May 9 , 2008 . After the Microsoft E3 press conference , the " Rendezvous " trailer and the press conference demonstration was available for download as well as a new free set of gamer pictures and a dashboard theme . Upon release , every new copy of Gears of War 2 features a code to download the " Flashback Map Pack , " which includes five enhanced multiplayer maps from the original game . Customers who attended the GameStop Midnight Madness game release event received a code to unlock a gold @-@ plated Hammerburst rifle for use in multiplayer and a code for an exclusive Xbox 360 Dashboard theme optimized for the New Xbox Experience . The first downloadable content released after Gears of War 2 was the " Combustible Map Pack , " which consists of three new multiplayer maps . This add @-@ on was announced and released on December 15 , 2008 . The second title update was released on January 21 , 2009 , featuring several adjustments to gameplay and adding additional Achievements , the patch attempts to correct many of the " glitches " that players have discovered since the game 's release . A third update was applied to Gears of War 2 on March 24 , 2009 . The update added an experience @-@ based ranking system in which the player is given a numerical value based on their amount of experience points , which are gained by shooting or killing enemies in public multiplayer . The update also addressed several issues with matchmaking , including adding bots in place of players who have quit or lost connection to the game . In early July 2009 , Epic Games applied a fourth update to Gears of War 2 , which added the ability to gain experience from the multiplayer Horde Mode , as well as applying several more gameplay fixes . On July 28 , 2009 , the " Dark Corners " add @-@ on was released . This add @-@ on consisted of seven new multiplayer maps , and an additional campaign chapter that was originally deleted from the game . The deleted scene takes place after Maria 's death , where the user can choose to either sneak into the stronghold as Theron Guards or charge in as in the original game , though the level is different from the one that appeared in the final game and features a cameo from a Stranded character from the original Gears . = = = = All Fronts Collection = = = = On May 6 , 2009 , Microsoft and Epic Games issued a joint press release announcing the Gears of War 2 : All Fronts Collection , to be released on July 28 , 2009 . The All Fronts Collection was to be sold as a retail package , and would have included all add @-@ ons released for Gears of War 2 , a poster , and a strategy guide for the game . In response to complaints that the All Fronts Collection had identical pricing to the Dark Corners add @-@ on , but significantly more content , as well as the All Fronts Collection retail package not being made available in certain regions , Epic Games adjusted the release plan ; the All Fronts Collection was released digitally via Xbox Live and the Dark Corners add @-@ on was reduced in price . = = = = Stereoscopic 3D = = = = In June 2010 during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 Mark Rein ( vice president of Epic Games ) was showcasing a tech demo of Gears of War 2 in stereoscopic 3D running on an Xbox 360 thanks to the TriOviz for Games Technology . " This technology ’ s great because it works on normal HD TVs , as well as the very high end 3DTVs , " Rein commented to Computer and Video Games . " We 're not planning to re @-@ release this in 3D - unless Microsoft want us to - but I 'm sure its technology may be keen to put in the games developed by our partners . " In October 2010 TriOviz for Games Technology has been officially integrated in Unreal Engine 3 , allowing to easily convert in stereoscopic 3D , numerous past and upcoming games developed with this engine . = = Marketing = = A Limited Edition of the game was confirmed on February 20 , 2008 . On July 14 , 2008 , more information about the Limited Edition 's contents was revealed . The edition features alternative cover art , a SteelBook case with a bonus content DVD , a book entitled Beneath the Surface : An Inside Look at Gears of War 2 , which includes concept art and story @-@ related information , a keepsake photo of Dominic and Maria , and an exclusive Xbox Live code to unlock a gold @-@ plated Lancer for online play . As a bonus item promoted by electronics store Best Buy , customers who preordered the Limited Edition also received a bonus Remote Control Centaur Tank replica , just like the new vehicle introduced in the game , free of charge . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Gears of War 2 received wide critical acclaim . It currently holds a 93 @.@ 32 % aggregate review score at Game Rankings , and a 93 / 100 from the aggregate review website Metacritic . While the game has been praised for the addition of a deeper plot than the original Gears of War and being highly polished , reviewers noted that the multiplayer experience did not resemble the previous game especially in its quick pace and enjoyability . IGN noted that while the first four acts of the game were satisfying , in the final act " the last boss is a complete joke and the ending feels just a tad too abrupt , " and that there were some bugs and lag in the online multiplayer . Overall , IGN stated that " [ Gears of War 2 ] has its flaws when it comes to the technical side of multiplayer and the last act of the campaign and the voice acting might turn some off . Still , none of that comes close to holding back Gears of War 2 from its destiny : being one of the best games available on the Xbox 360 . " Also , even though the new plot was praised , critics such as Official Xbox Magazine scrutinized the game 's middle acts saying that most of the plot " falls flat . " Both IGN and Eurogamer , among others , positively mentioned the new " Horde Mode " feature , with Eurogamer saying that " Horde is a weighty slab of fun that can turn almost any of them into a time @-@ sink , and the leaderboards are likely to be as compelling a reason to stick with Gears of War 2 as the leveling system has been for Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare . " X @-@ Play praised the game for its " polished cover system " and cooperative campaign mode . X @-@ Play also praised the new weapons and characters and its " brilliant " multiplayer experience . Game Informer called the single @-@ player campaign " satisfying " and called the co @-@ op campaign amazing and goes on to call online multiplayer " an outstanding contrast to team deathmatch or capture @-@ the @-@ flag scenarios . " = = = Sales = = = Gears of War 2 has achieved significant success after its release . In its opening weekend , the game sold over two million units , and set a new record for the number of simultaneous players on Xbox Live , with over 1 million people logging on to play the game . The game went on to sell over three million copies worldwide within the first month of its release , and pushed past four million in sales within the first two months . It was the sixth best @-@ selling game of December 2008 in the United States , selling in excess of 745 @,@ 000 copies . It was also the tenth top @-@ selling game in the United States in 2008 , with over 1 @.@ 3 million copies sold . As of May 7 , 2009 , Gears of War 2 had sold over 5 million units worldwide , bringing the franchise total to 11 million units sold . = = = Awards = = = Gears of War 2 won several awards following its presentation at E3 2008 . IGN gave it the awards Overall Best Shooting Game and Overall Best Graphics Technology of E3 2008 . Game Critics Awards gave the game Best Action Game of E3 2008 . Gears of War 2 also won Best Shooter and Best Xbox 360 Game at the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards . = = Sequel = = On April 13 , 2010 on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Cliff Bleszinski announced Gears of War 3 and debuted a trailer , titled " Ashes to Ashes . " The game is set 18 months after the events of Gears of War 2 . It was originally going to be released on April 8 , 2011 , but was delayed and was finally released on September 20 , 2011 .
= Sukhoi Su @-@ 33 = The Sukhoi Su @-@ 33 ( Russian : Сухой Су @-@ 33 ; NATO reporting name : Flanker @-@ D ) is an all @-@ weather carrier @-@ based twin @-@ engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk @-@ on @-@ Amur Aircraft Production Association , derived from the Su @-@ 27 " Flanker " and initially known as the Su @-@ 27K . Compared with the Su @-@ 27 , the Su @-@ 33 has a strengthened undercarriage and structure , folding wings and stabilators , all for carrier operations . The Su @-@ 33 has canards and its wings are larger than than the Su @-@ 27 for increased lift . The Su @-@ 33 has upgraded engines and a twin nose wheel , and is air refuelable . First used in operations in 1995 aboard the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov , the fighter officially entered service in August 1998 , by which time the designation " Su @-@ 33 " was used . Following the break @-@ up of the Soviet Union and the subsequent downsizing of the Russian Navy , only 24 aircraft were produced . Attempted sales to China and India fell through . With plans to retire the Su @-@ 33 once they reach the end of their service life , the Russian Navy ordered the MiG @-@ 29K as a replacement in 2009 . = = Development = = = = = Background and origins = = = During the 1970s , the Yakovlev Yak @-@ 38 , then the Soviet Navy 's only operational carrier @-@ based fixed @-@ wing combat aircraft , was found to be unable to undertake its role due to limited range and payload , which severely hampered the capability of the Soviet Navy 's Project 1143 carriers . It was decided to develop a bigger and more potent carrier capable of operating STOL aircraft . During the assessment period , a number of carriers were studied ; the Project 1160 carrier would have been able to operate the MiG @-@ 23s and Su @-@ 24s , but was abandoned due to budget constraints . Design efforts were then concentrated on the Project 1153 carrier , which would have accommodated the Su @-@ 25s and the proposed MiG @-@ 23Ks and Su @-@ 27Ks . Sufficient funding was not secured , and the Navy looked at the possibility of a fifth , and larger , Project 1143 carrier , modified to allow for Yak @-@ 141 , MiG @-@ 29K and Su @-@ 27K operations . To prepare for the operations of the Su @-@ 27K and the rival MiG @-@ 29K on @-@ board the new carrier , work proceeded on the development of the steam catapult , arresting gear , optical and radio landing systems . The pilots were trained at a new establishment in Crimea , named NITKA , for Aviation Research and Training Complex . In 1981 , the Soviet government ordered the abandonment of the catapult system as part of an overall downsize of Project 1143 @.@ 5 carriers , which also included cancelling the fifth Project 1143 carrier and the Varyag . A takeoff ramp was installed at the complex , where takeoffs would be executed to ensure that the Su @-@ 27Ks and MiG @-@ 29Ks would be able to operate from carriers . Both Sukhoi and Mikoyan modified their prototypes to validate the takeoff ramp . Three Sukhoi T10s ( − 3 , − 24 and − 25 ) , along with an Su @-@ 27UB , were used for takeoffs from the simulated ramp . The first of these tests were undertaken by Nikolai Sadovnikov on 28 August 1982 . Flight tests indicated the need for a change in ramp design , and it was modified to a ski @-@ jump profile . Conceptual designs of the Su @-@ 27K commenced in 1978 . On 18 April 1984 , the Soviet government instructed Sukhoi to develop an air defence fighter ; Mikoyan was ordered to build a lighter multirole fighter . Full @-@ scale design of the Su @-@ 27K soon started as the " T @-@ 10K " under the guidance of Konstantin Marbyshev . Nikolai Sadovnikov was appointed the design bureau 's Chief Test Pilot for the programme . By November 1984 , conceptual design had passed its critical design review , with the detailed design finalised in 1986 . The two prototypes were constructed in conjunction with KnAAPO in 1986 – 1987 . = = = Testing = = = The first Su @-@ 27K prototype , piloted by Viktor Pugachyov , made its maiden flight on 17 August 1987 at the NITKA facility ; the second followed on 22 December . Flight tests continued at NITKA , where Su @-@ 27Ks and MiG @-@ 29Ks demonstrated and validated the feasibility of ski @-@ jump operations . The pilots also practised no @-@ flare landings before making an actual landing on a carrier deck . It was another two years before the Tbilisi , subsequently renamed Admiral Kuznetsov , left the shipyard . Viktor Pugachyov , piloting the second Su @-@ 27K , became the first Russian to conventionally land aboard an aircraft carrier on 1 November 1989 . It was found that the carrier 's jet blast deflectors were too close to the engine nozzles when raised at an angle of 60 ° ; thus an improvised solution held the deflectors at 45 ° . However , when the aircraft was in front of it for longer than the maximum six seconds , the shield 's water pipes exploded . The pilot , Pugachyov , reduced engine throttle , accidentally causing the detents ( blocks used to restrain aircraft from accelerating ) to retract and the fighter to move forwards . The aircraft was quickly stopped ; Pugachyov later took off without the use of blast deflectors or detents . Since then , a Kamov Ka @-@ 27PS search @-@ and @-@ rescue helicopter was flown close to the carrier in the event of an accident . During the following three @-@ week period , 227 sorties were amassed , along with 35 deck landings . Flight testing continued afterwards , and on 26 September 1991 , naval pilots began testing the Su @-@ 27K ; by 1994 , it had successfully passed the State Acceptance Trials . During 1990 – 1991 , seven production aircraft were rolled out . = = = Further developments = = = The first of two known versions of the Su @-@ 33 , the twin @-@ seat Su @-@ 33UB , made its first flight in April 1999 . The aircraft , piloted by Viktor Pugachyov and Sergey Melnikov , flew for 40 minutes near Ramenskoye Airport . The Su @-@ 33UB ( Initially named as Su @-@ 27KUB , " Korabelny Uchebno @-@ Boevo " , or " carrier combat trainer " ) was planned to be a trainer , but with the potential to fill other roles . Notable improvements over the Su @-@ 33 included a revised forward fuselage and leading edge slats , bigger wings and stabilators In 2010 , Sukhoi developed an updated version of the Su @-@ 33 ; flight trials began in October 2010 . This modernised Su @-@ 33 was to compete with a potential Chinese indigenous version of the original Su @-@ 33 , and to encourage orders from the Russian Navy . Major upgrades to the aircraft included more powerful ( 132 kN , 29 @,@ 800 lbf ) AL @-@ 31 @-@ F @-@ M1 engines and a larger weapons carriage ; upgrades to the radar and weapons were not possible at the time due to funding constraints . According to military author Richard Fisher , it has been speculated that further modifications to a new production batch would include a phased @-@ array radar , thrust @-@ vectoring nozzles , and long @-@ range anti @-@ ship missiles . = = Design = = To adapt the original Su @-@ 27 for naval operations , Sukhoi first incorporated a reinforced structure and undercarriage to withstand the great stress experienced upon landing , particularly quick descents and non @-@ flare landings ( landings where the aircraft does not ' float ' and slow its decent rate just prior to touchdown ) . The leading edge slats , flaperons and other control surfaces are enlarged to provide increased lift and manoeuvrability at low speeds , although the wingspan remains unchanged . The wings feature double @-@ slotted flaps and outboard drooping ailerons ; in total , the refinements enlarge the wing area by 10 – 12 % . The wings and stabilators are modified for folding to maximise the number of aircraft the carrier can accommodate and to allow ease of movement on deck . The aircraft is outfitted with more powerful turbofan engines to increase thrust @-@ to @-@ weight ratio , as well as an in @-@ flight refuelling probe . The Su @-@ 33 sports canards that shorten the take @-@ off distance and improve manoeuvrability , but have required reshaping of the leading edge root extensions ( LERX ) . The rear radome is shortened and reshaped to prevent its striking the deck during high @-@ Alpha ( angle of attack ) landings . Compared with the rival MiG @-@ 29K , the Su @-@ 33 's maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) is 50 % higher ; fuel capacity is more than double , allowing it to fly 80 % further at altitude ( or 33 % at sea level ) . The MiG @-@ 29K can spend as much time as the Su @-@ 33 on station by using external fuel tanks , but this limits its ordnance capacity . The Su @-@ 33 can fly at speeds as low as 240 km / h ( 149 mph ) , in comparison the MiG @-@ 29K needs to maintain a minimum of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) for effective control . However , the MiG @-@ 29K carries more air @-@ to @-@ ground munitions than the Su @-@ 33 . The Su @-@ 33 is more expensive and physically larger than the MiG @-@ 29K , limiting the numbers able to be deployed on an aircraft carrier . The Su @-@ 33 carries guided missiles such as the R @-@ 73 ( four ) and R @-@ 27E ( six ) on twelve hardpoints , supplemented by the 150 @-@ round 30 mm GSh @-@ 30 @-@ 1 . It can carry an assortment of unguided rockets , bombs and cluster bombs for secondary air @-@ to @-@ ground missions . The aircraft can be used in both night and day operations at sea . The radar used , " Slot Back " , has been speculated to have poor multi @-@ target tracking , making the Su @-@ 33 reliant on other radar platforms and airborne warning and control system ( AWACS ) aircraft like the Kamov Ka @-@ 31 early @-@ warning helicopter . The R @-@ 27EM missiles have the capability to intercept anti @-@ ship missiles . The infra @-@ red search and track ( IRST ) system is placed to provide better downward visibility . = = Operational history = = = = = Soviet Union and Russia = = = The Su @-@ 27K entered service in the mid @-@ 1990s . From December 1995 to March 1996 , the Admiral Kuznetsov set sail in the Mediterranean Sea , carrying two Su @-@ 25UTGs , nine Ka @-@ 27s , and 13 Su @-@ 27Ks . However , the aircraft officially entered service 31 August 1998 with the 279th Naval Fighter Regiment of the Northern Fleet based at Severomorsk @-@ 3 , by which time it was officially designated the " Su @-@ 33 " . The Russian Navy currently operates 19 Su @-@ 33s , however in the long term these need to be replaced . With the break @-@ up of the Soviet Union , the Russian Navy was dramatically downsized , with many shipbuilding programmes stopped . Had the Varyag , Oryol and Ulyanovsk been commissioned , a total of 72 production airframes would have been built ; the early @-@ airborne warning and MiG @-@ 29K would also have proceed , instead of being abandoned . Only 24 examples were built at the time Varyag was sold to China . In 2009 , the Russian Navy announced an order for 24 MiG @-@ 29Ks to replace the Su @-@ 33 , to be delivered from 2011 to 2015 . However , in 2015 , Major @-@ General Igor Kozhin , the Commander of the Navy 's Air and Air Defense Forces , announced that a second fighter regiment would be formed to augment the current force , with the intention that the MiG @-@ 29s be used by this new unit , with the existing Su @-@ 33s refurbished for further use . = = = Failed bids = = = Internationally , the People ’ s Republic of China was identified as a possible export customer . Russia 's state weapons exporter , Rosoboronexport , was previously negotiating an order of 50 aircraft totalling US $ 2 @.@ 5 billion . China would have initially acquired two aircraft worth $ 100 million for testing and then have further options to acquire an additional 12 – 48 aircraft . The fighters were intended to be used with the fledgling Chinese aircraft carrier programme , with the former Soviet carrier Varyag as the centrepiece . At the sixth Zhuhai Airshow in late 2006 , Lieutenant General Aleksander Denisov publicly confirmed at a news conference that China had approached Russia for the possible purchase of Su @-@ 33s , and negotiations were to start in 2007 . On 1 November 2006 , the Xinhua News Agency published the information on its military website that China planned to introduce the Su @-@ 33 . China had previously obtained a manufacturing license for Su @-@ 27 production . Sukhoi is working on a more advanced version , the Su @-@ 33K , a development to integrate the advanced technologies of the Su @-@ 35 fighters into the older Su @-@ 33 airframe . However , worries over other Chinese intentions emerged when it was reported that China had acquired one of the T @-@ 10Ks , an Su @-@ 33 prototype , from Ukraine , potentially to study and reverse engineer a domestic version . Various aircraft are alleged to have originated partially from the Su @-@ 33 , such as the Shenyang J @-@ 11B and the Shenyang J @-@ 15 . Photos of Shenyang aircraft designers posing in front of a T @-@ 10K carrier based fighter prototype strongly suggest that the J @-@ 15 is directly related to T @-@ 10K . Negotiations stagnated as the Shenyang Aircraft company sought to reduce Russian content in the aircraft , while Sukhoi wanted to ensure a level of income from future upgrades and modifications made to the J @-@ 11 . India was also viewed as another potential operator of the Su @-@ 33 . The Indian Navy planned to acquire the Su @-@ 33 for its aircraft carrier , the INS Vikramaditya , the refurbished Soviet Admiral Gorshkov , which was sold to India in 2004 . In the end , the rival MiG @-@ 29K was opted for , because of the Su @-@ 33 's outdated avionics . The size of the Su @-@ 33 reportedly led to concerns over potential difficulties in operating it off the Indian carriers , a constraint not shared by the smaller MiG @-@ 29K . = = Operators = = Russia Russian Navy Russian Naval Aviation = = Notable accidents = = 17 July 2001 : a Russian Navy Su @-@ 33 crashed during an air show in Russia 's Pskov Region . The pilot , Major @-@ General Timur Apakidze , died in the crash . 5 September 2005 : a Russian Navy Su @-@ 33 's arresting cable broke after a landing on the Admiral Kuznetsov in the Northern Atlantic at high speed . The pilot ejected and was recovered . The plane was initially planned to be destroyed with depth charges to prevent the recovery of classified equipment . However , this did not take place as the aircraft did not carry sensitive equipment . The crash was captured on video . = = Specifications = = Data from KnAAPO , Sukhoi , Airforce @-@ technology.com , Gordon and Davison , Williams General characteristics Crew : 1 Length : 21 @.@ 94 m ( 72 ft ) Wingspan : 14 @.@ 70 m ( 48 @.@ 25 ft ) Height : 5 @.@ 93 m ( 19 @.@ 5 ft ) Wing area : 62 @.@ 0 m ² ( 667 ft ² ) Empty weight : 18 @,@ 400 kg ( 40 @,@ 600 lb ) Loaded weight : 29 @,@ 940 kg ( 66 @,@ 010 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 33 @,@ 000 kg ( 72 @,@ 752 lb ) Powerplant : 2 × AL @-@ 31F3 afterburning turbofans Dry thrust : 74 @.@ 5 kN ( 16 @,@ 750 lbf ) each Thrust with afterburner : 125 @.@ 5 kN ( 28 @,@ 214 lbf ) each Wingspan , wings folded : 7 @.@ 40 m ( 24 @.@ 25 ft ) Performance Maximum speed : Mach 2 @.@ 17 ( 2 @,@ 300 km / h , 1 @,@ 430 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 m ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) altitude Stall speed : 240 km / h ( 150 mp / h ) Range : 3 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 864 mi ) Service ceiling : 17 @,@ 000 m ( 55 @,@ 800 ft ) Rate of climb : 246 m / s ( 48 @,@ 500 ft / min ) Wing loading : 483 kg / m ² ; ( 98 @.@ 9 lb / ft ² ) Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 83 Maximum g @-@ load : + 8 g ( + 78 m / s ² ) Landing speed : 240 km / h ( 149 mph ) Armament 1 × 30 mm GSh @-@ 30 @-@ 1 cannon with 150 rounds Up to 6 @,@ 500 kg ( 14 @,@ 300 lb ) of munitions on twelve external hardpoints , including : 6 × R @-@ 27R / T / ET / EM and 4 × R @-@ 73 air @-@ to @-@ air missile Kh @-@ 31A Krypton anti @-@ ship missile Various bombs and rockets Electronic countermeasure ( ECM ) pods
= Gazelle @-@ class cruiser = The Gazelle class was a group of ten light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy at the turn of the 20th century . They were the first modern light cruiser design of the Imperial Navy , and set the basic pattern for all future light cruisers in Imperial service . The design of the Gazelle class attempted to merge the fleet scout with the colonial cruiser . They were armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and a pair of torpedo tubes , and were capable of a speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . All ten ships served with the fleet when they were first commissioned , and several served on foreign stations in the decade before the outbreak of World War I. Most were used as coastal defense ships early in the war . Ariadne was sunk at the Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 , Undine was torpedoed in the Baltic by a British submarine in November 1915 , and Frauenlob was sunk at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 . The rest survived the war to see service with the Reichsmarine , with the exception of Gazelle , which was broken up in 1920 . Niobe was sold to Yugoslavia in 1925 and renamed Dalmacija , and the rest of the cruisers were withdrawn from service by the end of the 1920s and used for secondary duties or broken up for scrap . Medusa and Arcona were converted into anti @-@ aircraft ships in 1940 and were scuttled at the end of World War II . Dalmacija was captured twice during the war , first by the Italians , who renamed her Cattaro , and then by the Germans , who restored the original name of Niobe . She ran aground in December 1943 and was subsequently destroyed by British Motor Torpedo Boats . Amazone was the only member to survive the war intact , as a barracks ship , and she remained in service until 1954 , when she was broken up for scrap . = = Design = = The Gazelle class was the first modern light cruiser design of the Imperial Navy . The design for the Gazelle class followed several intermediate types , including the Bussard class of unprotected cruisers and the unique vessels Gefion and Hela . They were intended to fulfill the requirements for a fleet scout and an overseas cruiser . The design was somewhat smaller than contemporary light cruisers , but the ships were nevertheless sturdy and powerfully armed for the period . These characteristics evenly balanced the requirements for the two roles envisioned for the class . According to the historian Eric Osborne , " [ t ] he light cruisers of the Gazelle @-@ class established a trend for future ships of this general design ... [ they ] carried little or no armor , the chief asset being speed . " Indeed , all future light cruisers built by the Imperial Navy generally followed the same pattern , with few fundamental changes . = = = General characteristics = = = The ships of the Gazelle class were 104 @.@ 10 to 104 @.@ 40 m ( 341 ft 6 in to 342 ft 6 in ) long at the waterline and 105 meters ( 344 ft 6 in ) long overall . The first seven ships had a beam of 12 @.@ 20 m ( 40 ft 0 in ) and the last three were slightly wider , at 12 @.@ 40 m ( 40 ft 8 in ) . They had a draft of 4 @.@ 11 to 5 @.@ 38 m ( 13 ft 6 in to 17 ft 8 in ) forward and 5 @.@ 31 to 5 @.@ 69 m ( 17 ft 5 in to 18 ft 8 in ) aft . They were designed to displace 2 @,@ 643 to 2 @,@ 706 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 601 to 2 @,@ 663 long tons ) at a normal loading , and at full combat load their displacement rose to 2 @,@ 963 to 3 @,@ 180 t ( 2 @,@ 916 to 3 @,@ 130 long tons ; 3 @,@ 266 to 3 @,@ 505 short tons ) . The ships ' hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames ; the outer hull wall consisted of wooden planks covered with a layer of Muntz metal to prevent fouling . The Muntz metal extended up to a meter above the waterline . The hull was divided into twelve watertight compartments and it had a double bottom that extended for 40 percent of the length of the keel . For the last three ships , their double bottom was lengthened to 46 percent of the hull . All ten ships were crank and rolled severely . They were also wet in a head sea . After their modernizations , they tended to suffer from lee helm . Nevertheless , the ships turned tightly and were very maneuverable . In a hard turn , their speed fell up to 65 percent . They had a transverse metacentric height of .5 to .63 m ( 1 ft 8 in to 2 ft 1 in ) . The Gazelle class required a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men , though for the last three ships , the number of enlisted men rose to 256 . They carried a number of boats , including one picket boat , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and one dinghy . = = = Machinery = = = Their propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines manufactured by the dockyards that built the ships . Gazelle 's engines were designed to give 6 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 500 kW ) , for a top speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) , while the rest of the ships ' engines were rated at 8 @,@ 000 ihp ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) for 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by eight coal @-@ fired water @-@ tube boilers of various manufacture , divided into two boiler rooms . The first three ships carried 500 tonnes ( 490 long tons ) of coal , which gave them a range of 3 @,@ 570 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 610 km ; 4 @,@ 110 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The next four vessels carried slightly more , at 560 t ( 550 long tons ) , which allowed them to cruise to the approximately same range , 3 @,@ 560 nmi ( 6 @,@ 590 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) , at the higher speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The last three ships carried 700 t ( 690 long tons ) of coal , which substantially increased their cruising radius , to 4 @,@ 400 nmi ( 8 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 100 mi ) at 12 knots . The ships were equipped with three electricity generators that provided a total of 110 kilowatts at 110 volts . = = = Armament and armor = = = The ships were armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun , though the allotment for the last three ships increased to 1 @,@ 500 rounds , or 150 per gun . They were also equipped with torpedo tubes . Gazelle had three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) tubes with eight torpedoes ; one was submerged in the hull in the bow and two were mounted in deck launchers on the broadside . The rest of the class only had two 45 cm tubes with five torpedoes , and these were submerged in the ships ' hulls , on the broadside . The ships were protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick , with 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick sloping armor on the side . The armor consisted of two layers of steel with a single layer of Krupp steel . The Gazelle @-@ class cruisers were also equipped with cork cofferdams to increase buoyancy . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , with a 20 mm thick roof . The guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Construction = = The ten ships of the Gazelle class were built between 1897 and 1904 , at various German dockyards , including private firms and government shipyards . = = Service history = = The Gazelle @-@ class cruisers served in various capacities after their commissioning . Most of them served with the fleet reconnaissance force , though several served on foreign stations as well . Gazelle served abroad in 1902 – 1904 , Thetis in 1902 – 1906 , Niobe in 1906 – 1909 , and Arcona in 1907 – 1910 . Nymphe was also used as a training ship for naval cadets in addition to her fleet scout role , and Undine served as a gunnery training ship . Due to their age , the Gazelles had been placed in reserve by 1914 , but after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , they were mobilized for active service . Most were initially used as coastal defense vessels in the Baltic , but Frauenlob and Ariadne remained in service with the fleet . They both saw action at the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914 ; Frauenlob engaged and badly damaged the British cruiser HMS Arethusa , while Ariadne was sunk by several battlecruisers . Frauenlob soldiered on in the fleet reconnaissance forces until the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , when she was torpedoed and sunk by HMS Southampton in a ferocious night battle , with the loss of almost her entire crew . In the Baltic , Undine was torpedoed and sunk by the British submarine HMS E19 on 7 November 1915 . The seven surviving ships were withdrawn from front @-@ line service in 1916 and disarmed , with the exception of Medusa , which retained six of her guns , and Thetis , which was rearmed with nine 10 @.@ 5 cm U @-@ boat guns for use as a gunnery training ship . The remaining seven cruisers survived the war and went on to serve in the new Reichsmarine , except for Gazelle , which was broken up for scrap in 1920 . The ships remained in service throughout the 1920s , but were all withdrawn by the early 1930s . Niobe was sold to Yugoslavia in 1925 and renamed Dalmacija , while Nymphe and Thetis were scrapped in the early 1930s . Arcona , Medusa , and Amazone were used as barracks hulks for the rest of the 1930s . After the outbreak of World War II , Medusa and Arcona were converted into floating anti @-@ aircraft batteries and defended German ports from 1940 to the end of the war , when they were scuttled by their crews on 3 May 1945 . Amazone meanwhile remained in service as a barracks ship through the end of the war . Dalmacija was captured by the Italians after the Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , renamed Cattaro , and pressed into service with the Italian Navy . She was then captured by the Germans after the Italian surrender in September 1943 , and returned to her original name , Niobe . The ship ran aground in the Adriatic in December 1943 and was destroyed by a pair of British Motor Torpedo Boats . Niobe , Medusa , and Arcona were broken up for scrap in the late 1940s , but Amazone lingered on as a barracks ship until 1954 , when she too was sold for scrapping .
= Ricardo Arias Calderón = Ricardo Arias Calderón ( born 4 May 1933 ) is a Panamanian politician who served as First Vice President from 1989 to 1992 . A Roman Catholic who studied at Yale and the Sorbonne , Arias returned to Panama in the 1960s to work for political reform . He went on to become the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama and a leading opponent of the military government of Manuel Noriega . In 1984 , he ran as a candidate for Second Vice President on the ticket of three @-@ time former president Arnulfo Arias , but they were defeated by pro @-@ Noriega candidate Nicolás Ardito Barletta . Following an annulled 1989 election and the US invasion of Panama later in the same year , Arias Calderón was sworn in as First Vice President of Panama under President Guillermo Endara . After growing tensions in the ruling coalition , Arias resigned his position on December 17 , 1992 , stating that the government had not done enough to help Panama 's people . He continued to be an active voice in Panamanian politics following his resignation , supporting the Panama Canal expansion project and opposing the extradition of Noriega . = = Background = = Arias ' maternal family was from Nicaragua , having left during political upheaval there before Arias ' birth . One of Arias ' great uncles ran for president in Panama , while another was a supporter of the Nicaraguan revolutionary Sandino , a family history that gave Arias an early interest in politics . His father , an engineer , died when Arias was two years old , and he was raised primarily by his mother , aunt , and grandmother . His mother later remarried to a Panamanian ambassador to the United States . Arias studied at Culver Military Academy in Indiana in the US . He later majored in English literature at Yale University and philosophy at Paris @-@ Sorbonne University . A Roman Catholic , Arias was heavily influenced by Catholic French philosopher and ethicist Jacques Maritain . Aesthetic , publicly stiff , and accused of aloofness , Arias would later be nicknamed " Arias Cardinal Calderón " during his political career . = = Early political career = = Arias returned to Panama in the early 1960s to work for political reform , soon joining the small Christian Democratic Party of Panama . In 1972 , he left Panama for some time with his family , becoming a dean and later vice president at Florida International University in Miami , Florida in the US . In 1980 , however , he declined an offer to become provost , and instead returned to Panamanian politics . During the rule of military leader Manuel Noriega , Arias was an opposition leader as the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama , a member party of the Civic Democratic Opposition Alliance ( ADOC ) . He ran on the ticket of three @-@ time former president Arnulfo Arias ( no relation ) in the 1984 election as the National Alliance of Opposition 's candidate for Second Vice President . Arnulfo Arias was narrowly defeated by Noriega ally Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino , and the opposition stated that the election had been fraudulent . In February 1988 , plainclothes police officers forced Arias Calderón and his wife onto a plane to Costa Rica at gunpoint , and the couple spent a month in exile in Miami . Arias returned to Panama in March , calling openly for Noriega 's ouster on arrival at the Omar Torrijos International Airport . In Panama 's May 1989 elections , Arias stood as a candidate for First Vice President with the ADOC , with Guillermo Endara as the presidential candidate and Guillermo Ford as the candidate for Second Vice President . However , Noriega 's government annulled the election before voting was complete . Days after the completion of voting , Endara , Arias , and Ford were attacked on camera by Noriega supporters while security forces observed and refused to intervene . In October of that year , Arias was briefly arrested for urging citizens not to pay taxes to his government . = = Vice presidency = = Following Noriega 's fall in the December 1989 US invasion of Panama , Arias was certified as vice president of Panama under President Endara and inaugurated on a US military base . Arias was put in charge of reforming the Panamanian police forces , putting them under civilian control . He controversially employed former members of Noriega 's Panamanian Defense Forces , stating that he trusted them with his own security and that it was " time to look to the future " . His defense of former PDF soldiers split supporters of the coalition government , and in May 1990 , sparked rumors that he and the CDP were attempting a coup while Endara was out of the country . The presidential offices were occupied by Endara loyalists with submachineguns , who accidentally shot and killed one of Endara 's staff members . In early 1991 , the ADOC coalition began to unravel as Endara , Arias , and Ford publicly criticized one another . On April 8 , accusing Arias ' Christian Democrats of not rallying to his support during an impeachment vote , Endara dismissed Arias from the cabinet . Arias resigned from the vice presidency on December 17 , 1992 , stating at a news conference that Endara 's government " does not listen to the people , nor does it have the courage to make changes " . Endara responded that Arias ' resignation was " demagoguery " and " merely starting his 1994 political campaign ahead of time " . = = Later activity = = Arias was an opponent of the post @-@ invasion US presence in Panama before the December 31 , 1999 handover of the Panama Canal to the Panama Canal Authority . Arias was criticized in 1998 by Endara 's successor , Ernesto Pérez Balladares , as " immoral " for having claimed almost $ 100 @,@ 000 in salary from his time as vice president despite having resigned . Arias subsequently challenged Pérez Balladares to a debate over the morality of the latter 's plans to amend the constitution and seek a second term . In 2001 , Arias released a book , Democracy without an Army : The Panamanian Experience , arguing that the nation must keep its security forces depoliticized . That same year , he allied with Democratic Revolutionary Party , the former party of Noriega . He later pressed criminal defamation charges against La Prensa cartoonist Julio Briceño for a cartoon of Arias standing besides the Grim Reaper , representing the new alliance . Arias additionally asked for a million dollars in damages , stating " That cartoon made me an accomplice of a crime ... That was a defamation I could not accept or tolerate . I was the one who denounced those crimes at the time of the dictatorship . " In 2006 , he supported a project to widen the canal , calling it " historical suicide " not to do so . Arias opposed the 2011 extradition of Noriega from France to Panama , warning that the former dictator could institute a " demagogic populism " similar to that of Venezuela 's Hugo Chávez . = = Personal life = = Arias has a Cuban @-@ born wife , Teresa , whom he married in 1964 and with whom he has four children . In the 1960s , she broke new ground for political spouses by attending political rallies and campaigning actively for her husband . Because Endara was a widower , she also acted as Panama 's First Lady until Endara remarried to Ana Mae Diaz Chen in 1990 .
= Wayne Gretzky = Wayne Douglas Gretzky CC ( / ˈɡrɛtski / ; born January 26 , 1961 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former head coach . He played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for four teams from 1979 to 1999 . Nicknamed " The Great One " , he has been called " the greatest hockey player ever " by many sportswriters , players , and the NHL itself . He is the leading scorer in NHL history , with more goals and more assists than any other player . He scored more assists than any other player scored total points , and is the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times . In addition , he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons , 14 of them consecutive . At the time of his retirement in 1999 , he held 61 NHL records : 40 regular @-@ season records , 15 playoff records , and six All @-@ Star records . As of 2014 , he still holds 60 NHL records . Born and raised in Brantford , Ontario , Gretzky honed his skills at a backyard rink and regularly played minor hockey at a level far above his peers . Despite his unimpressive stature , strength and speed , Gretzky 's intelligence and reading of the game were unrivaled . He was adept at dodging checks from opposing players , and consistently anticipated where the puck was going to be and executed the right move at the right time . Gretzky became known for setting up behind his opponent 's net , an area that was nicknamed " Gretzky 's office " . In 1978 , Gretzky signed with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , where he briefly played before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers . When the WHA folded , the Oilers joined the NHL , where he established many scoring records and led his team to four Stanley Cup championships . His trade to the Los Angeles Kings on August 9 , 1988 , had an immediate impact on the team 's performance , eventually leading them to the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals , and he is credited with popularizing hockey in California . Gretzky played briefly for the St. Louis Blues before finishing his career with the New York Rangers . Gretzky captured nine Hart Trophies as the most valuable player , ten Art Ross Trophies for most points in a season , two Conn Smythe Trophies as playoff MVP , and five Lester B. Pearson Awards ( now called the Ted Lindsay Award ) for most outstanding player as judged by other players . He won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship and performance five times , and often spoke out against fighting in hockey . After his retirement in 1999 , Gretzky was immediately inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , making him the most recent player to have the waiting period waived . The NHL retired his jersey number 99 league @-@ wide , making him the only player to receive this honour . He was one of six players voted to the International Ice Hockey Federation 's ( IIHF ) Centennial All @-@ Star Team . Gretzky became executive director for the Canadian national men 's hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics , in which the team won a gold medal . In 2000 , he became part owner of the Phoenix Coyotes , and following the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout he became the team 's head coach . In 2004 , he was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame . In September 2009 , following the franchise 's bankruptcy , Gretzky resigned as coach and relinquished his ownership share . = = Early years = = Wayne Gretzky was born on January 26 , 1961 in Brantford , the son of Phyllis Leone ( Hockin ) and Walter Gretzky . The couple had married in 1960 , and lived in an apartment in Brantford , Ontario , where Walter worked for Bell Telephone Canada . The family moved into a house on Varadi Avenue in Brantford seven months after Wayne was born , chosen partly because its yard was flat enough to make an ice rink on every winter . Wayne was joined by a sister , Kim ( b . 1963 ) , and brothers Keith , Glen and Brent . The family would regularly visit Tony and Mary 's farm ( Wayne 's grandparents ) and watch Hockey Night in Canada together . By age two , Wayne was trying to score goals against Mary using a souvenir stick . The farm was where Wayne skated on ice for the first time , aged two years , 10 months . Walter taught Wayne , Keith , Brent , Glen and their friends hockey on a rink he made in the back yard of the family home , nicknamed the " Wally Coliseum " . Drills included skating around Javex bleach bottles and tin cans , and flipping pucks over scattered hockey sticks to be able to pick up the puck again in full flight . Additionally , Walter gave the advice to " skate where the puck 's going , not where it 's been " . Wayne was a classic prodigy whose extraordinary skills made him the target of jealous parents . The team that Gretzky played on at age six was otherwise composed of ten @-@ year @-@ olds . His first coach , Dick Martin , remarked that he handled the puck better than the ten @-@ year @-@ olds . According to Martin , " Wayne was so good that you could have a boy of your own who was a tremendous hockey player , and he 'd get overlooked because of what the Gretzky kid was doing . " The sweaters for ten @-@ year @-@ olds were far too large for Gretzky , who coped by tucking the sweater into his pants on the right side . Gretzky continued doing this throughout his NHL career . By the age of ten , Gretzky had scored an astonishing 378 goals and 139 assists in just one season with the Brantford Nadrofsky Steelers . His play now attracted media attention beyond his hometown of Brantford , including a profile by John Iaboni in the Toronto Telegram in October 1971 . By age 13 , he had scored over 1 @,@ 000 goals . His play attracted considerable negative attention from other players ' parents , including those of his teammates , and he was often booed . According to Walter , the " capper " was being booed on " Brantford Day " at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens in February 1975 . When Gretzky was 14 , his family arranged for him to move to and play hockey in Toronto , partly to further his career , and partly to remove him from the uncomfortable pressure he faced in his hometown . The Gretzkys had to legally challenge the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association to win Wayne the right to play elsewhere , which was disallowed at the time . The Gretzkys won , and Wayne played Junior B hockey with the Toronto Nationals . He earned Rookie of the Year honours in the Metro Junior B Hockey League in 1975 – 76 , with 60 points in 28 games . The following year , as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old , he had 72 points in 32 games with the same team , then known as the Seneca Nationals . Despite his offensive statistics , two teams bypassed him in the 1977 OMJHL Midget Draft of 16 @-@ year @-@ olds . The Oshawa Generals picked Tom McCarthy , and the Niagara Falls Flyers picked Steve Peters second overall . With the third pick , the Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds selected Gretzky , even though Walter Gretzky had told the team that Wayne would not move to Sault Ste . Marie , a northern Ontario city that inflicts a heavy traveling schedule on its junior team . The Gretzkys made an arrangement with a local family they knew and Wayne played a season in the Ontario Hockey League at the age of 16 with the Greyhounds . It was with the Greyhounds that Wayne first wore the number 99 on his jersey . He originally wanted to wear number 9 — for his hockey hero Gordie Howe — but it was already being worn by teammate Brian Gualazzi . At coach Muzz MacPherson 's suggestion , Gretzky settled on 99 . = = World Hockey Association = = In 1978 , the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) league was in competition with the established NHL . The NHL did not allow the signing of players under the age of 20 , but the WHA had no rules regarding such signings . Several WHA teams courted Gretzky , notably the Indianapolis Racers and the Birmingham Bulls . Birmingham Bulls owner John F. Bassett wanted to confront the NHL by signing as many young and promising superstars as possible and saw Gretzky as the most promising young prospect . However , it was Racers owner Nelson Skalbania who , on June 12 , 1978 , signed 17 @-@ year @-@ old Gretzky to a seven @-@ year personal services contract worth $ 1 @.@ 75 million US . Gretzky scored his first professional goal against Dave Dryden of the Edmonton Oilers in his fifth game , and his second goal four seconds later . Skalbania opted to have Gretzky sign a personal @-@ services contract rather than a standard player contract in part because he knew a deal to take some WHA teams into the NHL was in the works . He also knew that the Racers could not hope to be included among those teams , and hoped to keep the Racers alive long enough to collect compensation from the surviving teams when the WHA dissolved , as well as any funds earned from selling the young star . Gretzky only played eight games for Indianapolis . The Racers were losing $ 40 @,@ 000 per game . Skalbania told Gretzky he would be moved , offering him a choice between the Edmonton Oilers and the Winnipeg Jets . On the advice of his agent , Gretzky picked the Oilers , but the move was not that simple . On November 2 , Gretzky , goaltender Eddie Mio and forward Peter Driscoll were put on a private plane , not knowing where they would land and what team they would be joining . While in the air , Skalbania worked on the deal . Skalbania offered to play a game of backgammon with Winnipeg owner Michael Gobuty , the stakes being if Gobuty won , he would get Gretzky and if he lost , he had to give Skalbania a share of the Jets . Gobuty turned down the proposal and the players landed in Edmonton . Mio paid the $ 4 @,@ 000 bill for the flight with his credit card . Skalbania sold Gretzky , Mio and Driscoll to his former partner , and then @-@ owner of the Edmonton Oilers , Peter Pocklington . Although the announced price was $ 850 @,@ 000 , Pocklington actually paid $ 700 @,@ 000 . The money was not enough to keep the Racers alive ; they folded that December . One of the highlights of Gretzky 's season was his appearance in the 1979 WHA All @-@ Star Game . The format was a three @-@ game series between the WHA All @-@ Stars and Dynamo Moscow played at Edmonton 's Northlands Coliseum . The WHA All @-@ Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , who put Gretzky on a line with his boyhood idol Gordie Howe and Howe 's son , Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , and the WHA All @-@ Stars won by a score of 4 – 2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4 – 2 . The line did not score in the final game , but the WHA won by a score of 4 – 3 . On Gretzky 's 18th birthday , January 26 , 1979 , Pocklington signed him to a 10 @-@ year personal services contract ( the longest in hockey history at the time ) worth C $ 3 million , with options for 10 more years . Gretzky finished third in the league in scoring at 110 points , behind Robbie Ftorek and Réal Cloutier . Gretzky captured the Lou Kaplan Trophy as rookie of the year , and helped the Oilers to first overall in the league . The Oilers reached the Avco World Trophy finals , where they lost to the Winnipeg Jets in six games . It was Gretzky 's only year in the WHA , as the league folded following the season . = = NHL career = = = = = Edmonton Oilers ( 1979 – 1988 ) = = = After the World Hockey Association folded in 1979 , the Edmonton Oilers and three other teams joined the NHL . Under the merger agreement the Oilers , like the other surviving WHA teams , were to be allowed to protect two goaltenders and two skaters from being reclaimed by the established NHL teams . Gretzky 's success in the WHA carried over into the NHL , despite some critics suggesting he would struggle in what was considered the bigger , tougher , and more talented league . In his first NHL season , 1979 – 80 , Gretzky was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy as the League 's Most Valuable Player ( the first of eight in a row ) and tied for the scoring lead with Marcel Dionne with 137 points . Although Gretzky played 79 games to Dionne 's 80 , Dionne was awarded the Art Ross Trophy since he scored more goals ( 53 vs. 51 ) . The season still stands as the highest point total by a first year player in NHL history . Gretzky became the youngest player to score 50 goals but was not eligible for the Calder Memorial Trophy , given to the top NHL rookie , because of his previous year of WHA experience . The Calder was awarded to Boston Bruins defenceman Ray Bourque . In his second season , Gretzky won the Art Ross ( the first of seven consecutive ) with a then @-@ record 164 points , breaking both Bobby Orr 's record for assists in a season ( 102 ) and Phil Esposito 's record for points in a season ( 152 ) . He won his second straight Hart Trophy . In the first game of the 1981 playoffs versus the Montreal Canadiens , Gretzky had five assists . This was a single game playoff record . During the 1981 – 82 season , he surpassed a record that had stood for 35 years : 50 goals in 50 games . Set by Maurice " Rocket " Richard during the 1944 – 45 NHL season and tied by Mike Bossy during the 1980 – 81 NHL season , Gretzky accomplished the feat in only 39 games . His 50th goal of the season came on December 30 , 1981 in the final seconds of a 7 – 5 win against the Philadelphia Flyers and was his fifth of the game . Later that season , Gretzky broke Esposito 's record for most goals in a season ( 76 ) on February 24 , 1982 , scoring three goals to help beat the Buffalo Sabres 6 – 3 . He ended the 1981 – 82 season with records of 92 goals , 120 assists , and 212 points in 80 games , becoming the only player in NHL history to break the two hundred @-@ point mark . That year , Gretzky became the first hockey player and first Canadian to be named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year . He was also named 1982 " Sportsman of the Year " by Sports Illustrated . The Canadian Press also named Gretzky Newsmaker of the Year in 1982 . The following seasons saw Gretzky break his own assists record three more times ( 125 in 1982 – 83 , 135 in 1984 – 85 , and 163 in 1985 – 86 ) ; he also bettered that mark ( 120 assists ) in 1986 – 87 with 121 and 1990 – 91 with 122 , and his point record one more time ( 215 , in 1985 – 86 ) . By the time he finished playing in Edmonton , he held or shared 49 NHL records , which in itself was a record . The Edmonton Oilers finished first overall in their last WHA regular season . The same success was not immediate when they joined the NHL , but within four seasons , the Oilers were competing for the Stanley Cup . The Oilers were a young , strong team featuring , in addition to Gretzky , future Hall of Famers including forwards Mark Messier , Glenn Anderson and Jari Kurri , defenceman Paul Coffey , and goaltender Grant Fuhr . Gretzky was its captain from 1983 – 88 . In 1983 , they made it to the Stanley Cup Final , only to be swept by the three @-@ time defending champion New York Islanders . The following season , the Oilers met the Islanders in the Final again , this time winning the Stanley Cup , their first of five in seven years . Gretzky was named an officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1984 , for outstanding contribution to the sport of hockey . Since the Order ceremonies are always held during the hockey season , it took 13 years and 7 months — and two Governors General — before he could accept the honour . He was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada in 2009 " for his continued contributions to the world of hockey , notably as one of the best players of all time , as well as for his social engagement as a philanthropist , volunteer and role model for countless young people " . The Oilers also won the Cup with Gretzky in 1985 , 1987 and 1988 . When the Oilers joined the NHL , Gretzky continued to play under his personal services contract with Oilers owner Peter Pocklington . This arrangement came under increased scrutiny by the mid @-@ 1980s , especially following reports that Pocklington had used the contract as collateral to help secure a $ 31 million loan with the Alberta government @-@ owned Alberta Treasury Branches . Amid growing concern around the league that a financial institution might be able to lay claim to Gretzky 's rights in the event the heavily leveraged Pocklington were to declare bankruptcy , as well as growing dissatisfaction on the part of Gretzky and his advisers , in 1987 Gretzky and Pocklington agreed to replace the personal services contract with a standard NHL contract . = = = The Gretzky rule = = = In June 1985 , as part of a package of five rule changes to be implemented for the 1985 – 86 season , the NHL Board of Governors made a decision to introduce offsetting penalties , where neither team lost a man when coincidental penalties were called . The effect of calling offsetting penalties was felt immediately in the NHL , because during the early 1980s , when the Gretzky @-@ era Oilers entered a four @-@ on @-@ four or three @-@ on @-@ three situation with an opponent , they frequently used the space on the ice to score one or more goals . Gretzky held a press conference one day after being awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy , criticizing the NHL for punishing teams and players who previously benefited . The rule change became known as the Gretzky rule . The rule was changed back for the 1992 – 93 season . = = = Strategy and effect on NHL play = = = Gretzky had a major influence on the style of play of the Edmonton Oilers and in the NHL as a whole , helping to inspire a more team @-@ based strategy . Using this approach , the Oilers , led by Gretzky , became the highest scoring team in league history . " He was , I think , the first Canadian forward to play a true team game " , said hockey writer and former NHL goalie Ken Dryden . The focus of the game prior to Gretzky 's arrival , he said , especially among the Canadian teams , was on the player with the puck — in getting the puck to a star player who would make the big play . " Gretzky reversed that . He knew he wasn 't big enough , strong enough , or even fast enough to do what he wanted to do if others focused on him . Like a magician , he had to direct attention elsewhere , to his four teammates on the ice with him , to create the momentary distraction in order to move unnoticed into the open ice where size and strength didn 't matter . . . . Gretzky made his opponents compete with five players , not one , and he made his teammates full partners to the game . He made them skate to his level and pass and finish up to his level or they would be embarrassed . " Between 1982 and 1985 , the Edmonton Oilers averaged 423 goals a season , when no previous team had scored 400 , and Gretzky on his own had averaged 207 points , when no player before had scored more than 152 in one year . " In the past , defenders and teams had learned to devise strategies to stop opponents with the puck . Without the puck , that was interference . But now , if players without the puck skated just as hard , but faster , dodged and darted to open ice just as determinedly , but more effectively , as those with the puck , how do you shut them down ? " In this , Gretzky added his considerable influence as the preeminent NHL star of his day to that of the Soviets , who had also developed a more team @-@ style of play , and had successfully used it against the best NHL teams , beginning in the 1972 Summit Series . " The Soviets and Gretzky changed the NHL game " , says Dryden . " Gretzky , the kid from Brantford with the Belarusian name , was the acceptable face of Soviet hockey . No Canadian kid wanted to play like Makarov or Larionov . They all wanted to play like Gretzky . " At the same time , Gretzky recognizes the contributions of their coach in the success of the Oilers : " Under the guidance of Glen Sather , our Oiler teams became adept at generating speed , developing finesse , and learning a transition game with strong European influences . " Gretzky explains his style of play further : People think that to be a good player you have to pick the puck up , deke around ninety @-@ three guys and take this ungodly slap shot . No . Let the puck do all the moving and you get yourself in the right place . I don 't care if you 're Carl Lewis , you can 't outskate that little black thing . Just move the puck : give it up , get it back , give it up . It 's like Larry Bird . The hardest work he does is getting open . The jumpshot is cake . That 's all hockey is : open ice . That 's my whole strategy : Find Open Ice . Chicago coach Mike Keenan said it best : " There 's a spot on the ice that 's no @-@ man 's land , and all the good goal scorers find it . " It 's a piece of frozen real estate that 's just in between the defense and the forward . = = = " The Trade " = = = Two hours after the Oilers won the Stanley Cup in 1988 , Gretzky learned from his father that the Oilers were planning to deal him to another team . Walter Gretzky had known for months after having been tipped off by Skalbania , but kept the news from Wayne so as not to upset him . According to Walter , Wayne was being " shopped " to Los Angeles , Detroit , and Vancouver , and Pocklington needed money as his other business ventures were not doing well . At first , Wayne did not want to leave Edmonton , but he later received a call while on his honeymoon from Los Angeles Kings owner Bruce McNall asking permission to meet and discuss the deal . Gretzky informed McNall that his prerequisites for a deal to take place were that Marty McSorley and Mike Krushelnyski join him as teammates in Los Angeles . Both McNall and Pocklington quickly agreed . After the details of the trade were finalized by the two owners , one final condition had to be met : Gretzky had to call Pocklington and request a trade . When Pocklington told Oilers general manager and head coach Glen Sather about his plans to trade Gretzky to L.A. , Sather tried to stop the deal , but when he found out that Gretzky had been involved in the negotiations , he changed his attitude and requested Luc Robitaille in exchange . The Kings refused , instead offering Jimmy Carson . On August 9 , 1988 , in a move that heralded significant change in the NHL , the Oilers traded Gretzky , along with McSorley and Krushelnyski , to the Kings for Carson , Martin Gelinas , $ 15 million in cash , and the Kings ' first @-@ round draft picks in 1989 ( later traded to the New Jersey Devils – New Jersey selected Jason Miller ) , 1991 ( Martin Rucinsky ) , and 1993 ( Nick Stajduhar ) . " The Trade " , as it came to be known , upset Canadians to the extent that New Democratic Party House Leader Nelson Riis demanded that the government block it , and Pocklington was burned in effigy outside the Northlands Coliseum . Gretzky himself was considered a " traitor " by some Canadians for turning his back on his adopted hometown , and his home country ; his motivation was widely rumoured to be the furtherance of his wife 's acting career . In Gretzky 's first appearance in Edmonton after the trade — a game that was nationally televised in Canada — he received a four @-@ minute standing ovation . The arena was sold out , and the attendance of 17 @,@ 503 was the Oilers ' biggest crowd ever to that date . Large cheers erupted for his first shift , his first touch of the puck , his two assists , and for Mark Messier 's body check of Gretzky into the boards . After the game , Gretzky took the opportunity to confirm his patriotism : " I 'm still proud to be a Canadian . I didn 't desert my country . I moved because I was traded and that 's where my job is . But I 'm Canadian to the core . I hope Canadians understand that . " After the 1988 – 89 season , a life @-@ sized bronze statue of Gretzky was erected outside the Northlands Coliseum , holding the Stanley Cup over his head . = = = Los Angeles Kings ( 1988 – 1996 ) = = = The Kings named Gretzky their alternate captain . He made an immediate impact on the ice , scoring on his first shot on goal in the first regular @-@ season game . The Kings got off to their best start ever , winning four straight on their way to qualifying for the playoffs . Despite being underdogs against the defending Stanley Cup Champion Edmonton Oilers in the Smythe Division semifinals , Gretzky led the Kings to a shocking upset of his old squad , spearheading the Kings ' return from a 3 – 1 series deficit to win the series 4 – 3 . He was nervous that Edmonton would greet him with boos , but they were eagerly waiting for him . For only the second time in his NHL career , Gretzky finished second in scoring , but narrowly beat out Pittsburgh 's Mario Lemieux ( who scored 199 points ) for the Hart Trophy as MVP . In 1990 , the Associated Press named him Male Athlete of the Decade . Gretzky 's first season in Los Angeles saw a marked increase in attendance and fan interest in a city not previously known for following hockey . The Kings now boasted of numerous sellouts . Many credit Gretzky 's arrival with putting non @-@ traditional U.S. hockey markets on " the NHL map " ; not only did California receive two more NHL franchises ( the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and San Jose Sharks ) during Gretzky 's tenure in L.A. , but his popularity in Southern California proved to be an impetus in the league establishing teams in other parts of the U.S. Sun Belt . Gretzky was sidelined for much of the 1992 – 93 regular season with a back injury , and his 65 @-@ point output ended a record 13 @-@ year streak in which he recorded at least 100 points each season . However , he performed very well in the playoffs , notably when he scored a hat trick in game seven of the Campbell Conference Finals against the Toronto Maple Leafs . This victory propelled the Kings into the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in franchise history , where they faced the Montreal Canadiens . After winning the first game of the series by a score of 4 – 1 , the team lost the next three games in overtime , and then fell 4 – 1 in the deciding fifth game where Gretzky failed to get a shot on net . The next season , Gretzky broke Gordie Howe 's career goal @-@ scoring record and won the scoring title , but the team began a long slide , and despite numerous player and coaching moves , they failed to qualify for the playoffs again until 1998 . After the financially troubled McNall was forced to sell the Kings in 1994 , Gretzky 's relationship with the Kings ' new owners grew strained . Finally , in early 1996 , Gretzky requested a trade . During the 1994 – 95 NHL lockout , Gretzky and some friends ( including Mark Messier , Marty McSorley , Brett Hull , and Steve Yzerman ) formed the Ninety Nine All Stars Tour and played eight exhibition games in various countries . = = = St. Louis Blues ( 1996 ) = = = On February 27 , 1996 , Gretzky joined the St. Louis Blues in a trade for Patrice Tardif , Roman Vopat , Craig Johnson , and two draft picks ( Peter Hogan and Matt Zultek ) . He partially orchestrated the trade after reports surfaced that he was unhappy in Los Angeles . At the time of the trade , the Blues and New York Rangers emerged as front @-@ runners , but the Blues met his salary demands . Gretzky was immediately named the team 's captain . He scored 37 points in 31 games for the team in the regular season and the playoffs , and the Blues came within one game of the Conference Finals . However , the chemistry that everyone expected with winger Brett Hull never developed , and coach Mike Keenan publicly criticized him . Gretzky rejected a three @-@ year deal worth $ 15 million with the Blues , and on July 21 , he signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent , rejoining longtime Oilers teammate Mark Messier for a two @-@ year $ 8 million ( plus incentives ) contract . = = = New York Rangers ( 1996 – 1999 ) = = = Gretzky ended his professional playing career with the New York Rangers , where he played his final three seasons and helped the team reach the Eastern Conference Finals in 1997 . The Rangers were defeated in the Conference Finals in five games by the Philadelphia Flyers , despite Gretzky leading the Rangers in the playoffs with 10 goals and 10 assists . For the first time in his NHL career , Gretzky was not named captain , although he briefly wore the captain 's ' C ' in 1998 when captain Brian Leetch was injured and out of the lineup . After the 1996 – 97 season , Mark Messier signed a free agent contract with the Vancouver Canucks , ending the brief reunion of Messier and Gretzky after just one season . The Rangers did not return to the playoffs until 2006 , well after Gretzky retired . In 1997 , prior to his retirement , The Hockey News named a committee of 50 hockey experts ( former NHL players , past and present writers , broadcasters , coaches and hockey executives ) to select and rank the 50 greatest players in NHL history . The experts voted Gretzky number one . Gretzky said that he would have voted Bobby Orr or Gordie Howe as the best of all time . The 1998 – 99 season was his last as a professional player . He reached one milestone in this last season , breaking the professional total ( regular season and playoffs ) goal @-@ scoring record of 1 @,@ 071 , which had been held by Gordie Howe . Gretzky was having difficulty scoring this season and finished with only nine goals , contributing to this being the only season in which he failed to average at least a point per game , but his last goal brought his scoring total for his combined NHL / WHA career to 1 @,@ 072 , one more than Howe . As the season wound down , there was media speculation that Gretzky would retire , but he refused to announce his retirement . His last NHL game in Canada was on April 15 , 1999 , a 2 – 2 tie with the Ottawa Senators and the Rangers ' second @-@ to @-@ last game of the season . Following the contest , in a departure from the usual three stars announcement , Gretzky was awarded all three stars . Upon returning to New York , Gretzky announced he would retire after the Rangers ' last game of the season . The final game of Gretzky 's career was a 2 – 1 overtime loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins on April 18 , 1999 , in Madison Square Garden . Although the game involved two American teams , both national anthems were played , with the lyrics slightly adjusted to accommodate Gretzky 's departure . In place of the lyrics " O Canada , we stand on guard for thee " , Bryan Adams ad @-@ libbed , " We 're going to miss you , Wayne Gretzky " . " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " , as sung by John Amirante , was altered to include the words " in the land of Wayne Gretzky " . Gretzky ended his career with a final point , assisting on the lone New York goal scored by Brian Leetch . At the time of his retirement , Gretzky was the second @-@ to @-@ last WHA player still active in professional hockey . Mark Messier , who attended the game along with other representatives of the Edmonton dynasty , was the last . Gretzky told journalist Scott Morrison that the final game of his career was his greatest day . He recounted : My last game in New York was my greatest day in hockey ... Everything you enjoy about the sport of hockey as a kid , driving to practice with mom [ Phyllis ] and dad [ Walter ] , driving to the game with mom and dad , looking in the stands and seeing your mom and dad and your friends , that all came together in that last game in New York . = = International play = = Gretzky made his first international appearance as a member of the Canadian national junior team at the 1978 World Junior Championships in Montreal , Quebec . He was the youngest player to compete in the tournament at the age of 16 . He went on to lead the tournament in scoring with 17 points to earn All @-@ Star Team and Best Forward honours . His 17 points remain the most scored by a 16 @-@ year @-@ old in the World Junior Championships . Canada finished with the bronze medal . Gretzky debuted with the Team Canada 's men 's team at the 1981 Canada Cup . He led the tournament in scoring with 12 points en route to a second @-@ place finish to the Soviet Union , losing 8 – 1 in the final . Seven months later , Gretzky joined Team Canada for the 1982 World Championships in Finland . He notched 14 points in 10 games , including a two @-@ goal , two @-@ assist effort in Canada 's final game against Sweden to earn the bronze . Gretzky did not win his first international competition until the 1984 Canada Cup , when Canada defeated Sweden in a best @-@ of @-@ three finals . He led the tournament in scoring for the second consecutive time and was named to the All @-@ Star Team . Gretzky 's international career highlight arguably came three years later at the 1987 Canada Cup . Gretzky has called the tournament the best hockey he had played in his life . Playing on a line with Pittsburgh Penguins superstar Mario Lemieux , he recorded a tournament @-@ best 21 points in nine games . After losing the first game of a best @-@ of @-@ three final series against the Soviets , Gretzky propelled Canada with a five @-@ assist performance in the second game , including the game @-@ winning pass to Lemieux in overtime , to extend the tournament . In the deciding game three , Gretzky and Lemieux once again combined for the game @-@ winner . With the score tied 5 – 5 and 1 : 26 minutes to go in regulation , Lemieux one @-@ timed a pass from Gretzky on a 3 – on – 1 with defenceman Larry Murphy . Lemieux scored to win the tournament for Canada ; the play is widely regarded as one of the most memorable plays in Canadian international competition . The 1991 Canada Cup marked the last time the tournament was played under the " Canada Cup " moniker . Gretzky led the tournament for the fourth and final time with 12 points in seven games . He did not , however , compete in the final against the United States due to a back injury . Canada nevertheless won in two games by scores of 4 – 1 and 4 – 2 . Five years later , the tournament was revived and renamed the World Cup in 1996 . It marked the first time Gretzky did not finish as the tournament 's leading scorer with seven points in eight games for fourth overall . Leading up to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , it was announced that NHL players would be eligible to play for the first time . Gretzky was named to the club on November 29 , 1997 . However , Gretzky , was passed over for the captaincy , along with several other Canadian veterans including Steve Yzerman and Ray Bourque in favour of the younger Eric Lindros . Expectations were high for the Canadian team , but the team lost to the Czech Republic in the semi @-@ finals . The game went to a shootout with a 1 – 1 tie after overtime , but Gretzky was controversially not selected by coach Marc Crawford as one of the five shooters , all of whom failed to score . Team Canada then lost the bronze medal game 3 – 2 to Finland to finish without a medal . The Olympics marked Gretzky 's eighth and final international appearance , finishing with four assists in six games . He retired from international play holding the records for most goals ( 20 ) , most assists ( 28 ) , and most overall points ( 48 ) in best @-@ on @-@ best hockey . = = Skills and influences = = = = = Style of play = = = Gretzky 's size and strength were unimpressive — in fact , far below average for the NHL — but he is widely considered the smartest player in the history of the game . His reading of the game and his ability to improvise on the fly were unrivaled , and he could consistently anticipate where the puck was going to be and execute the right move at the right time . His coach at the Edmonton Oilers , Glen Sather , said , " He was so much more intelligent . While they were using all this energy trying to rattle his teeth , he was just skating away , circling , analyzing things . " He was also considered one of the most creative players in hockey . " You never knew what he was going to do " , said hockey Hall of Famer Igor Larionov . " He was improvising all the time . Every time he took the ice , there was some spontaneous decision he would make . That 's what made him such a phenomenal player . " Gretzky 's ability to improvise came into the spotlight at the 1998 Olympics in Japan . Then an older player in the sunset of his career , he had been passed over for the captaincy of the team . But as the series continued , his unique skills made him a team leader . The Canadians had trouble with the big ice . They had trouble with the European patterns and the lateral play and the endless , inventive cycling . … Slowly , as game after game went by and the concern continued to rise , Wayne Gretzky began climbing through the lineup . He , almost alone among the Canadians , seemed to take to the larger ice surface as if it offered more opportunity instead of obligation … . His playing time soared , as he was being sent on not just for power plays but double shifts and even penalty kills . By the final round … it was Wayne Gretzky who assumed the leadership both on and off the ice . He passed and shot with prodigious skill . Hall of Fame defenceman Bobby Orr said of Gretzky , " He passes better than anybody I 've ever seen . " In his first two seasons in the NHL , his deft passing skills helped earn him a reputation as an ace playmaker , and so opposing defensemen focused their efforts on foiling his attempts to pass the puck to other scorers . In response , Gretzky started shooting on goal himself — and with exceptional effectiveness . He had a fast and accurate shot . " Wayne Gretzky was one of the most accurate scorers in NHL history " , said one biography . Statistics support the contention : Whereas Phil Esposito , who had set the previous goal @-@ scoring record , needed 550 shots to score 76 goals , Gretzky netted his 76th after only 287 shots — about half as many . He scored his all @-@ time record of 92 goals with just 369 shots . Because he was so light compared to other players , goalies were often surprised by how hard Gretzky 's shot was . Goalies called his shots " sneaky fast . " He also had a way of never hitting the puck with the same rhythm twice , making his shots harder to time and block . = = = Size and strength = = = When he entered the league in 1979 , critics opined that Gretzky was " too small , too wiry , and too slow to be a force in the NHL " . His weight was 160 pounds ( 73 kg ) , compared to the NHL average of 189 pounds ( 86 kg ) at that time . But that year , Gretzky tied for first place in scoring , and won the Hart trophy for the league 's most valuable player . In his second year in the league , weighing just 165 pounds , he broke the previous single @-@ season scoring record , racking up 164 points . The next year ( 1981 – 82 ) , at 170 pounds — still " a wisp compared to the average NHL player " — he set the all @-@ time goal @-@ scoring record , putting 92 pucks in the net . He weighed " about 170 pounds " for the better part of his career . He consistently scored last in strength tests among the Edmonton Oilers , bench pressing only 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) . = = = Stamina , athleticism = = = However , he had remarkable physical stamina . Like his hero , Gordie Howe , Gretzky possessed " an exceptional capacity to renew his energy resources quickly . " In 1980 , when an exercise physiologist tested the recuperative abilities of all of the Edmonton Oilers , Gretzky scored so high the tester said that he " thought the machine had broken . " His stamina is also indicated by the fact that Gretzky often scored late in the game . In the year he scored his record 92 goals , 22 of them went in the net during the first period , 30 in the second — and 40 in the third . He also had strong general athletic skills . Growing up , he was a competitive runner and also batted .492 for the Junior Intercounty Baseball League 's Brantford CKCP Braves in the summer of 1980 . As a result , he was offered a contract by the Toronto Blue Jays . ( History repeated itself in June 2011 , when Gretzky 's 17 @-@ year @-@ old son , Trevor , was drafted by the Chicago Cubs . Trevor signed with the Cubs the next month . ) Gretzky also excelled at box lacrosse , which he played during the summer . At age ten , after scoring 196 goals in his hockey league , he scored 158 goals in lacrosse . According to him , lacrosse was where he learned to protect himself from hard checks : " In those days you could be hit from behind in lacrosse , as well as cross @-@ checked , so you had to learn how to roll body checks for self @-@ protection . " Gretzky adroitly applied this technique as a professional player , avoiding checks with such skill that a rumour circulated that there was an unwritten rule not to hit him . Defensemen found Gretzky a most elusive target . Fellow Hockey Hall of Famer Denis Potvin compared attempting to hit Gretzky to " wrapping your arms around fog . You saw him but when you reached out to grab him your hands felt nothing , maybe just a chill . " The 205 @-@ pound ( 93 kg ) Potvin , a three @-@ time winner of the Norris Trophy for best defenceman , added that part of the problem in hitting Gretzky hard was that he was " a tough guy to dislike ... what was there to hate about Gretzky ? It was like running Gandhi into a corner . " He received a good deal of cover from burly Oiler defensemen Dave Semenko and Marty McSorley . The latter followed Gretzky to the LA Kings in 1989 , where he played the same policeman role for several more years . But Gretzky discouraged unfair hits in another way . " If a guy ran him , Wayne would embarrass that guy " , said former Oiler Lee Fogolin . " He 'd score six or seven points on him . I saw him do it night after night . " Commentators have noted Gretzky 's uncanny ability to judge the position of the other players on the ice — so much so that many suspected he enjoyed some kind of extrasensory perception . Sports commentators said that he played like he had " eyes in the back of his head . " Gretzky said he sensed other players more than he actually saw them . " I get a feeling about where a teammate is going to be " , he said . " A lot of times , I can turn and pass without even looking . " Veteran Canadian journalist Peter Gzowski says that Gretzky seemed to be able to , in effect , slow down time . " There is an unhurried grace to everything Gretzky does on the ice . Winding up for the slapshot , he will stop for an almost imperceptible moment at the top of his arc , like a golfer with a rhythmic swing . " " Gretzky uses this room to insert an extra beat into his actions . In front of the net , eyeball to eyeball with the goaltender … he will … hold the puck one … extra instant , upsetting the anticipated rhythm of the game , extending the moment . … He distorts time , and not only by slowing it down . Sometimes he will release the puck before he appears to be ready , threading the pass through a maze of players precisely to the blade of a teammate 's stick , or finding a chink in a goaltender 's armour and slipping the puck into it … before the goaltender is ready to react . " = = = Major coaching influences = = = However , Gretzky denied that he had any exotic innate abilities . He said that many of his advantages were a result of his father 's brilliant coaching . Some say I have a " sixth sense " … Baloney . I 've just learned to guess what 's going to happen next . It 's anticipation . It 's not God @-@ given , it 's Wally @-@ given . He used to stand on the blue line and say to me , " Watch , this is how everybody else does it . " Then he 'd shoot a puck along the boards and into the corner and then go chasing after it . Then he 'd come back and say , " Now , this is how the smart player does it . " He 'd shoot it into the corner again , only this time he cut across to the other side and picked it up over there . Who says anticipation can 't be taught ? Gretzky learned much about hockey from his father on a backyard rink at his home . Walter Gretzky had been an outstanding Junior B hockey player . He cultivated a love of hockey in his sons and provided them with a backyard rink and drills to enhance their skills . On the backyard rink , nicknamed the " Wally Coliseum " , winter was total hockey immersion with Walter as mentor @-@ teacher as well as teammate . Walter 's drills were his own invention , but were ahead of their time in Canada . Gretzky would later remark that the Soviet National Team 's practice drills , which impressed Canada in 1972 , had nothing to offer him : " I 'd been doing these drills since I was three . My Dad was very smart . " In his autobiography , Gretzky describes how at practices his dad would drill him on the fundamentals of smart hockey : Wayne also salutes his coach at the Edmonton Oilers , Glen ( " Slats " ) Sather , as an important influence in his development as a hockey player . Gretzky played for 10 years with the Oilers , with Sather as coach . " It 's as if my father raised me until age 17 , then turned me over to Slats and said , ' You take him from here . ' " = = = Early start = = = Where Gretzky differed from others in his development was in the extraordinary commitment of time on the ice . " From the age of three to the age of 12 , I could easily be out there for eight to 10 hours a day " , Gretzky has said . In his autobiography , he wrote : All I wanted to do in the winters was be on the ice . I 'd get up in the morning , skate from 7 : 00 to 8 : 30 , go to school , come home at 3 : 30 , stay on the ice until my mom insisted I come in for dinner , eat in my skates , then go back out until 9 : 00 . When asked how he managed , at age ten , to score 378 goals in a single season , Gretzky explained , See , kids usually don 't start playing hockey until they 're six or seven . Ice isn 't grass . It 's a whole new surface and everybody starts from ground zero . … By the time I was ten , I had eight years on skates instead of four , and a few seasons ' worth of ice time against ten @-@ year @-@ olds . So I had a long head start on everyone else . = = = Study of game = = = Much has been written about Gretzky 's highly developed hockey instincts , but he once explained that what appeared to be instinct was , in large part , the effect of his relentless study and practice of the game , in cooperation with his coaches . As a result , he developed a deep understanding of its shifting patterns and dynamics . Peter Gzowski says that the best of the best athletes in all sports understand the game so well , and in such detail , that they can instantly recognize and capitalize upon emerging patterns of play . Analyzing Gretzky 's hockey skills , he says , " What we take to be creative genius is in fact a reaction to a situation that he has stored in his brain as deeply and firmly as his own phone number . " Gzowski presented this theory to Gretzky , and he fully agreed . " Absolutely " , Gretzky said . " That 's a hundred percent right . It 's all practice . I got it from my Dad . Nine out of ten people think it 's instinct , and it isn 't . Nobody would ever say a doctor had learned his profession by instinct ; yet in my own way I 've put in almost as much time studying hockey as a medical student puts in studying medicine . " = = Post @-@ retirement = = Gretzky was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 22 , 1999 , becoming the tenth player to bypass the three @-@ year waiting period . The Hall of Fame then announced that he would be the last player to do so . He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2000 . In addition , Gretzky 's jersey number 99 was retired league @-@ wide at the 2000 NHL All @-@ Star Game . The jersey retirement was similar to Major League Baseball 's retirement of the number 42 worn by Jackie Robinson . In October 1999 , Edmonton honoured Gretzky by renaming one of Edmonton 's busiest freeways , Capilano Drive – which passes by Rexall Place – to " Wayne Gretzky Drive " . Also in Edmonton , the local transit authority assigned a rush @-@ hour bus route numbered No. 99 which also runs on Wayne Gretzky Drive for its commute . In 2002 , the Kings held a jersey retirement ceremony and erected a life @-@ sized statue of Gretzky outside the Staples Center ; the ceremony was delayed until then so that Bruce McNall , who had recently finished a prison sentence , could attend . His hometown of Brantford , Ontario , renamed Park Road North to " Wayne Gretzky Parkway " as well as renaming the North Park Recreation Centre to The Wayne Gretzky Sports Centre . Brantford further inducted Gretzky into its " Walk of Fame " in 2004 . On May 10 , 2010 , he was awarded The Ambassador Award of Excellence by the LA Sports & Entertainment Commission . = = = Phoenix Coyotes = = = Almost immediately after retirement , several NHL teams approached him about an ownership role . In May 2000 , he agreed to buy a 10 % stake in the Phoenix Coyotes in a partnership with majority owner Steve Ellman , taking on the roles of alternate governor , managing partner and head of hockey operations . The Coyotes were in the process of being sold and Ellman convinced Gretzky to come on board , averting a potential move to Portland , Oregon . The sale was not completed until the following year , on February 15 , 2001 , after two missed deadlines while securing financing and partners before Ellman and Gretzky could take over . The sale completed with the addition to the partnership of Jerry Moyes . Gretzky convinced his long @-@ time agent Michael Barnett to join the team as its General Manager . In 2005 , rumors began regarding Gretzky becoming the head coach of the team , but were denied by Gretzky and the Coyotes . He agreed to become head coach on August 8 , 2005 . Gretzky made his coaching debut on October 5 , and won his first game on October 8 against the Minnesota Wild . He took an indefinite leave of absence on December 17 to be with his ill mother . Phyllis Gretzky died of lung cancer on December 19 . Gretzky resumed his head @-@ coaching duties on December 28 . The Coyotes ' record at the end of the 2005 – 06 season was 38 – 39 – 5 , a 16 @-@ win improvement over 2004 – 05 ; they were 36 – 36 – 5 in games Gretzky coached . In 2006 , Moyes became majority owner of the team . There was uncertainty about Gretzky 's role until it was announced on May 31 , 2006 that he had agreed to a five @-@ year contract to remain head coach . The Coyotes ' performance declined in 2006 – 07 , as the team ended the season 15th in their conference . During Gretzky 's coaching tenure , the Coyotes did not reach the postseason , and their best finish in the Western Conference standings was 12th . On May 5 , 2009 , the Coyotes ' holding company , Dewey Ranch Hockey LLC , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . An ownership dispute involving Research in Motion 's Jim Balsillie ( with the intention of relocating the team ) and the NHL itself arose , which eventually ended up in Court . Gretzky did not attend the Coyotes ' training camp , leaving associate head coach Ulf Samuelsson in charge , due to an uncertain contractual status with the club , whose bankruptcy hearings were continuing . Bidders for the club had indicated that Gretzky would no longer be associated with the team after it emerged from bankruptcy , and on September 24 , 2009 , Gretzky stepped down as head coach and head of hockey operations of the Coyotes . Gretzky 's final head coaching record was 143 – 161 – 24 . = = = Winter Olympics = = = Gretzky was Executive Director of the Canadian men 's hockey team at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah . On February 18 , he lashed out at the media at a press conference , frustrated with media and fan comments regarding his team 's uninspiring 1 – 1 – 1 start . His temper boiled over after Canada 's 3 – 3 draw versus the Czech Republic , as he launched a tirade against the perceived negative reputation of Team Canada amongst other national squads , and called rumours of dissent in the dressing room the result of " American propaganda " . " They 're loving us not doing well " , he said , referring to American hockey fans . American fans online began calling Gretzky a " crybaby " ; defenders said he was merely borrowing a page from former coach Glen Sather to take the pressure off his players . Gretzky addressed those comments by saying he spoke out to protect the Canadian players , and the tirade was not " staged " . The Canadian team won the gold medal , its first in 50 years . Gretzky again acted as Executive Director of Canada 's men 's hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , though not with the success of 2002 ; the team was eliminated in the quarterfinals and failed to win a medal . He was asked to manage Canada 's team at the 2005 Ice Hockey World Championships , but declined due to his mother 's poor health . Gretzky also served as an ambassador and contributor in Vancouver winning the bidding process to host the 2010 Winter Olympics . He went to Prague , Czech Republic and was part of the presentation team . Gretzky was the final Olympic torchbearer at the 2010 Winter Olympics . He was one of four who lit the cauldron at BC Place Stadium during the opening ceremony ( although one did not due to technical difficulties with one of the cauldron 's " arms " which failed to raise ) and then jogged out of the stadium , where he was then driven by police escorts through the streets of downtown Vancouver to light a second , outdoor cauldron near the Vancouver Convention Centre located in the city 's downtown waterfront district . Under IOC rules , the lighting of the Olympic cauldron must be witnessed by those attending the opening ceremony , implying that it must be lit at the location where the ceremony is taking place . Although another IOC rule states that the cauldron should be witnessed outside by the entire residents of the entire host city , this was not possible since the ceremony took place indoors . However , VANOC secretly built a second outdoor cauldron next to the West Building of the Vancouver Convention Centre , and Gretzky was secretly chosen to light this permanent cauldron . Quickly word spread through the downtown Vancouver area that Gretzky was indeed the final torchbearer , and very soon a crush of people came running after the police escort to cheer Gretzky on and hopefully catch a glimpse of him carrying the torch to the outdoor cauldron . For the 2010 Winter Olympics , he was named Special Advisor to the Canada men 's national ice hockey team . = = = Heritage Classic = = = Although Gretzky had previously stated he would not participate in any " old @-@ timers exhibition games " , on November 22 , 2003 , he took to the ice one last time to help celebrate the Edmonton Oilers ' 25th anniversary as an NHL team . The Heritage Classic , held at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton , was the first regular season NHL game to be played outdoors . It was preceded by the Mega Stars game , which featured Gretzky and many of his Oiler Dynasty teammates against a group of retired Montreal Canadiens players ( whose likes included Claude Lemieux , Guy Lafleur and others ) . Despite frigid temperatures , the crowd numbered 57 @,@ 167 , with an additional several million watching the game on television . The Edmonton alumni won the Megastars game 2 – 0 , while Montreal went on to win the regular season game held later that day , 4 – 3 . = = Personal life = = Gretzky has made several TV appearances , including as a Dance Fever celebrity judge , and an ' unforgettable appearance ' , acting in a dramatic role alongside Victor Newman in The Young and the Restless in 1981 . In 1984 , he travelled to the Soviet Union to film a television program on Russian goaltender Vladislav Tretiak . Gretzky hosted the Saturday Night Live comedy program in 1989 . A fictional crime @-@ fighting version of him served as one of the main characters in the cartoon ProStars in 1991 . Gretzky has made over 60 movie , network television and video appearances as himself , according to IMDB , as of February 2012 . He is a naturalized American citizen . = = = Family = = = While serving as a judge on Dance Fever , Gretzky met actress Janet Jones . According to Wayne , Janet does not recall him being on the show . They met regularly after that , but did not become a couple until 1987 when they ran into each other at a Los Angeles Lakers game that Wayne and Alan Thicke were attending . Wayne proposed in January 1988 , and they were married on July 16 , 1988 in a lavish ceremony the Canadian press dubbed " The Royal Wedding " . Broadcast live throughout Canada from Edmonton 's St. Joseph 's Basilica , members of the Fire Department acted as ceremonial guards . The event reportedly cost Gretzky over US $ 1 million . Gretzky obtained US citizenship after he was traded to the Kings , but retains his Canadian citizenship . He and Jones have five children : Paulina , Ty , Trevor , Tristan , and Emma . Paulina and golfer Dustin Johnson announced their engagement on August 18 , 2013 . Ty played hockey at Shattuck @-@ Saint Mary 's , but quit the sport , and now attends Arizona State University . Trevor signed a letter of intent in 2010 to play baseball for San Diego State University , but decided to turn pro after he was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 2011 MLB draft ; his $ 375 @,@ 000 signing bonus was negotiated by then @-@ Cubs GM Jim Hendry and Wayne himself . He was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on March 20 , 2014 for Matt Scioscia , son of Angels ' manager Mike Scioscia . In June , he was named by manager Dave Stapleton to the roster of the Orem Owlz . Wayne Gretzky 's uncle , Al Gretzky , ran as a Conservative candidate in London West in the 2006 federal election and for the libertarian Freedom Party of Ontario in the 2013 provincial by @-@ election for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . He was unsuccessful both times . = = = Business ventures = = = Gretzky has owned or partnered in the ownership of two sports teams before becoming a partner in the Phoenix Coyotes . In 1985 , Gretzky bought the Hull Olympiques of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League for $ 175 @,@ 000 CA . During his ownership , the team 's colours were changed to silver and black , presaging the change in team jersey colours when he played for the Los Angeles Kings . For the first season that Gretzky played in Los Angeles , the Kings had their training camp at the Olympiques ' arena . Gretzky eventually sold the team in 1992 for $ 550 @,@ 000 CA . In 1991 , Gretzky purchased the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League with Bruce McNall and John Candy . The club won the Grey Cup championship in the first year of the partnership but struggled in the two following seasons , and the partnership sold the team before the 1994 season . Only McNall 's name was engraved on the Grey Cup as team owner , but in November 2007 , the CFL corrected the oversight , adding Gretzky 's and Candy 's names . In 1992 , Gretzky and McNall partnered in an investment to buy a rare Honus Wagner T206 cigarette card for $ 451 @,@ 000 US , later selling the card . It most recently sold for $ 2 @.@ 8 million US . Gretzky was a board member and executive officer of the Hespeler Hockey Company . As of May 2008 , Gretzky 's current business ventures include the " Wayne Gretzky 's " restaurant in Toronto near the Rogers Centre in downtown Toronto , opened in partnership with Tom Bitove in 1993 . Gretzky is also a partner in First Team Sports , a maker of sports equipment and Worldwide Roller Hockey , Inc . , an operator of roller hockey rinks . Gretzky 's appeal as a product endorser far surpassed that of other hockey players of his era . By 1995 , he was among the five highest @-@ paid athlete endorsers in North America , with deals from The Coca @-@ Cola Company , Domino 's Pizza , Sharp Corporation , and Upper Deck Company among others . He has endorsed and launched a wide variety of products , from pillow cases to insurance . The video game brand EA Sports included Gretzky in its 2010 title NHL Slapshot , and he had previously been an endorser for the 989 Sports games Gretzky NHL 2005 and Gretzky NHL 2006 . Gretzky also made an appearance on the music video for Nickelback 's " Rockstar " . Forbes estimates that Gretzky made US $ 93 @.@ 8 million from 1990 – 98 . = = = Political activity = = = During the 2015 Canadian federal election campaign , Gretzky endorsed the Conservative Party and Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and was featured at a campaign rally praising Harper by calling him " wonderful to the country . " As a non @-@ resident , Gretzky came under some criticism for this endorsement . In 2014 , Gretzky praised Harper at a United for Ukraine Gala event in Toronto calling him " one of the greatest prime ministers ever " . Earlier in 2015 , Gretzky endorsed Patrick Brown during his successful campaign for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . While Gretzky is a dual Canadian @-@ American citizen , he is currently unable to vote in Canadian elections as he has not lived in the country since 1988 . In 2003 , Gretzky praised President of the United States George W. Bush and his 2003 invasion of Iraq saying : " The president of the United States is a great leader , I happen to think he 's a wonderful man and if he believes what he 's doing in Iraq is right , I back him 100 per cent . " = = Career statistics = = = = = Playing career = = = Figures in boldface italics are NHL records . GP
= Games played ; G = Goals ; A
= Assists ; Pts = Points ; PIM
= Penalty minutes ; + / – = Plus / minus ; PP
= Powerplay goals ; SH = Shorthanded goals ; GW = Game @-@ winning goals = = = International performance = = = = = = Coaching record = = = Source :
= The Look of Love ( Madonna song ) = " The Look of Love " is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1987 film Who 's That Girl . It was the third and final single release from the album and was released on November 25 , 1987 by Sire Records . While shooting for the film , then called Slammer , Madonna had requested that producer Patrick Leonard develop a downtempo song that captured the nature of her film persona . She later wrote the lyrics and melody to the backing track developed by Leonard , and the song became " The Look of Love " . Madonna was also inspired by actor James Stewart in the 1954 film Rear Window . Featuring instrumentation from percussion , the song begins with a low bass synth line and a slow backing track , followed by Madonna singing the lyrics . Critically appreciated as a haunting track and noted as a " gem " on the album , " The Look of Love " reached the top ten of the charts in Belgium , Ireland , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It also charted in France , Germany and Switzerland , while reaching the top 20 of the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles . Madonna 's only live performances of the song were on her Who 's That Girl World Tour in 1987 . During the performance Madonna pretended that she was lost on the stage , like her film character . = = Background and development = = In 1986 , Madonna was shooting for her third motion picture Who 's That Girl , known at the time as Slammer . Needing songs for the soundtrack of the movie , she contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray , with whom she had written and produced her third studio album True Blue in 1986 . Madonna explained to them that she needed an uptempo song and a downtempo song . She came to the studio one Thursday , as Leonard developed the chorus of the songs . He handed over that cassette to Madonna , who went to the backroom and finished the melody and the lyrics of the songs , while Leonard worked on the other parts . The uptempo song developed was " Who 's That Girl " , the first single from the soundtrack , and the downtempo song , developed and written the day after , was " The Look of Love " . Madonna later changed the film name to Who 's That Girl , rather than Slammer , considering it to be a better title . Regarding the development of the songs for the film , Madonna further explained " I had some very specific ideas in mind , music that would stand on its own as well as support and enhance what was happening on screen and the only way to make that a reality was to have a hand in writing the tunes myself . [ ... ] The songs aren 't necessarily about Nikki [ her character name in the movie ] or written to be sung by someone like her , but there 's a spirit to this music that captures both what the film and the characters are about , I think . " Madonna was inspired by the look that actor James Stewart gave actress Grace Kelly in the 1954 film Rear Window . Madonna said : " I can 't describe it , but that is the way I want someone to look at me when he loves me . It 's the most pure look of love and adoration . Like surrender . It 's devastating . " " The Look of Love " was released as the third single from the soundtrack in the United Kingdom , some European countries and Japan . " I Know It " , a track from Madonna 's self @-@ titled debut album , appeared as the B @-@ side . In 1989 , the song was used as the B @-@ side for the " Express Yourself " single release . = = Composition = = " The Look of Love " starts off with a low bass synth line and a slow backing track . It is followed by sound of percussion and a high register note , contrasting with the bassline . The song continues in this way up till the last verse , which is backed by the sound from an acoustic guitar . A two @-@ part vocal is found in the line " No where to run , no place to hide " . According to Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , Madonna 's voice sounds " expressive " when she sings the line " From the look of love " and utters the word " look " over the D minor chord present underneath . The word is sung in a higher note of the musical scale , thus giving an impression of the suspension like quality of the minor ninth chord , dissociating it from the harmony of the other notes . The song is set in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 80 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D minor , with Madonna 's voice spanning the notes C5 to B ♭ 3 . " The Look of Love " has a basic sequence of C – Dm – Fm – B as its chord progression . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Rooksby called the song as " the other gem " of the Who 's That Girl soundtrack along with " Causing a Commotion , " and denoted it as " an expressive , understated track . " J. Randy Taraborrelli , author of Madonna : An Intimate Biography , commented that " ' The Look of Love ' was an exotic ballad . " Don Shewey from Rolling Stone said that the song was " so haunting that it would leave you thinking as to where your life is going . " John Evan Seery , author of Political theory for mortals : shades of justice , images of death , commented that the song portrayed Madonna 's " discipline of gaze " . Brian Hadden from Time found the song depressing . Tiju Francis from Vibe wrote : " For a such a commonly titled song , Madonna ’ s take does at least offer something a little different . [ ... ] ' The Look of Love ' actually sounds like part of the score – Madonna could well be singing over what was previously just the moody character development background synth music apparently present in every film in the ’ 80s . [ ... ] But its slow @-@ burn feel means the song is four minutes of not @-@ particularly @-@ intense brooding that never peaks – unlike a ballad . " = = = Chart performance = = = " The Look of Love " was never released in the United States , and therefore did not enter any Billboard charts . In the United Kingdom , it was released on December 12 , 1987 , and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 15 . The next week , it reached a peak of nine on the chart , her first single to miss the top five since " Lucky Star " . The song was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart . According to the Official Charts Company , " The Look of Love " has sold 121 @,@ 439 copies in the United Kingdom , as of August 2008 . In Germany , the song debuted on the Media Control Charts at number 38 on January 24 , 1988 and moved to its peak of number 34 , the next week . It was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart . In Ireland , the song reached the top ten and peaked at number six . Across Europe , the song reached number nine in Belgium , number 23 in France , number eight in Netherlands and number 20 in Switzerland . On the European Hot 100 Singles , the song reached number 17 . = = Live performance = = Madonna performed the song on her 1987 Who 's That Girl World Tour . It was the seventh song of the setlist . Madonna was dressed in gold lamé pants and a sleeveless top . As she finished the performance of " Causing a Commotion " , the spotlight was focused on her . The introductory music of " The Look of Love " started and Madonna roamed around the stage , pretending that she was lost . She wanted to portray her Who 's That Girl character Nikki , when she was lost in a similar sequence in the film . After she finished singing the song , Madonna pretended to walk forward by pushing through the air , as the conveyor belt took her backwards , ultimately taking her away from the stage . = = Track listing and formats = =
= 2015 Spanish Grand Prix = The 2015 Spanish Grand Prix , formally titled the Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Pirelli 2015 , was a Formula One motor race held on 10 May 2015 at the Circuit de Barcelona @-@ Catalunya in Montmeló , Spain . The race was the fifth round of the 2015 season and marked the forty @-@ fifth running of the Spanish Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship and the twenty @-@ fifth running at Catalunya . Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg took his first win of the season , his first in Spain and the ninth of his career . His team @-@ mate Lewis Hamilton finished second after a bad start , followed by Sebastian Vettel in third . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Mercedes were expected to be dominant in Barcelona , since it was at the circuit that their advantage per lap had been biggest in 2014 and they had shown strong form at the two pre @-@ season tests at the circuit . After problems with their engine in the first races , which saw Daniel Ricciardo down to his last power unit after just four outings , Renault introduced a new , modified engine for the Spanish Grand Prix , aiming to improve both reliability and drivability . Ferrari brought new parts to Barcelona , but Kimi Räikkönen was unsatisfied with the handling of his car , switching back to the earlier setup for the third practice session . He later conceded that " maybe it would have been better with the new bits . " McLaren arrived in Barcelona with a new dark grey livery in order to " improv [ e ] its visual impact [ ... ] for the floodlights increasingly used in twilight and night races , " a team representative said . = = = = Tyres = = = = On 22 April , Pirelli announced that the teams would be using the hard and medium tyres for this race , the same choice as the year before . = = = Free practice = = = Per the regulations for the 2015 season , three practice sessions were held , two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ hour sessions on Friday and another one @-@ hour session before qualifying on Saturday . Nico Rosberg was fastest on Friday morning , outpacing his team mate Lewis Hamilton by 0 @.@ 07 seconds . Rosberg raised the interest of the race stewards when he failed to stay to the left of the bollard at the pit lane entrance returning to pit lane after one of his runs . Mercedes lived up to the expectations by lapping almost a second quicker than the next fastest cars , the two Ferraris . Three test drivers took part in the session : Jolyon Palmer took the place of Romain Grosjean at the wheel of one of the Lotus cars as he had done in the two prior races ; Raffaele Marciello returned for Sauber after he had already filled the role at the Malaysian Grand Prix ; and making her debut for 2015 was Susie Wolff for Williams , finishing eight @-@ tenths of a second behind regular driver Felipe Massa . Lewis Hamilton was quickest in the second session on Friday afternoon . Track temperatures rose by more than 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) to almost 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) at the end of the session . The extreme heat was especially hard on the tyres , which led to many drivers complaining about a lack of grip on track . Sebastian Vettel split the two Mercedes cars and finished second fastest , four @-@ tenths of a second slower than Hamilton , with Rosberg a further three tenths down . Daniel Ricciardo struggled with his engine yet again , which needed to be changed mid @-@ session , leaving him with only ten minutes of running . McLaren were yet to score in 2015 , but with Jenson Button finishing seventh and Fernando Alonso in eleventh place , they proved to be closer to the point ranks than in previous races . Romain Grosjean suffered from technical problems on his Lotus , which ended in the engine cover of his car shattering on the start @-@ finish straight , bringing out a red flag . The third practice session , on Saturday morning , showed that Mercedes ' advantage on the softer , medium tyres was less significant than on the hard compound , meaning Vettel was able to lap within two @-@ tenths of a second of Rosberg , who was fastest . Hamilton spun in turn three , compromising his session . He finished third fastest , two @-@ tenths down on his team mate . Kimi Räikkönen , who was fifth fastest , was once more unsatisfied with the setup of his car , as he could be heard on the radio telling his team " Excellent . How can we be in wrong settings ? " = = = Qualifying = = = Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . During the first session ( Q1 ) , Mercedes was able to proceed into the next part without having to use the softer and faster tyre compound . The same applied for Sebastian Vettel , while his Ferrari team mate Kimi Räikkönen was once again unhappy with his setup and recorded his time on the softer medium tyres . McLaren 's upward trend continued , as both cars progressed into Q2 , the first time the team achieved this in 2015 . The Manor Marussias took their familiar place at the back of the grid , Will Stevens in 19th almost three seconds off the time of the next @-@ slowest car . Both Force Indias as well as the Sauber of Marcus Ericsson did not make it into Q2 either . The second part of qualifying saw both Mercedes drivers and Valtteri Bottas make only one timed run , which proved sufficient to get into Q3 comfortably . The second Sauber of Felipe Nasr was eliminated as were both McLarens and both Lotus cars , meaning that the last five rows on the grid would each be taken by pairs of team mates . For the last session of qualifying , the top ten drivers had twelve minutes to set their times . Nico Rosberg recorded provisional pole on his first outing , a quarter of a second in front of team mate Lewis Hamilton . Unlike their team mates , both Felipe Massa in the Williams and Kimi Räikkönen did not have an extra set of fresh tyres , meaning they were caught out by the fast @-@ running Toro Rossos , who took the third row on the grid . Neither Rosberg nor Hamilton were able to improve on their times in their second running . For the first time in 2015 , it was not Hamilton who would start the race first on the grid , as Rosberg recorded the 16th pole position of his career . = = = = Post @-@ qualifying = = = = Toro Rosso were delighted with their result , even though Carlos Sainz , Jr. admitted he did not expect to fare as well in the race . Rosberg was satisfied with his first pole position of the season , commenting " of course I needed it sooner rather than later , " referring to the 27 @-@ point gap in the championship to Hamilton . As pole position is statistically of crucial importance to winning the race , even more so than in Monaco , being first on the grid was considered to be a big advantage for Rosberg . = = = Race = = = At the start of the race , Lewis Hamilton did not get away well , having to yield second place to Sebastian Vettel while also coming under pressure from Valtteri Bottas . Nico Rosberg remained in front while the rest of the field got through the first corners without incidents . Kimi Räikkönen had a good first lap and moved up to fifth . The Toro Rossos were unable to capitalize on their good qualifying performances and steadily headed down the order . As Rosberg was developing a lead , Hamilton told his team that overtaking Vettel on track was " impossible . " Mercedes switched him to a three @-@ stop strategy , starting on lap 14 , but his first stop was marred by a problem with the wheel nut , not being able to get ahead of Rosberg who pitted two laps later without problems . During the following laps , Hamilton tried to overtake Vettel on track , but to no avail . Unlike the top runners , Kimi Räikkönen did not take the medium tyres during his middle stint , but chose instead to run on the hard compound , meaning he would be a force to watch towards the end of the race . Battles for position in midfield during the opening laps saw the two Lotus cars touch , damaging Pastor Maldonado 's rear wing . When he came into the pit for his first stop , the entire right side plate of the wing was taken off , later forcing him to retire on lap 47 . Fernando Alonso had previously become the first retirement of the race when his brake failed due to a torn @-@ off visor lodging in his rear brake . When he came into the pits on lap 28 , he overshot his pit box and hit a mechanic , and was unable to continue . Red Bull , who had a troublesome weekend , qualifying behind their sister team Toro Rosso , made up for lost ground and moved ahead to eventually finish seventh and tenth . Up in front , Hamilton put his three @-@ stop strategy to good use , consistently setting the fastest laps on track . On lap 46 , Rosberg pitted for the second and final time , emerging just a few seconds ahead of Hamilton , who quickly moved past him into the lead . Hamilton came in for his last stop on lap 51 , easily retaining second place in front of Vettel 's Ferrari . He subsequently tried to close the gap to Rosberg in front , but a 19 @-@ second lead proved impossible to overcome in the remaining 14 laps . Räikkönen had closed in on Valtteri Bottas and tried to overtake him during the last laps of the race , but was eventually unable to do so , leaving him in fifth position , lamenting his poor qualifying performance . As the race drew to a close , Rosberg crossed the line for his first victory of the season and the ninth of his career . Rosberg 's victory made him the ninth different winner of the Spanish Grand Prix in as many years . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Race winner Nico Rosberg said he had a " perfect weekend " during the podium interview conducted by Spanish TV presenter Maria Serrat . At the official post @-@ race press conference , Lewis Hamilton conceded that it had " been a long time since I 've had such a poor start " and went on to explain how difficult it is to overtake on the circuit . Sebastian Vettel admitted that had Hamilton 's first stop not gone wrong , it would have been unlikely to stay ahead of him at that point . Kimi Räikkönen , who had decided to drive with the old setup of the car , later stated that he had made a " sacrifice " for the team , saying " I think we learned a lot from going for two separate cars following yesterday and today so I 'm more confident we can see things more balanced . " He went on to point out that the characteristics of the circuit suited Mercedes more than Ferrari , as they had more downforce and raw speed , stating he was not too concerned with the " bigger than normal " gap , after Vettel had finished 45 seconds behind Rosberg . Following another difficult weekend and constant problems with their underpowered Renault power units , Red Bull repeated their threats voiced earlier in the season to exit the sport . Their motorsport advisor Helmut Marko was quoted saying : " If we don 't have a competitive engine in the near future , then either Audi is coming or we are out . " Audi had just two weeks earlier stated that it had " no plans to enter Formula 1 . " Team principal Christian Horner had earlier declared the 2015 season a " write @-@ off " based on their engine reliability issues . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Parnell Dickinson = Parnell Dickinson ( born March 14 , 1953 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for one season . Over the course of his career , he played in eight games for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , completed 15 of 39 passes for 210 yards , threw one touchdown and five interceptions , and finished his career with a passer rating of 25 @.@ 5 . A four @-@ year starting quarterback at Mississippi Valley State University , Dickinson was drafted by the Buccaneers in the seventh round of the 1976 NFL Draft . He served as the backup quarterback behind Steve Spurrier his rookie season , and saw playing time in eight games , including one start against the Miami Dolphins . His season ended after suffering an injury in a game against the Cleveland Browns . He recovered from the injury and tried to make the team in 1977 , but was cut , ending his career . After retiring , he became a high school offensive coordinator in Tampa . = = College career = = Dickinson played college football at Mississippi Valley State . He was the quarterback for the team during his freshman year in 1972 . His performances that season included a game against the Southern Jaguars where he completed 15 of 31 passes for 180 yards and rushed for two touchdowns in a 23 – 13 win . At the end of the season , Dickinson was named to the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) all @-@ star team as a quarterback alongside Ralph Brock . In his sophomore year , Dickinson was awarded the team 's top sportsman award , given to the player with the best attitude and morale . In 1974 , his junior year , Dickinson threw for 1 @,@ 667 yards and 21 touchdowns over the course of the season . In his first three seasons , he led the Southwestern Athletic Conference in total offense . Dickinson 's performances his senior year included a comeback victory over Prairie View A & M , when he threw a touchdown pass with just over a minute left to win the game , 27 – 26 after being down 26 – 14 with under four minutes left . After the season ended , he was named to the Black College All @-@ American football team for the second year in a row . = = Professional career = = After graduating from college , Dickinson was selected by the expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers with the 183rd overall pick in the seventh round of the 1976 NFL Draft . Buccaneers ' head coach John McKay said that Dickinson was considered the second best prospect on his draft board behind Richard Todd . Steve Spurrier had the starting job wrapped up when he was signed to the team , and as a result Dickinson spent the offseason competing for a backup quarterback spot alongside Bill Cappleman and James Foote . Dickinson started off training camp by throwing the hardest passes of the four quarterbacks , and had a few accuracy issues in the process . Dickinson served as the second @-@ string quarterback throughout the preseason . In a game against the Green Bay Packers , he led the Buccaneers to their first touchdown as a team . By the end of preseason , his place was on the roster was solidified behind Spurrier , as Cappleman and Foote were cut and replaced by Gary Valbuena and Larry Lawrence . Dickinson completed one of five passes for 15 yards in his first professional game against the Houston Oilers after coming in for Spurrier late in the game . The following week , the Buccaneers faced the San Diego Chargers . In that game , Dickinson again came into the game , rushing three times for 54 yards and throwing an interception that was returned by Tom Hayes for a touchdown . He did not play against the Buffalo Bills the following week , but Spurrier ended up getting injured , meaning that Dickinson was slated to possibly get his first NFL start against the Baltimore Colts . Spurrier ended up starting the game , but Dickinson did see playing time against the Colts , completing one of five passes for 12 yards and throwing an interception in a 42 – 17 loss ; he attempted only one pass the following week in a game against the Cincinnati Bengals . Two weeks after the Bengals ' game , Dickinson was slated to start against the Miami Dolphins on October 24 . In the game , he completed all four passes he attempted for 51 yards , and led a 71 yard touchdown drive . However , he suffered a twisted foot and ankle during the game , and was sidelined for what was then an indefinite amount of time . Dickinson returned two weeks later , failing to complete a pass in a game against the Denver Broncos , and allowing another interception that was returned by John Rowser for a touchdown . Dickinson had his most productive outing the following week , completing 7 of 13 passes for 103 yards in a loss to the New York Jets . His last game of the season was against the Cleveland Browns . He completed two of three passes for 29 yards in the fourth quarter . After completing the first two passes , he was intercepted by Terry Brown and was hit late after throwing the pass . The result was torn ligaments in his left knee , which ended his season . Despite the season @-@ ending injury , there was still optimism about Dickinson being the Buccaneers ' quarterback of the future due to his scrambling ability . Dickinson went through knee surgery during the offseason , but there was still concern about whether he had a future in the NFL . That was set aside when he was considered to be progressing well in his recovery as of early July 1977 . During the Buccaneers ' offseason , the quarterbacks on the roster changed entirely , with Dickinson being the only holdover ; Gary Huff was now the starter , and Dickinson was fighting for a backup role alongside Mike Boryla and Randy Hedberg . After the Buccaneers lost Boryla and Huff to injuries , the former for the season , Dickinson ended up being the starting quarterback for the team 's final preseason game against the Bills . In the game , Dickinson completed 2 of 12 passes for -2 yards and was sacked three times in a 17 – 6 loss . A week after the game against the Bills , Dickinson was released by the Buccaneers along with four other players . The Buccaneers re @-@ signed him after Huff got injured in late October , but Dickinson was again released a couple weeks later . In 1978 , Dickinson signed with the New England Patriots . Their quarterback situation was set , and in order to make his way onto an NFL roster , he joined the team as a wide receiver . He was released from the team a month later , and ended his career with the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats of the Canadian Football League . = = Later life = = After retiring from football , Dickinson became an insurance salesman and opened two daycare centers . He also became offensive coordinator at Tampa Catholic High School in the 1980s after being recruited by fellow Buccaneer Dave Lewis . In 1992 , Dickinson became an inaugural member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference Hall of Fame .
= 1900 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1900 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven known tropical cyclones , three of which made landfall in the United States . The first system , Hurricane One , was initially observed on August 27 . The final storm , Tropical Storm Seven , transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 29 . These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . Every storm of the season except Tropical Storm Seven existed simultaneously with another tropical cyclone . Of the season 's seven tropical cyclones , three reached hurricane status . Furthermore , two of those three strengthened into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The strongest cyclone of the season , the first hurricane , peaked at Category 4 strength with 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) winds . Upon striking Texas shortly after peak intensity , it produced a devastating storm surge in the Galveston area , with nearly destroyed the city and caused at least 8 @,@ 000 fatalities . Nicknamed the " Galveston hurricane of 1900 " , it remains the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States . The hurricane also caused about $ 31 @.@ 35 million ( 1900 USD ) in damage . Impact from other tropical cyclones was generally minor , though the remnants of Tropical Storm Five resulted in 1 death and at least $ 100 @,@ 000 in damage in Atlantic Canada . = = Season summary = = Tropical cyclogenesis began with the development of the first hurricane on August 27 well west of Cape Verde . It was the strongest storm of the season , peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 936 mbar ( 27 @.@ 6 inHg ) . This was abnormally late , as the average date of development of the first tropical storm between 1944 and 1996 was July 11 . In comparison , the latest date of the first tropical storm during the satellite era was Hurricane Anita on August 29 , 1977 . During the month of September , which is the climatological peak of hurricane season , three additional tropical cyclones formed , two of which were hurricanes . After the third hurricane dissipated on September 23 , activity went dormant for nearly 2 weeks , until the fifth tropical storm formed near the Lesser Antilles on October 4 . As it was becoming extratropical , a sixth tropical cyclone developed in the Bay of Campeche on October 10 . The final system formed in the eastern Caribbean Sea , crossed Hispaniola , and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone between Bermuda and the East Coast of the United States on October 28 . By far , the storm that caused the most devastation was Hurricane One , nicknamed the " Galveston hurricane " . Its storm surge submerged much of Galveston Island in Texas , killing between 6 @,@ 000 and 12 @,@ 000 people . Official estimates put the death toll at approximately 8 @,@ 000 . As a result , it is currently the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States . At the time , it was also the second deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin , behind only the Great Hurricane of 1780 , which killed at least 22 @,@ 000 people in the Lesser Antilles . However , the Galveston hurricane was surpassed in 1998 by Hurricane Mitch , which caused more than 11 @,@ 000 fatalities in Central America . The storm was also among the deadliest in Canada , where at least 102 people were killed . Few other tropical cyclones during the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season caused any damage or fatalities . However , the extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Five brought moderate damage to Canada . The storm caused 1 fatality and about $ 100 @,@ 000 in losses , mainly to railroads . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 81 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots ( 39 mph , 63 km / h ) or tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane One " The Galveston Hurricane " = = = Early on August 27 , a ship encountered the first tropical storm of the season , while located about 1 @,@ 160 miles ( 1 @,@ 870 km ) east of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde . It slowly strengthened while moving steadily west @-@ northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean Sea on August 30 . The storm moved south of Puerto Rico and made landfall in Dominican Republic as a weak tropical storm on September 2 . It weakened slightly while crossing Hispaniola , before re @-@ emerging into the Caribbean Sea later that day . On September 3 , the cyclone struck modern day Santiago de Cuba Province and then slowly drifted along the southern coast of Cuba . Upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September 6 , the storm strengthened into a hurricane , while situated near Dry Tortugas . Significant intensification followed and the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) on September 8 . Early on the next day , it made landfall near modern day Jamaica Beach , Texas with winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) . Around that time , its minimum barometric pressure of 936 mbar ( 27 @.@ 6 inHg ) was observed . It weakened quickly after moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity late on September 9 . The storm turned east @-@ northeastward and became extratropical over Iowa on September 11 . The extratropical system strengthened while accelerating across the Midwestern United States , Ontario , Quebec , northern New England , and then New Brunswick before reaching the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 13 . Later that day , the extratropical remnants struck Newfoundland . It then reached the far North Atlantic Ocean and began to weaken , finally dissipating near Iceland on September 15 . The storm brought heavy rainfall to Cuba , with up to 12 @.@ 58 inches ( 320 mm ) in a 24 ‑ hour period in the city of Santiago de Cuba . Much of Florida experienced tropical storm force winds , though no damage occurred . In Texas , strong winds were reported in the Galveston area , reaching 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . Storm surges between 8 and 12 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 and 3 @.@ 7 m ) inundated the entire Galveston Island . Every house sustained damage , with at least 3 @,@ 636 destroyed . In Galveston alone , approximately 30 @,@ 000 were left homeless , out of a total population of 37 @,@ 000 . The actual death toll is unknown , though it is thought to be at least 8 @,@ 000 . Thus , the 1900 Galveston hurricane was the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States . Property damage from the storm was estimated at $ 30 million . Hurricane force winds and storm surge inundated portions of southern Louisiana , though no significant damage or fatalities were reported . Further north , the storm and its remnants continued to produce heavy rains gusty winds , which downed telegraph wires in Illinois , Kentucky , New York , Michigan , and Ohio . Another fatality occurred in New York City when gusty winds knocked over a sign and struck a 23 @-@ year @-@ old man . The remnants brought severe impact to Canada . In the province of Ontario , losses reached about $ 1 @.@ 35 million , with $ 1 million to crops . There were at least 107 deaths in Canada , mostly due to sunken vessels near Newfoundland and the French territory of Saint @-@ Pierre . = = = Hurricane Two = = = A ship reported strong gales in the vicinity of Cape Verde on September 7 . Thus , HURDAT indicates that the second tropical storm of the season formed early on September 7 , while located about 220 miles ( 350 km ) west of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde . It quickly strengthened to a strong tropical storm on September 8 , but then maintained that intensity for nearly 5 days . The system was not tracked until being encountered by the steamship Hungaria on September 13 , at which time it was already a hurricane . Originally , the system was listed as Hurricane Four , it was operationally believed to have developed after the next two tropical cyclones . Later on September 14 , it strengthened further into a Category 2 hurricane while moving northwestward . Re @-@ curving northward , the system intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on September 16 . At 1800 UTC , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . However , it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane later on September 17 . Shortly thereafter , the storm bypassed southeast of Bermuda , bring gusty winds but little impact . It then re @-@ curved northeastward . The system weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane on September 18 . Later that day , it weakened to a tropical storm and then to a tropical depression early on September 19 . The storm persisted for several more hours , until dissipated about 390 miles ( 630 km ) southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . = = = Hurricane Three = = = Ship reports indicates that a tropical storm developed on September 8 at 1200 UTC , while located about 175 miles ( 280 km ) east of the Bissagos Islands , Guinea @-@ Bissau . The storm gradually strengthened as it was heading west @-@ northward . By late on September 9 , the system strengthened into a hurricane . It passed southwest of Cape Verde on the following day . The storm then intensified slowly , becoming a Category 2 hurricane early on September 12 . Around that time , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . Later on September 12 , it re @-@ curved north @-@ northwestward . After turning north @-@ northeast , the storm began executing a small cyclonic loop on September 14 . A weakening trend soon occurred , with it weakening to a Category 1 hurricane early on September 15 . About four days later , the hurricane completed its cyclonic loop and then headed west @-@ northwestward . The system weakened to a tropical storm early on September 20 . During the next few days , the storm decelerated and turned westward . Late on September 22 , it weakened to a tropical depression . The depression continued westward , until dissipating at 1800 UTC on September 23 , while located about 745 miles ( 1 @,@ 200 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . = = = Tropical Storm Four = = = Weather maps first indicated a tropical storm over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 11 . Heading northwestward , the system brushed the Yucatan Peninsula as weak tropical storm . Late on September 11 , it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) , while located in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico . Early on September 13 , the storm re @-@ curved northeastward and began weakening . At 0600 UTC on September 13 , it made landfall near Venice , Louisiana at the same intensity . The storm weakened slightly and briefly moved offshore , before making another landfall near Ocean Springs , Mississippi with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Early on September 14 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression . It weakened slowly while moving northeastward across the Deep South , before dissipating near Athens , Georgia on September 15 . Operationally , it was considered the third tropical cyclone of the season . A telegraph from the Weather Bureau headquarters in Washington , D.C. warned vessels to remain in port for portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States . Strong gales were experienced along the coast from eastern Louisiana to western Florida and severely disrupted telegraph services in the region . The remnants brought heavy rains from Virginia to New England . Rough seas along the coast of New Jersey washed the schooner Willie ashore . = = = Tropical Storm Five = = = Observations from a ship indicate that the fifth tropical depression of the season developed at 0600 UTC on October 4 , while located about 230 miles ( 370 km ) northeast of Anguilla . Initially , the system remained weak and failed to strengthen into a tropical storm until October 7 . It began to execute a cyclonic loop by early on the following day . Further intensification occurred and the storm peaked with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) early on October 9 . Eventually , it accelerated north @-@ northeastward and became extratropical early on October 10 . The remnants moved northward and eventually curved northeastward . Late on October 11 , the extratropical remnants struck Nova Scotia . It continued rapidly across Atlantic Canada and re @-@ emerged into the Atlantic . By October 14 , the remnants dissipated near the southern tip of Greenland . The remnants of Tropical Storm Five brought severe impact to Canada . In Nova Scotia , 13 schooners were grounded , while 2 were destroyed . Strong winds downed telegraph wires in the eastern end of the province , while barns were de @-@ roofed and trees were felled in Bayfield . High tides in New Brunswick inundated portions of Saint John , with some houses having up to 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of water . Other low @-@ lying areas were flooded . Washouts disrupted the Canadian Pacific Railway service and swept away portions of the tracks . The cost to repairs the tracks was estimated at $ 100 @,@ 000 . There was also damage to highways and bridges . A child drowned after attempting to cross a swollen creek . On Prince Edward Island , winds damaged small buildings and knocked chimneys of some houses . Electrical wires were reported down in Charlottetown . = = = Tropical Storm Six = = = The sixth tropical storm of the season developed in the Bay of Campeche on October 10 . Operationally , it was believed that the storm originated over eastern Cuba . Moving rapidly north @-@ northeastward across the Gulf of Mexico , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 008 mbar ( 29 @.@ 8 inHg ) early on October 11 . The storm re @-@ curved east @-@ northeastward and made landfall near modern day Horseshoe Beach , Florida at the same intensity early on October 12 . It emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on October 12 , shortly before becoming extratropical while located about 35 miles ( 56 km ) east of Jekyll Island , Georgia . The remnants moved along the East Coast of the United States , striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina , Long Island in New York , and New England . It continued inland over Canada , until dissipating over Labrador on October 15 . Impact from the storm was generally minor . Rainfall and gusty winds were reported between Florida and the Carolinas . Further north , it brought brisk to strong winds to New Jersey and southern New England . = = = Tropical Storm Seven = = = Telegraph reports indicate that a tropical depression developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 24 . The depression moved northwestward without differentiating in intensity before making landfall near San Cristóbal , Dominican Republic with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . It did not weaken while crossing Hispaniola and instead strengthened into a tropical storm shortly after emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near the northwestern tip of Haiti . Late on October 27 , the storm re @-@ curved north @-@ northeastward and pass through the eastern Bahamas . Around that time , it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Early on October 28 , the storm accelerated and re @-@ curved slightly to the northeast . At 0000 UTC on October 29 , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 310 miles ( 500 km ) northwest of Bermuda . The extratropical remnants persisted until dissipating later on October 29 . No impact was reported in either Dominican Republic or Haiti . Much of eastern Cuba reported light rains , particularly in the provinces of Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba . Strong winds were reported throughout the Bahamas , though no damage occurred . As far east as Jupiter , Florida , sustained winds reached 32 mph ( 51 km / h ) .
= Oklahoma State Highway 74 = State Highway 74 , usually abbreviated as SH @-@ 74 or OK @-@ 74 ( or simply Highway 74 ) is the numbering of two different highways maintained by the U.S. state of Oklahoma . These highways were once a single major north – south route , connecting Oklahoma City to more rural parts of the state . The original road stretched from SH @-@ 7 near Tatums , Oklahoma to SH @-@ 11 west of Deer Creek . Due to encroaching Interstate highways — especially Interstate 35 — the middle section of the route through Norman , Moore , and Oklahoma City was decommissioned in 1979 for reasons of redundancy . However , some maps show SH @-@ 74 as concurrent with I @-@ 35 , I @-@ 240 , and I @-@ 44 , thus linking the two sections . The north section of the route is 91 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 147 @.@ 3 km ) in length , while the southern section is 52 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 84 @.@ 5 km ) long . This leads to a total length of 144 miles ( 232 km ) . = = Route descriptions = = = = = Southern section = = = From the southern terminus at SH @-@ 7 , the southern section of SH @-@ 74 goes due north to Elmore City , where it intersects with SH @-@ 29 . After a couple of turns in the Elmore City area , the highway continues due north to Maysville and SH @-@ 19 . Still continuing northward , the highway meets the southern terminus of State Highway 24 , and continues into Purcell . In Purcell , SH @-@ 74 overlaps US @-@ 77 and SH @-@ 39 . It finally splits off and begins heading west . From here , the highway becomes more hilly and curvy as it heads toward Washington . The road never actually enters Washington , passing just one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of it . However , Washington is accessible via SH @-@ 24 , which has its northern terminus at SH @-@ 74 as well . ( Both termini of SH @-@ 24 are at SH @-@ 74 . ) The highway then returns to a due north course after its intersection with SH @-@ 24 . It goes through the town of Goldsby and then ends at I @-@ 35 . = = = Northern section = = = The highway 's northern section begins at a stack interchange with Interstate 44 in Bethany . The first part of the northern section is a freeway , called the Lake Hefner Parkway because part of it runs along the east shore of Lake Hefner . The freeway , a major part of the Oklahoma City freeway system , serves the northwestern part of Oklahoma City . At the Kilpatrick Turnpike , the freeway comes to an end , but Highway 74 continues northward on Portland Avenue . The road passes through the towns of Crescent , Covington , and Garber , Oklahoma as it continues , again on a due north course . Between Covington and Garber the road intersects with US @-@ 64 / 412 , which can be used to access Enid , just 14 miles ( 22 @.@ 5 km ) to the west . Twenty miles ( 32 @.@ 2 km ) north of US @-@ 412 , the highway meets US @-@ 60 near Lamont . The two roads share a brief concurrency before splitting off again . Eight miles ( 12 @.@ 9 km ) north of this , SH @-@ 74 intersects with SH @-@ 11 between Deer Creek and Numa , Oklahoma . It is at this intersection that the designation ends . = = History = = In 1927 , a spur from SH @-@ 33 to Crescent was created as SH @-@ 44 . SH @-@ 44 was renumbered to SH @-@ 74 in 1931 . On December 10 , 1934 , SH @-@ 74 was extended southward to Oklahoma City . The highway was further extended on September 9 , 1935 to Norman . In 1935 and 1936 , the highway 's alignment through Norman was modified ; it was extended from its Main Street terminus to US @-@ 77 . Also in 1936 , SH @-@ 74 began expanding northward . On August 18 , the designation was added to a new section of highway between Crescent and US @-@ 64 ( now State Highway 164 ) in Covington . Nearly a year later , the route was extended southward again . The State Highway Commission lengthened SH @-@ 74 through Goldsby and Purcell to SH @-@ 19 in Maysville on July 1 , 1937 . The section of highway from Covington to US @-@ 60 in Lamont was added on April 14 , 1941 . On June 5 , 1945 , it was extended further south to SH @-@ 29 in Elmore City ( at the time simply named Elmore ) . Throughout the 1950s , State Highway 74 continued to be realigned and extended . Southwest of Norman , it swapped routings with SH @-@ 9 on December 6 , 1954 . SH @-@ 74 was extended twice in 1957 , once in each direction : to the north on February 18 and to the south on June 10 . The 1957 lengthening brought SH @-@ 74 to its greatest length , with its present @-@ day northern terminus and a southern terminus at State Highway 53 near Milo . By 1967 , I @-@ 35 had been constructed through Oklahoma City . On January 4 , 1967 , SH @-@ 74 was split into two sections , with the removal of the section between Goldsby and Norman . The southern section was truncated on December 12 , 1974 , bringing the highway to its current southern terminus . The gap between the two sections of SH @-@ 74 was widened on March 3 , 1975 , when the route was eliminated through Cleveland County and much of Oklahoma City , bringing SH @-@ 74 to its present @-@ day termini . The Lake Hefner Parkway opened in 1992 . SH @-@ 74 was transferred to the new freeway on April 6 . Between April and July 2001 , ODOT installed a Brifen Safety Fence cable barrier along the Lake Hefner Parkway section of SH @-@ 74 . This installation was the first application of this barrier design in the United States . = = Spurs = = SH @-@ 74 currently has five spur routes ( starting at B , and going up to a suffix of F ) . Prior to 2009 , SH @-@ 74A served as a spur route in Norman as well , though it did not intersect SH @-@ 74 . = = = SH @-@ 74A = = = SH @-@ 74A ran along Lindsey Street in Norman , connecting I @-@ 35 to Classen Boulevard , the contemporary routing of US @-@ 77 . This highway ran straight through the University of Oklahoma ( OU ) campus . It was 2 @.@ 76 miles ( 4 @.@ 44 km ) long . SH @-@ 74A was established by action of the Highway Commission on September 23 , 1936 . The highway 's original extent was from SH @-@ 9 / SH @-@ 74 ( 24th Avenue S.W. ) to the OU campus , ending at Jenkins Avenue . It was later extended to I @-@ 35 in the west and US @-@ 77 in the east . It was removed by January 2010 . = = = SH @-@ 74B = = = SH @-@ 74B connects SH @-@ 74 in Goldsby to SH @-@ 76 south of Blanchard . Cole lies along the middle of this hilly spur . = = = SH @-@ 74C = = = SH @-@ 74C connects SH @-@ 74 in Crescent to US @-@ 77 north of Guthrie . = = = SH @-@ 74D = = = SH @-@ 74D connects SH @-@ 74 to the unincorporated community of Lovell . = = = SH @-@ 74E = = = SH @-@ 74E goes from SH @-@ 51 north to Marshall , and then it goes east and ends at SH @-@ 74 . This spur was commissioned on 1951 @-@ 08 @-@ 06 . = = = SH @-@ 74F = = = SH @-@ 74F goes from SH @-@ 74 west to Cashion , and then goes north to SH @-@ 33 . = = Junction list = = = = = Southern section = = = = = = Northern section = = =
= The Scout Association = The Scout Association is the largest Scouting organization in the United Kingdom and the World Organization of the Scout Movement 's recognised member for the United Kingdom . Following the origin of Scouting in 1907 , The Scout Association was formed in 1910 and incorporated in 1912 by a royal charter under its previous name of The Boy Scouts Association . The current stated purpose of The Scout Association is to " actively engage and support young people in their personal development , empowering them to make a positive contribution to society " . The association achieves this through what it terms the Scout Method and through a youth programme for people aged between 6 and 25 . The latest published census shows that over 446 @,@ 000 young people aged 6 to 25 are members of the association , with a further 40 @,@ 000 young people waiting to join the organization . It is the largest Scout association in Europe , representing 35 % of the membership of the European Scout Region . Girls have been admitted to the association since 1976 when they were first allowed to join the Venture Scouts section for 16- to 20 @-@ year @-@ olds . This expanded to the entire organization in 1991 ; although the decision to admit girls was optional , it has been compulsory since 2007 , although religious preferences can be accommodated . According to the latest available census , there are 83 @,@ 363 female members aged between 6 and 25 and a further 36 @,@ 565 adult women involved in leadership . The Scout Association is open to all faiths and variations to the Scout Promise are allowed in order to accommodate those of different religious obligations or national allegiances . Following criticisms of the lack of provision for atheists , in 2012 the association consulted members about the possibility of creating an alternative Promise for those without a religion , and in October 2013 , announced that an atheist version of the Promise would be available from January 2014 . The association is headed by the Chief Scout , currently the adventurer and television presenter Bear Grylls , supported by Chief Commissioner Wayne Bulpitt and Chief Executive Matt Hyde ( former Chief Executive of the National Union of Students ) . The association 's president is HRH The Duke of Kent and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is a patron of the organisation . The association is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services . = = History = = = = = Formation of The Scout Association = = = For the origins of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement before the formation of The Scout Association see Scouting . The Boy Scouts Association was formed in 1910 , in order to provide a national body in the United Kingdom which could organise and support the rapidly growing number of Scout Patrols and Troops , which had begun to form spontaneously following the publication of Scouting for Boys and The Scout magazine in 1908 . It was also the wish of Baden @-@ Powell to wrest control of Scouting from his book 's publishers as it was felt the Scout Movement was not given the status it deserved as the publisher C. Arthur Pearson Limited controlled much of Scouting . = = = 1910 to 1920 : Growth = = = Originally , Scouting was for boys aged between 11 and 18 . However , many girls and younger boys wanted to join in . One group of " Girl Scouts " participated in the 1909 Crystal Palace Rally . Edwardian principles could not accept young girls participating in the rough and tumble , and " wild " activities of the Scouts , and so the Girl Guides were created by Baden @-@ Powell 's sister , Agnes , to provide a more " proper " programme of activities . The solution for younger boys was the creation of the younger Wolf Cubs Section , which was trialed from 1914 and openly launched in 1916 . Later , many of those who had grown out of Scouts still wanted to be a part of Scouting resulting in another section , the Rover Scouts , for those over 18 being created in 1918 . Scouting spread throughout the British Empire and wider world . On 4 January 1912 , The Boy Scouts Association was incorporated throughout the British Empire by Royal charter for " the purpose of instructing boys of all classes in the principles of discipline loyalty and good citizenship " . During the First World War , more than 50 @,@ 000 Scouts participated in some form of war work on the home front . Scout buglers sounded the " all clear " after air raids , others helped in hospitals and made up aid parcels ; Sea Scouts assisted the Coastguard in watching the vulnerable East coast . The Boy Scouts Association organised the first World Jamboree for Scouts , held in Olympia , London in 1920 together with an international conference for leaders which founded the World Organization of the Scout Movement of which The Boy Scouts Association was a founding member . Baden @-@ Powell continued to guide the Scouts and Girl Guides , going on world tours throughout the rest of his life until ill health caused him to retire to Kenya in 1938 where he died on 8 January 1941 . The Headquarters Gazette was first published in July 1909 , as the official publication of the Association for adult Scouters and administrators , alongside The Scout , a magazine for youth members which had been launched in April 1908 . = = = 1920 to 1967 = = = In 1929 , the Boy Scouts Association hosted the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park in Cheshire ; some 56 @,@ 000 Scouts from 35 countries attended , making it the largest World Scout Jamboree to date . The first Gang Show , produced by Ralph Reader , opened at the Scala Theatre in London in October 1932 . Following the outbreak of World War II , over 50 @,@ 000 Scouts trained under the National War Service scheme . Tasks undertaken included police messengers and stretcher bearers . The Air Scout branch was launched in January 1941 , allowing Scout Troops to specialise in activities related to aircraft and flying . Lord Baden @-@ Powell died in 1941 and was succeeded as Chief Scout by Lord Somers . Starting in 1944 , the Scout International Relief Service ( SIRS ) sent teams of Rover Scouts and Scouters to continental Europe to provide humanitarian aid ; ten SIRS teams worked at the recently relieved Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp . After years of trial schemes , the Senior Scout Section was officially launched in 1946 , allowing Boy Scouts aged fifteen to eighteen years to form separate patrols or troops , with age appropriate activities and badges . Scouts were prominent in their support of the 1948 Summer Olympics , playing leading roles in the open and closing ceremonies at Wembley Stadium and the sailing events at Torbay . The first Bob a Job Week was in April 1949 , in which Scouts did small tasks for the public in return for a " bob " ( 5 new pence ) to raise funds for the Association and for " starving Europe " . In 1957 , to commemorate fifty years of Scouting and the centenary of Baden @-@ Powell 's birth , the Association hosted the 9th World Scout Jamboree at Sutton Park in Birmingham . = = = 1967 to 2001 = = = The Boy Scouts Association and its programmes in Britain went largely unchanged until it underwent a major review in the 1960s . The Chief Scouts ' Advance Party was formed in 1964 and was sent to survey the organization to see why membership numbers were falling . Their report was published in 1966 and changes were implemented later that year and throughout 1967 . As a result , the name of the organisation was changed to The Scout Association and major changes were made to the sections and their respective programmes . The youngest section were now named Cub Scouts , the Boy Scout section was renamed simply as the Scout section and the Senior Scouts and Rover Scout section was replaced with Venture Scouts for 16 to 20 year olds . The Scout Uniform was also changed with the inclusion of long trousers for the Scouts , as opposed to the compulsory wearing of knee @-@ length shorts , and the wearing of a Beret instead of the Campaign hat . The Advance Party Report was not welcomed by all members and a rival report , " A Boy Scout Black Paper " , was produced in 1970 by " The Scout Action Group " . This provided alternative proposals for the development of the organization and asked for Groups that wished to continue to follow Baden @-@ Powell 's original scheme to be permitted to do so . The rejection of these proposals resulted in the formation of the Baden @-@ Powell Scouts ' Association . Several developments were made over the following years , including the introduction of co @-@ educational units of boys and girls , initially restricted to the Venture Scouts section in 1976 , but from 1991 junior sections were allowed to become mixed as well . Parents involved in Scouting in Northern Ireland also began to organise activities for their children who were too young for Cub Scouts . Originally , only the leaders of the new section , nicknamed Beavers , were members of the association with the youths themselves becoming Scouts officially in 1986 . In the late 1990s , a Muslim Scout Fellowship was formed , which by the end of 2007 , had assisted the establishment of 13 Muslim Scout Groups in England and Wales . Despite these changes , and many other minor ones , Scouting started to fall into a decline through the 1990s with falling membership levels . This spurred a major review into the causes of the decline in 1999 . = = = 2001 to present = = = Scouting found itself competing for young people 's time against many other extracurricular activities and schools themselves which were increasingly venturing into the same types of activities . In addition , adult leaders became concerned with the growing litigation culture in the UK and the negative stereotype as being old fashioned . Various changes occurred in quick succession following the new millennium . A new uniform , designed by Meg Andrews , was introduced in 2001 that was more modern and practical , with younger sections now wearing sweatshirts and with the shirts now in brighter colours complete with activity trousers . The following year , the association launched their new vision towards 2012 alongside a new youth programme . Changes included the replacement of the Venture Scouts with Explorer Scouts and the Scout Network , for members aged between 14 and 18 and 18 and 25 respectively , and the introduction of a new awards and badge scheme complete with new badges on topics covering more adventurous activities and modern skills including IT and PR . A further change occurred in 2003 when Adult Training was relaunched to be more focused and targeted to the volunteers individual role as opposed to the more general training received before . There was criticism of some of these changes , mostly citing problems with the implementation , although several years into the new structure the Explorer Scout and Scout Network sections have become well established . The new badges drew more mixed reactions from several public figures , with some praising The Scout Association for " moving with the times " and others feeling the changes went " against the Scouting ethos of Baden @-@ Powell " . The organization also began to change in its focus , with it being claimed it was becoming more connected with young people and emphasising the adventure and the approximately 200 activities that can be run within a Scouting programme . This was seen through publicity materials , the relaunch of national Scout Activity Centres and through the appointments of Chief Scouts Peter Duncan and Bear Grylls in 2004 and 2009 respectively . Census figures for the last few years show an upturn in membership , with The Scout Association in April 2010 announcing the highest rate of growth in British Scouting since 1972 , with total membership reaching just under half a million . In 2014 , the Association was able to report an increase in youth membership of 100 @,@ 000 in the ten years since 2004 . The Scout Association also hosted many major events during this time including EuroJam in 2005 , hosting 10 @,@ 000 Scouts and Guides from 40 countries , the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 as well as playing a major role in the centenary celebrations of Scouting that same year , with celebration events organised on Brownsea Island . One of the association 's largest current problems is encouraging more adults to volunteer with the Scouts to reduce the number of youths currently on waiting lists . This aim was helped when in 2012 , the Duchess of Cambridge announced her intention to become a volunteer leader for the association with a group near her Anglesey home . In the decade up to 2014 , the number of adult volunteers increased by 14 @,@ 596 to a total of over 104 @,@ 000 . = = Organisation = = The Scout Association is governed by a Council of between 300 and 500 members in accordance with its various Royal Charters . Membership of the Council of the Scout Association is open to the various officers and national commissioners of the Association , together with members nominated by the Scout Counties including young people aged between 18 and 25 , together with additional members elected by the Council itself . The Council elects the Chief Scout who is also the chairman of the Council . Bear Grylls is the current Chief Scout after replacing Peter Duncan in July 2009 . The Council also elects the Board of Trustees of the Scout Association ( formerly called the Committee of the Council ) , which manages the business of the Association and makes the policy and rules . A UK Chief Commissioner acts as Deputy Chief Scout and appoints a team of Chief Commissioners and UK Commissioners who are responsible for the Scouting programme in their respective fields . The Board of Trustees maintain a professional Headquarters staff who implement the policy of the Association and provide support and services for the " proper conduct and development of Scouting " . The Chief Executive is appointed by the Board to manage the work of the Headquarters staff . The Scout Association is divided into four mainland national groupings : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . While Scouting in England is directly managed by the UK Headquarters , each of the other nations has its own Scout Council and administration . Each of national divisions is further broken up into local Counties for England and Northern Ireland , Areas for Wales , Regions for Scotland and a Balliwick in the case of Guernsey , which generally follow the boundaries of the ceremonial counties of Great Britain . The County / Area / Region can then , in most cases , be broken down further into a number of Scout Districts which usually cover a town , some or all of a city or a section of a larger region such as the New Forest . These districts are themselves made up of several Scout Groups . The Groups are the local organisations for Scouting , and are the direct descendants of the original Scout Patrols . Groups can consist of one or more Beaver Colonies , Cub Packs , and Scout Troops and may also have one or more Scout Active Support Units , or an Explorer Scout Unit attached to it . Scout Groups only manage the first three sections , with Explorer Scouts managed by the Scout District and Scout Networks , including those run within a district , controlled from the County or equivalent . Scout Groups are led by a Group Scout Leader whose main role is handling communication between the local District and the Section Leaders and ensuring the Scout Group meets the minimum standard required by The Scout Association . At all levels , Scouts are governed by an executive of trustees , known as executive committees – these could be volunteers from the local community who have had ties with Scouting , either themselves or through their children . The executive normally consists of a chairman , secretary , treasurer , and a number of other officers . In Group Executive Committees , Group Scout Leaders and Section Leaders also form part of the committee . Their role is to ensure that the best interests of the young people and the community are served by the Group , District , County , or National organisations . All leaders work as unpaid volunteers , of which there are around 120 @,@ 000 . In addition to this number , the Association employs 198 full @-@ time and part @-@ time staff to support the work of its adult volunteers . Senior volunteers in The Scout Association are called ' Commissioners ' . Every County / Area / Region and District is headed by a Commissioner who is responsible for ensuring the Districts / Groups under their jurisdiction meet the standards set by The Scout Association . They receive support from Regional Development Officers in England , who are employed by the Regional Development Service and deployed locally to help support The Scout Association 's objectives . Commissioners in the other nations receive support from Field Commissioners , employed and directed differently . District Commissioners report to the County / Area / Regional Commissioner , who in turn report to the UK Chief Commissioner . = = Sections = = In the Scout Association , there are five sections to cater for youth aged between 6 and 25 years of age : * In addition , many Scout Network members have adult roles in the Scout Association ; including these , the total Scout Network membership is 5 @,@ 574 for 2014 . The first four sections ( Beavers to Explorers ) are led by a Section Leader and aided by Assistant Leaders , Sectional Assistants , Occasional Helpers and Young Leaders , who are Explorer Scouts trained in leadership techniques . Scout Networks are mainly member led , but are assisted by a Network Leader who ensures that the Network is working within the rules of the association . In addition to adult leadership , the association encourages its members themselves to take on positions of responsibility for their section meetings . This can be through responsibility for a group of members , such as the Patrol Leader and Assistant Patrol Leader in Scouts and Sixers and Seconders in Cubs , or through sectional forums to feedback on programmes . The Scout section also have the role of Senior Patrol Leader , usually someone about to move on to Explorers who overlooks all the patrols , and the members of the Explorer section are openly encouraged to run evenings and to plan their own meetings . = = = Air and Sea Scouts = = = Some Scout Groups belong to separate branches of the Scouting programme called Air Scouts and Sea Scouts . Both branches follow the core programme in all Sections but can add more aeronautical or nautical emphasis depending on the branch , with some Group branches choosing to be recognised by the Royal Air Force or Royal Navy . In the United Kingdom there are approximately 400 Sea Scout Groups , of which about 25 % ( 101 Groups ) are Royal Navy recognised , whilst of 117 Air Scout Groups , 43 are recognised by the RAF . = = = Adult roles and appointments = = = There are a variety of different appointments and roles that exist for adults . The highest roles in the association are the honorary positions of Patron and President which is taken by the Head of State and a member of the Royal Family respectively , currently Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Kent . Below these are the members of UK Headquarters including the Chief Scout , who is honorary head of Scouting in the UK and the public face of Scouting , and the UK Chief Commissioner , who is in charge of the volunteers in the organization and of the other commissioners . Below these are the Commissioners for the Nations , Regions , Counties , Areas and Districts all of whom are assisted by deputies and assistant commissioners who can oversee and advise on a particular area of responsibility - for example an Assistant District Commissioner for Beaver Scouts particularly ensures that that section in the district is abiding to the Scout Association 's rules . The final managerial role in the organization is that of the Group Scout Leader and their Assistant , who are both in charge of a local Scout group . All of these roles are uniformed and for those volunteer roles from County level downwards training is required in the basic values of Scouting , safety and child protection , inclusion and advanced managerial skills to achieve their Wood Badge . At the local sectional level , a section is run by a Scout Leader , who is in overall charge of the section , and by Assistant Scout Leaders , who assist the Leader in their role . These roles are uniformed and also require training to achieve their Wood Badge , although their training content consists of the basic values of Scouting , safety and child protection , inclusion , camping and Scout skills and administration . They are also required to complete First Aid every three years . Below leaders are the uniformed role of Sectional Assistant and the non @-@ uniformed role of Occasional Helper . The Sectional Assistant has to complete basic training consisting of the values of Scouting , safety and child protection only while an occasional helper is a non @-@ uniformed role and requires only to have a criminal records check by the Disclosure and Barring Service . In addition , there are Young Leaders who must complete training in child protection and safety and then have the option to complete further modules on topics that mirror the adult training programme . Adults can also become members of Scout Active Support Units that provide a variety of services to Scouting at Group , District or County / Area level . These units allow adults to support Scouting activities without having the full @-@ time commitment of a leadership role . = = Programme , badges and awards = = = = = History = = = The current youth programme has been developed from Baden @-@ Powell 's original Scout training scheme , which aimed to encourage personal achievement and provide a framework for the activities of the Scout Troop . In the Boy Scout section , this consisted of the award of badges for Tenderfoot , Second and First Class Scout and finally King 's Scout , which were earned by passing tests in a wide variety of skills associated with the outdoors , health and good citizenship . With the creation of the Wolf Cub section in 1916 , a similar system was devised , the awards being Tenderpad , First Star and Second Star , and an award called the Leaping Wolf was added later which required Cubs to move up to the Scout Troop . In parallel with this scheme , Cubs and Scouts were able to earn Proficiency Badges for specific skills and hobbies , an idea that Baden @-@ Powell probably copied from Ernest Thompson Seton . The test requirements for Baden @-@ Powell 's scheme were revised in 1944 and again in 1958 without altering the basic structure . The 1966 Advance Party Report recommended a wholly new Progressive Training Scheme ; for Cub Scouts the Bronze , Silver and Gold Arrows , for Scouts the Scout Standard , Advanced Scout Standard and Chief Scout 's Award and for the new Venture Scout Section , the Venture Award and the Queen 's Scout Award which focussed on long @-@ term service and commitment as well as the completion of an expedition lasting four days and fifty miles . These changes were implemented in October 1967 . From then on , the programme has been subject to regular revision ; the Scout standards were replaced in 1984 by the Scout Award , Pathfinder Award and Explorer Award with a fully revised Chief Scout 's Award . The Cub arrows were replaced in 1991 with the Cub Scout Award , Adventure Award and Adventure Crest Award . All these awards were replaced following the introduction of the Programme Review in February 2002 . A new concept called the Balanced Programme replaced the previous scheme . Challenge Awards could be earned by participating in activities in various Programme Zones such as outdoors , fitness , community or international . Earning a certain number of Challenge Awards and the completion of a personal challenge led to the Bronze Chief Scout 's Award for Beavers , Silver for Cubs and Gold for Scouts . Proficiency Badges were revised and renamed Activity Badges . In 2015 , the programme was revised again following consultation within the movement , the changes being called the Programme Refresh . = = = The current award scheme = = = The previous Programme Zones have been replaced by three themes , being " outdoor and adventure " , " world " and " skills " . It is recommended for all sections that about 50 % of the programme be devoted to outdoor and adventure skills and activities . The structure of Challenge Badges and Chief Scout 's Awards has been retained but the content has been revised and made " more challenging " . Beavers have to earn six Challenge Badges to Gain the Bronze Chief Scout 's Award , Cubs seven for the Silver and Scouts nine for the Gold . The final three awards , The Chief Scout 's Platinum and Diamond Awards and the Queen 's Scout Award are available in the Explorer Scout and Scout Network sections . The awards mirror the requirements of The Duke of Edinburgh 's Award at Bronze , Silver and Gold level respectively , consisting of a period of time volunteering in the local community , a prolonged physical activity , the advancement of a skill and the undertaking an expedition , allowing a participant to achieve both the DofE and the Scout award at the same time . In addition , these three awards do not have to be completed in order , and participants can skip straight to a specific award , although additional work is involved . Achieving the Queen 's Scout Award is seen as a significant event on a national scale ; recipients of the award are invited to join the St George 's Day service at Windsor Castle the year after completing the scheme , and parade before the Queen . = = = Awards for gallantry , meritorious conduct and good service = = = The Cornwell Scout Badge may be awarded to youth members who display " pre @-@ eminently high character and devotion to duty , together with great courage and endurance " . Any member of the Association may be awarded the Gilt Cross or the Silver Cross for gallantry , or the Bronze Cross for " special heroism or action in the face of extraordinary risk " . The Chief Scout 's Commendation for Meritorious Conduct and the Medal of Meritorious Conduct may also be awarded to any member . Adult members are awarded the Chief Scout 's Length of Service Award which marks the number of years of service in any role . More distinguished good service by adult members may be marked by the award of the Chief Scout 's Commendation for Good Service , the Award of Merit , the Silver Acorn or ultimately , the Silver Wolf , which is the unrestricted gift of the Chief Scout and is awarded for service of " a most exceptional nature " . = = Promise and law = = The Scout Promise is made by all members of The Scout Association from the Scout section upwards , including Leaders : Additional variations of the promise are used for different faiths or for members from other countries , whose allegiance is pledged to the country and not the monarch . For the two younger sections , a simpler promise is used : Cub Scouts utilise the normal promise with the omission of the opening ' On my honour ' and a change in the final line " to keep the Cub Scout Law " , while beaver Scouts use a different promise altogether : In addition to the promise , there is a Scout Law which dictates what qualities a Scout should hold . The Scout Law is as follows : A Scout is to be trusted . A Scout is loyal . A Scout is friendly and considerate . A Scout belongs to the world @-@ wide family of Scouts . A Scout has courage in all difficulties . A Scout makes good use of time and is careful of possessions and property . A Scout has self @-@ respect and respect for others . This law is used for all sections except Cubs and Beavers . Beaver Scouts have no law , as these values are to be demonstrated through the meetings themselves . The Cub Scout law is different again : The motto of the Scout Association , and of Scouting as a whole , is ' Be Prepared ' . These were explained in the original Scouting books and was expanded in a series of promotional posters for the sections in the early 2000s . = = = Variations of the promise = = = There are permitted variations to accommodate those whose faith or national allegiance give rise to problems with the wording of the " core " Scout Promise . The Scout Association expects that the phrases " ... duty to God ‟ and " ... to love God " will suitable for most faiths " including Christians , Hindus , Jews , Muslims and Sikhs " . Muslims who have difficulty with the phrase " On my honour " because of the Islamic proscription of swearing oaths , are able to say " In the name of Allah , the Most Beneficent the Most Merciful … " instead if they prefer . Also , " ... duty to Allah and to the Queen " may be used . Hindus and Buddhists may promise " ... duty to my Dharma " . Foreign nationals resident in the United Kingdom are able to promise to do their " ... duty to God and to the country in which I am now living " , although British subjects must include the Queen in their promise . In 2012 the Scout Association reviewed its fundamentals and launched a consultation to ask its members whether an alternative version of the Scout Promise should be developed for atheists and those unable to make the existing commitment . In 2013 it was announced that the consultation had led to the addition of an alternative promise for humanists and atheists . Taking effect on January 1 , 2014 , members can choose to replace " duty to God " with " to uphold our Scout values " . The change has been welcomed by representatives of the Church of England , the Roman Catholic Church , the Free Churches Group and the British Humanist Association . The alternative promise takes the following form : = = Uniform = = = = = History = = = In Scouting for Boys , Baden @-@ Powell recommended a distinctive and practical uniform that was " very like the uniform worn by my men when I commanded the South African Constabulary " . This in turn , seems to have been derived from the dress adopted by Baden @-@ Powell in the Second Matabele War of 1896 , influenced by his friend and colleague , Frederick Russell Burnham . The original Boy Scout uniform consisted of a khaki shirt and shorts , a neckerchief or " scarf " , campaign hat and a Scout staff . At the formation of the Wolf Cub section in 1916 , Baden @-@ Powell wanted to make the younger boys totally distinct from the older Boy Scouts ; the result was a green woollen jersey , shorts , neckerchief and a green cricket cap with gold piping . In 1946 , the new Senior Scout section were allowed to wear a maroon beret instead of the hat ; a green beret became an option for the Boy Scout section in 1954 . In 1966 , the Advance Party Report recommended a total redesign and modernisation of the uniform , commenting that there had been much criticism of " the Boer War appearance of our uniforms " and that the " wearing of shorts by members of the Movement is one of the most damaging aspects of our present public image " . Although the Cub uniform barely changed , retaining short trousers , the Scout section were to wear a long sleeved dark green shirt and long trousers in a brownish colour described as " mushroom " . Venture Scouts and male Scouters had identical khaki shirts and mushroom trousers , but the neckerchief was replaced by a tie , brown for Venture Scouts and green for Scouters . Female Scouters had a dark green dress and a cap similar to those worn my airline flight attendants at the time . These recommendations were accepted and implemented from October 1967 . Later amendments included khaki shirts for female Venture Scouts and Scouters , the abolition of all uniform headgear except Sea Scout caps and Air Scout berets , and black long trousers for Cubs as an option to shorts . A grey sweatshirt was introduced for the new Beaver Scout section and a dark green sweatshirt replaced the Cubs ' knitted jersey . In 2001 , following a consultation process within the association , a new range of uniforms designed by Meg Andrews was launched on Founder 's Day , 22 February . = = = Current uniforms = = = = = = = Beaver Scouts = = = = Beaver Scout uniform consists of a turquoise sweatshirt , a neckerchief and woggle , and the option of navy blue combat trousers , known officially as " activity trousers " . A skirt , activity shorts , a polo shirt and a grey fleece jacket are also available options . = = = = Cub Scouts = = = = Cub Scout uniform consists of a dark green sweatshirt , a neckerchief and woggle , and navy blue activity trousers . A skirt , activity shorts , a polo shirt and a grey fleece jacket are available as options . = = = = Scouts = = = = The uniform for Scouts is the same as for Cub Scouts , with the exception that a long @-@ sleeved shirt of a blue @-@ green colour , described as " teal " , is the main part of the uniform . Scouts in Scotland or Northern Ireland may wear a kilt . Sea Scout uniform is as for Scouts , but with either a navy blue jersey or a light blue shirt as the main part of the uniform . Headgear is a seaman 's cap with a " Sea Scout " tally band . Air Scouts wear a light blue shirt as the main part of the uniform and headgear is a blue @-@ grey beret . = = = = Explorer Scouts = = = = As for Scouts , but with a beige shirt as the main part of the uniform . A navy blue tie is an option to the neckerchief . Explorer Sea Scouts and Explorer Air Scouts wear a light blue shirt , with either a white @-@ topped officer 's peaked cap or a blue @-@ grey beret respectively . = = = = Adult members = = = = As for Explorer Scouts , but with a shirt of a light khaki colour , described as " stone " . Adult members attached to Sea or Air Scout Groups or Units wear identical uniforms to Sea and Air Explorer Scouts . = = Finances = = The Scout Association is a Registered Charity . The Association 's finances are collected through a variety of ways . Members pay for Scouting through an annual capitation and subs , paid termly , monthly or weekly depending on local preference . Capitation pays for member insurance and for the services and leader support provided by their district , country ( or equivalent ) and headquarters . Subs is instead used to pay for the day @-@ to @-@ day running of activities , pay for materials and to finance to section 's meeting place . To lessen the burden on members , many Groups undertake local fundraising and utilise additional methods of funding , such as Gift Aid . In addition , headquarters operates several other ventures open to those outside of Scouting , the profits of which are returned to Scouting . = = = Scout Community Week = = = Scout Community Week is the only current campaign of the association and the biggest national fundraising event . A revival and update of the earlier " Bob @-@ a @-@ job " scheme , in which Scouts were paid a shilling for doing work for local residents , Scout Community Week involves Scouts from all sections of the organization taking part in community work in exchange for a donation to the group . Re @-@ introduced in 2012 , the event frequently attracts media attention due to the high profile nature of some projects . = = = Commercial ventures = = = The Scout Association operates several outside ventures that offer an enhancement to the Scout programme but also services for users outside Scouting . These are : Scout Shops Ltd - sells Scouting uniform , equipment and gifts online and on the high street . In 2012 , it had a turnover of £ 7 @.@ 2 million , of which their taxable profits of £ 2 @.@ 2 million was donated to the Scout Association . The association also has a related subsidiary World Scout Shop Ltd which sells similar merchandise to a global market as well as world Scouting specific items . It was created in 2011 at the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Sweden and had a turnover of £ 0 @.@ 285 million and a taxable profit of £ 0 @.@ 164 million which was donated to the Scout Association . Scout Insurance Services Ltd trading as Unity - offers insurance solutions bespoke for the requirements of Scouting activities . In 2012 it had a turnover of £ 1 @.@ 2 million and a profit after tax of £ 0 @.@ 4 million which was donated to the association . There is also a similarly aimed and named subsidiary in Guernsey which contributed £ 600 @,@ 000 in 2012 . Scout Activity Centres - operates a national network of camp sites and activity centres . The Scout Association also runs the conference centres at Gilwell Park and at Baden @-@ Powell House . Scout Holiday Homes Trust - operates ten properties across the UK catering for those with disabilities , or those whose income usually prohibits a holiday . Scouting Magazine - sells advertising space in its free bi @-@ monthly magazine . The publication had a circulation in 2013 of 116 @,@ 707 . = = Campsites = = Across the country , over 900 campsites are owned by the Scout Association ; usually they are owned and operated by a Scout District or County . These campsites are also used by others outside the organisation and gains additional income for the Scout county or district . However , ten different sites are run directly from the national levels of the Scout Association . Seven sites are branded and operated as Scout Activity Centres , providing camping sites and adventurous activities alongside . These seven are Gilwell Park on the London / Essex border , Crawfordsburn in County Down , Downe in Kent , Ferny Crofts in the New Forest , Great Tower in the Lake District , Hawkhirst in Northumberland , Woodhouse Park in Gloucestershire , Youlbury in Oxfordshire and Yr Hafod in Snowdonia . In addition to these sites , the Scout Association runs two conference centres , one within Gilwell Park , and another at a separate site in central London , Baden @-@ Powell House . Baden @-@ Powell House is also a Scouting hostel , providing cheap Scout accommodation for central London trips . = = Youth Commissioner = = In 2014 , The Scout Association created the role of Youth Commissioner and Deputy Youth Commissioner . The Youth Commissioner works with the national leadership team , to advocate on behalf of youth members . Hannah Kentish was appointed as YC and Jagz Bharth and Jay Thompson were appointed as deputies . = = Relations with other organisations = = = = = Girlguiding UK = = = The Scout Association and Girlguiding UK are separate organisations , but were both founded by Robert Baden @-@ Powell and share similar aims and methods . Co @-@ operation between Scouting and Guiding is encouraged at all levels . " Joint Groups " of Scout and Guide units meeting separately in the same headquarters and operating under the same support structure are recognized and encouraged by both associations . It is also possible to have a " Joint Unit " , which may consist of Rainbow Guides and Beaver Scouts , or Brownie Guides and Cub Scouts , or Guides and Scouts . They meet together as a single unit , sharing leadership and facilities but individual members wear the uniform and follow the training programme of the association that they belong to . Members of Girlguiding UK are invited to join the United Kingdom Scout Contingent to participate in the World Scout Jamborees every four years . = = = Scouting Ireland = = = The Scout Association of Northern Ireland co @-@ exists in the province with Scouting Ireland which is the World Organisation of the Scout Movement recognized association for the Republic of Ireland . The two associations have been increasingly working in partnership ; they jointly run a project called " Scoutlink " which delivers citizenship and peace building programmes with a range of groups in Northern Ireland and the border counties of the Republic . = = Notable former Scouts = = The Scout Association has had many notable members in the past , with the following selection being the best known : David Attenborough - broadcaster and naturalist David Beckham – England international footballer and former captain Tony Blair – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Chris Bonington - mountaineer David Bowie - singer @-@ songwriter , producer and actor Richard Branson – Virgin Group Founder Ronnie Corbett – actor and comedian who worked with Ronnie Barker in the British television comedy series The Two Ronnies Bear Grylls – adventurer and television personality and current Chief Scout John Major – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Paul McCartney – singer / songwriter / bassist of the Beatles and Wings George Michael – singer / songwriter Cliff Richard – singer Keith Richards – guitarist and songwriter of the Rolling Stones Harold Wilson – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom = = The Scout Association overseas = = = = = History = = = Following the origin of Scouting , Scout organisations formed in many parts of the British Empire . Some of these organisations later became branches of The Boy Scouts Association after its formation . In other cases , The Boy Scouts Association started branches itself in parts of British Empire . The Boy Scouts Association 's " Headquarters " in London was renamed " Imperial Headquarters " ( IHQ ) . The Boy Scouts International Bureau was formed in 1920 and became fully functional as part of the World Association of the International Scout Movement in 1922 . Subsequently , The Boy Scouts Association branches in the Dominions of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Newfoundland , and South Africa were given the option of being " separately represented " with the Boy Scouts International Bureau , but chose instead to remain under IHQ control . Over time , many of the branches of The Scout Association became direct members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement ; for instance , Scouts Canada in 1946 and The Scout Association of Hong Kong in 1977 . = = = Current overseas branches = = = The Scout Association is currently responsible for Scouting in the British overseas territories and Crown Dependencies , as well as some small independent nations . Non @-@ sovereign territories with Scouting run by The Scout Association include : Sovereign countries with Scouting run by The Scout Association , as they are without independent Scouting organisations , include : Antigua and Barbuda Solomon Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu The British Scout programme is also offered to British citizens living outside of the United Kingdom via the British Scouting Overseas ( BSO ) Area . BSO has Scout " Districts " in France & Iberia , Benelux & Scandinavia , Germany , Middle East and Rest of the World
= Action of 9 September 1796 = The Action of 9 September 1796 was an inconclusive minor naval engagement between small French Navy and British Royal Navy squadrons off northeastern Sumatra , near Banda Aceh , during the French Revolutionary Wars . The French squadron comprised six frigates engaged on a commerce raiding operation against British trade routes passing through captured parts of the Dutch East Indies , and posed a considerable threat to the weakened British naval forces in the region . The British force consisted of two 74 @-@ gun ships of the line hastily paired to oppose the eastward advance of the French squadron . The French squadron , commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey , had left their base on Île de France in July , cruising off Ceylon and Tranquebar before sailing eastwards . Their movements had so far been unopposed as British forces in the East Indies were concentrated at Simon 's Town in the west and Malacca in the east . After raiding the shipping at Banda Aceh on 1 September the squadron sailed eastwards to attack Penang . On 8 September , while the French were removing supplies from a captured British merchant ship east of Banda Aceh , two large sails were spotted . These were HMS Arrogant and HMS Victorious , sent to drive off the French before they could attack the scattered British shipping and ports in the region . Although the British ships were substantially larger than any individual French vessel , the frigates were more numerous and more manoeuvrable . Neither side could afford to take significant damage in the battle , so each sought to drive the other off rather than achieve an outright victory . On 9 September Sercey 's frigates formed a line of battle , successfully engaging first Arrogant and then Victorious and inflicting damage on each while preventing them from supporting one another . The French frigates , particularly Vertu and Seine , also suffered and by late morning both sides disengaged , the British retiring to Madras for repairs while Sercey anchored at King 's Island in the Mergui Archipelago , eventually sheltering in Batavia . = = Background = = At the start of 1796 French and allied forces had been almost completely driven from the Indian Ocean , most of the colonies of the French @-@ allied Batavian Republic falling to British invasions during 1795 . The only significant French presence was on Île de France and a few other nearby islands , from which a squadron of two frigates periodically operated against British trade . The British were so confident of supremacy that they had split their forces , with a large squadron based at Simon 's Town in the Cape Colony of Southern Africa under Sir George Keith Elphinstone and a smaller dispersed force operating under Peter Rainier in the Dutch East Indies , based at the captured port of Malacca . The important trading ports of Calcutta , Madras and Bombay were largely undefended , as were the valuable trade routes which supported them . On 4 March 1796 significant French reinforcements were dispatched when a squadron of four frigates and two corvettes sailed from Rochefort under the command of Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . Both corvettes were lost before the squadron had left the Bay of Biscay and frigate Cocarde forced to return to port after running aground . After resupplying at La Palma and joining with replacement frigate Vertu , the squadron enjoyed unimpeded progress , seizing several British and Portuguese ships , including two Indiamen in the South Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean . The squadron had not been dispatched primarily to increase the French military presence in the East Indies , but rather to enforce the National Convention 's decree that Île de France abolish slavery . The agricultural economy of the island depended on slavery to remain profitable , and the colonial committee had simply ignored the decree when it first arrived in 1795 . The matter was then taken up by the Committee for Public Safety , which sent agents Baco and Burnel to ensure the ruling was carried out , supported by 800 soldiers under General François @-@ Louis Magallon . On arrival at Port Louis on 18 June , the agents were confronted by a large body of heavily armed militia opposed to the abolition of slavery . Although they ordered Magallon to attack the islanders , the general refused and the agents were sent back to sea in a small corvette , eventually returning to Europe . Sercey remained in the East Indies , refitting his ships and joining his squadron to that already at Île de France . This force he divided , sending Preneuse and a corvette to patrol the Mozambique Channel . The remaining six frigates , comprising Vertu , Régénérée , Forte , Seine , Prudente and Cybèle , with the privateer schooner Alerte , Sercey took eastwards on 14 July , towards the Bay of Bengal . Sercey was unaware of how scattered Brutish forces were in the region , and sent Alerte to scout ahead after the squadron arrived off Ceylon . Captain Drieu of Alerte made the miscalculation of attacking a ship on 14 August which turned out to be the 28 @-@ gun British dispatch frigate HMS Carysfort , and on board Alerte the British captors discovered documents revealing the exact extent of Sercey 's strength and intentions . Carysfort 's captain was unable to warn any allied ships as his small frigate was the only British warship in the Bay of Bengal , and so he instead arranged for false information to be passed to Sercey regarding a fictional British battle squadron at Madras . This was sufficient to deter Sercey from lingering in the area , and after a raiding sweep along the coast to Tranquebar his squadron sailed eastwards once more . On 1 September Sercey raided Banda Aceh , capturing a number of merchant ships and on 7 September seized the small merchant ship Favourite off the northeastern coast of Sumatra en route to attack the British port of Penang . The following morning , as his squadron transferred rice from the prize , two large sails appeared in the distance to the northeast . These sails belonged to the 74 @-@ gun British ships of the line HMS Arrogant under Captain Richard Lucas and HMS Victorious under Captain William Clark . These ships had been sent to the East Indies from the Cape at the start of August on orders from Elphinstone and were engaged in protecting British trade with China . When news reached Penang that Sercey was in the region , Lucas ordered Clark to join him in a search for the French in the Straits of Malacca . = = Battle = = Lucas first sighted the French at 06 : 00 on 8 September , approximately 24 nautical miles ( 44 km ) east of Point Pedro , the northeastern tip of Sumatra . By 10 : 00 Sercey had determined that the new arrivals were probably hostile and formed his frigates into a line of battle , tacking to investigate . Lucas and Clark conferred at 14 : 00 , Clark believing that two of the ships were French ships of the line while Lucas correctly insisted that they were six frigates , accompanied by the captured East Indiaman Triton . The captains agreed to pursue the French and bring them to battle when possible . At 14 : 30 , Forte determined that the approaching ships were British ships of the line and Sercey turned away , unwilling to risk suffering severe damage in a pointless engagement with two such powerful opponents . Sercey 's squadron attempted to seek shelter in coastal waters , closely pursued by Lucas ' ships ; by 21 : 30 the British were just 3 nautical miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) behind the French . By the morning of 9 September the wind had dropped and the French frigates were sailing in line slowly eastwards along the northern coast of Sumatra , the British ships close behind . With battle inevitable , Sercey gave orders at 06 : 00 for his line to put about and seize the weather gage while Lucas led Arrogant on a path to intercept . At 07 : 25 Lucas opened fire on the lead French ship Vertu at the range of 700 yards ( 640 m ) . The British ship was able to fire two broadsides before Captain Lhermitte on Vertu could reply , the first French volley snatching away the ensign . Arrogant then progressively came under fire from the whole French line , as Seine , Forte and Cybèle passed , the more distant Régénéree and Prudente joining the fusillade . During this exchange of fire both Arrogant and Vertu suffered damage to their sails and rigging , the Arrogant temporarily unmaneuverable as the winds dropped almost completely . Victorious was also hit , Captain Clark forced to retire wounded after being struck in the thigh by debris at 08 : 00 . At 08 : 30 the rearmost French ship , Prudente , passed out of range of Arrogant leaving the ship isolated . With Lucas unable to participate , Lieutenant William Waller on Victorious assumed command and ordered his ship to engage the French at 08 : 40 , a string of signal flags hoisted on Arrogant unreadable in the light winds . Victorious was soon surrounded by the French , with two frigates on the port bow and four on the port beam , all firing into the ship of the line from approximately 900 yards ( 820 m ) . By 10 : 15 , when the wind suddenly returned , Victorious had been badly damaged . Using the wind to turn towards the distant Arrogant , Waller exposed his ship 's stern and was repeatedly raked . The winds remained unreliable , and Victorious took further damage for the next half @-@ hour , the French ships remaining outside the arcs of fire from the British ship . The damage Vertu had taken early in the combat rendered Lhermitte unable to continue the action , and his ship gradually fell out of the line to the south . Captain Pierre Julien Tréhouart turned Cybèle away too , using sweeps to reach Vertu and take the ship under tow . With Vertu secured and Arrogant slowly coming back into range , Sercey ordered his squadron to turn away to the north at 10 : 55 , the last shots fired at long range from Victorious at 11 : 15 . = = = Combatant summary = = = In this table , " Guns " refers to all cannon carried by the ship , including the maindeck guns which were taken into consideration when calculating its rate , as well as any carronades carried aboard . Broadside weight records the combined weight of shot which could be fired in a single simultaneous discharge of an entire broadside . = = Aftermath = = Losses on both sides were heavy . Arrogant had been damaged early in the battle and lost seven killed and 27 wounded while Victorious which bore the brunt of the French attack , suffered 17 killed and 57 wounded , the latter including Clark . Neither British ship was in sufficient repair to continue the engagement ; Arrogant had several cannon dismounted and her sail 's and rigging were tattered . Victorious was less badly damaged , but had more than one in five of the crew unfit for duty . All of the French ships suffered damage and casualties , although Régénérée reported no losses in the aftermath . Vertu was damaged early on and took 24 casualties , Seine was hit by heavy fire later in the battle and lost 62 dead and wounded , with the captain among the former . The remainder of the squadron suffered lighter losses , with 12 on Prudente , 17 on Cybèle and 23 on Forte . Lucas and Clark remained off Sumatra until basic repairs could be completed before Arrogant then took Victorious under tow , leading the damaged ship back to Penang and then Madras for repairs , arriving on 6 October . Sercey abandoned plans for an attack on Penang and sailed northwards to King 's Island in the Mergui Archipelago . There his ships underwent extensive repairs , some even replacing their lower masts . In October the squadron swept eastwards to the Ceylon coast before turning back west towards Batavia , where Sercey hoped the supply depots would provide more support than those on Île de France . The squadron remained at Batavia throughout the winter , ceding control of the Indian Ocean trade routes to the British . The action has been described as inconclusive by British historian C. Northcote Parkinson as neither side could achieve a decisive result . Parkinson is also scathing of his criticism of both Clark and Waller , accusing them of failing to properly to prepare for battle or effectively manoeuvere their ship under fire . During the battle neither side had actually sought a decisive result , both unwilling to risk damage which would jeopardise their mission . Sercey 's orders were to raid British trade routes , not to engage heavy warships and suffer the consequent damage : the battle severely curtailed his opportunities to prey on British merchant shipping in the East Indies during 1796 . Lucas sought to block Sercey 's passage through the Malacca Straits , but was aware that his ships , though large and powerful , were outnumbered and outgunned in the engagement , particularly given the size of the main French line , composed of ships with batteries of 18 @-@ pounder long guns and including Forte , one of the most massive frigates then at sea . William James considers that had the winds been more favourable Lucas might have been able to cut off and capture at least two French frigates , but had Sercey attempted a boarding action against the ships of the line his more numerous crews would probably have successfully seized them .
= Glasgow , Paisley , Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway = The Glasgow , Paisley , Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway ( GPK & AR ) was a railway in Scotland that provided train services between Glasgow , Kilmarnock and Ayr . It opened its first line , between Glasgow and Ayr in 1839 - 1840 . The section between Glasgow and Paisley was made jointly with the Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . Later it built a line from Dalry via Kilmarnock to Cumnock , linking there with the Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway , and together forming a through route from Glasgow to Carlisle . The two companies merged to form the Glasgow and South Western Railway . The original main line from Glasgow to Ayr , and the line from Kilmarnock to Carlisle , are in use today , although many intermediate stations and branch lines have closed . = = History = = = = = Earliest lines = = = Coal and other minerals were extracted in the west of Scotland from medieval times ; getting the heavy product to market was always a challenge , and this encouraged the development of tracked systems ; the earliest plateways in the vicinity of Ayr date from — at the latest — 1775 . In 1812 the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway opened , also a horse @-@ operated plateway , constructed to carry coal from the Kilmarnock area to the harbour at Troon , for onward conveyance by coastal shipping ; it was the first railway in Scotland to have an authorising Act of Parliament . In the late 1820s , several further mineral railways were constructed in the west of Scotland : the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway , opened in 1826 , proved a remarkable success in carrying coal from the collieries near Airdrie and was quickly followed by the Ballochney Railway . These " coal railways " used horse traction ( mostly ) and short cast iron rails on stone block sleepers . The key technical advance was that they used " edge rails " : the guidance was provided by flanges on the wheels of the wagons . These lines showed the way forward . In 1831 the Ardrossan Railway opened ; it too was a horse @-@ operated line using stone block sleepers , but passenger operation was a major part of its objective . It was conceived as a means of developing Ardrossan Harbour as the sea port for Glasgow . However the promoters were unable to raise sufficient money to build the whole of their line ; moreover recent improvements to the navigability of the River Clyde enabled sea @-@ going ships to reach the City . Accordingly , the line was truncated , and only reached a terminal at Kilwinning and collieries east of that town . Nonetheless it was a considerable commercial success , carrying passengers and in enabling coal , particularly from the pits belonging to the Earl of Eglinton to be exported at Ardrossan , and it further emphasised the viability of railways . The Liverpool and Manchester Railway had opened the previous year , and proved a remarkable success in abstracting traffic from the parallel canal , and indicated that longer distances , not merely feeders to a harbour or from a colliery , could be dealt with , and everywhere business people were considering where a railway might advantageously be built next . When the Grand Junction Railway was authorised in 1833 , it was possible to consider that railways might one day link central Scotland and the south of England . = = = Glasgow to Ayr and Kilmarnock = = = By 1835 the idea of building a railway from Glasgow into Ayrshire gained sufficient support for a survey to be commissioned from John Miller , a partner in the firm of Grainger and Miller , which had been heavily involved in the earlier railways in the west of Scotland . Miller proposed a route from Tradeston , in Glasgow at the south end of Glasgow Bridge , through Paisley and the Garnock Valley to Kilwinning and Ayr , with a branch from Dalry to Kilmarnock . The cost was to be £ 550 @,@ 000 and a 10 % return could be expected ; notwithstanding the south @-@ westerly course of the line , it was foreseen as a first step towards linking with railways in England . Interests in Kilmarnock were dismayed to be consigned to a branch line , and the Burgh Council of Kilmarnock commissioned Scott , Stephen and Gale , an engineering partnership " which was not to make a mark on railway engineering " to plan a more direct route . Plotting a direct route was easy , but gradients were severe , earthworks would be formidable , and there was much less intermediate business . Gale was a rival canal company 's engineer , and was hardly impartial . It was necessary to bring in someone to settle the matter ; George Stephenson gave a report supporting Miller 's choice of route . Raising capital proved straightforward , and it was possible to present a Bill for the line in the 1837 session of Parliament . There was strenuous opposition from river and canal interests , but this was overcome . At the time the Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway ( GP & GR ) was also promoting its line , with a similar route from Tradeston to Paisley . It became obvious that Parliament would be hostile to the formation of two adjacent lines , so it was determined to build the line jointly as far as Paisley . Both the GPK & AR and the GP & GR received the royal assent on 15 July 1837 . The Glasgow , Paisley Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway Act authorised share capital of £ 625 @,@ 000 , and £ 208 @,@ 300 in loans . The line was to be constructed simultaneously from each end , to prevent the experience of the Ardrossan Railway which failed to build the eastern end of its authorised line . The gauge of the new line was not yet determined , although the estimates had been prepared on the basis that it would not exceed 6 feet . Many of Grainger and Miller 's lines had been to a gauge of 4 ft 6in ; the Dundee and Newtyle Railway ( 1831 ) had been at 4 ft 6 ½ in ( 1 @,@ 384 mm ) and the Dundee and Arbroath Railway , authorised in 1836 , was to be 5 ft 6in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) . Connections to local railways were considered important in determining the gauge , but the engineer Joseph Locke urged that conformity to the gauge of the English railways was important , and in the end this was adopted : standard gauge , 4 ft 8 ½ in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) . = = = Construction starts = = = Construction of the line , supervised by Grainger & Miller , proved challenging , as a large @-@ scale contracting industry was not yet in place in Scotland ; nor was large @-@ scale financing . At the end of 1838 Miller was instructed to build a branch from Barassie to Troon Harbour , earlier thoughts of taking over the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway and converting it — as it was then still a horse @-@ operated plateway — having been dropped . In 1839 the Ardrossan and Johnstone Railway was engaged in converting its gauge to standard so as to interwork with the GPK & AR ( with which it was to connect at Kilwinning ) , and the following year it changed its name to the Ardrossan Railway = = = Opening — in stages = = = After a directors ' special run between Ayr ( north of the river , at Newton @-@ on @-@ Ayr ) and Irvine on 19 July 1839 , the line opened to the public between those points on 5 August 1839 . This was an enormous success and that limited section of the line made a surplus of £ 500 in the remainder of the year . The section between Irvine and Kilwinning opened on 23 March 1840 . On 13 July 1840 the joint line between Paisley and a temporary terminus in Glasgow at Bridge Street was ready for a demonstration run , opening fully to the public the following day . The remainder of the main line opened in further stages , and the dates for the whole line were : Glasgow Bridge Street ( temporary station ) to Paisley ( Joint Line ) : 14 July 1840 ; Paisley to a temporary station at Howwood ( then spelt Howood ) : 21 July 1840 ; Howood to Beith : 12 August 1840 ; Howood station then closed ; Beith to Kilwinning : 21 July 1840 ; Kilwinning to Irvine : 23 March 1840 ; Irvine to Ayr ( Newton @-@ on @-@ Ayr ) : 19 July 1839 . The permanent Bridge Street station opened on 6 April 1841 . The GPK & AR moved their head offices to Bridge Street from Gordon Street in March 1841 . The construction of the main line was stated to have overrun estimated costs considerably , and at a shareholders ' meeting in February 1841 it was stated that as a result , the Kilmarnock branch could not be started until authority for additional capital had been obtained , and of course the money actually raised . Kilmarnock had to be content with a coach connection until the line there from Dalry Junction opened on 4 April 1843 . = = = By rail and sea to London = = = The opening of the line and the conversion of the Ardrossan railway to run in connection , enabled a fast service — 26 ½ hours — between Glasgow and London to be instituted . The fast steamer Fire King plied on alternate days between Ardrossan and Liverpool ; from May 1841 the English terminal was transferred to Fleetwood following the opening of the Preston & Wyre Railway and Dock Company . The service only lasted a few days and was not a commercial success ; the GPK & AR sold the vessel to James Burns , who continued the service but " soon withdrew it " , transferring the boat to a route to Ireland . = = = The railway route to England = = = From the time the GPK & AR was authorised , controversy raged about the route a railway to England might take . It was plain that Carlisle would be reached from the south ; a direct route from Glasgow over the Southern Uplands , the route that became known as the Annandale line , would involve severe gradients , and pass through almost unpopulated territory . The locomotives available at the time were not thought to be capable of climbing the steep inclines , and rope haulage was put forward by some as the solution . By contrast , a route from Kilmarnock through Cumnock and Dumfries — the Nithsdale line — would have much easier gradients and pass through considerable population centres , bringing in additional traffic . Moreover , the Nithsdale route would be much cheaper to build . The Government intervened and in 1839 appointed two Royal Commissioners to determine the way forward ; at this time there was a presumption that one railway route from Scotland to England would suffice ; but which ? There was no consensus between expert witnesses , and in 1840 the Commissioners reported that the Annandale route should prevail , but " the promoters must prove their bona fide intention to complete the English portion of the line , otherwise preference would be given to the East Coast route " ( from Edinburgh via Berwick @-@ upon @-@ Tweed and Newcastle upon Tyne ) . This stalled the whole process : there was no such single group as " the promoters " of any route via Carlisle , and in fact the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway was not authorised until 1844 . The report of the Commissioners was not binding , and the rivalry between supporters of the two routes intensified . An independent Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway was proposed , to build from Carlisle to meet the GPK & AR , and the GPK & AR itself proposed several branches , mostly for tactical reasons , to weaken or exclude the Caledonian Railway ( CR ) , as the dominant supporter of the Annandale route . Of these only an extension from Kilmarnock to Horsecleugh , south of the mining town of Old Cumnock was authorised , by Act of 21 July 1845 . The CR case was strengthened by its intended branch to Edinburgh ; moreover locomotive designs were being improved , and the capacity to haul trains over the steep gradients of the Annandale route was diminishing in importance . In Parliamentary hearings in 1845 , the Caledonian Railway passed the Commons and despite the GPK & AR fighting on in the Lords , the Caledonian Railway was authorised , in preference to the Nithsdale route , on 31 July 1845 . The Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway felt the setback most keenly , as it had no railway and had just been refused sanction to build one . = = = A resilient mood ; but then collapse = = = The GPK & AR was at least able to see a positive future without the line to Carlisle ; a 6 % dividend was declared in August 1845 . The Shareholders approved the lease of the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway ( K & TR ) ; as a horse @-@ operated plateway this would need to be converted and upgraded at a cost of £ 40 @,@ 000 , but the process would give access much improved access to the harbour for collieries in the area . In addition a mineral line was to be built from Auchinleck , on the Cumnock extension , to Muirkirk . There had long been an ironworks at Muirkirk which suffered from the disadvantage of poor transport links to market ; in addition a new ironworks at Lugar would also be accessed by the line . The 1846 session of Parliament experienced a snowstorm of bills for new railways ; many of these threatened to encroach on the GPK & AR area of influence and abstract business ; several schemes were promoted by the Caledonian Railway or its allies ; in self @-@ defence the GPK & AR itself promoted numerous schemes — in fact 25 branches as well as a bill nominally by the K & TR to authorise the modernisation works — to head off some of the encroachment . In this session , the remodelled Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway got its authorising Act of Parliament ( on 13 August or 16 July ) , to build from Horsecleugh ( near Cumnock , the southern limit of the GPK & AR authorisation ) to Gretna Junction , reaching Carlisle from Gretna over the Caledonian Railway line . The Act stipulated that on actual completion of the construction , the GD & CR should merge with the GPK & AR to form a new company , the Glasgow and South Western Railway . This huge volume of intended activity was fuelled by financial speculation — the " railway mania " . It appeared that fortunes could be made by subscribing to shares in new lines , and the subscriber only had to put a small deposit down until construction got under way . Over @-@ optimism led to stark inability to pay up when the calls ( for cash on subscribed shares ) came in , and suddenly money was impossible to come by . Most of the speculative schemes collapsed at once . = = = Regaining momentum = = = Although in difficulties for cash , the GD & CR started construction ; obstructions by the Caledonian Railway at the Gretna end were eventually resolved , and a fresh Act structuring the merger with the GPK & AR was passed ( on 9 July 1847 ) , but " so heavily amended ... as to be useless to the Companies " . On 1 March 1847 the Kilmarnock and Troon line reopened , as a standard gauge locomotive operated railway . It had been closed for the modernisation work , and it now provided a proper link from Kilmarnock to the coast . The GPK & AR opened a short connecting spur between its own line and the K & TR in Kilmarnock . On the same day a branch at Dalry to Swinlees was opened ; there was a copper mine there . On 22 July 1847 the company acquired control of the Paisley and Renfrew Railway under the Paisley & Renfrew Railway Sale and Improvement Act . , . The purchase had earlier been agreed by the proposed Paisley , Barrhead and Hurlet Railway , supported by the GPK & AR , for £ 34 @,@ 000 . It was horse @-@ operated and had a track gauge of 4 ft 4in ( 1 @,@ 321 mm ) . The line was loss @-@ making and had no practical value other than the tactical one of securing territory against competing companies . The Paisley Barrhead and Hurlet Bill failed in the 1847 session of Parliament and was re @-@ presented in 1848 ; the share capital proposed had risen to £ 230 @,@ 000 ; during the Lords ' hearings it became plain that running powers were likely to be granted to the Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway , an offshoot of the Caledonian Railway . The GPK & AR had subscribed to £ 150 @,@ 000 in face value of the shares of this proposed line , with the sole intention of excluding the Caledonian Railway from the area . The GPK & AR now petitioned against the Bill , but this was unsuccessful , and it received the Royal Assent , with the running powers clause , on 31 August 1848 . Having a majority shareholding , the GPK & AR was able to stall any plans to proceed with construction of the Hurlet line , but on 9 October a special GPK & AR Shareholders ' Meeting reviewed the financial commitments made by their Board in the frenzied days of 1845 and 1846 , when support to numerous new lines had been committed ; the meeting left the directors in no doubt as to their disapproval . On 28 May 1848 a line opened between Irvine and Busbie , about 2 miles ( 3 km ) north @-@ west of Kilmarnock ; a short branch to Irvine Harbour opened on the same day . The Cumnock line as far as Auchinleck and the Muirkirk branch from that point , opened on 9 August . This included the Ballochmyle Viaduct , located near Catrine ; it was built with a central span of 181 feet ( 55 @.@ 2 m ) and 175 feet ( 53 @.@ 3 m ) high above the River Ayr . It was the largest masonry arch span in the world at the time of its completion , and is the highest railway bridge in Britain . Also on 9 August 1848 the Newmilns branch opened from Hurlford to Galston . A branch to Perceton Colliery ( a short northward spur from the Irvine - Busbie line ) opened on 26 June 1848 . On 1 July 1848 , a Perceton branch from the Doura line of the Ardrossan Railway opened . It was actually the only part of the Glasgow Kilmarnock and Ardrossan Railway to be built ; it became part of the Ardrossan Railway . On 26 February 1849 the Fairlie branch of the former Kilmarnock and Troon Railway was opened . = = = Completing the line to Carlisle = = = The Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway had been proceeding with construction as fast as funds would allow , and on 23 August 1848 it opened its line between Gretna and Dumfries . At Gretna passengers could change to Caledonian Railway trains ; the Dumfries station was a temporary structure south of Annan Road . The GPK & AR provided the rolling stock to its junior partner . The GD & CR was insolvent , owing £ 230 @,@ 000 and needing £ 602 @,@ 000 to complete the line ; these facts emerged after another bruising session at which shareholders criticised the liabilities and futile Parliamentary expenses incurred by the directors of both companies . ( In fact there was considerable overlap on the two boards . ) By March 1849 these negative feelings led to the GPK & AR Chairman , James McCall being removed along with several directors ; Andrew Orr took over as chairman , but for a period the remaining directors from the earlier years formed an obstructive group ; their motivation seemed to be the personal liabilities they had taken on on behalf of the company , and their wish to be indemnified against personal loss . Orr eventually resolved these issues and on 24 August , Orr held shareholders ' meetings of each company ( separately ) and announced that all the " old " directors had resigned , and that a new board would shortly be formed , with an identical composition for the two companies . The engineer John Miller also resigned at this time in the interest of economy . All the remaining GD & CR construction contracts had been let and were proceeding , and the two companies would operate as a single unit using GPK & AR rolling stock . On 20 May 1850 the line was opened between Auchinleck and New Cumnock , completing the GPK & AR southward extension and including the northern extremity of the GD & CR line . By 28 October 1850 the final section of the main line to Carlisle was completed by the GD & CR , and trains began to run through to Carlisle ; evidently the difficulty with the Caledonian Railway from Gretna southwards had been resolved . = = = The Glasgow and South Western Railway is formed = = = The GPK & AR and the GD & CR had already been authorised by the Acts of 1846 and 1847 to amalgamate at this stage . In fact the GD & CR was absorbed by the GPK & AR which then changed its name to the G & SWR ; the 1847 Act provided for the vesting of the GD & CR in the GPK & AR on the date of the opening throughout of the GD & CR , when that company would be dissolved . From the date of the amalgamation the company would be called the Glasgow and South Western Railway . On 28 October 1850 the Glasgow and South Western railway started its existence . = = Train services = = The first services on the line in 1839 , between Irvine and Ayr , travelled at an average of 21 miles per hour ( 34 km / h ) with stoppages averaging 1 min 6 secs per station , meaning a trip along the entire 10 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 9 km ) line at that point would have taken around 35 ½ minutes . The maximum fare for passengers at the time was 2d , 1 ½ d and 1d for first , second and third class respectively . 137 @,@ 117 passengers travelled on the line during the first year of services . In conjunction with the Ardrossan Railway , which was regauged in 1840 , on alternate days a fast steamboat service ran between Ardrossan Pier and Liverpool , and vice versa . This connected with the Grand Junction Railway and London and Birmingham Railway 's expresses to London . In 1841 the steamboat service was transferred from Liverpool to the new Port at Fleetwood , Lancashire . In March 1850 the passenger train service consisted of five trains southbound and four northbound on the Ayr line ; these called at all stations except that Cochrane Mill was served only by the first southbound and last northbound trains ; the journey time to Ayr was two to two and a half hours . The service between Glasgow and Muirkirk had four trains each way , but only two went throughout ; one trip was to and from Auchinleck only , and one was to and from Kilmarnock ; there were connecting trains from Ayr to Irvine . The journey time Glasgow to Muirkirk was three hours . Three of the four Kilmarnock line trains were combined with Ayr trains between Glasgow and Irvine , and between Dalry and Kilmarnock trains travelled via Irvine and Dreghorn . In addition a " Glasgow to Troon direct " train was advertised , running on Wednesdays and Fridays in connection with the steamers to Liverpool , leaving Glasgow at 4 @.@ 30 pm . This is the departure time of an ordinary parliamentary train to Troon and Ayr , so it does not appear to be a separate boat train . = = Rolling stock = = The original locomotives used on the line in 1839 were similar to those used on the London and Birmingham Railway , having 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) cylinders , 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) stroke and four wheels . Designed by Bury , the 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 locomotives cost around £ 1 @,@ 200 per engine were given the names Mazeppa , Mercury , Marmion and Cutty @-@ sark . Two more of the same design were obtained in 1841 named Stuart and Bute . The six original locomotives were withdrawn between 1858 and 1860 . In 1840 @-@ 1841 twelve 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 locomotives ( designed by company engineer J. Miller ) were built and given names such as Bruce , Eglinton , Phoenix , Prince Albert and Loudoun . Bruce and Cutty @-@ sark hauled the first special train from Glasgow to Ayr on 11 August 1840 . Early passenger carriages were of similar design to those used on railways in England at the time , holding eighteen passengers on first class carriages , and thirty on second class . Third class carriages originally had seats , but on 15 April 1840 a board decision declared that all future third class carriages were to be made without seats . All existing third class carriages also had their seats removed . A later board decision on 3 July 1840 ordered that third class carriages would be situated closest to the engine , followed by second class , with first class at the rear . = = Development under the Glasgow and South Western Railway = = On taking over the GPK & AR and GD & CR networks , the Glasgow and South Western Railway had a main line from Glasgow to Ayr , and from Glasgow to Carlisle , and some branches . It already served areas rich in minerals , especially coal and ironstone , and had useful access to west coast ports . It had two main limitations . The first was that the Carlisle line was very circuitous compared with the competing Caledonian Railway ( CR ) route via Beattock , which also served Edinburgh ; the route also depended on running over the CR from Gretna Junction to Carlisle , and needed accommodation at Carlisle station . The CR was to prove a formidable competitor for Anglo @-@ Scottish traffic , both passenger and goods , and much energy and money were expended in securing exclusive territory for the G & SWR , and in keeping the CR out . The second issue was that both the Glasgow and Ayr stations were awkward . The Glasgow station , at Bridge Street , was on the south of the Clyde ( and Glasgow Bridge carried a toll at the time ) . The Ayr station was north of the River Ayr , and although not inconvenient for passenger access to the town , the location prevented southward railway extension . The means adopted to overcome these challenges are described more fully in the Glasgow and South Western Railway and other articles . In overview : The company encouraged local promoters to build railways that extended or fed the G & SWR ; often this was with substantial financial support from the company ; a number of branches were constructed directly ; this was especially the case to serve districts where mining was dominant ; in later years a number of agreements were finalised with the Caledonian Railway over primacy of territory and limitation on the formation of encroaching routes ; the Ayr and Dalmellington Railway , encouraged by the G & SWR , built its line southwards from Falkland Junction , immediately north of Ayr station ; the new line passed round the east side of the burgh , and a new through station for Ayr was provided on it in 1857 ; after initial reluctance , this became the main passenger station for Ayr ; with the North British Railway , the G & SWR sponsored the City of Glasgow Union Railway , which opened a line crossing the Clyde in Glasgow and making a south to north link line ; as part of that scheme a new passenger terminal at St Enoch was opened , and ( no less important ) a central goods terminal at College , on land vacated by the University of Glasgow ; the river crossing and a temporary central station were in use in 1870 and the St Enoch station was opened in 1876 ; after a short time the Bridge Street station was vacated by the G & SWR ; the Glasgow , Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway was made , jointly with the Caledonian Railway , forming a direct route between Glasgow and Kilmarnock , and shortening the route from Glasgow to Carlisle ; this opened in 1873 ; the Dalry to Kilmarnock line was reduced in importance for express passenger trains , but continued as an important link from Carlisle to the West Coast ports , and for mineral and goods traffic . = = Twentieth century closures = = In the first half of the twentieth century , the extractive industries of the West of Scotland underwent a metamorphosis . The small pits were either worked out or were mechanised and merged . A similar process took place in the iron and steel production industries , and the medium scale iron works in many locations closed down . Many railway branch lines had been heavily dependent on business from the mineral industries , and could not be sustained when they had gone , but some continued as passenger lines where they served sizable communities . The heavy rationalisation process in British Railways in the 1960s , often referred to as the Beeching Axe , resulted in a re @-@ assessment of those lines , at a time when efficient bus services were abstracting passengers from often infrequent and inconvenient train services . The effect of this process on the original GPK & AR network can be summarised thus : Glasgow to Ayr : still operating ; electrified 19 January 1987 ; a diversion to serve Troon more conveniently replaced a short section of the original main line there in 1892 ; Dalry to Kilmarnock : closed to local passenger trains on 18 April 1966 . ; a night sleeper train continued running over the line , giving a direct Paisley to London service , but the lien closed completely on 23 October 1973 ; Kilmarnock to Horsecleugh : still operating as part of the Glasgow - Kilmarnock - Dumfries - Carlisle route ; Irvine to Busbie Junction : closed to local passenger traffic on 6 April 1964 , and closed completely 11 October 1965 ; Irvine Harbour branch ; closed ; Perceton branch ; closed ; Barassie to Kilmarnock ( former Kilmarnock and Troon Railway ) : still operating ; Auchinleck to Newmilns : the section between Auchinleck and Cronberry closed to passenger traffic on 3 July 1950 . The line between Cronberry and Newmilns was part of a route between Ayr and Muirkirk , but this too closed to passenger trains on 1 October 1950 . In 1951 services were reinstated for two weeks to accommodate diverted trains from Edinburgh to Ayr . The entire line from Auchinleck to Muirkirk then closed to regular passenger traffic on 1 October 1950 ; the line was used until 1976 . = = Topography = = Note : station and route details are confined to those opened during GPK & AR days , and the subsequent history of those stations and routes ; details of stations opened on the route later than 1850 , and of contiguous routes opened later , can be found in the Glasgow and South Western Railway article . Locations in italic were not passenger stations ; entries in bold are passenger stations open at the present . = = = Bridge Steet to Ayr = = = GPK & AR trains used the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Line as far as Paisley ; it was joint with the Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . The line between Shields Junction and Paisley was quadrupled in 1880s . It was reduced again to double track during the mid 1960s . A third track was added once more in early 2012 . Bridge Street Moss Road ; opened 1843 ; closed 1843 ; Cardonald station opened on the same site 1879 ; Paisley ; renamed Paisley Gilmour Street from 1883 ; Johnstone ; renamed Johnstone High from 1851 until 1962 ; Cochrane Mill ; opened 1846 ; renamed Milliken Park 1853 ; closed 1966 ; a new Milliken Park was opened a short distance nearer Dalry on 15 May 1989 ; Howood ; opened 1840 ; closed 1840 ; re @-@ opened as Howwood 1876 ; closed 1955 ; reopened 28 October 1988 ; Lochwinnoch # # # # Kilbirnie ; opened 1841 ; renamed Glengarnock 1951 ; Swinlees Junction ; junction for mineral line from Swinlees ; ( the branch opened 1847 ; cut back to Boredon 1920 ; closed in the 1950s ) ; Dalry ; Dalry Junction ; opened 1850 ; closed 1860 ; junction to Kilmarnock line ; Kilwinning ; junction to Ardrossan Railway ; Irvine ; junction for line to Busbie and for line to Irvine Harbour ; Barassie ; junction for line from Kilmarnock ; junction for line to Troon Harbour ; the station probably did not have platforms on the Kilwinning line during the lifetime of the GPK & AR . The section of line between Barassie and Lochgreen Junction closed in 1975 . Troon ; closed 1892 when the new station on the loop line was opened ; Lochgreen Junction ; Monkton ; closed 1940 ; Prestwick ; Ayr ; closed 1857 when all passenger services were transferred to the through station . = = = Dalry Junction - Kilmarnock - Auchinleck = = = Dalry Junction ; ( above ) ; Stewarton ; renamed Cunninghamhead 1873 ; closed 1950 ; ( the name Stewarton was transferred to a station on the Glasgow , Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway , nearer the town ) ; Busby ; ( spelt Busbie when the line was being planned ) ; clsoed 1850 ; re @-@ opened as Crosshouse 1872 ; closed 1966 ; Kilmarnock ; Hurlford ; closed 1955 ; Mauchline ; closed 1965 ; Auchinleck ; closed 1965 ; re @-@ opened 1984 ; Old Cumnock ; renamed Cumnock 1955 ; closed 1965 ; Horsecleugh ; end @-@ on junction with the Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway ; no station or siding facilities . = = = Irvine to Busby line = = = Irvine ; see above ; Dreghorn ; closed 1850 ; opened 1868 ; closed 1964 ; junction for the Perceton branch , open 1848 to 1950 ; Busby ; see above . = = = Troon Harbour to Kilmarnock = = = Troon Harbour ; Barassie ; see above ; Drybridge ; closed 1969 ; Gatehead ; closed 1969 ; Kilmarnock ; see above . = = = Hurlford to Galston = = = Hurlford ; see above ; Mayfield Junction ; junction to Mayfield goods station ; branch cut back to Fireclay Works 1930 ; closed 1965 ; Galston ; closed 1964 ; Newmilns . = = 1994 - present : Privatisation and current operations = = Privatisation resulted in the former GPK & AR being under the ownership of Railtrack , and then from 2002 , Network Rail . Passenger services between Glasgow and Ayr operate under the title Ayrshire Coast Line ( which also incorporates the Largs branch ) , and passenger train services on the line from Kilmarnock to Carlisle are called the Glasgow South Western Line . Local services are run by First ScotRail on behalf of Strathclyde Partnership for Transport . = = Connections to other lines = = Ardrossan Railway at Kilwinning and Dubbs Junction Ayr and Dalmellington Railway at Falkland Junction Ayr to Mauchline Branch and associated lines at Prestwick , Falkland Junction , ( near Newton @-@ on @-@ Ayr station ) and Mauchline Bridge of Weir Railway at Elderslie Dalry and North Johnstone Line at Brownhill Junction , north east of Dalry Darvel Branch at Hurlford Junction , south east of Kilmarnock Glasgow , Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway at Kilmarnock Glasgow , Dumfries and Carlisle Railway at Horsecleugh Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway at Paisley Gilmour Street Kilmarnock and Troon Railway at Barassie and Kilmarnock Paisley Canal Line at Elderslie and at Shields Junction
= K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I = K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I ( Mayan pronunciation : [ kʼinitʃ joːnal ahk ] ) , also known as Ruler 1 , was an ajaw of Piedras Negras , an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala . He ruled during the Late Classic Period , from 603 – 639 AD . It has been proposed that he began a new dynasty at Piedras Negras , following years of ineffective kings . The manner in which K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I came to power is largely unknown , although it is known that he waged several successful wars against Palenque and Sak Tz 'i ' . He was succeeded by his son , Itzam K 'an Ahk I , in 639 AD . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I left behind several monuments , including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid R @-@ 5 . = = Biography = = K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I , also known as Ruler 1 , was an ajaw of Piedras Negras in the 7th century AD . According to Mayanists Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube , the ruler 's name means " Great @-@ Sun ? -Turtle " . His name was later taken by his eventual successors , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II and Yo 'nal Ahk III . The title k 'inich translates to " red @-@ faced " , and is a reference to the settlement 's rulers ' belief that they were lords of the sun . He ascended to the throne on November 14 , 603 AD ( 9 @.@ 8 @.@ 10 @.@ 6 @.@ 16 10 Kib 9 Mak in the Long Count ) , although the exact details surrounding his rise to power are unknown . Mayanists Stephen D. Houston and Charles Golden have proposed the theory that he refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras in the wake of a disaster that had ruined previous rulers of the site . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I destroyed older buildings and monuments at Piedras Negras that were associated with older kings , seemingly to cleanse the center of their connection with these " discredited " rulers . This period of destruction — which focused heavily on structures in and around the West Group of the site , and the acropolis — has left behind tell @-@ tale clues , such as offerings of pottery , jade , and small figures , suggesting that it was heavily ritualized . After this period of destruction , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I moved his focus to the more ancient South Group , where he began to erect new buildings . During his lifetime , he waged many battles , including notable ones against Palenque and Sak Tz 'i ' . In the former he captured an aj k 'uhuun , or lord , named Ch 'ok Balam , and in the latter he captured an ajaw named K 'ab Chan Te ' . Palenque was Piedras Negras 's main rival in the area , whereas Sak Tz 'i ' seems to have eventually come under Piedras Negras 's control . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I died on February 3 , 639 AD ( 9 @.@ 10 @.@ 6 @.@ 2 @.@ 1 5 Imix 19 K 'ayab ) and seems to have been buried at Pyramid R @-@ 5 . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I was succeeded by his son , Itzam K 'an Ahk I , who later dedicated or re @-@ opened the tomb in 658 AD . = = Monuments = = = = = Stelae = = = Many of the stelae that K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I erected became prototypes for monuments raised by his successors . The first stela raised , Stela 25 , is the king 's inaugural monument , and it established the precedent for the niche style . This type of stela features the newly installed king in a small hollow and seated on an intricately decorated scaffold , being symbolically lifted into the air . On Stela 25 , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I is seated on a jaguar cushion , reached by a ladder covered in bloody footprints , symbolizing sacrifice . The cushion itself is raised on a reed effigy . The king is covered by a canopy that is symbolic of the sky ; crowning the sky is a great celestial bird , an avian version of the Maya god Itzamna . Stela 26 , dating from 628 AD , features the aforementioned war with Palenque . This monument is notable because it marks the first time that a stela at Piedra Negras had carvings on multiple faces , in this case dedication texts . Stela 26 is aligned with Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's Stela 35 , creating a direction connection between the two monuments , conveying " an image of continuity , repetition , and renewal over time and across generations . " Stela 31 , dating from around 637 AD , depicts the war with Sak Tz 'i ' . Stela 31 's placement is also notable , as it is standing in front of Structures R @-@ 3 and R @-@ 4 , where many of Piedras Negras 's earliest monuments , such as Stela 30 , stood . The platform for the monument was more expansive than other stelae platforms , giving more room for observation . The stela was also extremely tall , at about 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @-@ metre ( 15 – 16 ft ) meters in height , making it nearly two meters taller than Stela 26 . Both Stelae 26 and 31 feature examples of one of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I 's prominent themes , that of the " warrior king " motif . This design often depicts the king in a frontal pose , wearing a large headdress featuring iconography of the Teotihuacan War Serpent . = = = R @-@ 5 Pyramid = = = The R @-@ 5 Pyramid is largely believed to by K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I 's tomb , based mostly on evidence from Panel 4 , crafted by Itzam K 'an Ahk I , which records the new ajaw either dedicating or ceremonially re @-@ opening the tomb of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I. The panel itself explicitly names the R @-@ 5 pyramid as the muk , or burial , of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I. However , despite intense efforts , no burial has ever been found in the pyramid , although the search was complicated by — and eventually abandoned because of — rubble fill left behind by looters . It is probable that the majority of the pyramid was constructed within the years following the death of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I , likely under Itzam K 'an Ahk I 's patronage . Itzam K 'an Ahk I later erected six stelae at the base of this pyramid .
= Percy Lavon Julian = Percy Lavon Julian ( April 11 , 1899 – April 19 , 1975 ) was an African American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants . He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine , and a pioneer in the industrial large @-@ scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol . His work laid the foundation for the steroid drug industry 's production of cortisone , other corticosteroids , and birth control pills . He later started his own company to synthesize steroid intermediates from the wild Mexican yam . His work helped greatly reduce the cost of steroid intermediates to large multinational pharmaceutical companies , helping to significantly expand the use of several important drugs . Julian received more than 130 chemical patents . He was one of the first African Americans to receive a doctorate in chemistry . He was the first African @-@ American chemist inducted into the National Academy of Sciences , and the second African @-@ American scientist inducted ( behind David Blackwell ) from any field . = = Early life and education = = Percy Lavon Julian was born in Montgomery , Alabama , as the first child of six born to James Sumner Julian and Elizabeth Lena Julian , née Adams . Both of his parents were graduates of what was to be Alabama State University . His father , James , whose own father had been a slave , was employed as a clerk in the Railway Service of the United States Post Office , while his mother , Elizabeth , worked as a schoolteacher . Percy Julian grew up in the time of racist Jim Crow culture and legal regime in the southern United States . Among his childhood memories was finding a lynched man hanged from a tree while walking in the woods near his home . At a time when access to an education beyond the eighth grade was extremely rare for African @-@ Americans , Julian 's parents steered all of their children toward higher education . Julian attended DePauw University in Greencastle , Indiana . The college accepted few African @-@ American students . The segregated nature of the town forced social humiliations . Julian was not allowed to live in the college dormitories and first stayed in an off @-@ campus boarding home , which refused to serve him meals . It took him days before Julian found an establishment where he could eat . He later found work firing the furnace , waiting tables , and doing other odd jobs in a fraternity house ; in return , he was allowed to sleep in the attic and eat at the house . Julian graduated from DePauw in 1920 as a Phi Beta Kappa and valedictorian . By 1930 Julian 's father would move the entire family to Greencastle so that all his children could attend college at DePauw . He still worked as a railroad postal clerk . After graduating from DePauw , Julian wanted to obtain his doctorate in chemistry , but learned it would be difficult for an African @-@ American to do so . Instead he obtained a position as a chemistry instructor at Fisk University . In 1923 he received an Austin Fellowship in Chemistry , which allowed him to attend Harvard University to obtain his M.S. However , worried that Euro @-@ American students would resent being taught by an African @-@ American , Harvard withdrew Julian 's teaching assistantship , making it impossible for him to complete his Ph.D. at Harvard . In 1929 , while an instructor at Howard University , Julian received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to continue his graduate work at the University of Vienna , where he earned his Ph.D. in 1931 . He studied under Ernst Späth and was considered an impressive student . In Europe , he found freedom from the racial prejudices that had stifled him in the States . He freely participated in intellectual social gatherings , went to the opera and found greater acceptance among his peers . Julian was one of the first African Americans to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry , after St. Elmo Brady and Dr. Edward M.A. Chandler . After returning from Vienna , Julian taught for one year at Howard University . At Howard , in part due to his position as a department head , Julian became caught up in university politics , setting off an embarrassing chain of events . At university president Mordecai Wyatt Johnson 's request , he goaded white Professor of chemistry , Jacob Shohan ( Ph.D from Harvard ) , into resigning . In late May 1932 , Shohan retaliated by releasing to the local African @-@ American newspaper the letters Julian had written to him from Vienna . The letters described " a variety of subjects from wine , pretty Viennese women , music and dances , to chemical experiments and plans for the new chemical building . " In the letters , he spoke with familiarity , and with some derision , of specific members of the Howard University faculty , terming one well @-@ known Dean , an " ass " . Around this same time , Julian also became entangled in an interpersonal conflict with his laboratory assistant , Robert Thompson . Julian had recommended Thompson for dismissal in March 1932 . Thompson sued Julian for " alienating the affections of his wife " , Anna Roselle Thompson , stating he had seen them together in a sexual tryst . Julian counter @-@ sued him for libel . When Thompson was fired , he too gave the paper intimate and personal letters which Julian had written to him from Vienna . Dr. Julian 's letters revealed " how he fooled the [ Howard ] president into accepting his plans for the chemistry building " and " how he bluffed his good friend into appointing " a professor of Julian 's liking . Through the summer of 1932 , the Baltimore Afro @-@ American published all of Julian 's letters . Eventually , the scandal and accompanying pressure forced Julian to resign . He lost his position and everything he had worked for . Some happiness for Dr. Julian , however , was to come from this scandal . On December 24 , 1935 he married Anna Roselle ( Ph.D. in Sociology , 1937 , University of Pennsylvania ) . They had two children : Percy Lavon Julian , Jr . ( August 31 , 1940 – February 24 , 2008 ) , who became a noted civil rights lawyer in Madison , Wisconsin ; and Faith Roselle Julian ( 1944 – ) , who still resides in their Oak Park home and often makes inspirational speeches about her father and his contributions to science . At the lowest point in Julian 's career , his former mentor , William Blanchard , threw him a much @-@ needed lifeline . Blanchard offered Julian a position to teach organic chemistry at DePauw University in 1932 . Julian then helped Josef Pikl , a fellow student at the University of Vienna , to come to the United States to work with him at DePauw . In 1935 Julian and Pikl completed the total synthesis of physostigmine and confirmed the structural formula assigned to it . Robert Robinson of Oxford University in the U.K. had been the first to publish a synthesis of physostigmine , but Julian noticed that the melting point of Robinson 's end product was wrong , indicating that he had not created it . When Julian completed his synthesis , the melting point matched the correct one for natural physostigmine from the calabar bean . Julian also extracted stigmasterol , which took its name from Physostigma venenosum , the west African calabar bean that he hoped could serve as raw material for synthesis of human steroidal hormones . At about this time , in 1934 , Butenandt and Fernholz , in Germany , had shown that stigmasterol , isolated from soybean oil , could be converted to progesterone by synthetic organic chemistry . = = Private sector work : Glidden = = In 1936 Julian was denied a professorship at DePauw for racial reasons . DuPont had offered a job to fellow chemist Josef Pikl but declined to hire Julian , despite his superlative qualifications as an organic chemist , apologizing that they were " unaware he was a Negro " . Julian next applied for a job at the Institute of Paper Chemistry ( IPC ) in Appleton , Wisconsin . However , Appleton was a sundown town , forbidding African Americans from staying overnight , stating directly : " No Negro should be bed or boarded overnight in Appleton . " Meanwhile , Julian had written to the Glidden Company , a supplier of soybean oil products , to request a five @-@ gallon sample of the oil to use as his starting point for the synthesis of human steroidal sex hormones ( in part because his wife was suffering from infertility ) . After receiving the request , W. J. O 'Brien , a vice @-@ president at Glidden , made a telephone call to Julian , offering him the position of director of research at Glidden 's Soya Products Division in Chicago . He was very likely offered the job by O 'Brien because he was fluent in German , and Glidden had just purchased a modern continuous countercurrent solvent extraction plant from Germany for the extraction of vegetable oil from soybeans for paints and other uses . Julian supervised the assembly of the plant at Glidden when he arrived in 1936 . He then designed and supervised construction of the world 's first plant for the production of industrial @-@ grade , isolated soy protein from oil @-@ free soybean meal . Isolated soy protein could replace the more expensive milk casein in industrial applications such as coating and sizing of paper , glue for making Douglas fir plywood , and in the manufacture of water @-@ based paints . At the start of World War II , Glidden sent a sample of Julian 's isolated soy protein to National Foam System Inc . ( today a unit of Kidde Fire Fighting ) , which used it to develop Aer @-@ O @-@ Foam , the U.S. Navy 's beloved fire @-@ fighting " bean soup . " While it was not exactly Julian 's brainchild , his meticulous care in the preparation of the soy protein made the fire fighting foam possible . When a hydrolyzate of isolated soy protein was fed into a water stream , the mixture was converted into a foam by means of an aerating nozzle . The soy protein foam was used to smother oil and gasoline fires aboard ships and was particularly useful on aircraft carriers . It saved the lives of thousands of sailors and airmen . Citing this achievement , in 1947 the NAACP awarded Julian the Spingarn Medal , its highest honor . = = Steroids = = Julian 's research at Glidden changed direction in 1940 when he began work on synthesizing progesterone , estrogen , and testosterone from the plant sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol , isolated from soybean oil by a foam technique he invented and patented . At that time clinicians were discovering many uses for the newly discovered hormones . However , only minute quantities could be extracted from hundreds of pounds of the spinal cords of animals . In 1940 Julian was able to produce 100 lb of mixed soy sterols daily , which had a value of $ 10 @,@ 000 ( $ 79 @,@ 000 today ) as sex hormones . Julian was soon ozonizing 100 pounds daily of mixed sterol dibromides . The soy stigmasterol was easily converted into commercial quantities of the female hormone progesterone , and the first pound of progesterone he made , valued at $ 63 @,@ 500 ( $ 503 @,@ 000 today ) , was shipped to the buyer , Upjohn , in an armored car . Production of other sex hormones soon followed . His work made possible the production of these hormones on a larger industrial scale , with the potential of reducing the cost of treating hormonal deficiencies . Julian and his co @-@ workers obtained patents for Glidden on key processes for the preparation of progesterone and testosterone from soybean plant sterols . Product patents held by a former cartel of European pharmaceutical companies had prevented a significant reduction in wholesale and retail prices for clinical use of these hormones in the 1940s . He saved many lives with this discovery . On April 13 , 1949 , rheumatologist Philip Hench at the Mayo Clinic announced the dramatic effectiveness of cortisone in treating rheumatoid arthritis . The cortisone was produced by Merck at great expense using a complex 36 @-@ step synthesis developed by chemist Lewis Sarett , starting with deoxycholic acid from cattle bile acids . On September 30 , 1949 , Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone . This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide , which was a rare and expensive chemical . By 1950 , Glidden could begin producing closely related compounds which might have partial cortisone activity . Julian also announced the synthesis , starting with the cheap and readily available pregnenolone ( synthesized from the soybean oil sterol stigmasterol ) of the steroid cortexolone ( also known as Reichstein 's Substance S ) , a molecule that differed from cortisone by a single missing oxygen atom ; and possibly 17α @-@ hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenetriolone , which he hoped might also be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis , but unfortunately they were not . On April 5 , 1952 , biochemist Durey Peterson and microbiologist Herbert Murray at Upjohn published the first report of a fermentation process for the microbial 11α @-@ oxygenation of steroids in a single step ( by common molds of the order Mucorales ) . Their fermentation process could produce 11α @-@ hydroxyprogesterone or 11α @-@ hydroxycortisone from progesterone or Compound S , respectively , which could then by further chemical steps be converted to cortisone or 11β @-@ hydroxycortisone ( cortisol ) . After two years , Glidden abandoned production of cortisone to concentrate on Substance S. Julian developed a multistep process for conversion of pregnenolone , available in abundance from soybean oil sterols , to cortexolone . In 1952 , Glidden , which had been producing progesterone and other steroids from soybean oil , shut down its own production and began importing them from Mexico through an arrangement with Diosynth ( a small Mexican company founded in 1947 by Russell Marker after leaving Syntex ) . Glidden 's cost of production of cortexolone was relatively high , so Upjohn decided to use progesterone , available in large quantity at low cost from Syntex , to produce cortisone and hydrocortisone . In 1953 , Glidden decided to leave the steroid business , which had been relatively unprofitable over the years despite Julian 's innovative work . On December 1 , 1953 , Julian left Glidden after 18 years , giving up a salary of nearly $ 50 @,@ 000 a year ( equivalent to $ 440 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) to found his own company , Julian Laboratories , Inc . , taking over the small , concrete @-@ block building of Suburban Chemical Company in Franklin Park , Illinois . On December 2 , 1953 , Pfizer acquired exclusive licenses of Glidden patents for the synthesis of Substance S. Pfizer had developed a fermentation process for microbial 11β @-@ oxygenation of steroids in a single step that could convert Substance S directly to 11β @-@ hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) , with Syntex undertaking large @-@ scale production of cortexolone at very low cost . = = Oak Park and Julian Laboratories = = Circa 1950 , Julian moved his family to the Chicago suburb of Oak Park , becoming the first African @-@ American family to reside there . Although some residents welcomed them into the community , there was also opposition . Before they even moved in , on Thanksgiving Day , 1950 , their home was fire @-@ bombed . Later , after they moved in , the house was attacked with dynamite on June 12 , 1951 . The attacks galvanized the community , and a community group was formed to support the Julians . Julian 's son later recounted that during these times , he and his father often kept watch over the family 's property by sitting in a tree with a shotgun . In 1953 , Julian founded his own research firm , Julian Laboratories , Inc . He brought many of his best chemists , including African @-@ Americans and women , from Glidden to his own company . Julian won a contract to provide Upjohn with $ 2 million worth of progesterone ( equivalent to $ 16 million today ) . To compete against Syntex , he would have to use the same Mexican yam Mexican barbasco trade as his starting material . Julian used his own money and borrowed from friends to build a processing plant in Mexico , but he could not get a permit from the government to harvest the yams . Abraham Zlotnik , a former Jewish University of Vienna classmate whom Julian had helped escape from the Nazi European holocaust , led a search to find a new source of the yam in Guatemala for the company . In July 1956 , Julian and executives of two other American companies trying to enter the Mexican steroid intermediates market appeared before a U.S. Senate subcommittee . They testified that Syntex was using undue influence to monopolize access to the Mexican yam . The hearings resulted in Syntex signing a consent decree with the U.S. Justice Department . While it did not admit to restraining trade , it promised not to do so in the future . Within five years , large American multinational pharmaceutical companies had acquired all six producers of steroid intermediates in Mexico , four of which had been Mexican @-@ owned . Syntex reduced the cost of steroid intermediates more than 250 @-@ fold over twelve years , from $ 80 per gram in 1943 to $ 0 @.@ 31 per gram in 1955 . Competition from Upjohn and General Mills , which had together made very substantial improvements in the production of progesterone from stigmasterol , forced the price of Mexican progesterone to less than $ 0 @.@ 15 per gram in 1957 . The price continued to fall , bottoming out at $ 0 @.@ 08 per gram in 1968 . In 1958 , Upjohn purchased 6 @,@ 900 kg of progesterone from Syntex at $ 0 @.@ 135 per gram , 6 @,@ 201 kg of progesterone from Searle ( who had acquired Pesa ) at $ 0 @.@ 143 per gram , 5 @,@ 150 kg of progesterone from Julian Laboratories at $ 0 @.@ 14 per gram , and 1 @,@ 925 kg of progesterone from General Mills ( who had acquired Protex ) at $ 0 @.@ 142 per gram . Despite continually falling bulk prices of steroid intermediates , an oligopoly of large American multinational pharmaceutical companies kept the wholesale prices of corticosteroid drugs fixed and unchanged into the 1960s . Cortisone was fixed at $ 5 @.@ 48 per gram from 1954 , hydrocortisone at $ 7 @.@ 99 per gram from 1954 , and prednisone at $ 35 @.@ 80 per gram from 1956 . Merck and Roussel Uclaf concentrated on improving the production of corticosteroids from cattle bile acids . In 1960 Roussel produced almost one @-@ third of the world 's corticosteroids from bile acids . Julian Laboratories chemists found a way to quadruple the yield on a product on which they were barely breaking even . Julian reduced their price for the product from $ 4 @,@ 000 per kg to $ 400 per kg . He sold the company in 1961 for $ 2 @.@ 3 million ( equivalent to $ 18 million today ) . The U.S. and Mexico facilities were purchased by Smith Kline , and Julian 's chemical plant in Guatemala was purchased by Upjohn . In 1964 , Julian founded Julian Associates and Julian Research Institute , which he managed for the rest of his life . = = National Academy of Sciences = = He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1973 in recognition of his scientific achievements . He became the second African @-@ American to be inducted , after David Blackwell . = = Legacy and honors = = In 1950 , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times named Percy Julian the Chicagoan of the Year . Since 1975 , the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers has presented the Percy L. Julian Award for Pure and Applied Research in Science and Engineering . In 1975 , Percy L. Julian High School was opened on the south side of Chicago , Illinois as a Chicago public high school . In 1980 , the science and mathematics building on the DePauw University campus was rededicated as the Percy L. Julian Mathematics and Science Center . In Greencastle , Indiana , where DePauw is located , a street was named after Julian . In 1985 , Hawthorne School in Oak Park , Illinois , was renamed Percy Julian Middle School . Illinois State University , where Julian served on the board of trustees , named a hall after him . A structure at Coppin State University is named the Percy Julian Science Building . In 1990 , he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame . In 1993 Julian was honored on a stamp issued by the United States Postal Service . In 1999 , the American Chemical Society recognized Julian 's synthesis of physostigmine as a National Historic Chemical Landmark . In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Percy Lavon Julian on his list of 100 Greatest African @-@ Americans . In 2011 , the qualifying exam preparation committee at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine was named for Percy Julian . In 2014 , Google honored him with a Doodle . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] = = = Nova documentary = = = Ruben Santiago @-@ Hudson portrayed Percy Julian in the Public Broadcasting Service Nova documentary about his life , called " Forgotten Genius " . It was presented on the PBS network on February 6 , 2007 , with initial sponsorship by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation and further funding by the National Endowment for the Humanities . Approximately sixty of Julian 's family members , friends , and work associates were interviewed for the docudrama . Production on the biopic began at DePauw University 's Greencastle campus in May 2002 and included video of Julian 's bust on display in the atrium of the university 's Percy Lavon Julian Science and Mathematics Center . Completion and broadcasting of the documentary program was delayed in order for Nova to commission and publish a matching book on Julian 's life . According to University of Illinois historian James Anderson in the film , " His story is a story of great accomplishment , of heroic efforts and overcoming tremendous odds ... a story about who we are and what we stand for and the challenges that have been there and the challenges that are still with us . " = = = Archive = = = The Percy Lavon Julian family papers are archived at DePauw University . = = Patents = = U.S. Patent 2 @,@ 218 @,@ 971 , October 22 , 1940 , Recovery of sterols U.S. Patent 2 @,@ 373 @,@ 686 , July 15 , 1942 , Phosphatide product and method of making U.S. Patent 2 @,@ 752 @,@ 339 , June 26 , 1956 , Preparation of cortisone U.S. Patent 3 @,@ 149 @,@ 132 , September 15 , 1964 , 16 @-@ aminomenthyl @-@ 17 @-@ alkyltestosterone derivatives U.S. Patent 3 @,@ 274 @,@ 178 , September 20 , 1966 , Method for preparing 16 ( alpha ) -hydroxypregnenes and intermediates obtained therein U.S. Patent 3 @,@ 761 @,@ 469 , September 25 , 1973 , Process for the manufacture of steroid chlorohydrins ; with Arnold Lippert Hirsch = = Publications = = Studies in the Indole Series . I. The Synthesis of Alpha @-@ Benzylindoles ; Percy L. Julian , Josef Pikl ; J. Am . Chem . Soc . 1933 , 55 ( 5 ) , pp 2105 – 2110 . Studies in the Indole Series . V. The Complete Synthesis of Physostigmine ( Eserine ) ; Percy L. Julian , Josef Pikl ; J. Am . Chem . Soc . 1935 , 57 ( 4 ) , pp 755 – 757 .
= Battle of Ohrid = The Battle of Ohrid took place on 14 or 15 September 1464 between the Ottoman Empire 's forces and Skanderbeg 's Albania . A crusade against Sultan Mehmed II had been planned by Pope Pius II with Skanderbeg as one of its main leaders . The battle near Ohrid occurred as a result of an Albanian incursion into Ottoman territory . The Turks stationed in the area were assaulted by Skanderbeg 's men and 1 @,@ 000 Venetian soldiers under Cimarosto . The Turks were lured out of their protections in Ohrid and ambushed by the Albanian cavalry . Skanderbeg won the resulting battle and his men earned 40 @,@ 000 ducats after captured Ottoman officers were ransomed . Pius died before the planned crusade began , however , forcing Skanderbeg to fight his battles virtually alone . = = Background = = Pope Pius II 's crusade against the Ottoman Empire was declared in November 1463 . Skanderbeg , the leader of the Albanians , was a vital ally to this effort and would have become one of its main leaders . The Venetians , who had also joined the crusade , could not persuade Lekë Dukagjini , Skanderbeg 's lukewarm ally in northern Albania , to join until the pope intervened . Furthermore , the major European powers were reluctant to join the pope 's crusade . Among those inquired were the city of Florence , Francisco Sforza of Milan , Louis XI of France , and Ferdinand I of Naples , all of whom declined for their own reasons . The Republic of Venice , however , decided to aid Skanderbeg by sending 500 cavalry and 500 infantry under the condottiero Antonio da Cosenza , also known as Cimarosto . Once the campaign season began , Mathias Corvinus of Hungary recaptured many of the Bosnian strongpoints , including Jajce , which had been taken from the Kingdom of Bosnia by the Ottomans . Mehmed II marched into Bosnia , pillaging the countryside , hoping that his enemies would surrender . The Hungarian resistance , however , was stiff . The Ottomans still managed to make headway against the Hungarians who had been trying to lift Ottoman the siege on Jajce with a ruse . The Sultan continued his siege while Mathias escaped from the fortress with a force of men , but the retreating army was harried with two @-@ hundred soldiers being captured and sent to Constantinople for execution . Despite the setback , Jajce held out and Mehmed retreated from Bosnia . = = Campaign = = After Skanderbeg 's raid into Macedonia the year before , the Sultan decided to strengthen his fortresses in the area . He then sent Şeremet bey to Ohrid , a city close to Skanderbeg 's domains , with 14 @,@ 000 cavalry to prevent another Albanian incursion . After learning of this , Skanderbeg prepared to march against Şeremet . The pasha 's men , however , were stationed both inside and outside the city , making it difficult to defeat them . Before marching , Skanderbeg received news that Pius had arrived in Ancona and died upon seeing the crusader fleet . He left Cimarosto with an Italian force in Valikardhë near modern @-@ day Bulqizë in eastern Albania . Skanderbeg then decided to march against Şeremet anyway and set off with 12 @,@ 000 cavalry three hours after dusk . After one day of marching , Skanderbeg reached Macedonia and began pillaging the land . = = = Battle = = = Once he reached Ohrid , Skanderbeg gave a speech to his men , encouraging them for the coming battle . He then assigned Pekë Emmanuali and Peter Engjëlli , Pal Engjëlli 's brother , as commanders of a 500 @-@ man troop of cavalry where they were to approach the gates of Ohrid and provoke the Turks to attack . They were to throw smoke and dust into the air to irritate the garrison . Then they were to feign retreat where the pursuing Ottoman cavalry would be ambushed by the main Albanian force . On 14 or 15 September , everything went as planned and the trap was sprung . Skanderbeg 's assault came out and killed 10 @,@ 000 Turkish men and captured twelve Turkish forces , among them Şeremet 's son . The Turkish forces were pursued by the Venetian forces alongside the Albanians . The Albanian @-@ Venetian losses were few . = = Aftermath = = According to legend , Skanderbeg celebrated the event by dining off letnica ( Ohrid trout ) , a fish found in Lake Ohrid that was sent to the Byzantine emperors every Friday for their supper meal . The twelve captured officers were ransomed for 40 @,@ 000 ducats . Skanderbeg distributed this amount through his force , with every man receiving his fair share . He then besieged Ohrid for a short time before returning to Albania ; the Venetian Senate ( Signoria ) hailed the campaign as a victory despite not being able to take Ohrid . The crusade seemed to have gone well for the Christian side but , after Pius ' death , the remaining cardinals lost their hope and handed the money raised for the crusade to the Venetians . Mehmed saw Skanderbeg 's vulnerability and sent Ballaban Badera , an Albanian janissary , to Albania where they met at Vaikal and he was defeated . Ballaban had replaced Şeremet as the commander in Ohrid after the latter fell out of favor with the sultan . Ballaban would meet Skanderbeg several more times in battle before being mortally wounded in action at the second siege of Krujë .
= Action of 13 January 1797 = The Action of 13 January 1797 was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany during the French Revolutionary Wars . During the action the frigates successfully outmanoeuvred the much larger French vessel and drove it onto shore in heavy seas , resulting in the deaths of between 400 and 1 @,@ 000 of the 1 @,@ 300 persons aboard . One of the British frigates was also lost in the engagement with six sailors drowned after running onto a sandbank while failing to escape a lee shore . The French 74 @-@ gun ship Droits de l 'Homme had been part of the Expédition d 'Irlande , an unsuccessful attempt by a French expeditionary force to invade Ireland . During the operation , the French fleet was beset by poor coordination and violent weather , eventually being compelled to return to France without landing a single soldier . Two British frigates , the 44 @-@ gun HMS Indefatigable and the 36 @-@ gun HMS Amazon , had been ordered to patrol the seas off Ushant in an attempt to intercept the returning French force and sighted the Droits de l 'Homme on the afternoon of 13 January . The engagement lasted for more than 15 hours , in an increasing gale and the constant presence of the rocky Breton coast . The seas were so rough that the French ship was unable to open the lower gun ports during the action and as a result could only fire the upper deck guns , significantly reducing the advantage that a ship of the line would normally have over the smaller frigates . The damage the more manoeuvrable British vessels inflicted on the French ship was so severe that as the winds increased , the French crew lost control and the Droits de l 'Homme was swept onto a sandbar and destroyed . = = Background = = In December 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , a French expeditionary force departed from Brest on an expedition to invade Ireland . This army of 18 @,@ 000 French soldiers was intended to link up with the secret organisation of Irish nationalists known as the United Irishmen and provoke a widespread uprising throughout the island . It was hoped that the resulting war would force Britain to make peace with the French Republic or risk losing control of Ireland altogether . Led by Vice @-@ Admiral Morard de Galles , General Lazare Hoche and leader of the United Irishmen Wolfe Tone , the invasion fleet included 17 ships of the line , 27 smaller warships and transports and carried extensive field artillery , cavalry and military stores to equip the Irish irregular forces they hoped to raise . = = = Departure from Brest = = = Morard de Galles planned to sail his fleet from the French naval fortress of Brest under cover of darkness on the night of 15 – 16 December . The British Channel Fleet normally maintained a squadron off Brest to blockade the port , but its commander , Rear @-@ Admiral John Colpoys , had withdrawn his force from its usual station 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) offshore to 40 nautical miles ( 74 km ) northwest of Brest because of severe Atlantic winter gales . The only British ships within sight of Brest were an inshore squadron of frigates under Sir Edward Pellew in HMS Indefatigable , accompanied by HMS Amazon , HMS Phoebe , HMS Révolutionnaire and the lugger HMS Duke of York . Pellew was already renowned , having been the first British officer of the war to capture a French frigate : the Cléopâtre at the Action of 18 June 1793 . He later captured the frigates Pomone and Virginie in 1794 and 1796 , and saved 500 lives following the shipwreck of the East Indiaman Dutton in January 1796 . For these actions he had first been knighted and then raised to a baronetcy . Indefatigable was a razee , one of the largest frigates in the Royal Navy , originally constructed as a 64 @-@ gun third rate and cut down to 44 guns in 1795 to make the ship fast and powerful enough to catch and fight the largest of French frigates . Armed with 24 @-@ pounder cannon on the main decks and 42 @-@ pounder carronades on the quarter deck , she had a stronger armament than any equivalent French frigate . Observing the French fleet 's departure from the harbour at dusk , Pellew immediately dispatched Phoebe to Colpoys and Amazon to the main fleet at Portsmouth with warnings , before approaching the entrance to Brest in Indefatigable with the intention of disrupting French movements . Believing that the frigates in the bay must be the forerunners of a larger British force , de Galles attempted to pass his fleet through the Raz de Sein . This channel was a narrow , rocky and dangerous passage , and de Galles used corvettes as temporary light ships that shone blue lights and fired fireworks to direct his main fleet through the passage . Pellew observed this , and sailed Indefatigable right through the French fleet , launching rockets and shining lights seemingly at random . This succeeded in confusing the French officers , causing the Séduisant to strike the Grand Stevenent rock and sink with the loss of over 680 men from a complement of 1 @,@ 300 . Séduisant 's distress flares added to the confusion and delayed the fleet 's passage until dawn . His task of observing the enemy completed , Pellew took his remaining squadron to Falmouth , sent a report to the Admiralty by semaphore telegraph , and refitted his ships . = = = Failure of the Expédition d 'Irlande = = = During December 1796 and early January 1797 , the French army repeatedly attempted to land in Ireland . Early in the voyage , the frigate Fraternité carrying de Galles and Hoche , was separated from the fleet and missed the rendezvous at Mizen Head . Admiral Bouvet and General Grouchy decided to attempt the landing at Bantry Bay without their commanders , but severe weather made any landing impossible . For more than a week the fleet waited for a break in the storm , until Bouvet abandoned the invasion on 29 December and , after a brief and unsuccessful effort to land at the mouth of the River Shannon , ordered his scattered ships to return to Brest . During the operation and subsequent retreat a further 11 ships were wrecked or captured , with the loss of thousands of soldiers and sailors . By 13 January most of the survivors of the fleet had limped back to France in a state of disrepair . One ship of the line that remained at sea , the 74 @-@ gun Droits de l 'Homme , was commanded by Commodore Jean @-@ Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse and carried over 1 @,@ 300 men , 700 – 800 of them soldiers including General Jean Humbert . Detached from the main body of the fleet during the retreat from Bantry Bay , Lacrosse made his way to the mouth of the Shannon alone . Recognising that the weather was still too violent for a landing to be made , Lacrosse acknowledged the failure of the operation and ordered the ship to return to France , capturing the British privateer Cumberland en route . = = Chase = = Pellew too was on his way back to Brest in Indefatigable , accompanied by Amazon under the command of Captain Robert Carthew Reynolds . While the rest of the Channel Fleet had been unsuccessful pursuing of the French , Pellew had had his ships refitted and resupplied at Falmouth so that both frigates were at full complement , well armed and prepared for action . At 13 : 00 on 13 January , the British ships were approaching the island of Ushant in a heavy fog when they spied another ship through the gloom ahead . This ship , clearly much larger than either of the British vessels , was the Droits de l 'Homme . At the same time , lookouts on the French ship spotted the British , and Lacrosse was faced with the dilemma of whether or not to engage the enemy . He knew that his ship was far larger than either of his opponents , but had earlier spotted sails to westwards he believed to be British and thus considered himself outnumbered and possibly surrounded . British records show that no other British vessels were in the vicinity at the time and it is likely that Lacrosse had seen the French ships Révolution and Fraternité returning to Brest from Bantry Bay . In addition , Lacrosse was concerned by the increasing gale and rocky lee shoreline , which posed a considerable threat to his over @-@ laden vessel , which was already damaged from its winter voyage and carried a regiment of the French Army and Humbert , neither of which could be placed at risk in an inconsequential naval action . Determined to avoid battle , Lacrosse turned southeast , hoping to use his wider spread of sail to outrun his opponent in the strong winds . Pellew , however , manoeuvred to cut the Droits de l 'Homme off from the French coast , at this stage still unsure of the nature of his opponent . As the chase developed , the weather , which had been violent for the entire preceding month , worsened . An Atlantic gale swept the Ushant headland , driving a blizzard eastwards and whipping the sea into a turbulent state , making steering and aiming more difficult . At 16 : 15 , two of Droits de l 'Homme 's topmasts broke in the strong winds . This dramatically slowed the French ship and allowed Pellew , who had recognised his opponent as a French ship of the line , to close with Droits de l 'Homme . = = Battle = = Pellew was aware that his frigate was heavily outclassed by his much larger opponent , and that Amazon , which was 8 nautical miles ( 15 km ) distant , was not large enough to redress the balance when it did arrive . He correctly assumed , however , that the ocean was too rough to allow Lacrosse to open his lower gunports without the risk that heavy waves would enter them and cause Droits de l 'Homme to founder . In fact the French ship was totally unable to open her lower deck gunports during the action : an unusual design feature had the ports 14 inches ( 36 cm ) lower than was normal and as a result the sea poured in at any attempt to open them , preventing any gunnery at all from the lower deck and halving the ship 's firepower . Although this reduced the number of available guns on the French vessel , Lacrosse still held the advantage in terms of size , weight of shot and manpower . The French situation was worsened however by the loss of the topmasts : this caused their ship to roll so severely in the high seas that it was far more difficult both to steer the ship and to aim the cannon than on the British vessels . To the surprise of Lacrosse and his officers , Indefatigable did not retreat from the ship of the line , nor did she pass the ship of the line at long @-@ range to leeward as expected . Instead , at 17 : 30 , Pellew closed with the stern of Droits de l 'Homme and opened a raking fire . Lacrosse turned to meet the threat and opened fire with the guns on the upper deck accompanied by a heavy volley of musket fire from the soldiers on board . Pellew then attempted to pull ahead of Droits de l 'Homme and rake her bow , to which Lacrosse responded by attempting to ram Indefatigable . Neither manoeuvre was successful , as Droits de l 'Homme raked the British ship but caused little damage as most of her shot scattered into the ocean . Indefatigable and Droits de l 'Homme manoeuvred around one another , exchanging fire when possible until 18 : 45 , when Amazon arrived . During this exchange , one of Droits de l 'Homme 's cannon burst , causing heavy casualties on her packed deck . Approaching the larger French ship with all sail spread , Reynolds closed to within pistol shot before raking Droits de l 'Homme . Lacrosse responded to this new threat by manoeuvring to bring both British ships to face the westward side of his ship , avoiding becoming trapped in a crossfire . The battle continued until 19 : 30 , when both Amazon and Indefatigable pulled away from their opponent to make hasty repairs . By 20 : 30 the frigates had returned to the much slower French ship and began weaving in front of Droits de l 'Homme 's bow , repeatedly raking her . Lacrosse 's increasingly desperate attempts to ram the British ships were all unsuccessful and what little cannon fire he did manage to deploy was ineffectual , as the rolling of the ship of the line prevented reliable aiming . By 22 : 30 , Droits de l 'Homme was in severe difficulties , with heavy casualties among her crew and passengers and the loss of her mizzenmast to British fire . Observing the battered state of their opponent , Pellew and Reynolds closed on the stern quarters of the French ship , maintaining a high rate of fire that was sporadically returned by Droits de l 'Homme . Having exhausted the 4 @,@ 000 cannonballs available , Lacrosse was forced to use shells against the frigates . In the high winds , these proved even less effective than solid shot but did drive the frigates to a further distance . With their opponent almost immobilised , the British frigates were able to remain outside her arc of fire , effect repairs when necessary and secure guns that had broken loose in the heavy seas . For the rest of the night the three battered ships remained locked in a close range duel , until suddenly , at 04 : 20 , land was spotted just 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) to leeward by Lieutenant George Bell of the Indefatigable . = = Shipwrecks = = Pellew immediately turned seawards in an effort to escape the shore and signalled Reynolds to follow suit . Although both ships had suffered severe damage from the battle and weather , they were able to make the turn away from land , Amazon to the north and Indefatigable , at the insistence of its Breton pilot , to the south . Initially it was believed that the land spotted was the island of Ushant , which would have given the ships plenty of sea @-@ room in which to manoeuvre . However at 06 : 30 , with the sky lightening , it became apparent on the Indefatigable that there were breakers to the south and east , indicating that the three ships had drifted during the night into Audierne Bay . On discovering his situation , Pellew was determined to bring his ship westwards , attempting to work his ship out of danger against the wind . Hasty repairs had to be made to the damaged rigging before it was safe to alter their course . Due to her northwards turn , Amazon had even less room to manoeuvre than Indefatigable and by 05 : 00 she had struck upright on a sandbank . Efforts to bring her off failed and at 08 : 00 Reynolds ordered his men to prepare to abandon the ship . Droits de l 'Homme had been more seriously damaged than the British frigates , and was closer to shore at the time land was spotted . As Lacrosse 's crew made desperate efforts to turn southwards , the ship 's foremast and bowsprit collapsed under the pressure of the wind . With the ship virtually unmanageable , Lacrosse ordered the anchors lowered in an attempt to hold the ship in position until repairs could be made . This effort was futile , as all but two anchors had been lost during efforts to hold position in Bantry Bay , and British gunfire had damaged one of the anchor cables and rendered it useless . The final anchor was deployed , but it failed to restrain the ship and at 07 : 00 ( according to the French account ) , the Droits de l 'Homme struck a sandbank close to the town of Plozévet . This broke off the remaining mast and caused the ship to heel over onto her side . = = = Amazon = = = As daylight broke over Audierne Bay , crowds of locals gathered on the beach . The Droits de l 'Homme lay on her side directly opposite the town of Plozévet , with large waves breaking over her hull ; 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) to the north , Amazon stood upright on a sandbar , her crew launching boats in an effort to reach the shore , while Indefatigable was the only ship still afloat , rounding the Penmarck rocks at the southern edge of the bay at 11 : 00 . On board the Amazon , Reynolds maintained discipline and gave orders to launch the boats in an orderly fashion and build rafts in which to bring the entire crew safely off . Six men disobeyed his command , stole a launch and attempted to reach the shore alone , but were swept away . Their boat was capsized by the waves , and all six drowned . The remaining crew , including those wounded in the previous night 's action , were safely brought ashore by 09 : 00 , where they were made prisoners of war by the French authorities . = = = Droits de l 'Homme = = = Droits de l 'Homme was irreparably damaged . Each successive wave swept more men into the water and desperate attempts to launch boats failed when the small craft were swept away by the waves and broken in the surf . Rafts were constructed , but several were swamped in attempts to carry a rope to the shore and the men on the raft that remained upright were forced to cut the rope to prevent them from foundering in the heavy seas . Some of the men on this raft reached the beach , the first survivors of the wreck . Subsequent attempts were made by men to swim to shore with ropes , but they were either drowned or driven back to the ship by the force of the sea . With no aid possible from the shore , night fell on 14 January with most of the crew and passengers still aboard . During the night , the waves stove in ( smashed in ) the stern of the ship , flooding much of the interior . On the morning of 15 January , a small boat carrying nine British prisoners from the Cumberland managed to reach shore , which prompted a mass launching of small rafts from the wreck in hopes of gaining the beach . However the waves increased once more , and not one of these small craft survived the passage . By the morning of 16 January , hunger and panic had taken over on the wreck , and when a large raft carrying the wounded , two women and six children was launched during a lull in the weather , over 120 unwounded men scrambled to board it . This severely overloaded the craft and within minutes a large wave struck the heavy raft and capsized it , drowning all aboard . By the evening the survivors , without food or fresh water , began to succumb to exposure and at least one officer drowned in a desperate attempt to swim to shore . Through the night , the survivors gathered on the less exposed parts of the hull , and in the hope of staving off death by dehydration , drank sea water , urine , or vinegar from a small barrel that had floated up from the hold . The morning of 17 January finally saw a reduction in the storm and the arrival of a small French naval brig , the Arrogante . This ship could not come close without the risk of grounding but sent her boats to the wreck in the hope of bringing off survivors . The brig was joined later in the day by the cutter Aiguille . On the Droits de l 'Homme , many survivors were too weak to make the dangerous attempt to reach the boats and a number of men fell from the hull and drowned in the attempt . Many more could not find room in the small boats , and only 150 were rescued on 17 January . The following morning , when the boats returned , they found just another 140 survivors , at least as many again having died during the night . The last people to leave the ship were Humbert and Jean @-@ Baptiste Lacrosse . Taken to Brest , the survivors were fed and clothed and given medical treatment . All the surviving prisoners from the Cumberland were returned to Britain , in recognition of their efforts to save lives from the shipwreck . = = Aftermath = = Exact French casualties are difficult to calculate , but of the 1 @,@ 300 aboard Droits de l 'Homme , 103 are known to have died in the battle and just over 300 were saved from the wreck , indicating the deaths of approximately 900 men on the French ship between the morning of 14 January and the morning of 18 January . However , a French source suggests that up to another 500 of the crew were rescued from the wreck by the corvette Arrogante and the cutter Aiguille on January 17 and 18 . This would give a toll of only about 400 . A menhir at Plozévet , with an inscription carved in 1840 gives a death toll of six hundred . Amazon lost three in the battle and six in her wreck , with 15 wounded , while Indefatigable did not lose a single man killed , suffering only 18 wounded . The discrepancy in losses during the action is likely due to the extreme difficulty the French crew had in aiming their guns given their ship 's instability in heavy seas . Reynolds and his officers were exchanged for French prisoners some weeks later and in the routine court @-@ martial investigating the loss of their ship were honourably acquitted " with every sentiment of the court 's highest approbation . " Reynolds was subsequently appointed to the large frigate HMS Pomone . The senior lieutenants of each frigate were promoted to commander and head money ( prize money based on the number of the enemy 's crew and awarded when the defeated ship was destroyed ) was distributed among the crews . Pellew remained in command of Indefatigable off Brest for another year and seized a number of French merchant ships . He was later promoted several times and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had become Lord Exmouth , Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet . Reynolds did not survive the war , dying in the wreck of HMS St George in 1811 . Lacrosse and Humbert were not censured for the loss of their ship : the commodore was promoted to admiral and later became ambassador to Spain , while Humbert led the next and equally unsuccessful attempt to invade Ireland , surrendering at the Battle of Ballinamuck in 1798 . In Britain , the action was lauded at the time and since : First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Spencer described the operation as " an exploit which has not I believe ever before graced our naval annals " . Historian James Henderson says of the action : " It was a feat of arms and seamanship such as had never been done before , and never was done again , " and Richard Woodman calls it " a dazzling display of seamanship by all concerned in the alternating darkness and moonlight of a boisterous night " . Five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by the Naval General Service Medal , with clasps " Indefatigable 13 Jany . 1797 " and " Amazon 13 Jany . 1797 " , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
= Bharatiya Janata Party = The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrət ̪ iːjə dʒənət ̪ aː paːrʈiː ] ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2016 , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies , and it is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . The BJP is a right @-@ wing party , with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh . The BJP 's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP @-@ led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non @-@ Congress government to do so . In the 2004 general election , the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat , and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition party . Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election . Since that election , Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of March 2015 , the alliance governs 15 states . The official ideology of the BJP is " integral humanism " , first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 . The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . The BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles . Its key issues have included the abrogation of the special status to Jammu and Kashmir , the building of a Ram temple in Ayodhya and the implementation of a uniform civil code . However , the 1998 – 2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues . It instead focused on a largely neoliberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare . = = History = = = = = Bharatiya Jana Sangh ( 1951 – 77 ) = = = The BJP 's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , popularly known as the Jana Sangh , founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party . It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) , and was widely regarded to be the political arm of the RSS . The Jana Sangh 's aims included the protection of India 's " Hindu " cultural identity , in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then @-@ Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks , or full @-@ time workers , to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground . Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya , who was appointed General Secretary . The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 . It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967 . The Jana Sangh 's first major campaign , begun in early 1953 , centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India . Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir . He died of a heart attack the following month , while still in jail . Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mookerjee ; however , he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party , and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya . Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967 , and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS . The party minimised engagement with the public , focusing instead on building its network of propagandists . Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism , which formed the official doctrine of the party . Younger leaders , such as Atal Behari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period , with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968 . The major themes on the party 's agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code , banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir . After assembly elections across the country in 1967 , the party entered into a coalition with several other parties , including the Swatantra Party and the socialists . It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland , including Madhya Pradesh , Bihar and Uttar Pradesh . It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office , albeit within a coalition ; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh 's more radical agenda . = = = Janata Party ( 1977 – 80 ) = = = In 1975 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency . The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests , with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country . In 1977 , the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held . The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum , including the Socialist Party , the Congress ( O ) and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party , with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi . The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister . The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party 's parliamentary contingent , with 93 seats or 31 % of its strength . Vajpayee , previously the leader of the Jana Sangh , was appointed the Minister of External Affairs . The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity , and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party , based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles . According to Christophe Jaffrelot , this proved to be an impossible assimilation . The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged , retaining a strong association with the RSS , which did not sit well with the moderate centre @-@ right constituents of the Party . Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government , with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots at Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978 @-@ 79 . The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS , which the Jana Sangh refused to do . Eventually , a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party ( Secular ) . The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament , forcing its resignation . Following a brief period of coalition rule , general elections were held in 1980 , in which the Janata Party fared poorly , winning only 31 seats . In April 1980 , shortly after the elections , the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being ' dual members ' of party and the RSS . In response , the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party , known as the Bharatiya Janata Party . = = = BJP ( 1980 – present ) = = = = = = = Formation and early days = = = = Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh , the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor , with Vajpayee being its first president . Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims . The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal , emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism . This was unsuccessful , as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 . The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats , contributing to the low number for the BJP . = = = = Babri Masjid demolition and the Hindutva movement = = = = The failure of Vajpayee 's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism . In 1984 , Advani was appointed president of the party , and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . In the early 1980s , the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri mosque in Ayodhya . The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527 . There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there . The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama , and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque . The BJP threw its support behind this campaign , and made it a part of their election platform . It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989 , a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V. P. Singh . In September 1990 , Advani began a rath yatra ( chariot journey ) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement . According to Guha , the imagery employed by the yatra was " religious , allusive , militant , masculine , and anti @-@ Muslim " , and the speeches delivered by Advani during the yatra accused the government of appeasing Muslims and practising " pseudo @-@ secularism " that obstructed the legitimate aspirations of Hindus . Advani defended the yatra , stating that it had been free of incident from Somnath to Ayodhya , and that the English media were to blame for the violence that followed . Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav . A large number of kar sevaks nonetheless converged on Ayodhya . On the orders of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mulayam Singh Yadav , 150 @,@ 000 of them were detained , yet half as many managed to reach Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque . Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks . Hindus were urged by VHP to " take revenge " for these deaths , resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh . The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government , leading to fresh general elections . It once again increased its tally , to 120 seats , and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly . On 6 December 1992 , the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100 @,@ 000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque . Under circumstances that are not entirely clear , the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque . Over the following weeks , waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country , killing over 2 @,@ 000 people . The government briefly banned the VHP , and many BJP leaders , including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition . Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar , and not a spontaneous act . A 2009 report , authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan , found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition , mostly leaders from the BJP . Among those named were Vajpayee , Advani , and Murli Manohar Joshi . The report also criticised Kalyan Singh , Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition . He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition . Anju Gupta , an Indian Police Service officer in charge of Advani 's security , appeared as a prominent witness before the commission . She said that Advani and Joshi made provocative speeches that were a major factor in the mob 's behaviour . In the parliamentary elections in 1996 , the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats , making it the largest party in parliament . Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister , but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha , forcing the government to resign after 13 days . = = = = NDA government ( 1998 – 2004 ) = = = = A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996 , but this grouping was short lived , and mid @-@ term polls were held in 1998 . The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party , the Shiromani Akali Dal , the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) and the Biju Janata Dal . Among these regional parties , the Shiv Sena was the only one which had an ideology similar to the BJP ; Amartya Sen , for example , called the coalition an " ad hoc " grouping . The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister . However , the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK , Jayalalitha , withdrew her support , and fresh elections were held again . On 13 October 1999 , the NDA , without the AIADMK , won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority . The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183 . Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time ; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister . This NDA government lasted its full term of five years . Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo @-@ liberal economic policies . In 2001 , Bangaru Laxman , then the BJP president , was filmed accepting a bribe of ₹ 100 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to ₹ 280 @,@ 000 or US $ 4 @,@ 100 in 2016 ) to recommend the purchase of hand @-@ held thermal imagers for the Indian Army to the Defence Ministry , in a sting operation by Tehelka journalists . The BJP was forced to make him resign and he was subsequently prosecuted . In April 2012 , he was sentenced to four years in prison and died on 1 March 2014 . = = = = 2002 Gujarat violence = = = = On 27 February 2002 , a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra , killing 59 people . The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus , and sparked off massive anti @-@ Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks . The death toll estimated was as high as 2000 , while 150 @,@ 000 were displaced . Rape , mutilation , and torture were also widespread . The then @-@ Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high @-@ ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence , as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim @-@ owned properties . In April 2009 , a Special Investigation Team ( SIT ) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases . In 2012 , Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT and BJP MLA Maya Kodnani , who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government , was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment . Scholars such as Paul Brass , Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents . = = = = General election defeats = = = = Vajpayee called for elections in early 2004 , six months ahead of schedule . The NDA 's campaign was based on the slogan " India Shining " , which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country . However , the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat , winning only a 186 seats in the Lok Sabha , compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies . Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance . The NDA 's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat , as was its divisive policy agenda . In May 2008 , the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka . This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state . In the 2009 general elections , its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats . It lost the next assembly election in 2013 . = = = = General election victory , 2014 = = = = In the 2014 Indian general election , the BJP won 282 seats , leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543 @-@ seat Lok Sabha . The BJP parliamentary leader Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 . The vote share of the BJP was 31 % of all votes cast , a low figure relative to the number of seats it won . This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength . Support for the BJP was concentrated in the Hindi @-@ speaking belt in North @-@ central India . The magnitude of the BJP victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls . Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory , including the popularity of Narendra Modi , the prime @-@ ministerial candidate of the BJP , and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term . The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper @-@ caste , upper @-@ class support base and received significant support from middle @-@ class and Dalit people , as well as among Other Backward Classes . Its support among Muslims remained low ; only 8 % of Muslim voters voted for the BJP . The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters , and raising voter turnout among them . = = General election results = = The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially created in 1980 , and the first general election it contested was in 1984 , in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats . Following the election in 1996 , the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time , but the government it formed was short @-@ lived . In the elections of 1998 and 1999 , it remained the largest party , and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions . In the 2014 general election , it won an outright majority in parliament . From 1991 onwards , a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power . = = Ideology and political positions = = = = = Social policies and Hindutva = = = The official philosophy of the BJP is " Integral humanism , " a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 , who described it as advocating an " indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage . " It is committed to Hindutva , an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar . According to the party , Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation , thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion . However , scholars and political analysts have called their Hindutva ideology an attempt to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions , making it a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense . The BJP has slightly moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998 , due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies . The BJP 's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies . It supports the construction of the Ram temple at the site of the Babri Mosque . This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections . However , the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it , leading to a decline of the temple 's prominence in its agenda . The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT ) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools . Various scholars have stated that this revision , especially in the case of history textbooks , was a covert attempt to " saffronise " Indian history . The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula , despite opposition from several leading scientists . Taking a position against what it calls the " pseudo @-@ secularism " of the Congress party , the BJP instead supports " positive secularism " . Vajpayee laid out the BJP 's interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi 's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sambhava and contrasted it with what he called European secularism . He had said that Indian secularism attempted to see all religions with equal respect , while European secularism was independent of religion , thus making the former more " positive " . The BJP supports a uniform civil code , which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion , replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community . According to historian Yogendra Malik , this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority . The BJP favours the abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution , which grants a greater degree of autonomy to the Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian union . The BJP opposes illegal migration into India from Bangladesh . The party states that this migration , mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal , threatens the security , economy and stability of the country . Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees , and reserves the term " illegal " for Muslim migrants . Academic Michael Gillan writes that this is an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful . In 2013 , the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code , which , among other things , criminalises homosexuality . There was a popular outcry , although clerics , including Muslim religious leaders , stated that they supported the verdict . BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported section 377 , because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural , though its stand has softened after its victory in the 2014 general elections . = = = Economic policies = = = The BJP 's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding . There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party . In the 1980s , like the Jana Sangh , it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates . It supported swadeshi ( the promotion of indigenous industries and products ) and a protectionist export policy . However , it supported internal economic liberalisation , and opposed the state @-@ driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress . During the 1996 elections , the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation ; its election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment in priority sectors , while restricting it in others . When the party was in power in 1998 , it shifted its policy even further in favour of globalisation . The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India . This was criticised by the left parties and the BJP 's affiliates ( the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch ) . The communist parties said that the BJP was attempting to appease the World Bank and the United States government through its neoliberal policies . Similarly , the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology . The two NDA governments in the period 1998 @-@ 2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government owned enterprises . It also introduced tariff @-@ reducing measures . These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the Congress government in the early 1990s . India 's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA . The 2004 campaign slogan " India Shining " was based on the party 's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society . After its unexpected defeat , commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies . This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments , especially in Gujarat , where the BJP held power for 16 years . Modi 's government , in power from 2002 to 2014 , followed a strongly neo @-@ liberal agenda , presented as a drive towards development . Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services , as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations . While this was praised by the business community , commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP 's upper class constituency instead of the poor . = = = Defence and terrorism = = = Compared to the Congress , the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism . The NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests , and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act , which later came under heavy criticism . It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil , and supported the United States ' War on Terror . Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test , the Vajpayee government broke India 's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran @-@ II , a series of five nuclear tests in 1998 . The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium range ballistic missile . They were seen as an attempt to display India 's military prowess to the world , and a reflection of anti @-@ Pakistan sentiment within the BJP . The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory , later known as the Kargil War . Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence , it was successful in ousting them from the disputed territory . The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the US War on Terror , in the hope of better addressing India 's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir . This led to closer defence ties with the US , including negotiations for the sale of weapons . After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 , the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act . The aim of the act was the improve the government 's ability to deal with terrorism . It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha ; therefore , the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament , where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass . The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism . However , it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties , and the National Human Rights Commission stated that it had been used to target Muslims . It was later repealed by the Congress @-@ led UPA government in 2004 . = = = Foreign policy = = = The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy , like the Jana Sangh , was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism . The Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India ; as a result , its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate . This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP 's ideology . The party and its affiliates have strongly opposed India 's long standing policy of nonalignment , and instead advocate closeness to the United States . The Vajpayee government 's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy , while maintaining some aspects of it . Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments , opting instead for realism . His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan . In 1998 , he made a landmark visit to Pakistan , and inaugurated the Delhi – Lahore Bus service . Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration , which was an attempt to improve Indo @-@ Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests . However , the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later , causing the 1999 Kargil War . The war ended a couple of months later , with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later , without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries . Despite the war , Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue . This was not well received among the BJP cadre , who criticised the government for being " weak " . This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post @-@ Kargil Agra summit , preventing any significant deal from being reached . = = Organisation and structure = = The BJP is the world 's largest political party by primary membership , having 100 million registered members as of April 2015 . The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical , with the president being the highest authority in the party . Until 2012 , the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three @-@ year term . This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms . Below the president is the national executive , which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country . It is the higher decision making body of the party . Its members are several vice @-@ presidents , general @-@ secretaries , treasurers and secretaries , who work directly with the president . An identical structure , with an executive committee led by a president , exists at the state , regional , district and local level . The BJP is a cadre @-@ based party . It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideology , such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad . The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP 's . Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates , loosely known as the Sangh Parivar : The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad ( All India Student 's Union ) , the students ' wing of the RSS . The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh ( Indian Farmer 's Union ) , the farmers ' division . The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh ( Indian Labourers Union ) , the labour union associated with the RSS . The party has subsidiary organisations of its own , such as : The BJP Mahila Morcha ( BJP Women 's Front ) , its women 's division . The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha ( Indian People 's Youth Front ) , its youth wing . The BJP Minority Morcha ( BJP Minority Front ) , its minority division . = = Presence in various states = = As of May 2016 , the BJP holds a majority of assembly in nine states : Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Rajasthan Goa Haryana Maharashtra Assam Jharkhand In five other states , it shares power with other political parties of the NDA coalition . In all these states , the BJP is junior ally in the ruling alliance . The states are : Jammu and Kashmir ( with Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party ) Punjab ( with Shiromani Akali Dal ) Nagaland ( with Naga People 's Front ) Andhra Pradesh ( with Telugu Desam Party ) and Sikkim ( with Sikkim Democratic Front ) In the past , the BJP has also been the sole party in power in the following states : Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Arunachal Pradesh and Delhi It has also ruled the following states as a junior ally being a part of coalition governments in the past : Odisha Bihar Arunachal Pradesh It also has a regional political alliance in the North @-@ East named the North @-@ East Democratic Alliance . = = = List of Current NDA / BJP coalitions Chief Ministers = = =
= No. 3 Aircraft Depot RAAF = No. 3 Aircraft Depot ( No. 3 AD ) was a maintenance unit of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Formed in March 1942 at RAAF Station Amberley , Queensland , its prime function initially was the assembly and despatch of combat aircraft from the United States ; it also performed salvage operations . From 1942 until 1947 it took on the role of administering the Amberley base . The depot was responsible for heavy maintenance of the RAAF 's English Electric Canberra jet bombers following their entry into service in 1953 . In the 1970s it began maintaining and upgrading the General Dynamics F @-@ 111C swing @-@ wing bomber , along with Bell UH @-@ 1 Iroquois and Boeing CH @-@ 47 Chinook helicopters . No. 3 AD merged with No. 482 Maintenance Squadron in March 1992 to form No. 501 Wing , which maintained the F @-@ 111 until disbanding in 2001 . = = History = = = = = World War II = = = No. 3 Aircraft Depot ( No. 3 AD ) was formed at RAAF Station Amberley , Queensland , on 16 March 1942 . It came under the control of No. 5 ( Maintenance ) Group . The depot 's first , temporary , commanding officer was Squadron Leader W.H. Nicholson . On establishment , No. 3 AD 's main purpose was the assembly and despatch of combat aircraft manufactured in the United States . In its first six weeks of operation , it assembled 123 Bell P @-@ 39 Airacobra fighters and a dozen Martin B @-@ 26 Marauder medium bombers . The depot was also responsible for the inspection of RAAF CAC Wirraways and Lockheed Hudsons . A further role was salvaging damaged aircraft from units in the local area , and despatching them to No. 5 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Station Wagga , New South Wales , for repair . Wing Commander ( later Group Captain ) G.E. Douglas , previously in charge of No. 1 Aircraft Depot at Laverton , Victoria , assumed command of No. 3 AD in June 1942 . Station Headquarters Amberley was dissolved on 1 July , and the depot took over the role of command and control of the base . As the war progressed , Amberley became one of Australia 's largest aircraft maintenance facilities , as well as a way station for United States Army Air Forces personnel and equipment bound for operations in the South West Pacific . In addition to Airacobras and Marauders , among the aircraft types No. 3 AD assembled during World War II were Curtiss P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks , Republic P @-@ 43 Lancers , Vultee A @-@ 31 Vengeances , Supermarine Spitfires , Grumman F6F Hellcats , and North American P @-@ 51 Mustangs . = = = Post @-@ war years = = = No. 82 ( Heavy Bomber ) Wing and its three squadrons of Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberators arrived at Amberley as lodger units between February and April 1946 . In the aftermath of World War II , No. 3 AD continued to command and administer the base until the re @-@ establishment of Station Headquarters Amberley in 1947 . No. 82 Wing converted to Avro Lincolns during 1948 . In October 1952 , when Lincolns flew observation flights as part of Operation Hurricane , the first British atomic test in Australia , No. 3 AD was responsible for handling underwing canisters used to collect radioactive particles . The RAAF 's first jet bomber , the English Electric Canberra , began replacing the Lincoln in December 1953 . No. 3 AD was responsible for " deep " maintenance of the Canberra , which involved stripping aircraft back to their components . This process was generally required every five years , and could take up to a year to complete . The depot also performed deep maintenance on the CAC Sabre fighter during its service with the RAAF . No. 3 AD 's crest was approved by Queen Elizabeth II in June 1959 ; the design featured a Maltese cross in azure , symbolising the unit 's home state of Queensland , surmounted by a cock 's head in gold with a red comb . From December 1966 until January 1969 , No. 3 AD was commanded by Group Captain James Rowland , later Chief of the Air Staff and Governor of New South Wales . By the 1970s , the depot was responsible for maintenance of the RAAF 's Bell UH @-@ 1 Iroquois helicopters as well as the Canberra bombers . It also maintained the McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4E Phantoms leased to the RAAF from 1970 to 1973 as an interim strike force pending delivery of the long @-@ delayed General Dynamics F @-@ 111C . The F @-@ 111C represented the most significant maintenance challenge undertaken by the RAAF , and No. 3 AD 's hangars and workshops were extensively revamped before and after the new bomber 's entry into service in mid @-@ 1973 . The depot was responsible for major upgrades and complex maintenance involving stripping down the airframe and engines , while intermediate @-@ level servicing was carried out by No. 482 ( Maintenance ) Squadron , a unit of No. 82 Wing . After General Dynamics in Fort Worth , Texas , had modified the first of four F @-@ 111Cs earmarked to be brought up to RF @-@ 111C standard for photographic reconnaissance , No. 3 AD modified the remaining three aircraft at Amberley during 1980 . In 1982 – 83 , the depot upgraded to C @-@ model standard four F @-@ 111As delivered to replace the four F @-@ 111Cs from the RAAF 's original order that had been lost through accidents . It conducted the F @-@ 111 Pave Tack infra @-@ red and laser @-@ guided precision weapons targeting system upgrade in 1985 . No. 3 AD also took on responsibility for maintenance of Boeing CH @-@ 47 Chinooks after the helicopters entered service with No. 12 Squadron , based at Amberley , in September 1973 . The depot had no familiarity dealing with significant damage to the Chinook , and when one of the helicopters crashed following an engine failure in 1975 the repairs were not completed until 1981 . From the 1980s , No. 3 AD 's organisation included a maintenance management squadron made up of individual flights responsible for the upkeep of equipment , engines , and airframes , the last @-@ mentioned including armament and de @-@ seal / re @-@ seal . The process for de @-@ sealing and re @-@ sealing the F @-@ 111s fuel tanks , which the depot first undertook between 1977 and 1982 and which lasted six months per aircraft , caused controversy owing to the hazardous working conditions for ground crews . Brain damage to personnel caused by chemical exposure resulted in a class action that cost the Australian government more than A $ 20 million in damages . On 16 March 1992 , No. 3 AD merged with No. 482 Squadron to form No. 501 Wing , which became the largest unit in the RAAF , comprising over 1 @,@ 200 personnel . The depot completed its disbandment on 30 June that year . No. 501 Wing continued to provide deep maintenance and logistics support for the F @-@ 111s at Amberley until 2001 , when Boeing Australia was awarded the maintenance contract .
= Alnus glutinosa = Alnus glutinosa , the common alder , black alder , European alder or just alder , is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae , native to most of Europe , southwest Asia and northern Africa . It thrives in wet locations where its association with the bacterium Frankia alni enables it to grow in poor quality soils . It is a medium size , short @-@ lived tree growing to a height of up to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) . It has short @-@ stalked rounded leaves and separate male and female flower in the form of catkins . The small , rounded fruits are cone @-@ like and the seeds are dispersed by wind and water . The common alder provides food and shelter to wildlife , with a number of insects , lichens and fungi being completely dependent on the tree . It is a pioneer species , colonising vacant land and forming mixed forests as other trees appear in its wake . Eventually common alder dies out of woodlands because the seedlings need more light than is available on the forest floor . Its more usual habitat is forest edges , swamps and riverside corridors . The timber has been used in underwater foundations and for manufacture into paper and fibreboard , for smoking foods , for joinery , turnery and carving . Products of the tree have been used in ethnobotany , providing folk remedies for various ailments , and research has shown that extracts of the seeds are active against pathogenic bacteria . = = Description = = Alnus glutinosa is a tree that thrives in moist soils , and grows under favourable circumstances to a height of 20 to 30 metres ( 66 to 98 ft ) and exceptionally up to 37 metres ( 121 ft ) . Young trees have an upright habit of growth with a main axial stem but older trees develop an arched crown with crooked branches . The base of the trunk produces adventitious roots which grow down to the soil and may appear to be propping the trunk up . The bark of young trees is smooth , glossy and greenish @-@ brown while in older trees it is dark grey and fissured . The branches are smooth and somewhat sticky , being scattered with resinous warts . The buds are purplish @-@ brown and have short stalks . Both male and female catkins form in the autumn and remain dormant during the winter . The leaves of the common alder are short @-@ stalked , rounded , up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) long with a slightly wedge @-@ shaped base and a wavy , serrated margin . They have a glossy dark green upper surface and paler green underside with rusty @-@ brown hairs in the angles of the veins . As with some other trees growing near water , the common alder keeps its leaves longer than do trees in drier situations , and the leaves remain green late into the autumn . As the Latin name glutinosa implies , the buds and young leaves are sticky with a resinous gum . The species is monoecious and the flowers are wind @-@ pollinated ; the slender cylindrical male catkins are pendulous , reddish in colour and 5 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 in ) long ; the female flowers are upright , broad and green , with short stalks . During the autumn they become dark brown to black in colour , hard , somewhat woody , and superficially similar to small conifer cones . They last through the winter and the small winged seeds are mostly scattered the following spring . The seeds are flattened reddish @-@ brown nuts edged with webbing filled with pockets of air . This enables them to float for about a month which allows the seed to disperse widely . Unlike some other species of tree , common alders do not produce shade leaves . The respiration rate of shaded foliage is the same as well @-@ lit leaves but the rate of assimilation is lower . This means that as a tree in woodland grows taller , the lower branches die and soon decay , leaving a small crown and unbranched trunk . = = Taxonomy = = Alnus glutinosa was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 , as one of two varieties of alder ( the other being A. incana ) , which he regarded as a single species Betula alnus . In 1785 , Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck treated it as a full species under the name Betula glutinosa . Its present scientific name is due to Joseph Gaertner , who in 1791 accepted the separation of alders from birches , and transferred the species to Alnus . The epithet glutinosa means " sticky " , referring particularly to the young shoots . Within the genus Alnus , the common alder is placed in subgenus Alnus as part of a closely related group of species including the grey alder , Alnus incana , with which it hybridizes to form the hybrid A. × hybrida . = = Distribution and habitat = = The common alder is native to almost the whole of continental Europe ( except for both the extreme north and south ) as well as the United Kingdom and Ireland . In Asia its range includes Turkey , Iran and Kazakhstan , and in Africa it is found in Tunisia , Algeria and Morocco . It is naturalised in the Azores . It has been introduced , either by accident or by intent , to Canada , the United States , Chile , South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . Its natural habitat is in moist ground near rivers , ponds and lakes but it can also grow in drier locations and sometimes occurs in mixed woodland and on forest edges . It tolerates a range of soil types and grows best at a pH of between 5 @.@ 5 and 7 @.@ 2 . Because of its association with the nitrogen @-@ fixing bacterium Frankia alni , it can grow in nutrient @-@ poor soils where few other trees thrive . = = Ecological relationships = = The common alder is most noted for its symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Frankia alni , which forms nodules on the tree 's roots . This bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and fixes it in a form available to the tree . In return , the bacterium receives carbon products produced by the tree through photosynthesis . This relationship , which improves the fertility of the soil , has established the common alder as an important pioneer species in ecological succession . The common alder is susceptible to Phytophthora alni , a recently evolved species of oomycete plant pathogen probably of hybrid origin . This is the causal agent of phytophthora disease of alder which is causing extensive mortality of the trees in some parts of Europe . The symptoms of this infection include the death of roots and of patches of bark , dark spots near the base of the trunk , yellowing of leaves and in subsequent years , the death of branches and sometimes the whole tree . Taphrina alni is a fungal plant pathogen that causes alder tongue gall , a chemically induced distortion of female catkins . The gall develops on the maturing fruits and produces spores which are carried by the wind to other trees . This gall is believed to be harmless to the tree . Another , also harmless , gall is caused by a midge , Eriophyes inangulis , which sucks sap from the leaves forming pustules . The common alder is important to wildlife all year round and the seeds are a useful winter food for birds . Deer , sheep , hares and rabbits feed on the tree and it provides shelter for livestock in winter . It shades the water of rivers and streams , moderating the water temperature , and this benefits fish which also find safety among its exposed roots in times of flood . The common alder is the foodplant of the larvae of a number of different butterflies and moths and is associated with over 140 species of plant @-@ eating insect . The tree is also a host to a variety of mosses and lichens which particularly flourish in the humid moist environment of streamside trees . Some common lichens found growing on the trunk and branches include tree lungwort ( Lobaria pulmonaria ) , Menneguzzia terebrata and Stenocybe pullatula , the last of which is restricted to alders . Some 47 species of mycorrhizal fungi have been found growing in symbiosis with the common alder , both partners benefiting from an exchange of nutrients . As well as several species of Naucoria , these symbionts include Russula alnetorum , the milkcaps Lactarius obscuratus and Lactarius cyathula , and the alder roll @-@ rim Paxillus filamentosus , all of which grow nowhere else except in association with alders . In spring , the catkin cup Ciboria amentacea grows on fallen alder catkins . As an introduced species , the common alder can affect the ecology of its new locality . It is a fast @-@ growing tree and can quickly form dense woods where little light reaches the ground , and this may inhibit the growth of native plants . The presence of the nitrogen @-@ fixing bacteria and the annual accumulation of leaf litter from the trees also alters the nutrient status of the soil . It also increases the availability of phosphorus in the ground , and the tree 's dense network of roots can cause increased sedimentation in pools and waterways . It spreads easily by wind @-@ borne seed , may be dispersed to a certain extent by birds and the woody fruits can float away from the parent tree . When the tree is felled , regrowth occurs from the stump , and logs and fallen branches can take root . A. glutinosa is classed as an environmental weed in New Zealand . = = Cultivation and uses = = The common alder is used as a pioneer species and to stabilise river banks , to assist in flood control , to purify water in waterlogged soils and to moderate the temperature and nutrient status of water bodies . It can be grown by itself or in mixed species plantations , and the nitrogen @-@ rich leaves falling to the ground enrich the soil and increase the production of such trees as walnut , Douglas fir and poplar on poor quality soils . Although the tree can live for up to 160 years , it is best felled for timber at 60 to 70 years before heart rot sets in . On marshy ground it is important as coppice @-@ wood , being cut near the base to encourage the production of straight poles . It is capable of enduring clipping as well as marine climatic conditions and may be cultivated as a fast @-@ growing windbreak . In woodland , the seedlings cannot tolerate dense shade and as the forest matures , the alder trees in it die out . The species is cultivated as a specimen tree in parks and gardens , and the cultivar ' Imperialis ' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . = = = Timber = = = The wood is soft , white when first cut , turning to pale red ; the knots are attractively mottled . The timber is not used where strength is required in the construction industry , but is used for paper @-@ making , the manufacture of fibreboard and the production of energy . Under water the wood is very durable and is used for deep foundations of buildings . The piles beneath the Rialto in Venice , and the foundations of several medieval cathedrals are made of alder . The Roman architect Vitruvius mentioned that the timber was used in the construction of the causeways across the Ravenna marshes . The wood is used in joinery , both as solid timber and as veneer , where its grain and colour are appreciated , and it takes dye well . As the wood is soft , flexible and somewhat light , it can be easily worked as well as split . It is valued in turnery and carving , in making furniture , window frames , clogs , toys , blocks , pencils and bowls . = = = Tanning and dyeing = = = The bark of the common alder has long been used in tanning and dyeing . The bark and twigs contain 16 to 20 % tannic acid but their usefulness in tanning is limited by the strong accompanying colour they produce . Depending on the mordant and the methods used , various shades of brown , fawn , and yellowish @-@ orange hues can be imparted to wool , cotton and silk . Alder bark can also used with iron sulphate to create a black dye which can substitute for the use of sumach or galls . The Laplanders are said to chew the bark and use their saliva to dye leather . The shoots of the common alder produce a yellowish or cinnamon @-@ coloured dye if cut early in the year . Other parts of the tree are also used in dyeing ; the catkins can yield a green colour and the fresh @-@ cut wood a pinkish @-@ fawn colour . = = = Other uses = = = It is also the traditional wood that is burnt to produce smoked fish and other smoked foods , though in some areas other woods are now more often used . It supplies high quality charcoal . The leaves of this tree are sticky and if they are spread on the floor of a room , their adhesive surface is said to trap fleas . Chemical constituents of Alnus glutinosa include hirsutanonol , oregonin , genkwanin , rhododendrin { 3- ( 4 @-@ hydroxyphenyl ) -l @-@ methylpropyl @-@ β @-@ D @-@ glucopyranoside } and glutinic acid ( 2 @,@ 3 @-@ pentadienedioic acid ) . = = Health = = Pollen from the common alder , along with that from birch and hazel , is one of the main sources of tree pollen allergy . As the pollen is often present in the atmosphere at the same time as that of birch , hazel , hornbeam and oak , and they have similar physicochemical properties , it is difficult to separate out their individual effects . In central Europe , these tree pollens are the second most common cause of allergic conditions after grass pollen . The bark of common alder has traditionally been used as an astringent , a cathartic , a hemostatic , a febrifuge , a tonic and a restorative ( a substance able to restore normal health ) . A decoction of the bark has been used to treat swelling , inflammation and rheumatism , as an emetic , and to treat pharyngitis and sore throat . Ground up bark has been used as an ingredient in toothpaste , and the inner bark can be boiled in vinegar to provide a skin wash for treating dermatitis , lice and scabies . The leaves have been used to reduce breast discomfort in nursing mothers and folk remedies advocate the use of the leaves against various forms of cancer . Alpine farmers are said to use the leaves to alleviate rheumatism by placing a heated bag full of leaves on the affected areas . Alder leaves are consumed by cows , sheep , goats and horses though pigs refuse to eat them . According to some people , consumption of alder leaves causes blackening of the tongue and is harmful to horses . In a research study , extracts from the seeds of the common alder have been found to be active against all the eight pathogenic bacteria against which they were tested , which included Escherichia coli and methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) . The only extract to have significant antioxidant activity was that extracted in methanol . All extracts were of low toxicity to brine shrimps . These results suggest that the seeds could be further investigated for use in the development of possible anti @-@ MRSA drugs . = = Details of Alder structure and galls = = Details
= Lynton and Barnstaple Railway = The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway ( L & B ) opened as an independent railway in May 1898 . It was a single track , 1 ft 11 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 597 mm ) narrow gauge railway and was slightly over 19 miles ( 31 km ) long running through the rugged and picturesque area bordering Exmoor in North Devon , England . Although opened after the 1896 Light Railways Act came into force , it was authorised and constructed prior to that act . Therefore , as with all other railways , it was authorised under its own Act of Parliament and built to higher ( and more costly ) standards than similar railways of the time . In the United Kingdom it was notable as being the only narrow gauge line required to use main @-@ line standard signalling . For a short period the line earned a modest return for shareholders , but for most of its life the L & B made a loss . In 1923 the L & B was taken over by the Southern Railway , and eventually closed in September 1935 . The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was formed in 1979 ; and a short section was reopened to passengers in 2004 . This was extended in 2006 ; and the following year plans were announced to open 9 miles ( 14 km ) of track , linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton ( at a new terminus on an extension to the original line , closer to the town ) and Blackmoor Gate , and to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir . The present track is now 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5 ⁄ 8 in ) narrow gauge . = = History = = Following the opening of the Devon and Somerset Railway to Barnstaple , there were calls for an extension to serve the twin villages of Lynton and Lynmouth , which were popular with holiday @-@ makers . Through the middle of the 19th century , several schemes were proposed , from established railway companies and independent developers . One scheme suggested electric power , while another proposed a line from South Molton . None of these schemes offered sufficient prospects to encourage investment , and few got further than initial plans . Due to the difficult terrain , one scheme suggested a 1 ft 11 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 597 mm ) narrow gauge , already in use by the Festiniog [ sic ] Railway Company and elsewhere , to ease construction . This scheme was supported by Sir George Newnes , publisher of Titbits and The Strand Magazine who became chairman of the company . The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895 , and the line opened on 11 May 1898 with public service commencing on 16 May , connecting with trains from Waterloo on the Ilfracombe Branch Line at Barnstaple Town . The scheme did not meet with universal enthusiasm , and from the beginning , there were some who doubted the true intentions of the promoters . Although many of the sinuous curves and deviations were due to having to maintain a 1 in 50 gradient where there was no leeway ( most observers being oblivious to the fact that a straighter shorter line would have made the gradient even steeper ) , several were due to resistance by local landowners along the route . A guide published whilst the line was being built stated : The L & B seldom attracted sufficient passengers to remain viable . The journey of nearly 20 miles ( 32 km ) took on average an hour and a half . To satisfy several influential residents , the terminus at Lynton was some distance from the town itself , and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth . Declining tourism during World War I , improved roads , increased car ownership further depleted the line 's income until it was no longer economic . A guidebook published in 1921 described the situation : Despite numerous cost @-@ saving measures and extra investment in the line , the Southern Railway was unable to reverse the trend , and closed the line . The last train ran on 29 September 1935 . An observer at the time wrote : The Southern removed everything they could use elsewhere , and by 8 November , had lifted the track from Lynton to milepost 15 ⅓ - on the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station . On 13 November an auction was held , although the railway failed to attract much interest . Most rolling stock , and every loco except for Lew , was scrapped at Pilton . Some coaches were sectioned for use as garden sheds . Third class seats became garden furniture , and first class seats found their way into local snooker halls and Masonic lodges . In December , Plymouth ship breaker Sidney Castle won the tender to dismantle the railway . The remaining track was lifted by June 1936 , and in September , surviving loco Lew was shipped to Brazil . The stations and track bed were auctioned in 1938 . The L & B had an exemplary safety record , and no members of the public were killed or injured during its 37 @-@ year existence , although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did claim the lives of three track workers . = = Route = = The route of this diminutive railway and the scenery through which it passes , has been described many times , such as in a 1920s guide to the area : ( * Note : Wooda Bay station was actually renamed Woody Bay in 1901 . The geographical feature Woody Bay after which the station was named was the subject of an attempt to develop it as a tourist resort to rival Lynmouth ; a pier was even constructed . The developers felt that the spelling " Woody " was more attractive to tourists , and so changed it from the original " Wooda " ; the station name was changed accordingly . ) As well as several foot- and cycle @-@ routes which can still be followed today , the hostelry in Parracombe mentioned in the article remains a popular venue ( although the geese are now singular ) . = = = Gradient profile = = = The L & B rises and falls several times along its length . Starting at 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) above sea level , The first 3 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 0 km ) , through Barnstaple , and along the Yeo Valley stays relatively level . Collard Bridge marks the start of an 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) climb , mainly at one in fifty , to Blackmoor Gate . A shallower down @-@ gradient follows , of about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , towards Parracombe Bank , and the start of another climb , of about 2 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 4 km ) , to Woody Bay — at 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) , the highest railway station in southern England . The line then falls , again mostly at one in fifty ( 2 % ) - to Lynton & Lynmouth station , still 700 feet ( 213 m ) above the sea , and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton . The minimum radius on curves was 5 @-@ chain ( 100 m ) . = = Rolling stock = = One of the most distinctive aspects of the L & B was its rolling stock , with the locomotives appearing originally in a livery of plain lined Holly green , later on a black base , with chestnut under @-@ frames , hauling passenger carriages coloured terracotta with off @-@ white upper panels , and light grey goods wagons . The schemes were simplified as individual vehicles were repainted . With the take over by the Southern and arrival of Lew the livery was slowly changed to Maunsell Green for locos and passenger stock , and umber for the goods wagons . The loco headlamps which had been black under the L & B were re @-@ painted red . = = = Locomotives = = = At least four contractors ' locomotives were used for construction . Unusually , some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example , spanning the Heddon valley , was built to 3 ft ( 914 mm ) gauge , with a locomotive known as Winnie . A fifth locomotive - perhaps named Spondon - may also have been used , although little is known of either of these . In 1900 , Kilmarnock was sold by the L & B. It is believed to have been left behind by James Nuttall , as a result of the financial problems and litigation between railway and contractor . The L & B used only coal @-@ fired steam motive power . In 1896 , the Hunslet Engine Company submitted two designs ( a 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 2T and a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0T ) , but eventually an order was placed for three 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds . The locos were named after local rivers : Yeo , Exe , and Taw . These were supplemented by a 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 2T , Lyn , built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia , USA , as the Company realised that three locos would be insufficient . Baldwin was selected as they could deliver the loco — based largely on standard components — more quickly than domestic suppliers , who had a backlog of orders , caused by a national engineering dispute over the 8 hour working day resulting in a lock @-@ out by employers from July 1897 and January 1898 . After construction by Baldwin , the loco was shipped across the Atlantic in parts , and re @-@ assembled at Pilton by railway staff . It first steamed in July 1898 . The Manning Wardles were delivered ahead of the lock @-@ out , and Yeo and Taw were used in the final stages of construction . Exe was stored locally in a stable , where she received the unwelcome attention of thieves who stole various brass fittings and fixtures . In 1923 the L & B was absorbed into the Southern Railway , and began an upgrade programme . All locos & coaches were repainted in Southern Maunsell Green livery , the wagons were repainted in Southern Umber livery and track and buildings were improved . A fifth locomotive , Lew was purchased in 1925 , with improvements to the original Manning Wardle design . = = = = Fate of Lew = = = = Although bought at the auction ( it is believed by Barwicks of London ) by December 1935 , Lew was working for Sidney Castle , the dismantler of the railway . This work was completed by July 1936 and in September , Lew was moved by rail to Swansea and loaded onto the S.S. Sabor destined for the port of Pernambuco ( since renamed Recife ) , Brazil . Most of the relevant shipping records were destroyed in World War II , Lew then just vanished and despite several attempts , no trace of the locomotive , or evidence of its fate , has so far been found . = = = Passenger stock = = = Sixteen passenger carriages were delivered for the opening . Built by the Bristol Wagon & Carriage Works Co . Ltd . , these comprised six different types , all the same size , being 39 ft 6 in ( 12 @.@ 0 m ) long , 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide , ( 7 ft 4 in or 2 @.@ 2 m over steps ) and 8 ft 7 in ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) high — large by narrow gauge standards — and certainly superior to any previous British narrow gauge stock . The coaching stock was extremely solidly constructed , and offered levels of accommodation far in advance of anything else at the time - certainly compared to any other narrow gauge railway . Almost 70 years later , the design was used as the basis for a new rake of carriages built by the Ffestiniog - testament to the excellence of the original design . The body for coach 17 was built in 1911 , by local firm Shapland and Petter , and mounted on a steel underframe constructed by the railway in its own workshops at Pilton . Marginally longer than the earlier coaches , it contained both smoking and non @-@ smoking accommodation for first and third class passengers , as well as the brake van space . = = = Goods stock = = = The Southern Railway introduced several new items of goods stock , and also purchased two ex @-@ War Department travelling cranes for the line . Goods @-@ only trains were a rarity , and the usual practice was to attach goods wagons to any scheduled passenger services . Whilst the shunting of wagons at intermediate stations no doubt added to the interest of the tourist and occasional traveller , it also added marginally to the journey time . The open goods wagons were originally delivered with a single top @-@ hung side door on each side , but these proved inefficient , and all were eventually converted to side hung double doors . By 1907 , most had been fitted with tarpaulin rails . The goods vans used the same underframe , and were fitted with double sliding doors on each side . The bogie open doors were also originally top @-@ hung , but converted by the railway at Pilton . Wagon № 19 was originally used by the contractors . After the railway opened , it was modified and entered revenue service in 1900 . At only 6 long tons ( 6 @.@ 1 t ; 6 @.@ 7 short tons ) it was used often in preference to an 8 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 8 @.@ 1 t ; 9 @.@ 0 @-@ short @-@ ton ) wagon as it reduced the overall weight of a train . Van 23 - now restored and being prepared ( 2014 ) for service at Woody Bay - was built at Pilton by the L & B. Unlike all other L & B stock , its underframe was entirely made of wood . The travelling cranes were ex @-@ WD stock , and fitted with outriggers , rated at 3 long tons ( 3 @.@ 05 t ; 3 @.@ 36 short tons ) with a fifteen @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 57 m ) radius , 4 @.@ 5 long tons ( 4 @.@ 6 t ; 5 @.@ 0 short tons ) at 11 ft 6 in ( 3 @.@ 51 m ) . Intended as recovery cranes in the event of a derailment , neither saw much use . One crane , with its match truck , was kept in the long headshunt at Pilton , the other was put to use in Lynton goods yard . The 1927 bogie goods vans were originally fitted with heavy diagonal wooden cross braces at each end , but these were later replaced with single diagonal angle @-@ iron braces . = = Present = = Eighty years after its closure , much of the line is still in evidence . The most spectacular evidence is Bridge 22 - the brick @-@ built Chelfham Viaduct . Fully restored in 2000 , its eight 42 @-@ foot ( 13 m ) wide arches reach 70 feet ( 21 m ) above the Stoke Rivers valley — the largest narrow @-@ gauge railway structure in England . The stations at Lynton and Bratton Fleming are now private residences , Blackmoor Gate is a restaurant and Barnstaple Town a school . Chelfham and Woody Bay both serve the new L & B. Chelfham station is currently being restored , and open to visitors every weekend , while Woody Bay is the main centre of operations . Snapper Halt was purchased in 2010 by Exmoor Associates - a private company dedicated to securing trackbed for the restoration of the railway . A short section of the line reopened to passengers in 2004 . Bridge 67 was generously rebuilt as a gift by Edmund Nuttall Ltd . — a firm descended from James Nuttall of Manchester , the main contractors for the original construction — allowing an extension to Killington Lane in 2006 . Work is progressing on the next section to be restored , towards Parracombe , Blackmoor and a new temporary Southern terminus at Wistlandpound Reservoir . A total of 7 planning applications were submitted to Exmoor National Park Authority and North Devon Council in February 2016 , with decisions expected during the Summer . = = = Restoration = = = Unlike the Welsh Highland Railway , the track bed was sold off piecemeal - often reverting to the original owners , paying much less than they had sold it for originally . Although there has been minor development on parts of the route , and Wistlandpound Reservoir has flooded the track bed close to its mid @-@ point , much is still in open countryside , with many sections identifiable . The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association ( since 2000 , a charitable trust ) was formed in 1979 . Woody Bay Station was purchased by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995 and , after much effort , a short section of railway reopened to passengers in 2004 . This was extended to over a mile in 2006 , with steam and diesel @-@ hauled trains running between Woody Bay and the new , temporary terminus at Killington Lane . In 1995 , the Lynbarn Railway — at the Milky Way , a theme park near Clovelly , was created and operated by L & B volunteers . Profits from this funded the purchase , restoration and reopening of Woody Bay . The Lynbarn was handed over to the park in 2005 , once Woody Bay had become established , and continues to operate as part of the attraction . Little original rolling stock survives , but as well as the heritage coaches mentioned below , the largely restored Van 23 was on display at Woody Bay until being removed to the L & B restoration team in Essex in November 2013 , for refurbishment and the fitting of brakes , underframe and couplers . The remains of several other coaches and Goods Van 4 are in storage awaiting reconstruction . Coach 2 , used as a summer house , is on display ( unrestored ) at the National Railway Museum York along with the nameplates of the original locomotives . Coach 15 , recovered from Snapper Halt in 1959 and restored by the Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales , has been running there ( now as FR Coach 14 ) for longer than it did on the L & B. Due to the Ffestiniog 's smaller loading gauge , the roof profile was altered so it can pass through Garnedd tunnel . In September 2010 , Coach 15 visited the L & B with the Lew replica loco , Lyd . A 1915 Kerr Stuart " Joffre " class 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0T loco was bought in 1983 , and named Axe . Restored to working order in 2008 , Axe worked most passenger trains at Woody Bay until December 2013 . An 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0WT Maffei named Sid , owned by several L & B members , was also used on the L & B steam service until the end of 2013 , when it was sold off to a railway museum line in Sweden . To replace " Sid " , another privately owned loco , " Isaac " - a Bagnall 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2T , № 3023 , built in 1953 for use in South African Platinum mine - arrived at Woody Bay from Boston Lodge in December 2013 , principally for use hauling the restored original L & B heritage coaches . The Trust owns two industrial diesel locomotives , one of which Heddon Hall , is often used as backup for Axe and Isaac , and for maintenance trains . A number of other visiting diesel and steam locomotives have also seen service on the line . = = = = Heritage coaches = = = = Sixteen coaches were originally built for the L & B in 1898 , and another was built by the railway in 1911 . Although most were broken up when the railway closed , several parts have survived , and have been retrieved and stored by the railway preservationists . Following a ten @-@ year restoration , Coaches 7 and 17 returned to Woody Bay on 15 April 2013 , to re @-@ enter passenger @-@ carrying service on 10 May 2013 after an absence of 78 years . Coach 16 followed in September 2013 , and Coach 11 returned in April 2015 . The initial rake of three heritage coaches , after an inaugural service over the Autumn Gala weekend in September 2013 , entered regular service - hauled by " Isaac " - for the Santa Specials in December 2014 . = = = = Modern replicas = = = = = = = = = Lyd = = = = = A Lynton and Barnstaple Manning Wardle type replica , named Lyd , is operational on the Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales . First Steamed in Spring 2010 , Lyd visited Woody Bay in September 2010 - to mark the 75th Anniversary of the closure of the L & B. Lyd first moved under its own steam on 5 August 2010 and then underwent running @-@ in trials before visiting the L & B in September 2010 with former L & B coach 15 and Ffestiniog Railway observation car 102 . = = = = = Lyn = = = = = A replica of the Baldwin , Lyn is currently being built . It is being assembled by Alan Keef Ltd and is due to be operational in 2016 . = = = = = Yeo = = = = = A set of frames for a new Yeo were built by Winson Engineering in 2000 , and these are in storage , awaiting further funds to continue the construction . = = Prospects = = Restoring passenger services from Woody Bay was a major undertaking by the enthusiastic volunteers . Although much of the track bed survives intact , several obstacles — including Wistlandpound Reservoir — must be overcome if the greater part of the route is to be restored , fulfilling the hopes expressed in a card left at Barnstaple on the day after the line closed — Perchance it is not dead , but sleepeth ... In October 2007 , the railway announced plans for reinstating enough trackbed to reopen 9 miles ( 14 km ) of track , linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton ( at a new terminus on an extension to the original line , closer to the town ) and a new station at Wistlandpound . Exmoor Enterprise , the working group leading the project , estimated that the full project being considered was likely to cost around £ 30 million , including the building of replica rolling stock , reconstructing original coaches and Van 4 , as well as improving the line as an important local tourist attraction . The railway 's management predicts the scheme will generate over £ 70 million for the south west economy within five years . Working closely with international engineering and design consultants Arup , The L & B Trust held a series of public consultations during May and June 2012 , providing information to local communities about plans for obtaining a TWO , and the next phase of the reinstatement , south @-@ west from Killington Lane to Blackmoor , then Wistlandpound , and north @-@ east to Caffyns , and eventually to Lynton . Longer @-@ term plans see reopening the line towards Barnstaple .
= Thomas Percy ( Gunpowder Plot ) = Thomas Percy ( c . 1560 – 8 November 1605 ) was a member of the group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 . A tall , physically impressive man , little is known of his early life beyond his matriculation in 1579 at the University of Cambridge , and his marriage in 1591 to Martha Wright . In 1596 his second cousin own removed , Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland , appointed him constable of Alnwick Castle and made him responsible for the Percy family 's northern estates . He served the earl in the Low Countries in about 1600 – 1601 , and in the years before 1603 was his intermediary in a series of confidential communications with King James VI of Scotland . Following James 's accession to the English throne in 1603 , Percy became disenchanted with the new king , who he supposed had reneged on his promises of toleration for English Catholics . His meeting in June 1603 with Robert Catesby , a religious zealot similarly unimpressed with the new royal dynasty , led the following year to his joining Catesby 's conspiracy to kill the king and his ministers by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder . Percy helped fund the group and secured the leases to certain properties in London , one of which was the undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords , in which the gunpowder was finally placed . The conspirators also planned to instigate an uprising in the Midlands and to simultaneously kidnap James 's daughter , Princess Elizabeth . Percy was to remain in London and secure the capture of her brother , Prince Henry . When the plot was exposed early on 5 November 1605 , Percy immediately fled to the Midlands , catching up with some of the other conspirators en route to Dunchurch in Warwickshire . Their flight ended on the border of Staffordshire , at Holbeche House , where they were besieged early on 8 November by the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men . Percy was reportedly killed by the same musketball as Catesby , and was buried nearby . His body was later exhumed , and his head exhibited outside Parliament . In his youth Percy was reportedly " very wild more than ordinary , and much given to fighting " , although his excesses were tempered somewhat by his conversion to Catholicism . He may have abandoned his first wife for another woman , and was for a time imprisoned for killing a man during a border skirmish . His membership of the plot proved extremely damaging to his patron , the Earl of Northumberland , who although uninvolved was imprisoned in the Tower of London until 1621 . = = Life before 1604 = = Thomas Percy was the younger of two sons born to Edward Percy of Beverley and his wife Elizabeth ( née Waterton ) . His father was a son of Jocelyn / Josceline Percy ( died 1532 ) , whose father was Henry Percy , 4th Earl of Northumberland . He was born around 1560 and matriculated at the University of Cambridge as a member of Peterhouse in 1579 . Little is known of his early life . He may have been a papist before he was at some point received into the Catholic Church , and he may have sailed with George Clifford , 3rd Earl of Cumberland , in 1589 . In 1591 he married Martha Wright , daughter of Ursula Wright ( a convicted recusant ) and sister to Christopher and John Wright ( both later involved in the Gunpowder Plot ) . Claims by several authors that Percy may have left Martha " mean and poor " for an unidentified woman in Warwickshire are disputed , but the two were at least estranged . In 1605 Martha and her daughter were living on an annuity funded by the Catholic William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle . Thomas and Martha 's son , Robert , married Emma Mead at Wiveliscombe in Somerset on 22 October 1615 . Percy was a tall , physically impressive man , " of serious expression but with an attractive manner " , although by his forties he was prematurely greying . He appears to have had some complaint with his clothing ; author Alan Haynes describes this as a skin disorder so acute that " he could not endure any shirt but of the finest holland or cambric " , although author and historian Antonia Fraser has written of his propensity to sweat so much that he changed his shirt twice a day . Thomas was the great @-@ grandson of Henry Percy , 4th Earl of Northumberland , and the second cousin once removed of the 4th Earl 's descendent , Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland . Despite not being a close relative , in 1595 the 9th earl made him responsible for collecting rents from his northern estates , and the following year appointed him constable of Alnwick Castle . Thomas exercised his authority in a manner which gave some cause for complaint , not least from an officer he replaced , and contemporary reports of his dealings with the earl 's tenants include claims of mismanagement and bribery . During a border skirmish he killed James Burne , a Scot , for which he was imprisoned at a London gaol , but his release was secured by the intervention of Robert Devereux , 2nd Earl of Essex . Thomas subsequently aided Essex in a conspiracy against the Scottish warden of the middle marches , although unlike several others who later joined the Gunpowder Plot , he was not a member of the earl 's failed rebellion of 1601 . Percy has been variously described as a belligerent and eccentric man , with " surges of wild energy subsiding into sloth " . The Jesuit priest Father John Gerard wrote that in his youth Percy had " been very wild more than ordinary , and much given to fighting " , while the Jesuit Oswald Tesimond thought he had been " rather wild and given to the gay life , a man who relied much on his sword and personal courage . " According to both men , Percy 's conversion to Catholicism was a calming influence , but biographer Mark Nicholls , who calls Percy " a pugnacious character " , says that this was only true to a point . His excesses did not prevent him from joining Northumberland during his command in the Low Countries , held from 1600 – 1601 , for which he was rewarded with £ 200 . The earl also appointed Percy his receiver of rents in Cumberland and Northumberland , in 1603 . Henry Percy was considered a supporter of the Catholic cause , and on several occasions before 1603 , suspecting that Queen Elizabeth I did not have long to live , he entrusted Thomas with the delivery of secret correspondence to and from her probable successor , King James VI of Scotland . Northumberland 's uncle had been executed for his involvement in the Rising of the North , a plot to replace Elizabeth with James 's mother , Mary , Queen of Scots . He planned to make up for his family 's disgrace by building a strong relationship with James , but also wished to counter the influence of Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury , whose father ( it was rumoured ) James believed had been responsible for Mary 's death . Exactly what assurances James gave Percy are unknown . Tesimond wrote that he made " very generous promises to favour Catholics actively " , and " he would admit them to every kind of honour and office " , but the consensus among historians is that what promises James did make were oral , rather than written . Fraser posits that the Scottish king probably intended to allow Catholics to worship privately , which if true was a much more reserved view than that subsequently announced by Percy , who told his fellow Catholics that the king had promised to protect their religion . Considering the " quaintness " of James 's spoken English there may have been some misunderstanding on both sides . In his surviving correspondence with Northumberland , the king writes only that neither would " quiet " Catholics be disturbed , nor would those that deserved recognition " through their good service " be overlooked . This mixing of signals was to have lasting consequences . = = Plot = = Percy became the fifth member of the Gunpowder plot on Sunday 20 May 1604 . Almost a year earlier , he had called at Robert Catesby 's home at Ashby St Ledgers , and complained bitterly about James , who since succeeding Elizabeth had done little to fulfil his expectations . He had threatened to kill the new king with his own hands , but was asked by Catesby to restrain himself , and told " I am thinking of a most sure way and I will soon let thee know what it is . " Thus Percy found himself at the Duck and Drake inn near the Strand in London , along with Catesby and his cousin Thomas Wintour , John Wright and Guy Fawkes . His first words at the meeting were " Shall we always , gentlemen , talk and never do anything ? " All five later swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book , and then celebrated Mass in another room with Father Gerard , who was ignorant of their pact . While the plotters did not then have a detailed plan , Percy 's appointment on 9 June as a Gentleman Pensioner gave him a reason to establish a London base . Through Northumberland 's agents , Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley , he subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers , a tenant of John Whynniard , and installed Fawkes there as his servant , " John Johnson " . On 25 March 1605 Percy also obtained the lease for the undercroft directly underneath the first @-@ floor House of Lords . It was into this room that the plotters moved 36 barrels of gunpowder from Catesby 's lodgings on the opposite side of the River Thames . The plan was that during the State Opening of Parliament , at which the king and his ministers would be present , the plotters would blow up the House of Lords , killing all those within it . James 's daughter , Princess Elizabeth , would be captured during a Midlands uprising , and installed as a titular queen . Percy spent that Autumn collecting Northumberland 's rents , while Catesby continued to enlist support . By October 1605 , he had 12 Catholic men assigned to his cause and was at work on the remaining details . Several conspirators expressed disquiet over the safety of fellow Catholics who might be caught in the planned explosion . Percy 's concern was for his patron , Northumberland , who it seems might have been made Lord Protector if the plot had succeeded . Lord Monteagle 's name was also mentioned , by a worried Francis Tresham . The fate of Elizabeth 's brother , Prince Henry , was uncertain ; although the plotters presumed that he would die with his father , they decided that if he did not attend Parliament , Percy should kidnap him . = = Monteagle letter = = On Saturday 26 October , at his house in Hoxton , Monteagle received an anonymous letter that warned him to stay away from Parliament . Uncertain of its meaning , he delivered it to Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury . Cecil was already aware of certain stirrings , although he did not then know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved . Instead of informing the king immediately , he decided to wait and watch what happened . Catesby 's reaction to news of the letter 's existence was somewhat different ; he and Wintour suspected Francis Tresham was its author and the two went to confront him . Tresham managed to convince them of his innocence , all the while urging them to abandon the plot . Percy reacted to the news by declaring that he was ready to " abide the uttermost trial " . He may have visited the infant Prince Charles on 1 November , indicating perhaps that some rearrangement of the plan was being considered . The deposition of a servant claimed that Percy visited the prince 's lodgings and " made many enquiries as to the way into his chamber " , although the statement came too late for Percy to comment on it . Percy visited Northumberland at Syon House , west of London , on 4 November . Fraser suggests that his visit was a " fishing expedition " , to find out what , if anything , Northumberland had heard about the letter . This " expedition " later proved disastrous for the earl , who claimed that there was nothing treasonable about their conversation , and that Percy had merely asked him " whether he would command any service " before leaving . Percy then went to another of Northumberland 's properties , Essex House in London , and spoke with his nephew , Josceline . Later that evening he met with Wintour , John Wright and Robert Keyes , and assured them that all was well . He then travelled to his lodgings along Gray 's Inn Road , where he left orders for his horses to be made ready for an early departure the next morning . = = Failure and death = = By then , the king knew about the letter . James felt that it hinted at " some strategem of fire and powder " , perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father , Lord Darnley , in 1567 . The following day , the Privy Council told him that they had decided to undertake a search of Parliament , " both above and below " . The first , headed by Thomas Howard , 1st Earl of Suffolk , was made on 4 November . In the undercroft beneath the House of Lords he noticed a tall man who appeared to be a servant , and a large pile of faggots — far too large to serve the small house Percy had subleased from Henry Ferrers . The house 's owner , John Whynniard , told the search party that its tenancy was held by Percy . Monteagle , present during the search , immediately told Suffolk that he suspected Percy was the letter 's author . The king ordered a second , more thorough search to be made , and at about midnight , Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder , and was immediately arrested . As Fawkes identified himself as John Johnson , servant to Thomas Percy , it was Percy 's name which appeared on the government 's first arrest warrant . It described him as a " tall , florid man , with a broad beard — ' the head more white then the beard ' — and stooping shoulders , being also ' long footed , small legged ' " . The celebrated astrologer Simon Forman was employed to divine his whereabouts , a rider was sent to look for him in northern England , and a search was made of Essex House . All of this was in vain , however , as Percy had been warned of Fawkes 's capture and had fled for the Midlands with Christopher Wright , telling a servant as he went , " I am undone . " The two men met Catesby and the others ( who had left for the Midlands uprising ) and continued on to Dunchurch , at one point throwing their cloaks off to increase their speed . A relative of Lieutenant of the Tower of London William Waad encountered Percy leaving London , which led to Waad writing the following letter to Salisbury on 5 November : It may please your good lordship my cousin Sir Edward York , being lately come out of the north and coming this afternoon to me , upon speech of the happy discovery of this most monstrous plot , he telleth me he met Thomas Percy , the party sought for , going down to the north disguised ... From the Tower in haste . Accompanied by some of his fellow conspirators , Percy 's flight ended at about 10 : 00 pm on 7 November , at Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire . He was unharmed by a gunpowder accident that injured Catesby and a few of the others , but those who remained resolved to wait for the arrival of government forces , who were only hours behind . Thus at 11 : 00 am the following morning the house was besieged by the Sheriff of Worcester , Richard Walsh , and his company of 200 men . In the ensuing firefight , Percy and Catesby were reportedly killed by the same musket ball , fired by a John Streete of Worcester . News of the battle soon reached London , rendering superfluous a government proclamation made on the same day and which offered a rich reward for his capture . The survivors were taken into custody and the dead buried near Holbeche , but on the orders of the Earl of Northampton , the bodies of Percy and Catesby were exhumed and their heads displayed on spikes at " the side of the Parliament House " . With Thomas dead , there was nobody who could either implicate or clear Henry Percy of any involvement in the plot . His failure to ensure that Thomas took the Oath of Supremacy upon his appointment as a Gentleman Pensioner , and their meeting on 4 November , constituted damning evidence , and the Privy Council also suspected that had the plot succeeded , he would have been Princess Elizabeth 's protector . With insufficient evidence to convict him he was charged with contempt , fined £ 30 @,@ 000 and stripped of all public offices . He remained in the Tower until 1621 .
= Penélope Cruz = Penélope Cruz Sánchez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ peˈnelope kɾuθ ˈsantʃeθ ] ; born 28 April 1974 ) , known professionally as Penélope Cruz , is a Spanish actress and model . Signed by an agent at age 15 , she made her acting debut at 16 on television and her feature film debut the following year in Jamón , jamón ( 1992 ) to critical acclaim . Her subsequent roles in the 1990s and 2000s included Open Your Eyes ( 1997 ) , The Hi @-@ Lo Country ( 1999 ) , The Girl of Your Dreams ( 2000 ) and Woman on Top ( 2000 ) . Cruz achieved recognition for her lead roles in the 2001 films Vanilla Sky , All the Pretty Horses , Captain Corelli 's Mandolin and Blow . She has since appeared in films in a range of genres , including the comedy Waking Up in Reno ( 2002 ) , the thriller Gothika ( 2003 ) , the Christmas film Noel ( 2004 ) , and the action adventure Sahara ( 2005 ) . She was critically acclaimed for her roles in Volver ( 2006 ) and Nine ( 2009 ) , receiving Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for each . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2008 for playing María Elena in Vicky Cristina Barcelona . She was the first Spanish actress in history to receive an Academy Award and the first Spanish actress to receive a star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Cruz has modelled for Mango , Ralph Lauren and L 'Oréal . Penélope and her younger sister Mónica Cruz have designed clothing for Mango . Cruz has volunteered in Uganda and India , where she spent one week working with Mother Teresa ; she donated her salary from The Hi @-@ Lo Country to help fund the late nun 's mission . = = Early life = = She was born in the working @-@ class town of Alcobendas , Madrid , Spain , to Encarna ( née Sánchez ) , a hairdresser and personal manager , and Eduardo Cruz , a retailer and car mechanic . She has two siblings , Monica , an actress , and Eduardo , Jr . She also has a paternal half @-@ sister , Salma . She was raised as a Roman Catholic . Cruz grew up in Alcobendas , and spent long hours at her grandmother 's apartment . She says she had a happy childhood . Cruz remembers " playing with some friends and being aware that I was acting as I was playing with them . I would think of a character and pretend to be someone else . " Initially , Cruz focused on dance , having studied classical ballet for nine years at Spain 's National Conservatory . She took three years of Spanish ballet training and four years of theatre at Cristina Rota 's New York school . She says that ballet instilled in her discipline that would be important in her future acting career . When she became a cinephile at 10 or 11 , her father bought a Betamax machine , which was then a very rare thing to own in her neighborhood . She visited Yerevan with her cousin Jennifer to accept an award from President Sarkisian . As a teenager , Cruz became interested in acting after seeing the film Tie Me Up ! Tie Me Down ! by Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar . She did casting calls for an agent but was rejected multiple times because the agent felt that she was too young . Cruz commented on the experience , " I was very extroverted as a kid .... I was studying when I was in high school at night , I was in ballet and I was doing castings . I looked for an agent and she sent me away three times because I was a little girl but I kept coming back . I 'm still with her after all these years . " In 1989 , at the age of 15 , Cruz won an audition at a talent agency over more than 300 other girls . In 1999 , Katrina Bayonas , Cruz 's agent , commented , " She was absolutely magic [ at the audition ] . It was obvious there was something very impressive about this kid .... She was very green , but there was a presence . There was just something coming from within . " Her father Eduardo died at his home in Spain in 2015 , aged 62 , due to heart attack . = = Acting career = = = = = Early work , 1989 – 1996 = = = In 1989 , 15 @-@ year @-@ old Cruz made her acting debut in a music video for the Spanish pop group Mecano 's song " La Fuerza del Destino " . Between 1990 and 1997 , she hosted the Spanish TV channel Telecinco 's talk show La Quinta Marcha , a programme that was hosted by teenagers , aimed at a teenage audience . She also played in the " Elle et lui " episode of an erotic French TV series called Série rose in 1991 , where she appeared nude . In 1992 , Cruz made her feature film debut at 18 as the lead female role in the comedy drama art house film , Jamón , jamón . In the film , she portrayed Silvia , a young woman who is expecting her first child with a man whose mother does not approve of the relationship and attempts to sabotage it by paying Javier Bardem 's character to seduce her . People magazine noted that after Cruz appeared topless in the film , she became " a major sex symbol " . In an interview with the Los Angeles Daily News in 1999 , Cruz commented that " it was a great part , but ... I wasn 't really ready for the nudity . [ ... ] But I have no regrets because I wanted to start working and it changed my life . " Charlie Rose of 60 Minutes noted that Cruz " became an overnight sensation as much for her nude scenes as for her talent " . When Rose asked Cruz if she was concerned about how she would be perceived after her role in the film , Cruz replied , " I just knew I had to do the complete opposite . " Jamón , jamón received favorable reviews , with Chris Hicks of the Deseret News describing Cruz 's portrayal of Silvia as " enchanting " . Writing for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , film critic Roger Ebert wrote " it stars actors of considerable physical appeal , most particularly Penélope Cruz as Silvia " . For her performance , Cruz was nominated for a Spanish Actors Union Newcomer Award and a Goya Award for Best Actress . The same year she appeared in the Academy @-@ Award winning Belle Epoque as the virginal Luz . People magazine noted that Cruz 's role as Luz showed that she was versatile . From 1993 to 1996 , Cruz appeared in ten Spanish and Italian films . At 20 , she went to live in New York for two years at Christopher and Greenwich to study ballet and English between films . She recalls learning English " kind of late " only knowing the dialogue she had learned for the casting beyond that , she could only say , " How are you ? " and " Thank you . " = = = Early critical success , 1997 – 2000 = = = Cruz 's agent is Hylda Queally , shared with Cate Blanchett and Kate Winslet . In 1997 , Cruz appeared in the Spanish comedy film Love Can Seriously Damage Your Health . She portrays Diana , a fan of the Beatles band member John Lennon ; she tries unsuccessfully to meet him . Years later , after multiple failed relationships , Diana re @-@ unites with an acquaintance under unusual circumstances . Also in 1997 , she appeared in the opening scene of Pedro Almodóvar 's Live Flesh as a prostitute who gives birth on a bus and in Et hjørne af paradis ( A Corner of Paradise ) as Doña Helena . Cruz 's final appearance in 1997 was the Amenabar @-@ directed Spanish sci @-@ fi drama , " Abre Los Ojos " / Open Your Eyes . She plays Sofia , the love interest of Eduardo Noriega 's lead character . Open Your Eyes received positive reviews , and was later remade by U.S. director Cameron Crowe as " Vanilla Sky " ( who cast Cruz in the same role and Tom Cruise in Noriega 's role ) , but " Open Your Eyes " was not commercially successful . Kevin N. Laforest of the Montreal Film Journal commented in his September 2002 review that Cruz " has been getting some really bad reviews for her recent American work , but I personally think that she 's a more than decent actress , especially here , where she 's charming , moving and always believable . [ ... ] There 's one shot in particular , where Cruz enters a room in a greenish glow , which is right out of Hitchcock 's picture [ Vertigo ] . " The following year , Cruz appeared in her first American film as Billy Crudup 's consolation @-@ prize Mexican girlfriend in Stephen Frears ' western film , The Hi @-@ Lo Country . Cruz stated that she had difficulties understanding people speaking English while she was filming The Hi @-@ Lo Country . The film was critically and commercially unsuccessful . Kevin Lally of the Film Journal International commented in his review for the film that " in an ironic casting twist , the Spanish actress Penélope Cruz [ ... ] is much more appealing as Josepha [ than in her previous roles ] " . For her performance in the film , she was nominated for an ALMA Award for Best Actress . Also in 1998 Cruz appeared in Don Juan and The Girl of Your Dreams . In the period drama The Girl of Your Dreams ( La niña de tus ojos ) , Cruz portrayed Macarena Granada , a singer who is in an on @-@ and @-@ off relationship with Antonio Resines 's character , Blas . They are part of a Francoist film troupe that travels from Spain during the Spanish Civil War to Nazi Germany for a joint production with UFA . Cruz 's performance in the film was praised by film critics , with Jonathan Holloland of Variety magazine writing " if confirmation is still needed that Cruz is an actress first and a pretty face second , then here it is " . A writer for Film4 commented that " Cruz herself is the inevitable focus of the film " but noted that overall the film " looks great " . Cruz 's role as Macerna has been viewed as her " largest role to date " . For her performance , Cruz received a Goya Award and Spanish Actors ' Union Award , and was nominated for a European Film Award . In 1999 , Cruz worked with Almodóvar again in All About My Mother , playing Sister María Rosa Sanz , a pregnant nun with AIDS . The film received favorable reviews , and was commercially successful , grossing over $ 67 million worldwide , although it performed better at the box office internationally than domestically . In 2000 , she appeared in Woman on Top in the lead female role as Isabelle , a world @-@ class chef who has suffered from motion sickness since birth , her first American lead role . Lisa Nesselson of Variety magazine praised the performances of both Cruz and her co @-@ star , Harold Perrineau , saying they " burst off the screen " , and added that Cruz has a charming accent . BBC News film critic Jane Crowther said that " Cruz is wonderfully ditzy as the innocent abroad " but remarked that " it 's Harold Perrineau Jr as Monica who pockets the movie " . Annlee Ellingson of Box Office magazine wrote " Cruz is stunning in the role — innocent and vulnerable yet possessing a mature grace and determined strength , all while sizzling with unchecked sensuality . " Also in 2000 , she played Alejandra Villarreal , who is Matt Damon 's love interest in Billy Bob Thornton 's film adaptation of the western bestselling novel , All the Pretty Horses . Susan Stark of the Detroit News commented that in the film Thornton was able to guide Damon , Henry Thomas and Cruz to " their most impressive performances in a major movie yet " . However , Bob Longigo of The Atlanta Journal Constitution was less enthusiastic about Cruz and Damon 's performance , saying that their " resulting onscreen chemistry would hardly warm a can of beans " . = = = Breakthrough acting , 2001 – 2005 = = = 2001 marked a turning point year when Cruz starred in the feature films Vanilla Sky and Blow . In Vanilla Sky , Cameron Crowe 's interpretation of Open Your Eyes , she played Sofia Serrano , the love interest of Tom Cruise 's character . The film received mixed reviews but made $ 200 million worldwide . Her performance was well received by critics , with BBC film critic Brandon Graydon saying that Cruz " is an enchanting screen presence " , and Ethan Alter of the Film Journal International noting that Cruz and her co @-@ star Cruise were " able to generate some actual chemistry " . Her next film was Blow , adapted from Bruce Porter 's 1993 book Blow : How a Small Town Boy Made $ 100 million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All . She had a supporting role as Mirtha Jung , the wife of Johnny Depp 's character . The film received mixed reviews , but made $ 80 million worldwide . Nina Willdorf of the Boston Phoenix described Cruz as " multi @-@ talented " and Mark Salvo of The Austin Chronicle wrote " I may be one of the last male holdouts to join the Cruz @-@ Rules camp , but her tour de force performance here sucks you right in . " In 2001 , she also appeared in Don 't Tempt Me , playing Carmen Ramos . The film received negative reviews . Jeff Vice of the Deseret News commented that " unfortunately , casting Cruz as a tough girl is a hilariously bad [ idea ] " and Michael Miller of the Village Voice writing that " as Satan 's helper Carmen , Penélope Cruz doesn 't hold a candle to her cocaine @-@ huffing enabler in Blow " . Cruz 's last film in 2001 was Captain Corelli 's Mandolin , film adaption of the novel of the same name . She played Pelagia , who falls in love with another man while her fiancé is in battle during the Second World War . Captain Corelli 's Mandolin was not well received by critics , but made $ 62 million worldwide . In 2002 , she had a minor role in Waking Up in Reno . It had negative reviews and was a box office failure , making $ 267 @,@ 000 worldwide . The following year , Cruz had a supporting role in the horror film Gothika , as Chloe Sava , a patient at a mental hospital . David Rooney of Variety wrote that Cruz " adds a serviceably malevolent edge to Chole 's apparent madness " . Cruz 's performance in Fanfan la Tulipe , also in 2003 , was not well received , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian commenting that Cruz " deserves a special Cannes Razzie for a performance of purest teak " . In 2004 , Cruz appeared in the Christmas film Noel as Nina , the girlfriend of Paul Walker 's character and as Mia in the romantic drama , Head in the Clouds , set in the 1930s . Head in the Clouds performed poorly at the box office . For Head in the Clouds , Bruce Birkland of Jam ! Canoe said , " The story feels forced and the performances dreary , with the notable exception of Cruz , who seems to be in a different film from the rest of the cast . " Desson Thompson of The Washington Post was more critical ; his comment about the character 's " pronounced limp " was that " Cruz ( hardly the world 's greatest actress ) can 't even perform without looking fake " . She also starred in Sergio Castellitto 's melodrama Don 't Move . Cruz , who learned Italian for the role , earned critical acclaim for her performance and won the David di Donatello . She was also awarded the European Film Award for Best Actress for the film in 2004 . In 2005 , Cruz appeared as Dr. Eva Rojas in the action adventure Sahara . She earned $ 1 @.@ 6 million for her supporting role . The film grossed $ 110 million worldwide but did not recoup its $ 160 million budget . Moviefone dubbed the film " one of the most famous flops in history " and in 2007 , listed it at 24 on its list of " Biggest Box @-@ Office Turkeys of All Time " . Lori Hoffman of the Atlantic City Weekly felt Cruz put her " considerable [ acting ] skills on cruise control as Dr Eva Rojas " and James Berardnelli of ReelViews described Cruz 's performance as a " black hole " , that she " lacks screen presence " . Also in 2005 , Cruz appeared in Chromophobia , screened at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival and released the following year . Mathew Turner of View London said Cruz 's character Gloria , a cancer @-@ riddled prostitute , is " actually more interesting than the main storyline " while Time Evan 's of Sky Movies wrote , " The Cruz / Ifans storyline — featuring the only two remotely sympathetic characters — never really fuses with the main plot . " Her final 2005 film was Don 't Move playing Italia . Eric Harrison of the Houston Chronicle noted that Cruz " goes all out " with her appearance and Patrick Peters of Empire magazine commented that the film 's director , who also appears in the film , was able to draw a " sensitive performance " from Cruz . = = = Worldwide recognition , 2006 – 2009 = = = Cruz appeared alongside her good friend Salma Hayek in the 2006 Western comedy film , Bandidas . Randy Cordova of the Arizona Republic said the film " sports " Cruz and her co @-@ star Salma Hayek as the " lusty dream team " and that they were the " marketing fantasy " for the film . Also in 2006 , Cruz received favourable reviews for her performance as Raimunda in Pedro Almodóvar 's Volver . Carina Chocano of The Los Angeles Times wrote , " Cruz , who has remarked that in Hollywood she 's rarely allowed to be anything more than pretty , instills her with an awesome resoluteness and strength of character . " She shared a Best Actress award at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival with five of her co @-@ stars , as well as receiving a Goya Award and European Film Award , and was nominated for the Golden Globe , the Screen Actors Guild Award , the BAFTA Award , and the Academy Award for Best Actress in a leading role . She was the first Spaniard to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2007 , Cruz appeared in the lead female role in Manolete , a biopic of bullfighter Manuel Laureano Rodríguez Sánchez , playing Antoñita " Lupe " Sino . She also appeared in The Good Night , playing two characters , Anna and Melody . TV Guide film critic Maitland McDonagh noted that in the film Cruz " expertly mines the contrast between chic , compliant , white @-@ clad Anna and funky , street @-@ wise Melody , who treats [ Martin Freeman 's character ] Gary like the world @-@ class drag he is " . In 2008 , Cruz appeared in Isabel Coixet 's film Elegy , which was based on the Philip Roth story The Dying Animal , as the lead female role , Consuela Castillo . Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter described Cruz 's performance as being " outstanding in an otherwise lame male fantasy [ film ] " . Later that year , she starred in Woody Allen 's Vicky Cristina Barcelona as María Elena , a mentally unstable woman , which was praised . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Cruz 's performance in the film . Cruz received a Goya Award and her first Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress . She also received a Golden Globe and SAG nomination . Cruz was the first Spanish actress to ever be awarded an Academy Award in that category and the sixth Hispanic person to ever receive the award . After being shelved since 2007 , Cruz 's film Manolete ( originally shot in 2005 ) released on demand via cable , satellite , telco and online in June 7 , 2011 under the title A Matador 's Mistress . Cruz 's next film was the kid @-@ friendly G @-@ Force voicing a guinea pig spy named Juarez . G @-@ Force was a commercial success , making over $ 290 million worldwide . Also in 2009 , she appeared in the film Broken Embraces as Lena . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com noted in her review for the film that Cruz " doesn 't coast on her beauty in Broken Embraces , and she has the kind of role that can be difficult to flesh out " . Cruz received nominations from the Satellite Awards and European Film Awards for her performance in Broken Embraces . Cruz 's final 2009 film was the film version of the musical Nine , playing the character Carla Albanese , the lead character 's mistress . Variety reported that Cruz had originally auditioned for the role of the film within a film 's star , Claudia , which eventually went to Nicole Kidman . Cruz said that she trained for three months for the dance routine in the film . Claudia Puig of USA Today commented that while Cruz " does a steamy song and dance " , her " acting is strangely caricatured " . Cruz 's performance as Carla garnered her nominations for Best Supporting Actress from the Academy Awards , Golden Globes and SAG Awards . = = = 2010s = = = Cruz only film of 2010 Sex and the City 2 , the sequel to the 2008 film , in which she appeared as a banker in a cameo role . A commercial success , the comedy film was largely panned by critics . Cruz appeared in her biggest Hollywood turn to date in Rob Marshall 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , the fourth installment in the film series , opposite Johnny Depp . In the film , Cruz portrayed Angelica , a former love interest of Jack Sparrow , who blames him for her corruption . Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit Marshall 's description and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . One of the most expensive film ever made , On Stranger Tides ranks among the highest @-@ grossing film of all time , grossing more than $ $ 1 @.@ 046 billion in box @-@ office receipts worldwide . On 1 April 2011 , prior to the film 's release , Cruz received the 2,436th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in front of the El Capitan Theatre . She became the first Spanish actress to receive a Star . In 2012 , Cruz appeared in the first ever Nintendo commercial to promote New Super Mario Bros. 2 and the Nintendo 3DS XL in which she played the role of Mario in the ad . She spoke Italian again , this time in Woody Allen 's romantic ensemble comedy film To Rome with Love , in which she portrayed a street @-@ smart prostitute who agrees to pretend to be the wife of a newlywed . Fond to work with her again , Allen compared Cruz 's play in the film with that of Italian icons Anna Magnani and Sophia Loren . While the film garnered mixed reviews in general , Cruz received favourable reviews for her " exuberantly , cartoonishly sexy " performance , which reviewers such as The Week cited as a stand out . The same year , Cruz also reunited with Italian director Sergio Castellitto in his war tale Twice Born about an infertile Italian woman who returns to relive her past in Sarajevo . An adaptation of Castellitto 's wife Margaret Mazzantini 's same @-@ titled bestseller , Cruz portrayed the transitional character at different phases in her life , ranging from her early twenties to her late forties . Despite receiving little praise from critics , Cruz 's performance opposite Emile Hirsch earned positive reviews . In 2013 , Cruz appeared in Ridley Scott 's The Counselor , featuring an ensemble cast consisting of Michael Fassbender , Cameron Diaz , Brad Pitt and husband Javier Bardem . The crime thriller follows a lawyer who , tempted by the lure of quick money , finds himself involved in drug dealing with ruthless Mexican cartels . Cruz plays his girlfriend , Laura , the only innocent character in the story . The film received mostly negative reviews from critics and became a moderate commercial success at the international box offices . The same year , Cruz along with Antonio Banderas made a cameo appearance in Pedro Almodóvar 's farcical comedy I 'm So Excited , which marked a return to the director 's light , campy comedies of the 1980s and 1990s . " In 2015 , Cruz co @-@ produced and starred in the Spanish drama film Ma Ma , directed by Julio Medem . In it , she plays Magda , a gutsy mother and unemployed teacher , who is diagnosed with breast cancer , a role which Cruz later cited as " one of the most complex , beautiful characters I 've ever been offered , the most difficult . " The melodrama was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival , where it garnered generally negative reviews for its weepie story line . Cruz however was praised for her " aces performance , " which earned her an eighth Goya nomination at the 30th awards ceremony . Cruz 's first film of 2016 was the American comedy Zoolander 2 , co @-@ starring and directed by Ben Stiller . In the sequel film , Cruz portrayed a secret Interpol agent who enlists models Derek Zoolander ( Stiller ) and Hansel McDonald , played by Owen Wilson , to help find out who is killing the world ’ s most beautiful people . Specifically written for her persona , Cruz , a fan of the original 2001 film , was one of the first actors to be cast in their parts . Upon its release , the film received generally negative reviews from critics , who felt that it had " more celebrity cameos than laughs . " Cruz 's other film that year was Louis Leterrier 's British spy comedy Grimsby , in which she played a powerful philanthropist , opposite Sacha Baron Cohen and Mark Strong . Cruz was reportedly offered $ 400 @,@ 000 for her appearance in the film , which was released to generally mixed reviews from critics , who felt that the actress was highly underused and " looking even less invested here than she did in Zoolander 2 . " As of March 2016 , Cruz has various film projects in different states of production . She has reteamed with Fernando Trueba on his Spanish @-@ language period pic The Queen of Spain , a sequel to Trueba 's 1998 drama The Girl of Your Dreams , also starring Cruz and set during the Spanish Civil War . She has also signed on to appear in Fernando León de Aranoa 's Pablo Escobar biopic Escobar , also starring husband Javier Bardem , and will start work with Iranian director Asghar Farhadi 's on his second foreign film in fall 2016 . = = Public image = = In 2006 , Cruz became spokesmodel for French cosmetics company L 'Oréal to promote products such as the L 'Oréal Paris hair dye Natural Match and L 'Oreal mascara products . She receives $ 2 million a year for her work for the company . Cruz has appeared in print ads for Mango and had a contract with Ralph Lauren in 2001 . Cruz and her sister designed their second collection for Mango in 2007 . It was inspired by Brigitte Bardot and summers in St Tropez . Cruz ranked as No. 58 in Maxim 's " Hot 100 " of 2007 list , and was chosen by Empire magazine as being one of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in the world . Cruz was also ranked on Askmen.com 's Most Desirable Women of 2008 at No. 26 , in 2009 at No. 25 , and in 2010 at No. 7 . In April 2010 , she replaced Kate Winslet as the new face and ambassador of Lancôme 's Trésor fragrance . Lancôme has signed Cruz as the brand 's third superstar spokesmodel , along with Julia Roberts and Winslet . The campaign was shot by Mario Testino at Paris 's Hotel de Crillon and debuted in the autumn of 2010 . In 2010 , Cruz was a guest editor for the French Vogue magazine , focusing on larger @-@ size models in a provocative photo shoot . Almodóvar described her as his muse . On the cover of Spanish Vogue 's December 2010 issue , she agreed to be photographed by fashion photographer Peter Lindbergh only if her pregnancy was not shown . In 2011 , The Telegraph reported the most sought after body parts of the rich and famous revealed by two Hollywood plastic surgeons who carried out a survey among their patients to build up the picture of the perfect woman . Under the category of the most sought after body shape , Penélope Cruz , known for her voluptuous figure , was voted as having the top body . Men 's Health ranked her at No. 32 @.@ on their " 100 Hottest Women of All @-@ Time " list . Esquire named her the Sexiest Woman Alive in 2014 . During the 2014 Israel – Gaza conflict , Cruz along with her husband signed an open letter , denouncing Israel 's actions as a " genocide " . a letter that was criticized by several Hollywood personalities including actor Jon Voight . = = Philanthropy = = Cruz has donated money and time to charity . In addition to work in Nepal , she has volunteered in Uganda and India , where she spent a week working with Mother Teresa that included assisting in a leprosy clinic . That trip inspired Cruz to help start a foundation to support homeless girls in India , where she sponsors two young women . She donated her salary from her first Hollywood film , The Hi @-@ Lo Country , to Mother Teresa 's mission . In the early 2000s , she spent time in Nepal photographing Tibetan children for an exhibition attended by the Dalai Lama . She also photographed residents at the Pacific Lodge Boys ' Home , most of whom are former gang members and recovering substance abusers . She said : " These kids break my heart . I have to control myself not to cry . Not out of pity , but seeing how tricky life is and how hard it is to make the right choices . " A pregnant Cruz showed her support for the battle against AIDS by lighting up the Empire State Building with red lights in New York City on 1 December 2010 on International AIDS Day , as part of ( RED ) ' s new awareness campaign , ' An AIDS Free Generation is Due in 2015 , ' which aims to eradicate the HIV virus from pregnant mothers to their babies . In 2012 , she posed for an ad supporting PETA 's anti @-@ fur campaign . = = Personal life = = Cruz is married to Spanish actor Javier Bardem . Bardem was her co @-@ star in her first breakthrough role as Silvia in Jamon , Jamon as well as starring alongside her in Vicky Cristina Barcelona . They were also both in the 2013 film The Counselor . Cruz began dating Bardem in 2007 and they married in early July 2010 in a private ceremony at a friend 's home in the Bahamas . They have a son born in 2011 in Los Angeles , and a daughter born in 2013 . She has become a public advocate of breastfeeding since the birth of her children . Cruz had a three @-@ year relationship with Tom Cruise after they appeared together in Vanilla Sky . It ended in January 2004 . In April 2003 , she filed a lawsuit against the Australian magazine New Idea for defamation over an article about her relationship with Cruise . Cruz is a friend of Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar , whom she has known for more than two decades and with whom she has worked on films . She is known to friends as Pe . Cruz owns a clothing store in Madrid and designed jewelry and handbags with her younger sister for a company in Japan . = = Filmography = =
= Dissidia Final Fantasy = Dissidia Final Fantasy ( ディシディアファイナルファンタジー , Dishidia Fainaru Fantajī ) is a fighting game with action RPG elements developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation Portable as part of the campaign for the Final Fantasy series ' 20th anniversary . It was released in Japan on December 18 , 2008 , in North America on August 25 , 2009 , in Australia on September 3 , 2009 and in Europe on September 4 , 2009 . It was then re @-@ released as an international version in Japan , based on the North American port , as Dissidia Final Fantasy : Universal Tuning , on November 1 , 2009 . The game features characters from different Final Fantasy games and centers on a great conflict between Cosmos , goddess of harmony , and Chaos , the god of discord . The two summon multiple warriors to fight for their sides in their thirteenth war . During the story , the player controls the ten warriors chosen by Cosmos , the protagonists from the first ten Final Fantasy games , in their journey . The game 's English and international versions also give access to other features such an arcade mode . Dissidia originated from Kingdom Hearts director Tetsuya Nomura 's desire to create a spin @-@ off for the franchise , but it was changed to the Final Fantasy series . Besides designing the characters , Nomura worked with the Square staff with the desire to make it appealing to Western players . Dissidia was well received commercially and critically , with positive reviews and sales of over 1 @.@ 8 million . A follow @-@ up titled Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy was released in March 2011 , and features several new characters and gameplay features . = = Gameplay = = Dissidia Final Fantasy 's genre has been described as " dramatic progressive action " and its graphics are in three dimensions . It has wireless one @-@ on @-@ one multiplayer and fights revolving around the use of individual special skills of characters to do damage to opponents . Players can also customize their characters with equipment . Character movement is fully functional within the three @-@ dimensional field map . Characters are able to perform special maneuvers using the environment by pressing the Triangle button . Traps with a variety of ill effects can be found throughout the arena . Characters ' equipment can be customized , and they can gain EXP and gil from battles . Similar to many fighting games , the aim is for the player to reduce their opponent 's HP to zero . A character 's offensive ( and , to a lesser extent , defensive ) power is shown in numerical form called BRV or " Bravery Points " . Both characters start out with a set amount of BRV , and each must reduce their health to 0 by attacking them with a HP attack . Players can steal BRV from their opponent by attacking them with the basic " BRV attack " to add it to their own total and gain the upper hand . Players can then use the " HP attack " to cause direct damage to their opponent ; HP damage is equal to the player 's current amount of Bravery . However , once an HP attack is used , the character 's own BRV is reduced to 0 and then slowly recovers to its starting amount . A character whose BRV total has been depleted ( past 0 BRV and into the negatives ) is forced into " Break mode " , where , aside from not being able to cause HP and BRV damage ( But being able to gain BRV ) , all attacks made against them cause critical damage and the opponent gets all of the BRV in the " Bravery Pool " ( a number that can be seen at the bottom of the screen ) , massively boosting their BRV amount . One main feature of the combat system is the " EX Gauge " , which can be filled in a variety of ways , such as inflicting damage on opponents , taking damage from opponents , and obtaining EX cores scattered around the field of play . Once the EX Gauge is filled , the character can enter their " EX Mode " , significantly increasing their power and enabling new attacks , including the " EX Burst " , an unavoidable and very damaging special attack similar to the Limit Break mechanic seen in many games in the series . The player on the offense charges up the attack by following the on @-@ screen instructions , while the player on the defense can reduce the amount of damage taken by continuously pressing the circle button . Once the EX Burst is executed , EX Mode ends . In a gameplay mode exclusive to Western releases , the Arcade mode converts the game in a traditional fighting game , with all RPG elements removed and characters ' abilities being stripped down to the basics to balance the playing field . Within the Arcade Mode , there are three tiers : Normal , Hard , and Time Attack ; beating any tier of the Arcade mode will reward the player with PP ( player points ) and special items that can be used in story mode . All characters , including villains , are playable in Arcade mode ; for example , Golbez , Sephiroth , Kuja , and Jecht are available for use in this mode from the start , but they still need to be bought via the PP Catalog for use in other modes . = = Plot = = = = = Setting and characters = = = The story revolves around two gods : Cosmos ( コスモス , Kosumosu ) , the goddess of harmony , and Chaos , the god of discord . The game unites both protagonists and antagonists from installments of the main Final Fantasy series , their stories narrated by the first Final Fantasy game 's Cid of the Lufaine . Other than the gods and their champions , the player also deals with crystal @-@ like doppelgangers called Manikins . The game has an overarching storyline that requires playing through all of the characters to complete . The game contains twenty @-@ two total playable characters : ten heroes and ten villains , one of each representing Final Fantasy through Final Fantasy X , and two secret characters : a heroine representing Final Fantasy XI , and a villain representing Final Fantasy XII . Initially , only the ten main heroes are playable in all gameplay modes ; the ten main villains are playable in Arcade mode , but must still be unlocked for access in all other gameplay modes . = = = Story = = = The gods Cosmos and Chaos have been locked in eternal conflict with " World B " , a mirror dimension to the realm of " World A " where the first Final Fantasy takes place , summoning several warriors from other worlds from the main series to battle in a never @-@ ending cycle of death and rebirth until the balance is tipped in favor of Chaos . As the war seems to be nearing its end , the ten warriors of Cosmos band together to strike back at Chaos 's minions and restore balance . Having lost much of her power in the previous cycle , Cosmos gives her ten warriors — Warrior of Light , Firion , Onion Knight , Cecil , Bartz , Terra , Cloud , Squall , Zidane , and Tidus — the task of retrieving the ten crystals that will help them defeat Chaos . They each set out on a journey called a " Destiny Odyssey , " where their respective stories are told and interlink with one another . During their " Destiny Odysseys , " the heroes encounter their personal villains , defeating them through epiphanies about themselves that help them obtain their crystals . Following the " Destiny Odysseys " is the " Shade Impulse , " where all ten warriors are in possession of their crystals , but arrive too late to save Cosmos , who is killed by Chaos . The heroes begin to fade away , but are saved by the power of the crystals , allowing them to use what time they have left to strike back against the villains and defeat Chaos once and for all . In the end , the other warriors leave World A for their own worlds , the Warrior of Light embarks on another adventure , and Cosmos revives to reign over World B. The game also features two other storylines with " Distant Glory " where Shanttoto and Gabranth are introduced to the player in two different areas where they are trapped and have to find a way out . The other storymode , " Inward Chaos " , serves as an alternate scenario in which Chaos has never been defeated and the player is guided by an entity known as Shinryu to defeat Chaos . = = Development = = Dissidia Final Fantasy was originally envisioned by producer Tetsuya Nomura as a Kingdom Hearts spin @-@ off featuring a cast of Disney characters while the Square Enix staff were developing Kingdom Hearts II . Nomura later felt uncomfortable with the Disney characters fighting each other and instead opted to use Final Fantasy characters , although the original idea eventually gave rise to the development of Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , with the game 's multiplayer mode inspired by Dissidia 's gameplay . The game was made in conmemoration of the franchise 's 20th anniversary and despite being handled by young employees , Nomura noticed there was no pressure , having assisted them in the designing various areas from the gameplay . The game was directed by Takeshi Arakawa whom Nomura noted that his experience in a previous Square Enix game , The World Ends With You , had a good effect in the game . In order to have their desired way of fighting , the team chose the PlayStation Portable console . There were plans for online play but the console 's capacities made them unable to add such feature . Developing the game took three years due with the battle system requiring two years and the RPG mode one . Deciding the Final Fantasy heroes was easy for the staff with the exception of Terra Branford . While her game , Final Fantasy VI , features multiple characters with that fit the role of main character , Terra was chosen in the end so that there would a female fighter in Cosmos ' side . For villains , they decided to include warriors who had a strong rivalry with the heroes rather than the games ' final bosses . This resulted in the inclusion of non @-@ final bosses such as Final Fantasy IV 's Golbez , Final Fantasy IX 's Kuja and Final Fantasy X 's Jecht who were connected with their games ' leads , Cecil Harvey , Zidane Tribal and Tidus , respectively . Shantotto from Final Fantasy XI was used based on her popularity , while Gabranth was used to represent Final Fantasy XII in Balthier 's place as the latter had already been featured in Final Fantasy Tactics : War of the Lions and Square wanted his inclusion to surprise gamers . Other characters meant to have been featured were Final Fantasy IV 's Kain Highwind and Final Fantasy XIII 's Lightning . Following the game 's positive reception by gamers in Japan that surpassed Nomura 's expectations , he already had in mind several new ideas for a sequel , and wished to feature Kain in it . Nomura was responsible for the character designs , which changed much of the look and style of Yoshitaka Amano 's illustrations . Working in the Final Fantasy and Final Fantasy IX designs brought no difficulties since in for the former game , Nomura based his designs on Amano 's illustrations while he had already been involved in handling his illustrations in the latter . On the other hand , Nomura had difficulties making Onion Knight as it ended being too cartoony and requested advice from Amano . Nomura 's own original illustrations were also redesigned for Dissidia ; Nomura commented to the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu that Tidus was designed to look younger than he was in Final Fantasy X to " match the design touch of the rest of the Dissidia " cast . On April 6 , 2007 , Square Enix filed for United States trademark registration of " DISSIDIA " ; the mark 's relation to Final Fantasy was omitted . The title was connected with Final Fantasy when Square Enix introduced Dissidia Final Fantasy on May 8 , 2007 with an official Japanese website . = = = Music = = = The Dissidia Final Fantasy Original Soundtrack by Takeharu Ishimoto was released on December 24 , 2008 , and is available in both regular and special editions , similar to the game itself . Most tracks are often remixes done by Ishimoto of past Final Fantasy music originally composed by Nobuo Uematsu . The main theme of the game is " The Messenger " by Your Favorite Enemies . The tracks " Cosmos " and " Chaos - Last Battle 1 " are also performed by Your Favorite Enemies . " The Messenger " is the main theme song of the game , with lyrics from both " Cosmos " and " Chaos - Last Battle 1 . " " Cosmos " features female vocals , while " Chaos " is dominated by male vocals . In YFE 's documentary on the conception of the songs for Dissidia , lyricist and vocalist Alex Foster admitted that the lyrics have no direct connection to themes of the game ; rather , he left it up to the listeners to interpret the lyrics based on their own thoughts and ideas . Tracklist = = Release and merchandise = = For the western localization , the Square Enix staff used analysis from their subsidiary companies in London and Los Angeles to readjust the game for Western audiences . Director Takeshi Arakawa and producer Yoshinori Kitase announced that the release date for the western world would be August 25 , 2009 ( starting in North America ) , and that it will include a number of small changes , including re @-@ adjustments in gameplay , new gameplay events , an arcade gameplay mode , a shortened tutorial , new moves for playable characters , and extra cutscenes featuring cameos from several other characters from the main characters ' original games that do not appear in the Japanese version . Arakawa referred to the Western version as a more action @-@ based game than the original Japanese version which was more RPG @-@ based . For the Dissidia Final Fantasy US release , Gamestop released the game with two additional covers for anyone who reserved it before it came out . On August 24 , 2009 , it was announced that there would be an international version of the game . Named Dissidia Final Fantasy : Universal Tuning ( ディシディアファイナルファンタジーユニバーサルチューニング ) , this revision of the game would be a direct port of the North American version of the game , retaining all the extra features added , and was released in Japan on November 1 , 2009 . Both English and Japanese voices are available in battle , with the player deciding which language the characters will speak . SCEA later announced a Dissidia Final Fantasy @-@ themed PSP bundle , which included a " Mystic Silver " PSP system , a copy of Dissidia Final Fantasy , a 2GB memory stick , and a copy of Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children . It was also released on August 25 , 2009 . Studio BentStuff published the Dissidia Final Fantasy Ultimania α as the initial reference guide for the game . Released on December 4 , 2008 , this book became part of the Ultimania series , which includes the Kingdom Hearts Ultimania α . Suntory Ltd. also collaborated with Square Enix to create the " Dissidia Final Fantasy Potion " drinks which were released on December 9 , 2008 in Japan to promote the game 's release . Square Enix released a line of Trading Arts figures in early 2009 with Series 1 containing Cloud Strife , Squall Leonhart , Zidane Tribal , Tidus , and the Warrior of Light . A second series was later released featuring Sephiroth , Terra , Bartz , Firion , and Cecil . = = Reception = = = = = Sales = = = Dissidia sold well according to Takeshi Arakawa , despite concerns about piracy . As of August 17 , 2009 , Dissidia Final Fantasy has sold 910 @,@ 000 copies in Japan , making it the fourth best @-@ selling game for the PSP in Japan . It was the 12th best @-@ selling game in Japan in 2008 , selling 660 @,@ 262 copies . In the United States , Dissidia debuted at the 7th place of the August 2009 charts with 130 @,@ 000 copies , despite only four days of availability . Figures from the NPD Group list Dissidia Final Fantasy as the best @-@ selling PSP game of 2009 . = = = Reviews = = = Dissidia was well received by the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu with individual scores of 9 / 9 / 10 / 8 , earning the game a place in its " Best Picks of This Week " feature as well as its " Platinum Hall of Fame . " The game 's battle system was described as fast paced and exhilarating , with simple controls capable of producing battles like those found in Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , though it was noted that the action can become difficult to follow when things got hectic and that some of the more technical aspects of the game can be hard to grasp . The game was also praised for its story and cutscenes , with one reviewer noting that the history was " exacting " . The game also enjoyed positive reviews by American critics . 1UP.com and GameSpot praised the fighting system and visuals , with the latter commenting on the mix of RPG and action gameplay . The story received mixed reactions , as GameSpot stated that it would only interest fans of the franchise , while 1UP.COM enjoyed its references to previous games . RandomNPC called the game " one of the few must @-@ have games for the PSP . " Game Informer was critical , claiming the story and gameplay were too similar to past Final Fantasy titles and would turn off new players . In the Best of E3 2009 , Dissidia was awarded " Best Fighting Game " by IGN . Dissidia also received awards from Famitsu and in the Japan Game Awards 2008 . In 2010 , the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die . = = = Legacy = = = A follow up to Dissidia titled Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy was released in March 2011 for the PlayStation Portable . Since Dissidia had a concrete ending , the team decided to make the story a prequel . Tetsuya Nomura stated that there would be no more Dissidia games following Dissidia 012 although the series may continue " in another form " since the team already believed they did enough with the fighting genre . The main story of Dissidia also served as a basis for the 2012 rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy for the Nintendo 3DS also uses multiple characters from the Final Fantasy series . In 2013 , Ichiro Hazama stated that he and much of the team intended to make a third Dissidia title , but did not mention possible platforms . In February 2015 at Japan Amusement Expo ( JAEPO ) , a gameplay teaser trailer was unveiled for a new game titled Dissidia Final Fantasy , coming to arcades in Japan . Unlike the previous Dissidia titles , this game will feature 3v3 combat , as well as adding new playable characters such as Y ’ shtola and Ramza Beoulve .
= Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption = Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption is a first @-@ person action @-@ adventure game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console . It is the 9th game in the Metroid series , and the final entry in the Metroid Prime trilogy — excluding two spin @-@ off titles . It was released in North America and Europe in 2007 , and in Japan the following year . The Wii Remote and Nunchuk devices are featured in a new control scheme that took a year to develop and caused the game 's release to be delayed several times . The story of Corruption is set six months after the events of Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , and follows bounty hunter Samus Aran as she assists the Galactic Federation in its fight against the Space Pirates . While fending off a Space Pirate assault , Samus and her fellow bounty hunters are attacked by her doppelgänger , Dark Samus , who incapacitates them with a mutagenic material called Phazon . After losing contact with the other hunters , the Federation sends Samus on a mission to determine what happened to them . During the course of the game , Samus works to prevent the Phazon from spreading from planet to planet while being slowly corrupted by the Phazon herself . The game was first shown to the public at the E3 2005 trade show . Reception to Corruption has been positive , with several reviews specifically praising the gameplay . More than one million copies of the game were sold in 2007 . It was re @-@ released as part of Metroid Prime : Trilogy , a Wii compilation of the three main games of the Prime series with Wii Remote controls . = = Gameplay = = Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption is a first @-@ person action @-@ adventure game . The player controls the protagonist , Samus Aran , using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk devices . The Nunchuk enables the player to perform actions such as moving Samus and locking on to enemies and targets . The Wii Remote allows the player to execute actions such as jumping , aiming , and firing weapons . Corruption is a large , open @-@ ended game that takes place across several planets , each with regions connected by elevators , rail systems , and bridges . Each region has rooms separated by doors that can be opened when shot with the correct weapon . The gameplay revolves around solving puzzles to uncover secrets , jumping on platforms , and shooting enemies with the help of a " lock @-@ on " mechanism that allows Samus to move in a circle while staying aimed on an enemy . The game uses a first @-@ person view , except in Morph Ball mode , in which Samus 's suit transforms into an armored ball and the game uses a third @-@ person camera . The third person camera is also used in conjunction with the Screw Attack power @-@ up : in this case Samus 's suit emits strange energy waves as she performs a continuous jump . The game 's heads @-@ up display simulates the inside of Samus ' helmet , and features a radar , map , ammunition gauge and health meter . The player can change visors to enable new abilities such as X @-@ ray vision , collecting information on many items , creatures and enemies , and interfacing with certain mechanisms such as force fields and elevators . Corruption also includes a hint system that periodically displays on @-@ screen instructions and navigation assistance . The game also has the addition of the Hypermode , a feature in which health is drained to give temporary invincibility and more powerful attacks . Excessive usage of the Hypermode leads into Corrupt Hypermode , that if not stopped leads to a non @-@ standard game over due to Samus being overtaken by Phazon . Another new feature is the Command Visor , which allows Samus to summon remotely her gunship from a suitable landing site to save the game , or travel to another destination quickly . During the progress of the game , new abilities can be obtained to allow it to perform aerial attacks against enemy targets and transport heavy objects . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = The events in Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption take place six months after Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes . The game 's protagonist , Samus Aran , is a bounty hunter hired to assist the Galactic Federation during its ongoing conflict with the Space Pirates . After facing initial defeat on the planet Zebes during the events of the first Metroid title , the Space Pirates sought to gain power by using a newly discovered mutagen called Phazon . However , Samus managed to disrupt their operations throughout the Prime trilogy and ultimately allowed the Galactic Federation to confiscate and replicate their Phazon armaments . The Space Pirates ' operation was left in disarray following defeat in Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes . In their desperation , they turned to Dark Samus , Samus 's sinister doppelgänger , for aid . Dark Samus strengthened the Space Pirates ' forces , while also slowly indoctrinating them into mindless servants . Their combined forces seek to corrupt the universe with Phazon by first executing a series of methodical attacks on three Federation planets : Norion , Bryyo , and Elysia . The game is primarily centered on these planets and three other locations that become accessible after completing certain in @-@ game tasks . = = = Plot = = = Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption begins with a meeting between Samus , three other bounty hunters , and Admiral Dane , leader of the Galactic Federation fleet . The bounty hunters , including Samus , receive orders to clear a computer virus from several organic supercomputers called " Aurora Units " , located throughout the galaxy . Suddenly , the meeting ends abruptly when Space Pirates attack the Federation fleet . Samus and the other bounty hunters are deployed to the planet Norion , where the Space Pirates are concentrating an attack on a Federation naval base . While suppressing the attack , Samus learns that a Phazon asteroid , called a Leviathan Seed , will soon collide into Norion . Samus and the other bounty hunters attempt to activate the base 's defense systems , when they are suddenly attacked by a newly armored Dark Samus . With the other bounty hunters knocked out , a severely wounded Samus manages to activate the system just in time to destroy the Leviathan Seed before she falls unconscious . A month later , Samus awakens aboard a Galactic Federation starship , where she learns that Dark Samus 's Phazon @-@ based attacks have corrupted her . The Federation equips her with a Phazon Enhancement Device ( PED ) that enables her to harness the Phazon energy within herself . She is informed that her fellow bounty hunters , also corrupted with Phazon and equipped with PEDs , have gone missing during their missions to investigate several planets embedded with Leviathan Seeds . Samus is first sent to the planet Bryyo and later Elysia to determine what happened to her missing comrades . She soon discovers that both planets and their inhabitants are slowly being corrupted by the Leviathan Seeds ; and that she must destroy the seeds to reverse this . Samus encounters heavy resistance from the Space Pirates , Phazon @-@ corrupted monstrosities , and her fellow bounty hunters who have been corrupted by Dark Samus . Throughout her mission , which eventually takes her to the Space Pirate homeworld , Samus slowly becomes further Phazon @-@ corrupted . She manages to stop the Space Pirate assault with the assistance of the Galactic Federation Navy . The fleet then warps to the planet Phaaze , the source of all Phazon in the galaxy . Samus travels to its core , where she finally defeats Dark Samus , then the corrupted Aurora Unit 313 . As a result , Dark Samus is obliterated , Phaaze is destroyed , and all Phazon in the galaxy is rendered inert . At the end of the game , if the player collects 100 percent of the upgrades , Samus is seen flying into hyperspace with Sylux 's spaceship following her . = = Development = = Retro Studios intended to give Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption larger environments than Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , and enable the game to run at 60 frames per second . The developers were also interested in using the WiiConnect24 feature to provide additional content for the game that would be accessible from the Internet . Retro announced that Corruption would be the final chapter of the Prime series and would have a plot " about closure , told against the backdrop of an epic struggle " . After the Wii Remote was revealed , Nintendo demonstrated how Metroid Prime 3 would take advantage of the controller 's special abilities with a version of Echoes modified for the Wii and shown at the Tokyo Game Show in 2005 . The title Corruption and some of the first gameplay footage were revealed at Nintendo 's Media Release at the E3 2006 trade show . Iwata said he hoped Corruption would launch with the Wii in November 2006 , but a few months later the game was delayed to 2007 . In April 2007 , Nintendo of America President Reggie Fils @-@ Aime stated in an interview that Corruption was " not going to ship by June " and set it at a summer 2007 release date at the earliest . Later he opined , " when we release it , it will be perfect . And if that 's a little later than folks would have liked , I 'm hoping they 're going to be happy . " In late April 2007 , IGN editor Matt Casamassina revealed that Corruption would be shown in detail during May of that year , and that the game would be released on August 20 , 2007 , in the United States . Nintendo of America later announced to have moved the release date to August 27 , 2007 , but Nintendo finally announced an " in stores " date of August 28 , 2007 . The game was released in Europe on October 26 , 2007 . At the Media Summit held by Nintendo during the week of May 21 , 2007 , Reggie Fils @-@ Aime said that Metroid games " never played this way before " when referring to Corruption . He also noted that Nintendo employees who had seen the game in action claimed that it " will reinvent the control scheme for a first @-@ person shooter " . Game director Mark Pacini stated that the biggest concern Retro had during production was the controls , which had " too many functions for the amount of buttons " . Pacini also said the Wii Zapper , a gun shell peripheral , was never considered because it was announced when the game 's development was almost done . Retro president Michael Kelbaugh said that the delays for the game 's release gave them more time to tune the controller , which took a year . He also stated that while Retro did " a great job on the multiplayer in Metroid Prime 2 " , focus was centered on the single player portion of the game , which was considered to be " the core strength of the franchise " . Art director Todd Keller declared the graphics to be focused in both texture detail and variety , with every single texture being hand @-@ made and trying to " make every room its own custom stage " . During development , the Nintendo EAD team involved with Corruption suggested Retro to turn Hypermode into the core of the game , saying it would enhance the tension as it made players powerful but if used excessively would lead to a game over . Retro initially disagreed , saying it would be difficult to implement the feature without dampening the entertainment value , but after discussion decided to turn Hyper Mode into a regular functionality of the game . = = = Audio = = = The soundtrack for Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption was composed by Kenji Yamamoto , Minako Hamano and Masaru Tajima . The game took advantage of the increase in the amount of RAM that took place when the series switched from the GameCube to the Wii ; this allowed for higher quality audio samples to be used and thus allowing a better overall audio quality . Yamamoto used Hirokazu Tanaka 's musical design of the original Metroid in Corruption , by keeping the music and themes dark and scary until the very end , when uplifting music is played during the credits . Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption is the first game in the Metroid series to feature a significant amount of voice acting , compared to previous games in the series in which Samus " [ acted ] alone [ ... and ] always came across as a lone wolf " . The producers decided to include voices to create a stronger connection between players and the characters . The characters ' voices were performed by Timothy Patrick Miller , Lainie Frasier , Christopher Sabat , Edwin Neal , Claire Hamilton , Brian Jepson , Gray Haddock , Clayton Kjas and Ken Webster . = = Marketing and release = = IGN initially criticized Nintendo for its minimal marketing campaign for Corruption and compared it to the larger campaign for the original Metroid Prime , which included its own live action advertisement . The website concluded that the campaign was the result of Nintendo 's new focus on casual games for their console . When questioned on the company 's actions , Nintendo of America responded by saying , " Nintendo fans will be surprised by the quantity and quality of Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption information that becomes available before the game launches on Aug. 27 . Your patience will be rewarded ( or Corrupted ) . " Following this promise , Nintendo released the " Metroid Prime 3 Preview " channel on August 10 , 2007 , in North America and on October 15 , 2007 , in Europe . The channel , available as a free download via the Wii Shop Channel , allowed Wii owners to view preview videos of the game that included a battle sequence and previously unannounced details on new characters . The Preview channel was the first in a series of new downloadable content including videos made available in North America . The " month of Metroid " , as named by Nintendo , included Virtual Console versions of Metroid , available on August 13 , 2007 , and Super Metroid , available on August 20 , 2007 . Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption was released in North America on August 27 , 2007 , in Europe on October 26 , 2007 , and in Japan on March 6 , 2008 . In the Japanese version , the game 's difficulty level is decided by answering to " a questionnaire from the Galactic Federation " , in contrast to the North American version where the difficulty level is chosen directly by the player . Metroid Prime series producer Kensuke Tanabe said that an idea for a questionnaire came from Retro Studios . = = Reception = = Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption received critical acclaim . Nintendo Power commented , " The stunning visuals and immersive gameplay of the finale to the Prime series proves that the Wii is ready for the mainstream gamer . " IGN awarded the game an Editor 's Choice Award , and noted that the game was beautifully designed and the best looking game for the Wii . They also praised the inclusion of " well @-@ done " voice acting , in contrast to the lack of any voice acting in most other Nintendo games . Despite stating that Metroid Prime 3 was too similar to its predecessors , the review concluded that it was the best game in the Prime trilogy . IGN also said that it could be worthy of the same score as the original Metroid Prime ( 9 @.@ 8 ) , had it not been for the aforementioned reason . X @-@ Play claimed that the game was enjoyable , but it had a few awkward control mechanics and was a little difficult to control on the Wii . They also said that although it was fun , there were problems that lead to odd lock @-@ on mechanics and painful wrists from continuous motions . Brand Jones from GameTrailers praised the more user @-@ friendly and action @-@ packed nature of the game compared to Metroid Prime and Echoes . Jones also praised the superior motion @-@ sensitive controls , stating , " After playing Metroid Prime 3 you 'll never want to play a shooter with dual analog controls again , it 's that good . " He further added that those elements make Corruption " far superior to the original Metroid Prime " . 1UP.com was enthusiastic about the new control system and said the graphics were " some of the best visuals in gaming , period " . Electronic Gaming Monthly gave Corruption a Silver award and ranked the title as Game of the Month in a three @-@ way tie with FIFA 08 and The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass . GameSpot stated the game had enjoyable puzzles , boss battles , atmospheric levels , and smooth gameplay . It also explained that the game was more like a traditional shooter video game than an adventure shooter , and stated that the motion activated actions were too unresponsive . GamesRadar named Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption the 10th best Wii game of all time out of a list of 25 , stating that " Metroid Prime 3 is the ultimate achievement of the series . The formula , which was repeated several times by Corruption , was been tweaked and pruned to its most perfect point , with some of the best shooting on the system . " In IGN 's Best of 2007 Awards , Corruption received the awards for Best Wii Adventure Game , Best Artistic Design , and Best Overall Adventure Game . GameSpy ranked it as the second best Wii game of the year , behind Super Mario Galaxy , and honored it as the Best Innovation on the Wii . Australian website MyWii named Prime 3 as the second best Wii game currently available , behind Super Mario Galaxy . Despite being released on August 27 , Corruption was the fifth best @-@ selling game of the month , with 218 @,@ 100 copies sold . It also debuted at the fifth spot of the Japanese charts , with 34 @,@ 000 units in the first week of release . More than one million copies of the game were sold in 2007 , and as of March 2008 , 1 @.@ 31 million copies of the game were sold worldwide . = = Rerelease and future = = Metroid Prime 3 was rereleased on August 24 , 2009 in North America , alongside Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , as a single @-@ disc compilation titled Metroid Prime : Trilogy . Prime and Echoes feature the motion controls and achievement systems introduced in Corruption . The compilation was later rereleased on the Wii U 's Nintendo eShop on January 29 , 2015 . Metroid Prime : Federation Force , an upcoming Nintendo 3DS game to be developed by Next Level Games , was announced at E3 2015 ; Metroid Prime series producer Kensuke Tanabe said that " this time around we 're doing a story on the Galactic Federation . " Regarding the Corruption 's ending , Tanabe wanted to create a story that centers on Samus and Sylux , noting that " [ t ] here 's something going on between them . I want to make a game that touches upon [ it ] . " Tanabe added that Nintendo has no plans on releasing the next Metroid Prime game for the Wii U , stating it " would likely now be on Nintendo 's NX console . "
= Kelly pool = Kelly pool ( also known as pea pool , pill pool , keeley , the keilley game , and killy ) is a pocket billiards game played on a standard pool table using fifteen numbered markers called peas or pills , and a standard set of sixteen pool balls . Gameplay involves players drawing peas at random from a shake bottle , which assigns to them the correspondingly numbered pool ball , kept secret from their opponents , but which they must pocket in order to win the game . Kelly pool is a rotation game , which means that players must contact the lowest numbered object ball on each shot first until the opportunity to pocket their own is presented . Two rule variants are set forth under rules promulgated by the Billiard Congress of America ( BCA ) . In the simpler form , the object of play starts and ends with the goal of pocketing one 's secret ball . In the second , in addition to the goal of pocketing one 's secret ball , points are scored in various ways . In the instance where pills are unavailable , a cloth may be used to cover the balls , which are then chosen blindly , recorded , and replaced for play . Reportedly invented by Chicagoan Calistus " Kelly " Mulvaney in 1893 , kelly pool was a popular game during the early- to mid @-@ 20th century . Mentions of it were at one time common in US newspapers , often painting it in a negative light as its play was considered a stronghold of gambling . Authorities in various parts of the United States at times called for a moratorium on the game 's play . Until 1964 , in fact , playing the game was a fineable offense in the state of Montana . Many billiard @-@ specific and etymological sources point to kelly pool , or an early version of the game called kelly rotation , as the origin of the common idiom , " behind the eight ball " . Some publications blithely assume the expression to be eponymously derived from the game of eight ball , but it has been pointed out that the expression came into use before eight ball was popularized , and that the game did not even use an actual 8 ball under the version first marketed to the public . The predecessor to the BCA , The National Billiard Association , meanwhile , holds that the expression simply emanates from the fact that the eight ball , being black @-@ colored , is harder to see than other balls , thus resulting in an association with any difficult position . = = Origins = = According to an article which appeared in the June 29 , 1913 edition of the Chicago Tribune , " Kelly pool was invented by Kelly Mulvaney " . The quote is attributed in the article to Hugh E. Keough , a well @-@ known Chicago sportswriter of 31 years . Further information is provided in a November 10 , 1916 Indianapolis Star obituary for one Calistus Mulvaney , who is listed as having died the preceding day . The obituary , entitled " Originated ' Kelly Pool ' " , states that : " ... for thirty five years [ Mulvaney ] was identified with Kelly pool in the loop district ... He was widely known as the father of ' Kelly pool ' and better known as Kelly Mulvaney than Calistus . He was born at Fox Lake Wis [ consin ] sixty @-@ five years ago . " In Calistus Mulvaney 's entry in the 1910 United States Census ( pictured at right ) , his occupation is listed as " billiard hall emp [ loyee ] " and his position there as " keeper " . As part of the same household , Mulvaney 's brother @-@ in @-@ law 's listing appears on the same census page , with his occupation and position identically recorded . The census records Mulvaney 's age in 1910 as 56 , his birthdate as " about 1854 " , his birthplace as Wisconsin , his spouse 's name as Kate , and his area of residence at that time as Chicago Ward 14 , Cook Co . , Illinois . Although there is a given @-@ name discrepancy , additional illumination is provided by Simpson M. Ritter in the publication From the Annals of Sports . As Simpson is quoted in the book Sports in the Pulp Magazines by John A. Dinan : You may not be surprised to learn that Kelly Pool was neither invented by a man named Kelly nor is it of Irish origin . Its inventor , Celestus [ sic ] Mulvaney , was of Irish origin but invented the game in 1893 in Chicago . The first games were played in that city at the Hannah and Hoggs Billiard Hall on Madison St. = = Gameplay = = Kelly pool accommodates players with a wide variety of skill levels . The game is designed for group play with a minimum of 2 players , best suited for 4 – 6 , but allowing up to 15 to take part . The Billiard Congress of America ( BCA ) publishes a long @-@ standardized set of rules for the game . = = = Set up = = = At the start of kelly pool , the numbered markers ( commonly called peas or pills , and sometimes tally balls or shake balls ) are placed in a specially made , narrow @-@ necked container ( called variously a bottle , pea bottle , pill bottle , kelly bottle , tally bottle or shake bottle ) which is shaken to randomly distribute them . Each player then draws a numbered pea from the bottle . The number of the pea drawn assigns to that player the correspondingly numbered object ball , which that player must keep secret from his opponents . The object of the game is for the player to legally pocket their assigned , undisclosed ball ( sometimes called their " private number " ) . At the start of the game a standard set of fifteen pool object balls are racked at the foot end of a pool table , with the apex ball of the rack centered over the foot spot . Viewed from the racker 's vantage point , the 1 ball is placed at the rack 's apex , the 2 ball at the rack 's right corner and the 3 ball at the rack 's left corner ( as in the game of rotation ) ; all other object balls are placed randomly . An open break is required , meaning that at least four balls must be driven to rails ( as opposed to a safety break , such as is used for the opening break in straight pool and one @-@ pocket ) . = = = Rules of play = = = Kelly pool is a rotation game , which means that the lowest numbered ball on the table must be contacted by the cue ball on every shot . There are no called safeties in kelly pool ; the legal pocketing ( i.e. , with no foul committed on the same stroke ) of the lowest numbered ball on the table , permits and requires the shooter to continue play . When a ball is illegally pocketed it is spotted to the foot spot ( or as close as possible , toward the foot rail ) . If a foul is committed , there is no point penalty and the incoming player has the option of accepting the table in position , or requiring the offending player to continue shooting . However , when the foul is the result of jumping the cue ball off the table , or scratching it into a pocket , the incoming player has cue ball in hand from the kitchen ( behind the head string ) , and retains the option of forcing the opponent to shoot . Whichever player ultimately shoots with cue ball in hand has the option of spotting the object ball to the foot spot if it is in the kitchen area . = = = Scoring = = = There are two main scoring variations ; under the first and simpler ruleset , the first player to pocket his private number wins . Under the second variation , although a player still wins by pocketing his private number , points are scored in various ways : 1 ) two points are given by each participant to the winning player for the pocketing of his private number ; 2 ) a player receives one point for pocketing any other player 's private number , and the player whose private number was pocketed is penalized one point ( and can have a negative point total ) , but is not out of the game and can still win points in this way ; 3 ) if a player whose private number is pocketed by another does not disclose this fact before a subsequent shot is taken , the non @-@ disclosing player forfeits , immediately losing the game , and the player who made that ball is given two points instead of one . In the event that no player succeeds in pocketing his private number , gameplay ends when the last private number is potted , and the game is played again with all points values doubled . = = Association with gambling = = Kelly pool has long been associated with gambling — so much so , that it was made illegal in some municipalities in the US and Canada . In the state of Montana , for example , the playing of kelly pool was punishable by a $ 25 fine until the law was repealed in 1964 . Likewise , the playing of kelly pool was banned in the Canadian province of Manitoba at least as of 1918 . Gambling exploits associated with kelly pool were often depicted in Clare Briggs ' comic strip of the same name , which centered on the game . The Kelly Pool strip ( panel pictured at right ) , ran in the New York Tribune 's sports section from 1912 to 1917 . From the early- to mid @-@ 20th century numerous newspaper stories cover indictments of kelly pool as a bastion of gambling . In February 1908 , the county attorney of Oklahoma City denounced kelly pool , declaring " that it comes with in [ sic ] the pale of the law against gambling " , and issued orders to the city 's sheriff 's department to enforce a moratorium . In April 1912 a Vincennes , Indiana resident was indicted for embezzling $ 11 @,@ 000 from the brick company he managed reportedly due " to his infatuation with ' pea ' pool and shaking dice " . The following month , Mayor Mudge of Edwardsville , Illinois announced that " effective at once ... poolrooms ... must do away with all forms of gambling , including Kelly Pool . " In the same vein , in 1914 Judge J.A. McIlvaine of a Washington , Pennsylvania court , in passing sentence on a pool room proprietor who allowed pea pool games to be wagered on in his establishment , announced that persons committing similar crimes would " be severely punished ... This is the most pernicious form of gambling for it starts youths to higher grades of crime . " In January 1916 a Washington D.C. billiard hall proprietor was fined $ 100 by a Police Court judge for allowing the game to be played at his establishment . The United States Attorney handling the case told reporters " There is considerable playing of this Kelly pool in the poolrooms of the city , where many young men lose their entire week 's wages on a single Saturday night , and I propose to have it stopped , if possible . " In April 1922 , Charleston , West Virginia 's then mayor , Grant P. Hall , declared " baseball pools , pay @-@ ball , Kelly pool and all other forms of gambling in billiard parlors and cigar stores must cease forthwith . " Likewise , in December of the same year , Oxford , Ohio 's then mayor , J. M. Hughes , declared a war on all forms of gambling , announcing in the local newspaper that " schemes of chance ... [ including ] Kelly pool ... are contrary to law . " In 1934 , sports promoter and notorious gambler Jack Doyle 's billiard establishment was raided and he , along with 14 patrons , were arrested for placing bets on Kelly pool . = = " Behind the eight ball " = = " Behind the eight ball " ( or " behind the eight " ) is a common idiom meaning to be in trouble , stymied or thwarted , in an awkward position or out of luck . It is often assumed that the expression derives from the inability to use the 8 ball in a combination in the game of eight @-@ ball — if the cue ball is directly behind the 8 ball a player has no direct shot route . However , numerous billiards @-@ specific and etymological publications state that the expression derives instead from kelly pool , or an early version of kelly pool called kelly rotation . Billiards historian Michael Ian Shamos in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards ( 1993 ) , citing information provided by Charles C. Peterson ( first president of the Billiard Association of America ) , and Steve Mizerak and Michael E. Panozzo in Steve Mizerak 's Complete Book of Pool ( 1990 ) , indicate that ascribing the phrase 's origin to the game of eight ball results in an anachronism , the phrase being traceable to at least 1919 , while the form of game that became " eight @-@ ball " was not described by that name , and its rules were not published in any official rule book , until after 1940 . The game that would ultimately be named " eight ball , " after a physical 8 ball became part of play , was invented shortly after 1900 . That precursor game was little known until it was popularized in 1925 under the name B.B.C. Co . Pool by the Brunswick @-@ Balke @-@ Collender Company , marketed by them with a special set of balls that did not have a numbered 8 ball , but rather came with a ball set consisting of seven of one color , seven of another , and an unnumbered black ball . Thus , multiple @-@ time world champion Steve Mizerak explains that behind the eight ball cannot derive from the game of eight ball as " the phrase predates the game ... by at least 20 years . " Two different kelly pool @-@ based derivations for behind the eight ball are provided in diverse sources . As noted , in kelly pool each player is randomly assigned a specific ball of the fifteen ball rack , which must be made in numerical order . The game ends when any player makes his assigned ball . Based on these rules , one origin theory holds that when a large number of players are participating , players assigned balls numerically higher than 8 — that is , balls that are behind the 8 ball in order — have little chance of winning . This is a result of the likelihood that random distribution will result in multiple players with assigned balls numbered lower than 8 having an opportunity to shoot first , and that with such large a number of players at least one will come to the table with the opportunity to shoot at his assigned ball . A second theory refers to a kelly pool rule variation under which the 8 ball is excluded from assignment as a secret number and , if another ball strikes the 8 ball at any time during play , the player responsible is penalized . " So a position directly behind the eight ball is a position of great hazard . " A more generic origin of the phrase that is independent of any particular game 's rule , instead depending from a property of the 8 ball itself , is proffered by Billiard Congress of America predecessor , The National Billiard Association , which organization was the governing body of American billiards from 1921 to 1941 : It is generally conceded that the 8 @-@ ball is the most difficult for the player to see clearly in the execution of his shot . This , because it is black , naturally the edges of the ball , or in fact any part of the ball , do not stand out as clearly as colored . Therefore , professional players , if possible , avoid being forced to play the 8 @-@ ball from a difficult position or with the cue ball a long distance from the 8 @-@ ball because it is more difficult to see clearly . In reality , this fact was what started the now common saying , ' behind the eight ball , ' used in the player 's vernacular in the sense that being in any kind of a difficult point on the table , many times calls for the remark that one is ' behind the eight ball . ' In other words , they use this to explain any difficult situation that may confront them in the game . In the game of snooker , the roughly equivalent idiom is " snookered " , and it too has entered the language ( especially Commonwealth English of various forms in countries where snooker is a major sport ) as a metaphor .
= Lagmann mac Gofraid = Lagmann mac Gofraid , known in Old Norse as Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson and Lögmaðr Guðrøðarson , was a late eleventh @-@ century King of the Isles , whose rise , reign , and fall from power are obscure . He was the eldest son of Gofraid Crobán , King of Dublin and the Isles , a Norse @-@ Gaelic dynast who conquered and ruled the kingdoms of the Isles and Dublin , before dying in 1095 . Three years after the latter 's death , the Isles was conquered by Magnús Óláfsson , King of Norway , whose regime in the region lasted until his death in 1103 . The chronology of Lagmann 's reign is uncertain : he may have begun his reign either before Magnús ' conquest , during his regime , or after his demise . As King of the Isles , Lagmann faced significant opposition from factions supporting his younger brothers , Aralt and Amlaíb . At some point , the Islesmen are reported to have petitioned Muirchertach Ua Briain , King of Munster to select a temporary ruler in the region . This act may have been initiated on behalf of a faction supporting Amlaíb . Whatever the case , Ua Briain responded by placing an Uí Briain relative upon the throne . The Uí Briain interlopers , however , do not appear to have been well received ; and were evidently ejected by the Islesmen , perhaps led by supporters of Lagmann himself . The chronology and circumstances surrounding the conclusion of Lagmann 's reign are uncertain . According to one source , he voluntarily resigned the kingship and journeyed to Jerusalem where he died . This account could be evidence that he died on crusade : one possibility is the First Crusade , perhaps in the entourage of Robert II , Duke of Normandy ; another possibility is the so @-@ called Norwegian Crusade , in the entourage of Sigurðr Magnússon , King of Norway . Although one source claims that Lagmann 's trek to the Holy Land was undertaken in remorse for the cruelty he had inflicted upon Aralt , another possibility is that he was forced into exile instead . Whatever the case , it is apparent that about a decade after Magnús ' death , the Crovan dynasty was restored to the kingship in the person of Lagmann 's youngest brother . = = Antecedents , accession , and insurrection = = Lagmann was one of three sons of Gofraid Crobán , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1095 ) . Gofraid first emerges into history in the mid eleventh century . Although his precise parentage is uncertain , he appears to have been a descendant of Amlaíb Cuarán , King of Dublin and Northumbria ( died 981 ) . Gofraid 's apparent Uí Ímair antecedents appear to have endowed him with ancestral claims to the Norse @-@ Gaelic kingdoms to Dublin and the Isles . In the 1070s , he secured the kingship of the Isles through his conquest of Mann , and forcefully added Dublin to his realm in 1091 . Gofraid 's downfall came in 1094 , when he was driven out of Ireland by the Uí Briain , and died the following year in the Hebrides . There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century . What is known for sure is that , before the end of the century , Magnús Óláfsson , King of Norway ( died 1103 ) led a marauding fleet from Scandinavia into the Isles , seized control of the kingdom , and held onto power in the Irish Sea region until his death in 1103 . According to the Chronicle of Mann , when Gofraid died in 1095 , Lagmann succeeded him as his eldest son , and went on to reign for seven years . The numerical calculations and chronology of this source are suspect , and it is uncertain if Lagmann 's reign began before Magnús ' arrival , during Magnús ' overlordship , or even after Magnús ' death . One possibility is that Lagmann commenced his reign in the Isles immediately after his father assumed the kingship of Dublin in 1091 . If so , this transfer of power would seem to evidence the eminent status of Dublin 's kinship amongst the Norse @-@ Gaelic elite . Despite the uncertainly surrounding the inception of his reign , the chronicle reveals that Lagmann faced continued opposition from within his own family , in the form of an ongoing rebellion by his brother , Aralt . Lagmann eventually overcame Aralt , however , and is stated to have had the latter blinded and emasculated . Afterwards , if the chronicle is to be believed , Lagmann repented the cruelty that he had inflicted upon Aralt , and remorsefully resigned his kingdom , before setting off to Jerusalem , where he died . = = Irish intervention = = Although the Chronicle of Man maintains that Lagmann voluntarily vacated his throne , there is reason to suspect that he was forced from power . In about 1096 , the chronicle claims that the leading Islesmen sought assistance of Muirchertach Ua Briain , King of Munster ( died 1119 ) , and petitioned him to provide a regent from his own kin to govern the kingdom until Lagmann 's younger brother , Amlaíb ( died 1153 ) , was old enough to assume control . The chronicle 's account could be evidence that , by about 1096 , Lagmann faced a faction formed around his younger brother ; and that , when this faction was unable to topple Lagmann by itself , it approached Ua Briain for assistance in placing Amlaíb upon the throne . Ua Briain was certainly a formidable potential ally , having recently imposed his dominance over the kingdoms of Connacht , Leinster , Mide , and Dublin as well . In fact , it was through his conquest of the latter that Ua Briain had banished Lagmann 's father from Ireland once and for all , and thereby secured control of Dublin 's awesome naval power . In consequence of this predominance , the clause as stated by the chronicle — that Ua Briain was to provide the Isles with a regent from his own kin — may well have been a condition on his intervention , rather than a request of the Islesmen themselves . Whatever the case , the chronicle reveals that Ua Briain then installed Domnall mac Taidc ( died 1115 ) upon the throne . Although Domnall had previously opposed Ua Briain over the kingship of Munster , he was the son of Ua Briain 's brother , and further possessed strong familial connections with the Isles through his maternal descent from Echmarcach mac Ragnaill , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1064 / 1065 ) . In fact , the Annals of Ulster appears to indicate that at least two apparent members of Echmarcach 's family were killed less than a decade before in a repulsed invasion of Mann . As a result , Domnall may have been the leading male representative of Echmarcach 's family . The slaying of Domnall 's brother , Amlaíb , as recorded by the Annals of the Four Masters in 1096 , suggests that Domnall and the rest of the Meic Taidc faced significant opposition in the Isles , possibly in the form of Lagmann 's adherents . The chronicle credits Domnall with an oppressive three @-@ year reign that ended when the leading Islesmen revolted against him , and drove him from the kingdom back to Ireland . = = Norwegian domination and diminishment = = The extent of Domnall 's rule in the kingdom is unknown , and it is questionable whether he had any real authority in the northern Hebrides , furthest from Mann . In about 1097 , Magnús sent a delegate named Ingimundr into the Isles to take possession of the kingdom . After installing himself in Lewis , Ingimundr was overthrown and killed whilst attempting to usurp the kingship . Ingimundr 's rationale for seating himself upon an island ( Lewis and Harris ) on the edge of the kingdom may have been due to the fact that he was unable to gain any authority on Mann itself . In fact , the chronicle reveals that civil war erupted there the following year , and the chronicler Orderic Vitalis ( died c . 1142 ) indicates that Mann was devastated to point of being a virtual desert by the time Magnús appeared on the scene . The warring itself may have been related to the aforesaid factional struggles between Gofraid 's sons . The fact that the chronicle makes no mention of Domnall during this particular conflict may be evidence that he had lost control of Mann by then . Within the year , the same source records the arrival of Magnús himself , which could suggest that it was Ingimundr 's slaying , at the hands of the Islesmen , that had incited Magnús to take matters into his own hands . Magnús ' takeover of the Isles is colourfully depicted in the chronicle , and several mediaeval Norse sources , such as the early thirteenth @-@ century Morkinskinna , Fagrskinna , Orkneyinga saga , and Magnúss saga berfœtts within the early thirteenth @-@ century saga @-@ compilation Heimskringla . As the Norwegian fleet descended upon the Isles , the latter source specifies that Lagmann set himself to defend the Norðreyjum ( " Northern Islands " ) , a term that likely refers to the Outer Hebrides . A particular verse of poetry in Morkinskinna , attributed to the contemporary skald Gísl Illugason , describes Lagmann as " Ívistar gram " ( " Prince of Uist " , or " Lord of Uist " ) . This title not only appears to corroborate Lagmann 's authority in the northern Isles , but could also indicate that he was primarily based on Uist as well . At several points in the history of the Isles , the realm endured periods of fragmentation between rival factions . Whether the references to Lagmann in the north are evidence of a similarly partitioned kingdom is unknown . The Norwegian subjugation of the Isles , and subsequent capture of Lagmann , are recounted by several sources . For instance , Orkneyinga saga states as much ; whilst Morkinskinna further specifies that Lagmann fled southwards and out to sea , as Magnús ' fleet advanced , only to be captured and kept in the Norwegian king 's company for some time afterwards . Having overwintered in Isles , Magnús left for Norway in the summer , only to make his return nearly four years later , in 1102 or 1103 . Once re @-@ established on Mann , Magnús entered into an alliance with Ua Briain , formalised through the marriage between Magnús 's young son , Sigurðr ( died 1130 ) , and Ua Briain 's daughter , Bjaðmunjo ( fl . 1102 / 1103 ) . Magnús , therefore , appears to have intended for Sigurðr to rule over his recently @-@ won territories . Unfortunately for Ua Briain , and his long @-@ term ambitions in Ireland and the Isles , Magnús was slain in Ulster in 1103 , whereupon Sigurðr immediately repudiated his bride and returned to Norway . Although Ua Briain was able to regain control of Dublin , and still held considerable influence in the Isles , Magnús ' death appears to have left a power vacuum in the region that he was unable to fill . In 1111 , Domnall mac Taidc appears to have forcefully seized the kingship of the Isles . Although it is possible that he had backing from Ua Briain himself , there is evidence to suggest that made his move without Ua Briain 's consent . Not long after this undertaking , Domnall appears to have been either forced from the Isles , or drawn back to Ireland in an attempt to capitalise on Ua Briain 's failing health , only to be slain himself in 1115 . The encroachment of competing Irish factions into the Isles may well have been as unpalatable to the English and Scots as the power vacuum left in the wake of Magnús ' demise . Since the chronicle records that the subsequent reign of ( Lagmann 's brother ) Amlaíb lasted forty years , the latter 's accession to the kingship appears to date to about 1112 or 1113 , not long after Domnall launched his bid for the throne . In fact , the chronicle indicates that Amlaíb spent his youth at the court of Henry I , King of England ( died 1135 ) , and it appears that this restoration of the Crovan dynasty , in the person of Lagmann 's youngest brother , was the work of the English king . = = Departure and death = = Late in 1095 , Pope Urban II ( died 1099 ) first proclaimed an armed pilgrimage , or penitential holy war , that led to the First Crusade of 1096 – 1102 . Before the end of the year , tens of thousands of men , women , and children answered his call to re @-@ establish Christian control of Jerusalem . The particular terminology employed by the Chronicle of Mann — that Lagmann departed the kingdom " marked with the sign of the Lord 's cross " — suggests that he participated in a crusade . On the other hand , since the chronicle was compiled in the thirteenth century , during a period when the idea of a cross @-@ bearing pilgrim was well established , it is possible that this depiction of Lagmann has been contaminated by anachronistic conceptions . There are many reasons why crusaders volunteered to " take the cross " . One particular reason was the desire of repentance . Remorse for the cruelty that he had inflicted upon his own brother may well have played a part in Lagmann 's decision . On the other hand , embarking upon a crusade could also be a means of escaping political tribulations and pressure at home , as in the case of the embattled Robert II , Duke of Normandy ( died 1134 ) . In Lagmann 's case , his participation may have been a direct after @-@ effect of Magnús ' conquest of the Isles in 1098 , or the aforesaid later revival of Uí Briain encroachent in Dublin and the Isles . If Lagmann was indeed a crusader , it is uncertain which particular crusade he undertook . One possibility is that he took part in the First Crusade , a movement that reached its climax with the successful siege and capture of Jerusalem in mid 1099 . Lagmann could have embarked upon this enterprise in about 1096 , the year the pope 's calls reached England , and perhaps joined Robert 's assembling forces that summer . Alternately , in light of Lagmann 's capture by the Norwegians in 1098 , it is conceivable that his release from custody was made conditional upon his exile and participation in the First Crusade . On the other hand , it is not impossible that Lagmann originally undertook a pilgrimage before catching wind of the crusade en route . Whatever the case , if Lagmann indeed participated and perished in the First Crusade , he may have met his end on campaign in Syria or Anatolia . Another possibility is that Lagmann regained some form of control in the Isles following Magnús ' death , and afterwards joined Sigurðr 's expedition to Holy Land in the first decade of the twelfth century . Whether Sigurðr 's undertaking was a planned crusade per se , or merely an eventful and violent pilgrimage , is debatable . The precise chronology of this enterprise is similarly uncertain , although the Norwegian fleet certainly reached England before the end of the first decade of the twelfth century . It may have been at this point , whilst Sigurðr overwintered at the English royal court , that Lagmann joined up with him . If Lagmann and Sigurðr indeed rendezvoused in England , this may have been the time when Amlaíb , the future King of the Isles , was entrusted to the safekeeping of the English king .
= Tropical Storm Debra ( 1978 ) = Tropical Storm Debra was the second of two tropical storms to hit the United States in the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season . The fourth named storm of the season , Debra developed from the interaction between a high @-@ altitude cold low and a lower tropical wave in the Gulf of Mexico . Forming on August 25 , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Debra based on data from a Hurricane Hunter aircraft . As Debra approached the coast , it attained peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm made landfall on the coast of Louisiana , east of the Texas border . Two deaths were caused by the storm . Debra weakened as it moved inland and ultimately dissipated on August 29 over Arkansas . = = Meteorological history = = Debra originated in an upper @-@ level cold @-@ core low pressure system that developed over southwestern Florida in late August 1978 . The low moved southwest towards the Yucatán Peninsula over the next day , as a tropical wave drifted westwards from the Caribbean Sea . The interaction between the upper @-@ level system and the wave led to the formation of a tropical depression on August 26 around 460 miles ( 740 km ) south of New Orleans . At first the depression drifted westward but , as the western periphery of a high @-@ pressure area weakened , it tracked towards the north and slowly strengthened . After a reconnaissance aircraft found surface winds of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) on August 28 , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Debra . The aircraft also recorded a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 59 inHg ) . While Debra approached the coast of Louisiana , an additional flight into the system found a drop in surface pressure to 1000 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) , as well as peak winds of approximately 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) at 00 : 00 GMT on August 29 . Observation stations off the coast recorded sustained winds of 45 – 50 mph ( 70 – 80 km / h ) on August 28 , as Debra passed 150 miles ( 240 km ) to the west . The storm made landfall between Beaumont , Texas , and Lake Charles , Louisiana , on August 28 . Two stations recorded surface pressures of 1002 mbar ( hPa ; ( 29 @.@ 59 inHg ) ) . As Debra moved north @-@ northeast through Louisiana and Arkansas , the central pressure rose slightly . In south central Arkansas the residual low pressure system merged with a frontal trough on August 29 ; the frontal wave drifted into southern Illinois and traveled eastbound into the Ohio Valley for the next three days . Five tornadoes were reported from the system in Texas , Louisiana , and Mississippi shortly after Debra 's landfall . = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Louisiana = = = A flash flood watch was issued in advance of Debra for the whole of Louisiana . ExxonMobil , Royal Dutch Shell , Chevron , and other oil companies shut down operations and evacuated about 1 @,@ 000 employees from offshore oil rigs in Texas and Louisiana . Despite these evacuations , a 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wave killed a person at a rig 80 miles ( 130 km ) offshore from Cameron . Three evacuation centers in Lake Charles , were set up to help those needing shelter and departing the Cameron area , and the Red Cross opened four shelters at the Calcasieu Parish Public Schools . In Louisiana , more than six thousand people were evacuated from Cameron Parish , as well as an undetermined number from Vermilion Parish . Louisiana had moderate flooding , especially in Rapides Parish . Rainfall amounted to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) at Lake Charles and Lafayette , 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) at Shreveport , and 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 8 @.@ 9 cm ) at Monroe . Flash flood warnings were issued during the storm for Louisiana , Mississippi , Arkansas , Missouri , and Tennessee . By dawn on August 29 , all rainwater had receded from the streets and tides were back to normal levels . A confirmed tornado at the Ike settlement in Vernon Parish , knocked over a trailer . The greatest amount of rainfall caused by Debra , 10 @.@ 81 in ( 275 mm ) , was recorded in Freshwater Bayou Lock . More than 6 in ( 150 mm ) was recorded across Louisiana , and tides between Atchafalaya Bay and Vermilion Bay were 5 @.@ 7 ft ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) above normal . At Grand Chenier , a wind gust of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) to 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) was recorded , and there were reports of downed trees and damage to roofs in Lake Charles and New Orleans . Tides at Lake Pontchartrain were 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal . = = = Elsewhere = = = Gale warnings were prompted from Galveston , Texas , through to Grand Isle , Louisiana , at 18 : 00 GMT on August 28 . A confirmed tornado in Hardin County , Texas , damaged a trailer home and power lines . More than 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall was recorded within Texas and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in the Beaumont – Port Arthur area caused minor street flooding . Tides were 1 ft ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) above normal at Corpus Christi , while tides at Galveston were 2 @.@ 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 67 m ) above normal . A tornado spawned in Turkey Creek , Mississippi , destroyed three mobile homes and a house , killing one person and seriously injuring another ; this tornado tracked on to Crystal Springs , Mississippi . Many rice stands were knocked over because of the gusts of wind from Tropical Storm Debra . Rainfall of more than 6 in ( 15 cm ) was recorded in locations across Mississippi , Missouri , and Illinois . Tornadoes were reported in Memphis , Tennessee ; Little Rock , Arkansas ; Starkville , Springdale , Cedarbluff and Flora in Mississippi ; Livingston and Ascension parishes and north Lafayette in Louisiana . One person was hurt in the Memphis tornado . Power was knocked out at four blocks of the Memphis International Airport , gas supplies were cut off in Memphis , and downed trees and power poles blocked many streets . Overall damage caused by Debra was minimal .
= Black vulture = The black vulture ( Coragyps atratus ) also known as the American black vulture , is a bird in the New World vulture family whose range extends from the southeastern United States to Central Chile and Uruguay in South America . Although a common and widespread species , it has a somewhat more restricted distribution than its compatriot , the turkey vulture , which breeds well into Canada and south to Tierra del Fuego . Despite the similar name and appearance , this species is unrelated to the Eurasian black vulture . The latter species is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae ( which includes eagles , hawks , kites and harriers ) , whereas the American species is a New World vulture . It is the only extant member of the genus Coragyps , which is in the family Cathartidae . It inhabits relatively open areas which provide scattered forests or shrublands . With a wingspan of 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) , the black vulture is a large bird though relatively small for a vulture . It has black plumage , a featherless , grayish @-@ black head and neck , and a short , hooked beak . The black vulture is a scavenger and feeds on carrion , but will also eat eggs or kill newborn animals . In areas populated by humans , it also feeds at garbage dumps . It finds its meals either by using its keen eyesight or by following other ( New World ) vultures , which possess a keen sense of smell . Lacking a syrinx — the vocal organ of birds — its only vocalizations are grunts or low hisses . It lays its eggs in caves or hollow trees or on the bare ground , and generally raises two chicks each year , which it feeds by regurgitation . In the United States , the vulture receives legal protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 . This vulture also appeared in Mayan codices . = = Taxonomy = = The common name " vulture " is derived from the Latin word vulturus , which means " tearer " and is a reference to its feeding habits . The species name , atratus , means " clothed in black , " from the Latin ater ' black ' . The genus name , Coragyps means " raven @-@ vulture " , from a contraction of the Greek corax / κόραξ and gyps / γὺψ for the respective birds . The family name , Cathartidae , means " purifier " and is also derived from the Greek kathartēs / καθαρτης . The exact taxonomic placement of the black vulture and the remaining six species of New World vultures remains unclear . Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles , the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world . Just how different the two are is currently under debate , with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks . More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures , or place them in their own order , Cathartiformes . The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in incertae sedis , but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible . There are three subspecies of black vulture : C. a. atratus , named by the German ornithologist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1793 , is known as the North American black vulture . It is the nominate subspecies . It is approximately the same size as C. a. foetens , but its plumage is not as dark . Its range stretches from northern Mexico through Texas and the southern United States north to New Jersey and Pennsylvania . C. a. brasiliensis , named by Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte in 1850 , is known as the Southern American black vulture . It is smaller than C. a. atratus and C. a. foetens . The light markings on the undersides of the primaries are whiter and broader than those of the other subspecies , and the underwing coverts are lighter than those of C. a. foetens . It is found in Central America and northern South America . To the south , the range extends to the coastal regions of Peru on the west and the lowlands of Bolivia on the east . To the north , it stretches to Sonora in western Mexico and San Luis Potosí in eastern Mexico . It is not found in high @-@ altitude regions . C. a. foetens , named by Martin Lichtenstein in 1817 , is known as the Andean black vulture . It is approximately the same size as C. a. atratus . The markings on the undersides of the primaries are smaller than those of the other subspecies , and the underwing coverts are darker . It is found in the Andes range , from northern Ecuador through Peru , northern Bolivia , Paraguay , Uruguay , and the lowlands of Chile . = = = Evolutionary history of Coragyps = = = From the Early to the Late Pleistocene , a prehistoric species of black vulture , Coragyps occidentalis , known as the Pleistocene black vulture or – somewhat in error – the " western black vulture " , occurred across the present species ' range . This bird did not differ much from the black vulture of today except in size ; it was some 10 – 15 % larger , and had a relatively flatter and wider bill . It filled the same ecological niche as the living form , and indeed seems to have evolved into it by decreasing in size during the last ice age . Well documented from fossil bones , the genus Coragyps gives a rare glimpse in the evolutionary dynamics of two chronospecies . The final stages of this evolutionary transformation must have been witnessed by humans : a subfossil bone of the extinct species was found in an Paleo Indian to Early Archaic ( 9000 – 8000 years BCE ) midden at Five Mile Rapids near The Dalles , Oregon . Fossil ( or subfossil ) black vultures cannot necessarily be attributed to the Pleistocene or the recent species without further information : the same size variation found in the living bird was also present in its larger prehistoric relative . Thus , in 1968 , Hildegarde Howard separated the Mexican birds as Coragyps occidentalis mexicanus as opposed to the birds from locations farther north ( such as Rancho La Brea ) which constituted the nominate subspecies C. o. occidentalis . The southern birds were of the same size as present @-@ day north black vultures and can only be distinguished by their somewhat stouter tarsometatarsus and the flatter and wider bills , and even then only with any certainty if the location where the fossils were found is known . As the Pleistocene and current black vultures form an evolutionary continuum rather than splitting into two or more lineages , some include the Pleistocene taxa in C. atratus . = = Description = = The black vulture is a fairly large bird of prey , measuring 56 – 74 cm ( 22 – 29 in ) in length , with a 1 @.@ 33 – 1 @.@ 67 m ( 52 – 66 in ) wingspan . Weight for Black Vultures from North America and the Andes ranges from 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 75 kg ( 3 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 1 lb ) but in the smaller vultures of the tropical lowlands it is 1 @.@ 18 – 1 @.@ 94 kg ( 2 @.@ 6 – 4 @.@ 3 lb ) . 50 vultures in Texas were found to average 2 @.@ 15 kg ( 4 @.@ 7 lb ) while 119 birds in Venezuela were found to average 1 @.@ 64 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 lb ) . The extended wing bone measures 38 @.@ 6 – 45 cm ( 15 @.@ 2 – 17 @.@ 7 in ) , the shortish tail measures 16 – 21 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 3 in ) and the relatively long tarsus measures 7 – 8 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 3 in ) . Its plumage is mainly glossy black . The head and neck are featherless and the skin is dark gray and wrinkled . The iris of the eye is brown and has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid . The legs are grayish white , while the two front toes of the foot are long and have small webs at their bases . The feet are flat , relatively weak , and are poorly adapted to grasping ; the talons are also not designed for grasping , as they are relatively blunt . The nostrils are not divided by a septum , but rather are perforate ; from the side one can see through the beak . The wings are broad but relatively short . The bases of the primary feathers are white , producing a white patch on the underside of the wing 's edge , which is visible in flight . The tail is short and square , barely reaching past the edge of the folded wings . The subspecies differ in size according to Bergmann 's Rule , and the amount of white underwing coloration also varies . As it probably forms a cline over its entire range , the species is often considered monotypic . A leucistic Coragyps atratus brasiliensis was observed in Piñas , Ecuador in 2005 . It had white plumage overall , with only the tarsus and tail as well as some undertail feathers being black . It was not an albino as its skin seemed to have had the normal , dark color and it was part of a flock of some twenty normally plumaged individuals . = = Distribution and habitat = = The black vulture has a Nearctic and Neotropic distribution . Its range includes the mid @-@ Atlantic , including New Jersey , the southern United States , Mexico , Central America and most of South America . It is usually a permanent resident throughout its range , although birds at the extreme north of its range may migrate short distances , and others across their range may undergo local movements in unfavourable conditions . In South America , its range stretches to central Chile and Argentina . It also is found as a vagrant on the islands of the Caribbean . It prefers open land interspersed with areas of woods or brush . It is also found in moist lowland forests , shrublands and grasslands , wetlands and swamps , pastures , and heavily degraded former forests . Preferring lowlands , it is rarely seen in mountainous areas . It is usually seen soaring or perched on fence posts or dead trees . This bird with its somehow crow @-@ like aspect gave foot to the naming of the Quebrada de los Cuervos ( Crows Ravine ) in Uruguay , where they dwell together with the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture and the turkey vulture . = = Ecology and behavior = = It soars high while searching for food , holding its wings horizontally when gliding . It flaps in short bursts which are followed by short periods of gliding . Its flight is less efficient than that of other vultures , as the wings are not as long , forming a smaller wing area . In comparison with the turkey vulture , the black vulture flaps its wings more frequently during flight . It is known to regurgitate when approached or disturbed , which assists in predator deterrence and taking flight by decreasing its takeoff weight . Like all New World vultures , the black vulture often defecates on its own legs , using the evaporation of the water in the feces and / or urine to cool itself , a process known as urohidrosis . It cools the blood vessels in the unfeathered tarsi and feet , and causes white uric acid to streak the legs . Because it lacks a syrinx , the black vulture , like other New World vultures , has very few vocalization capabilities . It is generally silent , but can make hisses and grunts when agitated or while feeding . The black vulture is gregarious , and roosts in large groups . In areas where their ranges overlap , the black vulture will roost on the bare branches of dead trees alongside groups of turkey vultures . The black vulture generally forages in groups ; a flock of black vultures can easily drive a rival turkey vulture , which is generally solitary while foraging , from a carcass . Like the turkey vulture , this vulture is often seen standing in a spread @-@ winged stance . The stance is believed to serve multiple functions : drying the wings , warming the body , and baking off bacteria . This same behavior is displayed by other New World vultures , Old World vultures , and storks . = = = Diet = = = In natural settings , the black vulture eats mainly carrion . In areas populated by humans , it may scavenge at garbage dumps , but also takes eggs and decomposing plant material and can kill or injure newborn or incapacitated mammals . Like other vultures , it plays an important role in the ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease . The black vulture locates food either by sight or by following New World vultures of the genus Cathartes to carcasses . These vultures — the turkey vulture , the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture , and the greater yellow @-@ headed vulture — forage by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan , a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals . Their heightened ability to detect odors allows them to search for carrion below the forest canopy . The black vulture is aggressive when feeding , and may chase the slightly larger turkey vulture from carcasses . The black vulture also occasionally feeds on livestock or deer . It is the only species of New World vulture which preys on cattle . It occasionally harasses cows which are giving birth , but primarily preys on newborn calves . In its first few weeks , a calf will allow vultures to approach it . The vultures swarm the calf in a group , then peck at the calf 's eyes , or at the nose or the tongue . The calf then goes into shock and is killed by the vultures . Black vultures have sometimes been seen to pick ticks off resting capybaras . = = = Reproduction = = = The timing of black vultures ' breeding season varies with the latitude at which they live . In the United States , birds in Florida begin breeding as early as January , for example , while those in Ohio generally do not start before March . In South America , Argentinian and Chilean birds begin egg @-@ laying as early as September , while those further north on the continent typically wait until October . Some in South America breed even later than that — black vultures in Trinidad typically do not start until November , for example , and those in Ecuador may wait until February . Pairs are formed following a courtship ritual which is performed on the ground : several males circle a female with their wings partially open as they strut and bob their heads . They sometimes perform courtship flights , diving or chasing each other over their chosen nest site . The black vulture lays its eggs on the ground in a wooded area , a hollow log , or some other cavity , seldom more than 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) above the ground . While it generally does not use any nesting materials , it may decorate the area around the nest with bits of brightly colored plastic , shards of glass , or metal items such as bottle caps . Clutch size is generally two eggs , though this can vary from one to three . The egg is oval and on average measures 7 @.@ 56 cm × 5 @.@ 09 cm ( 2 @.@ 98 in × 2 @.@ 00 in ) . The smooth , gray @-@ green , bluish , or white shell is variably blotched or spotted with lavender or pale brown around the larger end . Both parents incubate the eggs , which hatch after 28 to 41 days . Upon hatching , the young are covered with white down . Both parents feed the nestlings , regurgitating food at the nest site . The young remain in the nest for two months , and after 75 to 80 days they are able to fly skillfully . Predation of black vultures is relatively unlikely , though eggs and nestlings are readily eaten if found by mammalian predators such as raccoons , coatis and foxes . Due to its aggressiveness and size , few predators can threaten the fully @-@ grown vulture . However , various eagles may kill vultures in conflicts and even the ornate hawk @-@ eagle , a slightly smaller bird than the vulture , have preyed on adult black vultures . = = Relationship with humans = = The black vulture is considered a threat by cattle ranchers due to its predation on newborn cattle . The droppings produced by black vultures and other vultures can harm or kill trees and other vegetation . The bird is also considered a threat to the safety of aerial traffic , especially when it congregates in large numbers in the vicinity of garbage dumps — as is the case in the Rio de Janeiro Tom Jobim International Airport . The black vulture can be held in captivity , though the Migratory Bird Treaty Act only allows this in the case of animals which are injured or unable to return to the wild . It receives special legal protections under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 in the United States , by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada , and by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals in Mexico . In the United States it is illegal to take , kill , or possess black vultures and violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to US $ 15 @,@ 000 and imprisonment of up to six months . It is listed as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List . Populations appear to remain stable , and it has not reached the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species , which requires a decline of more than 30 % in ten years or three generations . The black vulture appears in a variety of Maya hieroglyphics in Mayan codices . It is normally connected with either death or as a bird of prey . The vulture 's glyph is often shown attacking humans . This species lacks the religious connections that the king vulture has . While some of the glyphs clearly show the black vulture 's open nostril and hooked beak , some are assumed to be this species because they are vulture @-@ like but lack the king vulture 's knob and are painted black . This vulture has appeared on two stamps : those of Guyana in 1990 and Nicaragua in 1994 .
= Amy Wyatt = Amy Marie Violet Wyatt is a fictional character from the British soap opera Emmerdale , played by Chelsea Halfpenny . She debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 8 October 2010 . Since her inception Amy has been central to main storylines and has been played as the serial 's rebellious teenager . Halfpenny has said she enjoys playing the character 's mischievous side . Amy 's unstable upbringing in children 's homes and foster care has impacted on her persona . She is a troubled character and protects herself by creating a hard exterior . Amy 's biggest fear is embarrassment and she aspires to lead a normal family life with her foster parents Val and Eric Pollard . As her storylines have developed she has grown close to the pair , yet rebelled at various stages . Charlie Hardwick and Chris Chittell who play Val and Eric have expressed their delight with the positive impact Amy has had on their on @-@ screen family . She has a kooky style and wears heavy make @-@ up . Other stories for the character include blackmail , one @-@ night stands , heavy drinking and robberies . In 2011 , the programme 's series producer Stuart Blackburn devised a storyline to help viewers relate to Amy more . It began when Amy discovers she is pregnant by the serial 's villain Cain Dingle . As the narrative progresses , Amy becomes ostracised as the fear of losing her new @-@ found family increases . Amy has received mixed reviews from critics . Jane Simon from the Daily Mail said her first scenes resembled a horror movie , while her colleague Jaci Stephen has opined that Amy wears too much make @-@ up . However , entertainment website Digital Spy has favoured many of her storylines . Halfpenny has been nominated for three Best Newcomer awards for her portrayal of Amy . Halfpenny announced her departure from Emmerdale in October 2013 . She departed on 14 November 2013 . = = Character development = = = = = Creation and Characterisation = = = Series producer Gavin Blyth first mentioned Amy 's arrival in June 2010 . He said the characters of Val ( Charlie Hardwick ) and Eric Pollard ( Chris Chittell ) faced a " fascinating future " with the arrival of a " fresh @-@ faced stranger who takes a shine to the pair . " Amy debuted on @-@ screen on 8 October 2010 when she found herself stranded outside the village . She later moves in with Val and Eric and attempts to rebuild her life . Amy is a happy character with a mischievous personality . As Amy grew up in foster care it shows in her persona . Though it is often hard for people to understand why she acts wayward , she also has the vulnerability factor . Halfpenny said she likes Amy 's mischievous side and hoped she would not learn to be sensible . Halfpenny also felt it was important that Amy remained youthful because she disliked portrayals of teenagers growing up too quickly . She found it easy to portray a character younger than herself as she could base aspects of Amy 's story on her own teenage experience . At times she is scared she puts on a " hard exterior " . Amy has a distinct style , Halfpenny described it as being quite " out there " in her choice of clothing and make @-@ up . Halfpenny said that viewers would not be getting used to Amy 's " nice side " and reminded them that she is good at " lying and scheming " . She concluded that Amy 's bad side was due to resurface . = = = Adjusting to family life = = = After Val and Eric foster Amy , she starts acting rebellious again . She starts drinking and throwing herself at men , forcing her foster parents to have second thoughts . Halfpenny told Inside Soap that Amy goes off the rails because she is convinced everything goes wrong in her life . " She 's afraid of getting hurt , so she spoils things for herself before anyone else can get there first . " Halfpenny explained that Val 's parental approach compared to Eric 's was contrasting . Eric had not been around when his son David Metcalfe ( Matthew Wolfenden ) grew up , Halfpenny said this factor meant that Eric is not tolerant with Amy 's bad behaviour . Though , Val had brought up her own children , her approach towards Amy is " light @-@ hearted . " However , when Amy continues her alcohol binges , Val and Eric feel she has " gone too far " and " question their ability to cope with her . " Served with an ultimatum , Amy has to endure changes to remain with her new family . Halfpenny claimed the main change she had to make was " to keep her tongue in her own mouth and cool it down with the boys . " Off @-@ screen Wolfenden , Hardwick and Chittel were thrilled by Amy 's inclusion . Wolfenden said Halfpenny 's acting skill has " freshened the whole place up . " In comparison , David was initially hostile to Amy 's inclusion in his family . However , in one storyline his attitude towards her softens and results in Amy developing feelings for him . Wolfenden said David " has a soft spot for Amy " and flirted with her . Over time he began to see her as his " little sister . " When David 's girlfriend , Leyla Harding ( Roxy Shahidi ) accuses Amy of stealing from the shop , David proves her innocence by exposing Alicia Gallagher ( Natalie Anderson ) as the thief . Wolfenden added that David has given out the wrong signals and acted naive during the story arc . Wolfenden explained that Amy misreads the signs because " she never had that sort of affection when she was growing up . " Amy kisses David which shocks him , though Wolfenden felt it should not surprise him . Amy lies to her best friend Victoria Sugden ( Isabel Hodgins ) , claiming she has slept with him and runs away from home . Halfpenny revealed that Amy genuinely liked David and thought the feeling was mutual . " She wouldn 't do it to embarrass herself ; i think that is one of Amy 's biggest fears being embarrassed . " When David tracks Amy down ; she blackmails him in return for the truth but David exposes her to Eric . Halfpenny said Amy was hurt by David 's deception because she trusted him and despite their problems had a " good relationship " . Eric tries to convince Amy to return home to lead the life she had always wanted , because " deep down he really cares about her . " The strict parenting role is played once again with Eric , and Halfpenny branded the moment as Amy " meeting her match . " As " nothing is straight forward with Amy " , she returns home but finds telling the truth hard . Amy settles into village life until Jared Haynes ( Philip Hill @-@ Pearson ) arrives and blackmails Amy . An Emmerdale spokesperson revealed that Amy had an affair with Jared 's father and ruined his family . " She ’ s got herself in a mess and this is just the start of her problems . " Amy steals from Val and Eric to pay Jared off . At this point in the story Val and Eric " are sick of Amy 's bad behaviour . " Val refuses to give her any more help . = = = Cain Dingle and pregnancy = = = Amy 's role in the serial increased with her much publicised pregnancy storyline . The plot begins when Amy has sex with Cain Dingle ( Jeff Hordley ) . Halfpenny said " It 's Amy who takes the lead and it goes from there . " Hordley explained that Amy 's attention inflates Cain 's ego and he thinks " ' aye , aye " . It 's still young but in his book , he 's like , ' wahey , I 've still got it ' . " However , when he learns she is sixteen , " he feels incredibly stupid and " embarrassed . " Cain shows no guilt and orders her to keep her distance . Halfpenny said Amy is not fazed by Cain 's attitude and uses the situation to make David jealous . In August 2011 , Amy discovers she is pregnant and is left in a state of shock . With the storyline Halfpenny received her busiest filming schedules since she started filming . Halfpenny told What 's on TV that " it couldn 't have come at a worse time " because Amy is on her final chance with Val and Eric . Cain is unsympathetic , angry - while Amy is scared . Hordley said Cain wants to keep it " low @-@ key - to get rid and then move on . " He attempts to force her to abort the baby . Amy agrees because she isn 't " very bright " and thinks it will be the " easier option . " When she sees her ultrasound scan , Amy cannot go ahead with the abortion due to her own upbringing . Amy 's left in a terrified frame of mind when Victoria tells her about Cain 's violent past . As the storyline developed , it held the potential to ruin the positive changes that the character had achieved . Halfpenny said Amy had become really close to Val and Eric . They are in a " good place " and they think " Amy 's all happy . " The one person she wants to tell is Val , with whom she shares the closest bond and shes " gutted " to remain silent . It prevents them from having a normal parent / child relationship , as the truth would ruin her one last chance . Halfpenny said her portrayal turns Amy to a " dark place " as she is " too young to be coping with something like this . " As Amy becomes preoccupied with fear in case Cain finds out , Halfpenny said it makes Amy do " something dangerous . " Though , Amy has Victoria to fall back on and is described as " her rock " . Emmerdale series producer Stuart Blackburn said the storyline would change the lives of a lot of people around Amy . At times he said the narrative is " truly heart breaking " and dangerous . " I think it 's going to change perceptions of Amy [ ... ] we ’ re going to start to understand Amy an awful lot more . " = = = Departure = = = On 11 October 2013 , it was announced Halfpenny would be leaving Emmerdale . The actress said she had had " an amazing experience " with the show and added " It 's completely changed my life , as it 's given me confidence and I 'm coming out of it having learnt so much . I now feel ready to move on and play other characters , although playing Amy Wyatt has been more fun than I 'd ever imagined . " = = Storylines = = Amy 's car breaks down outside the village and Andy Sugden ( Kelvin Fletcher ) stops to help . Amy claims she is pregnant but Andy knows she is lying and takes her to the local garage . While her car is being serviced , Amy checks into the B & B where she meets Val and Eric and claims to be a trainee nurse to get a discount ; but tells Victoria that she is actually sixteen and has run away from foster care . Victoria tries to sneak Amy out without paying but Val catches her so she offers to pay her debt by working in the B & B. The police arrive and inform Val that Amy stole her foster parents ' car and she leaves with a social worker . Victoria stays in touch with Amy and when she runs away again , Victoria hides her in the basement of the B & B. Val finds her and lets her stay but Eric forces her to leave . Amy visits Val again and tells her that her foster parents have separated and she is moving to a care home . Amy locks herself in a bathroom and workers at the care home telephone Val , claiming she will not resurface until Val arrives . Val arranges for Amy to stay at the B & B and later fosters her . Amy starts working for Leyla and develops feelings for David , who pays her attention . Amy sleeps with Cain and tries to make David jealous , misinterpreting his concern about her behaviour . When Alicia steals £ 500 worth of stock , Leyla accuses Amy but David defends her and Alicia admits it was her . Amy kisses David on the cheek to thank him for his support and misinterpreting his concern , makes further advances but runs away after David rejects her . When she comes home , she blackmails David and tells Victoria she has slept with him . Later , Amy admits that she lied . Amy , Val and Eric move into their new home at the barn conversion but her happiness is short @-@ lived as a man from her past , Jared , tracks her down . He threatens to tell her new family and friends about her past and demands money to keep quiet until Zak Dingle ( Steve Halliwell ) intervenes , realizing something is wrong . She tells Zak about her past and makes him promise to keep quiet . She pays Jared but when threatened by Zak , he reveals that Amy 's affair with his father caused his family to break down . Zak makes Jared leave but Amy discovers she is pregnant and tells Cain , who demands she have a termination . Victoria suggests Amy tell Val but at the clinic , learns that her pregnancy is too advanced for a termination and the baby is due in December . She tells Belle Dingle ( Eden Taylor @-@ Draper ) about her condition but insists that Belle keep it secret , scared of Cain 's reaction if he finds out . Amy later gives birth to a baby boy in the church graveyard . Thinking he is dead , Amy wraps him in her jumper before leaving him in a telephone box and goes to David 's house . She tells him what has happened and he learns that the baby has been found alive and taken to hospital . Knowing Amy needs medical attention herself , he waits for her to fall asleep and calls an ambulance , Val and Eric . At the hospital , she apologizes to Eric and Val for keeping her pregnancy a secret and initially decides to keep the baby , now named Kyle , delighting Val and Eric . On Christmas Day 2011 , Amy is bathing Kyle but freezes when she remembers her mother dropping her in the bath and giving her to social services . Amy runs away , leaving Kyle with Val , and confides in Victoria who helps her decide to give Kyle up for adoption . Val is upset by Amy 's decision and that Eric is supporting her , making them drift apart . Val tries to win Amy back with a family trip to Portugal but goes alone and clears the bank account . Amy is upset when Eric begins dating Brenda Walker ( Lesley Dunlop ) and attempts to keep them apart ; however , she realizes how happy Brenda makes Eric and supports the relationship . Amy discovers that Kyle 's adoptive parents have died . She and Victoria attend the funeral to see if Kyle is there but they see him at the wake with his adoptive grandmother , Joanie Wright ( Denise Black ) . When Kyle drops his toy , Amy tries to tell Joanie but she does not hear her so Amy keeps it . The next day , Amy returns and a barmaid tells her where Joanie lives . Amy plans to return the toy but changes her mind at the last minute and leaves . Needing to see Kyle , she persuades Andy to let her take baby Jack to Kyle 's playgroup and makes friends with Joanie , telling her that she is studying childcare and asking if she needs any help with Kyle . Joanie accepts and allows Amy to look after Kyle occasionally . Val is thrilled when she finds out but Victoria and Eric are not convinced that it is a good idea and Eric tells Joanie that Amy is Kyle 's birth mother . Disgusted , Joanie refuses to let Amy see Kyle any more but is eventually convinced to change her mind . Sadly , while Amy and Kyle are on a picnic together , Kyle almost drowns accidentally and Joanie blames Amy and bans her from seeing Kyle again . This time Joanie refuses to change her mind and even calls the police when Amy visits repeatedly who warn her to stay away . Desperate to see her son , Amy and Andy ( who she is now dating ) call Social Services to see if she can get custody of Kyle but the social worker tells her that being awarded custody is very unlikely . Feeling now that the adoption was a mistake , Amy decides to snatch Kyle and go on the run . Kerry , knowing how Amy feels about losing her child , tries to talk her out of it but when she can 't , decides to help her instead . They go to Kyle 's playgroup and kidnap him and Kerry drives them to the docks so that she can go to Ireland . During the drive , Val phones repeatedly but they don 't answer . Eventually Kerry answers and Amy tearfully reveals her plans before throwing the phone away . Eric checks the history on the computer and finds out where Amy is heading . Cain , Andy , Val , Eric and Joanie all head to the docks . In the end , Cain persuades Amy to return Kyle , warning her of the complications of the life on the run and how Kyle might be affected . She says goodbye to Kyle and gives him to Cain , who tries to convince her to stay too but Amy , fearing she 'll be sent to prison , refuses and leaves , devastating Val . Val later gets a call from Amy and learns that she is living in Ireland with her aunt . In September 2015 , David informs Amy of Val 's death and the funeral date , but Amy believes it would be too big a risk to return to the village . She passes her regards to Eric and the family . = = Reception = = In 2011 , Halfpenny was nominated in the category of " Best Soap Newcomer " at the TV Choice Awards . She was later nominated in the category of " Best Newcomer " at the Inside Soap Awards . She was later nominated for " Best Newcomer " at the 2012 National Television Awards . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror said Amy 's first scenes resembled the start of a " teen horror movie . " Inside Soap described Amy stating : " To survive in soapland you need attitude - and Amy Wyatt isn 't lacking in that department . " Jaci Stephen of the Daily Mail has criticised Amy for the amount of make @-@ up she wears . When Leyla accused her of thieving , Stephen said it couldn 't have been her because she wears too much eye make @-@ up . She jibed " she 's lucky she can find one foot in front of the other . " When Amy is unsure whether or not to abort her baby , Stephen jested her first decision should be whether to change her mascara - " I ’ ve seen less fuel @-@ faced coal miners . " Stephen opined that it was obvious David was heading for trouble with " gratingly Geordie Amy . " She said she had no sympathy for him because he knowingly walked into Amy 's " maelstrom of rampant teen hormones . " Entertainment website Digital Spy have chosen certain plots featuring Amy in their " Picture of the day " recommendation feature . These include Amy being accused of thieving , blackmailing David and revealing her pregnancy to Cain .
= Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union = There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union , based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem . It was called " psychopathological mechanisms " of dissent . During the leadership of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev , psychiatry was used to disable and remove from society political opponents ( " dissidents " ) who openly expressed beliefs that contradicted the official dogma . The term " philosophical intoxication " , for instance , was widely applied to the mental disorders diagnosed when people disagreed with the country 's Communist leaders and , by referring to the writings of the Founding Fathers of Marxism – Leninism — Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , and Vladimir Lenin — made them the target of criticism . Article 58 @-@ 10 of the Stalin @-@ era Criminal Code , " Anti @-@ Soviet agitation " , was to a considerable degree preserved in the new 1958 RSFSR Criminal Code as Article 70 " Anti @-@ Soviet agitation and propaganda " . In 1967 a weaker law , Article 190 @-@ 1 " Dissemination of fabrications known to be false , which defame the Soviet political and social system " , was added to the RSFSR Criminal Code . These laws were frequently applied in conjunction with the system of diagnosis for mental illness , developed by Academician Andrei Snezhnevsky . Together they established a framework within which non @-@ standard beliefs could easily be defined as a criminal offence and the basis , subsequently , for a psychiatric diagnosis . = = Applying the diagnosis = = The " anti @-@ Soviet " political behavior of some individuals — being outspoken in their opposition to the authorities , demonstrating for reform , and writing critical books — were defined simultaneously as criminal acts ( e.g. , a violation of Articles 70 or 190 @-@ 1 ) , symptoms of mental illness ( e.g. , " delusion of reformism " ) , and susceptible to a ready @-@ made diagnosis ( e.g. , " sluggish schizophrenia " ) . Within the boundaries of the diagnostic category , the symptoms of pessimism , poor social adaptation and conflict with authorities were themselves sufficient for a formal diagnosis of " sluggish schizophrenia . " The psychiatric incarceration of certain individuals was prompted by their attempts to emigrate , to distribute or possess prohibited documents or books , to participate in civil rights protests and demonstrations , and become involved in forbidden religious activities . The religious beliefs of prisoners , including those of well @-@ educated former atheists who had become adherents of a religious faith , was considered to be a form of mental illness that required treatment . The KGB routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing publiс trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds . Highly classified government documents which have become available after the dissolution of the Soviet Union confirm that the authorities consciously used psychiatry as a tool to suppress dissent . According to the " Commentary " to the post @-@ Soviet Russian Federation Law on Psychiatric Care , individuals forced to undergo treatment in Soviet psychiatric medical institutions were entitled to rehabilitation in accordance with the established procedure and could claim compensation . The Russian Federation acknowledged that before 1991 psychiatry had been used for political purposes and took responsibility for the victims of " political psychiatry . " The political abuse of psychiatry in Russia has continued , nevertheless , since the fall of the Soviet Union and human rights activists may still face the threat of a psychiatric diagnosis for their legitimate civic and political activities . = = Background = = = = = Definitions = = = Political abuse of psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis , detention and treatment for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain groups and individuals in a society . It entails the exculpation and committal of citizens to psychiatric facilities based upon political rather than mental health @-@ based criteria . Many authors , including psychiatrists , also use the terms " Soviet political psychiatry " or " punitive psychiatry " to refer to this phenomenon . In his book Punitive Medicine ( 1979 ) Alexander Podrabinek defined the term " punitive medicine " , which is identified with " punitive psychiatry , " as " a tool in the struggle against dissidents who cannot be punished by legal means . " Punitive psychiatry is neither a discrete subject nor a psychiatric specialty but , rather , it is an emergency arising within many applied sciences in totalitarian countries where members of a profession may feel themselves compelled to serve the diktats of power . Psychiatric confinement of sane people is uniformly considered a particularly pernicious form of repression and Soviet punitive psychiatry was one of the key weapons of both illegal and legal repression . As Vladimir Bukovsky and Semyon Gluzman wrote in their joint A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissenters , " the Soviet use of psychiatry as a punitive means is based upon the deliberate interpretation of dissent ... as a psychiatric problem . " = = = An inherent capacity for abuse = = = Psychiatry possesses an inherent capacity for abuse that is greater than in other areas of medicine . The diagnosis of mental disease can give the state license to detain persons against their will and insist upon therapy both in the interest of the detainee and in the broader interests of society . In addition , receiving a psychiatric diagnosis can in itself be regarded as oppressive . In a monolithic state , psychiatry can be used to bypass standard legal procedures for establishing guilt or innocence and allow political incarceration without the ordinary odium attaching to such political trials . In the period from the 1960 @-@ s to 1986 , the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes was reported to have been systematic in the Soviet Union and episodic in other Eastern European countries such as Romania , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The practice of incarceration of political dissidents in mental hospitals in Eastern Europe and the former USSR damaged the credibility of psychiatric practice in these states and entailed strong condemnation from the international community . Psychiatrists have been involved in human rights abuses in states across the world when the definitions of mental disease were expanded to include political disobedience . As scholars have long argued , governmental and medical institutions have at times classified threats to authority during periods of political disturbance and instability as a form of mental disease . In many countries political prisoners are still sometimes confined and abused in mental institutions . In the Soviet Union dissidents were often confined in the so @-@ called psikhushka , or psychiatric wards . Psikhushka is the Russian ironic diminutive for " mental hospital " . One of the first psikhushkas was the Psychiatric Prison Hospital in the city of Kazan . In 1939 it was transferred to the control of the NKVD ( the secret police and precursor of the KGB ) on the orders of Lavrentiy Beria , the head of the NKVD . International human rights defenders such as Walter Reich have long recorded the methods by which Soviet psychiatrists in Psikhushka hospitals diagnosed schizophrenia in political dissenters . Western scholars examined no aspect of Soviet psychiatry as thoroughly as its involvement in the social control of political dissenters . = = = Under Stalin , Khrushchev and Brezhnev = = = As early as 1948 , the Soviet secret service took an interest in this area of medicine . One of those with overall responsibility for the Soviet secret police , pre @-@ war Procurator General and State Prosecutor , the deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrey Vyshinsky , was the first to order the use of psychiatry as a tool of repression . Russian psychiatrist Pyotr Gannushkin also believed that in a class society , especially during the most severe class struggle , psychiatry was incapable of not being repressive . A system of political abuse of psychiatry was developed at the end of Joseph Stalin 's regime . Punitive psychiatry was not simply an inheritance from the Stalin era , however , according to Alexander Etkind . The GULag , or Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps , was an effective instrument of political repression . There was no compelling requirement to develop an alternative and more expensive psychiatric substitute . The abuse of psychiatry was a natural product of the later Soviet era . From the mid @-@ 1970s to the 1990s the structure of the USSR mental health service conformed to the double standard in society , being represented by two distinct systems which co @-@ existed peacefully for the most part , despite periodic conflicts between them : system one was that of punitive psychiatry . It directly served the authorities and those in power , and was headed by the Moscow Institute for Forensic Psychiatry named in honour of Vladimir Serbsky ; system two was made up of elite , psychotherapeutically oriented clinics . It was headed by the Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute named in memory of Vladimir Bekhterev . The hundreds of hospitals in the provinces combined elements of both systems . If someone was mentally ill then , he was sent to a psychiatric hospital and confined there until his dying day . If his mental health was uncertain but he was not constantly unwell , he and his kharakteristika [ testimonial from employers , the Party and other Soviet institutions ] were sent to a labour camp or to be shot . When allusions to socialist legality started to be made , it was decided to prosecute such people . Soon it became apparent that putting people who gave anti @-@ Soviet speeches on trial only made matters worse for the regime . Such individuals were no longer tried in court . Instead they were given a psychiatric examination and declared insane . = = The Joint Session , October 1951 = = In the 1950s , the psychiatrists of the Soviet Union turned themselves into the medical arm of the Gulag State . A precursor of later abuses in psychiatry in the Soviet Union , the " Joint Session " of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Board of the All @-@ Union Neurological and Psychiatric Association took place from 10 to 15 October 1951 . The event was dedicated , supposedly , to the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov and alleged that several of the USSR 's leading neuroscientists and psychiatrists of the time ( among them Grunya Sukhareva , Vasily Gilyarovsky , Raisa Golant , Aleksandr Shmaryan , and Mikhail Gurevich ) were guilty of practicing " anti @-@ Pavlovian , anti @-@ Marxist , idealistic [ and ] reactionary " science , and this was damaging to Soviet psychiatry . During the Joint Session these eminent psychiatrists , motivated by fear , had to publicly admit that their scientific positions were erroneous and they also had to promise to conform to " Pavlovian " doctrines . These public declarations of obedience proved insufficient . In the closing speech Snezhnevsky , the lead author of the Session 's policy report , stated that the accused psychiatrists " have not disarmed themselves and continue to remain in the old anti @-@ Pavlovian positions " , thereby causing " grave damage to the Soviet psychiatric research and practice " . The vice president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences accused them of " diligently worshipping the dirty source of American pseudo @-@ science " . Those who articulated these accusations at the Joint Session — among them Irina Strelchuk , Vasily Banshchikov , Oleg Kerbikov , and Snezhnevsky — were distinguished by their careerist ambition and fear for their own positions . Not surprisingly , many of them were promoted and appointed to leadership posts shortly after the session . The Joint Session also had a negative impact on several leading Soviet academic neuroscientists , such as Pyotr Anokhin , Aleksey Speransky , Lina Stern , Ivan Beritashvili , and Leon Orbeli . They were labeled as anti @-@ Pavlovians , anti @-@ materialists and reactionaries and subsequently they were dismissed from their positions . In addition to losing their laboratories some of these scientists were subjected to torture in prison . The Moscow , Leningrad , Ukrainian , Georgian , and Armenian schools of neuroscience and neurophysiology were damaged for a period due to this loss of personnel . The Joint Session ravaged productive research in neurosciences and psychiatry for years to come . Pseudo @-@ science took control . Following a previous joint session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences ( 28 June – 4 July 1950 ) and the 10 @-@ 15 October 1951 joint session of the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Board of the All @-@ Union Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists , Snezhnevky 's schoolthe was given the leading role . The 1950 decision to give monopoly over psychiatry to the Pavlovian school of Snezhnevsky was one of the crucial factors in the rise of political psychiatry . The Soviet doctors , under the incentive of Snezhnevsky , devised a " Pavlovian theory of schizophrenia " and increasingly applied this diagnostic category to political dissidents . = = " Sluggish schizophrenia " = = " The incarceration of free thinking healthy people in madhouses is spiritual murder , it is a variation of the gas chamber , even more cruel ; the torture of the people being killed is more malicious and more prolonged . Like the gas chambers , these crimes will never be forgotten and those involved in them will be condemned for all time during their life and after their death . " ( Alexander Solzhenitsyn ) Psychiatric diagnoses such as the diagnosis of " sluggish schizophrenia " in political dissidents in the USSR were used for political purposes . It was the diagnosis of " sluggish schizophrenia " that was most prominently used in cases of dissidents . Sluggish schizophrenia as one of new diagnostic categories was created to facilitate the stifling of dissidents and was a root of self @-@ deception among psychiatrists to placate their consciences when the doctors acted as a tool of oppression in the name of a political system . According to the Global Initiative on Psychiatry chief executive Robert van Voren , the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR arose from the conception that people who opposed the Soviet regime were mentally sick since there was no other logical rationale why one would oppose the sociopolitical system considered the best in the world . The diagnosis " sluggish schizophrenia , " a longstanding concept further developed by the Moscow School of Psychiatry and particularly by its chief Snezhnevsky , furnished a very handy framework for explaining this behavior . The weight of scholarly opinion holds that the psychiatrists who played the primary role in the development of this diagnostic concept were following directives from the Communist Party and the Soviet secret service , or KGB , and were well aware of the political uses to which it would be put . Nevertheless , for many Soviet psychiatrists " sluggish schizophrenia " appeared to be a logical explanation to apply to the behavior of critics of the regime who , in their opposition , seemed willing to jeopardize their happiness , family , and career for a reformist conviction or ideal that was so apparently divergent from the prevailing social and political orthodoxy . Snezhnevsky , the most prominent theorist of Soviet psychiatry and director of the Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences , developed a novel classification of mental disorders postulating an original set of diagnostic criteria . A carefully crafted description of sluggish schizophrenia established that psychotic symptoms were non @-@ essential for the diagnosis , but symptoms of psychopathy , hypochondria , depersonalization or anxiety were central to it . Symptoms referred to as part of the " negative axis " included pessimism , poor social adaptation , and conflict with authorities , and were themselves sufficient for a formal diagnosis of " sluggish schizophrenia with scanty symptoms . " According to Snezhnevsky , patients with sluggish schizophrenia could present as quasi sane yet manifest minimal but clinically relevant personality changes which could remain unnoticed to the untrained eye . Thereby patients with non @-@ psychotic mental disorders , or even persons who were not mentally sick , could be easily labelled with the diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia . Along with paranoia , sluggish schizophrenia was the diagnosis most frequently used for the psychiatric incarceration of dissenters . As per the theories of Snezhnevsky and his colleagues , schizophrenia was much more prevalent than previously considered since the illness could be presented with comparatively slight symptoms and only progress afterwards . As a consequence , schizophrenia was diagnosed much more often in Moscow than in cities of other countries , as the World Health Organization Pilot Study on Schizophrenia reported in 1973 . The city with the highest prevalence of schizophrenia in the world was Moscow . In particular , the scope was widened by sluggish schizophrenia because according to Snezhnevsky and his colleagues , patients with this diagnosis were capable of functioning almost normally in the social sense . Their symptoms could be like those of a neurosis or could assume a paranoid character . The patients with paranoid symptoms retained some insight into their condition but overestimated their own significance and could manifest grandiose ideas of reforming society . Thereby , sluggish schizophrenia could have such symptoms as " reform delusions , " " perseverance , " and " struggle for the truth . " As Viktor Styazhkin reported , Snezhnevsky diagnosed a reformation delusion for every case when a patient " develops a new principle of human knowledge , drafts an academy of human happiness , and many other projects for the benefit of mankind . " In the 1960s and 1970s , theories , which contained ideas about reforming society and struggling for truth , and religious convictions were not referred to delusional paranoid disorders in practically all foreign classifications , but Soviet psychiatry , proceeding from ideological conceptions , referred critique of the political system and proposals to reform this system to the delusional construct . Diagnostic approaches of conception of sluggish schizophrenia and paranoiac states with delusion of reformism were used only in the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries . On the covert orders of the KGB , thousands of social and political reformers — Soviet " dissidents " — were incarcerated in mental hospitals after being labelled with diagnoses of " sluggish schizophrenia " , a disease fabricated by Snezhnevsky and " Moscow school " of psychiatry . American psychiatrist Alan A. Stone stated that Western criticism of Soviet psychiatry aimed at Snezhnevsky personally , because he was essentially responsible for the Soviet concept of schizophrenia with a " sluggish type " manifestation by " reformerism " including other symptoms . One can readily apply this diagnostic scheme to dissenters . Snezhnevsky was long attacked in the West as an exemplar of psychiatric abuse in the USSR . The leading critics implied that Snezhnevsky had designed the Soviet model of schizophrenia and this diagnosis to make political dissent into a mental disease . He was charged with cynically developing a system of diagnosis which could be bent for political purposes , and he himself diagnosed or was involved in a series of famous dissident cases , and , in dozens of cases , he personally signed a commission decision on legal insanity of mentally healthy dissidents including Vladimir Bukovsky , Natalya Gorbanevskaya , Leonid Plyushch , Mikola Plakhotnyuk , and Pyotr Grigorenko . = = Beginning of the trend toward mass abuse = = = = = From Khrushchev to Andropov = = = The campaign to declare political opponents mentally sick and to commit dissenters to mental hospitals began in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As Vladimir Bukovsky commented on the emergence of the political abuse of psychiatry , Nikita Khrushchev reckoned that it was impossible for people in a socialist society to have an anti @-@ socialist consciousness . Whenever manifestations of dissidence could not be justified as a provocation of world imperialism or a legacy of the past , they were self @-@ evidently the product of mental disease . In a speech published in the Pravda daily newspaper on 24 May 1959 , Khrushchev said : A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behavior frequently caused by mental disorder . Can there be diseases , nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society ? Evidently yes . If that is so , then there will also be offences , which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds . Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis , we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal . The now available evidence supports the conclusion that the system of political abuse of psychiatry was carefully designed by the KGB to rid the USSR of undesirable elements . According to several available documents and a message by a former general of the Fifth ( dissident ) Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB to Robert van Voren , political abuse of psychiatry as a systematic method of repression was developed by Yuri Andropov along with a selected group of associates . Andropov was in charge of the wide @-@ ranging deployment of psychiatric repression from the moment he was appointed to head the KGB . He became KGB Chairman on 18 May 1967 . On 3 July 1967 , he made a proposal to establish a Fifth Directorate ( ideological counterintelligence ) within the KGB to deal with internal political opposition to the Soviet regime . The Directorate was set up at the end of July and took charge of KGB files on all Soviet dissidents , including Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn . In 1968 KGB Chairman Andropov issued a departmental order " On the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary " , calling for the KGB to struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters . His aim was " the destruction of dissent in all its forms " and he insisted that the struggle for human rights was just one part of a wide @-@ ranging imperialist plot to undermine the Soviet state 's foundation . Similar ideas can be found in the 1983 book Speeches and Writings by Andropov published when he had become General Secretary of the CPSU : [ w ] hen analyzing the main trend in present @-@ day bourgeois criticism of [ Soviet ] human rights policies one is bound to draw the conclusion that although this criticism is camouflaged with " concern " for freedom , democracy , and human rights , it is directed in fact against the socialist essence of Soviet society ... = = = Implementation and the legal framework = = = On 29 April 1969 , Andropov submitted an elaborate plan to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to set up a network of mental hospitals that would defend the " Soviet Government and the socialist order " from dissenters . To persuade his fellow Politburo members of the risk posed by the mentally ill , Andropov circulated a report from the Krasnodar Region . A secret resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers was adopted . Andropov 's proposal to use psychiatry for struggle against dissenters was adopted and implemented . In 1929 the USSR had 70 psychiatric hospitals and 21 @,@ 103 psychiatric beds . By 1935 this had increased to 102 psychiatric hospitals and 33 @,@ 772 psychiatric beds , and by 1955 there were 200 psychiatric hospitals and 116 @,@ 000 psychiatric beds in the Soviet Union . The Soviet authorities built psychiatric hospitals at a rapid pace and increased the quantity of beds for patients with nervous and mental illnesses : between 1962 and 1974 the number of beds for psychiatric patients increased from 222 @,@ 600 to 390 @,@ 000 . Such an expansion in the number of psychiatric beds was expected to continue in the years up to 1980 . Throughout this period the dominant trend in Soviet psychiatry ran counter to the vigorous attempts in Western countries to treat as many as possible as out @-@ patients rather than in @-@ patients . On 15 May 1969 , a Soviet Government decree ( No. 345 – 209 ) was issued " On measures for preventing dangerous behavior ( acts ) on the part of mentally ill persons . " This decree confirmed the practice of having undesirables hauled into detention by psychiatrists . Soviet psychiatrists were told whom they should examine and were assured that they might detain these individuals with the help of the police or entrap them into coming to the hospital . The psychiatrists thereby doubled as interrogators and as arresting officers . Doctors fabricated a diagnosis requiring detention and no court decision was required for subjecting the individual to indefinite confinement in a psychiatric institution . By the end of the 1950s , confinement to a psychiatric institution had become the most commonly used method of punishing leaders of the political opposition . In the 1960s and 1970s , the trials of dissenters and their referral for " treatment " to the Special Psychiatric Hospitals under MVD control and oversight came out into the open , and the world learned of a wave of " psychiatric terror " which was flatly denied by those in charge of the Serbsky Institute . The bulk of psychiatric repression spans the period from the late 1960s to the early 1980s . As CPSU General Secretary , from November 1982 to February 1984 , Yury Andropov demonstrated little patience with domestic dissafection and continued the Brezhnev Era policy of confining dissenters in mental hospitals . = = Examination and hospitalization = = Political dissidents were usually charged under Articles 70 ( agitation and propaganda against the Soviet state ) and 190 @-@ 1 ( dissemination of false fabrications defaming the Soviet state and social system ) of the RSFSR Criminal Code . Forensic psychiatrists were asked to examine offenders whose mental state was considered abnormal by the investigating officers . In almost every case , dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow , where persons being prosecuted in court for committing political crimes were subjected to a forensic @-@ psychiatric expert evaluation . Once certified , the accused and convicted were sent for involuntary treatment to the Special Psychiatric Hospitals controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs ( MVD ) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . The accused had no right of appeal . The right was given to their relatives or other interested persons but they were not allowed to nominate psychiatrists to take part in the evaluation , because all psychiatrists were considered fully independent and equally credible before the law . According to dissident poet Naum Korzhavin , the atmosphere at the Serbsky Institute in Moscow altered almost overnight when Daniil Lunts took over as head of the Fourth Department ( otherwise known as the Political Department ) . Previously , psychiatric departments were regarded as a ' refuge ' against being dispatched to the Gulag . Now that policy altered . The first reports of dissenters being hospitalized on non @-@ medical grounds date from the early 1960s , not long after Georgy Morozov was appointed director of the Serbsky Institute . Both Morozov and Lunts were personally involved in numerous well @-@ known cases and were notorious abusers of psychiatry for political purposes . Most prisoners , in Viktor Nekipelov 's words , characterized Daniil Lunts as " no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps . " A well @-@ documented practice was the use of psychiatric hospitals as temporary prisons during the two or three weeks around the 7 November ( October Revolution ) Day and May Day celebrations , to isolate " socially dangerous " persons who otherwise might protest in public or manifest other deviant behavior . = = Struggle against abuse = = In the 1960s , a vigorous movement grew up protesting against abuse of psychiatry in the USSR . Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union was denounced in the course of the Congresses of the World Psychiatric Association in Mexico City ( 1971 ) , Hawaii ( 1977 ) , Vienna ( 1983 ) and Athens ( 1989 ) . The campaign to terminate political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR was a key episode in the Cold War , inflicting irretrievable damage on the prestige of medicine in the Soviet Union . = = Classification of the victims = = Upon analysis of over 200 well @-@ authenticated cases covering the period 1962 – 1976 , Sidney Bloch and Peter Reddaway developed a classification of the victims of Soviet psychiatric abuse . They were classified as : advocates of human rights or democratization ; nationalists ; would @-@ be emigrants ; religious believers ; citizens inconvenient to the authorities . The advocates of human rights and democratization , according to Bloch and Reddaway , made up about half the dissidents repressed by means of psychiatry . Nationalists made up about one @-@ tenth of the dissident population dealt with psychiatrically . Would @-@ be emigrants constituted about one @-@ fifth of dissidents victimized by means of psychiatry . People , detained only because of their religious activity , made up about fifteen per cent of dissident @-@ patients . Citizens inconvenient to the authorities because of their " obdurate " complaints about bureaucratic excesses and abuses accounted for about five per cent of dissidents subject to psychiatric abuse . = = Incomplete figures = = In 1985 , Peter Reddaway and Sidney Bloch provided documented data on some five hundred cases in their book Soviet Psychiatric Abuse . According to the 1993 book by Russian psychiatrist Mikhail Buyanov , the harm inflicted by Soviet punitive psychiatry on the image of domestic medicine is , of course , great , but bears no comparison to the crimes of the Nazi doctors . Now , when all the passions have cooled , one can say that the zeal of Soviet psychiatrists inflicted suffering on up to 100 or 120 people of all 280 million citizens of the former Soviet Union , Buyanov writes . He adds that among the persons were many fanatical nationalists , religious sectarians , and political paranoiacs who after escaping to freedom corrupted the masses , сrammed their heads with nonsense , carried away immature people with their ideas through the connivance of the so @-@ called progressive intelligentsia , and a result of it is wars , blood , and reciprocal hatred . = = = True scale of repression = = = On basis of the available data and materials accumulated in the archives of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry , one can confidently conclude that thousands of dissenters were hospitalized for political reasons . From 1994 to 1995 , an investigative commission of Moscow psychiatrists explored the records of five prison psychiatric hospitals in Russia and discovered about two thousand cases of political abuse of psychiatry in these hospitals alone . In 2004 , Anatoly Prokopenko said he was surprised at the facts obtained by him from the official classified top secret documents by the Central Committee of the CPSU , by the KGB , and MVD . According to his calculations based on what he found in the documents , about 15 @,@ 000 people were confined for political crimes in the psychiatric prison hospitals under the control of the MVD . In 2005 , referring to the Archives of the CPSU Central Committee and the records of the three Special Psychiatrial Hospitals — Sychyovskaya , Leningrad and Chernyakhovsk hospitals — to which human rights activists gained access in 1991 , Prokopenko concluded that psychiatry had been used as punitive measure against about 20 @,@ 000 people for purely political reasons . This was only a small part of the total picture , Prokopenko said . The data on the total number of people who had been held in all sixteen prison hospitals and in the 1 @,@ 500 " open " psychiatric hospitals remains unknown because parts of the archives of the prison psychiatric hospitals and hospitals in general are classified and inaccessible . The figure of fifteen or twenty thousand political prisoners in psychiatric hospitals run by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs was first put forward by Prokopenko in the 1997 book Mad Psychiatry ( " Безумная психиатрия " ) , which was republished in 2005 . An indication of the extent of the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR is provided by Semyon Gluzman 's calculation that the percentage of " the mentally ill " among those accused of so @-@ called anti @-@ Soviet activities proved many times higher than among criminal offenders . The attention paid to political prisoners by Soviet psychiatrists was more than 40 times greater than their attention to ordinary criminal offenders . This derives from the following comparison : 1 – 2 % of all the forensic psychiatric examinations carried out by the Serbsky Institute targeted those accused of anti @-@ Soviet activities ; convicted dissidents in penal institutions made up 0 @.@ 05 % of the total number of convicts ; 1 – 2 % is 40 times greater than 0 @.@ 05 % . According to Viktor Luneyev , the struggle against dissent operated on many more layers than those registered in court sentences . We do not know how many the secret services kept under surveillance , held criminally liable , arrested , sent to psychiatric hospitals , or who were sacked from their jobs , and restricted in all kinds of other ways in the exercise of their rights . No objective assessment of the total number of repressed persons is possible without fundamental analysis of archival documents . The difficulty is that the required data are very diverse and are not to be found in a single archive . They are scattered between the State Archive of the Russian Federation , the archive of the Russian Federation State Statistical Committee ( Goskomstat ) , the archives of the RF Ministry of Internal Affairs ( MVD of Russia ) , the FSB of Russia , the RF General Prosecutor 's Office , and the Russian Military and Historical Archive . Further documents are held in the archives of 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation , in urban and regional archives , as well as in the archives of the former Soviet Republics , now the 11 independent countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States or the three Baltic States ( Baltics ) . = = = Concealment of the data = = = According to Russian psychiatrist Emmanuil Gushansky , the scale of psychiatric abuses in the past , the use of psychiatric doctrines by the totalitarian state have been thoroughly concealed . The archives of the Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs ( MVD ) and Health ( USSR Health Ministry ) , and of the Serbsky Institute for Forensic Psychiatry , which between them hold evidence about the expansion of psychiatry and the regulations governing that expansion , remain totally closed to researchers , says Gushansky . Dan Healey shares his opinion that the abuses of Soviet psychiatry under Stalin and , even more dramatically , in the 1960s to 1980s remain under @-@ researched : the contents of the main archives are still classified and inaccessible . Hundreds of files on people who underwent forensic psychiatric examinations at the Serbsky Institute during Stalin 's time are on the shelves of the highly classified archive in its basement where Gluzman saw them in 1989 . All are marked by numbers without names or surnames , and any biographical data they contain is unresearched and inaccessible to researchers . Anatoly Sobchak , the former Mayor of Saint Petersburg , wrote : The scale of the application of methods of repressive psychiatry in the USSR is testified by inexorable figures and facts . A commission of the top Party leadership headed by Alexei Kosygin reached a decision in 1978 to build 80 psychiatric hospitals and 8 special psychiatric institutions in addition to those already in existence . Their construction was to be completed by 1990 . They were to be built in Krasnoyarsk , Khabarovsk , Kemerovo , Kuibyshev , Novosibirsk , and other parts of the Soviet Union . In the course of the changes that the country underwent in 1988 , five prison hospitals were transferred from the MVD to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health , while another five were closed down . There was a hurried covering of tracks through the mass rehabilitation of patients , some of whom were mentally disabled ( in one and the same year no less than 800 @,@ 000 patients were removed from the psychiatric registry ) . In Leningrad alone 60 @,@ 000 people with a diagnosis of mental illness were released and rehabilitated in 1991 and 1992 . In 1978 , 4 @.@ 5 million people throughout the USSR were registered as psychiatric patients . This was equivalent to the population of many civilized countries . In Ukraine , a study of the origins of the political abuse of psychiatry was conducted for five years on the basis of the State archives . A total of 60 people were again examined . All were citizens of Ukraine , convicted of political crimes and hospitalized on the territory of Ukraine . Not one of them , it turned out , was in need of any psychiatric treatment . From 1993 to 1995 a presidential decree on measures to prevent future abuse of psychiatry was being drafted at the Commission for Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression . For this purpose , Anatoly Prokopenko selected suitable archival documents and , at the request of Vladimir Naumov , the head of research and publications at the Commission , Emmanuil Gushansky drew up the report . It correlated the archival data presented to Gushansky with materials received during his visits , conducted jointly with the commission of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia , to several strict @-@ regime psychiatric hospitals ( former Special Hospitals under MVD control ) . When the materials for discussion in the Commission for Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression were ready , however , the work came to a standstill . The documents failed to reach the head of the Commission Alexander Yakovlev . The report on political abuse of psychiatry prepared at the request of the Commission by Gushansky with the aid of Prokopenko lay unclaimed and even the Independent Psychiatric Journal ( Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal ) would not publish it . The Moscow Research Center for Human Rights headed by Boris Altshuler and Alexei Smirnov and the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia whose president is Yuri Savenko were asked by Gushansky to publish the materials and archival documents on punitive psychiatry but showed no interest in doing so . Publishing such documents is dictated by present @-@ day needs and by how far it is feared that psychiatry could again be abused for non @-@ medical purposes . In its 2000 report , the Commission for Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression included only the following four phrases about the political abuse of psychiatry : The Commission has also considered such a complex , socially relevant issue , as the use of psychiatry for political purposes . The collected documents and materials allow us to say that the extrajudicial procedure of admission to psychiatric hospitals was used for compulsory hospitalization of persons whose behavior was viewed by the authorities as " suspicious " from the political point of view . According to the incomplete data , hundreds of thousands of people have been illegally placed to psychiatric institutions of the country over the years of Soviet power . The rehabilitation of these people was limited , at best , to their removal from the registry of psychiatric patients and usually remains so today , due to gaps in the legislation . In the 1988 and 1989 , about two million people were removed from the psychiatric registry at the request of Western psychiatrists . It was one of their conditions for the re @-@ admission of Soviet psychiatrists to the World Psychiatric Association . Yury Savenko has provided different figures in different publications : about one million , up to one and a half million , about one and a half million people removed from the psychiatric registry . Mikhail Buyanov provided the figure of over two million people removed from the psychiatric registry . = = Theoretical analysis = = In 1990 , Psychiatric Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists published the article " Compulsion in psychiatry : blessing or curse ? " by Russian psychiatrist Anatoly Koryagin . It contains analysis of the abuse of psychiatry and eight arguments by which the existence of a system of political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR cаn easily be demonstrated . As Koryagin wrote , in a dictatorial State with a totalitarian regime , such as the USSR , the laws have at all times served not the purpose of self @-@ regulation of the life of society but have been one of the major levers by which to manipulate the behavior of subjects . Every Soviet citizen has constantly been straight considered state property and been regarded not as the aim , but as a means to achieve the rulers ' objectives . From the perspective of state pragmatism , a mentally sick person was regarded as a burden to society , using up the state 's material means without recompense and not producing anything , and even potentially capable of inflicting harm . Therefore , the Soviet State never considered it reasonable to pass special legislative acts protecting the material and legal part of the patients ' life . It was only instructions of the legal and medical departments that stipulated certain rules of handling the mentally sick and imposing different sanctions on them . A person with a mental disorder was automatically divested of all rights and depended entirely on the psychiatrists ' will . Practically anybody could undergo psychiatric examination on the most senseless grounds and the issued diagnosis turned him into a person without rights . It was this lack of legal rights and guarantees that advantaged a system of repressive psychiatry in the country . According to American psychiatrist Oleg Lapshin , Russia until 1993 did not have any specific legislation in the field of mental health except uncoordinated instructions and articles of laws in criminal and administrative law , orders of the USSR Ministry of Health . In the Soviet Union , any psychiatric patient could be hospitalized by request of his headman , relatives or instructions of a district psychiatrist . In this case , patient 's consent or dissent mattered nothing . The duration of treatment in a psychiatric hospital also depended entirely on the psychiatrist . All of that made the abuse of psychiatry possible to suppress those who opposed the political regime , and that created the vicious practice of ignoring the rights of the mentally ill . According to Yuri Savenko , the president of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia ( the IPA ) , punitive psychiatry arises on the basis of the interference of three main factors : The ideologizing of science , its breakaway from the achievements of world psychiatry , the party orientation of Soviet forensic psychiatry . The lack of legal basis . The total nationalization of mental health service . Their interaction system is principally sociological : the presence of the Penal Code article on slandering the state system inevitably results in sending a certain percentage of citizens to forensic psychiatric examination . Thus , it is not psychiatry itself that is punitive , but the totalitarian state uses psychiatry for punitive purposes with ease . According to Larry Gostin , the root cause of the problem was the State itself . The definition of danger was radically extended by the Soviet criminal system to cover " political " as well as customary physical types of " danger " . As Bloch and Reddaway note , there are no objective reliable criteria to determine whether the person 's behavior will be dangerous , and approaches to the definition of dangerousness greatly differ among psychiatrists . Richard Bonnie , a professor of law and medicine at the University of Virginia School of Law , mentioned the deformed nature of the Soviet psychiatric profession as one of the explanations for why it was so easily bent toward the repressive objectives of the state , and pointed out the importance of a civil society and , in particular , independent professional organizations separate and apart from the state as one of the most substantial lessons from the period . According to Norman Sartorius , a former president of the World Psychiatric Association , political abuse of psychiatry in the former Soviet Union was facilitated by the fact that the national classification included categories that could be employed to label dissenters , who could then be forcibly incarcerated and kept in psychiatric hospitals for " treatment " . Darrel Regier , vice @-@ chair of the DSM @-@ 5 task force , has a similar opinion that the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR was sustained by the existence of a classification developed in the Soviet Union and used to organize psychiatric treatment and care . In this classification , there were categories with diagnoses that could be given to political dissenters and led to the harmful involuntary medication . According to Moscow psychiatrist Alexander Danilin , the so @-@ called " nosological " approach in the Moscow psychiatric school established by Snezhnevsky boiles down to the ability to make the only diagnosis , schizophrenia ; psychiatry is not science but such a system of opinions and people by the thousands are falling victims to these opinions — millions of lives were crippled by virtue of the concept " sluggish schizophrenia " introduced some time once by an academician Snezhnevsky , whom Danilin called a state criminal . St Petersburg academic psychiatrist professor Yuri Nuller notes that the concept of Snezhnevsky 's school allowed psychiatrists to consider , for example , schizoid psychopathy and even schizoid character traits as early , delayed in their development , stages of the inevitable progredient process , rather than as personality traits inherent to the individual , the dynamics of which might depend on various external factors . The same also applied to a number of other personality disorders . It entailed the extremely broadened diagnostics of sluggish ( neurosis @-@ like , psychopathy @-@ like ) schizophrenia . Despite a number of its controversial premises and in line with the traditions of then Soviet science , Snezhnevsky 's hypothesis has immediately acquired the status of dogma which was later overcome in other disciplines but firmly stuck in psychiatry . Snezhnevsky 's concept , with its dogmatism , proved to be psychologically comfortable for many psychiatrists , relieving them from doubt when making a diagnosis . That carried a great danger : any deviation from a norm evaluated by a doctor could be regarded as an early phase of schizophrenia , with all ensuing consequences . It resulted in the broad opportunity for voluntary and involuntary abuses of psychiatry . But Snezhnevsky did not take civil and scientific courage to reconsider his concept which clearly reached a deadlock . According to American psychiatrist Walter Reich , the misdiagnoses of dissidents resulted from some characteristics of Soviet psychiatry that were distortions of standard psychiatric logic , theory , and practice . According to Semyon Gluzman , abuse of psychiatry to suppress dissent is based on condition of psychiatry in a totalitarian state . Psychiatric paradigm of a totalitarian state is culpable for its expansion into spheres which are not initially those of psychiatric competence . Psychiatry as a social institution , formed and functioning in the totalitarian state , is incapable of not being totalitarian . Such psychiatry is forced to serve the two differently directed principles : care and treatment of mentally ill citizens , on the one hand , and psychiatric repression of people showing political or ideological dissent , on the other hand . In the conditions of the totalitarian state , independent @-@ minded psychiatrists appeared and may again appear , but these few people cannot change the situation in which thousands of others , who were brought up on incorrect pseudoscientific concepts and fear of the state , will sincerely believe that the uninhibited , free thinking of a citizen is a symptom of madness . Gluzman specifies the following six premises for the unintentional participation of doctors in abuses : The specificity , in the totalitarian state , of the psychiatric paradigm tightly sealed from foreign influences . The lack of legal conscience in most citizens including doctors . Disregard for fundamental human rights on the part of the lawmaker and law enforcement agencies . Declaratory nature or the absence of legislative acts that regulate providing psychiatric care in the country . The USSR , for example , adopted such an act only in 1988 . The absolute state paternalism of totalitarian regimes , which naturally gives rise to the dominance of the archaic paternalistic ethical concept in medical practice . Professional consciousness of the doctor is based on the almost absolute right to make decisions without the patient 's consent ( i.e. there is disregard for the principle of informed consent to treatment or withdrawal from it ) . The fact , in psychiatric hospitals , of frustratingly bad conditions , which refer primarily to the poverty of health care and inevitably lead to the dehumanization of the personnel including doctors . Gluzman says that there , of course , may be a different approach to the issue expressed by Michel Foucault . According to Michael Perlin , Foucault in his book Madness and Civilization documented the history of using institutional psychiatry as a political tool , researched the expanded use of the public hospitals in the 17th century in France and came to the conclusion that " conﬁnement [ was an ] answer to an economic crisis ... reduction of wages , unemployment , scarcity of coin " and , by the 18th century , the psychiatric hospitals satisﬁed " the indissociably economic and moral demand for conﬁnement . " In 1977 , British psychiatrist David Cooper asked Foucault the same question which Claude Bourdet had formerly asked Viktor Fainberg during a press conference given by Fainberg and Leonid Plyushch : when the USSR has the whole penitentiary and police apparatus , which could take charge of anybody , and which is perfect in itself , why do they use psychiatry ? Foucault answered it was not a question of a distortion of the use of psychiatry but that was its fundamental project . In the discussion Confinement , Psychiatry , Prison , Foucault states the cooperation of psychiatrists with the KGB in the Soviet Union was not abuse of medicine , but an evident case and " condensation " of psychiatry 's " inheritance " , an " intensification , the ossification of a kinship structure that has never ceased to function . " Foucault believed that the abuse of psychiatry in the USSR of the 1960s was a logical extension of the invasion of psychiatry into the legal system . In the discussion with Jean Laplanche and Robert Badinter , Foucault says that criminologists of the 1880 — 1900s started speaking surprisingly modern language : " The crime cannot be , for the criminal , but an abnormal , disturbed behavior . If he upsets society , it 's because he himself is upset " . This led to the twofold conclusions . First , " the judicial apparatus is no longer useful . " The judges , as men of law , understand such complex , alien legal issues , purely psychological matters no better than the criminal . So commissions of psychiatrists and physicians should be substituted for the judicial apparatus . And in this vein , concrete projects were proposed . Second , " We must certainly treat this individual who is dangerous only because he is sick . But , at the same time , we must protect society against him . " Hence comes the idea of mental isolation with a mixed function : therapeutic and prophylactic . In the 1900s , these projects have given rise to very lively responses from European judicial and political bodies . However , they found a wide field of applications when the Soviet Union became one of the most common but by no means exceptional cases . According to American psychiatrist Jonas Robitscher , psychiatry has been playing a part in controlling deviant behavior for three hundred years . Vagrants , " originals , " eccentrics , and homeless wanderers who did little harm but were vexatious to the society they lived in were , and sometimes still are , confined to psychiatric hospitals or deprived of their legal rights . Some critics of psychiatry consider the practice as a political use of psychiatry and regard psychiatry as promoting timeserving . As Vladimir Bukovsky and Semyon Gluzman point out , it is difficult for the average Soviet psychiatrist to understand the dissident 's poor adjustment to Soviet society . This view of dissidence has nothing surprising about it — conformity reigned in Soviet consciousness ; a public intolerance of non @-@ conformist behavior always penetrated Soviet culture ; and the threshold for deviance from custom was similarly low . An example of the low threshold is a point of Donetsk psychiatrist Valentine Pekhterev , who argues that psychiatrists speak of the necessity of adapting oneself to society , estimate the level of man 's social functioning , his ability to adequately test the reality and so forth . In Pekhterev 's words , these speeches hit point @-@ blank on the dissidents and revolutionaries , because all of them are poorly functioning in society , are hardly adapting to it either initially or after increasing requirements . They turn their inability to adapt themselves to society into the view that the company breaks step and only they know how to help the company restructure itself . The dissidents regard the cases of personal maladjustment as a proof of public ill @-@ being . The more such cases , the easier it is to present their personal ill @-@ being as public one . They bite the society 's hand that feed them only because they are not given a right place in society . Unlike the dissidents , the psychiatrists destroy the hardly formed defense attitude in the dissidents by regarding " public well @-@ being " as personal one . The psychiatrists extract teeth from the dissidents , stating that they should not bite the feeding hand of society only because the tiny group of the dissidents feel bad being at their place . The psychiatrists claim the need to treat not society but the dissidents and seek to improve society by preserving and improving the mental health of its members . After reading the book Institute of Fools by Viktor Nekipelov , Pekhterev concluded that allegations against the psychiatrists sounded from the lips of a negligible but vociferous part of inmates who when surfeiting themselves with cakes pretended to be sufferers . According to the response by Robert van Voren , Pekhterev in his article condescendingly argues that the Serbsky Institute was not so bad place and that Nekipelov exaggerates and slanders it , but Pekhterev , by doing so , misses the main point : living conditions in the Serbsky Institute were not bad , those who passed through psychiatric examination there were in a certain sense " on holiday " in comparison with the living conditions of the Gulag ; and all the same , everyone was aware that the Serbsky Institute was more than the " gates of hell " from where people were sent to specialized psychiatric hospitals in Chernyakhovsk , Dnepropetrovsk , Kazan , Blagoveshchensk , and that is not all . Their life was transformed to unimaginable horror with daily tortures by forced administration of drugs , beatings and other forms of punishment . Many went crazy , could not endure what was happening to them , some even died during the " treatment " ( for example , a miner from Donetsk Alexey Nikitin ) . Many books and memoirs are written about the life in the psychiatric Gulag and every time when reading them a shiver seizes us . The Soviet psychiatric terror in its brutality and targeting the mentally ill as the most vulnerable group of society had nothing on the Nazi euthanasia programs . The punishment by placement in a mental hospital was as effective as imprisonment in Mordovian concentration camps in breaking persons psychologically and physically . The recent history of the USSR should be given a wide publicity to immunize society against possible repetitions of the Soviet practice of political abuse of psychiatry . The issue remains highly relevant . According to Fedor Kondratev , an expert of the Serbsky Center and supporter of Snezhnevsky and his colleagues who developed the concept of sluggish schizophrenia in the 1960s , those arrested by the KGB under RSFSR Criminal Code Article 70 ( " anti @-@ Soviet agitation and propaganda " ) , 190 @-@ 1 ( " dissemination of knowingly false fabrications that defame the Soviet state and social system " ) made up , in those years , the main group targeted by the period of using psychiatry for political purposes . It was they who began to be searched for " psychopathological mechanisms " and , therefore , mental illness which gave the grounds to recognize an accused person as mentally incompetent , to debar him from appearance and defence in court , and then to send him for compulsory treatment to a special psychiatric hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs . The trouble ( not guilt ) of Soviet psychiatric science was its theoretical overideologization as a result of the strict demand to severely preclude any deviations from the " exclusively scientific " concept of Marxism – Leninism . This showed , in particular , in the fact that Soviet psychiatry under the totalitarian regime considered that penetrating the inner life of an ill person was flawed psychologization , existentionalization . In this connection , one did not admit the possibility that an individual can behave " in a different way than others do " not only because of his mental illness but on the ground alone of his moral sets consistently with his conscience . It entailed the consequence : if a person different from all others opposes the political system , one needs to search for " psychopathological mechanisms " of his dissent . Even in cases when catamnesis confirmed the correctness of a diagnosis of schizophrenia , it did not always mean that mental disorders were the cause of dissent and , all the more , that one needed to administer compulsory treatment " for it " in special psychiatric hospitals . What seems essential is another fact that the mentally ill could oppose the totalitarianism as well , by no means due to their " psychopathological mechanisms " , but as persons who , despite having the diagnosis of schizophrenia , retained moral civic landmarks . Any ill person with schizophrenia could be a dissident if his conscience could not keep silent , Kondratev says . According to St Petersburg psychiatrist Vladimir Pshizov , with regard to punitive psychiatry , the nature of psychiatry is of such a sort that using psychiatrists against opponents of authorities is always tempting for the authorities , because it is seemingly possible not to take into account an opinion by the person who received a diagnosis . Therefore , the issue will always remain relevant . While we do not have government policy of using psychiatry for repression , psychiatrists and former psychiatric nomenklatura retained the same on @-@ the @-@ spot reflexes . As Ukrainian psychiatrist Ada Korotenko notes , the use of punitive psychiatry allowed of avoiding the judicial procedure during which the accused might declare the impossibility to speak publicly and the violation of their civil rights . Making a psychiatric diagnosis is insecure and can be based on a preconception . Moreover , while diagnosing mental illness , subjective fuzzy diagnostic criteria are involved as arguments . The lack of clear diagnostic criteria and clearly defined standards of diagnostics contributes to applying punitive psychiatry to vigorous and gifted citizens who disagree with authorities . At the same time , most psychiatrists incline to believe that such a misdiagnosis is less dangerous than not diagnosing mental illness . German psychiattist Hanfried Helmchen says the uncertainty of diagnosis is prone to other than medical influence , e.g. , political influence , as was the case with Soviet dissenters who were stifled by a psychiatric diagnosis , especially that of " sluggish schizophrenia , " in order to take them away from society in special psychiatric hospitals . According to Russian psychologist Dmitry Leontev , punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union was based on the assumption that only a madman can go against public dogma and seek for truth and justice . K. Fulford , A. Smirnov , and E. Snow state : " An important vulnerability factor , therefore , for the abuse of psychiatry , is the subjective nature of the observations on which psychiatric diagnosis currently depends . " The concerns about political abuse of psychiatry as a tactic of controlling dissent have been regularly voiced by American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz , and he mentioned that these authors , who correctly emphasized the value @-@ laden nature of psychiatric diagnoses and the subjective character of psychiatric classifications , failed to accept the role of psychiatric power . Musicologists , drama critics , art historians , and many other scholars also create their own subjective classifications ; however , lacking state @-@ legitimated power over persons , their classifications do not lead to anyone 's being deprived of property , liberty , or life . For instance , plastic surgeon 's classification of beauty is subjective , but the plastic surgeon cannot treat his or her patient without the patient 's consent , therefore , there cannot be any political abuse of plastic surgery . The bedrock of political medicine is coercion masquerading as medical treatment . What transforms coercion into therapy are physicians diagnosing the person 's condition a " illness , " declaring the intervention they impose on the victim a " treatment , " and legislators and judges legitimating these categorizations as " illnesses " and " treatments . " In the same way , physician @-@ eugenicists advocated killing certain disabled or ill persons as a form of treatment for both society and patient long before the Nazis came to power . Szasz argued that the spectacle of the Western psychiatrists loudly condemning Soviet colleagues for their abuse of professional standards was largely an exercise in hypocrisy . Psychiatric abuse , such as people usually associated with practices in the former USSR , was connected not with the misuse of psychiatric diagnoses , but with the political power built into the social role of the psychiatrist in democratic and totalitarian societies alike . Psychiatrically and legally fit subjects for involuntary mental hospitalization had always been " dissidents . " It is the contents and contours of dissent that has changed . Before the American Civil War , dissent was constituted by being a Negro and wanting to escape from slavery . In Soviet Russia , dissent was constituted by wanting to " reform " Marxism or emigrate to escape from it . As Szasz put it , " the classification by slave owners and slave traders of certain individuals as Negroes was scientific , in the sense that whites were rarely classified as blacks . But that did not prevent the " abuse " of such racial classification , because ( what we call ) its abuse was , in fact , its use . " The collaboration between psychiatry and government leads to what Szasz calls the " Therapeutic State " , a system in which disapproved actions , thoughts , and emotions are repressed ( " cured " ) through pseudomedical interventions . Thus suicide , unconventional religious beliefs , racial bigotry , unhappiness , anxiety , shyness , sexual promiscuity , shoplifting , gambling , overeating , smoking , and illegal drug use are all considered symptoms or illnesses that need to be cured . As Michael Robertson and Garry Walter suppose , psychiatric power in practically all societies expands on the grounds of public safety , which , in the view of the leaders of the USSR , was best maintained by the repression of dissidence . According to Gwen Adshead , a British forensic psychotherapist at the Broadmoor Hospital , the question is what is meant by the word " abnormal . " Evidently it is possible for abnormal to be identified as " socially inappropriate . " If that is the case , social and political dissent is turned into a symptom by the medical terminology , and thereby becomes an individual 's personal problem , not a social matter . According to Russian psychiatrist Emmanuil Gushansky , psychiatry is the only medical specialty in which the doctor is given the right to violence for the benefit of the patient . The application of violence must be based on the mental health law , must be as much as possible transparent and monitored by representatives of the interests of persons who are in need of involuntary examination and treatment . While being hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital for urgent indications , the patient should be accompanied by his relatives , witnesses , or other persons authorized to control the actions of doctors and law @-@ enforcement agencies . Otherwise , psychiatry becomes an obedient maid for administrative and governmental agencies and is deprived of its medical function . It is the police that must come to the aid of citizens and is responsible for their security . Only later , after the appropriate legal measures for social protection have been taken , the psychiatrist must respond to the queries of law enforcement and judicial authorities by solving the issues of involuntary hospitalization , sanity , etc . In Russia , all that goes by opposites . The psychiatrist is vested with punitive functions , is involved in involuntary hospitalization , the state machine hides behind his back , actually manipulating the doctor . The police are reluctant to investigate offences committed by the mentally ill . After receiving the information about their disease , the bodies of inquiry very often stop the investigation and do not bring it to the level of investigative actions . Thereby psychiatry becomes a cloak for the course of justice and , by doing so , serves as a source for the rightlessness and stigmatization of both psychiatrists and persons with mental disorders . The negative attitude to psychiatrists is thereby supported by the state machine and is accompanied by the aggression against the doctors , which increases during the periods of social unrest . Vladimir Bukovsky , well known for his struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union , explained that using psychiatry against dissidents was usable to the KGB because hospitalization did not have an end date , and , as a result , there were cases when dissidents were kept in psychiatric prison hospitals for 10 or even 15 years . " Once they pump you with drugs , they can forget about you " , he said and added , " I saw people who basically were asleep for years . " US President Ronald Reagan attributed the view that the " brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia . " = = Residual problems = = In the opinion of the Moscow Helsinki Group chairwoman Lyudmila Alexeyeva , the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960 – 1980s . The practice of forced confinement of political dissidents in psychiatric facilities in the former USSR and Eastern Europe destroyed the credibility of psychiatric practice in these countries . When psychiatric profession is discredited in one part of the world , psychiatry is discredited throughout the world . Psychiatry lost its professional basis entirely with its abuse to stifle dissidence in the former USSR and in the so @-@ called euthanasia program in Nazi Germany . There is little doubt that the capacity for using psychiatry to enforce social norms and even political interests is immense . Now psychiatry is vulnerable because many of its notions have been questioned , and the sustainable pattern of mental life , of boundaries of mental norm and abnormality has been lost , director of the Moscow Research Institute for Psychiatry Valery Krasnov says , adding that psychiatrists have to seek new reference points to make clinical assessments and new reference points to justify old therapeutical interventions . As Emmanuil Gushansky states , today subjective position of a Russian patient toward a medical psychologist and psychiatrist is defensive in nature and prevents the attempt to understand the patient and help him assess his condition . Such a position is related to constant , subconscious fear of psychiatrists and psychiatry . This fear is caused by not only abuse of psychiatry , but also constant violence in the totalitarian and post @-@ totalitarian society . The psychiatric violence and psychiatric arrogance as one of manifestations of such violence is related to the primary emphasis on symptomatology and biological causes of a disease , while ignoring psychological , existential , and psychodynamic factors . Gushainsky notices that the modern Russian psychiatry and the structure of providing mental health care are aimed not at protecting the patient 's right to an own place in life , but at discrediting such a right , revealing symptoms and isolating the patient . The psychiatrist became a scarecrow attaching psychiatric labels . He is feared , is not confided , is not taken into confidence in the secrets of one 's soul and is asked to provide only medications . Psychiatric labels , or stigmas , have spread so widely that there is no such thing as the media that does not call a disliked person schizo and does not generalize psychiatric assessments to phenomena of public life . The word psikhushka entered everyday vocabulary . All persons who deviate from the usual standards of thought and behavior are declared mentally ill , with an approving giggling of public . Not surprisingly , during such a stigmatization , people with real mental disorders fear publicity like the plague . Vilnius psychologist Oleg Lapin has the same point that politicians and the press attach psychological , psychiatric and medical labels ; he adds that psychiatry has acquired the new status of normalizing life that was previously possessed by religion . Formerly , one could say : you are going against God or God is with us ; now one can say : I behave reasonably , adequately , and you do not behave in that way . In 2007 , Alexander Dugin , a professor at the Moscow State University and adviser to State Duma speaker Sergei Naryshkin , presented opponents of Vladimir Putin 's policy as mentally ill by saying , " There are no longer opponents of Putin 's policy , and if there are , they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination . " In The Moscow Regional Psychiatric Newspaper of 2012 , psychiatrist Dilya Enikeyeva in violation of medical privacy and ethics publicized the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder , which she in absentia gave Kseniya Sobchak , a Russian TV anchor and a member of political opposition , and stated that Sobchak was harmful to society . Robert van Voren noted that after the fall of the Berlin Wall , it became apparent that the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR was only the tip of the iceberg , the sign that much more was basically wrong . This much more realistic image of Soviet psychiatry showed up only after the Soviet regime began to loosen its grip on society and later lost control over the developments and in the end entirely disintegrated . It demonstrated that the actual situation was much sorer and that many individuals had been affected . Millions of individuals were treated and stigmatized by an outdated biologically oriented and hospital @-@ based mental health service . Living conditions in clinics were bad , sometimes even terrible , and violations of human rights were rampant . According to the data of a census published in 1992 , the mortality of the ill with schizophrenia exceeded that of the general population by 4 – 6 times for the age of 20 – 39 years , by 3 – 4 times for the age of 30 – 39 years , by 1 @.@ 5 – 2 times for the age over 40 years ( larger values are for women ) . According to Robert van Voren , although for several years , especially after the implosion of the USSR and during the first years of Boris Yeltsin 's rule , the positions of the Soviet psychiatric leaders were in jeopardy , now one can firmly conclude that they succeeded in riding out the storm and retaining their powerful positions . They also succeeded in avoiding an inflow of modern concepts of delivering mental health care and a fundamental change in the structure of psychiatric services in Russia . On the whole , in Russia , the impact of mental health reformers has been the least . Even the reform efforts made in such places as St. Petersburg , Tomsk , and Kaliningrad have faltered or were encapsulated as centrist policies under Putin brought them back under control . Throughout the post @-@ communist period , the pharmaceutical industry has mainly been an obstacle to reform . Aiming to explore the vast market of the former USSR , they used the situation to make professionals and services totally dependent on their financial sustenance , turned the major attention to the availability of medicines rather than that of psycho @-@ social rehabilitation services , and stimulated corruption within the mental health sector very much . At the turn of the century , the psychiatric reform that had been implemented by Franco Basaglia in Italy became known and was publicly declared to be implemented in Russia , with the view of retrenchment of expenditures . But when it became clear that even more money was needed for the reform , it got bogged down in the same way the reform of the army and many other undertakings did . Russia is decades behind the countries of the European Union in mental health reform , which has already been implemented or is being implemented in them . Until Russian society , Gushansky says , is aware of the need for mental health reform , we will live in the atmosphere of animosity , mistrust and violence . Many experts believe that problems spread beyond psychiatry to society as a whole . As Robert van Voren supposes , the Russians want to have their compatriots with mental disorders locked up outside the city and do not want to have them in community . Despite the 1992 Russian Mental Health Law , coercive psychiatry in Russia remains generally unregulated and fashioned by the same trends toward hyperdiagnosis and overreliance on institutional care characteristic of the Soviet period . In the Soviet Union , there had been an increase of the bed numbers because psychiatric services had been used to treat dissidents . In 2005 , the Russian Federation had one of the highest levels of psychiatric beds per capita in Europe at 113 @.@ 2 per 100 @,@ 000 population , or more than 161 @,@ 000 beds . In 2014 , Russia has 104 @.@ 8 beds per 100 @,@ 000 population and no actions have been taken to arrange new facilities for outpatient services . Persons who do not respond well to treatment at dispensaries can be sent to long @-@ term social care institutions ( internats ) wherein they remain indefinitely . The internats are managed by oblast Social Protection ministries . Russia had 442 psychoneurologic internats by 1999 , and their number amounted to 505 by 2013 . The internats provided places for approximately 125 @,@ 000 people in 2007 . In 2013 , Russian psychoneurologic internats accommodated 146 @,@ 000 people , according to the consolidated data of the Department of Social Protection of Moscow and the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation . It is supposed that the number of beds in internats is increasing at the same rate with which the number of beds is decreasing in psychiatric hospitals . Lyubov Vinogradova of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia provides the different figure of 122 @,@ 091 or 85 @.@ 5 places in psychoneurologic institutions of social protection ( internats ) per 100 @,@ 000 population in 2013 and says that Russia is high on Europe 's list of the number of places in the institutions . Vinogradova states that many regions have the catastrophic shortage of places in psychoneurological internats , her words point out to the need to increase the number of places there and to the fact that the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia is forcing transinstitutionalization — relocating the mentally ill from their homes and psychiatric hospitals to psychoneurological internats . At his press conference in 2008 , Semyon Gluzman said that the surplus in Ukraine of hospitals for inpatient treatment of the mentally ill was a relic of the totalitarian communist regime and that Ukraine did not have epidemic of schizophrenia but somehow Ukraine had about 90 large psychiatric hospitals including the Pavlov Hospital where beds in its children 's unit alone were more than in the whole of Great Britain . In Ukraine , public opinion did not contribute to the protection of citizens against possible recurrence of political abuse of psychiatry . There were no demonstrations and rallies in support of the mental health law . But there was a public campaign against developing the civilized law and against liberalizing the provision of psychiatric care in the country . The campaign was initiated and conducted by relatives of psychiatric patients . They wrote to newspapers , yelled in busy places and around them , behaved in the unbridled way in ministerial offices and corridors . Once Gluzman saw through a trolleybus window a group of 20 @-@ 30 people standing by a window of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine with red flags , portraits of Lenin and Stalin and the slogan coarsely written on the white cardboard : " Get the Gluzman psychiatry off Ukraine ! " Activists of the dissident movement far from the nostalgia for the past also participated in the actions against changes in the mental health system . But in general , it should be remembered that all these protest actions have been activated by nomenklatura psychiatrists . The whole Ukrainian psychiatric system actually consists of the two units : hospital for treatment of acute psychiatric conditions and internat @-@ hospice for helpless " chronic patients " unable to live on their own . And between hospital and internat @-@ hospice is desert . That is why about 40 percent of patients in any Ukrainian psychiatric hospital are so @-@ called social patients whose stay in the psychiatric hospital is not due to medical indications . A similar pattern is in internats . A significant part of their lifelong customers could have lived long enough in society despite their mental illnesses . They could have lived quite comfortably and safely for themselves and others in special dorms , nursing homes , " halfway houses " . Ukraine does not have anything like that . In the Soviet times , mental hospitals were frequently created in former monasteries , barracks , and even concentration camps . Sofia Dorinskaya , a human rights activist and psychiatrist , says she saw former convicts who have been living in a Russian mental hospital for ten years and will have been staying there until their dying day because of having no home . Deinstitutionalization has not touched many of the hospitals , and persons still die inside them . In 2013 , 70 persons died in a fire just outside Novgorod and Moscow . Living conditions are often insufficient and sometimes horrible : 12 to 15 patients in a big room with bars on the windows , no bedside tables , often no partitions , not enough toilets . The number of outpatient clinics designed for the primary care of the mentally disordered stopped increasing in 2005 and was reduced to 277 in 2012 as against 318 in 2005 . Stigma linked to mental disease is at the level of xenophobia . The Russian public perceive the mentally sick as harmful , useless , incurable , and dangerous . The social stigma is maintained not only by the general public but also by psychiatrists . Soviet mentality has endured into the present day . For instance , in spite of the removal of homosexuality from the nomenclature of mental disorders , 62 @.@ 5 % of 450 surveyed psychiatrists in the Rostov Region view it as an illness , and up to three quarters view it as immoral behavior . The psychiatrists sustain the ban on gay parades and the use of veiled schemes to lay off openly lesbian and gay persons from schools , child care centers , and other public institutions . The chief psychiatrist of Russia Zurab Kekelidze in his 2013 interview to Dozhd says that a part of the cases of homosexuality is a mental disorder , he counters the remark that the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders by stating that it is not true . The trend to consider homosexuality as a mental disorder was supported by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia in 2005 when its president Savenko expressed their joint surprise at the proposal by the Executive Committee of the American Psychiatric Association to exclude homosexuality as a mental disorder from manuals on psychiatry , referred the proposal to antipsychiatric actions , and stated that ideological , social and liberal reasoning for the proposal was substituted for scientific one . In 2014 , Savenko changed his mind about homosexuality , and he along with Alexei Perekhov in their joint paper criticized and referred the trend to consider homosexuality as a mental disorder to Soviet mentality . In 1994 , there was organized a conference concerned with the theme of political abuse of psychiatry and attended by representatives from different former Soviet Republics — from Russia , Belarus , the Baltics , the Caucasus , and some of the Central Asian Republics . Dainius Puras made a report on the situation within the Lithuanian Psychiatric Association , where discussion had been held but no resolution had been passed . Yuri Nuller talked over how in Russia the wind direction was gradually changing and the systematic political abuse of psychiatry was again being denied and degraded as an issue of " hyperdiagnosis " or " scientific disagreement . " It was particularly noteworthy that Tatyana Dmitrieva , the then Director of the Serbsky Institute , was a proponent of such belittlement . This was not so queer , because she was a close friend of the key architects of " political psychiatry . " In the early 1990s , she spoke the required words of repentance for political abuse of psychiatry which had had unprecedented dimensions in the Soviet Union for discrediting , intimidation and suppression of the human rights movement carried out primarily in this institution . Her words were widely broadcast abroad but were published only in the St. Petersburg newspaper Chas Pik within the country . However , in her 2001 book Aliyans Prava i Milosediya ( The Alliance of Law and Mercy ) , Dmitrieva wrote that there were no psychiatric abuses and certainly no more than in Western countries . Moreover , the book makes the charge that professor Vladimir Serbsky and other intellectuals were wrong not to cooperate with the police department in preventing revolution and bloodsheds and that the current generation is wrong to oppose the regime . In 2007 , Dmitrieva asserted that the practice of " punitive psychiatry " had been grossly exaggerated , while nothing wrong had been done by the Serbsky Institute . After that an official at the Serbsky Institute declared " patient " Vladimir Bukovsky , who was then going to run for the President of the Russian Federation , undoubtedly " psychopathic " . While speaking of the Serbsky Center , Yuri Savenko alleges that " practically nothing has changed . They have no shame at the institute about their role with the Communists . They are the same people , and they do not want to apologize for all their actions in the past . " Attorney Karen Nersisyan agrees : " Serbsky is not an organ of medicine . It 's an organ of power . " According to human rights activist and former psychiatrist Sofia Dorinskaya , the system of Soviet psychiatry has not been destroyed , the Serbsky Institute is standing where it did , the same people who worked in the Soviet system are working there . She says we have a situation like after the defeat of fascism in Germany , when fascism officially collapsed , but all governors of acres , judges and all people remained after the fascist regime . In his article of 2002 , Alan A. Stone , who as a member of team had examined Pyotr Grigorenko and found him mentally healthy in 1979 , disregarded the findings of the World Psychiatric Association and the later avowal of Soviet psychiatrists themselves and put forward the academically revisionist theory that there was no political abuse of psychiatry as a tool against pacific dissidence in the former USSR . He asserted that it was time for psychiatry in the Western countries to reconsider the supposedly documented accounts of political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR in the hope of discovering that Soviet psychiatrists were more deserving of sympathy than condemnation . In Stone 's words , he believes that Snezhnevsky was wrongly condemned by critics . According to Stone , one of the first points the Soviet psychiatrists who have been condemned for unethical political abuse of psychiatry make is that the revolution is the greatest good for the greatest number , the greatest piece of social justice , and the greatest beneficence imaginable in the twentieth century . In the Western view , the ethical compass of the Soviet psychiatrists begins to wander when they act in the service of this greatest beneficence . According to St Petersburg psychiatrist Vladimir Pshizov , a disastrous factor for domestic psychiatry is that those who had committed the crime against humanity were allowed to stay on their positions until they can leave this world in a natural way . Those who retained their positions and influence turned domestic psychiatry from politically motivated one to criminally motivated one because the sphere of interests of this public has been reduced to making a business of psychopharmacologic drugs and taking possession of the homes of the ill . In Soviet times , all the heads of departments of psychiatry , all the directors of psychiatric research institutes , all the head doctors of psychiatric hospitals were the CPSU nomenklatura , which they remained so far . The representative of nomenklatura in psychiatry had the scheme of career that is simple and often stereotyped : for one to two years , he run errands as a resident , then joined the party and became a partgrouporg . His junior colleagues ( usually non @-@ partisan ones ) collected and processed material for his dissertation . Its review of literature , particularly in a research institute for psychiatry , was often written by patients , because only they knew foreign languages , and their party comrades were not up to it , the natural habitat did not stimulate learning a foreign language . Robert van Voren also says Russian psychiatry is now being headed by the same psychiatrists who was heading psychiatry in Soviet times . Since then Russian psychiatric system has not almost changed . In reality , we still see a sort of the Soviet psychiatry that was in the late 1980s . Russian psychiatrists do not have access to specialized literature published in other countries and do not understand what is world psychiatry . Staff training has not changed , literature is inaccessible , the same psychiatrists teach new generations of specialists . Those of them who know what is world psychiatry and know it is not the same as what is happening in Russia are silent and afraid . The powerful core of the old nomenklatura in psychiatry was concentrated in Moscow , and it was clear that the struggle inside their fortress would be not only difficult , but also it would be a waste of time , energy and resources , so the Global Initiative on Psychiatry has been avoiding Moscow almost completely for all the years . Instead , the Global Initiative on Psychiatry took active part in projects for reforming the mental health service in Ukraine , donated a printing plant to Ukrainian public , organized a publishing house , helped print a huge amount of medical and legal literature distributed for free , but the Ukrainian tax police accused the publishing house of manufacturing counterfeit dollars , and a significant part of humanitarian aid that the Global Initiative on Psychiatry had gathered in the Netherlands for Ukrainian psychiatric hospitals was stolen in Kiev . Many of the current leaders of Russian psychiatry , especially those who were related to the establishment in Soviet period , have resiled from their avowal read at the 1989 General Assembly of the WPA that Soviet psychiatry had been systematically abused for political purposes . Among such leaders who did so is Aleksandr Tiganov , a pupil of Snezhnevsky , full member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , the director of its Mental Health Research Center , and the chief psychiatrist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation . In 2011 , when asked whether ill or healthy were those examined because of their disagreements with authority , Tiganov answered , " These people suffered from sluggish schizophrenia and were on the psychiatric registry . " According to Tiganov , it was rumored that Snezhnevsky took pity on dissenters and gave them a diagnosis required for placing in a special hospital to save them from a prison , but it is not true , he honestly did his medical duty . The same ideas are voiced in the 2014 interview by Anatoly Smulevich , a pupil of Snezhnevsky , full member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences ; he says what was attributed to Snesnevsky was that he recognized the healthy as the ill , it did not happen and is pure slander , it is completely ruled out for him to give a diagnosis to a healthy person . In 2007 , Mikhail Vinogradov , one of the leading staff members of the Serbsky Center , strongly degraded the human rights movement of the Soviet era in every possible way and tried to convince that all political dissidents who had been to his institution were indeed mentally ill . In his opinion , " now it is clear that all of them are deeply affected people . " In 2012 , Vinogradov said the same , " Do you talk about human rights activists ? Most of them are just unhealthy people , I talked with them . As for the dissident General Grigorenko , I too saw him , kept him under observation , and noted oddities of his thinking . But he was eventually allowed to go abroad , as you know ... Who ? Bukovsky ? I talked with him , and he is a completely crazy character . But he too was allowed to go abroad ! You see , human rights activists are people who , due to their mental pathology , are unable to restrain themselves within the standards of society , and the West encourages their inability to do so . " In the same year , he offered to restore Soviet mental health law and said it " has never been used for political persecution . " Human rights activists who claim it did , in Vinogradov 's words , " are not very mentally healthy . " Russian psychiatrist Fedor Kondratev not only denied accusations that he was ever personally engaged in Soviet abuses of psychiatry ; he stated publicly that the very conception of the existence of Soviet @-@ era " punitive psychiatry " was nothing more than : " the fantasy [ vymysel ] of the very same people who are now defending totalitarian sects . This is slander , which was [ previously ] used for anti @-@ Soviet ends , but is now being used for anti @-@ Russian ends . " He says that there were attempts to use of psychiatry for political purposes but there was no mass psychiatric terror , he calls allegations about the terror a propagandistic weapon of activists of the Cold War . As Alexander Podrabinek writes , psychiatrists of punitive conscription and namely Kondratev are relatively indifferent to the public 's indignation over illegal use of psychiatry both in Soviet times and now , they do not notice this public , allowing themselves to ignore any unprofessional opinion . In response to the article by Podrabinek , Kondratev instituted a suit against Podrabinek under Russian Civil Code Article 152 on protecting one 's honor , dignity and business reputation . According to Valery Krasnov and Isaak Gurovich , official representatives of psychiatry involved in its political abuse never acknowledged the groundlessness of their diagnostics and actions . The absence of the acknowledgement and the absence of an analysis of made errors cast a shadow upon all psychiatrists in the USSR and , especially , in Russia . As Russian @-@ American historian Georgi Chernyavsky writes , after the fall of the communist regime , no matter how some psychiatrists lean over backwards , foaming at the mouth to this day when stating that they were slandered , that they did not give dissidents diagnoses @-@ sentences , or that , at least , these cases were isolated and not at all related to their personal activities , no matter how the doctors , if one may call them so , try to rebut hundreds if not thousands of real facts , it is undoable . In 2004 , Savenko stated that the passed law on the state expert activity and the introduction of the profession of forensic expert psychiatrist actually destroyed adversary @-@ based examinations and that the Serbsky Center turned into the complete monopolist of forensic examination , which it had never been under Soviet rule . Formerly , the court could include any psychiatrist in a commission of experts , but now the court only chooses an expert institution . The expert has the right to participate only in commissions that he is included in by the head of his expert institution , and can receive the certificate of qualification as an expert only after having worked in a state expert institution for three years . The Director of the Serbsky Center Dmitrieva was , at the same time , the head of the forensic psychiatry department which is the only one in the country and is located in her Center . No one had ever had such a monopoly . According to Savenko , the Serbsky Center has long labored to legalize its monopolistic position of the Main expert institution of the country . The ambition and permissiveness — which , due to proximity to power , allow the Serbsky Center to get in touch over the telephone with the judges and explain to them who is who and what is the guideline , although the judges themselves have already learned it — have turned out to be a considerable drop in the level of the expert reports on many positions . Such a drop was inevitable and foreseeable in the context of the Serbsky Center efforts to eliminate adversary character of the expert reports of the parties , then to maximally degrade the role of the specialist as a reviewer and critic of the presented expert report , and to legalize the state of affairs . Lyubov Vinogradova believes there has been a continuous diminution in patients ' rights as independent experts are now excluded from processes , cannot speak in court and can do nothing against the State experts . On 28 May 2009 , Yuri Savenko wrote to the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev an open letter , in which Savenko asked Medvedev to submit to the State Duma a draft law prepared by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia to address the sharp drop in the level of forensic psychiatric examinations , which Savenko attributed to the lack of competition within the sector and its increasing nationalization . The open letter says that the level of the expert reports has dropped to such an extent that it is often a matter of not only the absence of entire sections of the report , even such as the substantiation of its findings , and not only the gross contradiction of its findings to the descriptive section of the report , but it is often a matter of concrete statements which are so contrary to generally accepted scientific terms that doubts about the disinterestedness of the experts arise . According to the letter , courts , in violation of procedural rules , do not analyze the expert report , its coherence and consistency in all its parts , do not check experts ' findings for their accuracy , completeness , and objectivity . On 15 June 2009 , the working group chaired by the Director of the Serbsky Center Tatyana Dmitrieva sent the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation a joint application whose purport was to declare appealing against the forensic expert reports of state expert institutions illegal and prohibit courts from receiving lawsuits filed to appeal against the reports . The reason put forward for the proposal was that the appeals against the expert reports were allegedly filed " without regard for the scope of the case " and that one must appeal against the expert report " only together with the sentence . " In other words , according to Yuri Savenko , all professional errors and omissions are presented as untouchable by virtue of the fact that they were infiltrated into the sentence . That is cynicism of administrative resources , cynicism of power , he says . The draft of the application to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation was considered in the paper " Current legal issues relevant to forensic @-@ psychiatric expert evaluation " by Elena Shchukina and Sergei Shishkov focusing on the inadmissibility of appealing against the expert report without regard for the scope of the evaluated case . While talking about appealing against " the reports " , the authors of the paper , according to lawyer Dmitry Bartenev , mistakenly identify the reports with actions of the experts ( or an expert institution ) and justify the impossibility of the " parallel " examination and evaluation of the actions of the experts without regard for the scope of the evaluated case . Such a conclusion made by the authors appears clearly erroneous because abuse by the experts of rights and legitimate interests of citizens including trial participants , of course , may be a subject for a separate appeal . According to the warning made in 2010 by Yuri Savenko at the same Congress , prof . Anatoly Smulevich , author of the monographs Problema Paranoyi ( The Problem of Paranoia ) ( 1972 ) and Maloprogredientnaya Shizofreniya ( Continuous Sluggish Schizophrenia ) ( 1987 ) , which had contributed to the hyperdiagnosis of " sluggish schizophrenia " , again began to play the same role he played before . Recently , under his influence therapists began to widely use antidepressants and antipsychotics but often in inadequate cases and in inappropriate doses , without consulting psychiatrists . This situation has opened up a huge new market for pharmaceutical firms , with their unlimited capabilities , and the flow of the mentally ill to internists . Smulevich bases the diagnosis of continuous sluggish schizophrenia , in particular , on appearance and lifestyle and stresses that the forefront in the picture of negative changes is given to the contrast between retaining mental activity ( and sometimes quite high capacity for work ) and mannerism , unusualness of one 's appearance and entire lifestyle . According to the commentary by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia on the 2007 text by Vladimir Rotstein , a doctrinist of Snezhnevsky 's school , there are sufficient patients with delusion of reformism in psychiatric inpatient facilities for involuntary treatment . In 2012 , delusion of reformism was mentioned as a symptom of mental disorder in Psychiatry . National Manual edited by Tatyana Dmitrieva , Valery Krasnov , Nikolai Neznanov , Valentin Semke , and Alexander Tiganov . In the same year , Vladimir Pashkovsky in his paper reported that he diagnosed 4 @.@ 7 percent of 300 patients with delusion of reform . As Russian sociologist Alexander Tarasov notes , you will be treated in a hospital so that you and all your acquaintances get to learn forever that only such people as Anatoly Chubais or German Gref can be occupied with reforming in our country ; and you are suffering from " syndrome of litigiousness " if in addition you wrote to the capital city complaints , which can be written only by a reviewing authority or lawyer . According to Doctor of Legal Sciences Vladimir Ovchinsky , regional differences in forensic psychiatric expert reports are striking . For example , in some regions of Russia , 8 or 9 percent of all examinees are pronounced sane ; in other regions up to 75 percent of all examinees are pronounced sane . In some regions less than 2 percent of examinees are declared schizophrenics ; in other regions up to 80 percent of examinees are declared schizophrenics . In April 1995 , the State Duma considered the first draft of a law that would have established a State Medical Commission with a psychiatrist to certify the competence of the President , the Prime Minister , and high federal political officials to fulfill the responsibilities of their positions . In 2002 , Ukrainian psychiatrist Ada Korotenko stated that today the question was raised about the use of psychiatry to settle political accounts and establish psychiatric control over people competing for power in the country . Obviously , one will find supporters of the feasibility of such a filter , she said , though is it worthwhile to substitute experts ' medical reports for elections ? In 2003 , the suggestion of using psychiatry to prevent and dismiss officials from their positions was supported by Alexander Podrabinek , author of the book Punitive Medicine , a 265 @-@ page monograph covering political abuses of psychiatry in the Soviet Union . He suggested that people who seek high positions or run for the legislature should bring from the psychiatric dispensary a reference that they are not on the psychiatric registry and should be subjected to psychiatric examination in the event of inappropriate behavior . Concerned about the problem , authorities ruled that the Russian Mental Health Law should not be applied to senior officials and the judiciary on the ground that they are vested with parliamentary or judicial immunity . A psychiatrist who violates this rule can be deprived of his diploma and sentenced to imprisonment . In 2011 , Russian psychiatrists again tried to promote the idea that one 's marked aspiration in itself for power can be referred to psychopathic symptoms and that there are statistics about 60 percent of current leaders of states suffering from various forms of mental abnormalities . = = Documents and memoirs = = The evidence for the misuse of psychiatry for political purposes in the Soviet Union was documented in a number of articles and books . Several national psychiatric associations examined and acted upon this documentation . The widely known sources including published and written memoirs by victims of psychiatric arbitrariness convey moral and physical sufferings experienced by the victims in special psychiatric hospitals of the USSR . = = = Samizdat documentation = = = In August 1969 , Natalya Gorbanevskaya completed Noon ( " Полдень " ) , her book about the case of the 25 August 1968 Demonstration on Red Square and began circulating it in samizdat . It was translated into English and published under the title Red Square at Noon . Parts of the book describe Special Psychiatric Hospitals and psychiatric examinations of dissidents . The book includes " On Special Psychiatric Hospitals " , an article written by Pyotr Grigorenko in 1968 . In 1971 , twin brothers Zhores Medvedev and Roy Medvedev published in London their joint account of Zhores ' incarceration in a psychiatric hospital and the Soviet practice of diagnosing political oppositionists as the mentally ill in London , in both English A Question of Madness : Repression by Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and Russian ( Who is Mad ? " Кто сумасшедший " ) editions . Yury Maltsev 's Report from a Madhouse , his memoirs in Russian ( " Репортаж и сумасшедшего дома " ) , were issued by the New York @-@ based Novy zhurnal publishing house in 1974 . 1975 saw the article " My Five Years in Mental Hospitals " by Viktor Fainberg , who had emigrated to France the previous year after four years in the Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital . In 1976 , Viktor Nekipelov published in samizdat his book Institute of Fools : Notes on the Serbsky Institute documenting his personal experiences during two months ' examination at the Serbsky Institute in Moscow . In 1980 , the book was translated and published in English . The book was first published in Russia in 2005 . = = = Professional associations and Human Rights groups = = = Various documents and reports were published in the Information Bulletin of the Working Commission on the Abuse of Psychiatry For Political Purposes , and circulated in the samizdat periodical Chronicle of Current Events . Other sources were documents by the Moscow Helsinki Group and in books by Alexander Podrabinek ( Punitive Medicine , 1979 ) Anatoly Prokopenko ( Mad Psychiatry , 1997 , " Безумная психитрия " ) by and Vladimir Bukovsky ( Judgment in Moscow , 1994 ) . To these may be added Soviet psychiatry – fallacies and fantasy by Ada Korotenko and Natalia Alikina ( " Советская психиатрия . Заблуждения и умысел " ) and Executed by Madness , 1971 ( " Казнимые сумасшествием " ) . In 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1984 , and 1988 the United States Government Printing Office published documents on political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union . From 1987 to 1991 , the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry ( IAPUP ) published forty @-@ two volumes of Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR . Today these are preserved by the Columbia University Libraries in the archival collection entitled Human Rights Watch Records : Helsinki Watch , 1952 – 2003 , Series VII : Chris Panico Files , 1979 – 1992 , USSR , Psychiatry , International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry , Box 16 , Folder 5 – 8 ( English version ) and Box 16 , Folder 9 – 11 ( Russian version ) . In 1992 , the British Medical Association published certain some documents on the subject in Medicine Betrayed : The Participation of Doctors in Human Rights Abuses . = = = Memoirs = = = In 1978 , the book I Vozvrashchaetsa Veter ... ( And the Wind Returns ... ) by Vladimir Bukovsky , describing the dissident movement , their struggle or freedom , practices of dealing with dissenters , and dozen years spent by Bukovsky in Soviet labor camps , prisons and psychiatric hospitals , was published and later translated into English under the title To Build a Castle : My Life as a Dissenter . In 1979 , Leonid Plyushch published his book Na Karnavale Istorii ( At History 's Сarnival ) in which he described how he and other dissidents were committed to psychiatric hospitals . The same year , the book was translated into English under the title History 's Carnival : A Dissident 's Autobiography . In 1980 , the book by Yuri Belov Razmyshlenia ne tolko o Sychovke : Roslavl 1978 ( Reflections not only on Sychovka : Roslavl 1978 ) was published . In 1981 , Pyotr Grigorenko published his memoirs V Podpolye Mozhno Vstretit Tolko Krys ( In Underground One Can Meet Only Rats ) , which included the story of his psychiatric examinations and hospitalizations . In 1982 , the book was translated into English under the title Memoirs . In 1982 , Soviet philosopher Pyotr Abovin @-@ Yegides published his article " Paralogizmy politseyskoy psikhiatrii i ikh sootnoshenie s meditsinskoy etikoy ( Paralogisms of police psychiatry and their relation to medical ethics ) . " In 1983 , Evgeny Nikolaev 's book Predavshie Gippokrata ( Betrayers of Hippocrates ) , when translated from Russian into German under the title Gehirnwäsche in Moskau ( Brainwashing in Moscow ) , first came out in München and told about psychiatric detention of its author for political reasons . In 1984 , the book under its original title was first published in Russian which the book had originally been written in . In 1983 , Yuri Vetokhin published his memoirs Sklonen k Pobegu translated into English under the title Inclined to Escape in 1986 . In 1987 , Robert van Voren published his book Koryagin : A man Struggling for Human Dignity telling about psychiatrist Anatoly Koryagin who resisted political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union . In 1988 , Reportazh iz Niotkuda ( Reportage from Nowhere ) by Viktor Rafalsky was published . In the publication , he described his confinement in Soviet psychiatric hospitals . In 1993 , Valeriya Novodvorskaya published her collection of writings Po Tu Storonu Otchayaniya ( Beyond Despair ) in which her experience in the prison psychiatric hospital in Kazan was described . In 1996 , Vladimir Bukovsky published his book Moskovsky Protsess ( Moscow trial ) containing an account of developing the punitive psychiatry based on documents that were being submitted to and considered by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The book was translated into English in 1998 under the title Reckoning With Moscow : A Nuremberg Trial for Soviet Agents and Western Fellow Travelers . In 2001 , Nikolay Kupriyanov published his book GULAG @-@ 2 @-@ SN which has a foreword by Anatoly Sobchak , covers repressive psychiatry in Soviet Army , and tells about humiliations Kupriyanov underwent in the psychiatric departments of the Northern Fleet hospital and the Kirov Military Medical Academy . In 2002 , St. Petersburg forensic psychiatrist Vladimir Pshizov published his book Sindrom Zamknutogo Prostranstva ( Syndrome of Closed Space ) describing the hospitalization of Viktor Fainberg . In 2003 , the book Moyа Sudba i Moyа Borba protiv Psikhiatrov ( My Destiny and My Struggle against Psychiatrists ) was published by Anatoly Serov , who worked as a lead design engineer before he was committed to a psychiatric hospital . In 2010 , Alexander Shatravka published his book Pobeg iz Raya ( Escape from Paradise ) in which he described how he and his companions were caught after they illegally crossed the border between Finland and the Soviet Union to escape from the latter country and , as a result , were confined to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and prisons . In his book , he also described methods of brutal treatment of prisoners in the institutions . In 2012 , Soviet dissident and believer Vladimir Khailo ’ s wife published her book Subjected to Intense Persecution . 2014 saw the book Zha Zholtoy Stenoy ( Behind the Yellow Wall ) by Alexander Avgust , a former inmate of Soviet psychiatric hospitals who in his book describes the wider circle of their inhabitants than literature on the issue usually does . = = = Literary works = = = In 1965 , Valery Tarsis published in the West his book Ward 7 : An Autobiographical Novel based upon his own experiences in 1963 – 1964 when he was detained in the Moscow Kashchenko psychiatric hospital for political reasons . The book was the first literary work to deal with the Soviet authorities ' abuse of psychiatry . In 1968 , the Russian poet Joseph Brodsky wrote Gorbunov and Gorchakov , a forty @-@ page long poem in thirteen cantos consisting of lengthy conversations between two patients in a Soviet psychiatric prison as well as between each of them separately and the interrogating psychiatrists . The topics vary from the taste of the cabbage served for supper to the meaning of life and Russia 's destiny . The poem was translated into English by Harry Thomas . The experience underlying Gorbunov and Gorchakov was formed by two stints of Brodsky at psychiatric establishments . In 1977 , British playwright Tom Stoppard wrote the play Every Good Boy Deserves Favour that criticized the Soviet practice of treating political dissidence as a form of mental illness . The play is dedicated to Viktor Fainberg and Vladimir Bukovsky , two Soviet dissidents expelled to the West . In the 1983 novel Firefox Down by Craig Thomas , captured American pilot Mitchell Gant is imprisoned in a KGB psychiatric clinic " associated with the Serbsky Institute " , where he is drugged and interrogated to force him to reveal the location of the Firefox aircraft , which he has stolen and flown out of Russia . = = = Documentaries = = = The use of psychiatry for political purposes in the USSR was discussed in several television documentaries : They Chose Freedom , produced by Vladimir V. Kara @-@ Murza in 2005 Prison Psychiatry , produced by Anatoly Yaroshevsky of NTV in 2005 Parallels , Events , People ( an episode Punitive Psychiatry ) produced by Natella Boltyanskaya for the Voice of America in 2014 Psychiatric Practices in the Soviet Union ( TV interview ) , produced by C @-@ SPAN on 17 July 1989 with the participation of William Farrand , Peter Reddaway , Darrel Regier , who were members of the US delegation during its visit to Soviet psychiatric facilities in February 1989 .
= Oh Love = " Oh Love " is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the lead single from their ninth studio album , ¡ Uno ! , on July 16 , 2012 , through Reprise Records , and an EP of the song was released on August 14 , 2012 . It was recorded at Jingletown Studios from February 14 to June 26 , 2012 ; however , it was also played at a secret show held by the band in 2011 . Critical response to the song was mixed ; it was praised for its musical style and tone , as well as criticized for being " middle @-@ ground " . It appeared on multiple charts worldwide upon its debut . The song made its debut in the number @-@ one position on the US Rock Songs chart , making it the band 's first song , and the third ever in history , to do so . = = Background and release = = The song was played at a " secret show " performed by the band on October 28 , 2011 , where the band also performed other songs that are on the track listing of ¡ Uno ! : " Let Yourself Go " and " Carpe Diem " Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone praised the band 's performance while also writing , " Other new music included the blistering Ramones @-@ tinged ' Let Yourself Go ' ( ' Shut your mouth ' cause you 're talking too much and I don 't give a fuck anyway ' ) , the driving beat and sing @-@ along chorus of ' Carpe Diem , ' and the strut of ' Oh Love ' " . Green Day went into the studio to begin recording songs for a new album on February 14 , 2012 . Eventually , the band announced the release of albums ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! . The official confirmation of the song came with the release of the track listing of their album ¡ Uno ! on June 26 , 2012 . Later , on June 25 , 2012 , the band announced that they would be releasing " Oh Love " as the first single from ¡ Uno ! . Prior to its release , the band released a teaser @-@ sample of the song in a video uploaded to YouTube . The 16 @-@ second video consists of the cover art of ¡ Uno ! and an advertisement at the bottom with a snippet of the song played in the background , and at the end shows the head of Armstrong in the cover art , eating the advertisement . The song was released on July 16 , 2012 through Reprise Records and along with the release of the song , the band uploaded a video to YouTube which had its lyrics and the full song . On July 20 , 2012 , an extended play of the song was announced , which was released on August 14 , 2012 . " Oh Love " was released as part of the " Green Day 03 " downloadable content pack for Rock Band 3 and Rock Band Blitz on September 25 , 2012 . = = Theme and composition = = Stylistically , " Oh Love " has been described as power pop . Its musical style is reminiscent of the band 's early albums Dookie ( 1994 ) and Nimrod ( 1997 ) . It is a " move away " from the band 's politically inspired releases like American Idiot ( 2004 ) and 21st Century Breakdown ( 2009 ) . Bassist Mike Dirnt described the musical style of " Oh Love " by stating , " We were just thinking about making a killer power @-@ pop record – dirtier , back to basics . We tapped into our version of Exile on Main Street " . Vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong also talked about his desire to write a power pop song , stating , " What I really wanted to do was write real power @-@ pop kind of music that had that old Green Day energy , so the original Green Day sound became ¡ Uno ! " . David Fricke of Rolling Stone compared the song to the genre of The Who 's Quadrophenia and the vocals of Armstrong in the start to those of John Lennon . He called the song a " tight , addicting bundle of pop @-@ hook class and crunchy @-@ punk fundamentals " . Sarah Maloy of Billboard elaborated that the guitar instrumentation is simple and the tune is similar to the band 's early releases . = = Artwork = = The band revealed the artwork of " Oh Love " on July 10 , 2012 , in a press release on their official website about the release of the song . The cover art of the song follows the style of those of ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! . It features a traffic signal post on the right side with a heart on top followed by two crosses below . " Green Day " and " Oh Love " are written in capital letters at top left and bottom left respectively . " Green Day " is written in pale yellow while " Oh Love " is in white against the blue background , which shows contrast between light @-@ dark and light shades along with black in the corner . The band also announced release of an EP of the song and also showed its artwork , which is similar with minor variations in color and images . It features a traffic signal post on the right side similar to the song with a cross instead of a heart on top followed by a heart @-@ shaped hand grenade and a couple kissing , the artwork for American Idiot and 21st Century Breakdown , respectively , instead of two crosses below . " Green Day " , in blue , and " Oh Love " , in white , are written in capital letters on the left top and bottom respectively , against a striped red background with blackened corners . = = Music video = = The music video is directed by Samuel Bayer , who also directed the band 's American Idiot videos . Lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong said of the video on MTV : " It 's very lustful " . The video shows the stereotypes of a rock star 's life . The video features Green Day playing the song in front of an audience of scantily clad women . = = Critical reception = = The song received positive responses from a number of critics . David Fricke of Rolling Stone assigned the track four out of five stars , deeming it " just a bright , strident vocal and crisply strummed guitar . But when Armstrong ’ s bandmates fall in around him , Green Day sound the way you originally loved ’ em , and refreshed : heavier and hardened from their time in the trenches but back in the garage , ready for rapture " . Scott Shetler of PopCrush also rated the song four out of five stars and compared it to the song " Jesus of Suburbia " from the album American Idiot , calling it " a much shorter and slightly more accessible version " of that song . He also added , " That ’ s good news for Green Day fans and for those who miss rock music on Top 40 radio " . However , the song did not receive an entirely positive response from NME , who stated , " That crunchy guitar riff , that meandering melody , that by @-@ the @-@ numbers solo – it all comes off rather ‘ meh ’ , rather safe , and rather middle @-@ ground to these ears " . = = Chart performance = = Upon its release as the lead song , " Oh Love " debuted on multiple world charts . The song made its debut at number one on the US Rock Songs with 13 million audience impressions at 145 reporting stations . The song is the band 's first and only the third ever to debut at number one on the charts , following Linkin Park 's " The Catalyst " on 21 August 2010 , and Foo Fighters ' " Rope " on 12 March 2011 . The song also debuted on the US Alternative Songs at number seven and peaked at number three . It became the band 's 28th title on the Alternative Songs tally and the 20th song to chart in the Top 10 Alternative Songs — the third highest number of songs by a single artist to do so , sharing that position with Foo Fighters and trailing U2 and Red Hot Chili Peppers with 23 and 24 charting in the Top 10 respectively . It debuted on the Japan Hot 100 at 27 and the Canadian Hot 100 at 54 . The song peaked on the Canada ( Alternative Rock ) at number four and on the Canada ( Active Rock ) at number 12 . On the Czech Airplay Chart , it made its debut at number 69 . It debuted at number 73 on the Belgian Tip Chart and at 88 on the Netherlands Single Top 100 . It also debuted at 83 on the Media Control Germany Top 100 Singles Chart . = = Track listing = = = = Chart positions = = = = Personnel = = Billie Joe Armstrong - lead guitar , vocals Mike Dirnt - bass guitar , vocals Tré Cool - drums , percussion Jason White - guitar
= 1949 Texas hurricane = The 1949 Texas hurricane was an intense tropical cyclone of the 1949 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming in the Pacific Ocean on September 27 , the storm crossed into the Gulf of Mexico — one of only a handful of known storms to do so — and began to intensify . It ultimately peaked with winds corresponding to high @-@ end Category 2 status on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale and made landfall near Freeport , Texas , on the morning of October 4 . It rapidly weakened after moving inland and dissipated several days later . Damage from the storm was moderate , although the hurricane temporarily cut off the city of Galveston from the mainland . Rice crops suffered extensive damage , with losses estimated at up to $ 10 million ( 1949 USD , $ 99 @.@ 5 million 2016 USD ) . Two people died due to the hurricane . = = Meteorological history = = According to modern @-@ day analysis , a tropical depression developed in the Pacific Ocean , south of El Salvador , early on September 27 . It drifted northward across Central America and eastern Mexico before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico near Ciudad del Carmen on September 30 . Weather reports had indicated low air pressures over the area for several days . It is relatively rare for a tropical cyclone to cross from the Pacific into the Atlantic , or vice versa , and this storm is among less than a dozen known to have officially done so . Only three other tropical cyclones have crossed from the eastern Pacific into the Gulf of Mexico . The cyclone intensified into a tropical storm on October 1 and sped up slightly as it curved northwestward . A day later it became a hurricane . Subsequently , a period of rapid intensification took place , and as the cyclone approached the Texas coast on October 3 , it attained peak winds of 110 miles per hour ( 177 km / h ) , equivalent to upper @-@ end Category 2 — almost Category 3 — intensity . The storm moved ashore early the next day just east of Bay City with a barometric pressure estimated at 965 millibars ( 28 @.@ 50 inHg ) . The storm is one of a relatively few October hurricanes to either impact or make landfall in Texas . After significantly weakening , it passed directly over Houston ; the next storm to do so would be Hurricane Alicia in 1983 . Upon moving inland , the hurricane quickly degraded into a tropical storm within six hours of making landfall . It turned northeastward as it continued through the central United States , weakening to a tropical depression by October 5 . It became extratropical the next day , yet persisted until October 7 , when it is believed to have dissipated near Sheboygan , Wisconsin . = = Preparations and impact = = Throughout 10 cities in Texas , 50 @,@ 000 sought shelter in advance of the hurricane . An estimated 28 @,@ 000 residents fled to shelters ; around 5 @,@ 000 stayed in the Houston City Auditorium . Tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued along coastal areas of Texas and Louisiana . Pioneer Airlines removed its aircraft from Houston , while small watercraft were kept safe in port . Schools in Corpus Christi closed by October 3 , as well as businesses in the threatened area . The hurricane produced gusts of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) just west of Freeport , accompanied by an air pressure of 28 @.@ 88 inches of mercury ( 978 hPa ) and tides of 11 @.@ 4 ft ( 3 @.@ 5 m ) above normal . Precipitation from the storm was heavy , peaking at 14 @.@ 5 in ( 370 mm ) at Goodrich . Rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana , amounting to 6 @.@ 81 in ( 173 mm ) at Shreveport , Louisiana . Urban areas sustained generally light damage . In Houston , the winds shattered some store windows and distributed debris . Galveston was temporarily cut off from the mainland during the hurricane when water surpassed the city 's seawall . The hurricane spawned a minor tornado which struck the community of Riceville , injuring on two children . Freeport reportedly suffered the worst damage , costing approximately $ 150 @,@ 000 . A pier at Port Aransas was largely destroyed at a cost of $ 10 @,@ 000 . The hurricane caused extensive damage to rice , cotton , and vegetable crops in the region . An estimate several days after the storm placed the total quantity of rice damaged at 500 @,@ 000 bushels , totaling $ 10 million in monetary losses . However , Zoch ( 1949 ) reported that total damage from the storm was $ 6 @.@ 7 million . Following the storm , thousands of automobiles in six states were affected by widespread peeling and blistering paint . The blisters , usually concentrated on the hoods , fenders and tops of vehicles , contained a small amount of water , and peeling paint was also reported on one Shreveport home . Most of the cars damaged were parked outside , and sheltered automobiles were unaffected . Although total damage from the phenomenon may have reached thousands of dollars , experts were unable to identify its cause immediately following the storm . Two deaths were attributed to the storm : a resident of Port Neches who was electrocuted , and a young woman who drowned in Matagorda Bay .
= Language Movement = The Language Movement ( Bengali : ভাষা আন ্ দোলন Bhasha Andolôn ) , was a political movement in former East Bengal ( today Bangladesh ) advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of the then @-@ Dominion of Pakistan in order to allow its use in government affairs , the continuation of its use as a medium of education , its use in media , currency and stamps , and to maintain its writing in the Bengali script . When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed by the partition of India in 1947 , it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups , with the geographically non @-@ contiguous East Bengal province ( that was renamed in 1956 as East Pakistan ) having a mainly Bengali population . In 1948 , the Government of the Dominion of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language , sparking extensive protests among the Bengali @-@ speaking majority of East Bengal . Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law , the government outlawed public meetings and rallies . The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952 . The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day . The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest . After years of conflict , the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956 . In 1999 , UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day , in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno @-@ linguistic rights of people around the world . The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan , and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements , including the 6 @-@ Point Movement and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1971 . In Bangladesh , 21 February is observed as Language Movement Day , a national holiday . The Shaheed Minar monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims . = = Background = = The present nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of undivided India during the British colonial rule . From the mid @-@ 19th century , the Urdu language had been promoted as the lingua franca of Indian Muslims by political and religious leaders , such as Sir Khwaja Salimullah , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , Nawab Viqar @-@ ul @-@ Mulk and Maulvi Abdul Haq . Urdu is an Indo @-@ Aryan language of the Indo @-@ Iranian branch , belonging to the Indo @-@ European family of languages . It developed under Persian , Arabic and Turkic influence on apabhramshas ( last linguistic stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language Pali @-@ Prakrit ) in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire . With its Perso @-@ Arabic script , the language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims ; Hindi and the Devanagari script were seen as fundamentals of Hindu culture . While the use of Urdu grew common with Muslims in northern India , the Muslims of Bengal ( a province in the eastern part of British Indian sub @-@ continent ) primarily used the Bengali language . Bengali is an Eastern Indo @-@ Aryan language that arose from the eastern Middle Indic languages around 1000 CE and developed considerably during the Bengal Renaissance . As early as the late 19th century , social activists such as the Muslim feminist Roquia Sakhawat Hussain were choosing to write in Bengali to reach out to the people and develop it as a modern literary language . Supporters of Bengali opposed Urdu even before the partition of India , when delegates from Bengal rejected the idea of making Urdu the lingua franca of Muslim India in the 1937 Lucknow session of the Muslim League . The Muslim League was a British Indian political party that became the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state separate from British India . = = Early stages of the movement = = After the partition of India in 1947 , Bengali @-@ speaking people in East Bengal , the non @-@ contiguous eastern part of the Dominion of Pakistan , made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan 's 69 million people . The Dominion of Pakistan 's government , civil services , and military , however , were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan . In 1947 , a key resolution at a national education summit in Karachi advocated Urdu as the sole state language , and its exclusive use in the media and in schools . Opposition and protests immediately arose . Students from Dhaka rallied under the leadership of Abul Kashem , the secretary of Tamaddun Majlish , a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation . The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal . However , the Pakistan Public Service Commission removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects , as well as from currency notes and stamps . The central education minister Fazlur Rahman made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan . Public outrage spread , and many Bengali students met on the University of Dhaka campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language . To promote their cause , Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka . Leading Bengali scholars argued why only Urdu should not be the state language . The writer Abul Mansur Ahmed said if Urdu became the state language , the educated society of East Bengal would become ' illiterate ' and ' ineligible ' for government positions . The first Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad ( National Language Action Committee ) , an organisation in favour of Bengali as a state language was formed towards the end of December 1947 . Professor Nurul Huq Bhuiyan of the Tamaddun Majlish convened the committee . Later , Parliament member Shamsul Huq convened a new committee to push for Bengali as a state language . Assembly member Dhirendranath Datta proposed legislation in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to allow members to speak in Bengali and authorise its use for official purposes . Datta 's proposal was supported by legislators Prem Hari Burman , Bhupendra Kumar Datta and Sris Chandra Chattaopadhyaya of East Bengal , as well as the people from the region . Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Muslim League denounced the proposal as an attempt to divide the Pakistani people , thus the legislation was defeated . = = = Agitations of 1948 = = = Students of the University of Dhaka and other colleges of the city organised a general strike on 11 March 1948 to protest the omission of Bengali language from official use , including coins , stamps and recruitment tests for the navy . The movement restated the demand that Bengali be declared an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan . Political leaders such as Shamsul Huq , Shawkat Ali , Kazi Golam Mahboob , Oli Ahad , Abdul Wahed and others were arrested during the rallies . Rally leader Mohammad Toaha was hospitalised after attempting to snatch a rifle from a police officer . Student leaders , including Abdul Matin and Abdul Malek Ukil took part in the procession . In the afternoon of 11 March , a meeting was held to protest police brutality and arrests . A group of students marching towards the chief minister Khawaja Nazimuddin 's house was stopped in front of the Dhaka High Court . The rally changed its direction and moved in the direction of the Secretariat building . Police attacked the procession injuring several students and leaders , including A. K. Fazlul Huq . Continuing strikes were observed the following four days . Under such circumstances , the chief minister Nazimuddin signed an accord with the student leaders agreeing to some terms and conditions , without complying to the demand that Bengali be made a state language . In the height of civic unrest , Governor @-@ General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah arrived in Dhaka on 19 March 1948 . On 21 March , at a civic reception at Racecourse Ground , he claimed that the language issue was designed by a " fifth column " to divide Pakistani Muslims . Jinnah further declared that " Urdu , and only Urdu " embodied the spirit of Muslim nations and would remain as the state language , labelling those who disagreed with his views as " Enemies of Pakistan " . Jinnah delivered a similar speech at Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka on 24 March . At both meetings , Jinnah was interrupted by large segments of the audience . He later called a meeting of a state language committee of action , and overruled the contract that was signed by Khawaja Nazimuddin with the student leaders . Before Jinnah left Dhaka on 28 March , he delivered a speech on radio reasserting his " Urdu @-@ only " policy . Shortly thereafter , the East Bengal Language Committee , presided by Maulana Akram Khan , was formed by the East Bengal government to prepare a report on the language problem . The Committee completed its report on 6 December 1950 , but it was not published until 1958 . The government suggested that Bengali be written in Arabic script , as a potential solution to the language conflict . = = Events of 1952 = = The Urdu @-@ Bengali controversy was reignited when Jinnah 's successor , governor @-@ general Khawaja Nazimuddin , staunchly defended the " Urdu @-@ only " policy in a speech on 27 January 1952 . On 31 January , the Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod ( All @-@ Party Central Language Action Committee ) was formed in a meeting at the Bar Library Hall of the University of Dhaka , chaired by Maulana Bhashani . The central government 's proposal of writing the Bengali language in Arabic script was vehemently opposed at the meeting . The action committee called for an all out protest on 21 February , including strikes and rallies . In an attempt to prevent the demonstration , the government imposed Section 144 in Dhaka , thereby banning any gathering . = = = 21 February = = = At nine o 'clock in the morning , students began gathering on the University of Dhaka premises in defiance of Section 144 . The university vice @-@ chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus . By a quarter past eleven , students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line . Police fired tear gas shells towards the gate to warn the students . A section of students ran into the Dhaka Medical College while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police . The vice @-@ chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area . However , the police arrested several students for violating section 144 as they attempted to leave . Enraged by the arrests , the students met around the East Bengal Legislative Assembly and blocked the legislators ' way , asking them to present their insistence at the assembly . When a group of students sought to storm into the building , police opened fire and killed a number of students , including Abdus Salam , Rafiq Uddin Ahmed , Abul Barkat and Abdul Jabbar . As the news of the killings spread , disorder erupted across the city . Shops , offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began . At the assembly , six legislators including Manoranjan Dhar , Boshontokumar Das , Shamsuddin Ahmed and Dhirendranath Datta requested that chief minister Nurul Amin visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning . This motion was supported by some treasury bench members including Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish , Shorfuddin Ahmed , Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed . However , Nurul Amin refused the requests . = = = 22 February = = = Disorder spread across the province as large processions ignored section 144 and condemned the actions of the police . More than 30 @,@ 000 people congregated at Curzon Hall in Dhaka . During the continued protests , police actions led to the death of four more people . This prompted officers and clerks from different organisations , including colleges , banks and the radio station , to boycott offices and join the procession . Protesters burned the offices of two leading pro @-@ government news agencies , the Jubilee Press and the Morning News . Police fired on a major janaza , or mourning rally , as it was passing through Nawabpur Road . The shooting killed several people including activist Sofiur Rahman and a nine @-@ year @-@ old boy named Ohiullah . = = = Continued unrest = = = Through the night of 23 February , students of Dhaka Medical College worked on the construction of a Shaheed Smritistombho , or Monument of Martyrs . Completed at dawn on 24 February , the monument had a handwritten note attached to it with the words " Shaheed Smritistombho " . Inaugurated by the father of the slain activist Sofiur Rahman , the monument was destroyed on 26 February by police . On 25 February , industrial workers in the town of Narayanganj observed a general strike . A protest followed on 29 February whose participants faced severe police beating . The government censored news reports and withheld exact casualty figures during the protests . Most pro @-@ government media held Hindus and communists responsible for encouraging the disorder and student unrest . The families of Abul Barkat and Rafiq Uddin Ahmed tried to charge the police with murder , but the charges were dismissed by the police . On 8 April government report on the incidents failed to show any particular justification for police firings on the students . When the constituent assembly reconvened on 14 April , proceedings were stalled by members of the Muslim League when legislators from East Bengal sought to raise the language issue . = = Events after 1952 = = The Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod , with support from the Awami Muslim League , decided to commemorate 21 February as Shohid Dibosh ( Martyrs ' Day ) . On the first anniversary of the protests , people across East Bengal wore black badges in solidarity with the victims . Most offices , banks and educational institutions were closed to observe the occasion . Student groups made agreements with college and police officials to preserve law and order . More than 100 @,@ 000 people assembled at a public meeting held in Armanitola in Dhaka , where community leaders called for the immediate release of Maulana Bhashani and other political prisoners . However , West Pakistani politicians such as Fazlur Rahman aggravated sectional tensions by declaring that anyone who wanted Bengali to become an official language would be considered an " enemy of the state " . Bengali students and civilians disobeyed the restrictions to celebrate the anniversary of the protests . Demonstrations broke out on the night of 21 February 1954 with various halls of the University of Dhaka raising black flags in mourning . = = = United Front in 1954 = = = Political tensions came to a head as elections to the provincial assembly of East Bengal were held in 1954 . The ruling Muslim League denounced the opposition United Front coalition , which — led by A. K. Fazlul Huq and the Awami League — wanted greater provincial autonomy . Several United Front leaders and activists were arrested . A meeting of parliament 's Muslim League members , chaired by prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra , resolved to give official recognition to Bengali . This decision was followed by a major wave of unrest as other ethnic groups sought recognition of other regional languages . Proponents of Urdu such as Maulvi Abdul Haq condemned any proposal to grant official status to Bengali . He led a rally of 100 @,@ 000 people to protest against the Muslim League 's decision . Consequently , the implementation failed and the United Front won a vast majority of seats in the legislative assembly , while the representation of the Muslim League was reduced to a historic low . The United Front ministry ordered the creation of the Bangla Academy to promote , develop , and preserve Bengali language , literature , and heritage . However , the United Front rule was temporary , as Governor General Ghulam Muhammad cancelled the government and started Governor 's rule on 30 May 1954 @.@ the United Front again formed the ministry on 6 June 1955 after the governor 's regime ended . The Awami League did not participate in this ministry though . Following the return of the United Front to power , the anniversary on 21 February 1956 was observed for the first time in a peaceful atmosphere . The Government supported a major project to construct a new Shaheed Minar . The session of the constituent assembly was stopped for five minutes to express condolence for the students slain in the police shootings . Major rallies were organised by Bengali leaders and all public offices and businesses remained closed . = = = Constitution reform = = = On 7 May 1954 , the constituent assembly resolved , with the Muslim League 's support , to grant official status to Bengali . Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956 , and article 214 ( 1 ) of the constitution of Pakistan was reworded to " The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali . " However , the military government formed by Ayub Khan made attempts to re @-@ establish Urdu as the sole national language . On 6 January 1959 , the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution 's policy of two state languages . = = = Independence of Bangladesh = = = Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956 , the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of West Pakistan at the expense of East Pakistan . Despite forming the majority of the national population , the East Pakistani population continued to be under @-@ represented in the civil and military services , and received a minority of state funding and other government help . This was mainly due to lack of representative government in the fledgling state . Mainly due to regional economic imbalances sectional divisions grew , and support for the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League , which invoked the 6 @-@ point movement for greater provincial autonomy . One demand was that East Pakistan be called Bangladesh ( Land / Country of Bengal ) , which subsequently led to the Bangladesh Liberation War . = = Legacy = = The Language Movement had a major cultural impact on Bengali society . It has inspired the development and celebration of the Bengali language , literature and culture . 21 February , celebrated as Language Movement Day or Shohid Dibosh ( Martyrs ' Day ) , is a major national holiday in Bangladesh . A month @-@ long event called the Ekushey Book Fair is held every year to commemorate the movement . Ekushey Padak , one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh , is awarded annually in memory of the sacrifices of the movement . Songs such as Abdul Gaffar Choudhury 's Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano , set to music by Shaheed Altaf Mahmud , as well as plays , works of art and poetry played a considerable role in rousing the people 's emotions during the movement . Since the events of February 1952 , poems , songs , novels , plays , films , cartoons and paintings were created to capture the movement from varied point of views . Notable artistic depictions include the poems Bornomala , Amar Dukhini Bornomala and February 1969 by Shamsur Rahman , the film Jibon Theke Neya by Zahir Raihan , the stage play Kobor by Munier Chowdhury and the novels Ekushey February by Raihan and Artonaad by Shawkat Osman . Bangladesh officially sent a proposal to UNESCO to declare 21 February as " International Mother Language Day " . The proposal was supported unanimously at the 30th General Conference of UNESCO held on 17 November 1999 . Two years after the first monument was destroyed by the police , a new Shaheed Minar ( Monument of Martyrs ) was constructed in 1954 to commemorate the protesters who lost their lives . Work on a larger monument designed by the architect Hamidur Rahman began in 1957 with the support of the United Front ministry . Hamidur Rahman 's model consisted of a large complex in the yard of the Dhaka Medical College Hostel . The design included a half @-@ circular column symbolizing a mother with her martyred sons standing at the dais in the center of the monument . Although the imposition of martial law in 1958 interrupted the work , the monument was completed and inaugurated on 21 February 1963 by Abul Barkat 's mother , Hasina Begum . Pakistani forces demolished the monument during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 , but the Bangladeshi government reconstructed it in 1973 . Outside East Bengal , movement for equal status of Bengali also took place in the Indian state of Assam . On May 19 , 1961 , 11 Bengalis were killed in Police firing in Silchar Railway Station , Assam , while demanding state recognition of Bengali language . Subsequently , Bengali was given co @-@ official status in the three Bengali @-@ majority districts of Assam . = = Reaction in West Pakistan = = Although the Language Movement is considered to have laid the foundations for ethnic nationalism in many of the Bengalis of East Bengal and later East Pakistan , it also heightened the cultural animosity between the authorities of the two wings of Pakistan . In the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan , the movement was seen as a sectional uprising against Pakistani national interests . The rejection of the " Urdu @-@ only " policy was seen as a contravention of the Perso @-@ Arabic culture of Muslims and the founding ideology of Pakistan , the two @-@ nation theory . Some of the most powerful politicians from the western wing of Pakistan considered Urdu a product of Indian Islamic culture , but saw Bengali as a part of " Hinduized " Bengali culture . Most stood by the " Urdu only " policy because they believed that only a single language , one that was not indigenous to Pakistan , should serve as the national language . This kind of thinking also provoked considerable opposition in the western wing , wherein there existed several linguistic groups . As late as in 1967 , military dictator Ayub Khan said , " East Bengal is ... still under considerable Hindu culture and influence . " The Awami Muslim League turned over to Bengali nationalism after the Movement , and shed the word " Muslim " from its name . The Language Movement inspired similar discontent in the western wing of Pakistan and provided momentum to ethnic nationalist parties . The political unrest in East Pakistan and rivalry between the central government and the United Front @-@ led provincial government was one of the main factors culminating in the 1958 military coup by Ayub Khan .
= Sierra Highway = Sierra Highway or El Camino Sierra is a road in Southern California , United States . El Camino Sierra refers to the full length of a trail formed in the 19th century , rebuilt as highways in the early 20th century , that ran from Los Angeles to Lake Tahoe following parts of modern State Route 14 , U.S. Route 395 and State Route 89 . Two portions of this road are currently signed as Sierra Highway . The first is an old alignment of SR 14 / U.S. Route 6 from Los Angeles to Mojave . This road is also signed with the unusual designation of State Route 14U through the city of Santa Clarita . The second part signed as Sierra Highway is a portion of US 395 in Bishop . Traversing the extremes of California , from the Mojave Desert to the Sierra Nevada , El Camino Sierra has been advertised to the world as a highway to showcase the natural beauty of California as far back as 1910 . Though most of Sierra Highway was bypassed in the early 1970s with freeways , the road is still well known . The portion through the San Gabriel Mountains is noted as the primary filming location for the film Duel . = = Route description = = El Camino Sierra connects Los Angeles with Lake Tahoe along the eastern edge of California , serving the counties of Los Angeles , Kern , Inyo , Mono , Alpine and El Dorado . The highway exists as a roadway now called Sierra Highway from Los Angeles to Mojave . North of Mojave , El Camino Sierra is better known by the numbered designations in current use . While traversing the state , the highway crosses several mountain passes . The highway crests the San Gabriel Mountains via Soledad Pass . While in the Sierra Nevada the highway crosses Sherwin Summit , Deadman Summit , Conway Summit , Devil 's Gate Pass , Monitor Pass and Luther Pass . = = = Southern California = = = Sierra Highway begins at Tunnel Station near the north limit of the City of Los Angeles , where it intersects with San Fernando Road . This junction was historically the intersection of U.S. Route 99 and U.S. Route 6 . It is located adjacent to the intersection of the replacement freeways , the Newhall Pass interchange of Interstate 5 and State Route 14 . The highway serves as one of the main thoroughfares of Santa Clarita . Through the city , Route 14 was moved to a freeway alignment in 1971 ; however , the process to decommission the old alignment of Route 14 is not complete . As a result , this portion is signed California State Route 14U , the U signifying " un @-@ relinquished " . Formal specifications for Route 14U are not published on Caltrans logs , but the route 's existence is acknowledged in Caltrans ' bridge inventory logs . According to the City of Santa Clarita , Caltrans maintains Sierra Highway ( 14U ) from 500 feet north of Newhall Avenue to Whispering Leaves Drive . The remaining part of Sierra Highway through the City of Santa Clarita is maintained by the City and not part of the 14U designation . Sierra Highway , modern Route 14 , and a main line of the Union Pacific Railroad all cross the San Gabriel Mountains , cresting the mountains at Soledad Pass ( elevation 3 @,@ 179 feet ( 969 m ) ) . The three transportation arteries use different paths up the mountains , separating at Santa Clarita and converging near Acton . Sierra Highway uses Mint Canyon , the railroad uses Soledad Canyon and the modern Route 14 is a hybrid route using the ridges and side canyons between the two older routes . These canyons are formed by the Santa Clara River and its tributaries . Upon exiting the mountains , Sierra Highway enters the Antelope Valley and serves as one of the main streets of Palmdale , Lancaster , and Rosamond . The highway runs parallel to the modern Route 14 and the railroad , becoming a frontage road . Just shy of Mojave the freeway portion of Route 14 ends , while the frontage road becomes a dirt path and eventually terminates . From this point , the canonical route of Sierra Highway joins State Route 14 , passing through downtown Mojave . = = = U.S. Route 395 and State Route 89 = = = North of Mojave the alignments of State Routes 14 and 89 , and U.S. Route 395 have not significantly changed since first paved , and are called El Camino Sierra . Significant portions have been upgraded to a divided highway ; however , most of the upgrades used the same alignment as the old two lane road . The highway cuts across Red Rock Canyon State Park to follow a series of valleys along the crest of the Sierra Nevada . While traversing the Owens Valley , the Sierra Highway passes Mount Whitney , the highest point in the contiguous United States , 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) above the highway . As of 2009 , the only other signed section of Sierra Highway is a portion of U.S. 395 past the separation with U.S. 6 in Bishop . U.S. 395 was rebuilt on a new alignment on the ascent to Sherwin Summit and around Crowley Lake . Unlike the highway relocation in southern California , the old alignments have been renamed , now called Lower Rock Creek Road , Old Sherwin Grade , and Crowley Creek Road ; not Sierra Highway . From here to Lake Tahoe , the highway crosses mountainous terrain inside the Sierra Nevada , giving the highway its name . While in the Sierra Nevada , the road passes by attractions such as Mammoth Mountain , Yosemite National Park and Mono Lake . El Camino Sierra separates from U.S. 395 , just prior to the Nevada state line at Topaz Lake , following SR 89 . This is the only portion of the route not used year @-@ round , as Caltrans closes Route 89 over Monitor Pass during winter months . Motorists destined for Lake Tahoe during the winter closures can continue along US 395 into Nevada , and return to California via Nevada State Route 88 or Nevada State Route 207 . = = History = = = = = El Camino Sierra = = = The first recorded journey along what would become El Camino Sierra was by Jedediah Smith in 1826 . The trail was in common use by prospectors passing through the area because of the California Gold Rush and Comstock Lode . While still mostly a dirt road , several people began promoting El Camino Sierra as a scenic route . In 1910 , the Los Angeles Times announced that Governor Gillet had announced funding to construct a new road to connect El Camino Real with Yosemite National Park . When finished , a new " wonderful circuit " route would be complete and El Camino Sierra would become " one of the most beautiful scenic routes in the world . " In 1912 , the Southern Pacific Railroad published an article called " Two Mules and a Motorist " in which the author 's trip down El Camino Sierra was detailed , promoting the trail as a scenic side trip , via pack mules , from its rail lines . In 1915 , the California Teachers Association distributed a promotional book to the annual convention of the National Education Association . This book contained an article that sung the praises of this " soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ world @-@ famous highway " called El Camino Sierra . While noting that it was still mostly an unimproved trail , the article assured the readers that county and state officials were working frantically to upgrade the route and , with the aid of convict labor , this would soon be a " boulevard the entire distance from Los Angeles to Lake Tahoe . " The article concluded by stating El Camino Sierra was " a highway with a hundred by @-@ ways , each by @-@ way with a hundred wonders " . The article also implored the state legislature to extend El Camino Sierra to Truckee , Quincy and Susanville using a route similar to modern State Route 89 , SR 70 returning to US 395 . By 1918 , El Camino Sierra had been included in the Blue Book , an early road atlas of the United States . The Los Angeles Times declared El Camino Sierra complete on Feb 19 , 1931 , announcing that the portion from Mojave to Owens Valley was now paved , and would be dedicated the following Sunday . = = = Sierra Highway = = = During the 1930s , two U.S. highways , both formed in 1926 , were extended into California using El Camino Sierra . The southern terminus of U.S. 395 was extended from Spokane , Washington to San Diego , using El Camino Sierra from near what is now Topaz Lake to Inyokern , by 1935 . By 1937 , U.S. Route 6 was extended from Colorado , mostly along the Midland Trail , to Long Beach using El Camino Sierra south of Bishop . As part of the 1964 state highway renumbering US 6 was truncated at Bishop , and the route from the separation with US 395 to I @-@ 5 was renumbered SR 14 . Though during the 1970s most of Sierra Highway was bypassed by freeways and expressways , the old two @-@ lane road remained a famous roadway . In 1971 , Steven Spielberg made his first feature @-@ length film , Duel , along Sierra Highway , near Acton . The film is about an unseen truck driver who stalks and attempts to kill an innocent motorist trapped in the truck 's game . It prominently shows the desert portions of Sierra Highway . With Duel 's status , one of the trucks used in the film is still on the road and in the process of being restored . The current owner has driven the truck along Sierra Highway for nostalgia , enjoying the terrified looks he receives from passing motorists who recognize it . Other movies have since been filmed in the vicinity , including scenes in The Terminator . = = Major intersections = =
= Anachronox = Anachronox is a third @-@ person role @-@ playing video game produced by Tom Hall and the Dallas Ion Storm games studio . It was released worldwide in June 2001 for Microsoft Windows . The game is centered on Sylvester " Sly Boots " Bucelli , a down @-@ and @-@ out private investigator who looks for work in the slums of Anachronox , a once @-@ abandoned planet near the galaxy 's jumpgate hub . He travels to other planets , amasses an unlikely group of friends , and unravels a mystery that threatens the fate of the universe . The game 's science fiction story was influenced by cyberpunk , film noir , and unconventional humor . The story features a theme of working through the troubles of one 's past , and ends with a major cliffhanger . The gameplay for Anachronox is turn @-@ based ; the player controls a party of up to three characters as they explore a 3D environment of futuristic cities , space vessels , and outdoor areas . Inspirations for the game include older role @-@ playing video games such as Chrono Trigger and the Final Fantasy series , animator Chuck Jones and the novel Ender 's Game . The game was built with a heavily modified version of the Quake II engine , rewritten chiefly to allow a wider color palette , emotive animations and facial expressions , and better lighting , particle , and camera effects . The development of Anachronox was long and difficult , originally planned for a third @-@ quarter 1998 release . Tom Hall planned to create a sequel with the copious content removed during production . Despite critics enjoying the game and awarding it high marks for its design and story , Ion Storm closed its Dallas offices one month after the game 's release . In 2002 , Anachronox cinematic director Jake Hughes spliced together gameplay footage and cutscenes to create a feature @-@ length , award @-@ winning machinima film . = = Gameplay = = Anachronox is a turn @-@ based role @-@ playing game similar in nature to many Japanese role @-@ playing video games like Final Fantasy . The player controls a party of up to four characters as they explore a 3D environment ( colloquially known as a " field map " ) of futuristic cities , space vessels , and outdoor areas . Players can swap for new party members , talk to non @-@ player characters , and collect and shop for equipment and items . When players near an interactive character or item , a floating arrow @-@ shaped electronic device called the LifeCursor appears , which lets the player click on the person or item . After a certain point in the story , players can travel by shuttle to other planets , triggering cutscenes of the shuttle trips . Each playable character has a unique skill , such as lockpicking , which may be used to solve puzzles . Some sequences involve minigames , such as an unnamed mission in which the player pilots a fighter spaceship to destroy enemies with lasers . Certain field maps also feature simple two @-@ dimensional minigames , including the original games Ox and Bugaboo . The protagonist Boots also possesses a camera , which the player can use to take screenshots for their own enjoyment or as part of quest objectives . Enemy encounters trigger a combat mode . As in Chrono Trigger , enemies are openly visible on field maps or lie in wait to ambush the party and thus are not random . Similar to Final Fantasy 's Active Time Battle , each character has a meter that gradually fills with time . When the meter is full , characters can physically attack enemies , use MysTech magic , unleash BattleSkill attacks , use items , move to a different position , or use a nearby object to attack , if present . For playable characters and computer @-@ controlled enemies , each attack has their number of hit points ( a numerically based life bar ) get reduced , which can be restored through healing items or MysTech slags . Use of MysTech and equippable shield cells require Neutron @-@ Radiated Glodents ( NRG ) , a separate energy reserve displayed beneath a character 's life bar . NRG is replenished through certain items . Use of BattleSkills require Bouge , a third bar beneath NRG that automatically fills with time ; players can use different BattleSkills depending on how full the Bouge bar is . Some characters must undergo certain plot developments to unlock their BattleSkills . When a playable character loses all hit points , he or she faints . If all the player 's characters fall in battle , the game ends and must be restored from a previously saved game . Winning battles earns experience points and raises characters ' levels , granting them improved statistics . These statistics can be viewed through the status screen , which displays important character information and current quests . Unlike many other RPGs , Anachronox displays a character 's attributes with qualitative descriptors ( such as Poor and Excellent ) instead of integers . = = = MysTech = = = The Mysterium Tech ( or MysTech ) system allows players to use in @-@ game objects collectively known as MysTech , and create new MysTech by using a configuration screen accessed through Elementor Host items . MysTech cannot be used until they are awakened after a certain story event . Eight basic colors of MysTech exist , representing different elements ; for example , green represents poison . Players can use MysTech to inflict damage upon enemies , plague them with certain status effects ( such as freezing them in place ) , or heal party members . Casting status effect @-@ MysTech on party members will cure them if afflicted by enemy status spells . MysTech slabs and Elementor Hosts can be found as treasure in the game world or bought from shops . To create MysTech , players place colored bugs ( found on small hills in several game locations ) in empty slots on an Elementor Host . The color of bugs placed in the function slot determines the color of MysTech , while other slots modify the power and / or range of the spell . Players can add special bugs known as Cobalt Crawlers to make a spell target all enemies instead of one ; a Host filled with eight Crawlers unlocks a secret spell . The effect of bugs can be amplified by feeding them petals from Lifeflowers , which can be found scattered throughout the world of Anachronox . Special types of Hosts with two or three different functions allow players to pick which MysTech function to use in battle . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = The game takes place on Anachronox ( a portmanteau of anachronism and noxious , meaning " poison from the past " ) , a small planet floating inside a huge artificial sphere known as Sender One . Husks of futuristic cities exist on artificial tectonic plates , which constantly shift to connect different parts of the planet . Inhabitants believe that diseased aliens were quarantined there eons ago , resulting in the name Anachronox . Northern Anachronox is clean and upscale , while southern Anachronox is crime @-@ ridden and run @-@ down . Humanity travels to different planets from Sender One , which had been the center of a transportation system for a race of non @-@ humanoids enabling faster @-@ than @-@ light travel . Inbound and outbound traffic stops at Sender Station , an orbiting construct above Sender One with hotels and a red light district . Civilizations conduct business using currency like the one @-@ dollar coin known as a " loonie " , while several people collect MysTech — shards of rock with markings , believed to be dormant weapons or art pieces created by an extinct alien race . MysTech were first found three @-@ hundred years ago , and are poorly understood , though avidly collected . Other planets in Sender One include Sunder , Hephaestus , Democratus , and Limbus . The galaxy 's scientific community is headquartered on the temperate planet of Sunder , and people are only permitted to go there if they are sufficiently intelligent . Hephaestus is an important religious center . A mostly volcanic planet , Hephaestus hosts a town and temple complex of monks who study MysTech . Democratus is climatically similar to Earth , with regions of desert , snow , forest , and prairie . Several populations of different sentient species exist on the surface , but the planet is ruled by a race of tall , thin humanoids with large craniums who dwell on a large mechanical ring constructed around the planet . This race is obsessed with the ideal of democracy , and though they possess incredible scientific and engineering knowledge , they are constantly bogged down by their own ineptitude and the frailties of the democratic process . Limbus is known as the " planet of death " , as voyagers never return ; its surface is arid and rocky , with sparse vegetation . A planet mentioned but not seen in the game is Krapton , home to superheroes and villains . Most of Krapton 's human population has fled , tired of being constantly abducted and saved by warring superpeople . = = = Characters = = = The protagonist of Anachronox is Sylvester " Sly Boots " Bucelli , a human and former private detective on Anachronox . Twenty @-@ nine years old and described as " bold , brash , and overconfident " , Boots has gotten himself into trouble and now runs his agency out of rented storage space above a seedy bar . His only friends are PAL @-@ 18 , his spirited , sarcastic robot assistant since childhood , and Fatima Doohan , his secretary . Fatima was fatally injured and digitized by Boots onto a PDA @-@ analogue " LifeCursor " , where she bitterly lives to render assistance . Several allies join Boots over the course of the game ; first is 71 @-@ year @-@ old Grumpos Matavastros , a " scholar , outdoorsman , eccentric recluse , and renaissance man " — and a very grumpy person . A former curator of the MysTech museum on Anachronox , Grumpos devotes his life to studying the artifacts . Dr. Rho Bowman joins the party on Sunder ; she is a brilliant scientist who 's been branded a heretic after publication of her book , MysTech Awake ! The team then gains support from Democratus , an eccentric planet boasting a planetary ring and brilliant technology . Said technology includes having the planet shrink to human height to be part of the team . Two further allies are the femme fatale Stiletto Anyway — a 25 @-@ year @-@ old former companion of Boots known for being stealthy and aloof — and Paco " El Puño " Estrella , a washed up superhero who 's turned to alcoholism after his comic book series was canceled . Their foes include Detta , a heavyset crime boss / kingpin on planet Anachronox , and several other monsters and shady characters . = = = Story = = = Sly Boots lives in a cheap apartment above Rowdy 's , a bar in the seedy " Bricks " section of South Anachronox . Grumpos Matavastros commissions Boots to find a piece of MysTech , but Detta accosts them and steals it . Grumpos , Boots , and robot assistant PAL @-@ 18 then seek out Dr. Rho Bowman , an expert on MysTech , at an institute for troublesome scientists on Sunder . She undertakes an experiment to activate MysTech , apparently causing the destruction of Sunder . Rho and the others escape the planet on a shuttle , and drift in space for seventeen days until they are brought on board a habitat ring around the planet Democratus . Rho discovers that all MysTech is now active , and can grant powers and spells . Boots pilots a fighter ship to save Democratus from insectoid invaders known as the Virulent Hive . The heroes return to Sender Station 's Lounge of Commerce ; Democratus joins the party , the High Council having shrunken the planet to human height . While searching for equipment , Boots earns money as an erotic dancer and encounters Stiletto Anyway , an old flame who 's become an assassin and plots revenge against Detta . Rho explains that the universe operates on the big bounce principle ; a universe that forms with a big bang will eventually suffer a big crunch , giving rise to a new big bang . She explains that Sunder was destroyed by an injection of matter from the previous universe , which will hasten the current universe 's big crunch . If enough matter is switched between universes , the previous one can escape a big crunch and the current one will cease to exist . The team heads to Hephaestus , transformed to a tourist destination now that MysTech is active . They realize MysTech functions can be customized through the use of small , colored bugs and a MysTech host . Sly gains audience with the Grand Mysterium , who tells him that in the next universe , species known as " Chaos " and " Order " fought a bitter war . Order enslaved Chaos in the current universe , but Chaos wishes to escape to the previous universe to prevent future ones from existing and thus eradicate Order . The Mysterium tells Sly he must find and seal off the gate to the previous universe , and to journey to Limbus . The team is captured en route by comic supervillain Rictus ; Boots meets former superhero Paco in his prison . Rictus flushes them into empty space ; the High Council of Democratus restores the planet to its original size to save them . Scenes of reflection reveal the past on Anachronox . Stiletto had been Sly 's young assistant at his upscale agency ; he was in love with her , but Fatima was in love with him . Detta abducted Stiletto , spurring Sly 's search . Her love unrequited , Fatima went into his office one night to leave a note of resignation . Sly burst in with news of Stiletto 's location , and he and Fatima pursued Detta across Anachronox by flying car . Sly lost control , wrecking it and accidentally killing Fatima . Suffering from major depression , Sly ran up debts with Detta to pay for Fatima 's revival inside the LifeCursor . The team regather at Democratus and journey to Limbus , where they meet creatures of the same race as the Grand Mysterium . They repel invaders called the " Dark Servants " from an orbital portal . The leader of Limbus explains that though Chaos is enslaved in the current universe , the Dark Servants ( who originate from the current universe ) are trying to free them and have found a way into the previous universe , where they initiated the destruction of Sunder . MysTech is a gift from the forces of Order to help the current universe 's inhabitants fight Chaos . The team return to Anachronox to find Rowdy , a disguised citizen of Limbus who has been searching for the gate to the previous universe . Rowdy notes that they must destroy the key to the gate , now in the possession of Detta . The team infiltrate his fortress , kill him , and prepare to destroy the key at the gate itself — the fountain spiral of Anachronox . Grumpos seizes it , revealing himself to be a Dark Servant ; he escapes with the agents of Chaos into the previous universe . Sly and the others prepare to follow them and save the universe ; the game ends as they approach the gate . = = Development = = = = = Conception = = = Ion Storm announced Anachronox in April 1997 , and planned for a third @-@ quarter 1998 release . Tom Hall , veteran designer and one of the founders of Ion Storm , helmed the project and originated most of its story and design . Other founding members of the team were Todd Porter ( producer ) , Jake Hughes ( associate producer and director of cinematics ) , Ben Herrera ( artist ) , Brian Eiserloh ( programmer ) , and David Namaksy ( lead mapper ) . Mapper Larry Herring was hired after being mentored by John Romero and submitting a custom Doom 2 map to Tom Hall . Hall first conceived Anachronox in his bathroom , prompting him to install a whiteboard and sound @-@ recorder in his shower , as well as several notepads around his house for future ideas ; he had conceived the character Sly Boots years earlier in college . He wrote a 460 @-@ page design document ( completed in May 1997 ) outlining the universe of Anachronox , beyond the game 's scope ; other game design documents of the period , he noted , were usually only 125 pages in size . He then condensed the story , leaving a third beyond the scheduled game . The game 's design phase lasted three months . Hall made plans for two expansion packs from the outset of development , owing to the huge story . Developers told Next Generation Magazine the story would be " Campbellian " and feature immense environments . Hall noted in mid @-@ 1997 , " Not since Keen has a universe been so clear in my head . " Tom Hall announced that Ananchronox would feature a " turbulent story with a roller coaster of emotion " , and promised it would bring personality and humor to the role @-@ playing genre . Hall aimed to make an emotionally gripping , cinematic experience from the beginning : " I want this game to answer the question , ' Can a computer make you cry ? ' I want to make the characters so warm and friendly and lovable and identifiable ... I want to start them off in fun situations , but as the game goes on , I want the atmosphere to get darker and darker . Friends betray the lead character , other friends die , and you will feel some of what they feel because you have been with these people for 50 hours , and in a sense , lived part of their lives with them . " Hall remarked that the characters were facets of his childhood . He later compared the name Anachronox ( meaning poison from the past ) and the internal struggles of each character , caused by turbulent events in their pasts and " psychic poison . " Hall aimed to feature high @-@ quality direction and camera @-@ work in Anachronox , reminiscent of epic cinematic themes in role @-@ playing video games like the Final Fantasy franchise . Hall enlisted producer Jake Hughes to direct cut scenes ; Hughes had previously worked on several short independent films . Developers used real @-@ time game cutscenes instead of live @-@ action cinematics to avoid " [ taking ] players out of the game . " Hall remarked , " All these games switch to cutscenes that look five hundred times better than the game . The secret is not to let the cutscenes kick the game 's ass . " Tom Hall chose the Quake engine for Anachronox ; its developer John Carmack took interest in its use for a role @-@ playing game . Ion Storm would soon switch to the id Tech 2 engine , necessitating a transition from December 1997 to March 1998 . The team would implement engine support for 32 @-@ bit color , particle systems , a spline @-@ based camera scriptor , facial deformations , and lip @-@ synching . Facial deformation involved moving the vertices of a character 's face , thereby creating emotional expressions and body language . Developers built the first models in Lightwave ; the main characters had polygon counts of 500 @-@ 700 . By the end of 1997 , Hall had scripted interaction with 130 non @-@ player characters for 160 planned locations . Hall cited Chrono Trigger as a strong influence ; previewers drew parallels with the Final Fantasy series and Ultima III . As in Chrono Trigger , battles were scripted and not caused by random , unavoidable encounters . Hall explained , " if there 's a dragon guarding a door , I want the chance to say , ' whoah , look at the time , gotta run ' , not , ' think I 'll check this door . ( * roaaar * ) Dragon ? Where the hell was that ? ! ? ' " The team expanded the Final Fantasy @-@ style combat by allowing actions to be queued in advance . Hall listed some of his inspirations for Anachronox in mid @-@ 2000 : " In movies , some inspirational people are Spielberg , Hitchcock , George Roy Hill , Rob Reiner , and now Sam Mendes . Also a big fan of Chuck Jones , who directed Warner Brothers cartoons . Novels : Gateway , Ender 's Game , Snow Crash , Hitchhiker 's , so many more . Games : Chrono Trigger , Final Fantasy , LucasArts adventures ( Ron Gilbert and Tim Schafer rock ) , Ape Escape ( buy it now ) , Mario , Ultima III , Wizardry I , oh , I 'm sure I 'm forgetting some ! " Hall also drew dramatic inspiration from a scene in Chrono Trigger in which the characters discuss the theme of regret around a campfire . = = = Programming and design = = = As production continued , Tom Hall dubbed the game 's scripting language " APE " ( Anachronox Programming Language ) . Hall explained , " I call it my new Apple II because it 's so much fun to program in and it takes all the drudgery out of it . It 's sort of if you mushed together C , Basic and Java in a way — for programming people it 's sort of Windows based . It began as a defined dialogue window , but provided variables so that you could position and move a picture . So from there it grew like UNIX with little bits and pieces , and you have things that initialize data to the window , things that constantly update the window , and things that happen after the window , in little code chunks and with that you can do any little thing . " Hall wrote and coded the mini @-@ game Bugaboo for Anachronox in 15 hours to demonstrate the environment 's simplicity . Other tools developed for the game were B.E.D. ( a battle editor ) , ION Radiant ( for level design , based on QERadiant ) , NoxDrop ( for item and character placement ) , and Planet ( a spline @-@ based camera system coded by Joey Liaw ) . Ion Storm worked with QuakeEd developer Robert Duffy to create QERadiant , later adapted to ION Radiant . Hall lauded Planet : " you can control entities on paths , trigger events , manipulate particles , and do just about anything you please . One of the more common team beliefs is that the only true limit to Planet is the person controlling it . " Hall aimed to provide several end @-@ user modification tools , such as one to allow gamers to create their own MysTech elements . Other programs would allow implementation of new dialogue , voice @-@ acting , and camera work . Ion Storm developed tutorials and documentation for each tool . Developers tasked both art and map design personnel with creating levels , ensuring visual quality . Hall implemented a " grow as you play " philosophy , choosing to show certain features and statistics ( like " Beat " or the use of MysTech ) only after the player enabled their use . Developers sought to make the game accessible to expert and casual players through two statistic displays — numerical or qualitative ( using categories such as " very good " or " bad " ) . Hall disparaged complicated number systems found in other games : " One of the things I hate about RPGs is , you 've got , like , ' here 's this thing and here 's that thing ' and it 's like ' this is 52 and that 's 53 ' I mean , what 's the difference ? It 's like , OK it 's ' a point , ' and the formula will come up to be like ' two points ' and like , sure , that 's going to make a difference . So now I have to hit the guy three times ... " Hall also sought to ensure players knew their next goal , and invented the character of Fatima Doohan to keep track of missions . Fatima 's name is a pun born from the phrase , " What am I doing ? " Hall named her after the experience of loading an old saved game in an RPG and having forgotten what comes next in the current quest or storyline . Ion Storm contracted Soundelux Design Music Group to provide music for Anachronox . The firm hired Bill Brown for additional music . Tom Hall was impressed with Brown 's work , particularly music for the planet Democratus . Hall worked with musician Ron Jones and a local Dallas band to record the game 's two funk numbers by mid @-@ 1998 . Tom Hall planned for each character to have their own theme music , and for songs to change via interaction or exploration . He spoke of the planned music , " The Anachronox sound will be industrial , mixed with forties bluesy swing . As you get on later in the game , the music gets scarier , more chaotic , and gets down to hard @-@ core metal . " Developers integrated DirectMusic support in 1999 to allow dynamic changing of background music . Sound programmer Henrik Jonsson implemented 3D sound and other capabilities using the Miles Sound System . Developers also planned to use software called Magpie Pro to lip @-@ sync animated mouths to spoken words . The team chose not to record voices for each line of dialogue , as Tom Hall felt certain speech would become repetitive . The Undermain Theatre group of Dallas provided several voices . Tom Hall voiced PAL @-@ 18 reportedly because " no one else got it goofy enough " . = = = Promotion and later development = = = Ion Storm debuted a trailer for the game at E3 1997 . The team worked several long nights and slept in a cardboard fort ( named " Fort Nox " ) in the office to prepare the trailer . A thief stole developers ' laptop at the Dallas airport , requiring Ion Storm to upload a new demo for the conference . Hall continued writing and designing ; he invented the Brebulan language by creating several phonemes and glyphs of the letter 8 turned on its side . Ben Herrera completed several sketches of characters and worlds by August 1997 , and the team hoped to achieve full engine functionality by September 2 , Hall 's birthday . The game would suffer serious delays in its production . Ion Storm solicited feedback from fans after demonstrating progress on Anachronox at E3 1998 , and assured inclusion of a multiplayer mode . Tom Hall touted , " It is going to be very cinematic and about as non @-@ linear as you can get . Some levels will be bigger than anything ever seen in a 3 @-@ D environment . We are really pushing the engine for this , with loads of textures . " Developers made two demonstrations ; the second featured lasers , lens flare , and volumetric fog . The gaming press received Anachronox well ; one reporter wrote the game was " stunningly beautiful ... [ with ] some of the most superb effects ever seen in a computer game , including rippling water , stunning laser lights and shadow effects " . Another wrote that the game would be " graphically spectacular , with detailed characters " . Panelists at E3 nominated Anachronox in the " Most Promising Game " and " Best RPG " categories for the Game Critics Awards . Ion Storm planned for a 1999 release , and unveiled new screenshots at the 1998 European Computer Trade Show . Among the game 's maps developed in 1998 were Hephaestus ( polished by David Namaksy ) ; Whitendon ( Iikka Keränen ) ; Democratus , " Matrix 0 " , and certain interiors of Anachronox ( Larry Herring ) ; and the city of Limbus ( Rich Carlson ) . Lead programmer Joey Liaw left Ion Storm to attend Stanford University in mid @-@ 1998 . That November , several developers at Ion Storm departed to form their own company ; among them was David Namaksy , lead level designer for Anachronox . As of January 1999 , Ion Storm CEO Todd Porter expected the game to ship 2 @.@ 5 million copies . Ion Storm decided to produce a sequel for Anachronox around early 1999 , feeling there would otherwise be too much content for one game , requiring prohibitive costs and delays . Team member Brian Eiserloh noted that several art assets had already been created for the sequel . By May 1999 , the team had settled on a cast of 450 non @-@ player characters , and planned for a late 1999 or early 2000 release date . Ion Storm launched the Anachronox website in early 1999 with a movie @-@ style trailer . Tom Hall featured four Anachronox non @-@ player characters in his online tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek spoof of Kasparov versus the World . Among the game 's maps completed in 1999 were the Bricks slums of Anachronox ( Seneca Menard ) , Ballotine ( Josh Jay ) , Sender Station ( Lee Dotson ) , others parts of Democratus ( Matt Sophos ) , the Casinox area of Anachronox ( Brian Patenaude ) , and the junkyard maze of Anachronox . Tom Hall reported in 1999 that an option was being developed to remove adult themes , later manifested as an option to turn off profanity . Ion Storm demonstrated the game at E3 1999 ; the team drove an RV to the event , which suffered a blowout and electrical failure . Computer Games Magazine afterward commented that Anachronox had " wider roots than a Banyan grove and more promise per square byte than a CD collection of political speeches . " Hall personally invented and scripted Boots 's erotic dancing mini @-@ game . He noted , " we 're not above degrading our main character . " Ion Storm showed off the mini @-@ game at E3 2000 , drawing humored reactions . Art director Lee Perry noted in March 2000 that perfecting the battle system was the biggest remaining hurdle for release . Ion Storm promoted a fall 2000 release date in May , and IGN reported in July that a Dreamcast port of Anachronox was planned for production after the PC version 's release . Ion Storm issued a clarification that they were only considering a Dreamcast port . The firm transferred staff who had worked on Daikatana to Anachronox after the former 's release in summer 2000 . The team finished the game 's control setup in August . The team began working six @-@ day weeks by late 2000 . By 2001 , the team was working 12- to 16 @-@ hour days and 6- to 7 @-@ day weeks . Hall described weekly bug meetings before release : " you see 100 bugs at the start of the week , fix the 80 you can replicate , and then meet the next Monday to address the 200 bugs they found , fix the 160 you can replicate , then meet to discuss the 400 they found ... the time in @-@ between is scary . Usually , the programmers find the bug , then stumble out of their cube , ' we were SO lucky to find that ' or ' how did that EVER work ? ' It 's like some bizarre divination method that no one is quite sure how it finds things , but no one wants to ' disturb the mojo ' . " Several Internet rumors that Ion Storm would soon close spread in May 2001 . By June 2001 , all dialogue had been recorded and Ion Storm was working on balancing , playtesting , and adjusting gameplay ; release was set for the next month . Anachronox went gold and shipped to manufacturers in late June . = = = Release and patches = = = Anachronox was released on June 27 , 2001 , in North America , June 29 in Europe , and June 30 in Oceania . PC Gamer packaged a game demo of Anachronox with its 100th issue . The Canberra Times staged a giveaway of three game copies to coincide with its release in Oceania . The game was rereleased in Oceania as a budget title in 2004 . Team member Lucas Davis compiled the development tools and documentation for Anachronox and released them in August 2001 . Four bug @-@ fixing patches exist for Anachronox . Ion Storm created the first ( 1 @.@ 01 ) , which fixed the Windows 2000 buffer overrun crash and implemented other improvements such as taxi @-@ cabs between distant points and enhanced save game functionality . Ion Storm released the first patch ( 1 @.@ 01 ) on July 2 , 2001 . Joey Liaw set up a GeoCities website for reporting bugs and technical information after the game 's release , and worked on a new patch in his spare time . The second patch ( 1 @.@ 02 , or build 44 ) was released in May 2003 and overhauls the save @-@ game system and provides other important stability fixes . The third and fourth patches — 1 @.@ 02 ( build 45 ) , released September 2003 , and 1 @.@ 02 ( build 46 ) , released April 2004 — are fan @-@ made unofficial patches and fix most of the remaining bugs . Fans have translated the game into German and released a conversion patch . Level designer Rich Carlson released a scrapped secret level for Anachronox in February 2004 after finding it on an old floppy disk . = = Reception = = Anachronox earned positive reviews from critics , despite production delays and associations with Ion Storm 's ill @-@ received Daikatana . The Daily Telegraph called it the most original game Ion Storm had produced , while The Scotsman 's reviewer appreciated its " many original touches " . PC Gamer featured Anachronox four times in its top 100 PC games lists : # 16 ( 2007 ) , # 17 ( 2008 ) , # 61 ( 2010 ) , & # 76 ( 2015 ) . It was also USA Today 's Game of the Week . Writer Jeff Green lamented that Ion Storm had shut down after Anachronox ; he called it " easily the best console @-@ style RPG ever made for the PC . " Reviewers highlighted the gameplay style , branded an unusual mix between role @-@ playing video games and PC first @-@ person shooters . Some compared it to the Final Fantasy series and the recently released Deus Ex . The Evening Standard wrote , " Anachronox swaps puzzlement for humour while keeping the character interaction , deep storyline and strategic battles that make the Japanese games so good . " Computer Gaming World felt the game " incorporates the best elements of the adventure and role @-@ playing genres . " In contrast , Next Generation Magazine felt the genre @-@ blending resulted in generic gameplay at times . Lyndon Russell of the Herald Sun praised the basic mechanics , though he found the combat predictable . Erik Wolpaw praised the battle system 's unique focus on movement , but wished characters could wait for a turn rather than perform an action . The puzzle elements , such as those brought by Fatima , were well @-@ received , even considered " indispensable " . The game 's aesthetics were strongly praised . One reviewer appreciated the variety of styles in the music ; it has been compared to Yanni , Enya , John Tesh , and sci @-@ fi scores . Alan Dang contrarily found the music at times " neutral " and generic ; Paul Ward found it pleasant but sparse . Numerous critics praised the voice acting and dialogue . The game 's cinematic cutscenes were also acclaimed ; Computer and Video Games noted they were " superbly used for laughs or to create a real sense of dramatic tension " , while Next Generation Magazine wrote that Anachronox would be remembered as the germination point for blending interactive gaming and cinema . The Guardian , while also giving praise , found them somewhat predictable . Several reviewers praised the field map and level design of all but the last levels . Earlier ones were said to contain many " little details that bring the game to life " and significant immersion . The later levels were less well received , with one reviewer suspecting that ION Storm ran out of time to polish the game , as some end @-@ game locations were " hideously ugly , with huge slab @-@ like polygons , dodgy backdrops and pixelated low resolution textures " . The Guardian felt the lighting was too dark in general , while Kevin Cheung of The Sydney Morning Herald found the graphics blocky . Reviewers hailed the story , characters , setting , and dialogue of Anachronox , citing its science fiction themes and offbeat , quirky humor . The Advertiser summarized the plot as " a beefy storyline loaded with strong characters , powerful dialogue , outrageous humour , seemingly endless surprises and a wild ride around the galaxy . " Elliott Chin singled out the game 's humor , which , while divisive of Computer Gaming World 's staff at first , won it the publication 's " Best Use of Humor " 2001 award . Even apart from humor , the dialogue was acclaimed as " so clever , it almost distracts from the game play " and as " very natural and colloquial " . David Gordon of The Independent enjoyed the game for its " dark and ominous " plot and setting , centered on the quest to stop the destruction of the universe . The setting was compared to Blade Runner , film noir , The Matrix , Total Recall and the Dark City franchise . Reviewers enjoyed the game 's odd characters and how the team of " has @-@ beens and rejects " brought new life to the genre , particularly by averting the coming @-@ of @-@ age cliché . Sly was well @-@ received , described as a " typical downtrodden B @-@ movie private eye " , a " Mickey Spillane @-@ style hero " in a cyberpunk setting , and a " space @-@ age Sam Spade " . Several critics complained about the game 's slow start on the planet Anachronox , especially its elevator @-@ riding scenes . Reviewer Elliott Chin disagreed , evoking " a superb sense of timing , starting out small and slowly building to the main event " , while David Phelan stated that strong character writing would encourage gamers to play beyond the " pedestrian @-@ paced " opening scenes . Several critics took issue with the game 's graphics and outdated id Tech 2 engine ; reviewer Stephen Hunt named the game " a muddy affair " due to the " elderly " engine . Some reviewers , however , felt the game 's charm made the engine 's age irrelevant . Reviewers also encountered several software bugs and glitches , among them incompatibility with Windows 2000 and a bug forcing the player to repeat a sequence near the end several times . However , they differed in their opinions of the game as a result of them , ranging from " nearly unplayable " to " a flawed classic . " Reviewers also criticized the game 's restricted resolution choices ; players could only choose from two options at polar ends of hardware requirements . = = Legacy = = Before releasing Anachronox , Ion Storm retextured characters and adapted sequences from the game for Shiner , a production by the Undermain Theatre . Scenes from the game were used to illustrate the vivid imagination and struggles of a paralyzed woman named Xela . Anachronox references the films Miller 's Crossing and Barton Fink through street addresses on planet Anachronox ; Tom Hall had studied acting at the University of Wisconsin – Madison and volunteered as an usher for Undermain . Though received well , the game did not prevent the closure of Ion Storm 's Dallas office in July 2001 ; John Romero and Tom Hall departed after its release . The game became " semi @-@ obscure " ; Tom Hall explained : " Millions were spent making it , and upon release , $ 50 @,@ 000 advertising it . " He reflected on the game in 2007 : [ It was ] hubris to take 15 people and say you 're going to make a console @-@ style RPG , but , well , that 's what we did . It wasn 't insanely buggy compared to some titles , but it was rushed out the door . Eidos wanted to ship it . If we 'd shipped Joey [ Liaw ] ' s final build , it would have been very stable ... I think most people didn 't know the game was out . I sing the praises of Eidos for sticking with us through all the craziness — they were amazing . But they spent millions on the game , and in the tens of thousands on advertising . I think it could have found a pretty strong audience . But with all the craziness that had gone on , I feel fortunate that people got to experience it at all ... People still write to me saying they found a copy , that they played and loved the game , and that they wished they ’ d heard about it coming out at the time . = = = Machinima film = = = Cinematic director Jake Hughes independently combined the game 's cut @-@ scenes into a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour film titled Anachronox : The Movie , released as 13 MPEG files on Machinima.com. The work was considered machinima 's first feature @-@ length production ( incorrectly : the longer film The Seal of Nehahra predates it ) and one of its most ambitious projects . Judges at the 2002 Machinima Film Festival ( MFF ) awarded it Best Picture , Best Writing , and Best Technical Achievement . Machinima.com 's editors said of the film , " Anachronox : The Movie is a tour de force , one of the finest Machinima films produced to date , and probably the most accomplished Machinima feature to date . Hell , it managed to hold two overworked jury members in a room for two and a half hours before the MFF 2002 — what more can we say ? " As of 2003 , Machinima.com planned to release the film on DVD with extra footage and artwork . = = = Sequel = = = Tom Hall felt the story of Anachronox was too large for one game ( requiring an estimated 70 hours of gameplay ) , and planned for two expansion packs in 1998 . Each expansion pack would represent another third of the overall story . He confirmed in 1999 that Anachronox would be followed by only one sequel ; several art assets had already been created for the sequel by mid @-@ 2000 . Hall speculated in 2000 that further adventures in two new universes may take place after the sequel . Ion Storm 's closure nixed plans for a continuation ; Hall has unsuccessfully tried to purchase the intellectual property rights to the Anachronox universe . He later stated that he did not regret ending Anachronox on a cliffhanger , as most characters had resolved their inner turmoil . Hall noted in 2007 that other team members were willing to come back to help : " We went through such turmoil but stayed for the love of the universe , the game and each other . Former team members often mention that if I ever got the intellectual property back and was going to make Anachronox 2 , just tell them when and where . We have , as we say , ' The Love . ' " Hall remarked in 2010 , " If I don 't do the game in the next 10 years , I 'll just write up the rest of the story and put it on my website for closure , how about that ? " On February 17 , 2015 , Square Enix announced that it will allow developers to create games based on some of their old Eidos IPs via the Square Enix Collective project , including the Anachronox IP .
= Canberra Roller Derby League = The Canberra Roller Derby League ( CRDL ) is a Canberra @-@ based all @-@ women 's roller derby league . It was created in 2008 , with the first bouts occurring in 2009 . Skaters joined the league during " Fresh Meat " and " Boot Camp " intakes , where they learn skating and derby skills before appearing in bouts nine to twelve months later . Originally there were two teams : the Black N Blue Belles and the Surly Griffins . In 2010 , the league expanded to four teams with the addition of the Red Bellied Black Hearts and the Brindabelters . In addition , there is an all @-@ star team called the Vice City Rollers that competes in interstate bouts against teams from Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne and Adelaide . At home bouts , the league has attendances as high as 5 @,@ 000 , and has its own stable of male referees who officiate the league and interstate bouts . The 2009 season was won by Surly Griffins and the 2010 season by the Black N Blue Belles . The 2011 season had six bouts scheduled , with the league championship to occur in October 2011 . The league 's bouts are aired on ChannelVision , and they have had media coverage from 666 ABC Canberra . = = History = = The Canberra Roller Derby League ( CRDL ) was established in 2008 as a volunteer organisation intended to promote roller derby , women 's health and sport in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The league was created by Bullseye Betty ( Kate Murphy ) and Dr Hell ( Helen Doyle ) . Other early members include Roulette Rouge ( Lucy Quinn ) and Peachy Keen . The league was intended to resemble the burlesque , and was the first roller derby league in the ACT . The league 's first practices took place in parking lots around the Territory . Dr Hell and Bullseye Betty helped get a screening of the Roller Derby Dolls on 28 July 2008 at The Front Cafe and Gallery in Lyneham in order to generate membership in the new league . At the start of its first season , the league had 26 skaters . The first public bout in 2009 took place at Southern Cross Stadium , Tuggeranong , before a sell out crowd . At the end of the 2009 season , additional information nights were held at The Front Cafe and Gallery on 25 August 2009 and The Hush Lounge in Phillip on 30 August 2009 , and the league held a demonstration at the 2009 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships . On 21 November 2009 , it held a roller derby rodeo at the Southern Cross Stadium with tickets being sold at Smith 's Bookshop . By 2011 , tickets for the league 's events would be sold through Ticketek . The presence of the league in Canberra has helped change the perception of the sport in the capital from an entertaining sideshow to a mainstream women 's participation sport . The popularity of roller derby in Canberra has meant that the CRDL cannot accommodate all the women in Canberra who want to participate . To address this issue , in 2011 , some roller derby enthusiasts worked on starting a new league as a student organisation at Australian National University . The CRDL stepped up to help other leagues in the country . In 2009 , members of the Canberra Roller Derby League competed as substitutes for the Sydney Roller Derby League 's Screaming Assault Sirens in its grand final , after one member of the Sirens was quarantined with swine flu , and several other skaters were out injured . The Canberra Roller Derby League was featured in the 2012 documentary film This is Roller Derby ( 2012 film ) . = = Organisation and structure = = Bullseye Bettie was the league president from 2008 to 2009 , followed by Cherry Axe @-@ Wound from 2010 onwards . The league only allows female skaters to participate , Members of the league are drawn from many backgrounds , and include women who are medical doctors , mothers , finance works , electricians and tradies . The CRDL is considered the most professional league in the country . The league is structured to protect the safety of its skaters . New roller derby competitors advance through tiers . At each level , they learn and perfect specific derby skills , experience and general fitness . This helps to avoid injury and improve the quality of the competition . The time between joining and getting to compete in a bout is generally nine to twelve months . Skaters practice for roughly eight total hours a week , mostly during two weekly practices that last around three hours . In April 2013 , Canberra was accepted as a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program . = = Squads = = = = = Vice City Rollers = = = The 2011 all star @-@ squad is composed of members of the teams of the Canberra Roller Derby League , who compete as a team in interstate bouts as the " Vice City Rollers " The name is a play on the fact that Canberra has a legal ' adult ' industry . The 2011 squad was composed of : The Vice City Rollers competed in their first interstate bout in June 2010 in the Great Southern Slam hosted by the Adelaide Roller Derby . They lost to Adelaide in the pool stage , but beat the Van Diemen Rollers ; their record was insufficient for the team to advance to the quarter finals . In 2010 , the team also played in bouts in Wollongong , Sydney and Melbourne . The October 2010 match in Sydney against the SydneyCity Assassins featured a Star Wars theme . On 11 December 2010 , the Vice City Rollers competed against the Sydney Roller Derby League 's all @-@ star team , the Assassins , in a bout at AIS Arena billed as the " Lord of the Rink : The Two Towers " , in their first home interstate bout . In the previous meeting in Sydney between the two teams , Canberra lost by four points . The 2010 squad members were managed by Anne Thrax and Belly Up . The captain was Bambi Von Smash 'er , and the vice @-@ captain was Dr Hell . Squad members included Amykazee , Faunacat , King Cam , Melicious Damage , Ova Bearing , Aunty Aggro , Cassatrophic , Dee Nature , The Dutachass , Pink Mist , Roulette Rouge and Short Stop . The Vice City Rollers competed in several bouts in 2011 , including a 19 March 2011 bout against the Victorian Roller Derby League All Stars , a 9 July bout against the NBR Brawl Stars of the Brisbane Roller Derby League in Brisbane , and a 9 August bout against the SSRG Fancy Pants at AIS Arena . They competed at the Eastern Region Roller Derby Tournament Finals on 1 and 2 October in Penrith , New South Wales , where they came in first place . When the Vice City Rollers competed against the Victorian Roller Derby League team , Canberra was competing against the current national champions . The Canberrans lost to the Victorian squad in front of a crowd of 3 @,@ 500 spectators . In August the Vice City Rollers lost to the Sun State Roller Girls ' Fancy Pants . At half time , the Fancy Pants were leading by fifty @-@ five points . Queensland had the advantage of player size going into the bout , and were the number two ranked team in the nation at the time . Shaggle Frock was Canberra 's leading jammer , scoring twenty of Canberra 's forty @-@ eight points . The Vice City Rollers are scheduled to have a 5 November 2011 bout in Geelong , Victoria against the Bloody Marys of the Geelong Roller Derby League . Blood and Thunder Roller Derby World Cup is the major international roller derby event , with nations sending representative teams , and Vice City Rollers Amykazee , Bambi von Smash 'er , King Cam , and Short Stop were chosen for Team Australia . = = = Black N Blue Belles = = = The Black N Blue Belles were created in 2009 . The team 's name is a play on the ACT floral emblem , the Canberra Bluebell . The team is known inside the league for its fast skating and hard hits , and were the 2010 season champions . The team had eight new skaters in the 2011 squad , which was captained by ShortStop and Melicious Damage . The squad 's 2011 sponsors include Allsports Mouthguards , and Cactus – Tattoo Artist North Lyneham . = = = Brindabelters = = = The Brindabelters were formed at the start of 2010 season . The team 's name is a play on Brindabella Ranges , located in the ACT . The team had a number of new skaters join the competition squad for the 2011 season . = = = Red Bellied Black Hearts = = = The Red Bellied Black Hearts were formed at the start of 2010 season . The name is a play on the name of a local snake , the Red @-@ bellied Black Snake . The squad is known for their good looks and their willingness to pick fights . The 2011 squad was captained by Roulette Rouge . The Vice Captain was Bambi von Smash 'er . The team had a number of new skaters join the competition squad for the 2011 bout season . The Red Bellied Black Hearts lost the opening bout of the 2011 season when they were defeated by the Surly Griffins . = = = Surly Griffins = = = The Surly Griffins were the 2009 season champions , and 2010 runners up in 2010 . The team 's name is a play on Walter Burley Griffin , who designed Canberra . Seven new skaters joined the 2011 squad , which was captained by Dr. Hell ; the vice captains were Annethrax and Rainbow Spite . The team 's sponsors for 2011 include Jake 's Performance and CJ 's Style . The Surly Griffins won their first bout in the 2011 season when they defeated the Red Bellied Black Hearts . = = Referees = = The Canberra Roller Derby League has its own referee squad known as Team Zulu . For the 2011 season , the referees were Magic Strat , Refucious , J Ref . K , Fair @-@ as Bueller , Sin Bin Laden , and Major Dyck . Canberra Roller Derby League referees have been involved with interstate bouts , and Refucious , John Ref Kennedy and Magic Strat were part of the squad that refereed the Sydney City Assassins versus Vice City Rollers bout on 12 December 2010 . John Ref Kennedy , Fair @-@ as Bueller and Major Dyck were part of the referee squad for the Vice City Rollers bout against the Sunstate Roller Girls Fancy Pants on 6 August 2011 . = = Seasons = = = = = 2009 = = = There were only two teams in the league in 2009 , the Black N Blue Belles and the Surly Griffins . At the start of the season , there were 20 skaters . The first public bout of the league 's history had over 1 @,@ 000 spectators in attendance and sold out within twenty @-@ four hours of tickets going on sale . Including the finale , the season featured three bouts , the second of which were sold out within days . The Surly Griffins were the inaugural season Champions . The season 's finale was played at the Southern Cross Stadium with tickets selling for A $ 10 . = = = 2010 = = = The Canberra Roller Derby League had an intake more than 90 skaters at the start of the 2010 season during the Fresh Meat and Boot Camp intakes . The 2010 season saw the creation of two new teams , the Red Bellied Black Hearts and the Brindabelters . Canberra became only the second city and league in Australia to have four or more teams in their league when the teams were added at the start of the season , which kicked off on 11 September , with Brindabelters competing against The Black ‘ n ’ Blue Belles . The championship was held on 13 November 2010 . The Black N Blue Belles were season champions in 2010 , with the Surly Griffins as runners up . At bouts in 2010 and 2011 , attendance was as high as 5 @,@ 000 people per bout and the league had its own training venue . Tickets continued to sell out within 24 hours of going on sale during the 2010 season . = = = 2011 = = = Four hundred women signed up for the 2011 Fresh Meat intake , and many potential derby players were wait listed . The 2011 season had six scheduled bouts , all of which were held at the Southern Cross Stadium . The first was on 2 April when the Surly Griffins competed against the Black N Blue Belles ( Griffins win ) . The second was on 20 April when the Red Bellied Black Hearts competed against the Brindabelters ( Black Hearts win ) . The third was on 28 May when the Surly Griffins competed against the Brindabelters ( Brindabelters win ) . The fourth was on 18 June when the Black Bellied Black Hearts competed against the Black N Blue Belles ( Belles win ) . The fifth was on 27 August when the Red Bellied Black Hearts competed against the Surly Griffins ( Black Hearts win ) . The sixth was on 24 September when the Brindabelters competed against the Black N Blue Belles . The 2011 Derby Darby Cup , dubbed Skate @-@ Icus , was held on 22 October , and was a double header at AIS Arena featuring all four all teams . The Canberra Weekly Magazine ran a contest with prizes incling entrance to the bouts and league related merchandise . The opening bout saw Surly Griffins compete against the Brindabelters for third place , the Griffins winning 142 to 130 . The grand final bout pitted the Black n Blues and the Red Bellied Black Hearts . Teamwork , tactics and effective blocking eventually won a close bout for the Black Hearts , 138 to 134 . The major sponsors for the 2011 season were Allsports Mouthguards , CJ 's Style , Can Print , Jake 's Performance , Bridges Canberra , Tattoo artist – North Lyneham , Impact Comics , Atlas Sports Physiotherapy , Stryking Signs , GXO , SkaterHQ , Elite Physique , Scope – Mount Stromlo , The Blue Olive , Fitsistas , and Jordo 's Chop Shop . Bouts included live music being played during the half time intermission . Musical acts that performed during the season included Knight @-@ Hammer , a medieval @-@ Viking @-@ lyrical themed @-@ fusion 80s metal progressive parody band that wears Viking costumes while performing , and Mudpie Princess , a Canberra @-@ based indie rock band . In 2011 , the CDRL hosted official after parties after each league and interstate bout , which were held at the Hellenic Club in Tuggeranong . = = = 2012 = = = The round on 8 September 2012 was won by the Surly Griffins over the Red Bellied Black Hearts . Half @-@ time entertainment was by local rock group , " The London Circuit " . = = Media = = Bouts are filmed and are aired on television on Channelvision at a later date . ChannelVision also creates highlight films that appear on the network . 666 ABC Canberra sent journalists to a practice to cover and report on the league . In 2009 , Bullseye Betty and Roulette Rouge joined Greg Bayliss in 666 ABC 's studio to teach him how to block . The pair also discussed the Canberra Roller Derby League on his show . The league was one of several Australian based teams to appear in the movie , " This is Roller Derby . "
= Rani Mukerji = Rani Mukerji ( / rɑːniː mᵿkhərdʒiː / ; born 21 March 1978 ) is an Indian actress . Through her Bollywood career , she has become one of the most high @-@ profile celebrities in India , winning several awards , including seven Filmfare Awards . Her film roles have been cited as a significant departure from the traditional portrayal of women in Bollywood . Although Mukerji was born into the Mukherjee @-@ Samarth family , in which her parents and relatives were members of the Indian film industry , she did not aspire to pursue a career in film . However , while still a teenager she dabbled with acting by playing a supporting role in her father 's Bengali language film Biyer Phool ( 1996 ) and later accepted a leading role in the 1997 social drama Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat on the insistence of her mother . She then began a full @-@ time career in film and gained recognition for a supporting role in the romance Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) . After this initial success in her career , Mukerji 's films fared poorly at the box office for the next three years . Her career prospects improved when Yash Raj Films cast her as the star of the drama Saathiya ( 2002 ) . By 2004 , Mukerji had established herself as a leading actress of Bollywood with roles in the romantic comedy Hum Tum , and the dramas Yuva and Veer @-@ Zaara . She achieved further success for portraying a deaf , blind and mute woman in the acclaimed drama Black ( 2005 ) and an unhappily married woman in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . Mukerji then collaborated with Yash Raj Films on several unsuccessful films which led critics to criticise her for choosing poor roles and pairing with the same set of actors . The semi @-@ biographical thriller No One Killed Jessica ( 2011 ) proved to be her first box office hit in four years , and she followed it by starring in the successful thrillers Talaash : The Answer Lies Within ( 2012 ) and Mardaani ( 2014 ) . In addition to acting in films , Mukerji is involved with several humanitarian causes and is vocal about issues faced by women and children . She has participated in concert tours and stage shows , and featured as a talent judge for the 2009 reality show Dance Premier League . Though she is reticent to discuss her personal life in public , her off @-@ screen life is the subject of substantial media coverage in India . She is married to filmmaker Aditya Chopra , with whom she has a daughter . = = Early life and background = = Rani Mukerji was born in Mumbai on 21 March 1978 . Her father , Ram Mukherjee ( born to the Mukherjee @-@ Samarth family ) , is a former film director and one of the founders of Filmalaya Studios . Her mother , Krishna Mukherjee , is a former playback singer . Her elder brother , Raja Mukherjee , is a film producer and director . Her maternal aunt , Debashree Roy , is a Bengali film actress and her paternal cousin , Kajol , is a Hindi film actress and her contemporary . Another paternal cousin , Ayan Mukerji , is a scriptwriter and film director . Despite her parents and most of her relatives being members of the Indian film industry , Mukerji was uninterested in pursuing a career in film . She said , " There were already too many actresses at home and I wanted to be someone different " . Mukerji received her education at Maneckji Cooper High School in Juhu and graduated with a degree in Home Science from SNDT Women 's University . She is a trained Odissi dancer and began learning the dance form while in the tenth grade . As part of an annual tradition , the Mukherjee family celebrates the festival of Durga Puja in the suburban neighbourhood of Santacruz every year . Mukerji , a practising Hindu , takes part in the festivities with her entire family . In 1994 , director Salim Khan approached her to play the lead female role in his directorial , Aa Gale Lag Jaa . Her father disapproved of a full @-@ time career in film at such a young age , so she rejected the offer . At the age of eighteen , Mukerji experimented with acting by portraying a supporting role in her father 's Bengali language film Biyer Phool ( 1996 ) . The film starred Prosenjit and Indrani Haldar in lead roles and narrates the story of two sisters ; Mukerji played the younger sibling of Haldar 's character . Soon after , Khan approached her with another film offer to play the protagonist of the social drama Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat , Mukerji accepted the role due to her mother 's insistence that she continue to pursue acting on an experimental basis . Before she began work on the film , Mukerji trained at Roshan Taneja 's acting institute . = = Career = = = = = Debut and public recognition ( 1997 – 99 ) = = = Mukerji portrayed a rape victim who is forced to marry her rapist in Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat , which released in 1997 . Although the film was a commercial failure , Mukerji 's performance was praised , and she won a special recognition trophy at the annual Screen Awards ceremony . Following the film 's poor showing at the box office , Mukerji returned to college to complete her education . However , inspired by her cousin Kajol 's success in Bollywood , she decided to pursue a full @-@ time career in films . In 1998 , Mukerji starred opposite Aamir Khan in Vikram Bhatt 's Ghulam ( 1998 ) , a moderate commercial success . Though her role in the film was small , the song " Aati Kya Khandala " earned her widespread recognition . Due to Mukerji 's broken voice texture , Bhatt hired a dubbing artist with a much higher pitched voice to dub for her lines . When asked if the director 's decision to not use her voice in the film affected her , she said that her voice was dubbed as it " did not suit the character " . Later that year , Karan Johar cast Mukerji opposite Shah Rukh Khan and her cousin , Kajol , in his big @-@ budget directorial debut Kuch Kuch Hota Hai . The role was originally written for Twinkle Khanna , but when she rejected it , Johar approached several leading actresses , all of whom refused the offer . He eventually cast Mukerji after she volunteered to play the role . Johar had originally intended that a dubbing artist dub Mukerji 's lines in the film , but she improved her diction and eventually dubbed for her own lines . She portrayed Tina Malhotra , a college student who is in a relationship with Khan 's character . Writing for India Today , film critic Nandita Chowdhury considered Mukerji to be the scene @-@ stealer and added , " Oozing oomph from every pore , she [ .. ] proves herself an actress whose time has come . " Kuch Kuch Hota Hai proved a breakthrough for Mukerji ; it emerged as a blockbuster in India and abroad with earnings of over ₹ 1 @.@ 03 billion ( US $ 15 million ) , and won eight Filmfare Awards , including a Best Supporting Actress trophy for Mukerji . Following the success of Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Mukerji played leading roles in the social drama Mehndi ( 1998 ) and the comedy Hello Brother ( 1999 ) . Both these films were critical and commercial disappointments which failed to propel her career forward . = = = Career struggles and initial success ( 2000 – 03 ) = = = By 2000 , Mukerji wanted to avoid being type @-@ cast as a " standard Hindi film heroine " and thus decided to portray more challenging roles in addition to the archetypical glamorous female lead . However , none of her film releases in 2000 were particularly notable . In Badal and Bichhoo , two male @-@ centric action dramas ( both featuring Bobby Deol in the lead ) , she played roles that were met with little acclaim from the critics . A supporting role in Kamal Hassan 's bilingual film Hey Ram proved more rewarding . The film was a partly fictionalised account of Mahatma Gandhi 's assassination and Mukerji portrayed the character of Aparna Ram , a Bengali school teacher who is raped and murdered during communal riots in Calcutta . The controversial subject matter of Hey Ram led to poor box office earnings , but the film was critically acclaimed and selected as India 's official entry to the Oscars that year . Mukerji found no success in her next two releases , the comedy Hadh Kar Di Aapne and the romance Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye . The romantic comedy Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega , however , earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at Filmfare and was better received by the critics . Padmaraj Nair of Screen found Mukerji 's role to be " too meagre for her to prove herself " but added that " she is quite adequate in whatever scenes she has been given " . The year 2001 was a disappointing one for Mukerji . In a review for her first release of the year , Chori Chori Chupke Chupke , a drama based on surrogate childbirth , film critic Sukanya Verma found Mukerji to be " handicapped with a role that doesn 't give her much scope besides weeping and sobbing " and preferred the " meatier " role of her co @-@ star Preity Zinta . In Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai and Nayak : The Real Hero , films that failed to garner praise , Mukerji played the love interests of Abhishek Bachchan and Anil Kapoor respectively . In a review for the latter , Sarita Tanwar wrote that " [ Mukerji ] has very little to do except being part of some magnificently picturised songs " . After three consecutive years of poorly received films , Mukerji 's career prospects began to improve in 2002 when Yash Raj Films , a leading production company in India , cast her for two high @-@ profile productions : Mujhse Dosti Karoge ! , a romantic comedy co @-@ starring Hrithik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor , and Saathiya , a remake of the Tamil box office hit Alaipayuthey . Mujhse Dosti Karoge ! was heavily promoted before release and proved a success internationally , but failed to earn profits in India . The romantic drama Saathiya proved a major turning point in her career , winning her a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress in addition to a Best Actress nomination at the same ceremony . Mukerji was director Shaad Ali 's only choice to play the lead role ; he said , " She was born to play this role . She looked the character . She looked vulnerable . She looked the right age . She was perfect " . The film co @-@ starred Vivek Oberoi , and her paternal aunt Tanuja , and proved an economic success . Mukerji 's portrayal of Suhani Sharma , a medical student who deals with the tensions and discontent of being married at a young age , met with critical acclaim . The BBC stated that " Mukerji plays the character of a middle class girl with great conviction " , and Udita Jhunjhunwala of Mid Day added , " Her expressions and acting are understated in a role that fits her like a glove . " In 2003 , Mukerji replaced Aishwarya Rai to play the lead female role opposite Shah Rukh Khan in Aziz Mirza 's romance Chalte Chalte . Media reports suggested that Rai was replaced after feuding with her then boyfriend Salman Khan on the film 's sets , but Shah Rukh Khan insisted that Mukerji had been the original choice for the role . The film 's concept was similar to Saathiya and dealt with misunderstandings between a married couple . Mukerji said , " [ Unlike Saathiya ] , Chalte Chalte deals with a more mature and deeper form of love . It is about how a man and woman react to situations . [ .. ] You cannot really get very different with the characters , but you can put them against a different background " . The film was well received by both critics and audiences , and the following year Mukerji received a second Best Actress nomination at Filmfare . Also that year , she starred in Milan Luthria 's romantic comedy Chori Chori opposite Ajay Devgan , Sudhir Mishra 's suspense drama Calcutta Mail , alongside Anil Kapoor and Manisha Koirala , and J.P. Dutta 's ensemble war film LOC Kargil . None of these films fared well critically or commercially . = = = Widespread success ( 2004 – 06 ) = = = The year 2004 marked the beginning of the most successful period in Mukerji 's career . At the 50th Filmfare Awards in 2005 , Mukerji won both the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress awards , becoming the only actress to win both awards in the same year . The Best Supporting Actress win was for Mani Ratnam 's Yuva ( 2004 ) , a composite film that featured an ensemble cast including Ajay Devgan , Abhishek Bachchan , Vivek Oberoi , Kareena Kapoor and Esha Deol . The film narrates the story of three youngsters from different strata of society whose lives intersect by a car accident ; Mukerji was cast as Shashi Biswas , a financially deprived Bengali housewife who is abused by her husband , a local goon ( played by Bachchan ) . Taran Adarsh wrote , " Amongst the leading ladies , it is Rani Mukerji who is the best of the lot . The role demanded an actress of substance and Rani more than lives up to the expectations . " She won the Best Actress award for her starring role in Kunal Kohli 's Hum Tum ( 2004 ) , a romantic comedy about two headstrong individuals who meet at different stages of their lives . The film pitted her opposite Saif Ali Khan and proved one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . The Hindu found Mukerji 's portrayal of Rhea Prakash to be " self assuredly competent " and Tanmaya Kumar Nanda of Rediff.com wrote , " Rani is her usual collected self , changing into the many hues of her character with the ease of a chameleon " . Later that year , Mukerji achieved further success when Yash Chopra cast her alongside Shah Rukh Khan and Preity Zinta in his romantic drama Veer @-@ Zaara . The film narrates the story of star @-@ crossed lovers , Veer Pratap Singh ( played by Khan ) and a Pakistani woman , Zaara Hayaat Khan ( played by Zinta ) ; Mukerji played the role of Saamiya Siddiqui , a Pakistani lawyer embroiled in a court case involving Singh . With a worldwide gross of over ₹ 940 million ( US $ 14 million ) , Veer @-@ Zaara emerged as the highest grossing film of the year ; it was screened at the Berlin Film Festival and met with critical acclaim . Mukerji 's role was praised by the critics ; BBC noted , " [ I ] ts Rani Mukerjee who deserves praise for her acting . To act through your eyes and not using dialogue is an art . Rani for one , has perfected this . " She won the Best Supporting Actress trophy at the IIFA Awards ceremony , and received a nomination in the same category at Filmfare . In 2005 , Outlook magazine published that Mukerji had established herself as the most successful actress of contemporary Hindi cinema . Her first film role that year was opposite Amitabh Bachchan in Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's highly acclaimed Black , a drama about an alcoholic man who dedicates his life to teach a blind and deaf girl how to communicate . Bhansali wrote the part of the blind @-@ deaf girl specifically for Mukerji , who was initially hesitant to take on the role due to its " challenging " subject matter . Once Bhansali enforced his faith in her , she agreed and began intensely studying sign language with professionals at the Helen Keller Institute in Mumbai . Black won several awards including two National Film Awards and eleven Filmfare Awards , and Richard Corliss of TIME featured it as the fifth best film of the year . Mukerji 's performance met with unanimous acclaim ; Empire called the performance " astonishing " , Filmfare included her work in their listing of Indian cinema 's " 80 Most Iconic performances " and wrote , " Rani has left an indelible mark with this role that usually comes once in a lifetime for most " . She became the only actress to win both the Best Actress and Best Actress – Critics trophies at the Filmfare Awards ceremony . That year , Mukerji received a second Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for her work opposite Abhishek Bachchan in Bunty Aur Babli , a comedy film which marked her fifth collaboration with Yash Raj Films . She played the title character of Vimmi " Babli " Saluja , a con woman . The film was the second highest grossing film of 2005 and Mukerji 's third major success in two consecutive years . Film critic Namrata Joshi wrote that " Rani plays to the gallery with ease " and Taran Adarsh wrote that she " sinks her teeth into the role and comes out with flying colours " . She followed it with Amol Palekar 's fantasy film Paheli , reuniting her with Shah Rukh Khan . The film was a box office flop in India but was given a strong international release ; it was screened at the Sundance Film Festival and was India 's submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards . Raja Sen of Rediff.com was impressed by the film as well as Mukerji 's performance which he called " another perfectly played part " . Mukerji 's fourth and final release of the year was the highly anticipated period film Mangal Pandey : The Rising . Director Ketan Mehta initially approached her for a cameo appearance , which was developed into an " important part " after she gave her consent to star in the film . Her role was that of Heera , a prostitute who forms the love interest of the title character ( played by Aamir Khan ) . Derek Elley of Variety mentioned that Mukerji made " the most of her feisty nautch @-@ girl , " despite having " a small role for a star of her caliber . " Mukerji turned down an offer from Mira Nair to star in the Hollywood film The Namesake , choosing instead to collaborate once again with her friend Karan Johar in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) , an urban drama dealing with infidelity and dysfunctional relationships . The high @-@ profile production featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan , Shah Rukh Khan , Abhishek Bachchan , Preity Zinta and Kirron Kher , and told the story of two unhappily married couples in New York which results in an extra @-@ marital affair . Mukerji played Maya Talwar , a woman layered with self @-@ doubt and question about the relationship between her husband ( played by Abhishek Bachchan ) and herself . Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna was a popular release , emerging as a major economic success with gross earnings of over ₹ 1 @.@ 13 billion ( US $ 17 million ) . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN wrote , " Rani looks a million bucks and she dives under the skin of her character to make that part one that we will remember for a long time " . The role won Mukerji a third consecutive IIFA Best Actress Award and among other nods , earned her a sixth Best Actress nomination at Filmfare . The poorly received melodrama Baabul was her final appearance that year . = = = Professional setback ( 2007 – 10 ) = = = Following the failure of Baabul , Yash Raj Films cast Mukerji in Siddharth Anand 's family drama Ta Ra Rum Pum in the role of a popular racing driver 's ( played by Saif Ali Khan ) wife and the mother of two . Mukerji was excited to play the part of a mother for the first time , and modelled her character after her own mother . Released in 2007 , the film was an economic success , but received mixed reactions from the critics . Khalid Mohamed hailed Mukerji 's performance as " near flawless " but Rajeev Masand thought that neither she nor Khan " are able to make much of an impression because their characters are so unidimensional and boring . " The woman 's film Laaga Chunari Mein Daag from director Pradeep Sarkar was Mukerji 's second release that year . She described the film as a " journey of a girl into womanhood and her sacrifices for her family " . Her portrayal earned her a seventh Best Actress nomination at Filmfare , she played the role of Vibhavari Sahay , a young girl of limited means who is forced to moonlight as a prostitute to fend for her family . Jaya Bachchan , Abhishek Bachchan , Konkana Sen Sharma and Kunal Kapoor co @-@ starred in the film which released to poor box office returns and little praise from the critics . The Indian Express noted that Mukerji was responsible for " hold [ ing ] the film together , even if her part , both as the ingénue and the hooker , doesn 't have freshness " . Mukerji played a prostitute for the third time in Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's Saawariya , an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoevsky 's White Nights , co @-@ starring Ranbir Kapoor and Sonam Kapoor . Mukerji said , " I play very different kinds of prostitutes in Saawariya and Laaga Chunari Mein Daag . The woman in Saawariya has no problem with her profession , whereas in the other film it 's completely different " . Saawariya was her only release in three years that was not produced by Yash Raj Films . The film was a box office flop and met with polarising reactions from the critics . Mukerji 's performance was received favourably and she earned her second Filmfare nomination that year , this time for Best Supporting Actress . By the end of 2007 , Mukerji 's popularity had begun to wane . Rediff.com attributed this to her " monotonous pairing " with the same set of actors ; Hindustan Times published that she had become an " exclusive Yash Raj heroine " which hindered other directors to approach her for roles . After a series of serious roles , Mukerji sought to play a part that would be a " clutter @-@ breaker " for her . She found the role in Kunal Kohli 's Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) , a children 's film about an angel who comes to Earth to help four troubled kids . In a particularly scathing review , Khalid Mohamed criticised Mukerji 's choice of roles and wrote , " As a Geeta Poppins , she 's one @-@ dimensional , either darting full blast smiles or tetchy scowls . Her costumes , too , are uneasy @-@ on @-@ the @-@ eyes " . The film had low box office returns and further contributed to a decline in Mukerji 's career prospects . An India Today article spoke of her " running out of luck at the box office " and mentioned her decline in endorsements . In an attempt to overcome this decline in her career , Mukerji lost weight and underwent a complete makeover . In 2009 , she collaborated for the ninth time with Yash Raj Films on Dil Bole Hadippa ! , a romantic comedy opposite Shahid Kapoor . Mukerji had high expectations from the film in which she played a cricket @-@ obsessed Punjabi village girl masquerading as a man ; it was hugely hyped before release and had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . The Economic Times critic Gaurav Malani was disappointed with the picture and wrote , " Rani Mukherjee comes up with a spirited performance but her mock sob @-@ whine @-@ whimper do [ es ] not amuse anymore . Also after a point you dislike visualizing the charming actress as the moustached male player . " The film was Mukerji 's fourth economic failure in a row . When questioned about her recent spate of flops with the Yash Raj Films banner , she stated , " An actor is here to act and pick great roles and scripts . I was getting great roles from Yash Raj at that point , roles that any actor would give an arm to do . I stand by those films regardless of their fate " . Later that year , she featured as a talent judge for the Sony Entertainment Television reality show Dance Premier League . She said that appearing on television would make her " more accessible " to the audiences and help her " gain visibility " when she was " not doing too many films " . Mukerji did not make any screen appearances in 2010 . = = = Success in thrillers ( 2011 – 14 ) = = = Film critic Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis described Mukerji 's performance in the 2011 film No One Killed Jessica as " one of her best performances till date " . The film ( co @-@ starring Vidya Balan ) was Mukerji 's first commercial success since Ta Ra Rum Pum , and was especially noted for being a success despite the absence of a prominent male actor . The film was a semi @-@ biographical thriller based on the Jessica Lal murder case in which Mukerji played the fictional character of Meera Gaity , a foul @-@ mouthed television journalist who is deeply involved with the case . To promote the film , she reprised the role of Gaity on the C.I.D. television series . In an interview with The Telegraph she said , " It was such a different role to portray . It wasn 't a role that was typical of a Hindi film heroine . Meera was more like a hero . It was a character that actually took the story forward . [ .. ] Meera made a lot of things happen . It wasn 't something that I had ever done before . I actually had to play a man ! " Certain critics , however , were critical of her performance , including Anupama Chopra of NDTV , who called her role , " the fatal , false note in No One Killed Jessica , " arguing that " the character is written superficially and Rani 's portrayal of her is equally banal . It 's all about externals . She argues a lot and proudly labels herself a bitch but her hair stays perfectly in place and in the end , she even gets to do a super @-@ hero @-@ like slow motion walk . " Nonetheless , the role earned her several awards and nominations , including a third Best Supporting Actress trophy at Filmfare . After the success of No One Killed Jessica , Mukerji accepted a leading role in Sachin Kundalkar 's Aiyyaa ( 2012 ) , a comedy of manners co @-@ starring Prithviraj . She played Meenakshi Deshpande , a woman with a heightened sense of smell who develops a one @-@ sided attraction towards Prithiviraj 's character . Critically and commercially unsuccessful . Rediff.com criticised her decision to star in the film , writing that she " gets no support from the way her character is written " . Greater success came for her portrayal of Roshni Shekhawat , a mother who has lost her only child in a boating accident , in Reema Kagti 's psychological thriller Talaash : The Answer Lies Within . Co @-@ starring Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor , the film had worldwide earnings of over ₹ 1 @.@ 74 billion ( US $ 26 million ) . Ronnie Schieb of Variety described Mukerji as " vivid in a quietly sympathetic role " , and she received Best Supporting Actress nominations at several award ceremonies , including Filmfare . The following year , Mukerji starred in the anthology film Bombay Talkies consisting of four short films . Mukerji was part of the segment entitled Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh in which she played Gayatri , a journalist who discovers that her husband ( played by Randeep Hooda ) is gay ; it was her fourth collaboration with director Karan Johar . The film was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival as part of the centenary year celebrations of Indian cinema . Despite poor box office returns , Bombay Talkies met with widespread critical acclaim , with praise directed to Johar 's segment . Tushar Joshi of Daily News and Analysis said that Mukerji was successful in " proving [ that ] she 's the queen of subtlety when it comes to stripping off the make @-@ up and letting herself fly " . In 2014 , Mukerji appeared in Pradeep Sarkar 's crime thriller Mardaani , in which she played the lead role of Shivani Shivaji Roy , a Maharashtrian policewoman involved in a kidnapping case that leads her to uncover secrets of human trafficking in India . She took on the role " to show all girls what the reality is , what the world has come to , and how they need to protect themselves " . In preparation , she interacted with senior officials of Mumbai 's crime branch , and learned the Israeli self @-@ defense technique of Krav Maga . Rajeev Masand found Mukerji to be the prime asset of the film , adding that by " investing Shivani with both physical strength and emotional courage , she gives us a hero that 's hard not to root for " . Writing for Hindustan Times , Anupama Chopra also praised her performance , writing that she not only " imbues Shivani with steely resolve but also gives her emotional depth " . The film was a commercial success and garnered Mukerji another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare . = = Personal life and off @-@ screen work = = Despite constant media attention , Mukerji remains guarded about her personal life . Unlike many other celebrities , Mukerji limits her interactions with the media and is sometimes labelled a recluse ; she said in a 2011 interview , " Today actors have become more open with the media . But this has posed a problem for actors like me because if I don 't do that , then I end up being called reclusive . So now I have changed myself and am easily approachable . " Mukerji has collaborated frequently and maintained a close friendship with actors Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan , and filmmaker Karan Johar . The nature of Mukerji 's relationship with filmmaker Aditya Chopra was the topic of fervent tabloid reporting in India , though she refused to publicly talk about it . On 21 April 2014 , she married Chopra at a private ceremony in Italy . On 9 December 2015 , she gave birth to their daughter , named Adira . Alongside her acting career , Mukerji has been actively involved with several humanitarian causes and is vocal about issues faced by women and children . Mukerji was appointed as an ambassador by Procter & Gamble and the NGO Child Rights and You for their joint venture , Shiksha , to endorse the cause of children 's education . In 2011 she set up a Stroke Treatment Fund , in association with the Indian Stroke Association , to pay for the treatment of financially deprived stroke @-@ affected patients . Mukerji has made public appearances to support other charities and causes . In March 2004 , she visited the Indian army unit in Pokhran , Rajasthan to interact with the jawan troops , for the NDTV reality show Jai Jawan . A decade later , in August 2014 she visited the jawans again at Baramulla . In February 2005 , Mukerji and several other Bollywood actors participated in the 2005 HELP ! Telethon Concert to raise money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . In March 2006 , Mukerji celebrated her birthday with the physically challenged children of the Helen Keller Institute ; she had previously worked with them while preparing for her role in Black . In November 2010 , she was part of a fund raising auction for the " Because I am a Girl " charity campaign . In 2014 , Mukerji attended a charity dinner on child abuse in London , where she was felicitated by Prince Charles for raising awareness on the issue through her work in Mardaani . Mukerji has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies . Her first concert tour , " Magnificent Five " , was in 1999 in which she performed with actors Aamir Khan , Aishwarya Rai , Akshaye Khanna and Twinkle Khanna . The " Temptations 2004 " concert had Mukerji perform alongside Shah Rukh Khan , Saif Ali Khan , Preity Zinta , Arjun Rampal and Priyanka Chopra in nineteen stage shows worldwide . The following year , she participated in the " Temptations 2005 " concert in New Delhi with Shah Rukh Khan , Fardeen Khan , Ameesha Patel and Malaika Arora Khan ; the show was organised to help raise funds for the National Centre For Promotion of Employment for Disabled People ( NCPEDP ) . In 2010 , Mukerji performed at a concert in the Army Stadium of Dhaka , Bangladesh with several Bollywood actors including Shah Rukh Khan , Rampal and Ishaa Koppikar . For the " Temptations Reloaded " concert of 2012 in Jakarta , Mukerji performed alongside Shah Rukh Khan , Zinta and Bipasha Basu , for the 2013 concert of the same name in Auckland , she performed with Shah Rukh Khan , Madhuri Dixit and Jacqueline Fernandez , and in 2014 she performed in Malaysia with Shah Rukh Khan , Dixit , Yo Yo Honey Singh and Arijit Singh . = = Artistry and media image = = Mukerji has been described by the critics as one of the most accomplished actresses of Bollywood . As part of a career analysis , Sukanya Verma noted that Mukerji made a " rather unconventional debut in films " ( she played a rape victim in Raja Ki Aayegi Baarat ) , and after a few years of oscillating between success and failure , she " achieved the status of a star , performer and showgirl " . Indo @-@ Asian News Service reported that during her initial years in the industry , Mukerji was referred to as the successful Kajol 's poor cousin and was written off by the critics for being " plump " and " short " . Raja Sen added that despite the odds being against her , Mukerji " slogged her way with grit " and emerged as " the most powerful leading lady in Bollywood " . Film critic Baradwaj Rangan of the New Sunday Express writes that Mukerji 's unusual " sandpaper @-@ scratchy , I 'm @-@ recovering @-@ from @-@ a @-@ bad @-@ cold " voice sets her apart from her contemporaries and The Times of India has credited her for breaking the " fairness myth " of Bollywood . Reema Kagti ( the director of Talaash : The Answer Lies Within ) said of Mukerji 's craft , " Rani likes to prepare a lot . She gets obsessive about the role and wants to know everything about her character . What 's her character 's back @-@ story , what is going on in her head at a specific point " . In an interview with Daily News and Analysis , Mukerji described her approach to acting : " A month before I start shooting , I sit with my director , try to understand how he has visualised the character on the screen and take notes . Then I start working on the most basic thing — the look . It 's very important that the physical appearance of the character gets decided because if I look the character , it makes it all the more believable . Once that is achieved , I go into the finer nuances of what the girl is like , her background . And then from there [ .. ] I have to get the accent right " . To avoid getting " saturated " , Mukerji prefers portraying " drastically different roles " , and is credited in the media as " one of the most versatile actresses " of Bollywood . She has played roles in both high @-@ profile mainstream productions and lesser @-@ publicised films of independent filmmakers ; Hindustan Times published that Mukerji has made this progression so " natural [ ly ] [ .. ] that it 's gone virtually unnoticed " . Namrata Joshi of Outlook adds that she is unafraid to take risks and portray roles that " none of her contemporaries have been able to do " . Mukerji has garnered a reputation for playing roles that are a significant departure from the traditional portrayal of women in mainstream Indian cinema ; in Hum Tum she played a widow who engages in pre @-@ marital sex , in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna she is involved in an extra @-@ marital affair with a married man , and in Bichhoo and No One Killed Jessica she smokes , drinks , and utters expletives . Mukerji is one of the best @-@ known and most high @-@ profile celebrities in India ; at the peak of her career she was frequently listed as one of the most popular and attractive Indian celebrities , was one of the highest paid actresses in Bollywood , and the brand ambassador for a number of products . Filmfare featured her in their listing of the " Ten Most Powerful Names of Bollywood " for two consecutive years ( 2005 – 2006 ) . In 2006 , Eastern Eye ranked her as one of " Asia 's Sexiest Women " . Mukerji ranked first on Box Office India 's ' " Top Actresses " listing for two consecutive years ( 2005 – 2006 ) . She topped Rediff.com 's annual listing of the " Top Bollywood Actresses " for three consecutive years ( 2004 – 2006 ) ; in 2007 , she held the fifth position . She was also featured by Rediff.com in their listing of " Bollywood 's Best Actresses Ever " , " Bollywood 's Most Beautiful Actresses " , and " Bollywood 's Best Dressed Women " . Since 2007 , Mukerji 's popularity was on a decline and she lost out on her brand endorsements to a number of younger actresses . In 2013 , the American Embassy in India honoured her with a special trophy for her contributions to Indian cinema . = = Filmography and awards = = = = = Selected filmography = = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = For her roles in the films Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , Yuva ( 2004 ) and No One Killed Jessica ( 2011 ) , Mukerji won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress . She also won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress for her roles in Saathiya ( 2002 ) and Black ( 2005 ) , and received the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her roles in Hum Tum ( 2004 ) and Black ( 2005 ) .
= Long and short scales = The long and short scales are two of several large @-@ number naming systems for integer powers of ten , that use the same words with different meanings : Long scale Every new term greater than million is one million times larger than the previous term . Thus , billion means a million millions ( 1012 ) , trillion means a million billions ( 1018 ) , and so on . Short scale Every new term greater than million is one thousand times larger than the previous term . Thus , billion means a thousand millions ( 109 ) , trillion means a thousand billions ( 1012 ) , and so on . For whole numbers less than a thousand million ( < 109 ) the two scales are identical . From a thousand million up ( ≥ 109 ) the two scales diverge , using the same words for different numbers ; this can cause misunderstanding . Countries where the long scale is currently used include most countries in continental Europe and most French @-@ speaking , Spanish @-@ speaking , and Portuguese @-@ speaking countries except Brazil . The short scale is now used in most English @-@ speaking and Arabic @-@ speaking countries , in Brazil , and several other countries . Number names are rendered in the language of the country , but are similar everywhere due to shared etymology ( e.g. , billion is billón in Spanish ) . Some languages , particularly in East Asia and South Asia , have large number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales , for example the Indian numbering system . For most of the 19th and 20th centuries , the United Kingdom largely used the long scale , whereas the United States used the short scale , so that the two systems were often referred to as British and American in the English language . After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale , in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it , and it is used for all purposes including official . With very few exceptions , the British usage and American usage are now identical . The first recorded use of the terms short scale ( French : échelle courte ) and long scale ( French : échelle longue ) was by the French mathematician Geneviève Guitel in 1975 . = = Comparison = = At and above a thousand million ( ≥ 109 ) the same names are used to refer to numbers differing by a factor of an integer power of 1 @,@ 000 . Each scale has a logical justification to explain the use of each such differing numerical name and value within that scale . The short @-@ scale logic is based on powers of one thousand , whereas the long @-@ scale logic is based on powers of one million . In both scales , the prefix bi- refers to 2 and tri- refers to 3 , etc . However only in the long scale do the prefixes beyond one million indicate the actual power or exponent ( of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ) . In the short scale , the prefixes refer to one less than the exponent ( of 1 @,@ 000 ) . The relationship between the numeric values and the corresponding names in the two scales can be described as : The relationship between the names and the corresponding numeric values in the two scales can be described as : The root mil in million does not refer to the numeral , 1 . The word , million , derives from the Old French , milion , from the earlier Old Italian , milione , an intensification of the Latin word , mille , a thousand . That is , a million is a big thousand , much as a great gross is a dozen gross or 12 × 144 = 1728 . The word , milliard , or its translation , is found in many European languages and is used in those languages for 109 . However , it is unknown in American English , which uses billion , and not used in British English , which preferred to use thousand million before the current usage of billion . The financial term , yard , which derives from milliard , is used on financial markets , as , unlike the term , billion , it is internationally unambiguous and phonetically distinct from million . Likewise , many long scale countries use the word billiard ( or similar ) for one thousand long scale billions ( i.e. , 1015 ) , and the word trilliard ( or similar ) for one thousand long scale trillions ( i.e. , 1021 ) , etc . = = History = = The existence of the different scales means that care must be taken when comparing large numbers between languages or countries , or when interpreting old documents in countries where the dominant scale has changed over time . For example , British English , French , and Italian historical documents can refer to either the short or long scale , depending on the date of the document , since each of the three countries has used both systems at various times in its history . Today , the United Kingdom officially uses the short scale , but France and Italy use the long scale . The pre @-@ 1974 former British English word billion , post @-@ 1961 current French word billion , post @-@ 1994 current Italian word bilione , German Billion ; Dutch biljoen ; Swedish biljon ; Finnish biljoona ; Danish billion ; Polish bilion , Spanish billón ; Slovenian bilijon and the European Portuguese word bilião ( with a different spelling to the Brazilian Portuguese variant , but in Brazil referring to short scale ) all refer to 1012 , being long @-@ scale terms . Therefore , each of these words translates to the American English or post @-@ 1974 British English word : trillion ( 1012 in the short scale ) , and not billion ( 109 in the short scale ) . On the other hand , the pre @-@ 1961 former French word billion , pre @-@ 1994 former Italian word bilione , Brazilian Portuguese word bilhão and the Welsh word biliwn all refer to 109 , being short scale terms . Each of these words translates to the American English or post @-@ 1974 British English word billion ( 109 in the short scale ) . The terms billion and milliard both originally meant 1012 when introduced . In long scale countries , milliard was redefined down to its current value of 109 , leaving billion at its original 1012 value and so on for the larger numbers . Some of these countries , but not all , introduced new words billiard , trilliard , etc. as intermediate terms . In some short scale countries , milliard was redefined down to 109 and billion dropped altogether , with trillion redefined down to 1012 and so on for the larger numbers . In many short scale countries , milliard was dropped altogether and billion was redefined down to 109 , adjusting downwards the value of trillion and all the larger numbers . Timeline = = Current usage = = = = = Short scale users = = = = = = = English @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , one million ; 109 , one billion ; 1012 , one trillion ; etc . Most English @-@ language countries and regions use the short scale with 109 being billion . For example : = = = = Arabic @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , مَلْيُوْن malyoon : 109 , مِلْيَار milyar ; 1012 , تِرِلْيُوْن trilyoon ; etc . Most Arabic @-@ language countries and regions use the short scale with 109 being مليار milyar . For example : = = = = Other short scale = = = = 106 , one million ; 109 , one milliard or one billion ; 1012 , one trillion ; etc . Other countries also use a word similar to trillion to mean 1012 , etc . Whilst a few of these countries like English use a word similar to billion to mean 109 , most like Arabic have kept a traditional long scale word similar to milliard for 109 . Some examples of short scale use , and the words used for 109 and 1012 , are = = = Long scale users = = = The traditional long scale is used by most Continental European countries and by most other countries whose languages derive from Continental Europe ( with the notable exceptions of Albania , Greece , Romania , and Brazil ) . These countries use a word similar to billion to mean 1012 . Some use a word similar to milliard to mean 109 , while others use a word or phrase equivalent to thousand millions . = = = = Spanish @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , millón ; 109 , mil millones or millardo ; 1012 , billón ; etc . Most Spanish @-@ language countries and regions use the long scale with 109 = mil millones , for example : = = = = French @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , million ; 109 , milliard ; 1012 , billion ; etc . Most French @-@ language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : = = = = Portuguese @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , milhão ; 109 , mil milhões or milhar de milhões ; 1012 , bilião ; With the notable exception of Brazil , a short scale country , most Portuguese @-@ language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : = = = = Dutch @-@ speaking = = = = 106 , miljoen ; 109 , miljard ; 1012 , biljoen ; Most Dutch @-@ language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : = = = = Other long scale = = = = 106 , one million ; 109 , one milliard or one thousand million ; 1012 , one billion ; 1015 , one billiard or one thousand billion ; 1018 , one trillion ; etc . Some examples of long scale use , and the words used for 109 and 1012 , are = = = Using both = = = Some countries use either the short or long scales , depending on the internal language being used or the context . 106
= one million , 109 = EITHER one billion ( short scale ) OR one milliard / thousand million ( long scale ) , 1012 = EITHER one trillion ( short scale ) OR one billion ( long scale ) , etc . = = = Using neither = = = The following countries use naming systems for large numbers that are not etymologically related to the short and long scales : Presence on most continents The long and short scales are both present on most continents , with usage dependent on the language used . Examples include : = = = = Short scale = = = = = = = = Long scale = = = = = = = = Both long and short scale = = = = = = = = Neither long nor short scale = = = = = = Alternative approaches = = Unambiguous ways of identifying large numbers include : In written communications , the simplest solution for moderately large numbers is to write the full amount , for example 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 rather than , say , 1 trillion ( short scale ) or 1 billion ( long scale ) . Combinations of the unambiguous word million , for example : 109
= " one thousand million " ; 1012 = " one million million " . This becomes rather unwieldy for numbers above 1012 . Combination of numbers of more than 3 digits with the unambiguous word million , for example 13 @,@ 600 million Scientific notation ( also known as standard form or exponential notation , for example 1 × 109 , 1 × 1010 , 1 × 1011 , 1 × 1012 , etc . ) , or its engineering notation variant ( for example 1 × 109 , 10 × 109 , 100 × 109 , 1 × 1012 , etc . ) , or the computing variant E notation ( for example 1e9 , 1e10 , 1e11 , 1e12 , etc . ) This is the most common practice among scientists and mathematicians , and is both unambiguous and convenient . SI prefixes in combination with SI units , for example , giga for 109 and tera for 1012 can give gigawatt ( = 109 W ) and terawatt ( = 1012 W ) , respectively . The International System of Units ( SI ) is independent of whichever scale is being used . Use with non @-@ SI units ( e.g. " giga @-@ dollars " , " giga @-@ miles " ) is uncommon although " megabucks " is in informal use representing a large sum of money rather than exactly a million dollars .
= Jack Sheppard = Jack Sheppard ( 4 March 1702 – 16 November 1724 ) was a notorious English thief and gaol @-@ breaker of early 18th @-@ century London . Born into a poor family , he was apprenticed as a carpenter but took to theft and burglary in 1723 , with little more than a year of his training to complete . He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times from prison , making him a notorious public figure , and wildly popular with the poorer classes . Ultimately , he was caught , convicted , and hanged at Tyburn , ending his brief criminal career after less than two years . The inability of the notorious " Thief @-@ Taker General " Jonathan Wild to control Sheppard , and injuries suffered by Wild at the hands of Sheppard 's colleague , Joseph " Blueskin " Blake , led to Wild 's downfall . Sheppard was as renowned for his attempts to escape from prison as he was for his crimes . An autobiographical " Narrative " , thought to have been ghostwritten by Daniel Defoe , was sold at his execution , quickly followed by popular plays . The character of Macheath in John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera ( 1728 ) was based on Sheppard , keeping him in the limelight for over 100 years . He returned to the public consciousness around 1840 , when William Harrison Ainsworth wrote a novel entitled Jack Sheppard , with illustrations by George Cruikshank . The popularity of his tale , and the fear that others would be drawn to emulate his behaviour , led the authorities to refuse to license any plays in London with " Jack Sheppard " in the title for forty years . = = Early life = = Sheppard was born in White 's Row , in London 's Spitalfields . He was baptised on 5 March , the day after he was born , at St Dunstan 's , Stepney , suggesting a fear of infant mortality by his parents , perhaps because the newborn was weak or sickly . His parents named him after an older brother , John , who had died before his birth . In life , he was better known as Jack , or even " Gentleman Jack " or " Jack the Lad " . He had a second brother , Thomas , and a younger sister , Mary . Their father , a carpenter , died while Sheppard was young , and his sister died two years later . Unable to support her family without her husband 's income , Jack 's mother sent him to Mr Garrett 's School , a workhouse near St Helen 's Bishopsgate , when he was six years old . Sheppard was sent out as a parish apprentice to a cane @-@ chair maker , taking a settlement of 20 shillings , but his new master soon died . He was sent out to a second cane @-@ chair maker , but Sheppard was treated badly . Finally , when Sheppard was 10 , he went to work as a shop @-@ boy for William Kneebone , a wool draper with a shop on the Strand . Sheppard 's mother had been working for Kneebone since her husband 's death . Kneebone taught Sheppard to read and write and apprenticed him to a carpenter , Owen Wood , in Wych Street , off Drury Lane in Covent Garden . Sheppard signed his seven @-@ year indenture on 2 April 1717 . By 1722 , Sheppard was showing great promise as a carpenter . Aged 20 , he was a small man , only 5 ' 4 " ( 1 @.@ 63 m ) and lightly built , but deceptively strong . He had a pale face with large , dark eyes , a wide mouth and a quick smile . Despite a slight stutter , his wit made him popular in the taverns of Drury Lane . He served five unblemished years of his apprenticeship but then began to be led into crime . Joseph Hayne , a button @-@ moulder who owned a shop nearby , also ran a tavern named the Black Lion off Drury Lane , which he encouraged the local apprentices to frequent . The Black Lion was visited by criminals such as Joseph " Blueskin " Blake , Sheppard 's future partner in crime , and self @-@ proclaimed " Thief @-@ Taker General " Jonathan Wild , secretly the linchpin of a criminal empire across London and later Sheppard 's implacable enemy . According to Sheppard 's autobiography , he had been an innocent until going to Hayne 's tavern , but there began an attachment to strong drink and the affections of Elizabeth Lyon , a prostitute also known as Edgworth Bess ( or Edgeworth Bess ) from her place of birth at Edgeworth in Middlesex . In his History , Defoe records that Bess was " a main lodestone in attracting of him up to this Eminence of Guilt . " Such , Sheppard claimed , was the source of his later ruin . Peter Linebaugh offers a different view : that Sheppard 's sudden transformation was a liberation from the dull drudgery of indentured labour and that he progressed from pious servitude to self @-@ confident rebellion and Levelling . = = Criminal career = = Sheppard threw himself into a hedonistic whirl of drinking and whoring . Inevitably , his carpentry suffered , and he became disobedient to his master . With Lyon 's encouragement , Sheppard took to crime in order to complement his legitimate wages . His first recorded theft was in Spring 1723 , when he engaged in petty shoplifting , stealing two silver spoons while on an errand for his master to Rummer Tavern in Charing Cross . Sheppard 's misdeeds went undetected , and he moved on to larger crimes , often stealing goods from the houses where he was working . Finally , he quit the employ of his master on 2 August 1723 , with less than two years of his apprenticeship left , although he continued to work as a journeyman carpenter . He was not suspected of the crimes , and progressed to burglary , falling in with criminals in Jonathan Wild 's gang . He moved to Fulham , living as man and wife with Lyon at Parsons Green , before moving to Piccadilly . When Lyon was arrested and imprisoned at St Giles 's Roundhouse , the beadle , a Mr Brown , refused to let Sheppard visit , so he broke in and took her away . = = = Arrested and escaped twice = = = Sheppard was first arrested after a burglary he committed with his brother , Tom , and his mistress , Lyon , in Clare Market on 5 February 1724 . Tom , also a carpenter , had already been convicted once for stealing tools from his master the previous autumn and burned in the hand . Tom was arrested again on 24 April 1724 . Afraid that he would be hanged this time , Tom informed on Jack , and a warrant was issued for Jack 's arrest . Jonathan Wild was aware of Sheppard 's thefts , as Sheppard had fenced some stolen goods through one of Wild 's men , William Field . Wild asked another of his men , James Sykes ( known as " Hell and Fury " ) to challenge Sheppard to a game of skittles at Redgate 's public house near Seven Dials . Sykes betrayed Sheppard to a Mr Price , a constable from the parish of St Giles , to gather the usual £ 40 reward for giving information leading to the conviction of a felon . The magistrate , Justice Parry , had Sheppard imprisoned overnight on the top floor of St Giles 's Roundhouse pending further questioning , but Sheppard escaped within three hours by breaking through the timber ceiling and lowering himself to the ground with a rope fashioned from bedclothes . Still wearing irons , Sheppard coolly joined the crowd that had been attracted by the sounds of him breaking out . He distracted their attention by pointing to the shadows on the roof and shouting that he could see the escapee , and then swiftly departed . On 19 May 1724 , Sheppard was arrested for a second time , caught in the act of picking a pocket in Leicester Fields ( near present @-@ day Leicester Square ) . He was detained overnight in St Ann 's Roundhouse in Soho and visited there the next day by Lyon ; she was recognised as his wife and locked in a cell with him . They appeared before Justice Walters , who sent them to the New Prison in Clerkenwell , but they escaped from their cell , known as the Newgate Ward , within a matter of days . By 25 May , Whitsun Monday , Sheppard and Lyon had filed through their manacles ; they removed a bar from the window and used their knotted bed @-@ clothes to descend to ground level . Finding themselves in the yard of the neighbouring bridewell , they clambered over the 22 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) prison gate to freedom . This feat was widely publicised , not least because Sheppard was only a small man , and Lyon was a large , buxom woman . = = = Third arrest , trial , and third escape = = = Sheppard 's thieving abilities were admired by Jonathan Wild . Wild demanded that Sheppard surrender his stolen goods for Wild to fence , and so take the greater profits , but Sheppard refused . He began to work with Joseph " Blueskin " Blake , and they burgled Sheppard 's former master , William Kneebone , on Sunday 12 July 1724 . Wild could not permit Sheppard to continue outside his control and began to seek Sheppard 's arrest . Unfortunately for Sheppard , his fence , William Field , was one of Wild 's men . After Sheppard had a brief foray with Blueskin as highwaymen on the Hampstead Road on Sunday 19 July and Monday 20 July , Field informed on Sheppard to Wild . Wild believed Lyon would know Sheppard 's whereabouts , so he plied her with drinks at a brandy shop near Temple Bar until she betrayed him . Sheppard was arrested a third time at Blueskin 's mother 's brandy shop in Rosemary Lane , east of the Tower of London ( later renamed Royal Mint Street ) , on 23 July by Wild 's henchman , Quilt Arnold . Sheppard was imprisoned in Newgate Prison pending his trial at the next Assize of oyer and terminer . He was prosecuted on three charges of theft at the Old Bailey , but was acquitted on the first two due to lack of evidence . Kneebone , Wild and Field gave evidence against him on the third charge , the burglary of Kneebone 's house . He was convicted on 12 August , the case " being plainly prov 'd " , and sentenced to death . On Monday 31 August , the very day when the death warrant arrived from the court in Windsor setting Friday 4 September as the date for his execution , Sheppard escaped . Having loosened an iron bar in a window used when talking to visitors , he was visited by Lyon and Poll Maggott , who distracted the guards while he removed the bar . His slight build enabled him to climb through the resulting gap in the grille , and he was smuggled out of Newgate in women 's clothing that his visitors had brought him . He took a coach to Blackfriars Stairs , a boat up the River Thames to the horse ferry in Westminster , near the warehouse where he hid his stolen goods , and made good his escape . = = = Fourth arrest and final escape = = = By this point , Sheppard was a working class hero ( being a cockney , non @-@ violent , and handsome , and seemingly able to escape punishment for his crimes at will ) . He spent a few days out of London , visiting a friend 's family in Chipping Warden in Northamptonshire , but was soon back in town . He evaded capture by Wild and his men but was arrested again on 9 September by a posse from Newgate as he hid out on Finchley Common , and returned to the condemned cell at Newgate . His fame had increased with each escape , and he was visited in prison by the great , the good and the curious . His plans to escape in September were thwarted twice when the guards found files and other tools in his cell , and he was transferred to a strong @-@ room in Newgate known as the " Castle " , clapped in leg irons , and chained to two metal staples in the floor to prevent further escape attempts . After demonstrating to his gaolers that these measures were insufficient , by showing them how he could use a small nail to unlock the horse padlock at will , he was bound more tightly and handcuffed . In his History , Defoe reports that Sheppard made light of his predicament , joking that " I am the Sheppard , and all the Gaolers in the Town are my Flock , and I cannot stir into the Country , but they are all at my Heels Baughing after me " . Meanwhile , " Blueskin " Blake was arrested by Wild and his men on Friday 9 October , and Tom , Jack 's brother , was transported for robbery on Saturday 10 October 1724 . New court sessions began on Wednesday 14 October , and Blueskin was tried on Thursday 15 October , with Field and Wild again giving evidence . Their accounts were not consistent with the evidence that they gave at Sheppard 's trial , but Blueskin was convicted anyway . Enraged , Blueskin attacked Wild in the courtroom , slashing his throat with a pocket @-@ knife and causing an uproar . Wild was lucky to survive , and his grip over his criminal empire started to slip while he recuperated . Taking advantage of the disturbance , which spread to Newgate Prison next door and continued into the night , Sheppard escaped for the fourth time . He unlocked his handcuffs and removed the chains . Still encumbered by his leg irons , he attempted to climb up the chimney , but his path was blocked by an iron bar set into the brickwork . He removed the bar and used it to break through the ceiling into the " Red Room " above the " Castle " , a room which had last been used some seven years before to confine aristocratic Jacobite prisoners after the Battle of Preston . Still wearing his leg irons as night fell , he then broke through six barred doors into the prison chapel , then to the roof of Newgate , 60 feet ( 20 m ) above the ground . He went back down to his cell to get a blanket , then back to the roof of the prison , and used the blanket to reach the roof of an adjacent house , owned by William Bird , a turner . He broke into Bird 's house , and went down the stairs and out into the street at around midnight without disturbing the occupants . Escaping through the streets to the north and west , Sheppard hid in a cowshed in Tottenham ( near modern Tottenham Court Road ) . Spotted by the barn 's owner , Sheppard told him that he had escaped from Bridewell Prison , having been imprisoned there for failing to support a ( nonexistent ) bastard son . His leg irons remained in place for several days until he persuaded a passing shoemaker to accept the considerable sum of 20 shillings to bring a blacksmith 's tools and help him remove them , telling him the same tale . His manacles and leg irons were later recovered in the rooms of Kate Cook , one of Sheppard 's mistresses . This escape astonished everyone . Daniel Defoe , working as a journalist , wrote an account for John Applebee , The History of the Remarkable Life of John Sheppard . In his History , Defoe reports the belief in Newgate that the Devil came in person to assist Sheppard 's escape . = = = Final capture = = = Sheppard 's final period of liberty lasted just two weeks . He disguised himself as a beggar and returned to the city . He broke into the Rawlins brothers ' pawnbroker 's shop in Drury Lane on the night of 29 October 1724 , taking a black silk suit , a silver sword , rings , watches , a wig , and other items . He dressed himself as a dandy gentleman and used the proceeds to spend a day and the following evening on the tiles with two mistresses . He was arrested a final time in the early morning on 1 November , blind drunk , " in a handsome Suit of Black , with a Diamond Ring and a Cornelian ring on his Finger , and a fine Light Tye Peruke " . This time , Sheppard was placed in the Middle Stone Room , in the centre of Newgate next to the " Castle " , where he could be observed at all times . He was also loaded with 300 pounds of iron weights . He was so celebrated that the gaolers charged high society visitors four shillings to see him , and the King 's painter James Thornhill painted his portrait . Several prominent people sent a petition to King George I , begging for his sentence of death to be commuted to transportation . " The Concourse of People of tolerable Fashion to see him was exceeding Great , he was always Chearful and Pleasant to a Degree , as turning almost everything as was said onto a Jest and Banter . " To a Reverend Wagstaffe who visited him , he said , according to Defoe , " One file 's worth all the Bibles in the World " . Sheppard came before Mr Justice Powis in the Court of King 's Bench at Westminster Hall on 10 November . He was offered the chance to have his sentence reduced by informing on his associates , but he scorned the offer , and the death sentence was confirmed . The next day , Blueskin was hanged , and Sheppard was moved to the condemned cell . = = Execution = = The following Monday , 16 November , Sheppard was taken to the gallows at Tyburn to be hanged . He planned one more escape , but his pen @-@ knife , intended to cut the ropes binding him on the way to the gallows , was found by a prison warder shortly before he left Newgate for the last time . A joyous procession passed through the streets of London , with Sheppard 's cart drawn along Holborn and Oxford Street accompanied by a mounted City Marshal and liveried Javelin Men . The occasion was as much as anything a celebration of Sheppard 's life , attended by crowds of up to 200 @,@ 000 ( one third of London 's population ) . The procession halted at the City of Oxford tavern on Oxford Street , where Sheppard drank a pint of sack . A carnival atmosphere pervaded Tyburn , where his " official " autobiography , published by Applebee and probably ghostwritten by Defoe , was on sale . Sheppard handed " a paper to someone as he mounted the scaffold " , perhaps as a symbolic endorsement of the account in the " Narrative " . His slight build had aided his previous prison escapes , but it condemned him to a slow death by strangulation by the hangman 's noose . After hanging for the prescribed 15 minutes , his body was cut down . The crowd pressed forward to stop his body from being removed , fearing dissection ; their actions inadvertently prevented Sheppard 's friends from implementing a plan to take his body to a doctor in an attempt to revive him . His badly mauled remains were recovered later and buried in the churchyard of St Martin 's @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields that evening . = = Legacy = = There was a spectacular public reaction to Sheppard 's deeds . He was even cited ( favourably ) as an example in newspapers , pamphlets , broadsheets , and ballads were all devoted to his amazing exploits , and his story was adapted for the stage almost immediately . Harlequin Sheppard , a pantomime by one John Thurmond ( subtitled " A night scene in grotesque characters " ) , opened at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on Saturday 28 November , only two weeks after Sheppard 's hanging . In a famous contemporary sermon , a London preacher drew on Sheppard 's popular escapes as a way of holding his congregation 's attention : The account of his life remained well @-@ known through the Newgate Calendar , and a three @-@ act farce was published but never produced , but , mixed with songs , it became The Quaker 's Opera , later performed at Bartholomew Fair . An imagined dialogue between Jack Sheppard and Julius Caesar was published in the British Journal on 4 December 1724 , in which Sheppard favourably compares his virtues and exploits to those of Caesar . Perhaps the most prominent play based on Sheppard 's life is John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera ( 1728 ) . Sheppard was the inspiration for the figure of Macheath ; his nemesis , Peachum , is based on Jonathan Wild . The play was spectacularly popular , restoring the fortune that Gay had lost in the South Sea Bubble , and was produced regularly for over 100 years . An unperformed but published play The Prison @-@ Breaker was turned into The Quaker 's Opera ( in imitation of The Beggar 's Opera ) and performed at Bartholomew Fair in 1725 and 1728 . Two centuries later The Beggar 's Opera was the basis for The Threepenny Opera of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill ( 1928 ) . Sheppard 's tale may have been an inspiration for William Hogarth 's 1747 series of 12 engravings , Industry and Idleness , which shows the parallel descent of an apprentice , Tom Idle , into crime and eventually to the gallows , beside the rise of his fellow apprentice , Francis Goodchild , who marries his master 's daughter and takes over his business , becoming wealthy as a result , eventually emulating Dick Whittington to become Lord Mayor of London . Sheppard 's tale was revived in the first half of the 19th century . A melodrama , Jack Sheppard , The Housebreaker , or London in 1724 , by W.T. Moncrieff was published in 1825 . More successful was William Harrison Ainsworth 's third novel , entitled Jack Sheppard , which was originally published in Bentley 's Miscellany from January 1839 with illustrations by George Cruikshank , overlapping with the final episodes of Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist . An archetypal Newgate novel , it generally remains close to the facts of Sheppard 's life , but portrays him as a swashbuckling hero . Like Hogarth 's prints , the novel pairs the descent of the " idle " apprentice into crime with the rise of a typical melodramatic character , Thames Darrell , a foundling of aristocratic birth who defeats his evil uncle to recover his fortune . Cruikshank 's images perfectly complemented Ainsworth 's tale — Thackeray wrote that " ... Mr Cruickshank really created the tale , and that Mr Ainsworth , as it were , only put words to it . " The novel quickly became very popular : it was published in book form later that year , before the serialised version was completed , and even outsold early editions of Oliver Twist . Ainsworth 's novel was adapted into a successful play by John Buckstone in October 1839 at the Adelphi Theatre starring ( strangely enough ) Mary Anne Keeley ; indeed , it seems likely that Cruikshank 's illustrations were deliberately created in a form that were informed by , and would be easy to repeat as , tableaux on stage . It has been described as the " exemplary climax " of " the pictorial novel dramatized pictorially " . The story generated a form of cultural mania , embellished by pamphlets , prints , cartoons , plays and souvenirs , not repeated until George du Maurier 's Trilby in 1895 . By early 1840 , a cant song from Buckstone 's play , " Nix My Dolly , Pals , Fake Away " was reported to be " deafening us in the streets " . Public alarm at the possibility that young people would emulate Sheppard 's behaviour led the Lord Chamberlain to ban , at least in London , the licensing of any plays with " Jack Sheppard " in the title for forty years . The fear may not have been entirely unfounded : Courvousier , the valet of Lord William Russell , claimed in one of his several confessions that the book had inspired him to murder his master . Frank and Jesse James wrote letters to the Kansas City Star signed " Jack Sheppard " . Nevertheless , a number of burlesques of the story were written after the ban was lifted , including a popular Gaiety Theatre , London piece called Little Jack Sheppard ( 1885 – 86 ) by Henry Pottinger Stephens and W. Yardley , with music by Meyer Lutz and others . The Sheppard story has been revived several times in the 20th century , including three silent movies , The Hairbreadth Escape of Jack Sheppard ( 1900 ) , Robbery of the Mail Coach ( 1903 ) and Jack Sheppard ( 1923 ) ; a book , The Road to Tyburn , by Christopher Hibbert ( 1957 ) ; a British costume drama , Where 's Jack ? , directed by James Clavell , with Tommy Steele in the title role ( 1969 ) ; an unrealised film project of FilmFour Productions in 2000 , Jack Sheppard and Jonathan Wild , for which Benjamin Ross , who would have been director , co @-@ wrote the screenplay with John Preston , with Tobey Maguire and Harvey Keitel slated for the main parts ; a 2002 television drama , Invitation to a Hanging ; and a series of novels by Neal Stephenson collectively known as , The Baroque Cycle ( 2003 , 2004 ) , in which the character Jack Shaftoe was partly inspired by events from the life of Jack Sheppard . The reasons for the lasting legacy of Jack Sheppard 's exploits in the popular imagination have been addressed by Peter Linebaugh , who suggests that Sheppard 's legend was rooted in the prospect of excarceration , of escape from what Michel Foucault in Folie et déraison called the grand renfermement ( Great Confinement ) , in which " unreasonable " members of the population were locked away and institutionalised . The laws levelled at Sheppard and similar working class criminals were a means of disciplining a potentially rebellious multitude into accepting increasingly harsh property laws . A nineteenth @-@ century view on the Jack Sheppard phenomenon was offered by Charles Mackay in Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds :
= The Ed @-@ touchables / Nagged to Ed = " The Ed @-@ touchables " and " Nagged to Ed " is the first pair of episodes of the animated comedy television series Ed , Edd n Eddy that serves as a half @-@ hour pilot episode for the show . It premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on January 4 , 1999 , although it had originally been scheduled to air in November 1998 . The series follows Ed ( voiced by Matt Hill ) , Edd " Double Dee " ( voiced by Samuel Vincent ) and Eddy ( voiced by Tony Sampson ) , three preadolescent boys collectively known as " the Eds " and unofficially led by Eddy , who live in a suburban cul @-@ de @-@ sac . In " The Ed @-@ touchables " , the Eds try to earn money by hunting down the " serial toucher " , who has been stealing the cul @-@ de @-@ sac children 's belongings , while " Nagged to Ed " chronicles the Eds ' first encounter with the obsessive Kanker Sisters , after they lure the Eds ' into their trailer park home . Series creator Danny Antonucci directed both episodes , co @-@ writing " The Ed @-@ touchables " with Jono Howard and " Nagged to Ed " with Howard and Mike Kubat . The score was composed by Patric Caird , who went on to compose the scores for all of the series ' episodes . Although Ed , Edd n Eddy was one of Cartoon Network 's top @-@ rated shows ever since its premiere and was largely well received , its pilot was met with mixed reviews . The episodes can be bought as part of various season home media releases .. = = Plot = = = = = " The Ed @-@ touchables " = = = While organizing his room , Double Dee ( Samuel Vincent ) notices that his magnifying glass is missing . Convinced that it was stolen , he begins to have a panic attack , but is calmed down by Eddy ( Tony Sampson ) . The two then go to Ed 's ( Matt Hill ) house . Not long after they arrive , Ed 's younger sister Sarah ( Janyse Jaud ) comes barging into his room , accusing him of stealing her doll . Ed denies having done so , and Eddy concludes that there is a " serial toucher " on the loose . The Eds spread the word to the other cul @-@ de @-@ sac children , who offer them money if they catch the thief . The three then form a plan , which has Ed sitting alone on a bench in the playground with a " Don 't Touch ! " sign around his neck . Jonny ( David Paul Grove ) soon walks by , carrying his imaginary friend Plank , who is a board of wood . Impressed with Ed 's hair cut , Jonny ignores the sign and rubs Plank against Ed 's head . Eddy and Double Dee then jump out from behind a nearby bush and capture Jonny , accusing him of being the serial toucher . Eddy interrogates Jonny and Plank after tying them to chairs in Double Dee 's garage and hooking them up to a homemade lie detector . However , when they give him no answers , he resorts to using chinese water torture on Plank . This makes Jonny need to use the bathroom and in his desperation , he falsely confesses to the crime . The Eds then collect their money and punish Jonny by trapping him in a tire . While on their way to buy jawbreakers at the candy store , the Eds are stopped by Sarah who claims to have found her doll under her bed . Double Dee then confesses that he recently found his magnifying glass as well , proving that there never actually was a serial toucher . Despite this revelation , the Eds still decide to spend the money , without freeing Jonny . However , while they are enjoying their jawbreakers , Sarah rolls the tire in which Jonny is trapped in down a hill , knocking the three over . The jawbreakers fly out of their mouths and roll down the street , leaving the Eds to chase after them . = = = " Nagged to Ed " = = = Setting out on Double Dee 's monthly insect expedition , the Eds venture into a forest . While Double Dee admires the bounty of nature , Eddy discovers a giant spiderweb and fearfully suggests that they leave . His friends are intrigued by its enormous size however , and Ed starts bouncing on the web . Suddenly , nearby voices start chanting the Eds ' names . Double Dee and Eddy urge Ed to climb down from the web , but he is unable to break free on his own . After his friends manage to pull him down , the three of them frantically try to run away . Before they are able to escape the forest though , they fall into a muddy swamp and are surrounded by three seemingly ominous figures . Some time later , the Eds wake up in a trailer home , where three girls are staring down at them . The boys have already been changed out of their dirty clothes and put into clean robes , which the girls inform them each belong to one of their three respective dads . Explaining that they are new to the area , the girls introduce themselves as Lee ( Janyse Jaud ) , Marie ( Kathleen Barr ) and May Kanker ( Erin Fitzgerald ) . The Eds begin to offer their own introductions , but are stopped short by the sisters who are already familiar with the boys ' names . As the Kankers head into the kitchen to prepare food for the Eds , Double Dee anxiously proposes that the three of them leave . However , Eddy stops him , insisting that they stay at least for the free food . Looking around , the boys notice drawings of themselves , each paired with one the Kankers : Ed with May , Double Dee with Marie , and Eddy with Lee . Although left unsettled by this discovery , they eagerly accept the food that is brought out to them and begin to relax , as the Kankers slip a movie into the VCR and go upstairs to freshen up . When the Kankers return , they make multiple attempts to garner the Eds ' attention , but the boys , engrossed with what they are watching on the T.V. , ignore them . Angry , and feeling unappreciated , the Kankers start bossing the Eds around , forcing them to clean up the house . Eddy quickly grows annoyed with the situation though , and loses his temper with the Kankers , sending them crying into their room . In a moment of regret , he attempts to apologize , but is told by May to leave and to never return . The Eds gladly accept this , but upon opening the front door , they find the Kankers blocking their way , holding self @-@ made dolls styled to look like the Eds . Dubbing the dolls " Eddy Junior " , " Ed Junior " and " Double Dee Junior " , the Kankers try to guilt the Eds into staying . However , this only causes the boys to flee in terror . The Kankers look after the Eds longingly as they go and declare their love for them . = = Production = = As an animator of various Hanna @-@ Barbera children 's cartoons , Canadian cartoonist Danny Antonucci was bothered by people who thought that animation was only for children , prompting him to produce edgy adult works such as Lupo the Butcher and The Brothers Grunt . Antonucci was later dared to produce a children 's cartoon and accepted the challenge . Antonucci drew the Eds while designing a commercial . Impressed , he spent months designing the show and then faxed a one @-@ page concept sheet to Cartoon Network ( CN ) and Nickelodeon in 1996 . Both responded quickly with high interest , but demanded creative control , to which Antonucci refused . After CN agreed to let Antonucci have creative control , a deal was made that his studio , a.k.a. Cartoon , would produce the series . The show entered production in 1997 , making it Cartoon Network 's first original series to be produced by an outside production company rather than Hanna @-@ Barbera , as well as the first to by @-@ pass a seven @-@ minute short . An advocate of hand @-@ drawn animation , Antonucci wanted Ed , Edd n Eddy to be produced in a way akin to cartoons from the 1940s to the 1970s . Consequently , the series was the last to use cel animation ; the cels were shipped to Korea for creation of the initial animation , and then later edited back at a.k.a. Cartoon . However , when the negatives arrived back from Korea , they were so dirty , a run through digital noise reduction ( DVNR ) , technology used to clean up dirt and grain digitally as film is transferred to tape , was unavoidable . Antonucci referred to it as " a necessary evil " , because it caused large damage to the animation . Upon seeing the harmul effects on the pilot , the percentage of DVNR was minimalized to purify the colors and avoid affecting the image as much as possible . The episode was directed by Antonucci , who also co @-@ wrote the episodes , " The Ed @-@ touchables " with Jono Howard and " Nagged to Ed " with Howard and Mike Kubat . Both episodes were storyboarded by Scott Underwood , Leah Waldron , James Wootton and Bill Zeats . The score was composed by Patric Caird , who went on to compose the music for the rest of the series . The series was initially scheduled to premiere November 7 , 1998 but was moved to November 16 , and then finally to January 4 , 1999 due to minor post @-@ production delays . = = Reception = = Ed , Edd n Eddy was one of Cartoon Network 's top @-@ rated shows ever since its premiere , particularly with boys . While Ed , Edd n Eddy went on to garner largely positive reviews , the pilot was met with mixed reactions . Some reviewers were unenthusiastic about the episode . The Hollywood Reporter said the animation was " primitive " and " simplistic " and could " only be described as ugly . " He further criticised the characters as " grim and toothy " and the voice work as " glowering " . The Times @-@ Picayune wrote : " the funniest thing about Ed , Edd and Eddy is the title . " Terrence Briggs of Animation World Magazine wrote a scathing review , considering Ed , Edd n Eddy the worst Cartoon Network show up to that point and criticising the episodes as " empty adventures " of pure " filler " with characters that were " products from the school of acid @-@ trip caricature " . However , other reviews were positive . After Briggs ' review was published , a large number of letters supportive of the show were sent to the magazine , prompting it to " take a second look " at the show , with Matt Shumway and Lamont Wayne writing a much more positive review , calling it " a fresh show with very different approaches " . The Sarasota Herald @-@ Tribune was highly positive of the show and felt that the show 's lively animation and slapstick humor recalled " the delight of earlier cartoon era " , writing : " In times of old , cartoon characters had eyes that bugged out when they drank something unpleasant , legs that became whirling circles when they ran and bodies that flattened into pancakes when they crashed into slammed doors . Well , they 're ba @-@ a @-@ a @-@ ck . " The Herald Sun considered Ed , Edd n Eddy an animated mixture of well @-@ known classic TV shows , noting " just imagine Dexter in his laboratory working on some new project for the Cartoon Network when he tunes into The Little Rascals and The Three Stooges . Alfalfa , Spanky , Moe and Curly really excite the wunderkind who decides to extract some DNA from the old TV legends . Into the test tubes with the DNA ... add a little animation and Dexter has Ed , Edd N Eddy " . The pilot was released as part of Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season DVD on October 10 , 2006 , which can be purchased on Amazon.com and the Cartoon Network Shop . It is also available for purchase on the iTunes Store , where it can be bought separately , or as a part of season 1 . It can also be streamed through Netflix .
= Jessica Chastain = Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in a small town near Sonoma , California and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . As a teenager she made her professional stage debut as Juliet in a 1998 production of Romeo and Juliet . She went on to study acting at the Juilliard School , after which she was signed on for a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a guest star in several television shows , including ER and Law & Order : Trial by Jury , for much of the 2000s . She also took on roles in the stage productions of The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Salome in 2006 . Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , but found little success initially . This changed in 2011 , when she gained wide recognition for her starring roles in half a dozen films which included the dramas Take Shelter , The Tree of Life , and The Help . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in the latter earned her an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2012 she played a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty , which won her a Golden Globe Award and gained her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress that same year . Her highest @-@ grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) and A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) . Chastain is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award ; she has also been nominated for two Academy Awards and two British Academy Film Awards . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles , which are typically emotionally grueling in nature . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , and is vocal about social issues such as gender equality and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 . = = Early life and background = = Chastain was born on March 24 , 1977 , in a small town near Sonoma , California . Her father , Michael Monasterio , was a rock musician , and her mother Jerri Hastey ( née Chastain ) , is a vegan chef . Her parents were both teenagers when she was born . Chastain is reluctant to publicly discuss this aspect of her childhood ; she was estranged from Monasterio and has said that no father is listed on her birth certificate . She had a younger sister , Juliet , from her mother 's relationship with Monasterio , but following years of drug abuse , Juliet committed suicide in 2003 . Chastain has a half @-@ brother from her mother 's side and two half @-@ sisters from her father 's side . Chastain was raised in Sacramento , California , by her mother and stepfather , Michael Hastey , a fireman . She considers her stepfather to be " one of the greatest people " she knows and has said that he was the first person to make her feel secure . She shares a close bond with her maternal grandmother , Marilyn , whom she credits as someone who " always believed in me " . Speaking about her childhood , Chastain has said : " I didn 't grow up with a lot of money , and we were evicted a couple times when I was a child . One time , I even came home from school and there was someone locking our doors . And he felt super guilty , and he asked me , ' do you want to go in and grab some things ? ' I always had this fear of being homeless . I decided to become an actor [ ... ] because I grew up without money , so I knew I could live without money . But I always had this thing of , I 'm not going to be able to pay my rent . " As a student at the El Camino Fundamental High School in Sacramento , Chastain struggled academically . She was a loner and considered herself a misfit in school , eventually finding an outlet in the performing arts . She said , " I used to cut school to read Shakespeare , not to make out in the park " . She first developed an interest in acting at the age of seven , after her grandmother took her to a production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Chastain would regularly put up amateur shows with other children , and considered herself to be their " artistic director " . With too many absences during her senior year in school , Chastain did not qualify for graduation , but eventually obtained an adult diploma . She later attended Sacramento City College from 1996 to 1997 , during which she was a member of their debate team . In 1998 , Chastain made her professional stage debut as Juliet in a production of Romeo and Juliet staged by TheatreWorks , a company in the San Francisco Bay Area . The production led her to audition for the Juilliard School in New York City , where she was soon accepted and granted a scholarship funded by the actor Robin Williams . In her first year at the school , Chastain described herself as " a wreck of anxiety " ; she constantly worried about being dropped from the program and would spend most of her time reading and watching movies . She later remarked that a successful production of The Seagull , in which she participated during her second year , helped build her confidence . She graduated from the school with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2003 . = = Career = = = = = 2004 – 10 : Early roles = = = Shortly before graduating from Juilliard , Chastain attended an event for final @-@ year students in Los Angeles , where she was signed on for a talent holding deal by the television producer John Wells . She relocated to California , taking up residence in Venice Beach , and started auditioning for jobs . She initially found the process difficult , remarking that " being a redhead and not having very conventionally modern looks , it was confusing for people and they didn 't know exactly where to put me . " In her television debut , The WB network 's 2004 pilot remake of the 1960s gothic soap opera Dark Shadows , she was cast as Carolyn Stoddard . Directed by P. J. Hogan , the pilot did not perform well and the series was eventually not picked up for broadcast . Later that year , she appeared as a guest performer on the medical drama series ER , playing a woman she described as " psychotic " , which led to her finding a niche in portraying neurotic roles . She said , " I played a lot of girls who had something off . Maybe they 'd been the victim of some horrible accident . Or they were crazy . " She went on to appear in such roles in a few other television series from 2004 – 07 , including Veronica Mars ( 2004 ) , Close to Home ( 2006 ) and Law & Order : Trial By Jury ( 2005 – 06 ) . In 2004 , Chastain took on the role of Anya in a Williamstown Theatre Festival production of The Cherry Orchard in Massachusetts , in which she starred with Michelle Williams . Also that year , she worked with Playwrights Horizons on a production of Rodney 's Wife as the daughter of a troubled middle @-@ aged film actor . Her performance was not well received by the critic Ben Brantley of The New York Times , who thought that she " somehow seems to keep losing color as the evening progresses " . While working on the play , she was recommended by her director Richard Nelson to Al Pacino , who was looking for an actress to star in his production of Salome . Written by Oscar Wilde , Salome tells the tragic story of its titular character 's sexual exploration . Despite written as a 16 @-@ year old , Chastain , who was close to 30 then , was cast in the lead . The play was staged in 2006 at the Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles , and Chastain later remarked that it helped bring her to the attention of several casting directors . However , writing for Variety , the critic Steven Oxman criticized her portrayal in it : " Chastain is so ill @-@ at @-@ ease with Salome , not quite certain whether she ’ s a capable seductress or a whiny , wealthy brat ; she doesn ’ t flesh out either choice " . Chastain made her film debut in 2008 as the titular character in Dan Ireland 's drama Jolene , based on a short story by E. L. Doctorow which was inspired by Dolly Parton 's song " Jolene " . It follows the life of a sexually abused teenager over the course of a decade . While the drama received mixed reviews , Chastain 's performance was praised by a reviewer for the New York Observer , who remarked that she " not only holds her own corner of every scene , she 's the only thing you want to watch " . Chastain won a Best Actress award at the Seattle International Film Festival . The following year , Chastain had a minor role in Stolen ( 2009 ) , a mystery @-@ thriller film , which was criticized by critics and only received a limited theatrical release . Also in 2009 , she played the part of Desdemona in The Public Theatre production of Shakespeare 's tragedy Othello , co @-@ starring John Ortiz and Phillip Seymour Hoffman . Writing for The New Yorker , Hilton Als commended Chastain for finding " a beautiful maternal depth in Desdemona " . The year 2010 saw Chastain star in John Madden 's dramatic thriller The Debt , in which she portrayed a young Mossad agent sent to East Berlin in the 1960s to capture a former Nazi doctor who carried out medical experiments in concentration camps . Chastain shared her role with Helen Mirren — both actresses portraying the character at different phases of her life . They worked together before filming to perfect the voice and mannerisms of the character and make them consistent . In addition , Chastain took classes in German and krav maga , and studied books about Josef Mengele and Mossad history . William Thomas of Empire termed the film a " smart , tense , well @-@ acted thriller " and noted that Chastain " pulses with strength and vulnerability " in her part . Chastain also appeared in an episode of the British television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot , based on Christie 's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express , which marked her final guest star role in television . = = = 2011 : Breakthrough = = = After struggling for a breakthrough in film for a number of years , in 2011 Chastain had six film releases , gaining widespread acclaim and recognition for her roles in several of them . The first of these roles was in Jeff Nichols ' Take Shelter , a drama about a troubled father ( Michael Shannon ) who tries to protect his family ( Chastain played his wife ) from an impending storm . It was screened at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival , and the critic Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph thought that Chastain 's supporting part aided the narrative , writing that she " backs [ Shannon ] up with luminous concern " . She received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for the film . The 61st Berlin International Film Festival saw the release of Coriolanus , an adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name from actor @-@ director Ralph Fiennes , in which Chastain played Virgilia . Her next role was opposite Brad Pitt , as the loving mother of three children in Terrence Malick 's experimental drama The Tree of Life , which she had filmed in 2008 . Chastain signed on to the film without receiving a traditional screenplay from Malick , and she improvised on several scenes and dialogues with Pitt . She considered her part to be " the embodiment of grace and the spirit world " and in preparation , she practiced meditation , studied paintings of the Madonna , and read poems by Thomas Aquinas . Following several delays in release , the film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival to a polarized reception from the audience , although it was praised by critics and won the Palme d 'Or . Justin Chang of Variety termed the film a " hymn to the glory of creation , an exploratory , often mystifying [ ... ] poem " and credited Chastain for playing her part with " heartrending vulnerability " . Chastain 's biggest success of the year came with the comedy @-@ drama The Help , co @-@ starring Viola Davis , Octavia Spencer and Emma Stone , which was based on Kathryn Stockett 's novel of the same name . Chastain played Celia Foote , an aspiring socialite in 1960s Jackson , Mississippi , who develops a friendship with her black maid ( Spencer ) . She was drawn to her character 's anti @-@ racist stand and connected with her " zest and love for life " ; in preparation , she watched the films of Marilyn Monroe and researched on the history of Sugar Ditch , Tennessee , where her character was raised . The Help earned $ 216 million at the box office to become Chastain 's most widely seen film to that point . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the chemistry between Chastain and Spencer and Roger Ebert commended her for being " unaffected and infectious in her performance " . The ensemble of The Help won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Cast and Chastain received her first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress , in addition to a BAFTA , Golden Globe and SAG nomination in the same category , all of which she lost to Spencer . Chastain 's final two roles of the year were in Wilde Salomé , a documentary based on her play Salome , and the critically panned crime @-@ thriller Texas Killing Fields . The latter , co @-@ starring Sam Worthington and Jeffrey Dean Morgan , was a partly fictionalized version of the events in the killing fields of Texas , in which she played a homicide detective . Los Angeles Times ' Betsy Sharkey praised Chastain 's polished Texas drawl , but criticized the film , writing that " as good as [ the cast ] can be [ ... ] they just can 't quite pull it off " . Chastain 's work in 2011 , especially in The Help , Take Shelter and The Tree of Life , gained her awards from several critics organizations , including the New York Film Critics Circle , the National Society of Film Critics and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association . = = = 2012 – 13 : Rise to prominence = = = Two of Chastain 's films in 2012 premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival — the animated comedy film Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted and the crime drama Lawless . In the former , which marked the third installment of the lucrative Madagascar franchise , Chastain voiced the character of a jaguar in an Italian accent . With a worldwide gross of $ 747 million , the film ranks as her highest @-@ grossing release . Lawless , directed by John Hillcoat , was based on Matt Bondurant 's prohibition era novel The Wettest County in the World . Chastain played a dancer from Chicago who becomes embroiled in a conflict between three bootlegging brothers ( played by Shia LaBeouf , Tom Hardy and Jason Clarke ) . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with " poised , seductive gravity " . In an experimental biopic of the author C. K. Williams , entitled The Color of Time ( 2012 ) , directed by the New York University students of actor James Franco , Chastain took on the role of a young Williams ' mother . Originally titled Tar for its premiere at the 2012 Rome Film Festival , the film was renamed for its theatrical release later in 2014 . A short part that Chastain had filmed opposite Ben Affleck in Terrence Mallik 's To the Wonder ( 2012 ) was edited out of the final film , and due to scheduling conflicts , she dropped out of the action films Oblivion and Iron Man 3 ( both 2013 ) . She instead chose to make her Broadway debut in a revival of the 1947 play The Heiress , playing the role of Catherine Sloper , a naive young girl who transforms into a powerful woman . Chastain was initially reticent to accept the role fearing the high anxiety she had faced during her early stage performances . She ultimately agreed to the part after finding a connection to Sloper , saying : " she ’ s painfully uncomfortable and I used to be that " . The production was staged at the Walter Kerr Theatre from November 2012 to February 2013 . Brantley was disappointed with Chastain 's performance , writing that " curiously for an expert film actress , she is guilty here of oversignaling the thoughts within . And her delivery of dialogue sometimes has a flatness that I associate with cold readings of scripts . " Kathryn Bigelow 's thriller Zero Dark Thirty marked Chastain 's final film release of 2012 . The film tells a partly fictionalized account of the decade @-@ long manhunt for Al @-@ Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after the September 11 attacks . Chastain was cast as Maya , an emotionally hardened CIA intelligence analyst who helped capture Laden . The difficult subject matter made it unpleasant for Chastain to film , and she later considered it as " the worst experience " of her life . She suffered from depression while working and said , " [ one day ] I excused myself , walked off set and burst into tears " . Chastain was unable to meet the undercover agent on whom Maya was based and she relied on screenwriter Mark Boal 's research . Zero Dark Thirty received critical acclaim but was controversial for depicting enhanced interrogation techniques as effectively contributing to the search for Laden . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone reviewed , " Chastain is a marvel . She plays Maya like a gathering storm in an indelible , implosive performance that cuts so deep we can feel her nerve endings . " Roger Ebert made note of Chastain 's versatility , and favorably compared her ability and range to that of actress Meryl Streep . For her performance , Chastain won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and earned Academy , BAFTA and SAG nominations for Best Actress . Chastain next took on the lead role of a musician who is forced to care for her boyfriend 's troubled nieces in the horror film Mama ( 2013 ) . She was attracted to the idea of playing a woman drastically different from the " perfect mother " roles she had played in Take Shelter and The Tree of Life , and she based her character 's look on the singer Alice Glass . The critic Richard Roeper noted on how different the role was from the ones she had previously played , and described it as " further proof she 's one of the finest actors of her generation " . During the film 's opening weekend in North America , Chastain became one of the few performances to have leading roles in the top two films ( Mama and Zero Dark Thirty ) at the box office . Mama eventually earned $ 146 worldwide . She then starred as the titular character of a depressed woman who separates from her husband ( played by James McAvoy ) following a tragic incident in the drama The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , in which she also served as producer . Initially written by writer @-@ director Ned Benson from the perspective of Rigby 's husband , he wrote a separate version of the story from Rigby 's perspective on the insistence of Chastain . The film was premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival in two parts — Him and Her — and a third part told from both their perspectives — subtitled Them — was released separately . The critic A. O. Scott believed that Chastain " short @-@ circuits conventional distinctions between tough and vulnerable , showing exquisite control even when her character is losing it , and keeping her balance even when the movie pitches and rolls toward melodrama . " However , the film did not find a wide audience . = = = 2014 – 15 : Success in science fiction films = = = Chastain had three film releases in 2014 . She played the eponymous protagonist in Miss Julie , a film adaptation of August Strindberg 's 1888 play of the same name , from director Liv Ullmann . Miss Julie tells the tragic tale of a sexually repressed aristocrat ( Chastain ) who begins an affair with her father 's valet ( played by Colin Farrell ) , and Chastain was attracted to the project due to Ullmann 's feminist take on the subject . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney was disappointed with the picture , writing that despite " nuanced work " from Chastain the adaptation was " a ponderous , stately affair that lacks relevance " . The film received a limited theatrical release and was not widely seen . While filming Miss Julie in Ireland , the script of Christopher Nolan 's science fiction film Interstellar ( 2014 ) was delivered to Chastain . With a production budget of $ 165 million , the high @-@ profile production , co @-@ starring Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway , was significantly filmed using IMAX cameras . She was cast as McConaughey 's adult daughter , a role she shared with Mackenzie Foy and Ellen Burstyn , and she was drawn to the project for the emotional heft she found in the father @-@ daughter pair . Drew McWeeny of the entertainment website HitFix found the film to be " ambitious and amazing " and took note of how much Chastain stood out in her supporting part . The film earned over $ 675 million worldwide to become Chastain 's highest @-@ grossing live @-@ action film . Chastain 's final release of 2014 was the J. C. Chandor @-@ directed crime drama A Most Violent Year . Set in New York City in 1981 , the year in which the city had the highest crime rate , the film tells the story of a small heating oil company owner ( played by Oscar Isaac ) and his ruthless wife ( Chastain ) . In preparation , Chastain researched on the period and worked with a coach to develop a Brooklyn accent . She collaborated with costume designer Kasia Walicka @-@ Maimone to work on the character 's wardrobe , and reached out to Armani to use their costumes from the era . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle believed Chastain to be " the embodiment of a nouveau riche New York woman of the era " and Mark Kermode of The Guardian found Chastain to be " terrific as the Lady Macbeth power behind the throne " . She received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination for the film . For her work in 2014 , the Broadcast Film Critics Association honored Chastain with a special achievement award . The year 2015 saw Chastain take on the part of a commander in Ridley Scott 's science fiction film The Martian . Starring Matt Damon as a botanist who is stranded on Mars , the film was based on Andy Weir 's novel of the same name . Chastain met with astronauts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Johnson Space Center , and based her role on Tracy Caldwell Dyson . She spent time with Dyson in Houston and said , " My character is dealing with the guilt of leaving a crew member behind , but she 's still responsible for the lives of five other crew mates . I tried to play her as Tracy would have been in those moments . " With a revenue of over $ 630 million , the film became her second top @-@ grossing film in two years . Also in 2015 , Chastain played a villainous countess who plots with her brother ( played by Tom Hiddleston ) to terrorize his new bride ( played by Mia Wasikowska ) in Guillermo del Toro 's gothic romance Crimson Peak . Despite the character 's misdeeds , Chastain approached the part with empathy , and in preparation read graveyard poetry and watched the films Rebecca ( 1940 ) and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Toro cast her in the film to lend accessibility to a part he considered " psychopathic " , but critic Peter Debruge of Variety found her to " alarmingly miscast " in the role , writing that she " flounders to convey [ her character 's ] vicious insecurity and black @-@ widow ruthlessness " . Conversely , David Sims of Slate magazine praised her for portraying her character 's " jealous intensity to the hilt " . = = = 2016 onward = = = After portraying a series of intense roles , Chastain actively looked for a light @-@ hearted part . She found just that in the fantasy film The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) , co @-@ starring Chris Hemsworth , Charlize Theron and Emily Blunt . The film served as both a sequel and a prequel to the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman . She was drawn to the idea of playing a female warrior whose abilities were on par with the male lead , but the film generated negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office . Also that year , Chastain launched a production company named Freckle Films , headed by a team consisting exclusively of female executives , which is expected to partner with Maven Pictures to develop the film adaptations of two books . As of July 2016 , Chastain has seven upcoming projects . She has completed work on the drama The Zookeeper 's Wife , an adaptation of the non @-@ fiction book of the same name from the director Niki Caro . Chastain co @-@ stars with Johan Heldenbergh as the real @-@ life zookeepers Jan and Antonina Żabiński who saved many human and animal lives during World War II . She has also completed filming for the part of a lobbyist in the gun control thriller Miss Sloane , which reunites her with director John Madden . She is filming for Xavier Dolan 's first English language film , entitled The Death and Life of John F. Donovan , in which she plays a shrewd gossip columnist , alongside an ensemble cast including Kit Harington , Kathy Bates , Susan Sarandon and Natalie Portman . In addition , she will feature in three upcoming biographical films — she will star as the country singer Tammy Wynette opposite Josh Brolin 's George Jones in a biopic of Jones , entitled No Show Jones , as the 19th century activist Caroline Weldon , who was an adviser to the Sioux chieftain Sitting Bull in the drama Woman Walks Ahead , and as Molly Bloom , a disgruntled skier who ran a high @-@ profile gambling operation , in Aaron Sorkin 's directorial debut Molly ’ s Game . Chastain is also set to appear in Patrick Brice 's comedy film Plus One , opposite Cecily Strong . = = Personal life and off @-@ screen work = = Despite significant media attention , Chastain remains guarded about her personal life , and chooses not to attend red carpet events with a partner . She considers herself to be a " shy " person , and describing her routine in 2011 , she said , " I walk the dogs , I play the ukulele , I cook . I ’ m not a girl who goes to big parties " . She has cited the actress Isabelle Huppert as an influence on her life for managing a family while also playing " out @-@ there roles " in film . In the 2000s , Chastain was in a long @-@ term relationship with writer @-@ director Ned Benson , but the couple broke up in 2010 . From 2012 onward , she has been in a relationship with Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo , an Italian @-@ born executive for the French fashion brand Moncler . As of 2016 , she lives with Preposulo in New York City . Chastain is an animal lover and has adopted a rescue dog . She was a pescatarian for much of her life , but following health troubles she began practicing veganism . Chastain is a feminist , and has often spoken against the discrimination faced by women and minorities in Hollywood . She wrote an opinion column on gender imbalance in the industry for a December 2015 issue of The Hollywood Reporter . Among other issues , she is vocal in her support for equal pay in the workplace : " I think people know , if they ’ re going to hire me I ’ m not going to just be grateful . There have been situations where I have lost movies because I ’ ve said , this is not a fair deal , and I ’ ve walked away . ” In 2013 , Chastain lent her support to the Got Your 6 campaign , that helps empower veterans of the United States Army , and in 2016 , she became an advisory board member to the organization We Do It Together , which produces films and television shows to promote the empowerment of women . Having suffered through the suicide of her sister , Chastain aims to create awareness on depression , saying , " If I can do anything to help someone move through any darkness that they ’ re in , I ’ m gonna do whatever I can to help " . She supports charitable organizations that promote mental health , and is involved with the non @-@ profit organization To Write Love on Her Arms to help high @-@ school students of alternate sexual and gender identities overcome their insecurities . She was teased as a child for having red hair and freckles and now takes a stand against bullying and body shaming . = = Media image = = Describing Chastain 's off @-@ screen persona , InStyle magazine published in 2015 that " she ’ s an adult , which isn ’ t always a given in Hollywood . Unconsciously candid with her answers , she retains a sense of perspective uncommon among her peers and has real opinions " ; in addition , the magazine credited her for being the rare actress who is “ all about the craft ” . Evgenia Peretz , an editor at Vanity Fair considers Chastain to be " the most sensitive and empathetic actor " she has interviewed , and her colleague Jessica Diehl takes note of Chastain 's " timeless elegance " which she thinks is " almost incongruous for the current times " . Chastain specializes in portraying emotionally grueling roles and is drawn towards parts of strong but flawed women . She believes in extensive preparations for a role , and ( in her own words ) she tries to " fill myself up with as much history of the character as I can " . Chastain is unique in being a Hollywood actress who overcame ageism to become a leading lady in her 30s . The critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper have praised Chastain 's versatility , and W magazine credits her for avoiding typecasting . Guillermo del Toro ( who directed her in Crimson Peak ) believes that she is " interested in being chameleonic " and that " no matter how bizarre the situation [ ... ] she ’ s able to bring completely real emotions to the game " . Describing Chastain 's abilities as an actress , Sophie Heawood of The Guardian wrote that " she brings so little ego to the roles she plays , so little of herself , that you go away with no idea who that actress actually was . " Harper 's Bazaar opines that " she goes for total immersion , sinking so deep into character that her face seems to change shape with each one " . Lea Goldman of Marie Claire compares her craft to that of actresses Meryl Streep and Cate Blanchett and believes that her " looks are always an afterthought " . Chastain 's beauty and sex @-@ appeal have been picked up by several sources , including Vogue , who describes Chastain 's physical features as " excessively luscious [ with ] pale Botticelli features wrapped around a bone structure that has a touch of the masculine , right down to the cleft in her chin " . She was named the sexiest vegetarian actress in a poll conducted by PETA in 2012 . From 2012 – 14 she was featured in AskMen 's listing of the most desirable women , and in 2013 she was placed in Maxim 's listing of the 100 hottest women in the world . In 2015 , Glamour magazine ranked her as one of the best @-@ dressed women . Time magazine named Chastain one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 . Also in 2012 , she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , and was named the celebrity endorser for a Yves Saint Laurent fragrance called Manifesto . In 2015 , she became the global ambassador for the Swiss jewelry and watchmaking company Piaget SA . = = Acting credits and awards = = According to the review @-@ aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes and the box office site Box Office Mojo , Chastain 's highest @-@ grossing and most acclaimed films include Take Shelter ( 2011 ) , The Help ( 2011 ) , Coriolanus ( 2011 ) , Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , Mama ( 2013 ) , Interstellar ( 2014 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . Among her stage roles , she has appeared in a Broadway revival of The Heiress in 2012 . Chastain has been nominated for two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actress for The Help ( 2011 ) and Best Actress for Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) . She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) and has been twice nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for The Help ( 2011 ) and A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) .
= Gordon Banks = Gordon Banks , OBE ( born 30 December 1937 ) is a former England international football goalkeeper . He made 628 appearances during a 15 @-@ year career in the Football League , and won 73 caps for his country . Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time , the IFFHS named Banks the second best goalkeeper of the 20th century – after Lev Yashin ( 1st ) and ahead of Dino Zoff ( 3rd ) . He was named FWA Footballer of the Year in 1972 , and was named FIFA Goalkeeper of the Year on six occasions . He joined Chesterfield in March 1953 , and played for the youth team in the 1956 FA Youth Cup final . He made his first team debut in November 1958 , and was sold to Leicester City for £ 7 @,@ 000 in July 1959 . He played in four cup finals for the club , as they were beaten in the 1961 and 1963 FA Cup finals , before winning the League Cup in 1964 and finishing as finalists in 1965 . During this time he established himself as England 's number one goalkeeper , and played every game of the nation 's 1966 World Cup victory . Despite this success , he was dropped by Leicester and sold on to Stoke City for £ 50 @,@ 000 in April 1967 . He made one of the game 's great saves to prevent a Pelé goal in the 1970 World Cup , but was absent due to illness as England were beaten by West Germany at the quarter @-@ final stage . He was Stoke 's goalkeeper in the 1972 League Cup win – the club 's only major honour . He was still Stoke and England 's number one when a car crash in October 1972 cost him both the sight in one eye and his professional career . He did though play in the United States for the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in 1977 and 1978 . He briefly entered management with Telford United , but left the game after he was sacked in December 1980 . = = Club career = = = = = Chesterfield = = = Banks was born in Sheffield , West Riding of Yorkshire , and brought up in the working class area of Tinsley . The family later moved to the village of Catcliffe after his father set up a ( then illegal ) betting shop . This brought greater prosperity but also misery , as one day Banks 's disabled brother was mugged for the shop 's daily takings , and died of his injuries some weeks later . He left school in December 1952 , and took up employment as a bagger with a local coal merchant , which helped to build up his upper body strength . He spent a season playing for amateur side Millspaugh F.C. after their regular goalkeeper failed to turn up for a match ; the club 's trainer spotted Banks amongst the spectators and invited him to play in goal as he was aware that Banks had previously played for Sheffield Schoolboys . His performances there earned him a game in the Yorkshire League for Rawmarsh Welfare , however a 12 – 2 defeat to Stocksbridge Works on his debut was followed by a 3 – 1 home defeat , and he was dropped by Rawmarsh and returned to Millspaugh . Still aged 15 , he then switched jobs to become a hod carrier . He was scouted by Chesterfield whilst playing for Millspaugh , and offered a six @-@ game trial in the youth team in March 1953 . He impressed enough in these games to be offered a part @-@ time £ 3 a week contract by manager Teddy Davison in July 1953 . The reserve team were placed in the Central League on account of a powerful club director rather than on merit , and Banks conceded 122 goals in the 1954 – 55 season as the " Spireites " finished in last place with only three victories . Banks was posted to Germany with the Royal Signals on national service , and won the Rhine Cup with his regimental team . He recovered from a fractured elbow to help the Chesterfield youth team to the 1956 final of the FA Youth Cup . There they were beaten 4 – 3 on aggregate by Manchester United 's famous " Busby Babes " – a team that included both Wilf McGuinness and Bobby Charlton . Banks was given his first team debut by manager Doug Livingstone , at the expense of long @-@ serving Ron Powell , in a Third Division game against Colchester United at Saltergate in November 1958 . The game ended 2 – 2 , and Banks kept his place against Norwich City in the following match , and he missed only three games by the end of the 1958 – 59 season due to injury . With no goalkeeping coaching to speak of , Banks had to learn from his mistakes on the pitch , and he soon developed into a modern vocal goalkeeper who ordered the players in front of him into a more effective defence . Having just 23 league and three cup appearances to his name , it came as a surprise to Banks when Matt Gillies , manager of First Division club Leicester City , bought him from Chesterfield for £ 7 @,@ 000 in July 1959 ; this also meant a wage increase to £ 15 a week . = = = Leicester City = = = Banks faced competition from five other goalkeepers , including 30 @-@ year @-@ old Scotland international John Anderson and 25 @-@ year @-@ old Dave MacLaren . He started the 1959 – 60 season as the reserve team 's goalkeeper , in effect making him the club 's second choice ahead of four of his rivals but behind first team choice MacLaren . He had played four reserve team games when MacLaren picked up an injury and manager Matt Gillies selected Banks for his Leicester debut against Blackpool at Filbert Street on 9 September . The match finished 1 – 1 , with Jackie Mudie 's strike cancelling out Ken Leek 's opener . Banks retained his place for the 2 – 0 defeat against Newcastle United at St James ' Park three days later . With McLaren fit again , Banks was sent back to the reserves but , after the first team conceded 14 goals in the next five games , he was recalled and became the first @-@ choice goalkeeper for the remainder of the season . The defensive record did not improve at first , with Banks conceding six in a heavy defeat to Everton at Goodison Park , but he improved in each match and the " Foxes " settled for a comfortable 12th @-@ place finish . In training , he worked extensively on improving his weaknesses , such as coming for crosses . He put in extra hours during training and came up with practice sessions to improve his skills – this was largely unique in an era where there were no specialized goalkeeping coaches . In the summer , both Anderson and MacLaren departed , leaving Banks as the club 's undisputed number one ahead of a group of understudies . Leicester finished sixth in 1960 – 61 , and managed to beat champions Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . Yet their greatest accomplishment was in reaching the final of the FA Cup , with Banks conceding only five goals in their nine games on route to the final and keeping three clean sheets in the semi @-@ final and two replays against Sheffield United . Goals from Jimmy Walsh and Ken Leek finally broke the deadlock in the second replay at St Andrew 's . Their opponents in the final at Wembley were Tottenham , who had already won the First Division title by an eight @-@ point margin . Right @-@ back Len Chalmers picked up a severe injury early in the match , and with Ken Leek dropped for disciplinary reasons in rookie Hughie McIlmoyle 's favour , City were effectively playing with ten men and offered little threat going forward . Bobby Smith and Terry Dyson gave " Spurs " a 2 – 0 win and the first " double " of the 20th century , with Banks unable to prevent either goal . The 1961 – 62 season proved to be highly disappointing , as Leicester finished 14th in the league and exited the FA Cup at the hands of Stoke City . The only highlight was the club 's participation in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which actually put Banks in the difficult position of choosing to play for his club against Spanish club Atlético Madrid or choosing to attend the England versus Portugal match as a non @-@ playing squad member . He elected to attend both games , leaving London at full @-@ time to reach Leicester 30 minutes before the kick @-@ off against Madrid . A last minute goal earned the Spaniards a 1 – 1 draw at Filbert Street . In the return leg , Banks saved an Enrique Collar penalty , but Madrid were awarded a second penalty which Collar converted , and Leicester lost the game 2 – 0 ( losing the tie 3 – 1 on aggregate ) . Banks broke his nose at Craven Cottage , on the opening day of the 1962 – 63 season , in a 2 – 1 defeat to Fulham . Leicester went to chase a possible double , reaching the FA Cup semi @-@ finals whilst lying top of the table in April . City beat Liverpool 1 – 0 at Hillsborough to reach the final , with Banks keeping a clean sheet despite his goal being under a near @-@ constant siege from the Merseyside club . The News of the World reported that Liverpool had had 34 attempts on goal to Leicester 's one , and Banks later stated that it was his finest performance at club level . Yet Banks then broke a finger in a 2 – 1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns , and was out injured as Leicester lost their final three league games to end the season in a disappointing fourth place . In the 1963 FA Cup Final , Banks and the rest of the team underperformed , and lost the game 3 – 1 to Manchester United . City ended the 1963 – 64 season in 11th place , having been inconsistent all season . Success instead came through the League Cup , as they beat West Ham United 6 – 3 over two legs in the semi @-@ finals to reach the final against Stoke City . The opening tie at the Victoria Ground finished 1 – 1 in extremely muddy conditions as Banks spilled a shot from Bill Asprey , with Keith Bebbington pouncing on the rebound . Back at Filbert Street , goals from Mike Stringfellow , Dave Gibson and Howard Riley won the game for Leicester 3 – 2 and settled the tie at 4 – 3 . Banks started the 1964 – 65 season on wages of £ 40 a week , and the club only agreed to pay £ 60 a week in December . These miserly wages made it difficult for the club to spend the £ 80 @,@ 000 it received for the sale of Frank McLintock – he had put in a transfer request over dissatisfaction with his pay and quality replacements were reluctant to join a club that paid full internationals like Banks and McLintock no more than the base rate that rival clubs paid to average players . Leicester finished 18th in the league and were knocked out of the FA Cup by Liverpool at Anfield in the Sixth Round . In the League Cup , City struggled to get past Peterborough United ( in a replay ) , Grimsby Town and Crystal Palace ( in a replay ) , before they recorded an 8 – 1 victory over Coventry City at Highfield Road . After easing past Plymouth Argyle in the semi @-@ finals , Banks found himself playing in another League Cup final . However Chelsea won the final after successfully defending their 3 – 2 win at Stamford Bridge with a goalless draw at Filbert Street . He missed the first nine games of the 1965 – 66 season after breaking his wrist diving at the feet of Northampton Town 's Joe Kiernan in a pre @-@ season friendly . Leicester finished the season in seventh spot , and exited both cup competitions at the hands of Manchester City . Despite being a World Cup winner in the previous summer , Banks was dropped towards the end of the 1966 – 67 season for highly promising teenage reserve Peter Shilton . Manager Matt Gillies was blunt , telling Banks " we [ Gillies and the club 's directors ] think your best days are behind you , and you should move on " . Teammate Richie Norman told Banks that Gillies was pressured into the decision after Shilton told the board he would leave the club unless he was given first team football . Banks was transfer listed at £ 50 @,@ 000 , the same price the club received for Derek Dougan in March 1967 . However many of the big clubs were unwilling to outlay such an expense on a goalkeeper . Liverpool manager Bill Shankly showed strong interest , but could not convince the club 's board of directors to agree to such a large fee for a goalkeeper . West Ham United manager Ron Greenwood was prepared to match the fee , but instead signed Kilmarnock 's Bobby Ferguson for £ 65 @,@ 000 as he had already agreed terms with Kilmarnock and did not want to go back on his word . Terms were instead agreed with Stoke City , a mid @-@ table First Division side . = = = Stoke City = = = On leaving Filbert Street , Banks requested a loyalty bonus from Leicester , and was told by Matt Gillies " We 've decided not to pay you a penny . There 's to be no compensation payment and that 's final . " Banks then refused the move until Stoke boss Tony Waddington seemingly negotiated a £ 2 @,@ 000 payment out of Leicester . It was only some years later that Banks was informed that Stoke had actually made the payment , not Leicester . Waddington valued good goalkeepers highly , and the two built up a close relationship . During this time , Banks moved to Madeley , Staffordshire . He replaced John Farmer 's as the club 's number one , and kept goal in the last four games of the 1966 – 67 season , making his home debut at the Victoria Ground in a 3 – 1 win over former club Leicester . Banks fitted in well at Stoke , as Waddington built a team of veteran players who were judged by some to be past their best . The " Potters " struggled near the foot of the First Division table in the 1967 – 68 and 1968 – 69 campaigns , before rising to ninth place in the 1969 – 70 season . Banks remained a reliable stopper for the club , though on 1 March 1969 he was knocked unconscious at Roker Park by Sunderland 's Malcolm Moore , and his replacement David Herd conceded four goals in a 4 – 1 defeat . Banks also played a season for the Cleveland Stokers of the American United Soccer Association in the summer of 1968 ; he played seven of the short @-@ lived club 's 12 games in Cleveland , Ohio . Banks made what he believed to be three of the best saves of his career in a Stoke shirt . In the first instance he saved and caught a powerful and well placed header from Manchester City 's Wyn Davies from just eight yards out , in the second case he saved a Francis Lee header at Maine Road , and he made his third great save for the club by catching a volley from Tottenham Hotspur 's Alan Gilzean that had been hit from just six yards out at White Hart Lane . Stoke began to compete for honours in the 1970 – 71 season , though despite impressive victories against the top two clubs – Arsenal and Leeds United – City ended the season in mid @-@ table obscurity . The club 's great achievement was in reaching the semi @-@ finals of the FA Cup , beating Millwall , Huddersfield Town , Ipswich Town and Hull City en route . Facing Arsenal at Hillsborough in the semi @-@ finals , they lost a two @-@ goal lead to draw 2 – 2 , and were then beaten 2 – 0 in the replay at Villa Park . Despite another mid @-@ table finish in 1971 – 72 , Stoke beat Chesterfield , Tranmere Rovers , Hull City and Manchester United to reach another FA Cup semi @-@ final . They again faced Arsenal , and once more a draw at Hillsborough meant a replay at Goodison Park . The " Gunners " goals in a 2 – 1 victory came from a disputed Frank McLintock penalty and a John Radford goal that television replays showed was clearly offside . In a May 2011 interview , he said that he still felt " cheated " out of a chance to play for the club in an FA Cup final . Stoke and Banks found solace in the League Cup , though it took them 11 matches to reach the final after overcoming Southport , then Oxford United in a replay , Manchester United in a second replay , Bristol Rovers , and then West Ham United in a second replay following an aggregate draw after two legs . In extra @-@ time of the second leg with West Ham , Banks fouled Harry Redknapp to give up a penalty , and then saved Geoff Hurst 's powerful spot @-@ kick to keep City in the competition . They then faced Chelsea in the final at Wembley . Peter Osgood beat Banks with a hooked shot just before half @-@ time , but goals from Terry Conroy and George Eastham won Stoke the game at 2 – 1 . At the end of the season Banks was named as the FWA Footballer of the Year , becoming the first goalkeeper to receive the honour since Bert Trautmann in 1956 . On 22 October 1972 , while driving home from a session on his injured shoulder with the Stoke physiotherapist , Banks lost control of his new Ford Consul ( a re @-@ badged Ford Granada Mk 1 ) car which ended up in a ditch . He had attempted to overtake a car on a sharp turn and collided with an oncoming Austin A60 van . He was taken to the North Staffordshire Hospital and during an operation received 200 stitches in his face and over 100 micro @-@ stitches inside the socket of his right eye , and was told the chances of saving the sight in his eye were 50 – 50 . His sight never returned , and as the loss of binocular vision severely limited his abilities as a goalkeeper , he retired from professional football the following summer . = = = Fort Lauderdale Strikers = = = In April 1977 he went to play as a named superstar in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) for Fort Lauderdale Strikers . The Strikers won their division in 1977 , and Banks was named NASL Goalkeeper of the Year after he conceded only 29 goals in 26 games – the best defensive record in the NASL . He also played one League of Ireland game for St Patrick 's Athletic ; keeping a clean sheet in a 1 – 0 win over Shamrock Rovers at Richmond Park on 2 October 1977 . He returned to Fort Lauderdale and played 11 games in the 1978 season . = = International career = = Banks was capped twice for the England under @-@ 23 side in matches against Wales and Scotland in 1961 . Ron Springett was the goalkeeper for England as Banks rose to prominence , but after the 1962 World Cup in Chile , a new coach was appointed in former England right @-@ back Alf Ramsey . Ramsey demanded sole control of the team and began looking towards the next World Cup . Banks won his first cap on 6 April 1963 against Scotland at Wembley , after Springett was dropped following a poor performance . England lost 2 – 1 , though Banks was blameless as Scotland 's goals came firstly from an error by Jimmy Armfield and then secondly from the penalty spot . He was picked for the next match against Brazil , which ended in a credible 1 – 1 draw after Bryan Douglas cancelled out Pepe 's opener . Banks continued to play consistently to become established as England 's first @-@ choice goalkeeper . In 1963 , he was picked to play against the Rest of the World , in a celebration match to mark 100 years of The Football Association . Banks also played in two of England 's three games at the " Little World Cup " in Brazil in the summer of 1964 , a 1 – 1 draw with Portugal and a 1 – 0 defeat to Argentina . Blackpool 's Tony Waiters won five caps in the England goal in 1964 , but found that his challenge to Banks ' first team place came to an end after he conceded five goals to Brazil . During England 's summer of 1965 tour he built up a solid understanding with his defenders – George Cohen , Jack Charlton , Bobby Moore , and Ray Wilson – as he only conceded two goals in four matches against Hungary , Yugoslavia , West Germany , and Sweden . They then played seven friendlies in 1966 in the build @-@ up to the World Cup , though the team passed their biggest test of character in the British Home Championship , beating Scotland 4 – 3 in front of a crowd of over 130 @,@ 000 at Hampden Park . Going into the competition , the only defeat in 21 matches since the " Little World Cup " came against Austria , in a game that Banks missed due to injury . = = = 1966 World Cup = = = Banks entered the 1966 FIFA World Cup as England 's first choice goalkeeper , and his understudies Ron Springett and Peter Bonetti never took to the field during the tournament . England opened the tournament with a goalless draw against Uruguay , with Banks a virtual spectator as the highly defensive Uruguayans rarely ventured out of their own half . They then defeated Mexico 2 – 0 , with Banks again rarely troubled throughout . A 2 – 0 win over France then took England through the group stage without Banks conceding a goal . England beat Argentina 1 – 0 in the last eight , with Geoff Hurst scoring with a header ; the match was sullied by the first @-@ half sending off of Argentinian midfielder Antonio Rattín , who refused to leave the pitch after being dismissed for dissent . In contrast to the previous games , the semi @-@ final against Portugal proved to be a fair contest between two sides of talented players eager to attack from the start of the match . Yet there was panic in the buildup to the game as trainer Harold Shepherdson forgot to buy chewing gum , which Banks used to make his hands stickier and better able to handle the ball , and so Shepherdson had to run to a nearby newsagents to purchase gum as the teams were in the tunnel . Bobby Charlton scored two goals , but Portugal made a strong finish and won a penalty on 82 minutes after Jack Charlton handled the ball in the penalty area . Eusébio converted the penalty after sending Banks the wrong way , and the game finished 2 – 1 in England 's favour . This was the first goal Banks had conceded for England in 721 minutes of regular play , since giving up Scotland 's last goal after 81 minutes of the Home International clash in April . This remains a record for an England goalkeeper . England 's opponents in the final were West Germany . It was England who dominated the final but it was Banks who was beaten first . A weak header from Ray Wilson handed a chance to Helmut Haller , who sent an accurate but relatively weak shot into the corner of the net ; Banks had been unsighted by Jack Charlton , and he failed to adjust his position in time to reach the ball . England equalised through a Geoff Hurst header within six minutes and went ahead late in the second half through Martin Peters . With seconds left in the game , Lothar Emmerich sent a free kick into the England penalty area , and the ball fell to Wolfgang Weber , who guided the ball over a lunging Ray Wilson and an outstretched Banks into the net to take the game into extra @-@ time . In extra @-@ time , the Germans sent shots in at the England goal which Banks managed to catch and control without any great danger . Hurst scored two goals to complete his hat @-@ trick , and though many claimed his second goal never crossed the line Banks always maintained his belief that the officials called the decision correctly . Between these goals Banks had to deal with a fiery shot from Sigfried Held , and was later exposed only for Uwe Seeler to come just centimetres away from connecting with the ball . = = = Euro 1968 = = = Scotland were the first team to beat the world champions , as goals from Denis Law , Bobby Lennox and Jim McCalliog secured a 3 – 2 victory at Wembley on 15 April 1967 . Despite this set @-@ back , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1968 , which consisted of just four teams : England , Italy ( hosts ) , the Soviet Union , and Yugoslavia . England played just two games at the tournament , losing 1 – 0 to Yugoslavia , and then beating the Soviets 2 – 0 in the third @-@ place play @-@ off . = = = 1970 World Cup = = = Banks went into the 1970 World Cup as England 's number one with 59 caps to his name , and had Peter Bonetti ( one cap ) and Alex Stepney ( six caps ) as his understudies . However he soon found that the heat and altitude at Guadalajara , Mexico difficult to cope with . The team 's efforts at acclimatization were not helped when Bobby Moore was falsely accused of stealing the infamous " Bogotá Bracelet " . Despite this , a Geoff Hurst goal was enough to beat their first opponents , Romania . A far tougher test awaited on 7 June , when England faced Brazil . The day before the match Banks was informed that he had been awarded an OBE . Playing at pace , Brazil were putting England under enormous pressure and an attack was begun by captain Carlos Alberto who sent a low ball down the right flank for the speedy Jairzinho to latch on to . The Brazilian winger sped past left @-@ back Terry Cooper and crossed the ball into the six @-@ yard box , where Pelé connected with a powerful header to send the ball low towards the right @-@ hand corner of the goal . In the knowledge that his header was placed to perfection , Pelé immediately shouted " Gol ! " ( Brazilian Portuguese for goal ) . The split @-@ second incident only allowed Banks time for one conscious thought – that the shot was impossible to catch , and the only way to prevent Pelé from following up on the rebound would be to parry the ball over the bar . The ball bounced two yards in front of the goal @-@ line , and Banks managed to make contact with the ball with the fingers of his right hand , and rolled his hand slightly to angle to ball over the crossbar . He landed in the inner netting of the goal , and knew he had saved the ball after witnessing Pelé 's reaction . Banks then rose to his feet to defend the corner , and broke into laughter after the following exchange : " I thought that was a goal . " ( Pelé ) " You and me both . " ( Banks ) " You 're getting old , Banksy , you used to hold on to them . " ( Bobby Moore ) Pelé , and numerous journalists and pundits , would later describe the save as the greatest in the history of the game . Banks would later say " They won 't remember me for winning the World Cup , it 'll be for that save . That 's how big a thing it is . People just want to talk about that save . " In 2002 the UK public voted the save No. 41 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . Brazil still won the game 1 – 0 – Jairzinho guided a shot past Banks in the second half . England ultimately joined Brazil in the last eight after a win in the final group game against Czechoslovakia . The reward was a rematch of the 1966 final against West Germany . The day before the game Banks and England 's hopes of making further inroads into the World Cup were dented when he started to complain of an upset stomach . He became affected by violent stomach cramps and aching limbs , and spent his time in the bathroom sweating , shivering and vomiting . He passed an extremely undemanding fitness test but suffered a relapse shortly before the game and Ramsey was forced to rest him in place of Peter Bonetti . Ramsey remarked that " of all the players to lose , we had to lose him . " Banks watched the game on television at the hotel as England lost a two @-@ goal lead to be eliminated 3 – 2 after extra time ; due to a time delay on the broadcast he switched the television off with England 2 – 0 in the lead as Bobby Moore returned to the hotel to break the news of the defeat . Conspiracies later surfaced that Banks had been poisoned to take him out of the game , but with no evidence to support them Banks never believed in these conspiracies . = = = Final years = = = Only four teams competed in UEFA Euro 1972 : Belgium ( hosts ) , Hungary , the Soviet Union , and West Germany . England came close to qualifying , but lost 3 – 1 to West Germany in the final round of qualifying . On 15 May 1971 , Banks was involved in a notorious incident with George Best who , while playing against England for Northern Ireland , flicked the ball out of Banks ' hands and headed it into the net . The move was audacious , but was disallowed by the referee , who judged it to be dangerous play . Banks played his 73rd and final game for England on 27 May 1972 , in a 1 – 0 win over Scotland at Hampden Park . During his 73 international games he kept 35 clean sheets and lost just nine games . = = Coaching career = = In December 1977 he was appointed as a coach at Port Vale by manager Dennis Butler , being demoted to reserve coach in October 1978 by new boss Alan Bloor . Banks enjoyed coaching but soon resigned his position , feeling that players such as Bernie Wright refused to take his advice on board . He applied for the vacant management positions at Lincoln City and Rotherham United , but was rejected . He instead accepted the role as manager of Alliance Premier League part @-@ time club Telford United . He signed a goalkeeper , centre @-@ half and centre @-@ forward from Bangor City for £ 1 @,@ 500 , as well as former Stoke striker John Ruggiero . The " Bucks " finished in 13th place in 1979 – 80 . In November 1980 , he left Jackie Mudie in temporary charge of team affairs whilst he underwent surgery , who led the club to defeat in the FA Trophy at the hands of a lower league club . On his return to the club Banks was sacked . He was offered the position of raffle @-@ ticket seller , and accepted the post in the belief that it would entitle him to the money owed to him in the terms of his management contract ; he eventually had to settle for 50 % of his contract . He later stated that " It broke my heart ... I did not want to stay in the game . " = = Personal life = = Banks first met his wife Ursula during his National service in Germany in 1955 . They had three children : Robert ( born July 1958 ) , Wendy ( 1963 ) , and Julie ( 1969 ) . He separated from Ursula during his time in America , but the couple reunited when Banks returned to England . Banks ' nephew is Nick Banks , drummer of the band Pulp . Shortly after his retirement , Banks was surprised by Eamonn Andrews for an episode of This Is Your Life . He later fronted a Leicester based hospitality company . He lost a significant sum of money when the business failed , but was helped out by Leicester City , who offered him a belated testimonial match . He was appointed as Stoke City 's president following the death of Stanley Matthews . Since the 1980s he has been a member of the three man pool 's panel . In 2001 , he sold his World Cup winners medal at Christie 's for £ 124 @,@ 750 , and his international cap from the final was also sold at £ 27 @,@ 025 . Banks was an Inaugural Inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 . In March 2004 , he was named by Pelé as one of the world 's 125 greatest living footballers . He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Keele University in February 2006 . In May 2006 , Banks was the first " legend " to be inducted into a new Walk of Fame , by having a plaque installed in the pavement in front of Sheffield Town Hall . In July 2008 , Pelé unveiled a statue of Banks making his famous 1970 World Cup save outside the Britannia Stadium . In March 2011 , he was also inducted into the City of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent Hall of Fame , along with Roy Sproson . In 1980 Banks published his first autobiography , Banks of England . He published a more comprehensive autobiography in 2002 : Banksy : My Autobiography . Irish investigative author , Don Mullan , published a boyhood memoir in 2006 called GORDON BANKS : A Hero Who Could Fly in which he wrote about the influence of the England goalkeeper on his life . In December 2015 , it was announced he was receiving treatment for kidney cancer . = = Career statistics = = Sources : Source : = = Honours = = England FIFA World Cup : 1966 UEFA European Championship third @-@ place ( Bronze Medallist ) : 1968 British Home Championship ( 8 ) : 1964 ( shared ) , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 ( shared ) , 1971 , 1972
= Final stellation of the icosahedron = In geometry , the complete or final stellation of the icosahedron is the outermost stellation of the icosahedron , and is " complete " and " final " because it includes all of the cells in the icosahedron 's stellation diagram . This polyhedron is the seventeenth stellation of the icosahedron , and given as Wenninger model index 42 . As a geometrical figure , it has two interpretations , described below : As an irregular star ( self @-@ intersecting ) polyhedron with 20 identical self @-@ intersecting enneagrammic faces , 90 edges , 60 vertices . As a simple polyhedron with 180 triangular faces ( 60 isosceles , 120 scalene ) , 270 edges , and 92 vertices . This interpretation is useful for polyhedron model building . Johannes Kepler researched stellations that create regular star polyhedra ( the Kepler @-@ Poinsot polyhedra ) in 1619 , but the complete icosahedron , with irregular faces , was first studied in 1900 by Max Brückner . = = History = = 1619 : In Harmonices Mundi , Johannes Kepler first applied the stellation process , recognizing the small stellated dodecahedron and great stellated dodecahedron as regular polyhedra . 1809 : Louis Poinsot rediscovered Kepler 's polyhedra and two more , the great icosahedron and great dodecahedron as regular star polyhedra , now called the Kepler – Poinsot polyhedra . 1812 : Augustin @-@ Louis Cauchy made a further enumeration of star polyhedra , proving there are only 4 regular star polyhedra . 1900 : Max Brückner extended the stellation theory beyond regular forms , and identified ten stellations of the icosahedron , including the complete stellation . 1924 : A.H. Wheeler in 1924 published a list of 20 stellation forms ( 22 including reflective copies ) , also including the complete stellation . 1938 : In their 1938 book The Fifty Nine Icosahedra , H. S. M. Coxeter , P. Du Val , H. T. Flather and J. F. Petrie stated a set of stellation rules for the regular icosahedron and gave a systematic enumeration of the fifty @-@ nine stellations which conform to those rules . The complete stellation is referenced as the eighth in the book . 1974 : In Wenninger 's 1974 book Polyhedron Models , the final stellation of the icosahedron is included as the 17th model of stellated icosahedra with index number W42 . 1995 : Andrew Hume named it in his Netlib polyhedral database as the echidnahedron ( the echidna , or spiny anteater is a small mammal that is covered with coarse hair and spines and which curls up in a ball to protect itself ) . = = Interpretations = = = = = As a stellation = = = The stellation of a polyhedron extends the faces of a polyhedron into infinite planes and generates a new polyhedron that is bounded by these planes as faces and the intersections of these planes as edges . The Fifty Nine Icosahedra enumerates the stellations of the regular icosahedron , according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller , including the complete stellation . The Du Val symbol of the complete stellation is H , because it includes all cells in the stellation diagram up to and including the outermost " h " layer . = = = As a simple polyhedron = = = As a simple , visible surface polyhedron , the outward form of the final stellation is composed of 180 triangular faces , which are the outermost triangular regions in the stellation diagram . These join along 270 edges , which in turn meet at 92 vertices , with an Euler characteristic of 2 . The 92 vertices lie on the surfaces of three concentric spheres . The innermost group of 20 vertices form the vertices of a regular dodecahedron ; the next layer of 12 form the vertices of a regular icosahedron ; and the outer layer of 60 form the vertices of a nonuniform truncated icosahedron . The radii of these spheres are in the ratio <formula> When regarded as a three @-@ dimensional solid object with edge lengths a , φa , φ2a and φ2a √ 2 ( where φ is the golden ratio ) the complete icosahedron has surface area <formula> and volume <formula> = = = As a star polyhedron = = = The complete stellation can also be seen as a self @-@ intersecting star polyhedron having 20 faces corresponding to the 20 faces of the underlying icosahedron . Each face is an irregular 9 / 4 star polygon , or enneagram . Since three faces meet at each vertex it has 20 × 9 / 3
= 60 vertices ( these are the outermost layer of visible vertices and form the tips of the " spines " ) and 20 × 9 / 2 = 90 edges ( each edge of the star polyhedron includes and connects two of the 180 visible edges ) . When regarded as a star icosahedron , the complete stellation is a noble polyhedron , because it is both isohedral ( face @-@ transitive ) and isogonal ( vertex @-@ transitive ) .
= Harry Cobby = Air Commodore Arthur Henry ( Harry ) Cobby , CBE , DSO , DFC & Two Bars , GM ( 26 August 1894 – 11 November 1955 ) was an Australian military aviator . He was the leading fighter ace of the Australian Flying Corps during World War I , with 29 victories , in spite of the fact that he saw active service for less than a year . Born and educated in Melbourne , Cobby was a bank clerk when war broke out , and was prevented by his employer from enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force until 1916 . After completing flight training in England , he served on the Western Front with No. 4 Squadron AFC , operating Sopwith Camels . His achievements as a fighter pilot were recognised with the Distinguished Service Order , the Distinguished Flying Cross and two bars , and a mention in despatches . Acclaimed a national hero , Cobby transferred to the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in 1921 and rose to the rank of wing commander . He left the Permanent Air Force ( PAF ) in 1936 to join the Civil Aviation Board , but remained in the RAAF reserve . Re @-@ joining the PAF at the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , Cobby held senior posts including Director of Recruiting and Air Officer Commanding North @-@ Eastern Area . In 1943 , he was awarded the George Medal for rescuing fellow survivors of an aircraft crash . He was appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 10 Operational Group ( later Australian First Tactical Air Force ) the following year , but was relieved of his post in the wake of the " Morotai Mutiny " of April 1945 . Retiring from the Air Force in 1946 , Cobby served with the Department of Civil Aviation until his death on Armistice Day in 1955 . = = Early career = = Arthur Henry Cobby was born in the Melbourne suburb of Prahran to Arthur Edward Stanley Cobby , a tram conductor , and his wife Alice . Known as Harry , the young Cobby completed his senior @-@ level education at University College , Armadale , before being commissioned into the 46th Infantry ( Brighton Rifles ) , a militia unit , in 1912 . He later transferred to the 47th Infantry . When World War I broke out , Cobby attempted to enlist in the Australian Imperial Force but his employer , the Commonwealth Bank , refused to release him as his position of clerk was considered an essential occupation . He eventually managed to join the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) on 23 December 1916 , despite a professed lack of interest in flying . He became a founding member of No. 4 Squadron AFC , and embarked for England aboard RMS Omrah on 17 January 1917 . = = World War I combat service = = No. 4 Squadron arrived in England in March 1917 to undergo training in preparation for service on the Western Front . Equipped with Sopwith Camels , the unit was sent to France in December . Cobby later admitted to being so nervous about the prospect of going into battle that " if anything could have been done by me to delay that hour , I would have left nothing undone to bring it about " . When he did see combat against the German Luftstreitkräfte for the first time , he had only twelve hours solo flying experience . Cobby claimed an early victory , over a DFW reconnaissance plane , in February 1918 , but this was credited only as " driven down " and not confirmed . Based in the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais area , No. 4 Squadron supported Allied forces during the German Spring Offensive that commenced the following month . Cobby 's aerial opponents included members of Baron von Richthofen 's " Flying Circus " . On 21 March he shot down two of the formation 's Albatros D.Vs , which were confirmed as his first official victories . Having proved himself a talented and aggressive pilot , Cobby 's leadership abilities were recognised with his appointment as a flight commander on 14 May 1918 , and promotion to captain on 25 May . Described as " an imp of mischief " , he personalised his Sopwith Camel by fitting it with aluminium cutouts of comic actor Charlie Chaplin . Cobby again scored two kills in one day on 30 May near Estaires , when he destroyed an Albatros and an observation balloon , and repeated this feat the next day in the same area . He had been responsible for downing No. 4 Squadron 's first balloon at Merville earlier in May ; although vulnerable to attack with incendiary bullets , these large observation platforms , nicknamed Drachen ( Dragons ) , were generally well protected by enemy fighters and anti @-@ aircraft defences , and were thus considered a dangerous but valuable target . Cobby was recommended for the Military Cross on 3 June 1918 in recognition of his combat success and for being a " bold and skilful Patrol Leader , who is setting a fine example to his Squadron " . The award was changed to a Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) , appearing in the London Gazette on 2 July . Cobby shot down three German aircraft on 28 June and was recommended for a bar to his DFC , highlighting his then @-@ current tally of 15 victories . On 15 July 1918 , he and another pilot dived on five Pfalz scouts near Armentières , Cobby accounting for two of the enemy aircraft and his companion for one . The Australians were then pursued by four Fokker Triplanes but managed to evade their attackers . This action earned Cobby a recommendation for a second bar to his DFC , the citation noting that he had scored 21 kills to date and had " succeeded in destroying so many machines by hard work and by using his brains , as well as by courage and brilliant flying " . The two bars to his DFC were gazetted on the same day , 21 September . On 16 August , Cobby led a bombing raid against the German airfield at Haubourdin , near Lille , the largest aerial assault by Allied forces up until then , resulting in 37 enemy aircraft being destroyed . The following day he led a similar attack on Lomme airfield and was recommended for the Distinguished Service Order as a result . Gazetted on 2 November , the citation for the award declared that " The success of these two raids was largely due to the determined and skilful leadership of this officer " . By the end of his active service , Cobby was in charge of Allied formations numbering up to 80 aircraft . Fellow No. 4 Squadron ace , George Jones ( later Chief of the Air Staff ) , described him as the unit 's " natural leader in the air and in all off @-@ duty activities " ; his exploits made him a national hero . No. 4 Squadron was recognised as the most successful fighter squadron in France , accounting for as many as 220 victories . In September 1918 , Cobby was transferred to a training unit in England , where he found the strain of instructing pupils " much worse than flying in France " . He continued applying for a return to the front until the war ended in November , and was mentioned in despatches by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig the same month ( gazetted 27 December ) . Though Cobby 's final tally for the war is often given as 29 aircraft and 13 observation balloons destroyed , claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses of his victories credit him with 24 aircraft and five balloons , for a grand total of 29 , making him the highest @-@ scoring member of the AFC , as well as the service 's only " balloon @-@ busting " ace . His proudest boast , however , was that as a flight commander he never lost a pilot over enemy territory . = = Between the wars = = Still instructing in England following the end of the war , Cobby was chosen to lead the AFC 's Anzac Day flypast over London before the Prince of Wales on 25 April 1919 , in concert with a parade by Australian soldiers . By 2 : 30 in the afternoon , he was taking his 50 @-@ strong aerial formation through a series of wild stunts over the alarmed Prince 's head , and later told the story that he flew so close to the marching soldiers that their bayonets almost pierced his undercarriage . Cobby later said that this was : " probably the most foolish thing I have ever done " . He returned to Australia in May 1919 , and married Hilda Maude Urban in Caulfield , Victoria , on 24 April 1920 ; the couple had a son and a daughter . Following the disbandment of the AFC , Cobby transferred to the short @-@ lived Australian Air Corps before joining the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force in 1921 . Ranked flying officer ( honorary flight lieutenant ) , he was one of the original 21 officers on the air force 's strength at its formation that March . His first posting , along with most of his colleagues , was to a mixed squadron equipped primarily with S.E.5s and DH.9s at No. 1 Flying Training School , based at RAAF Point Cook . Flight Lieutenant Cobby became Commanding Officer ( CO ) of No. 1 Squadron when it was reformed at Point Cook on 1 July 1925 , serving in the position until August 1926 . By 1927 , Cobby had been promoted to squadron leader , and the following year went to England to attend RAF Staff College , Andover . Returning to Australia , he took over as CO of No. 3 Squadron at RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , from Squadron Leader Frank Lukis on 13 January 1930 . At this time , the position of No. 3 Squadron commander doubled as CO of the base . Though popular with his staff , Cobby was not known for his attention to detail . In December 1930 , the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Commodore Richard Williams , arrived for an inspection and found the base to be in such a state of untidiness that he ordered every man on parade and gave them what was described as " an almighty dressing down " , threatening that Christmas leave would be cancelled unless the place was cleaned up . Having handed over to Squadron Leader Bill Bostock on 22 November 1931 , Cobby was promoted to wing commander on 1 May 1933 and subsequently served as RAAF Director of Intelligence . In this position he headed an interdepartmental committee that was formed in August 1933 to examine the possibilities of air survey and aerial photography to further national development . The committee 's findings , presented in April 1934 , favoured employing government agencies for such work and ultimately led to the formation of the North Australian Survey Flight from staff and aircraft of No. 1 Squadron in April 1935 . The resulting surveys of Queensland and the Northern Territory provided valuable input for the establishment of military airfields and other installations following the outbreak of World War II . Restless in the inter @-@ war years , Cobby retired from the Air Force to join the Civil Aviation Board as Controller of Operations in 1936 ; he also contributed to aviation magazines such as Australian Airmen and Popular Flying . His civil aviation duties included aircraft inspection , the issuing of licences and airworthiness certificates , maintenance of radio and meteorological services , and RAAF liaison . = = World War II = = Cobby was a member of the Citizen Air Force ( RAAF reserve ) during his time with the Civil Aviation Board , and rejoined the Permanent Air Force following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . Promoted to group captain , he officially returned to active service on 25 July 1940 as Director of Recruiting , a role that traded on his public image . On 25 August 1942 , he took over from Air Commodore Frank Lukis as Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) North @-@ Eastern Area in Townsville , Queensland . 1942 also saw the publication of High Adventure , Cobby 's account of his experiences in World War I ; the foreword was written by Air Vice Marshal George Jones , newly appointed Chief of the Air Staff and fellow No. 4 Squadron veteran . Cobby was promoted to temporary air commodore in July 1943 . On 7 September , he was travelling as a passenger on a Catalina flying boat when it crashed at Townsville . Although himself injured , Cobby helped rescue two other survivors , and was recommended for the George Medal for his " outstanding bravery " . The award was gazetted on 10 March 1944 . Cobby handed over command of North @-@ Eastern Area in November 1943 , and the following month was posted to Mount Martha , Victoria , as the Commandant of the RAAF Staff School ( later RAAF Staff College ) , remaining in the post until he was fully recovered from his injuries . On 16 June 1944 , he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) for his conduct of air operations over New Guinea as AOC North @-@ Eastern Area , the citation noting his " good leadership , personal example , keen understanding and continued encouragement " . In August 1944 , Cobby became AOC of No. 10 Operational Group ( No. 10 OG ) , soon to be renamed the Australian First Tactical Air Force ( 1st TAF ) . In this role he commanded 20 @,@ 000 personnel in the RAAF 's major mobile strike force in the South West Pacific , consisting of fighter , close support , and airfield construction units . Cobby expressed misgivings concerning the command arrangements that saw RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne responsible for No. 10 OG 's administration , while its operational tasking was to be passed down through RAAF Command , the United States Thirteenth Air Force and Headquarters South West Pacific Area . He believed this required him to " try and serve two masters " , a situation he found " unworkable " . In the period 22 – 25 December 1944 , 1st TAF flew 513 Kittyhawk and Beaufighter sorties against targets in Halmahera . The following month , it undertook a further 661 sorties against targets in Halmahera , Celebes , Morotai and the Vogelkop . By early 1945 , Japanese air power in the South West Pacific had been virtually destroyed , and 1st TAF was increasingly assigned to garrison duties and harassing enemy bases on islands bypassed by US forces in their advance on the Philippines . During March and April , 1st TAF prepared for the invasion of Tarakan , an operation based around a mistaken judgement made by officers at Cobby 's headquarters that the island 's airstrip could be rapidly repaired and used to support the Borneo Campaign . The relegation of fighter units to what appeared to be strategically unimportant ground attack missions led to a crisis in morale that precipitated the so @-@ called " Morotai Mutiny " in April 1945 , when eight of Cobby 's senior pilots , including Australia 's leading ace in the war , Group Captain Clive Caldwell , tendered their resignations in protest . Although one of the " mutineers " , Group Captain Wilf Arthur , had earlier voiced his concerns to Cobby and his headquarters staff regarding the efficacy of 1st TAF 's tasking , the AOC was taken aback by the resignations . He spoke to the officers individually and as a group , asking them , " Is this something against me , or having a go against me in this , because if so , if you feel that I have fallen down in my job , I will straight away ask to be recalled , " to which they replied , " It has nothing to do with you . " Cobby reported the incident to his immediate superior , Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , who informed the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal Jones , and the Allied Air Forces Commander , Lieutenant General George Kenney . All made their way to Morotai and interviewed the pilots involved , and all concluded that Cobby should be relieved of his command . Bostock held Cobby responsible for the " dangerously low level " of morale in 1st TAF , but also noted " it is clear that he has been badly served by his senior staff " . In the event , Jones transferred not only Cobby but also his staff officers , Group Captains Gibson and Simms , and Air Commodore Frederick Scherger took over command on 10 May . Cobby 's departure was greeted with relief by Australian Army commanders , who were frustrated by the poor working relationship between 1st TAF and the Army units at Tarakan . Cobby defended his leadership of 1st TAF at the subsequent inquiry before Judge John Vincent Barry . During his testimony he declared that while his officers " wished to do more in the war than they were doing ... it was not within the power of 1st T.A.F. to give them that more important or more interesting work " . He believed that his forces had played a significant part in making safe General MacArthur 's flank during the Philippines Campaign . Barry nevertheless found that Cobby had " failed to maintain proper control over his command " , and that his removal as 1st TAF commander was justified . Air Force historian Alan Stephens later described it as " a personal and institutional tragedy that a genuinely great figure in RAAF history had to end his career in such circumstances " . Similarly , The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History contends that Cobby 's " gallant service flying career ... became another victim of the weaknesses and feuding within the RAAF 's senior leadership during the Pacific War " . Stephens summed up Cobby 's military career by saying " No Australian airman 's experience better illustrates the tensions between ' command ' , ' leadership ' and ' heroism ' " , concluding that " the qualities that make a hero do not easily translate into those needed by a commander , although they are likely to engender leadership " . = = Post @-@ war career and legacy = = Cobby was officially discharged from the Air Force on 19 August 1946 . He was awarded the American Medal of Freedom on 15 April 1948 , in recognition of his war service . The citation noted that from September 1944 to January 1945 , he displayed " exceptionally sound judgement and far sighted planning ... and materially assisted in support of the operations in the Philippine Liberation Campaign " . Cobby had rejoined the Civil Aviation Board ( by then the Department of Civil Aviation ) after leaving the RAAF and served as Regional Director , New South Wales , from 1947 to 1954 . He was appointed Director of Flying Operations early the following year . On Armistice Day , 11 November 1955 , Cobby collapsed in his Melbourne office and died later that day of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease at Heidelberg Repatriation General Hospital . His wife and children survived him . On 15 November , he was given a military funeral at St Mary 's Church of England , Caulfield , and cremated at Springvale Crematorium . Harry Cobby 's tally of victories in World War I was the highest by a member of the Australian Flying Corps ( the top @-@ scoring Australian aces of the war , Robert A. Little and Roderic ( Stan ) Dallas , flew with the British Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force ) . His record as an ace wearing the Australian uniform has remained unbeaten . Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams , Director General of Civil Aviation from 1946 to 1955 and widely regarded as the " Father of the RAAF " , described Cobby as " a man whose personal story is threaded through the entire history of Australian service and civil aviation " . One of the aluminium cutouts of Charlie Chaplin that Cobby attached to his Sopwith Camel in World War I later went on show at RAAF Museum , Point Cook , and the tail skid of one of his victims was displayed at the Australian War Memorial , Canberra . Cobby Street , in the Canberra suburb of Campbell , is named in his honour .
= French ironclad Océan = Océan was a wooden @-@ hulled , armored frigate built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s and the lead ship of her class . She was commissioned in 1870 to participate in the Franco @-@ Prussian War and was assigned to the Baltic Squadron that unsuccessfully attempted to blockade Prussian ports in the Baltic Sea . The ship later served in both the Northern and Mediterranean Squadrons before being discarded in 1894 . = = Design and description = = The Océan @-@ class ironclads were designed by Henri Dupuy de Lôme as an improved version of the Provence @-@ class ironclads . The ships were central battery ironclads with the armament concentrated amidships . For the first time in a French ironclad three watertight iron bulkheads were fitted in the hull . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram . The ship measured 87 @.@ 73 meters ( 287 ft 10 in ) overall , with a beam of 17 @.@ 52 meters ( 57 ft 6 in ) . Océan had a maximum draft of 9 @.@ 09 meters ( 29 ft 10 in ) and displaced 7 @,@ 749 metric tons ( 7 @,@ 627 long tons ) . Her crew numbered between 750 and 778 officers and men . The metacentric height of the ship was very low , between 1 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 m ) . = = = Propulsion = = = The Océan @-@ class ships had one horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Their engines were powered by eight oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 3 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 700 kW ) and Océan reached 13 @.@ 5 knots ( 25 @.@ 0 km / h ; 15 @.@ 5 mph ) . She carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The Océan @-@ class ships were barque or barquentine @-@ rigged with three masts and had a sail area around 2 @,@ 000 square meters ( 22 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = These ships had their main armament mounted in four barbettes on the upper deck , one gun at each corner of the battery , with the remaining guns on the battery deck below the barbettes . Océan 's original armament consisted of four 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in the barbettes , and on the battery deck , four 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) and four 164 @-@ millimeter ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns . This was to upgraded four 274 @-@ millimeter ( 10 @.@ 8 in ) guns in the barbettes and eight 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns on the battery deck before she was commissioned . The 18 @-@ caliber 274 @-@ millimeter Modèle 1870 gun fired an armor @-@ piercing , 476 @.@ 2 @-@ pound ( 216 @.@ 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 22 @.@ 84 long tons ( 23 @.@ 21 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 424 ft / s ( 434 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 @.@ 3 inches ( 360 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 19 @-@ caliber 240 @-@ millmeter Modèle 1870 gun weighed 317 @.@ 5 pounds ( 144 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 15 @.@ 41 long tons ( 15 @.@ 66 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 624 ft / s ( 495 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 @.@ 4 inches ( 366 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . At some point the ship received a dozen 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 @-@ barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m / s ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a range of about 3 @,@ 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . Late in the ship 's career four above @-@ water 356 @-@ millimeter ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added . = = = Armor = = = The Ocean @-@ class ships had a complete 178 – 203 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 0 – 8 @.@ 0 in ) wrought iron waterline belt . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 160 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) of wrought iron . The barbette armor was 150 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . Gardiner says that the barbette armor was later removed to improve their stability , but this is not confirmed by any other source . = = Service = = Océan was laid down at Brest in July 1865 and launched on 15 October 1868 . The ship began her sea trials on 3 December 1869 , but was not commissioned until 21 July 1870 for service during the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 . Océan was assigned to the Northern Squadron that attempted to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until the squadron was ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September 1870 . Afterward she was assigned to the Evolutionary Squadron until 1875 when she was placed in reserve . Océan was recommissioned in 1879 for service with the Mediterranean Squadron . She had a lengthy refit in 1884 – 85 and was assigned to the Northern Squadron after it was completed . Around 1888 the ship was transferred back to the Mediterranean Squadron until she was reduced to reserve around 1891 . Océan was assigned to the Gunnery School that same year and later became a training ship for naval apprentices before being condemned in 1894 .
= New York ( Glee ) = " New York " is the twenty @-@ second episode and season finale of the second season of the American musical television series Glee , and the forty @-@ fourth overall . The episode was written and directed by series creator Brad Falchuk , filmed in part on location in New York City , and first aired on May 24 , 2011 on Fox in the United States . With a $ 6 million budget , it was reportedly the most expensive episode of Glee at the time of broadcast . It garnered a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Costumes for a Series . The episode features an appearance by Patti LuPone as herself and guest stars Jonathan Groff , Cheyenne Jackson , and Charice . The McKinley High School glee club , New Directions , performs at the National show choir competition in New York City and finishes in twelfth place . While they are there , the glee club members see the sights , including Times Square and Central Park . Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) sing a song from a Broadway stage , as does their director , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) . The episode , and the musical performances featured , received mixed reviews from critics . While a number of scenes were praised , including the epilogue after the club 's return to Lima , Ohio , reviewers excoriated the fact that New Directions arrived in New York with their songs for the competition unwritten , and deemed it completely illogical . The original songs in the competition were met with a wide range of opinions , as were most of the covers . Five original songs and five covers were performed , all but one of which were released as singles ; three of the originals and two of the covers charted on the Billboard Hot 100 . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 11 @.@ 80 million American viewers and garnered a 4 @.@ 6 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were up significantly from the previous episode , " Funeral " . = = Plot = = The McKinley High School glee club , New Directions , travels to New York City to compete in the National show choir competition . Glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) tasks the students with writing two original songs , then leaves on an errand . After spending hours trying to compose music , their only creation is " My Cup " by Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , and Puck ( Mark Salling ) . Seeking fresh inspiration for their songwriting , they explore the city as they sing a mash @-@ up of " I Love New York " and " New York , New York " . Meanwhile , Will has been visiting the theater where CrossRhodes , the April Rhodes musical in which he is secretly involved , is located . He performs " Still Got Tonight " from the stage . When Will returns , he finds that the glee club has been shaken after learning of his Broadway plans from Dustin Goolsby ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , the coach of rival club Vocal Adrenaline . He reassures them that he has now fulfilled his dream of singing on a Broadway stage and chooses to stay with New Directions . Encouraged by his fellow male glee club members , Finn ( Cory Monteith ) asks Rachel on a date in Central Park . The two enjoy dinner at Sardi 's where they meet Patti LuPone . As the date draws to a close with Puck , Artie , Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) , and Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) serenading the two with " Bella Notte " , Rachel feels torn between Finn and her dreams of being on Broadway , and leaves after refusing to kiss him . The next morning , after breakfast at Tiffany 's , Rachel and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) sneak onto the stage of Wicked and sing a duet of " For Good " . Rachel realizes that her true love is Broadway and they vow to return to New York City for college . At Nationals , Rachel encounters a nervous Sunshine Corazon ( Charice ) . She apologizes for having made Sunshine feel unwelcome at McKinley , and admits that she was jealous of her talent . She offers Sunshine her support , and reassures her as she opens for Vocal Adrenaline with " As Long As You 're There " . The New Directions set begins with Rachel and Finn singing the duet he wrote , " Pretending " , and an enthusiastic audience falls silent when the two of them kiss at its conclusion . The glee club closes with " Light Up the World " and receives a standing ovation . A jealous Jesse St. James ( Jonathan Groff ) confronts Finn after the performance , and asserts that the unprofessional kiss will cost them the championship . New Directions is not one of the ten groups named to advance to the finals the next day , and finishes in twelfth place out of fifty competing show choirs . Back in Ohio , Kurt recounts his experiences in New York City to Blaine ( Darren Criss ) , and they profess their love to each other . It is revealed that Sam and Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) are secretly dating . Santana ( Naya Rivera ) and Brittany reaffirm their friendship , and Brittany tells Santana she loves her more than she has ever loved anyone . Rachel meets up with Finn and the two contemplate their Nationals kiss ; Finn reminds her that she still has a year until graduation and kisses her . = = Production = = This was the most expensive Glee episode yet , at a reported $ 6 million . The budget exceeded the previous record @-@ holder , " The Sue Sylvester Shuffle " , which was the episode that followed the 2011 Super Bowl . It was also the show 's first major out @-@ of @-@ state location shoot . The cast and crew filmed for five weekdays in New York City , from April 25 through April 29 , 2011 . Forty members of the crew were flown to New York along with the cast , and were joined there by sixty local crew members . All three of the show 's creators — who also serve as executive or co @-@ executive producers — were present : Ryan Murphy , Ian Brennan and episode writer and director Brad Falchuk , along with executive producer Dante Di Loreto and first assistant director Leo Bauer . Ten locations were used during the New York filming , including Times Square , Lincoln Center , the Gershwin Theatre , Central Park , and Sardi 's . LuPone made a guest appearance as herself in the Sardi 's scene , which was shot in the morning on Thursday to accommodate her schedule — she had an 11 : 00 am rehearsal for another show . Washington Square Park , which was used on the final day of filming , had not been approved as a location by the city until after the production team arrived in New York . Di Loreto noted that the biggest challenge of shooting in the city was " the amount of people who can say no . " While some of the costumes for the New York shoot were prepared ahead of time , much of the costuming was done in New York , and the costumes for the episode received an Emmy Award nomination . Costume designer Lou Eyrich revealed that the plan was to have the costuming be a " little nod " to the " iconic New York places we were going to shoot " , and with a " little bit of ' 50s , ' 60s flair " , but not too " vintage " . She said , " We landed in New York on a Saturday night , shopped all day Sunday , threw them in the clothes " for the filming that began on Monday . According to an article in The Hollywood Reporter , twenty @-@ six outfits were found in a single day . Filming continued back in Los Angeles , where episodes are typically shot , including a location shoot at the Million Dollar Theater to film Morrison 's scene where he sings " Still Got Tonight " on a Broadway stage . The shooting for the episode — and the season — wrapped up in the early hours of May 12 , 2011 . Recurring guest star Groff appeared in this episode as Jesse , as did Jackson as Vocal Adrenaline coach Dustin Goolsby and Charice as his star vocalist Sunshine . Other recurring characters included glee club members Mike Chang , Sam Evans and Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) , and Kurt 's boyfriend Blaine Anderson . The episode featured five original songs and five musical cover versions . Of the original songs , Morris and McHale performed " My Cup " , Morrison sang " Still Got Tonight " , a track from his solo album , Charice performed " As Long As You 're There " , Michele and Monteith sang " Pretending " , and New Directions performed " Light Up the World " , with solo vocals by Rivera , Morris , McHale and Monteith , and a short duet with McHale and Jenna Ushkowitz . The cover versions included a brief performance of Frank Sinatra 's " Theme from New York , New York , a mash @-@ up of Madonna 's " I Love New York " and " New York , New York " from On the Town , " Bella Notte " from Lady and the Tramp , Michele and Colfer on " For Good " from Wicked , and Usher 's " Yeah ! " . All but the Sinatra number were released as singles , available for digital download , though " Still Got Tonight " had been released in late April in the lead @-@ up to the debut of Morrison 's album on May 10 , 2011 . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " New York " was first broadcast on May 24 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 4 @.@ 6 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and received 11 @.@ 80 million American viewers during its initial airing . With an American Idol lead @-@ in , and despite strong competition from the first hour of Dancing With the Stars Results on ABC , which matched the Glee Nielsen rating / share for its two @-@ hour broadcast , the total viewership and ratings for this episode were up by a third from those of the previous episode , " Funeral " , which was watched by 8 @.@ 97 million American viewers and acquired a 3 @.@ 6 / 10 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic upon first airing . The episode was the top scripted show of the week among all viewers . The episode 's Canadian broadcast , also on May 24 , 2011 , drew 1 @.@ 77 million viewers . It was the seventh most @-@ watched show of the week , and ranked twice as high as " Funeral " , which was watched by 1 @.@ 58 million viewers . In the UK , the episode aired on June 13 , 2011 , and was watched by 2 @.@ 61 million viewers ( 2 @.@ 03 million on E4 , and 573 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) . It was the most watched show on cable for the week , and again increased viewership on " Funeral " , which was watched by 2 @.@ 19 million viewers . In Australia , " New York " aired on June 15 , 2011 , and was watched by 987 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the tenth most @-@ watched show of the night . Viewership here declined from " Funeral " , which was watched by 1 @.@ 07 million and ranked seventh . = = = Critical response = = = " New York " was met with mixed reviews by many critics . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote , " We didn 't actually expect the New Directions to win nationals , but the episode just felt like it was going through the motions rather than seizing the opportunity to do something truly spectacular . " A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff called the episode a " good piece of television " , and gave it a " B + " . He said it " wasn 't as good " as the first @-@ season finale , " Journey to Regionals " , " largely because it wasted a lot of time on performances designed solely to show off how the show was actually in New York and also because it borrowed a lot of that episode 's set pieces without finding anything remotely as powerful as the performance of ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' " . Robert Canning of IGN gave " New York " a " good " grade of 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 and stated , " while not as epic as Nationals in New York should have been , ' New York ' was a decent close to an enjoyable season . " The Atlantic 's Meghan Brown said the episode was " an uneven end to an uneven season , with a few killer numbers , strange resolutions , and head @-@ scratching plot devices " , while her colleague Kevin Fallon opined that the season finale was " no exception " to Glee having " been undeniably frustrating in season two " , though " there was still ample reason to tune in and enjoy " . Several elements of the episode were highlighted for their implausibility . The arrival of New Directions in New York without having their songs already prepared received widespread condemnation , including from VanDerWerff and the Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson , and led Brown to write , " there is absolutely no universe in which that makes sense . At all . It was so logically unsound that it was distracting . " The notion that Rachel would not know that Cats had closed eleven years before was derided by Brown and Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times , while Rachel and Kurt 's encounter with " the only friendly security guard in New York City " was mocked by Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times and Entertainment Weekly 's Sandra Gonzalez . Several critics were disappointed that Quinn 's ominous mention of plans for New York in " Funeral " came to nothing , including Benigno , who called her actual idea a " cockamamie sabotage plot " , though he credited Agron 's scene as a " great , wasted job in a great , wasted character " , sentiments echoed by VanDerWerff and James Poniewozik of Time . Terron R. Moore of Ology.com gave the episode a " C + " , and likened Quinn 's dropped plot to Will leaving for Broadway and Rachel disowning her love for Finn : " the fact that none of this happened — and the fact that we know none of it would ever happen — is just another issue I have with the show . I hope that next season , it actually grows a pair . " Finn and Rachel 's date in New York was praised , though not everyone was happy with its ending . Gonzalez liked LuPone 's short guest spot , and hoped it would be " a lesson to producers in how to deal with guest appearances in the future " . Canning said the date had a " sweet comical tone " , and thought the episode was " the best the series has done so far with this couple " . Reiter felt Rachel was making a " false " choice in her refusal of Finn at the end of the date , and wondered " couldn 't she at least have asked him " if he would consider coming to New York . At the competition performance , Poniewozik said of the end of " Pretending " , " I may not be that invested in Finn / Rachel , but the startling moment where the audience disappeared in the middle of their kiss made me feel like I was . " Benigno called the moment " awesome " , and VanDerWerff was also pleased . Those reviewers who singled out the show 's final segment , set after the return to Ohio , did so with compliments . Poniewozik wrote that the episode " did a really fine job handling its epilogue , in which New Directions had their hopes crushed , went back to Lima — and found that it was a pretty awesome experience regardless . Brittany connected with Santana , a brief scene that reminded me how far both characters have come this season . Kurt didn 't get a championship , but he has Blaine , and he has a taste of what life can be like for him after graduation . " Canning said it was a " nice denouement , putting everyone at peace for having failed to reach the top ten at Nationals and getting their hopes high for next year . " Hankinson credited Brittany with some of the funniest lines in the episode as well as the most important scene — in the epilogue with Santana — and he was impressed with her lead vocals throughout . He concluded , " She 's the M.V.P. of the night and possibly the season . " = = = Music and performances = = = The musical performances received a mixed reaction from critics , both as a whole and individually . Poniewozik said the songs " mostly felt like padding , without anything that offered a strong connection of contrast with the story . " VanDerWerff called the music his least favorite element of the episode , and was only complimentary about " Bella Notte " . Brittany 's original song , " My Cup " , was called " light and fun " by Benigno . Kubicek characterized it as " another brilliantly absurd original song " , and Canning said it was a " hilarious performance " . While Brett Berk of Vanity Fair stated that it was " amazingly horrible " , he nevertheless gave it three stars out of five . The mash @-@ up of " I Love New York " and " New York , New York " was typical of the range of reactions songs received . Benigno gave it a " C " and wondered whether it was bad that he " thought this was a joke song before [ he ] realized it was a mash @-@ up " . Gonzalez gave it a " B " and said it was " not [ her ] favorite " . Futterman called it an " infectious , high @-@ speed mash @-@ up " and Hankinson listed it as one of the four favorite songs from the episode , though Kubicek said the on @-@ screen performance " would make any real New Yorker want to kick [ New Directions ] in the shins " . Most reviewers were highly critical of the inclusion of Morrison 's " Still Got Tonight " , the second single from his solo album . VanDerWerff called it " way too self @-@ indulgent " and Kubicek characterized it as " shameless self promotion " . Gonzalez said the song " isn 't half bad " and gave it a " B − " , while Benigno was more generous with a " B + " , despite his belief that it did not belong in the episode . Futterman called it " a generic @-@ sounding pop melody " . The use of " Bella Notte " , by contrast , was generally approved of , though Kubicek thought it was " kind of weird that they weren 't really there " , and Berk gave both of its two stars out of five solely due to the " spectral singers " . VanDerWerff thought the song was " well @-@ performed " , and Benigno gave it a " B + " ; he had a very different take from Kubicek , as he found the imaginary appearance by the male club members hilarious . Although Kurt and Rachel being allowed on the stage of a Broadway theater was deemed improbable in the extreme by many critics , most were willing to suspend disbelief and enjoy their duet of " For Good " . Futterman wrote that the performance brought events " full circle from their season one drama around singing ' Defying Gravity ' . It 's a fitting song for friendship and Kurt and Rachel nail it . " The Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez described it as " so sublime that it could have fit so easily in the cast version of the musical 's CD " . While Benigno wished the song had started two @-@ voice harmony sooner , he gave it an " A − " and called it " friggin ' lovely " . Among the less favorable comments , VanDerWerff felt that the song itself was " pretty weak " . Usher 's " Yeah ! " by an unnamed all @-@ female a cappella group received variant opinions . Aly Semigran of MTV said that the group " nailed " the song , but Benigno found the track and performers annoying and gave it a " D − " . Futterman noted , " the arrangement feels flat and the dancing is overexaggerated " , and Hankinson called this song and the Vocal Adrenaline offering , " As Long As You 're There " , " meh " . The latter song also garnered divergent opinions , from Kubicek 's " neither fun nor interesting " to Gonzalez 's award of an " A + " , her best grade of the show . Futterman wrote that Sunshine handled her ballad with " masterful skill and unbelievable ease " . The two original songs sung by New Directions were rated from excellent to abysmal . Benigno gave each song a " B + " ; he called the duet , " Pretending " , " lovely " . The nicest thing Kubicek wrote of it was that it sounded as if the lyrics had been " written by a lovesick teenage boy " , and he called " Light Up the World " a " trainwreck " . Berk was even harsher : " When the show has carte blanche access to every amazing song in the history of popular music , there 's something terribly humiliating about watching the kids sing this shit tune as their finale , and do so with such desperate conviction . " Gonzalez gave " Light Up the World " a " B + " , but said it sounded a " bit too much " like " Loser Like Me " , and while Benigno thought it had a better melody than " Loser " and also made " much better use of the Gleeks as a whole " , he criticized the chorus for its similarity to " Let It Rock " by Kevin Rudolf . Semigran said it was an " uplifting , if not rather lackluster pop song " , yet Hankinson called it his favorite number in the episode . = = = Chart history = = = Three original songs and two cover versions that were featured in the episode debuted on numerous musical charts . The two original songs sung by the main Glee cast did best , with " Light Up the World " debuting at number thirty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 , on an issue dated for June 11 , 2011 . It sold 86 @,@ 000 copies in the United States in its first week since its release as a digitally downloadable single , and " Pretending " was in fortieth with 79 @,@ 000 sold . The third single , a cover of " For Good " from Wicked , charted at number fifty @-@ eight , and the other cover , the mash @-@ up " I Love New York / New York , New York " , debuted at number eighty @-@ one . The third original song , " As Long As You 're There " , sung by Charice , was number ninety @-@ three . In the Canadian Top 100 , " Light Up the World " debuted at number twenty @-@ six , " Pretending " at number forty , " For Good " at number seventy @-@ nine , and " I Love New York / New York , New York " at number eighty @-@ one . Of the nine songs that were performed in the episode , four were featured on the eighth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 6 : the three original songs , " Light Up the World " , " Pretending " , and " As Long As You 're There " , plus the cover of " Bella Notte " . The album was released the day before the episode aired , and debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 and number one on Billboard 's Soundtracks chart . It sold 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , which was the second @-@ lowest opening sales figure for a Glee release next to the extended play Glee : The Music , The Rocky Horror Glee Show , and lower than the 86 @,@ 000 sold by Glee : The Music Presents the Warblers in its first week the previous month . The album was also at number four on the Billboard Canadian Albums chart .
= USS Saratoga ( CV @-@ 3 ) = USS Saratoga ( CV @-@ 3 ) was a Lexington @-@ class aircraft carrier built for the United States Navy during the 1920s . Originally designed as a battlecruiser , she was converted into one of the Navy 's first aircraft carriers during construction to comply with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 . The ship entered service in 1928 and was assigned to the Pacific Fleet for her entire career . Saratoga and her sister ship , Lexington , were used to develop and refine carrier tactics in a series of annual exercises before World War II . On more than one occasion these included successful surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . She was one of three prewar US fleet aircraft carriers , along with Enterprise and Ranger , to serve throughout World War II . Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Saratoga was the centerpiece of the unsuccessful American effort to relieve Wake Island and was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine a few weeks later . After lengthy repairs , the ship supported forces participating in the Guadalcanal Campaign and her aircraft sank the light carrier Ryūjō during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August 1942 . She was again torpedoed the following month and returned to the Solomon Islands area after repairs were completed . In 1943 , Saratoga supported Allied forces involved in the New Georgia Campaign and invasion of Bougainville in the northern Solomon Islands and her aircraft twice attacked the Japanese base at Rabaul in November . Early in 1944 , her aircraft provided air support during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign before she was transferred to the Indian Ocean for several months to support the British Eastern Fleet as it attacked targets in Java and Sumatra . After a brief refit in mid @-@ 1944 , the ship became a training ship for the rest of the year . In early 1945 , Saratoga participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima as a dedicated night fighter carrier . Several days into the battle , she was badly damaged by kamikaze hits and was forced to return to the United States for repairs . While under repair , the ship , now increasingly obsolete , was permanently modified as a training carrier with some of her hangar deck converted into classrooms . Saratoga remained in this role for the rest of the war and was used to ferry troops back to the United States after the Japanese surrender in August . In mid @-@ 1946 , the ship was a target for nuclear weapon tests during Operation Crossroads . She survived the first test with little damage , but was sunk by the second test . = = Design and construction = = Saratoga was the fifth US Navy ship named after the 1777 Battle of Saratoga , an important victory during the Revolutionary War . She was originally authorized in 1916 as a Lexington @-@ class battlecruiser , but construction was placed on hold so that higher @-@ priority anti @-@ submarine vessels and merchant ships , needed to ensure the safe passage of men and materiel to Europe during Germany 's U @-@ boat campaign , could be built . After the war the ship was extensively redesigned to incorporate improved boiler technology , anti @-@ torpedo bulges , and a general increase in armor protection based on British wartime experiences . Given the hull number of CC @-@ 3 , Saratoga was laid down on 25 September 1920 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden , New Jersey . In February 1922 , before the Washington Naval Conference concluded , the ship 's construction was suspended when she was 28 percent complete . She was ordered to be converted to an aircraft carrier with the hull number CV @-@ 3 on 1 July 1922 . Her displacement was reduced by a total of 4 @,@ 000 long tons ( 4 @,@ 100 t ) , achieved mainly by the elimination of her main armament of eight 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns in four twin gun turrets ( including their heavy barbettes , armor , and other equipment ) . The main armor belt was retained , although it was reduced in height to save weight . The hull generally remained unaltered , as did the torpedo protection system , because they had already been built and it would have been too expensive to alter them . The ship had an overall length of 888 feet ( 270 @.@ 7 m ) , a beam of 106 feet ( 32 @.@ 3 m ) , and a draft of 30 feet 5 inches ( 9 @.@ 3 m ) at deep load . Saratoga had a standard displacement of 36 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 578 t ) , and 43 @,@ 055 long tons ( 43 @,@ 746 t ) at deep load . At that displacement , she had a metacentric height of 7 @.@ 31 feet ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) . Christened by Mrs. Curtis D. Wilbur , wife of the Secretary of the Navy , Saratoga was launched on 7 April 1925 and commissioned on 16 November 1927 , under the command of Captain Harry E. Yarnell . She was nicknamed by her crew Sister Sara and , later , Sara Maru . In 1942 , the ship had a crew of 100 officers and 1 @,@ 840 enlisted men , and an aviation group totaling 141 officers and 710 enlisted men . By 1945 , her crew totaled 3 @,@ 373 , including her aviation group . = = = Flight deck arrangements = = = The ship 's flight deck was 866 feet 2 inches ( 264 @.@ 01 m ) long and had a maximum width of 105 feet 11 inches ( 32 @.@ 28 m ) . Her flight deck was widened forward and extended 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) aft during her refit in mid @-@ 1941 . When built , her hangar " was the largest single enclosed space afloat on any ship " and had an area of 33 @,@ 528 square feet ( 3 @,@ 114 @.@ 9 m2 ) . It was 424 feet ( 129 @.@ 2 m ) long and no less than 68 feet ( 20 @.@ 7 m ) wide . Its minimum height was 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) , and it was divided by a single fire curtain just forward of the aft aircraft elevator . Aircraft repair shops , 108 feet ( 32 @.@ 9 m ) long , were aft of the hangar , and below them was a storage space for disassembled aircraft , 128 feet ( 39 @.@ 0 m ) long . Saratoga was fitted with two hydraulically powered elevators on her centerline . The forward elevator 's dimensions were 30 by 60 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m × 18 @.@ 3 m ) and it had a capacity of 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) . The aft elevator had a capacity of only 6 @,@ 000 pounds ( 2 @,@ 700 kg ) and measured 30 by 36 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m × 11 @.@ 0 m ) . Avgas was stored in eight compartments of the torpedo protection system , and their capacity has been quoted as either 132 @,@ 264 US gallons ( 500 @,@ 670 l ; 110 @,@ 133 imp gal ) or 163 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 620 @,@ 000 l ; 136 @,@ 000 imp gal ) . Saratoga was initially fitted with electrically operated arresting gear designed by Carl Norden that used longitudinal wires intended to prevent the aircraft from being blown over the side of the ship , and transverse wires to slow the aircraft to a stop . This system was authorized to be replaced by the hydraulically operated Mk 2 system , without longitudinal wires , on 11 August 1931 . Four improved Mk 3 units were added in 1934 , giving the ship a total of eight arresting wires and four barriers intended to prevent aircraft from crashing into parked aircraft on the ship 's bow . When the forward flight deck was widened , an additional eight wires were added there to allow aircraft to land over the bow if the landing area at the stern was damaged . The ship was built with a 155 @-@ foot ( 47 @.@ 2 m ) , flywheel @-@ powered , F Mk II aircraft catapult , also designed by Norden , on the starboard side of the bow . This catapult was strong enough to launch a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) aircraft at a speed of 48 knots ( 89 km / h ; 55 mph ) . It was intended to launch seaplanes , but was rarely used ; a 1931 report counted only five launches of practice loads since the ship had been commissioned . It was removed some time after 1936 . Relatively few changes were made during the war to Saratoga 's aircraft @-@ handling equipment . Her crew removed her forward arresting wires in late 1943 , although their hydraulic systems were not removed until her refit in mid @-@ 1944 . At that time she received two Type H hydraulic catapults mounted in her forward flight deck to handle the heavier aircraft entering service . Before the war , plans were made to replace the aft elevator with a 44 @-@ by @-@ 48 @-@ foot ( 13 @.@ 4 m × 14 @.@ 6 m ) model , but manufacturing delays and operational demands prevented this from ever happening . By mid @-@ 1942 , the increasing size and weight of naval aircraft exceeded the capacity of the aft elevator and it was locked in place . It was removed in March 1945 to save weight and the opening in the flight deck was plated over . The machinery for the forward elevator was scheduled to be upgraded before the war , but this was not done until mid @-@ 1944 . A new , 44 @-@ by @-@ 48 @-@ foot lightweight forward elevator identical to those used in the Essex @-@ class carriers was installed in March 1945 . Saratoga was designed to carry 78 aircraft of various types , including 36 bombers , but these numbers increased once the Navy adopted the practice of tying up spare aircraft in the unused spaces at the top of the hangar . In 1936 , her air group consisted of 18 Grumman F2F @-@ 1 and 18 Boeing F4B @-@ 4 fighters , plus an additional nine F2Fs in reserve . Offensive punch was provided by 20 Vought SBU Corsair dive bombers with 10 spare aircraft and 18 Great Lakes BG torpedo bombers with nine spares . Miscellaneous aircraft included two Grumman JF Duck amphibians , plus one in reserve , and three active and one spare Vought O2U Corsair observation aircraft . This amounted to 79 aircraft , plus 30 spares . In early 1945 , the ship carried 53 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters and 17 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers . = = = Propulsion = = = The Lexington @-@ class carriers used turbo @-@ electric propulsion ; each of the four propeller shafts was driven by two 22 @,@ 500 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 16 @,@ 800 kW ) electric motors . They were powered by four General Electric turbo generators rated at 35 @,@ 200 kilowatts ( 47 @,@ 200 hp ) . Steam for the generators was provided by sixteen Yarrow boilers , each in its own individual compartment . Six 750 @-@ kilowatt ( 1 @,@ 010 hp ) electric generators were installed in the upper levels of the two main turbine compartments to provide power to meet the ship 's hotel load ( minimum electrical ) requirements . The ship was designed to reach 33 @.@ 25 knots ( 61 @.@ 58 km / h ; 38 @.@ 26 mph ) , but Lexington achieved 34 @.@ 59 knots ( 64 @.@ 06 km / h ; 39 @.@ 81 mph ) from 202 @,@ 973 shp ( 151 @,@ 357 kW ) during sea trials in 1928 . She carried a maximum of 6 @,@ 688 long tons ( 6 @,@ 795 t ) of fuel oil , but only 5 @,@ 400 long tons ( 5 @,@ 500 t ) of that was usable , as the rest had to be retained as ballast in the port fuel tanks to offset the weight of the island and main guns . Designed for a range of 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , the ship demonstrated a range of 9 @,@ 910 nmi ( 18 @,@ 350 km ; 11 @,@ 400 mi ) at a speed of 10 @.@ 7 knots ( 19 @.@ 8 km / h ; 12 @.@ 3 mph ) with 4 @,@ 540 long tons ( 4 @,@ 610 t ) of oil . = = = Armament = = = The Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair was not convinced when the class was being designed that aircraft could effectively substitute as armament for a warship , especially at night or in bad weather that would prevent air operations . Thus the carriers ' design included a substantial gun battery of eight 55 @-@ caliber Mk 9 eight @-@ inch guns in four twin gun turrets . These turrets were mounted above the flight deck on the starboard side , two before the superstructure , and two behind the funnel , numbered I to IV from bow to stern . In theory the guns could fire to both sides , but it is probable that firing them to port would have damaged the flight deck . They could be depressed to − 5 ° and elevated to + 41 ° . The ship 's heavy anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) armament consisted of twelve 25 @-@ caliber Mk 10 five @-@ inch guns which were mounted on single mounts , three each fitted on sponsons on each side of the bow and stern . No light AA guns were initially mounted on Saratoga , but two twin .50 @-@ caliber ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine gun mounts were installed in 1929 . They were unsuccessful , but only the mount on the roof of Turret II was replaced by two .50 @-@ caliber ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns by 1934 . During the ship 's August 1941 overhaul , four 50 @-@ caliber Mk 10 three @-@ inch AA guns were installed in the corner platforms . Another three @-@ inch gun was added on the roof of the deckhouse between the funnel and the island . In addition , a number of .50 @-@ caliber machine guns were added on platforms mounted on her superstructure . The three @-@ inch guns were just interim weapons until the quadruple 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch gun mount could be fielded , which occurred during a brief refit at the Bremerton Navy Yard in late November 1941 . While receiving temporary repairs at Pearl Harbor in January 1942 , Saratoga 's eight @-@ inch turrets , barbettes and ammunition hoists were removed ; they were replaced by four twin 38 @-@ caliber five @-@ inch dual @-@ purpose gun mounts in February at Bremerton . New barbettes were built and the ammunition hoists had to be returned from Pearl Harbor . The older 25 @-@ caliber five @-@ inch guns were replaced at the same time by eight more dual @-@ purpose guns in single mounts . As the new guns were heavier than the older ones , only two could be added to the corner gun platforms ; the space formerly used by the third gun on each platform was used by an additional quadruple 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch mount . In addition 32 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon were installed , six at the base of the funnel and the others distributed along the sides and rear of the flight deck . When the ship 's repairs were completed in late May , her armament consisted of 16 five @-@ inch guns , nine quadruple 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch gun mounts and 32 Oerlikon 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) guns . After the ship was again torpedoed in August 1942 , her 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch gun mounts were replaced by an equal number of quadruple Bofors 40 mm mounts while she was under repair at Pearl Harbor . Her light anti @-@ aircraft armament was also increased to 52 Oerlikon guns at the same time . In January 1944 a number of her 20 mm guns were replaced by more Bofors guns , many of which were in the positions formerly occupied by the ship 's boats in the sides of the hull . Saratoga mounted 23 quadruple and two twin 40 mm mountings as well as 16 Oerlikon guns when she completed her refit . = = = Fire control and electronics = = = The two superfiring eight @-@ inch turrets had a Mk 30 rangefinder at the rear of the turret for local control , but the guns were normally controlled by two Mk 18 fire @-@ control directors , one each on the fore and aft spotting tops . A 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) rangefinder was fitted on top of the pilothouse to provide range information for the directors . Each group of three 5 @-@ inch guns was controlled by a Mk 19 director , two of which were mounted on each side of the spotting tops . Plans were made before the war to replace the obsolete Mk 19 directors with two heavier Mk 33 directors , one each on the fore and aft five @-@ inch spotting tops , but these plans were cancelled when the dual @-@ purpose guns replaced the main armament in early 1942 . Saratoga received a RCA CXAM @-@ 1 early warning radar in February 1941 during a refit in Bremerton . The antenna was mounted on the forward lip of the funnel with its control room directly below the aerial , replacing the secondary conning station formerly mounted there . She also received two FC ( Mk 3 ) surface fire @-@ control radars in late 1941 , although these were both removed along with her main armament in January 1942 . The new dual @-@ purpose guns were controlled by two Mk 37 directors , each mounting an FD ( Mk 4 ) anti @-@ aircraft gunnery radar . When the 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch guns were replaced by 40 mm guns in 1942 , the directors for the smaller guns were replaced by five Mk 51 directors . A small SC @-@ 1 early warning radar was mounted on the rear lip of the funnel during 1942 . A SG surface @-@ search radar was mounted on the foremast at the same time . During the ship 's refit in January 1944 , her electronics were modernized . The CXAM was replaced by an SK model and the SC @-@ 1 was replaced by an SC @-@ 3 . The forward SG was supplemented by an additional SG @-@ 1 mounted on a short mast at the aft end of the funnel . A lengthier overhaul in mid @-@ 1944 provided the opportunity to revise the radar arrangements . The SK radar was moved to the rebuilt foremast and the forward SG radar was replaced by an SG @-@ 1 mounted at the top of the foremast . An SM @-@ 1 fighter @-@ control radar was mounted in the SK 's former position and new antennas were added to the FD radars to allow them to determine target height . The SC @-@ 3 was replaced by an SC @-@ 4 in early 1945 . = = = Armor = = = The waterline belt of the Lexington @-@ class ships tapered 7 – 5 inches ( 178 – 127 mm ) in thickness from top to bottom and angled 11 ° outwards at the top . It covered the middle 530 feet ( 161 @.@ 5 m ) of the ships . Forward , the belt ended in a bulkhead that also tapered from seven to five inches in thickness . Aft , it terminated at a seven @-@ inch bulkhead . This belt had a height of 9 feet 4 inches ( 2 @.@ 8 m ) . The third deck over the ships ' machinery and magazine was armored with two layers of special treatment steel ( STS ) totaling 2 inches ( 51 mm ) in thickness ; the steering gear was protected by two layers of STS that totaled 3 inches ( 76 mm ) on the flat and 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) on the slope . The gun turrets were protected only against splinters with .75 inches ( 19 mm ) of armor . The conning tower was armored with 2 – 2 @.@ 25 inches ( 51 – 57 mm ) of STS , and it had a communications tube with two @-@ inch sides running from the conning tower down to the lower conning position on the third deck . The torpedo defense system of the Lexington @-@ class ships consisted of three to six medium steel protective bulkheads that ranged from .375 to .75 inches ( 10 to 19 mm ) in thickness . The spaces between them could be used as fuel tanks or left empty to absorb the detonation of a torpedo 's warhead . = = = Structural changes = = = While under repair after being torpedoed in January 1942 , Saratoga received a 7 @-@ foot @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) bulge on the starboard side of her hull . This was primarily intended to increase the ship 's buoyancy , improve stability and allow her full fuel capacity to be utilized . The bulge was estimated to increase her metacentric height by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) and decrease her speed by one @-@ quarter of a knot . It was also used to store additional fuel oil and increased her capacity to a total of 9 @,@ 748 long tons ( 9 @,@ 904 t ) . At the same time , her funnel was shortened by 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) and her tripod foremast was replaced by a light pole mast to reduce her topweight . All of these changes , including the lengthening of the flight deck , increased Saratoga 's full @-@ load displacement in 1945 to 49 @,@ 552 long tons ( 50 @,@ 347 t ) . Her overall length increased to 909 @.@ 45 feet ( 277 @.@ 2 m ) and her beam , at the waterline , to 111 feet 9 inches ( 34 @.@ 1 m ) , too wide to use the Panama Canal . = = Service history = = = = = Inter @-@ war period = = = Saratoga was commissioned one month earlier than her sister ship , Lexington . As the ship was visually identical to Lexington , her funnel was painted with a large black vertical stripe to help pilots recognize her . She began her shakedown cruise on 6 January 1928 and five days later Marc A. Mitscher landed the first aircraft on board . Later that month , the rigid airship Los Angeles was refueled and resupplied when she moored to Saratoga 's stern on 27 January . That same day , the ship sailed for the Pacific via the Panama Canal , although she was diverted briefly en route to carry Marines to Corinto , Nicaragua , before joining the Battle Fleet at San Pedro , California , on 21 February . On 15 September , Captain John Halligan , Jr. relieved the newly promoted Rear Admiral Yarnell . In January 1929 , Saratoga participated in her first fleet exercise , Fleet Problem IX , a simulated attack on the Panama Canal . These exercises tested the Navy 's evolving doctrine and tactics for the use of carriers . The ship was detached from the fleet with only the light cruiser Omaha as escort and made a wide sweep to the south to attack the canal , which was defended by the Scouting Fleet and Lexington , from an unexpected direction . Although the carrier was spotted by two defending ships before she launched her air strike , her aircraft were deemed to have destroyed the canal locks . Saratoga was " sunk " later the same day by an airstrike from Lexington . Captain Frederick J. Horne assumed command on 20 April . The following year , Saratoga and Langley were " disabled " by a surprise attack from Lexington in Fleet Problem X in the Caribbean . Saratoga returned the favor shortly afterward in Fleet Problem XI , further demonstrating the vulnerability of carriers to aerial attack . Following the exercises , Saratoga participated in the Presidential Review at Norfolk , Virginia in May and then returned to San Pedro . Captain Frank McCrary relieved Horne on 5 September 1930 . Saratoga was assigned , together with Lexington , to defend the west coast of Panama against a hypothetical invader during Fleet Problem XII in February 1931 . While each carrier was able to inflict some damage on the invasion convoys , the enemy forces succeeded in making a landing . All three carriers then transferred to the Caribbean to conduct further maneuvers , including one in which Saratoga successfully defended the Caribbean side of the Panama Canal from a staged attack by Lexington . Rear Admiral Joseph M. Reeves baited a trap for Lexington 's captain , Ernest J. King , with a destroyer and scored a kill on Lexington on 22 March while the latter 's aircraft were still searching for Saratoga . The 1932 movie Hell Divers was filmed aboard the ship and starred Wallace Beery and a young Clark Gable as a pair of competing aircraft gunners assigned to VF @-@ 1B . During Grand Joint Exercise No. 4 , Saratoga and Lexington were able to launch an airstrike against Pearl Harbor on Sunday , 7 February 1932 , without being detected . The two carriers were separated for Fleet Problem XIII which followed shortly afterward . Blue Fleet and Saratoga were tasked to attack Hawaii and the West Coast defended by Lexington and the Black Fleet . On 15 March , Lexington caught Saratoga with all of her planes still on deck and was ruled to have knocked out her flight deck and have badly damaged the carrier , which was subsequently judged sunk during a night attack by Black Fleet destroyers . Captain George W. Steele assumed command on 11 July 1932 . While en route from San Diego to San Pedro , the ship briefly ran aground off Sunset Beach , California on 17 August . Captain Rufus F. Zogbaum , Jr . ( son of the famous illustrator ) relieved Steele , who was ordered to immediately retire , on 1 January 1933 . Before Fleet Problem XIV began the following month , the Army and the Navy conducted a joint exercise simulating a carrier attack on Hawaii . Lexington and Saratoga successfully attacked Pearl Harbor at dawn on 31 January without being detected . During the actual fleet problem , the ship successfully attacked targets in and around Los Angeles and San Francisco although she was damaged by opposing ships during the latter attack . Scenes from the 1933 Joe E. Brown film comedy Son of a Sailor were filmed aboard Saratoga and featured flight deck musters of the ships ' company . Fleet Problem XV returned to the Gulf of Panama and the Caribbean in April – May 1934 ; the participating ships of the Pacific Fleet remained in the Caribbean and off the East Coast for more training and maneuvers until they returned to their home bases in November . Captain Kenneth Whiting relieved Zogbaum on 12 June , after the conclusion of the fleet problem . Captain William F. Halsey assumed command on 6 July 1935 after the conclusion of Fleet Problem XVI . From 27 April to 6 June 1936 , she participated in a Fleet Problem in the Panama Canal Zone where she was " sunk " by opposing battlecruisers and later ruled to have been severely damaged by aircraft from Ranger . During Fleet Problem XVIII in 1937 , Saratoga , now under the command of naval aviation pioneer John H. Towers , covered an amphibious assault on Midway Atoll and was badly " damaged " by Ranger 's aircraft . The 1938 Fleet Problem again tested the defenses of Hawaii and , again , aircraft from Saratoga and her sister successfully attacked Pearl Harbor at dawn on 29 March . Later in the exercise , the two carriers successfully attacked San Francisco without being spotted by the defending fleet . Captain Albert Cushing Read relieved Towers in July 1938 . During Fleet Problem XX in 1939 , the carrier remained off the West Coast as part of Task Force ( TF ) 7 with the battleship Arizona and escorts under the command of Rear Admiral Chester Nimitz to maintain a presence in the Pacific . From 2 April to 21 June 1940 , she participated in Fleet Problem XXI , and her aircraft , together with those from Lexington , " damaged " the carrier Yorktown in an early phase of the exercise . From 6 January to 15 August 1941 , Saratoga underwent a long @-@ deferred modernization at the Bremerton Navy Yard that included the widening of her flight deck at her bow and the installation of additional antiaircraft guns and a CXAM @-@ 1 radar . The ship began a refit a few days later that lasted until late November , further revising the anti @-@ aircraft armament and added a FC radar . = = = World War II = = = When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , Saratoga was entering San Diego Harbor to embark her air group , which had been training ashore while the ship was refitting . This consisted of 11 Grumman F4F @-@ 3 Wildcat fighters of VF @-@ 3 ( under the command of Lieutenant Jimmy Thach ) , 43 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers of VB @-@ 3 and VS @-@ 3 , and 11 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bombers of VT @-@ 3 . The ship also was under orders to load 14 Marine Corps Brewster F2A @-@ 3 Buffalo fighters of VMF @-@ 221 for delivery in Oahu . The following morning the ship , now the flagship of Carrier Division One , commanded by Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch , sailed for Pearl Harbor . Saratoga arrived at Pearl on 15 December , refueled , and departed for Wake Island the following day . The ship was assigned to Task Force ( TF ) 14 under the command of Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher ; VF @-@ 3 had been reinforced by two additional Wildcats picked up in Hawaii , but one SBD had been forced to ditch on 11 December . She then rendezvoused with the seaplane tender Tangier , carrying reinforcements and supplies , and the slow replenishment oiler Neches . Saratoga 's task force was delayed by the necessity to refuel its escorting destroyers on 21 December , before reaching the island . This process was prolonged by heavy weather , although the task force could still reach Wake by 24 December as scheduled . After receiving reports of heavy Japanese carrier airstrikes , and then troop landings , TF 14 was recalled on 23 December , and Wake fell the same day . On the return voyage , Saratoga delivered VMF @-@ 221 to Midway on 25 December . The ship arrived at Pearl on 29 December and Fletcher was replaced as commander of Task Force 14 by Rear Admiral Herbert F. Leary the following day . Leary made Saratoga his flagship and Fitch was transferred to a shore command that same day . The task force put to sea on 31 December and patrolled in the vicinity of Midway . Saratoga , about 420 nautical miles ( 780 km ; 480 mi ) southwest of Pearl Harbor on 11 January 1942 , was heading towards a rendezvous with USS Enterprise when she was hit by a torpedo fired by the I @-@ 6 . The explosion flooded three of her boiler rooms , reduced her speed to a maximum of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) and killed six of her crewmen . The ship 's list was soon corrected and she reached Pearl two days later . While undergoing temporary repairs there , her four twin eight @-@ inch gun turrets were removed for installation in shore batteries on Oahu . Saratoga then sailed to the Bremerton Navy Yard on 9 February for permanent repairs . She embarked 10 Wildcats of the VF @-@ 2 Detachment and all of VS @-@ 3 with its Dauntlesses for self @-@ protection on the voyage . While under repair , the ship was modernized with an anti @-@ torpedo bulge , her anti @-@ aircraft armament was significantly upgraded and more radars were added . Douglas was relieved on 12 April and Saratoga was temporarily commanded by her executive officer , Commander Alfred M. Pride , until Captain DeWitt Ramsey assumed command a month later . Saratoga departed from Bremerton on 22 May , bound for San Diego . She arrived there on 25 May and began loading aircraft and supplies while waiting for her task force commander , Admiral Fitch , to arrive from the South Pacific . On 30 May Admiral Nimitz , now commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the United States Pacific Fleet , ordered Captain Ramsey to expedite his departure for Pearl Harbor , even if Fitch had not yet arrived . The ship sailed from San Diego on 1 June carrying 14 Wildcats of VF @-@ 2 Detachment and 23 Dauntlesses of VS @-@ 3 ; in addition she carried four Wildcats , 43 Dauntlesses and 14 Avengers as cargo . She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 6 June , the final day of the Battle of Midway . After refuelling , Saratoga departed the following day with the mission to ferry replacement aircraft to the carriers that survived the battle . The ship carried a total of 47 Wildcats , 45 Dauntlesses , five Devastators and 10 Avengers , including her own air group . Admiral Fletcher ( whose flagship Yorktown had been sunk during the battle ) came aboard on 8 June and made Saratoga his flagship . The ship rendezvoused with the other carriers on 11 June and transferred 19 Dauntlesses , the five Devastators and all of the Avengers to them . When the ship reached Pearl on 13 June , Fletcher and his staff disembarked ; Admiral Fitch rendezvoused with the ship the next day . He became commander of Task Force 11 on 15 June , when Nimitz reorganized his carriers . From 22 through 29 June , Saratoga ferried 18 Marine Dauntlesses of VMSB @-@ 231 and 25 Army Air Corps Curtiss P @-@ 40 Warhawks to Midway Island to replace the aircraft lost during the battle . Fletcher relieved Fitch as commander of TF 11 the following day . = = = = Guadalcanal campaign = = = = In late June 1942 , the Allies decided to seize bases in the southern Solomon Islands with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten the supply and communication routes between the U.S. , Australia , and New Zealand . They also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain . Admiral Nimitz committed much of the Pacific Fleet to the task , including three of his four carrier task forces . They fell under the command of the recently appointed Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley , commander of the South Pacific Area . On 7 July , Task Force 11 departed Pearl for the Southwest Pacific ; it consisted of Saratoga , four heavy cruisers , Astoria , New Orleans , Minneapolis and Vincennes , and was escorted by seven destroyers . Also assigned were three replenishment oilers and four fast transports converted from old four @-@ stack destroyers . The carrier embarked 90 aircraft , comprising 37 Wildcats , 37 Dauntlesses and 16 Avengers . TF 11 and TF 18 , centered around the carrier Wasp , rendezvoused south of Tongatapu on 24 July and they met the remaining forces , including Enterprise 's TF 16 , assigned to Operation Watchtower three days later south of the Fiji Islands . The entire force of 82 ships was organized as Task Force 61 and commanded by Fletcher . On 30 July , Saratoga and the other carriers provided air cover for amphibious landings on Koro Island and practiced air strikes as part of the rehearsals for the planned invasion of Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and nearby islands . The Allied force successfully reached the Solomon Islands without being detected by the Japanese because of thick fog and haze . Saratoga launched 24 Dauntlesses and a dozen Wildcats early on 7 August to attack targets on Guadalcanal . Her air group commander , Commander Harry D. Felt , coordinated the attack over the island , which also included eight Wildcats from Enterprise 's VF @-@ 6 . The aircraft focused on the nearly complete airfield at Lunga and dispersed the two construction battalions building it . This allowed the 1st Marine Division to capture it ( renaming it Henderson Field ) without resistance . For the rest of the day , the carriers provided a combat air patrol ( CAP ) over the transports and themselves while their other aircraft provided air support for the Marines as needed . The Japanese struck back quickly and launched 27 Mitsubishi G4M ( " Betty " ) medium bombers , escorted by 17 Mitsubishi A6M Zero ( " Zeke " ) fighters , against the Allied forces . Among the escorting pilots were several aces such as Tadashi Nakajima , Hiroyoshi Nishizawa , and Saburō Sakai . Failing to spot the carriers , the bombers attacked the transports and their escorts , defended by eight Wildcats from Saratoga 's VF @-@ 5 . The Zeros shot down five Wildcats without losing any of their own , but the Americans shot down at least one G4M and damaged a number of others . The bombers failed to hit any Allied ships . About an hour later , nine Aichi D3A ( " Val " ) dive bombers attacked the transport groups . Also based in Rabaul , they were on a one @-@ way mission with a minimal payload of two small 60 @-@ kilogram ( 132 lb ) bombs each because the distance to Guadalcanal exceeded their combat range ; the pilots were expected to ditch at Shortland Island on the return leg where a Japanese seaplane tender could pick them up . By the time they arrived , the American CAP had been reinforced to 15 Wildcats from VF @-@ 5 and VF @-@ 6 . Realizing that they had been spotted and that they could not reach the vulnerable transports before they were intercepted by the defending fighters , the Japanese attacked two of the escorting destroyers . They lightly damaged one destroyer with a direct hit , but the Americans shot down five of the attackers without loss to themselves . The Japanese attacked the transports again the following day , but none of Saratoga 's aircraft were involved . Concerned about his declining fuel reserves and worried about air and submarine attacks after losing 20 % of his fighters , Fletcher requested permission from Ghormley to withdraw one day early to refuel . This was granted and Fletcher 's carriers were mostly out of range by the morning of 9 August . This meant that the transports lacked air cover , but the only Japanese airstrike of the day specifically targeted the carriers and ignored the transports entirely . Fletcher loitered southeast of the Solomons , waiting for the Japanese carriers that signals intelligence told him were en route to be spotted . He rendezvoused with the aircraft transport Long Island on 19 August and covered her approach to Guadalcanal . The ship was carrying Marine aircraft for Henderson Field and successfully flew them off the next day . Fletcher returned to the Solomons on 21 August after escorting Long Island to safety and remained in the vicinity for the next several days to provide cover for two transports resupplying the Marines . American aircraft shot down several Japanese reconnaissance aircraft during this time and the Japanese concluded that one or more American carriers were operating southeast of Guadalcanal . = = = = = Battle of the Eastern Solomons = = = = = The presence of American carriers nearby firmed up Japanese plans to land troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August , covered by the fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku and the light carrier Ryūjō . A force of Japanese troop transports was detected on the morning of 23 August some 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ; 350 mi ) north of Guadalcanal . Fletcher was not originally inclined to attack them until another force of two transports was spotted at Faisi later that morning . He changed his mind and ordered Saratoga to launch her airstrike of 31 Dauntlesses and six Avengers in the early afternoon at very long range . They could not locate the Japanese convoy in poor visibility because it had reversed course shortly after spotting the American reconnaissance aircraft . The aircraft lacked the range to return to their carrier and they were ordered to land at Henderson Field and return the following morning . The Japanese failed to locate the American carriers during the day and Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo , commander of the First Carrier Division , ordered Ryūjō , escorted by the heavy cruiser Tone and two destroyers , to attack Henderson Field , as per Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto 's orders . American aircraft located the Ryūjō task force the following morning as it approached within aircraft range of Guadalcanal , as well as other enemy ships , but failed to spot the fleet carriers . Fletcher delayed his attack until further reconnaissance aircraft failed to find the other Japanese carriers and his own aircraft returned from Henderson Field . In the meantime , Ryūjō had launched her own airstrike against Henderson Field , although they inflicted little damage while losing seven out of 21 aircraft during the attack . Saratoga launched an airstrike against Ryūjō 's task force in the early afternoon that consisted of 31 Dauntlesses and eight Avengers ; the long range precluded fighter escort . While those aircraft were en route , a number of reconnaissance aircraft from Enterprise spotted and attacked the Japanese formation . They inflicted no damage and the Japanese CAP shot down one Avenger . Saratoga 's aircraft sighted the carrier shortly afterward and attacked . They hit Ryūjō three times with 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 450 kg ) bombs and one torpedo ; the torpedo hit flooded the starboard engine and boiler rooms . No aircraft from either Ryūjō or Saratoga were shot down in the attack . The carrier capsized about four hours later with the loss of 120 crewmen . About an hour after Saratoga launched her airstrike , the Japanese launched theirs once they located the American carriers . Shōkaku contributed 18 D3As and nine Zeros while Zuikaku launched nine D3As and six Zeros . Reconnaissance SBDs from Enterprise spotted the 1st Carrier Division shortly after the Japanese airstrike had taken off and five of Shōkaku 's Zeros stayed behind to deal with the Dauntlesses as they attacked Shōkaku . The Dauntlesses survived the attack by the Zeros , but their spot report was garbled and the enemy 's location could not be understood . This incident prompted Nagumo to launch a follow @-@ on airstrike with 27 D3As and nine Zeros . The first airstrike attacked the ships of TF 16 which was initially defended by fighters from VF @-@ 6 . Once radar spotted the incoming Japanese aircraft , both carriers launched all available fighters . Enterprise was badly damaged by three bomb hits , but the Japanese lost 19 dive bombers and four Zeros to the defending fighters and anti @-@ aircraft fire . They claimed to have shot down a dozen Wildcats although the Americans lost only five , of which two belonged to VF @-@ 5 ; some of the American losses were reportedly due to friendly anti @-@ aircraft fire . In turn , the American fighters claimed to have shot down 52 Japanese aircraft , 15 more than the Japanese committed to the attack . The second Japanese airstrike failed to locate the American carriers . Right before the Japanese attack , Saratoga launched a small airstrike of two Dauntlesses and five Avengers to clear her flight deck and these planes found and damaged the seaplane tender Chitose with near misses that also destroyed three Mitsubishi F1M reconnaissance floatplanes . Two Avengers were forced to make emergency landings , but they shot down one Zero from Shōkaku . After recovering their returning aircraft , the two American carriers withdrew , Enterprise for repairs and Saratoga to refuel the next day . Before the former departed for Tongatapu for temporary repairs , she transferred 17 Wildcats and six Avengers to Saratoga as replacements for the latter 's losses . Fletcher rendezvoused with TF 18 east of San Cristobal on the evening of 26 August and transferred four Wildcats to Wasp the next day to bring the latter 's fighters up to strength . TF 17 , with the carrier Hornet , arrived on 29 August . Two days later , a torpedo from I @-@ 26 struck Saratoga on her starboard side , just aft of the island . The torpedo wounded a dozen of her sailors , including Fletcher , and it flooded one fireroom , giving the ship a 4 ° list , but it caused multiple electrical short circuits . These damaged Saratoga 's turbo @-@ electric propulsion system and left her dead in the water for a time . The heavy cruiser Minneapolis took Saratoga in tow while she launched her aircraft for Espiritu Santo , retaining 36 fighters aboard . By noon , the list had been corrected and she was able to steam under her own power later that afternoon . Saratoga reached Tongatapu on 6 September and flew off 27 Wildcats for Efate once she arrived . The ship received temporary repairs there and sailed for Pearl on 12 September , escorted by the battleship South Dakota , New Orleans and five destroyers . Task Force 11 reached Pearl on 21 September and Saratoga entered drydock the following day for more permanent repairs . Captain Ramsey was promoted on 27 September and replaced by Captain Gerald F. Bogan . Task Force 11 , now commanded by Rear Admiral Ramsey , sailed from Pearl Harbor , bound for Nouméa , New Caledonia , via Viti Levu , Fiji , on 12 November 1942 with Saratoga as his flagship . The other ships of the task force consisted of New Orleans , the fleet oiler Kankakee and six destroyers . The carrier had on board the Wildcats of VF @-@ 6 , Dauntlesses of VB @-@ 3 and VS @-@ 6 , and the Avengers of VT @-@ 3 . The ships dropped anchor in Fiji on 22 November , except for New Orleans , which immediately left for Nouméa , escorted by two destroyers . The cruiser was replaced by the light anti @-@ aircraft cruiser San Juan on 29 November and the task force sailed for Nouméa on 1 December . After they arrived on 5 December , one of Saratoga 's main turbines required repairs which lasted until 13 December . = = = = 1943 = = = = On 23 January 1943 , Saratoga launched 18 Wildcats of VF @-@ 3 , 24 Dauntlesses of VB @-@ 3 and VS @-@ 3 , and 17 Avengers of VT @-@ 3 for Henderson Field , retaining 16 Wildcats and 15 Dauntlesses for self @-@ defense . The next day they attacked the Japanese airfield at Vila , Solomon Islands after it had been bombarded by four Allied light cruisers . The aircraft returned to the carrier without loss later that afternoon . Captain Bogan slipped and badly injured himself on 29 March so Captain Henry M. Mullinnix assumed command on 7 April . With the withdrawal of Enterprise in early May , Saratoga became the only operational American fleet carrier in the South Pacific . Task Force 14 , as her group was now known , was reinforced by the anti @-@ aircraft cruiser San Diego on 3 May and by the British fleet carrier Victorious on 17 May . At this time Saratoga embarked 34 Wildcats of VF @-@ 5 , 37 Dauntlesses of VB @-@ 3 and VS @-@ 3 and 16 Avengers of VT @-@ 8 . Ramsey 's force was intended to provide distant cover for the impending landings on New Georgia and to prevent intervention by any Japanese carriers . The two carriers spent some weeks familiarizing each other with their capabilities and tactics and Ramsey decided to take advantage of each carrier 's strengths . He ordered that the Avengers of 832 Squadron be exchanged for 24 Wildcats from VF @-@ 3 as Victorious had difficulty operating the large Avenger and the British carrier possessed better facilities for coordinating fighter operations than Saratoga ; the latter retained a dozen Wildcats for self @-@ defense and escort duties . Fortunately , Ramsey never got a chance to test his reorganization as the Japanese carriers made no effort to attack the American transports . Ramsey was relieved on 26 July and replaced by Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman . Victorious sailed on 31 July for home and left eleven Avengers behind as reserves for Saratoga . Carrier Air Group 12 was assigned to Saratoga in lieu of Carrier Air Group 3 and flew aboard on 1 August . It was composed of VF @-@ 12 , VB @-@ 12 and VT @-@ 12 ; the fighter and dive bomber squadrons each had 36 aircraft and the torpedo bomber squadron had half that number . Grumman F6F Hellcats replaced the Wildcats formerly used . The task force was redesignated as Task Force 38 on 4 August and Captain John H. Cassady relieved Mullinix on 22 August after the latter was promoted . The ship was based at Havannah Harbor , Efate and Espiritu Santo from August through November . While refueling at sea on the night of 12 October , Saratoga collided with the oiler Atascosa , damaging three of her 20 @-@ millimeter guns on her port side . On 22 October , she was joined by the light aircraft carrier Princeton . On 27 October , Task Force 38 provided air cover for the invasion of the Treasury Islands , part of the preliminary operations for the invasion of Bougainville Island scheduled a few days later . On the morning of 1 November , Saratoga 's aircraft neutralized Japanese airfields at the northern end of the island and on Buka Island . They destroyed 15 Japanese aircraft while losing three Hellcats , one Dauntless , and two Avengers to all causes . While the task force was refuelling on 3 – 4 November , reconnaissance aircraft discovered Japanese cruisers massing at Rabaul and Admiral Halsey ordered Task Force 38 to attack them with maximal force before they could engage the transports at Bougainville . This translated into an attack group of 23 Avengers and 22 Dauntlesses , escorted by every available fighter on board the two carriers on 5 November ; CAP over the carriers was provided by fighters flying from New Georgia . The attack caught the Japanese by surprise and badly damaged four heavy cruisers , two light cruisers , and a destroyer for the loss of only nine aircraft to all causes . Saratoga and Princeton attacked Rabaul again on 11 November in conjunction with three carriers of Task Group 50 @.@ 3 . They attacked first , but inflicted little damage due to poor visibility ; the other carriers were more successful and further damaged the ships at Rabaul . Task Force 38 returned to Espiritu Santo on 14 November . Now known as Task Group 50 @.@ 4 , Saratoga and Princeton were tasked as the Relief Carrier Group for the offensive in the Gilbert Islands . As part of the preliminary operations , they attacked Nauru on 19 November , destroying two fighters and three G4Ms on the ground . As the carriers were withdrawing , they were unsuccessfully attacked by eight more G4Ms , shooting down half of their attackers . TF 50 @.@ 2 was not attacked during the battle and Saratoga transferred a number of her aircraft to replace losses aboard the other carriers before departing for Pearl Harbor on 30 November . She arrived on 4 December and off @-@ loaded her aircraft and stores before proceeding to San Francisco where she arrived on 9 December for a refit and augmentation of her anti @-@ aircraft guns . = = = = 1944 = = = = Saratoga 's refit was completed on 2 January 1944 and she arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 January . The ship , now the flagship of Rear Admiral Samuel Ginder , commander of Task Group 58 @.@ 4 , sailed from Pearl Harbor on 19 January with Langley and Princeton , to support the invasion of the Marshall Islands scheduled to begin on 1 February . Her air group at this time consisted of 36 Hellcats of VF @-@ 12 , 24 Dauntlesses of VB @-@ 12 and eight Avengers of VT @-@ 8 . As part of the preliminary operations , aircraft from the Task Group attacked airfields at Wotje and Taroa on 29 – 31 January , radio stations at Rongelap and Utirik Atoll on 1 February , and then attacked Engebi , the main island at Eniwetok Atoll , from 3 to 6 February , refuelled , and attacked Japanese defenses at Eniwetok again from 10 to 12 February . They provided air support during the entire Battle of Eniwetok which began on 17 February with landings at Engebi and continued until the islands were secured on 24 February . They then protected the Allied forces there until 28 February when land @-@ based aircraft assumed that role . On 4 March , Saratoga departed Majuro with an escort of three destroyers to reinforce the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean and allow it to attack Japanese @-@ controlled territory . She rendezvoused at sea on 27 March with the British force and arrived at Trincomalee , Ceylon , on 31 March . During the next two weeks , the carriers conducted intensive training and rehearsing with the fleet carrier Illustrious for an attack on the port city of Sabang ( Operation Cockpit ) scheduled for 19 April . For this operation , Saratoga mustered 27 Hellcats , 24 Dauntlesses and 18 Avengers . The carrier launched 24 Hellcats , 11 Avengers and 18 Dauntlesses while Illustrious contributed 17 Fairey Barracuda bombers and 13 Vought F4U Corsair fighters . The attack caught the Japanese by surprise and there was no aerial opposition , so the escorts strafed the airfield and destroyed 24 aircraft on the ground . The port facilities and oil storage tanks were heavily damaged and one small freighter was sunk for the loss of one Hellcat to flak . The Japanese attempted to attack the fleet with three G4Ms as it was withdrawing , but the CAP shot down all three bombers . Sailing from Ceylon on 6 May , the task force attacked the oil refinery at Surabaya , Java , on 17 May after refueling at Exmouth Gulf , Australia . Little damage was inflicted on the refinery and only one small ship was sunk for the loss of one of VT @-@ 3 's Avengers . Saratoga was relieved from its assignment with the British the next day and ordered back to Pearl . The ship arrived at Pearl on 10 June and remained for several days before departing for Bremerton to begin an overhaul scheduled to last several months . Captain Cassady was relieved by Captain Thomas Sisson on 22 June although he was only briefly in command before Captain Lucian A. Moebus assumed command on 31 July . Saratoga completed her post @-@ refit sea trials on 13 September and arrived at the Naval Air Station Alameda on 16 September to begin loading 85 aircraft , 1500 passengers and cargo bound for Pearl Harbor . She departed San Francisco two days later and arrived on 24 September . The ship was assigned to Carrier Division 11 which was tasked to train night fighter pilots and to develop night tactics and doctrine . Rear Admiral Matthias Gardner made Saratoga his flagship on 10 October . Four days later , the ship was accidentally rammed by her plane guard destroyer Clark , gashing the port side of her hull . Operations were immediately cancelled and she returned to port for temporary repairs . Permanent repairs were made during a brief refit during the first week of November . Carrier qualification and other training continued through most of January 1945 . = = = = 1945 = = = = On 29 January 1945 , Saratoga departed Pearl Harbor for Ulithi Atoll to rendezvous with the Enterprise and form a night fighter task group ( TG 58 @.@ 5 / Night Carrier Division 7 ) along with Enterprise , to provide air cover for the amphibious landings on Iwo Jima . She arrived on 8 February with the 53 Hellcats and 17 Avengers of Carrier Air Group ( Night ) 53 aboard and sailed two days later . The carrier force carried out diversionary strikes on the Japanese home islands on the nights of 16 and 17 February , before the landings began . Saratoga was assigned to provide fighter cover while the remaining carriers launched the strikes on Japan , but in the process , her fighters raided two Japanese airfields . The force fueled on 18 and 19 February , and the ship provided CAP over Iwo Jima on 19 – 20 February . The following day , Saratoga was detached with an escort of three destroyers to join the amphibious forces and carry out night patrols over Iwo Jima and nearby Chichi Jima . Taking advantage of low cloud cover and Saratoga 's weak escort , six Japanese planes scored five bomb hits on the carrier in three minutes ; three of the aircraft also struck the carrier . Saratoga 's flight deck forward was wrecked , her starboard side was holed twice and large fires were started in her hangar deck ; she lost 123 of her crew dead or missing as well as 192 wounded . Thirty @-@ six of her aircraft were destroyed . Another attack two hours later further damaged her flight deck . Slightly over an hour later , the fires were under control , and Saratoga was able to recover six fighters ; she arrived at Bremerton on 16 March for permanent repairs . Because of Saratoga 's age and the number of modern carriers in service , the Navy decided to modify her into a training carrier . The aft elevator and its machinery were removed , the opening was plated over and the forward elevator was replaced with a larger model . Part of the hangar deck was converted into classrooms . While the ship was still under repair Captain Frank Akers assumed command on 27 April . The post @-@ refit machinery trials on 12 May revealed some problems with one turbine , and an explosion in one 5 @-@ inch gun wounded eleven men and wrecked the mount . The full @-@ power trials were completed on 20 May and a new mount was loaded aboard to be installed at Pearl . The ship sailed for NAS Alameda a few days later where she picked up 60 aircraft , 1 @,@ 200 passengers and some trucks for delivery in Pearl . Saratoga arrived on 1 June and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Ralph F. Jennings , commander of Carrier Division 11 . She resumed carrier qualification training on 3 June until she returned to the dockyard on 10 June for the installation of her replacement five @-@ inch gun mount . Jennings transferred his flag to another carrier from 11 to 30 June . She continued training carrier pilots after the Japanese surrender until 6 September . Over the span of the ship 's 17 @-@ year career , Saratoga 's aviators landed on her deck 98 @,@ 549 times , then the record for the most carrier landings . Saratoga received eight battle stars for her World War II service . After the war , the ship took part in Operation Magic Carpet , the repatriation of American servicemen from the European , Pacific , and Asian theaters . She left Hawaii on 9 September with 3 @,@ 712 Navy officers and enlisted men bound for the United States . In the course of the operation , she returned 29 @,@ 204 veterans , the highest total for any individual vessel . = = = Postwar years = = = Saratoga was surplus to postwar requirements with the large numbers of Essex @-@ class carriers in service , and she was assigned to Operation Crossroads on 22 January 1946 . This was a test conducted at Bikini Atoll to evaluate the effect of the atomic bomb on ships . Captain Stanhope Ring assumed command on 6 March , but was relieved on 2 June by Captain Donald MacMahan . The ship hosted comedian Jack Benny 's radio show on 21 April , while Saratoga was berthed in San Francisco before her departure for Bikini . Operation Crossroads began with the first blast ( Test Able ) , an air burst on 1 July 1946 . Saratoga survived the explosion with only minor damage , including the ignition of the teak of her flight deck . A skeleton crew boarded Saratoga the following day to prepare her for the next test on 25 July . The ship was sunk by Test Baker , an underwater blast which was detonated under LSM @-@ 60 400 yards ( 370 m ) from the carrier . The force of the explosion lifted the vessel out of the water , knocked everything off her flight deck and knocked most of her funnel onto the flight deck . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 August 1946 . In recent years , the submerged wreck , the top of which is only 50 ft ( 15 m ) below the surface , has become a scuba diving destination , one of only three carrier wrecks accessible to recreational divers ( the others are the Oriskany , in the Gulf of Mexico , and HMS Hermes , off Batticaloa in Sri Lanka . ) After a hiatus of several years , dive trips resumed in 2011 . = = Awards and Decorations = =
= Malcolm Hardee = Malcolm Hardee ( 5 January 1950 – 31 January 2005 ) was an English comedian , author , comedy club proprietor , compère , agent , manager and " amateur sensationalist " . His high reputation among his peers rests on his outrageous publicity stunts and on the help and advice he gave to successful British alternative comedians early in their careers , acting as " godfather to a generation of comic talent in the 1980s " . Fellow comic Rob Newman called him " a hilarious , anarchic , living legend ; a millennial Falstaff " , while Stewart Lee wrote that " Malcolm Hardee is a natural clown who in any decent country would be a national institution " and Arthur Smith described him as " a South London Rabelais " and claimed that " everything about Malcolm , apart from his stand @-@ up act , was original " . Though an accomplished comic , Hardee was arguably more highly regarded as a " character " , a compère and talent @-@ spotting booker at his own clubs , particularly The Tunnel Club in Greenwich , South East London , which gave vital and early exposure to up @-@ and @-@ coming comedians during the early years of British alternative comedy . In its obituary , The Times opined that " throughout his life he maintained a fearlessness and an indifference to consequences " and one journalist claimed : " To say that he has no shame is to drastically exaggerate the amount of shame that he has " . In a publicity quote printed in Hardee 's autobiography I Stole Freddie Mercury 's Birthday Cake , Arthur Smith wrote that Hardee had " led his life as though for the perfect autobiography and now he has paid himself the compliment of writing it . " = = Early life = = Hardee was born in Lewisham , South East London , near the River Thames , and came from a long line of lightermen who earned their living on tugs pulling barges on the river . He was the eldest son of Frank and Joan Hardee , spent his first two years in an orphanage while his mother was in hospital with tuberculosis and was educated at three South East London schools – St Stephen 's Church of England primary , Colfe 's School , and Sedgehill comprehensive . Expelled from all three , he drifted into petty crime – stealing Coca @-@ Cola from a local bottling plant , burgling a pawnbrokers and setting fire to a Sunday school piano because he wanted to see " holy smoke " . He served prison sentences for cheque fraud , burglary and escaping custody ; in 1967 , he escaped from Gaynes Hall Borstal dressed as a monk . He also had convictions for arson and once infamously stole a Rolls Royce which he believed belonged to British cabinet minister Peter Walker . ( Walker later wrote to Hardee after reading about this widely reported story and denied it had been his car . ) Hardee decided to turn to showbusiness as a way of staying out of trouble , saying : " There are only two things you can do when you come out of prison and you want immediate employment . You can either be a minicab driver or you can go into showbusiness " and " Prison is like mime or juggling – a tragic waste of time " . = = Acts and stunts = = After coming out of prison in 1977 or 1978 ( sources vary ) , Hardee joined Martin Soan 's The Greatest Show on Legs – at the time , a one @-@ man adult Punch and Judy act . Revamped as a surreal sketch group , The Greatest Show on Legs became a regular at the Tramshed venue in Woolwich , alongside the likes of Rik Mayall and Ade Edmondson . Soon afterwards , in 1979 , The Comedy Store opened in Soho and The Greatest Show on Legs became regulars there , too . Their breakthrough came in 1982 , when they performed their naked balloon dance on Chris Tarrant 's anarchic late @-@ night TV show O.T.T .. In 1987 , as one of his many publicity stunts , Hardee stood for Parliament in the famous Greenwich by @-@ election , 1987 , as the " Rainbow Dream Ticket , Beer , Fags & Skittles Party " candidate , polling 174 votes . He then stood again in the 1992 election in order to publicise his comedy club because the election rules allowed him a free mail shot to all registered voters in the constituency . Hardee regularly appeared in his own shows at the Edinburgh Fringe and arguably his most infamous confirmed stunt there was in 1983 when , performing at The Circuit venue – a series of three adjoining tents in a construction site with a different show in each tent – he became annoyed by what he regarded as excessive noise emanating nightly from Eric Bogosian 's neighbouring performance tent . Hardee obtained a nearby tractor and , entirely naked , drove it across Bogosian 's stage during his performance . Rivalling this stunt in Fringe infamy , in 1989 , Hardee and Arthur Smith wrote a rave 5 @-@ star review of Hardee 's own Fringe show and successfully managed to get it printed in The Scotsman under the byline of the influential newspaper 's comedy critic . At the Fringe in 1996 , The Independent reported that he attempted to sabotage American ventriloquist David Strassman 's Edinburgh show by abducting the act 's hi @-@ tech dummy , holding it to ransom and sending it back to Strassman piece by piece in return for hard cash . The plan failed . Perhaps the most @-@ quoted anecdote concerning Hardee was that , on 9 October 1986 his house was searched by the police – who were looking for crumbs – two days after he and others stole Freddie Mercury 's £ 4 @,@ 000 40th birthday cake . No crumbs were found at the house as he had already by then donated the cake to a local nursing home . He used this incident as the title of his 1996 autobiography I Stole Freddie Mercury 's Birthday Cake which he wrote with John Fleming . In another encounter with the police , Hardee was once questioned by Special Branch officers after being found on the balcony outside government minister Michael Heseltine 's hotel room , wearing nothing but a pair of socks and a leather coat containing £ 5 @,@ 200 in cash and a pack of pornographic playing cards . He had mistaken the room for that of a friend . Collaborator John Fleming said of him that " At home , he occasionally put a live goldfish in his mouth to get attention – I saw him do it twice . It was often said of Malcolm , with a lot of justification , that he never had a stage act – his life was his act . " In his autobiography , Hardee claimed he was the first to attempt the ' banger @-@ up @-@ the @-@ bum ' routine , later perfected and performed by Greatest Show on Legs co @-@ star Chris Lynam , in which a firework ( occasionally a three @-@ stage Roman Candle ) was clenched between the buttocks and lit to a recording of Ethel Merman singing " There 's No Business Like Show Business " . The claim for which Hardee was arguably best known throughout his performing life was that he was said to have " the biggest bollocks in show business " and he became renowned for a rarely performed but vividly unforgettable act in which he would use his own spectacles atop his genitals to create a unique visual impression of French President Charles de Gaulle with his testicles representing the politician 's cheeks ; this act pre @-@ dated the Australian show Puppetry of the Penis by several years . Hardee rarely appeared on television , though he did play minor roles in six Comic Strip TV films and one episode in the first series of Blackadder . = = Clubs = = Hardee was also renowned as a talent spotter and owner of clubs which gave vital early exposure to up @-@ and @-@ coming comedians including Charlie Chuck , Alan Davies , Harry Enfield , Harry Hill , Paul Merton , Vic Reeves , Frank Skinner , Johnny Vegas and Jo Brand , with whom he had a two @-@ year affair and whom he persuaded to become a comedian . He hosted the first @-@ ever outing of the new circus group Ra @-@ Ra Zoo , who performed comedy mime to a , for once , silenced audience . He also worked for a time as the manager of Jerry Sadowitz and was an occasional promoter and tour manager for his friend and neighbour Jools Holland . His most infamous venue was The Tunnel Club , which he opened in 1984 next to the southern exit from the Blackwall Tunnel in Greenwich , South East London . He would sometimes introduce inexperienced stand @-@ ups to audiences with the nerve @-@ jangling line : " This next act 's probably a bit shit " but , once their performance was finished , he would often comfort those he thought showed promise with backstage words of encouragement and urge them to try again . His advice to comics who were concerned that a joke might be offensive to an audience was : " If you think it ’ s funny , then fuck ’ em . " At his weekly Sunday Night at the Tunnel Palladium shows , sometimes even experienced and accomplished comedians failed to complete a whole set against the unforgiving crowd and razor @-@ sharp heckling . It was at the Tunnel Club that comedian Jim Tavare once began his act with the unwise opener , " Hello , I 'm a schizophrenic " – to be met with the lightning rejoinder from a heckler in that night 's audience , " Well , you can both fuck off then ! " The Tunnel closed in 1988 and , in 1991 , Hardee opened the Up The Creek comedy club in Creek Road , Greenwich . In an upstairs bar at the club was a mural commissioned by Hardee as a parody of Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper . It showed Hardee as Christ with Jo Brand , Julian Clary and other famous British comedians as the Disciples including Ben Elton as Judas Iscariot . In 2001 , after he sold his percentage in Up The Creek , Hardee took over a floating pub , The Wibbley Wobbley , on a converted Rhine pleasure cruiser in Greenland Dock , Rotherhithe , by the River Thames . = = Death and legacy = = On 2 February 2005 , Hardee 's body was recovered from Greenland Dock , after he was reported missing from The Wibbley Wobbley on 31 January ; he had been last seen late @-@ night on 30 January . A post @-@ mortem soon confirmed he had drowned . In an inquest at Southwark Coroner 's Court on 20 July , Coroner John Sampson recorded a verdict of accidental death . It had been assumed in several reports of his death that , while trying to make his way home by dinghy from The Wibbley Wobbley to his houseboat The Sea Sovereign just fifteen yards away across Greenland Dock , Hardee had lost his balance and drowned while drunk . But the Coroner found that , whilst attempting to access The Sea Sovereign from the quayside , Hardee had fallen into the dock while drunk . Police constable Martin Spirito told the court that , on 2 February : " The search commenced at 10.00am. At 10.24am one of the officers came up and said he had found a lifeless body . I followed the officer 's line down . Six metres down I saw a white male . The male had a bottle of beer clenched in his right hand . " Police sergeant Roy Dawson , in charge of overseeing the dive , told the court : " The bottle was held in his right hand . It fell from his hand on the ascent . " Hardee 's date of death is usually said to be 31 January , although Coroner John Sampson said , " He was last seen on the quayside outside the Wibbly Wobbly public house at about 6am on Sunday January 30 " . About 700 people attended his funeral at St Alfege 's Church in Greenwich – and it was one of the few funerals ever to get rave reviews the following day in both The Daily Telegraph and The Sun newspapers . Jo Brand , Arthur Smith , Stewart Lee and his son Frank Hardee all delivered eulogies , and the musician Jools Holland played the piano . He was cremated at Hither Green in South East London . In June 2005 , there were two tribute shows at the Glastonbury Festival ; in July , a BBC Radio 4 documentary tribute ; and , in August , two tribute shows at the Edinburgh Fringe . There were five @-@ hour tribute shows at the Hackney Empire theatre in London on 5 February 2006 and 28 January 2007 to commemorate the anniversary of his death . = = The Annual Malcolm Hardee Awards = = The Malcolm Hardee Award for Comic Originality is given annually at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival " for comic originality of thought or performance " . It is said that it will be presented until 2017 . Winners so far have been : 2005 – Reggie Watts 2006 – no award presented 2007 – Doktor Cocacolamcdonalds 2008 – Edward Aczel ( nominees : Edward Aczel , Aindreas de Staic , The Fringe Box Office , Peter Buckley Hill , Otto Kuhnle ) 2009 – Otto Kuhnle ( nominees : Three Gaga Heads , Tim Key , Otto Kuhnle , Joey Page , George Ryegold ) 2010 – Robert White ( nominees : Dr Brown , Bo Burnham , Lewis Schaffer , Bob Slayer , Robert White ) 2011 – Johnny Sorrow ( nominees : Dr Brown , James Hamilton , Bob Slayer , Johnny Sorrow ) 2012 – The Rubberbandits ( nominees James Hamilton , The Rubberbandits , Simon Munnery ) 2013 – Adrienne Truscott ( nominees Ursula Burns , Red Bastard , Adrienne Truscott ) 2014 - Candy Gigi ( nominees The Birdmann , Michael Brunström , Candy Gigi ) 2015 - Michael Brunström ( nominees Michael Brunström , Richard Gadd , The Story Beast , Mr Twonkey ) The Malcolm Hardee Cunning Stunt Award is given for the best Fringe publicity stunt of the year . Winners so far have been : 2008 – Gill Smith , awarded retrospectively in 2009 , for nominating herself for a Malcolm Hardee award and putting " Malcolm Hardee Award Nominee " on her posters 2009 – Lewis Schaffer , after convincing several publications he was sponsoring the Edinburgh Comedy Awards ( or " Lewies " ) for the modest sum of £ 99 ( nominees : Lewis Schaffer , Shed Simove , Oliver Moore , Jennifer Warren and Charlotte Jo Hanbury ) 2010 – Stewart Lee , for successfully encouraging people to vote for little @-@ known Japanese act Frank Chickens in a poll for best fringe performer ( nominees : Stewart Lee , Manos The Greek , Arthur Smith ) 2011 – Kunt and the Gang and Bob Slayer , for getting fans to put stickers depicting penises on the posters of rival acts ( nominees : Tim FitzHigham , Kunt and the Gang , Sanderson Jones ) 2012 – Stuart Goldsmith , for YouTube videos about the censorship of his show Prick ( nominees Nathan Cassidy , Chris Dangerfield , Stuart Goldsmith ) 2013 – Barry Ferns ( nominees Barry Ferns , Richard Herring , Lewis Schaffer , Gareth Morinan ) 2014 – Christian Talbot and daughter Kate ( nominees Luke McQueen , Mark Dean Quinn , Christian Talbot ) 2015 - Matt Roper ( nominees Miss Behave , Matt Roper , Abigoliah Schamaun ) The Malcolm Hardee ' Act Most Likely to Make a Million Quid ' Award was started in 2010 2010 – Bo Burnham ( nominees : Bo Burnham , Greg Davies ) 2011 – Benet Brandreth ( nominees : Benet Brandreth , Josh Widdicombe ) 2012 – Trevor Noah ( nominees Tim FitzHigham , Trevor Noah , The Rubberbandits ) 2013 – No award presented 2014 – Luisa Omielan ( nominees Luisa Omielan , Peter Buckley Hill ( would have won ' The Malcolm Hardee ' Act Least Likely to Win a Million Quid ' Award ’ ) ) 2015 - Laurence Owen ( nominees Sarah Callaghan , Phil Ellis , Laurence Owen , Al Porter ) The Malcolm Hardee ‘ Pound of Flesh ' Award was given in 2013 to an act which created " the kind of publicity money cannot – and perhaps should not – buy " 2013 – Gareth Ellis ( and Richard Rose ) = = Writing = = I Stole Freddie Mercury 's Birthday Cake ( autobiography ; co @-@ writer John Fleming ) Fourth Estate , 1996 . ISBN 1 @-@ 85702 @-@ 385 @-@ 4 . Sit @-@ Down Comedy ( anthology , ed Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming ) Ebury Press / Random House , 2003 . ISBN 0 @-@ 09 @-@ 188924 @-@ 3 . Hardee also wrote a number of columns in comedy magazines in which he gave tips and told anecdotes about life as a comic . = = = Obituaries and reports of his death = = =
= Utah State Route 143 = State Route 143 ( SR @-@ 143 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah . The entire highway has been designated the Brian Head @-@ Panguitch Lake Scenic Byway as part of the Utah Scenic Byways program . This road has also been designated as Utah 's Patchwork Parkway as part of the National Forest Scenic Byway program . At just over 51 miles ( 82 km ) long , it connects Parowan to Panguitch while providing access to Brian Head , Cedar Breaks National Monument , and Panguitch Lake . It is also the second @-@ highest paved road in the state at 10 @,@ 626 feet ( 3 @,@ 239 m ) above sea level . The western section of the road from Parowan started as a logging road for nineteenth century Mormon pioneers and was designated a state highway in 1933 . Twenty years later , the route was extended to Cedar Breaks National Monument , and again in 1985 to its present @-@ day eastern end in Panguitch . = = Route description = = State Route 143 begins at Interstate 15 in Iron County just west of Parowan as 200 South and travels through the center of town before turning south into Parowan Canyon . From here , the route climbs past the Vermillion Cliffs , named for their reddish color produced by iron oxides . Farther up the canyon , the highway passes by the White Cliffs as it enters Dixie National Forest , and begins a steep climb up to Brian Head . With the grade reaching 13 % in places , precipitous enough that travel by RVs or semi trucks is not recommended . As the route climbs onto the Markagunt Plateau at an elevation of nearly 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , it enters the town of Brian Head , Utah 's highest incorporated city and the home of Utah 's highest ski resort , Brian Head Ski Resort . From the top of this plateau , vistas open up allowing for views of over 100 miles ( 160 km ) in every direction . The area is populated with Engelmann spruces , aspens , and alpine meadows full of wildflowers . SR @-@ 143 continues climbing southward , passing the northern edge of Cedar Breaks National Monument , a natural amphitheater canyon eroded out of the western edge of the plateau similarly to Bryce Canyon . Here , the route reaches its highest point at 10 @,@ 626 feet ( 3 @,@ 239 m ) above sea level , the second @-@ highest paved road in Utah behind the Mirror Lake Highway at 10 @,@ 715 feet ( 3 @,@ 266 m ) . The route turns to the east here , while continuing south leads to the rest of Cedar Breaks National Monument and State Route 148 ( the Cedar Breaks Scenic Byway ) . As the highway heads east , it descends through thick aspen forests interspersed with ancient lava fields . Distant views to the Escalante Mountains , Sevier Plateau , and the Pink Cliffs of Paunsaugunt Plateau are visible to the south and east . On this leg of the route , it passes around the south and east sides of Panguitch Lake , which is popular for summertime fishing as well as winter ice fishing . SR @-@ 143 continues its descent , heading northeast alongside Panguitch Creek as it enters Garfield County and exits Dixie National Forest . The route ends at U.S. Route 89 in the city of Panguitch , 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Bryce Canyon National Park and just east of the Paunsaugunt Plateau . = = History = = = = = Early roads = = = Archaic hunter @-@ gatherers used this route as far back as the Fremont culture ( AD 700 – 1300 ) . Evidence of their passage is found along the roadway in the form of rock art . More recently , around the time of European settlement , the area was inhabited by the Southern Paiute people who used much of the Markagunt Plateau for hunting and gathering . The town of Parowan was settled in 1851 by Mormon pioneers , who built a wagon road up Parowan Canyon to access timber for buildings . Eventually , this road extended south to Cedar Breaks . In 1919 , S. A. Halterman took the first automobile to Cedar Breaks via Parowan Canyon . With improvements to the road completed by 1921 , he was able to take visitors on weekly trips to the area . = = = Parowan to Cedar Breaks = = = State Route 143 was first commissioned in 1933 as the road from Parowan to the Dixie National Forest boundary . The route was extended in 1953 to reach from U.S. Route 91 ( former State Route 1 ) in Parowan ( Main Street ) to the north boundary of Cedar Breaks National Monument , increasing its length to over 17 miles ( 27 km ) . The construction of Interstate 15 ( I @-@ 15 ) in the Parowan area caused the state legislature to twice modify the alignment of SR @-@ 143 . The first change came in 1968 , due to I @-@ 15 being constructed to bypass Parowan west of town , rather than following the route of US @-@ 91 / SR @-@ 1 through the center of town . As a result , the state legislature moved SR @-@ 1 west onto the interstate alignment while keeping the old alignment in the state highway system . This was accomplished by designating the former southwestern part of SR @-@ 1 from I @-@ 15 at Summit to Center street in Parowan as a new highway ( SR @-@ 38 ) and extending SR @-@ 143 through north Parowan up to I @-@ 15 , incorporating the northwestern part of the former SR @-@ 1 alignment . In 1975 , the construction of I @-@ 15 was complete , including a second Parowan interchange that had not been in the original plans . This interchange was located west of Parowan , between the Summit interchange to the southwest , and the Parowan interchange to the north . In response , the legislature rerouted SR @-@ 143 to connect to the west interchange . Instead of turning north on Main Street , SR @-@ 143 now turned south on Main Street for two blocks ( coinciding with SR @-@ 38 ) and turned west to reach the new interchange . The two blocks of Main Street overlapping SR @-@ 38 were transferred to SR @-@ 143 , with the remainder of that route deleted and withdrawn from the state highway system . The former route of SR @-@ 143 northerly through Parowan was re @-@ designated SR @-@ 274 . = = = Cedar Breaks to Panguitch = = = The other end of SR @-@ 143 has undergone route changes as well . Prior to 1969 , SR @-@ 55 connected SR @-@ 14 with the southern boundary of Cedar Breaks National Monument . That year , as part of a major realignment of state highways , SR @-@ 55 was deleted and its road was designated as part of SR @-@ 143 . This left SR @-@ 143 as a non @-@ contiguous highway , as the portion going through the national monument was not part of the highway designation . In 1985 , the southern portion of SR @-@ 143 between SR @-@ 14 and the southern Cedar Breaks National Monument boundary was re @-@ designated SR @-@ 148 , and Panguitch Lake Road from the eastern monument boundary to US @-@ 89 in Panguitch was added to SR @-@ 143 . In this same legislative resolution , there was a provision that the portion of the route alignments inside the boundaries of the national monument would be included as part of the state highway system once the Utah Department of Transportation was granted a right @-@ of @-@ way easement from federal authorities . In 1994 , the legislative description of SR @-@ 143 was updated to reflect that this easement had been granted . Interestingly , SR @-@ 148 still ends at the south boundary of the national monument . The route was designated as a Utah Scenic Byway called Brian Head @-@ Panguitch Lake Scenic Byway in 1989 , and as a Forest Service Byway called Utah 's Patchwork Parkway in 2000 . It is also currently being considered for nomination as a federal All @-@ American Road . = = Major intersections = =
= Richard Coote , 1st Earl of Bellomont = Richard Coote , 1st Earl of Bellomont ( sometimes spelled Bellamont , 1636 – 5 March 1700 / 01 ) , known as The Lord Coote between 1683 @-@ 89 , was a member of the English Parliament and a colonial governor . Born in Ireland , he was an early supporter of William and Mary , siding with them in the Glorious Revolution . In 1695 he was given commissions as governor of the provinces of New York , Massachusetts Bay , and New Hampshire , which he held until his death . He did not arrive in the New World until 1698 , and spent most of his tenure as governor in New York . He spent a little over a year in Massachusetts , and only two weeks in New Hampshire . His time in New York was marked by divisive politics resulting from Leisler 's Rebellion ( 1689 – 1691 ) , and difficult and ultimately unsuccessful negotiations to keep the Iroquois from engaging in peace talks with New France . Frontier issues were also in the forefront during his time in Massachusetts and New Hampshire , where lumber and security from the Abenaki threat dominated his tenure . He was a major financial sponsor of William Kidd , whose privateering was later deemed to have descended into piracy . Bellomont engineered the arrest of Kidd in Boston , and had him returned to England , where he was tried , convicted , and hanged . = = Early life and career = = Richard Coote was born in Ireland in 1636 . He was the second son , but the first to survive infancy , of Richard Coote , third son of Sir Charles Coote , 1st Baronet , and Mary , daughter of Sir George St George . His father was created Baron Coote of Coloony in 1660 ( on the same day as his uncle was created Earl of Mountrath ) , and he succeeded his father as Baron Coote on the latter 's death on 10 July 1683 . Little is recorded of his early years . In 1677 he is known to have killed a man in a duel for the affections of a young lady . He did not marry her , however , and in 1680 he married Catherine , the daughter of Bridges Nanfan and the eventual heir to Birtsmorton Court in Worcestershire . They had two sons . Following the accession of the pro @-@ Catholic James II to the English throne , Coote , a Protestant , moved to the Continent and served as a captain of horse in the Dutch army . Because of the family 's record of service to Charles II , his absence from court eventually drew the king 's attention , and he was summoned back to court in 1687 . He was one of the first to join William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that brought William and Mary to the throne . He was rewarded for this loyalty with an appointment as Treasurer to the Queen in 1689 , a post he held until 1694 . It also drew unfavourable attention in the Irish Parliament . That body , still under the influence of James , attainted him and seized his lands . As a result of this , William on 2 November 1689 created him Earl of Bellomont , and granted him over 77 @,@ 000 acres ( 31 @,@ 000 ha ) of forfeited Irish lands . The land grant was highly controversial in Parliament , and was eventually rescinded by William . He was also rewarded with the governorship of County Leitrim . Bellomont was Member of Parliament for Droitwich from 1688 to 1695 . In the 1690s he became involved in the attempts by Jacob Leisler 's son to clear his father 's name . Leisler had been a leading force in the New York rebellion against the Dominion of New England established by King James . Upon the arrival of Henry Sloughter as governor of New York , Leisler was arrested , tried , and executed for treason , and his properties were seized . Leisler 's son Jacob Jr. traveled to England to argue the case for restoration of the family properties . Bellomont sat on the Parliamentary committee that examined the evidence , and spoke in Parliament in support of the Leisler 's case . He strongly stated his view that Leisler and son @-@ in @-@ law Jacob Milborne had been " barbarously murdered " by Sloughter 's actions in a letter to Massachusetts colonial agent Increase Mather . Young Leisler 's efforts were successful : Parliament voted to reverse the attainder , and ordered that the family properties be restored . = = Colonial governor = = The death in 1695 of Sir William Phips vacated the governorship of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Colonial agents lobbied to select either Wait Winthrop or Joseph Dudley , both native sons , to replace Phips , but the king , wanting someone who would better represent crown authority , selected Bellomont . Since William wanted someone who could exert authority over more of New England , he was also given the governorships of New Hampshire , and New York . The major concern that Bellomont was instructed to address was ongoing problems with piracy , including the open commerce with pirates that went on in New York City and Rhode Island . Bellomont 's commissions were not finalized until 1 June 1697 . While they were being worked on , New York colonial agent Robert Livingston proposed to Bellomont that a privateer be outfitted to combat piracy , and recommended William Kidd be its captain . This scheme received the assent of King William , who issued a letter of marque to Kidd for the purpose , as well as a special commission for dealing with pirates . Bellomont raised £ 6 @,@ 000 ( including £ 1 @,@ 000 of his own money , and funds from some of the Lords of the Admiralty ) to outfit Kidd 's ship . = = = New York = = = Bellomont sailed for New York in late 1697 , accompanied by his wife and her cousin , John Nanfan , who had been appointed Lieutenant Governor of New York . The voyage was exceptionally stormy , and Bellomont 's ship was blown well south , eventually putting into Barbados before continuing on to New York . He arrived in New York City on 2 April 1698 . Bellomont 's stylish dress , good looks , and positive relationship with the king predisposed New Yorkers to like him , but he very quickly ran into difficulties and began making enemies . His attempts to enforce the Navigation Acts predictably turned merchants and traders against him . These attempts were also poorly executed by colonial officials whose interests lay more with those merchants than they did with the crown . He raised the anger of Leisler 's opponents by implementing the parliamentary act he had helped pass , and saw through the restoration of Leisler 's properties . There was so much opposition within his council to this that he ended up purging the council of those opposed . Bellomont also approved the exhumation of the remains of Leisler and his son @-@ in @-@ law Jacob Milborne , which had been unceremoniously buried under the gallows from which they had been hanged . He sanctioned a proper burial , and provide an honour guard of 100 soldiers for the service . Bellomont 's support of the Leislerians proved to be costly , not just in terms of New York politics , but in Indian diplomacy as well . Benjamin Fletcher , Bellomont 's predecessor in office , had taken advantage of the long period between Bellomont 's appointment and arrival to make some questionable land grants , including extended leases to properties normally allocated for the governor 's use , and in territories that were still claimed by the Iroquois . When the provincial assembly passed a law retracting all of these irregular grants , it predictably angered a number of large landowners . Land grants made in Iroquois territory to Godfridius Dellius , the influential pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church in Albany , and others were a specific subject of Iroquois complaints . Even though Bellomont 's law was passed , the grantees appealed to the Board of Trade , and the bill never received royal assent . Bellomont denied Dellius and other anti @-@ Leislerians positions of importance in dealing with the Iroquois , resulting in the loss of experienced negotiators . This affected internal Iroquois politics , since supporters of interaction with the English lost influence when their English counterparts were sidelined . This came at a particularly delicate time , when Bellomont was working to strengthen the Covenant Chain that had been neglected by Fletcher . After the Treaty of Ryswick ended war between the French and English in 1697 , the French continued to make war on the Iroquois ( primarily through their Algonquian allies in the Great Lakes region ) , and inflicted significant casualties on them . The Iroquois sought the assistance of the English to combat this , threatening to make peace with the French if they did not receive help . Bellomont and French Governor General Louis @-@ Hector de Callière both claimed dominance over the Iroquois , and each refused to acknowledge the other 's right to intercede on their behalf . When Callière summoned the Iroquois to Montreal for negotiations in 1699 , Bellomont was alerted , and successfully manoeuvred the Iroquois into not going by sending an emissary to Montreal and troops to Albany under Lieutenant Governor Nanfan . The English emissary was unsuccessful in swaying the French from their course of action , and French @-@ allied Algonquians made incursions deep into Iroquois territory in 1700 . In negotiations with the Iroquois , Bellomont overlooked some of the social elements that Iroquois customs demanded , with the result that the parties ended with differing views of how successful their councils were . Bellomont believed they went well , even though it was fairly clear that the Iroquois negotiators were unhappy with how the discussion had gone . He promised them the construction of a fort at Onondaga , and even convinced the legislature to appropriate £ 1 @,@ 000 for its construction , but the Iroquois were evasive on accepting this " gift " , and never showed English engineers suitable locations for a fort . Bellomont 's attempts to prevent the Iroquois from dealing with the French were negated by the French military successes of 1700 , which brought the Iroquois to a peace council that resulted in the 1701 Great Peace of Montreal . = = = Massachusetts and New Hampshire = = = In May 1699 Bellomont sailed for Boston . Bellomont spent 14 months in New England in 1699 and 1700 , spending a few weeks of that time in New Hampshire and the rest in Massachusetts . In Massachusetts he was treated politely , but his attempts to implement the crown 's policies ran into trouble , as they had in New York . He was refused a salary by the colonial legislature , although the " gift " of £ 1 @,@ 000 he received was more than that typically given other governors of the province . The legislature also made repeated attempts to limit appeals to London of judicial decisions handed down by provincial courts . Bellomont , as he was required to do , forwarded laws passed by the legislature to the Board of Trade for approval ; these laws were repeatedly struck down because of provisions that attempted to limit royal prerogatives . He also sided politically against Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton , who was an ally of Joseph Dudley , a Massachusetts native who had presided over the trial of Jacob Leisler . Instead he took council with the populist leader Elisha Cooke , Sr. Not long after his arrival in Boston , Bellomont engineered the arrest of William Kidd . Rumors had reached the colonies that Kidd had descended into piracy , and he came to be viewed by Bellomont and the other high @-@ profile investors in Kidd 's ship as a liability . In November 1698 the Admiralty issued orders to all colonial governors to apprehend Kidd . When he was informed by an agent of Kidd 's in June 1699 that Kidd was in the area , Bellomont sent a message back to Kidd , promising clemency . Kidd responded that he would come , sending some of his treasures as a present to Lady Bellomont ; she refused them . After Kidd 's arrival in Boston on 3 July , Bellomont demanded from Kidd a written account of his travels , which Kidd , after haggling over the time , agreed to deliver on the morning of 6 July . When he did not do so , Bellomont issued a warrant for his arrest . It was executed as Kidd was en route to see Bellomont at midday the same day . Kidd then attempted to negotiate his freedom , using the secret locations of his treasure and a captured prize ship as bargaining chips . Although a portion of Kidd 's treasure was recovered , it did not buy Kidd 's freedom , and he was shipped to London in April 1700 , where he was tried , convicted , and hanged . In contrast to the relative secrecy with which he conducted some of his communications with Kidd , Bellomont was scrupulous in his dealings with other potentially questionable merchant and pirate business , despite being offered as much as £ 5 @,@ 000 to overlook illicit activities . Matters of frontier security and the lumber trade dominated his brief administration in New England . New England was recognized as an important source of ship masts for the Royal Navy , and the Board of Trade and the Admiralty sought to reserve suitable trees for the crown 's benefit . In both provinces he encountered opposition to entrenched land and timber interests that resented the intrusion of surveyors onto their lands , and interfered with their taking of lumber from lands that had not been granted and were thus reserved to the crown . In New Hampshire the timber dispute was overlaid by ongoing disputes between local landowners and Samuel Allen , a London merchant who had acquired the territorial claims of the heirs of John Mason , the province 's founder , and was pursuing them against those landowners . Allen , who had been commissioned governor of the province in 1692 , only came to the colony in 1698 to take a direct interest in its affairs . During Bellomont 's brief visit to New Hampshire in July and August 1699 , Allen attempted to buy him to his side . Allen offered his daughter ( with a large dowry ) as a marriage match for the earl 's son ; Bellomont refused the offer . = = = Abenaki relations = = = The frontier situation that Bellomont encountered during his time in Massachusetts and New Hampshire was somewhat tense , because the Abenaki of northern New England ( like the Iroquois in New York ) had not been involved in the Treaty of Ryswick that ended King William 's War . In the aftermath of the war they and the settlers of Maine and New Hampshire were extremely mistrustful of one another . The Abenaki felt threatened by English encroachment on their lands , and the settlers feared a return to significant French @-@ inspired raiding of their settlements . Bellomont issued proclamations to distribute among the Abenaki denying plans to take their lands , but was unable to ease the underlying tensions . One reason for this was his naive assumption that Abenaki concerns were rooted in a French Catholic conspiracy . When English negotiators attempted to separate the Abenaki from their Jesuit missionaries , this upset ongoing trade negotiations , and did nothing to assuage Puritan New England concerns over the activities of " Popish Emissaries " intriguing to make war on them . The colonial legislature passed a law banning Roman Catholics from territory claimed by the province , which included Abenaki territory claimed by Governor Sir William Phips in 1693 . Bellomont engaged in fruitless attempts to convince the eastern Abenaki to migrate west , where they would come under Iroquois influence ; this was unsuccessful , in part because the Abenaki and Iroquois had a history of conflict . Despite these difficulties , he managed to achieve a precarious peace with the Abenaki in January 1699 . Abenaki relations were also complicated by misunderstandings about sovereignty . The Abenaki viewed themselves as sovereign , while the English believed them to be subjects , either to themselves or to the French . A prisoner exchange involving English held by the Abenaki and Indians held by the English was frustrated when Bellomont believed that it would be sufficient to negotiate with his counterpart in Quebec to obtain the release of the English prisoners . = = Return to New York and death = = He returned to New York in 1700 , where he resumed actions against piracy and illegal shipping . Following a conference with the Iroquois at Albany in early 1700 / 1 ( which Bellomont characterized as " greatest fatigue [ I ] ever underwent " ) , he returned to New York City , where he succumbed to a severe case of gout on 5 March 1700 / 01 . He was buried in the chapel of Fort William . When the fort was dismantled , his remains were moved to the yard of St. Paul 's Chapel . Lieutenant Governor Nanfan acted as New York 's governor until the arrival of Lord Cornbury in 1702 . Nanfan , during his brief tenure , reached the peace agreement that eluded Bellomont . In an agreement negotiated later in 1701 , the Iroquois signed an agreement putting their westernmost territorial claims ( spanning from present @-@ day Erie , Pennsylvania to Chicago and northern Michigan ) under the English crown 's protection . = = Family , titles , and legacy = = Bellomont 's eldest son , Nanfan , Lord Coloony , succeeded to the earldom on his death . His second son Richard , succeeded in turn as 3rd earl on his elder brother 's death . On the 3rd earl 's death without surviving male heirs , the earldom became extinct , while the barony devolved on his cousin , Sir Charles Coote , who was later also created Earl of Bellomont . He died without male issue , and all of the titles were then extinguished . Bellomont 's rule in New York was not remembered fondly . One political opponent , noting that the provincial debt rose substantially during his tenure , wrote that the memory of Bellomont " will stink in the nostrills of all good men " , and Robert Livingston reported that the debt was " a greater Debt than I had ever seen " . Bellomont 's personal affairs were also difficult to tie up : his creditors tried ( unsuccessfully ) to prevent his wife 's departure from the province in order to compel settlement of his personal debts . Bellomont 's financial issues were not unique in this respect . Later governors ( including Nanfan and Cornbury ) were arrested on charges of malfeasance and personal indebtedness at the behest of their political opponents . New York 's debt problems were not resolved until the Hunter administration in 1717 .
= Beyond the Sea ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Beyond the Sea " is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by co @-@ executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by David Nutter . The episode is a " Monster of Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode first aired in the United States on January 7 , 1994 , on the Fox Network . Despite a mediocre Nielsen rating compared to other episodes of the first season , " Beyond the Sea " received a generally positive reception amongst critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . The plot of the episode sees Scully 's father die and her skepticism put to the test by Luther Lee Boggs , a prisoner on death row who claims to have psychic powers . The episode showed the protagonists reversing their usual roles of " believer " and " skeptic " for the first time , and introduced the theme of father @-@ figures that was continued throughout the series . Critical commentary has noted parallels between the character of Dana Scully and that of Clarice Starling from The Silence of the Lambs . = = Plot = = Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) entertains her parents , William Scully ( Don Davis ) and Margaret Scully ( Sheila Larken ) shortly after Christmas . After they leave , she falls asleep on her sofa . Several hours later , she wakes up to see her father sitting across from her , speaking silently . The telephone rings , and after looking at the phone , she finds the chair empty again . She answers the call — from her mother , who tells her that her father died of a heart attack an hour earlier . Meanwhile , in Raleigh , North Carolina , a young couple are kidnapped by a man dressed as a police officer . Several days later , Scully and her partner Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) discuss the case in Mulder 's office at FBI headquarters . Mulder relates that the case seems to be the work of a repeat offender , and there is reason to believe the couple will be killed in a matter of days . He also tells Scully that Luther Lee Boggs ( Brad Dourif ) , a serial killer he had helped to apprehend years before , has claimed to have had psychic revelations about the kidnapping and has offered to help police in exchange for his death sentence being commuted . Mulder is unusually skeptical about Boggs ' claims . Later , the agents visit Boggs in prison , where he makes an impassioned revelation about the kidnapped couple based on a piece of " evidence " that is really a shred of Mulder 's T @-@ shirt . Satisfied that he is lying , the pair prepare to leave . Scully looks back at Boggs and sees another vision of her father , speaking to her and singing the song that had been played at his funeral , " Beyond the Sea " . She does not tell Mulder about this , and the pair discuss the possibility that Boggs has orchestrated the kidnapping with a partner to avoid execution . They have a fake newspaper made which declares the couple to have been found , hoping to trick Boggs into contacting his accomplice . He does not fall for the trick , but gives the agents vague clues about the case . Scully , acting on these , first finds a warehouse where the couple had been held , and later leads Mulder and several other agents to a boathouse where the kidnapper is holding the couple . The girl is rescued , but the kidnapper shoots Mulder and escapes with the boyfriend . Convinced of Boggs ' involvement in the kidnapping , the prison warden rules out any kind of clemency . Boggs speaks to Scully again , claiming to be able to contact her father . He offers to relay one last message to her from him if she will attend his execution . He also gives her information about the kidnapper 's new location , warning her to avoid " the blue devil " . Scully then leads several agents to the location Boggs gave her — a brewery — where they are able to rescue the kidnapped boyfriend . Scully chases the kidnapper as he flees , but stops in her tracks when he runs along a gantry beneath the brewery 's logo — a leering blue devil . The gantry gives way , and the kidnapper falls to his death . Boggs is led to his execution and sees that Scully has not attended . Scully visits Mulder in hospital , where he is recovering from his gunshot wound . She has come to believe Mulder 's assertion that Boggs arranged everything . Mulder asks her why she refused the chance to hear from her father again through Boggs . She tells him that she did not need to hear anything , because she already knew what her father would have said . = = Production = = " Beyond the Sea " was written by The X @-@ Files co @-@ executive producers and long @-@ time writing partners , Glen Morgan and James Wong ; it was their fourth script for the series . The episode was directed by David Nutter . As Morgan and Wong explained , their episode was written in response to criticisms of the show 's initially limited characterization of Scully . Wong said , " Gillian Anderson needed to show off her talents more , and this was a perfect opportunity to dispel those notions that Scully will never believe . It was time for the character to grow , because she was just doing the same kind of thing too often . " Executives at Fox vetoed the idea two times before Carter told the network , " we 're doing it . " Don Davis was cast as Agent Scully 's father and was one of several Twin Peaks actors to appear in the series . Davis returned as William Scully in " One Breath " ( season 2 ) . Sheila Larken , who played Scully 's mother , Margaret , is the wife of the show 's co @-@ executive producer R.W. Goodwin . Larken returned for a further 15 episodes in the role . Morgan and Wong fought hard to have veteran film actor Brad Dourif play the role of Luther Lee Boggs against concerns about the cost of hiring him . X @-@ Files creator Chris Carter called the president of Twentieth Century Fox , Peter Roth , during thanksgiving dinner and convinced him to let them cast Dourif for the part . Dourif was asked to appear in the episode with only four days of preparation . He originally refused the part , until the producers gave him an extra week to prepare . While getting into character between takes , his deep breathing exercises turned his face bright purple . This episode is a favorite of both creator Carter , who calls it his favorite episode of the first season and actress Gillian Anderson . Co @-@ writer Morgan also praises it as a script he is proud of . Director Nutter says of the episode , " I think it 's the most accomplished piece of directing of actors I 've been able to do ... I think this episode really made a difference in how the audience looks at Scully . I think it brought a lot of dimension to her character and for her person it definitely had a lot of impact . " = = Cultural references and continuity = = The episode title , " Beyond the Sea " , references Bobby Darin 's 1959 song , which is played at the funeral for Scully 's father . The appearance of Luther Lee Boggs greatly resembles Richard Ramirez . The names Luther Lee Boggs and Lucas Henry were inspired by real @-@ life serial killer Henry Lee Lucas . The Luther Lee Boggs character is mentioned by Dakota Whitney ( Amanda Peet 's character ) in The X @-@ Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) . In one scene from this episode , Max Fenig 's National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena ( NICAP ) hat from the episode " Fallen Angel " can be seen hanging in Mulder 's office . Scully and her father 's nicknames for each other — Ahab and Starbuck — are taken from Herman Melville 's 1851 nautical novel Moby @-@ Dick . Further references to the novel appear later in the series in the second season episode " One Breath " and the third season episode " Quagmire " . = = Themes and analysis = = In the episodes prior to " Beyond the Sea " , the protagonists of The X @-@ Files are firmly established in the roles of believer ( Mulder ) and rational scientist / skeptic ( Scully ) . " Beyond the Sea " is the first episode in which these roles are reversed . Scully , vulnerable after the death of her father , is persuaded by Boggs ' apparent psychic ability . Meanwhile , Mulder refuses to believe the serial killer , discounts any evidence in Boggs ' favor and will only consider rational explanations . According to Jan Delsara , Scully is inclined to believe Boggs because she identifies with him : they both understand the pressure of high family expectations . Scully strongly desired to make her father proud , despite not fulfilling his expectation that she became a doctor , and Boggs , in killing his family , had hoped to kill their expectations and judgment of him . In contrast , Mulder 's relationship with his parents , based on resentment of them for their failure to protect his sister ( themes developed later in the series ) , makes him unwilling to identify with Boggs . While Scully follows her instinct and solves the case , Mulder gets shot and ends up in the hospital because of his doubts and skepticism . According to Joe Bellon , as the episode progresses , even Scully 's personality becomes like Mulder 's and " for all narrative purposes , she becames Mulder for almost an entire episode . " According to Dean A. Kowalski , this role reversal of the partners represents a " blending " of Mulder and Scully 's characters that is present throughout the series . Scully 's co @-@ option of Mulders ' usual role also demonstrates the complexity of her character . Although she is strongly influenced by her scientific background , she has religious faith too . Paul C. Peterson notes that although this episode is not directly about religion , it shows the first of several visions Scully experiences throughout the series ; later visions appear in episodes more directly related to religion and Scully 's faith , such as " One Breath " , " Elegy " and " All Souls " . In this episode , her faith in her father ultimately proves stronger than her belief in the paranormal as she refuses to be tempted by Boggs . Rather than take him up on his offer to help her contact her father , Scully visits her partner in the hospital . " Beyond the Sea " is the first episode to explore a central theme of Scully 's character development — her attraction to , and conflict with , authoritative men . Throughout her career with the FBI she experiences conflict with patriarchal figures . In the fourth season episode " Never Again " , she expresses a long @-@ held fascination with father @-@ figures . This theme is introduced with her guilt and need for approval following her father 's death in " Beyond the Sea " and continues in later episodes including " Irresistible " , " Small Potatoes " , " Bad Blood " , and " Milagro " . The theme of father @-@ figures is one that is explored throughout The X @-@ Files , in relation to both Mulder and Scully . As well as their own fathers , a number of characters play a paternal role to the agents in later episodes , including Deep Throat , the Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man and Senator Matheson . Both of the protagonists have deep @-@ rooted family issues and this episode is the beginning of the exploration of that story arc . A motif often employed in the show is that of mirroring , doubling or cloning . Scully 's relationship with her father , first dealt with in " Beyond the Sea " , is mirrored by that of Mulder 's with his father — also named William — who dies at the end of the second season . Comparisons have been drawn between the character of Dana Scully and that of FBI student Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs . Rhonda Wilcox and J. P. Williams note the similarities in their appearances , as well as their positions in a patriarchal working environment . In " Beyond the Sea " in particular , parallels can be seen . Like Starling , Scully has an emotional connection with — and a need to prove herself to — her dead father . After William Scully 's death , his daughter becomes particularly concerned with whether or not he was proud of her . Although by the end of the episode , Scully seems to have come to terms with her father 's opinion of her , her worries resurface later in the series when she fears that he would have been ashamed of her actions ( " Anasazi " ) . The connection to Clarice Starling is further shown by Scully 's encounter with Luther Lee Boggs , an apparently helpful serial killer , which echoes Starling 's relationship with serial killer Hannibal Lecter . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Beyond the Sea " was first broadcast in the United States on January 7 , 1994 , on the Fox network . In its original broadcast it was watched by 6 @.@ 2 million households and 10 @.@ 8 million viewers , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 6 @.@ 6 rating / 11 share among viewers meaning that 6 @.@ 6 percent of all households in the US , and 11 percent of all people watching television at the time , viewed the episode . Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as the sixth @-@ best episode of the first four seasons in his book The Nitpicker 's Guide for X @-@ Philes . A writer from the Vancouver Sun listed " Beyond the Sea " as one of the best stand alone episodes of the show , saying that Brad Dourif 's acting was " remarkably chilling " . They noted that this episode was the first to center around Gillian Anderson 's character , and showed signs of Scully 's vulnerability . Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the episode amongst her " best " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episodes . Ogle felt that Luther Lee Boggs was one of the " greatest " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week characters of the show , saying : " Spend a few minutes in Luther 's skeevy presence , and alien abduction seems like a blessing " . Writers for IGN named the episode their second favourite stand alone episode of the show , noting favourably how it " flips " the established dynamic between Mulder and Scully . In The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy , Gary Westfahl described the episode as one of the most " highly regarded " stand alone episodes . In a retrospective of the first season , Entertainment Weekly gave " Beyond the Sea " an A + , noting how it humanizes Scully and praising the casting of Dourif . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B + , praising Dourif as Boggs but wondered specifically about his intentions . Despite liking the fact that Scully was the focus of the episode and praising Anderson 's performance , he thought that its " main flaw " was the way it handled her moral crisis , opining that she appeared too weak .
= Blur ( band ) = Blur are an English rock band , formed in London in 1988 . The group consists of singer / keyboardist / guitarist Damon Albarn , guitarist / singer Graham Coxon , bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree . Their debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) incorporated the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing . Following a stylistic change influenced by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks , the Beatles and XTC , Blur released Modern Life Is Rubbish ( 1993 ) , Parklife ( 1994 ) and The Great Escape ( 1995 ) . In the process , the band helped establish the Britpop genre and achieved mass popularity in the UK , aided by a chart battle with rivals Oasis in 1995 dubbed the " Battle of Britpop " . In recording their follow @-@ up , Blur ( 1997 ) , the band underwent another reinvention , showing influence from the lo @-@ fi style of American indie rock groups . The album , including the " Song 2 " single , brought Blur mainstream success in the United States . Their next album , 13 ( 1999 ) saw the band members experimenting with electronic and gospel music , and featured more personal lyrics from Albarn . In May 2002 , Coxon left Blur during the recording of their seventh album Think Tank ( 2003 ) . Containing electronic sounds and more minimal guitar work , the album was marked by Albarn 's growing interest in hip hop and African music . After a 2003 tour without Coxon , Blur did no studio work or touring as a band , as members engaged in other projects . Blur reunited , with Coxon back in the fold , for a series of concerts in 2009 . In the following years they released several singles and retrospective compilations , and toured internationally . In 2012 , the group received a Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Their first major release in twelve years , The Magic Whip ( 2015 ) , became the sixth consecutive Blur studio album to top the British charts . Since 1991 the band had sold over 40 million records worldwide = = History = = = = = Formation and Leisure , 1988 – 91 = = = Childhood friends Damon Albarn and Graham Coxon met Alex James when they began studying at London 's Goldsmiths College in 1988 . Albarn was in a group named Circus , who were joined by drummer Dave Rowntree that October . Circus requested the services of Coxon after the departure of their guitarist . That December , Circus fired two members and James joined as the group 's bassist . This new group named themselves Seymour in December 1988 , inspired by J.D. Salinger 's Seymour : An Introduction . The group performed live for the first time in summer 1989 . In November , Food Records ' A & R representative Andy Ross attended a Seymour performance that convinced him to court the group for his label . The only concern held by Ross and Food was that they disliked the band 's name . Food drew up a list of alternatives , from which the group decided on " Blur " . Food Records finally signed the newly christened band in March 1990 . From March to July 1990 , Blur toured Britain , opening for the Cramps , and testing out new songs . In October 1990 , after their tour was over , Blur released the " She 's So High " single , which reached number 48 in the UK Singles Chart . The band had trouble creating a follow @-@ up single , but they made progress when paired with producer Stephen Street . The resulting single release , " There 's No Other Way " , became a hit , peaking at number eight . As a result of the single 's success , Blur became pop stars and were accepted into a clique of bands who frequented the Syndrome club in London dubbed " The Scene That Celebrates Itself " . NME magazine wrote in 1991 , " [ Blur ] are [ the ] acceptable pretty face of a whole clump of bands that have emerged since the whole Manchester thing started to run out of steam . " The band 's third single , " Bang " , performed relatively disappointingly , reaching only number 24 . Andy Ross and Food owner David Balfe were convinced Blur 's best course of action was to continue drawing influence from the Madchester genre . Blur attempted to expand their musical sound , but the recording of the group 's debut album was hindered by Albarn having to write his lyrics in the studio . Although the resulting album Leisure ( 1991 ) peaked at number seven on the UK Albums Chart , it received mixed reviews , and according to journalist John Harris , " could not shake off the odour of anti @-@ climax " . = = = Britpop years , 1992 – 95 = = = After discovering they were £ 60 @,@ 000 in debt , Blur toured the United States in 1992 in an attempt to recoup their financial losses . The group released the single " Popscene " to coincide with the start of the tour . Featuring " a rush of punk guitars , ' 60s pop hooks , blaring British horns , controlled fury , and postmodern humor " , " Popscene " was a turning point for the band musically . However , upon its release it only charted at number 32 . " We felt ' Popscene ' was a big departure ; a very , very English record " , Albarn told the NME in 1993 , " But that annoyed a lot of people ... We put ourselves out on a limb to pursue this English ideal and no @-@ one was interested . " As a result of the single 's lacklustre performance , plans to release a single named " Never Clever " were scrapped and work on Blur 's second album was pushed back . During the two @-@ month American tour , the band became increasingly unhappy , often venting frustrations on each other , leading to several physical confrontations . The band members were homesick ; Albarn said , " I just started to miss really simple things ... I missed everything about England so I started writing songs which created an English atmosphere . " Upon the group 's return to the United Kingdom , Blur ( Albarn in particular ) were upset by the success rival group Suede had achieved while they were gone . After a poor performance at a 1992 gig that featured a well @-@ received set by Suede on the same bill , Blur were in danger of being dropped by Food . By that time , Blur had undergone an ideological and image shift intended to celebrate their English heritage in contrast to the popularity of American grunge bands like Nirvana . Although sceptical of Albarn 's new manifesto for Blur , Balfe gave assent for the band 's choice of Andy Partridge ( of XTC ) to produce their follow @-@ up to Leisure . The sessions with Partridge proved unsatisfactory , but a chance reunion with Stephen Street resulted in him returning to produce the group . Blur completed their second album Modern Life Is Rubbish in December 1992 , but Food Records said the album required more potential hit singles and asked them to return to the studio for a second time . The band complied and Albarn wrote " For Tomorrow " , which became the album 's lead single . " For Tomorrow " was a minor success , reaching number 28 on the charts . Modern Life Is Rubbish was released in May 1993 . The announcement of the album 's release included a press photo which featured Blur , dressed in a mix of mod and skinhead attire , posing alongside a mastiff with the words " British Image 1 " spraypainted behind them . At the time , such imagery was viewed as nationalistic and racially insensitive by the British music press ; to quieten concerns , Blur released the " British Image 2 " photo , which was " a camp restaging of a pre @-@ war aristocratic tea party " . Modern Life Is Rubbish peaked at number 15 on the British charts , but failed to break into the US Billboard 200 , selling only 19 @,@ 000 copies there . The success of Parklife ( 1994 ) revived Blur 's commercial fortunes . The album 's first single , the disco @-@ influenced " Girls & Boys " , found favour on BBC Radio 1 and peaked at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart , and number 59 in the US Billboard Hot 100 where it remains the band 's highest @-@ charting single . Parklife entered the British charts at number one and stayed on the album charts for 90 weeks . Enthusiastically greeted by the music press — the NME called it " a Great Pop Record ... bigger , bolder , narkier and funnier [ than Modern Life is Rubbish ] " — Parklife is regarded as one of Britpop 's defining records . Blur won four awards at the 1995 Brit Awards , including Best Band and Best Album for Parklife . Coxon later pointed to Parklife as the moment when " [ Blur ] went from being regarded as an alternative , left field arty band to this amazing new pop sensation " . Blur began working on their fourth album The Great Escape at the start of 1995 . Building upon the band 's previous two albums , Albarn 's lyrics for the album consisted of several third @-@ person narratives . James reflected , " It was all more elaborate , more orchestral , more theatrical , and the lyrics were even more twisted ... It was all dysfunctional , misfit characters fucking up . " The release of the album 's lead single " Country House " played a part in Blur 's public rivalry with Manchester band Oasis termed the " Battle of Britpop " . Partly due to increasing antagonisms between the groups , Blur and Oasis ultimately decided to release their new singles on the same day , an event the NME called " The British Heavyweight Championship " . The debate over which band would top the British singles chart became a media phenomenon , and Albarn appeared on the News at Ten . At the end of the week , " Country House " ultimately outsold Oasis ' " Roll With It " by 274 @,@ 000 copies to 216 @,@ 000 , becoming Blur 's first number one single . The Great Escape , which Albarn told the public was the last instalment in the band 's Life Trilogy , was released in September 1995 to ecstatic reviews . The NME hailed it as " spectacularly accomplished , sumptuous , heart @-@ stopping and inspirational " , while Mojo argued " Blur are the very best that ' 95 Britpop has to offer and this is a most gong @-@ worthy sound , complete with head @-@ slicing guitars , catchy tunes and very funny words " . Entering the UK charts at number one , the album sold nearly half a million copies in its first month of sale . However , opinion quickly changed and Blur found themselves largely out of favour with the media once again . Following the worldwide success of Oasis ' ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( which went quadruple platinum in America ) , the media quipped " [ Blur ] wound up winning the battle but losing the war . " Blur became perceived as an " inauthentic middle class pop band " in comparison to the " working class heroes " Oasis , which Albarn said made him feel " stupid and confused " . Alex James later summarised , " After being the People 's Hero , Damon was the People 's Prick for a short period ... basically , he was a loser – very publicly . " = = = Reinvention after Britpop , 1996 – 2000 = = = An early 1996 Q magazine interview revealed that relations between Blur members had become very strained ; journalist Adrian Deevoy wrote that he found them " on the verge of a nervous breakup " . Coxon , in particular , began to resent his band mates : James for his playboy lifestyle , and Albarn for his control over Blur 's musical direction and public image . The guitarist struggled with drinking problems and , in a rejection of the group 's Britpop aesthetic , made a point of listening to noisy American alternative rock bands such as Pavement . In February 1996 , when Coxon and James were absent for a lip @-@ synced Blur performance broadcast on Italian television , they were replaced by a cardboard cutout and a roadie , respectively . Blur biographer Stuart Maconie later wrote that , at the time , " Blur were sewn together very awkwardly " . Although he had previously dismissed it , Albarn grew to appreciate Coxon 's tastes in lo @-@ fi and underground music , and recognised the need to significantly change Blur 's musical direction once again . " I can sit at my piano and write brilliant observational pop songs all day long but you 've got to move on " , he said . He subsequently approached Street , and argued for a more stripped @-@ down sound on the band 's next record . Coxon , recognising his own personal need to — as Rowntree put it — " work this band " , wrote a letter to Albarn , describing his desire for their music " to scare people again " . After initial sessions in London , the band left to record the rest of the album in Iceland , away from the Britpop scene . The result was Blur , the band 's fifth studio album , released in February 1997 . Although the music press predicted that the lo @-@ fi sonic experimentation would alienate Blur 's teenage girl fan @-@ base , they generally applauded the effort . Pointing out lyrics such as " Look inside America / She 's alright " , and noting Albarn 's " obligatory nod to Beck , [ and promotion of ] the new Pavement album as if paid to do so " , reviewers felt the band had come to accept American values during this time — an about @-@ face of their attitude during the Britpop years . Despite cries of " commercial suicide " , the album and its first single , " Beetlebum " , debuted at number one in the UK . Although the album could not match the sales of their previous albums in the UK , Blur became the band 's most successful internationally . In the US , the album received strong reviews ; Blur reached number 61 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold . The album 's " Song 2 " single was also popular on alternative radio , reaching number six on the Modern Rock chart . After it was licensed for use in various media — such as soundtracks , advertisements and television shows — " Song 2 " became the most recognisable Blur song in the US . After the success of Blur , the band embarked on a nine @-@ month world tour . In February 1998 , a few months after completing the tour , Blur released Bustin ' + Dronin ' for the Japanese market . The album is a collection of Blur songs remixed by artists such as Thurston Moore , William Orbit and Moby . Among the tracks , the band were most impressed by Orbit 's effort and enlisted him to replace Street as producer for their next album , citing a need to approach the recording process from a fresh perspective . Released in March 1999 , Blur 's sixth studio album 13 saw them drift still further away from their Britpop @-@ era attitude and sound . Orbit 's production style allowed for more jamming , and incorporated a " variety of emotions , atmospheres , words and sounds " into the mix . 13 was creatively dominated by Coxon , who " was simply allowed to do whatever he chose , unedited " , by Orbit . Albarn 's lyrics — more heart @-@ felt , personal and intimate than on previous occasions — were reflective of his break @-@ up with Elastica frontwoman Justine Frischmann , his partner of eight years . The album received generally favourable reviews from the press . While Q called it " a dense , fascinating , idiosyncratic and accomplished art rock album " , the NME felt it was inconsistent and " ( at least ) a quarter @-@ of @-@ an @-@ hour too long " . 13 debuted at the top of the UK charts , staying at that position for two weeks . The album 's lead single , the gospel @-@ based " Tender " , opened at the second spot on the charts . After " Coffee & TV " , the first Blur single to feature Coxon on lead vocals , managed to only reach number 11 in the UK , manager Chris Morrison demanded a chart re @-@ run because of what he deemed was a sales miscalculation . In July 1999 , in celebration of their tenth anniversary , Blur released a 22 @-@ CD limited edition box @-@ set of their singles . The accompanying tour saw Blur play the A @-@ sides of the 22 singles in their chronological order of release . In October 2000 , the group released the compilation Blur : The Best of , which debuted at number three in the UK and received a Platinum certification for 300 @,@ 000 copies shipped . Dismissed by the band as " the first record we have seen as product " , the track listing and release dates of Blur : The Best of were determined on the basis of market research and focus groups conducted by Blur 's record label , EMI . By this time , the group had largely disowned the upbeat pop singles from the Britpop era , and favoured the more arty , experimental work on Blur and 13 . In an otherwise highly enthusiastic review of the best @-@ of for the NME , Steve Sutherland criticised the band 's " sheer disregard " for their earlier work ; " Just because these songs embarrassed them once they started listening to broadsheet critics and retreated wounded from the big @-@ sales battle with Oasis doesn 't mean that we 're morons to love them . " = = = Coxon 's departure , Think Tank and hiatus , 2001 – 07 = = = After 13 and the subsequent tours in 1999 – 2000 , band members pursued other projects . Graham Coxon recorded a string of solo albums , while Damon Albarn dedicated his time to Gorillaz , the animated band he had created with Jamie Hewlett . Alex James worked with Fat Les and co @-@ wrote several songs with Sophie Ellis @-@ Bextor and Marianne Faithfull . Recording for Blur 's next album began in London in November 2001 , but concerted work started in June 2002 , with the sessions moving to Marrakech , Morocco soon after , and then to Devon back in the UK . Not long after the sessions began , Coxon left the group . Coxon said " there were no rows " and " [ the band ] just recognised the feeling that we needed some time apart " . Before the album was released , Blur released a new single , " Don 't Bomb When You Are the Bomb " as a very limited white label release . The song is largely electronic , and was part of the band 's protest against war in the Middle East . Albarn , however , attempted to assuage fans ' fears that the album would be electronic by providing reassurances that the band 's new album would be " a rockin ' record " , and also said that it has " a lot of finely crafted pop songs " . Early in 2002 , Blur recorded a song that would be played by European Space Agency 's Beagle 2 lander once it touched down ; however , attempts to locate the probe after it landed on Mars were fruitless . Think Tank , released in May 2003 , was filled with atmospheric , brooding electronic sounds , featuring simpler guitar lines played by Albarn , and largely relying on other instruments to replace Coxon . The guitarist 's absence also meant that Think Tank was almost entirely written by Albarn . Its sound was seen as a testament to Albarn 's increasing interest in African and Middle Eastern music , and to his complete control over the group 's creative direction . Think Tank was yet another UK number one and managed Blur 's highest US position of number 56 . The album was also nominated for best album at the 2004 Brit Awards . The band did a successful tour in 2003 , anchored by former the Verve guitarist and keyboardist Simon Tong . In 2005 , XFM News reported that Blur would record an EP , and denied that they would hire a replacement guitarist for Coxon . There were also some aborted recordings made in 2005 . Overall the band kept a low profile and did no studio or touring work as a three @-@ piece . After Coxon significantly thawed on the subject of rejoining Blur , in 2007 band members announced that they would reunite , and that they intended to record together first in August , with the date later being pushed back to September , then October . Though the band members finally met up in October , they posted on their website that they had only " met up for an enjoyable lunch " and that there were no " other music plans for Blur " . = = = Reunion and The Magic Whip , 2008 – present = = = In December 2008 , Blur announced they would reunite for a concert at London 's Hyde Park on 3 July 2009 . Days later , the band added a second date , for 2 July . A series of June preview shows were also announced , ending at Manchester Evening News arena on the 26th . All the shows were well received ; The Guardian 's music critic Alexis Petridis gave their performance at Goldsmiths college a full five stars , and wrote " Blur 's music seems to have potentiated by the passing of years ... they sound both more frenetic and punky and more nuanced and exploratory than they did at the height of their fame " . Blur headlined the Glastonbury Festival on 28 June , where they played for the first time since their headline slot in 1998 . Reviews of the Glastonbury performance were enthusiastic ; The Guardian called them " the best Glastonbury headliners in an age " . The band released their second greatest hits album Midlife : A Beginner 's Guide to Blur in June 2009 . Blur also headlined at other summer festivals , including Oxegen 2009 in Ireland , and the Scottish outdoor show of T in the Park . Their T in the Park headline slot was put in jeopardy after Graham Coxon was admitted to hospital with food poisoning . Ultimately , the band did play , albeit an hour and a half after they were scheduled to appear . After the completion of the reunion dates , James said the group had not discussed further plans , and Albarn told Q soon after that Blur had no intention of recording or touring again . He said , " I just can 't do it anymore " , and explained that the main motivation for participating in the reunion was to repair his relationship with Coxon , which he succeeded at . Coxon also said that no further Blur activity was planned , telling NME.com in September , " We 're in touch and we say ' Wotcha ' and all that but nothing has been mentioned about any more shows or anything else " . In January 2010 , No Distance Left to Run , a documentary about the band , was released in cinemas and a month later on DVD . In April 2010 , Blur released their first new recording since 2003 , " Fool 's Day " , for the Record Store Day event , as a vinyl record limited to 1000 copies ; it was later made available as a free download on their website . No Distance Left to Run was nominated as Best Long Form Music Video for the 53rd Grammy Awards , Blur 's first @-@ ever Grammy nomination . In February 2012 , Blur were awarded the Outstanding Contribution to Music award at the 2012 Brit Awards . Later that month , Albarn and Coxon premiered a new track together live , " Under the Westway " . In April , the band announced that a box @-@ set entitled Blur 21 — containing all seven Blur studio albums , four discs of unreleased rarities and three DVDs — would be released in July . Blur had also entered the studio early that year to record material for a new album , but in May producer William Orbit told the NME that Albarn had halted recording . Blur 's official Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band would release two singles " The Puritan " and " Under the Westway " on 2 July . That August , Blur headlined a show at Hyde Park for the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony . In 2013 , the band performed at the Rock Werchter in Belgium , the Spanish and Portuguese dates of the Primavera Sound festival , and the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in the United States . In April 2015 , Blur released their first studio album in twelve years , The Magic Whip . Conceived over five days in Hong Kong after a cancelled Japan tour in 2013 , the album was inspired by the city as well . " There 's nothing pastoral about it " , Albarn said , " it 's very urban " . The Magic Whip also marks the return of Coxon , absent on all but one track on Think Tank , and Stephen Street , Blur 's producer during the Britpop era . Upon its release , the record was greeted with applause both by the music press and the mainstream media . Awarding the album a full five stars , The Daily Telegraph called The Magic Whip " a triumphant comeback that retains the band 's core identity while allowing ideas they 'd fermented separately over the past decade to infuse their sound with mature and peculiar new flavour combinations " . The NME concurred , saying Blur were " a reunited band making music to rival their very best " . It was also a commercial success , becoming the sixth consecutive Blur LP since Parklife ( 1994 ) to top the British charts . The Guardian also noted that at times during its first week of release , The Magic Whip sold " more than the rest of the top five combined " . That December New World Towers , a documentary on the recording process of The Magic Whip , was released in select British theatres . = = Discography = = Leisure ( 1991 ) Modern Life Is Rubbish ( 1993 ) Parklife ( 1994 ) The Great Escape ( 1995 ) Blur ( 1997 ) 13 ( 1999 ) Think Tank ( 2003 ) The Magic Whip ( 2015 )
= Anna Anderson = Anna Anderson ( 16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984 ) was the best known of several impostors who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia . Anastasia , the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia , Nicholas II and Alexandra , was killed along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Ekaterinburg , Russia ; but the location of her body was unknown until 2007 . In 1920 , Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin . At first , she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt ( German for Miss Unknown ) as she refused to reveal her identity . Later she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson . In March 1922 , claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention . Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia 's family and those who had known her , including court tutor Pierre Gilliard , said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia . In 1927 , a private investigation funded by the Tsarina 's brother , Ernest Louis , Grand Duke of Hesse , identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska , a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness . After a lawsuit lasting many years , the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia , but through media coverage , her claim gained notoriety . Between 1922 and 1968 , Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria , including at least one asylum . She emigrated to the United States in 1968 , and shortly before the expiry of her visa married Jack Manahan , a Virginia history professor who was later characterized as " probably Charlottesville 's best @-@ loved eccentric " . Upon her death in 1984 , Anderson 's body was cremated , and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon , Germany . After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union , the locations of the bodies of the Tsar , Tsarina , and all five of their children were revealed and multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing . DNA tests on a lock of Anderson 's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that Anderson 's DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs . Instead , Anderson 's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher , a great @-@ nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska . Most scientists , historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person . = = Dalldorf asylum ( 1920 – 1922 ) = = On 27 February 1920 , a young woman attempted to take her own life in Berlin by jumping off a bridge called the Bendlerbrücke into the Landwehrkanal . She was rescued by a police sergeant and was admitted to the Elisabeth Hospital on Lützowstrasse . As she was without papers and refused to identify herself , she was admitted as Fräulein Unbekannt ( " Miss Unknown " ) to a mental hospital in Dalldorf ( now Wittenau , in Reinickendorf ) , where she remained for the next two years . The unknown patient had scars on her head and body and spoke German with an accent described as " Russian " by medical staff . In early 1922 , Clara Peuthert , a fellow psychiatric patient , claimed that the unknown woman was Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia , one of the four daughters of Tsar Nicholas II . On her release , Peuthert told Russian émigré Captain Nicholas von Schwabe that she had seen Tatiana at Dalldorf . Schwabe visited the asylum and accepted the woman as Tatiana . Schwabe persuaded other émigrés to visit the unknown woman , including Zinaida Tolstoy , a friend of Tsarina Alexandra . Eventually Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden , a former lady @-@ in @-@ waiting to the Tsarina , visited the asylum with Tolstoy . On seeing the woman , Buxhoeveden declared " She 's too short for Tatiana , " and left convinced the woman was not a Russian grand duchess . A few days later , the unknown woman noted , " I did not say I was Tatiana . " A nurse at Dalldorf , Thea Malinovsky , claimed years after the patient 's release from the asylum that the woman had told her she was another daughter of the Tsar , Anastasia , in the autumn of 1921 . However , the patient herself could not recall the incident . Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky 's claim , or weave it into their narrative . = = Germany and Switzerland ( 1922 – 1927 ) = = By May 1922 , the woman was believed by Peuthert , Schwabe , and Tolstoy to be Anastasia , although Buxhoeveden said there was no resemblance . Nevertheless , the woman was taken out of the asylum and given a room in the Berlin home of Baron Arthur von Kleist , a Russian émigré who had been a police chief in Russian Poland before the fall of the Tsar . The Berlin policeman who handled the case , Detective Inspector Franz Grünberg , thought that Kleist " may have had ulterior motives , as was hinted at in émigré circles : if the old conditions should ever be restored in Russia , he hoped for great advancement from having looked after the young woman . " She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky , choosing " Anna " as a short form of " Anastasia " , although Peuthert " described her everywhere as Anastasia " . Tschaikovsky stayed in the houses of acquaintances , including Kleist , Peuthert , a poor working @-@ class family called Bachmann , and at Inspector Grünberg 's estate at Funkenmühle , near Zossen . At Funkenmühle , Grünberg arranged for the Tsarina 's sister , Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine , to meet Tschaikovsky , but Irene did not recognize her . Grünberg also arranged a visit from Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia , but Tschaikovsky refused to speak to her , and Cecilie was left perplexed by the encounter . Later , in the 1950s , Cecilie signed a declaration that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia , but Cecilie 's family disputed her statement and implied that she was suffering from dementia . By 1925 , Tschaikovsky had developed a tuberculous infection of her arm , and she was placed in a succession of hospitals for treatment . Sick and near death , she suffered significant loss of weight . She was visited by the Tsarina 's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov ; Anastasia 's tutor Pierre Gilliard ; his wife , Shura , who had been Anastasia 's nursemaid ; and the Tsar 's sister , Grand Duchess Olga . Although they expressed sympathy , if only for Tschaikovsky 's illness , and made no immediate public declarations , eventually they all denied she was Anastasia . In March 1926 , she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef at the expense of Grand Duchess Anastasia 's great @-@ uncle , Prince Valdemar of Denmark . Valdemar was willing to offer Tschaikovsky material assistance , through the Danish ambassador to Germany , Herluf Zahle , while her identity was investigated . To allow her to travel , the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with a temporary certificate of identity as " Anastasia Tschaikovsky " , with Grand Duchess Anastasia 's personal details . After a quarrel with Rathlef , Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sanatorium at Oberstdorf in the Bavarian Alps in June 1926 , and Rathlef returned to Berlin . At Oberstdorf , Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik , née Botkin . Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin , the head of the Russian refugee office in Berlin , and the daughter of the imperial family 's personal physician , Dr. Eugene Botkin , who had been murdered by the communists alongside the Tsar 's family in 1918 . Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child and had last spoken to her in February 1917 . To Melnik , Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia , even though " the mouth has changed and coarsened noticeably , and because the face is so lean , her nose looks bigger than it was . " In a letter , Melnik wrote : " Her attitude is childlike , and altogether she cannot be reckoned with as a responsible adult , but must be led and directed like a child . She has not only forgotten languages , but has in general lost the power of accurate narration ... even the simplest stories she tells incoherently and incorrectly ; they are really only words strung together in impossibly ungrammatical German ... Her defect is obviously in her memory and eyesight . " Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia , and supposed that any inability on her part to remember events and her refusal to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical and psychological state . Either inadvertently through a sincere desire to " aid the patient 's weak memory " or as part of a deliberate charade , Melnik coached Tschaikovsky with details of life in the imperial family . = = Castle Seeon ( 1927 ) = = In 1927 , under pressure from his family , Valdemar decided against providing Tschaikovsky with any further financial support , and the funds from Denmark were cut off . Duke George of Leuchtenberg , a distant relative of the Tsar , gave her a home at Castle Seeon . The Tsarina 's brother , Ernest Louis , Grand Duke of Hesse , hired a private detective , Martin Knopf , to investigate the claims that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia . During her stay at Castle Seeon , Knopf reported that Tschaikovsky was actually a Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska . Schanzkowska had worked in a munitions factory during World War I when , shortly after her fiancé had been killed at the front , a grenade fell out of her hand and exploded . She had been injured in the head , and a foreman was killed in front of her . She became apathetic and depressed , was declared insane on 19 September 1916 , and spent time in two lunatic asylums . In early 1920 , she was reported missing from her Berlin lodgings , and since then had not been seen or heard from by her family . In May 1927 , Franziska 's brother Felix Schanzkowski was introduced to Tschaikovsky at a local inn in Wasserburg near Castle Seeon . Leuchtenberg 's son , Dmitri , was completely certain that Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix as his sister , but Leuchtenberg 's daughter , Natalie , remained convinced of Tschaikovsky 's authenticity . Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent . According to one account , initially Felix declared that Tschaikovsky was his sister Franziska , but the affidavit he signed spoke only of a " strong resemblance " , highlighted physical differences , and said she did not recognize him . Years later , Felix 's family said that he knew Tschaikovsky was his sister , but he had chosen to leave her to her new life , which was far more comfortable than any alternative . Visitors to Seeon included Prince Felix Yusupov , husband of Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia , who wrote , " I claim categorically that she is not Anastasia Nicolaievna , but just an adventuress , a sick hysteric and a frightful playactress . I simply cannot understand how anyone can be in doubt of this . If you had seen her , I am convinced that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this frightful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar . " Other visitors , however , such as Felix Dassel , an officer whom Anastasia had visited in hospital during 1916 , and Gleb Botkin , who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik 's brother , were convinced that Tschaikovsky was genuine . = = United States ( 1928 – 1932 ) = = By 1928 , Tschaikovsky 's claim had received interest and attention in the United States , where Gleb Botkin had published articles in support of her cause . Botkin 's publicity caught the attention of a distant cousin of Anastasia 's , Xenia Leeds , a former Russian princess who had married a wealthy American industrialist . Botkin and Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky to travel to the United States on board the liner Berengaria at Leeds 's expense . On the journey from Seeon to the States , Tschaikovsky stopped at Paris , where she met Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia , the Tsar 's cousin , who believed her to be Anastasia . For six months Tschaikovsky lived at the estate of the Leeds family in Oyster Bay , New York . As the tenth anniversary of the Tsar 's execution approached in July 1928 , Botkin retained a lawyer , Edward Fallows , to oversee legal moves to obtain any of the Tsar 's estate outside of the Soviet Union . As the death of the Tsar had never been proved , the estate could only be released to relatives ten years after the supposed date of his death . Fallows set up a company , called the Grandanor Corporation ( an acronym of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia ) , which sought to raise funds by selling shares in any prospective estate . Tschaikovsky claimed that the Tsar had deposited money abroad , which fed unsubstantiated rumors of a large Romanov fortune in England . The surviving relatives of the Romanovs accused Botkin and Fallows of fortune hunting , and Botkin accused them of trying to defraud " Anastasia " out of her inheritance . Except for a relatively small deposit in Germany , distributed to the Tsar 's recognized relations , no money was ever found . After a quarrel , possibly over Tschaikovsky 's claim to the estate ( but not over her claim to be Anastasia ) , Tschaikovsky moved out of the Leeds ' mansion , and the pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff arranged for her to live at the Garden City Hotel in Hempstead , New York , and later in a small cottage . To avoid the press , she was booked in as Mrs. Anderson , the name by which she was subsequently known . In October 1928 , after the death of the Tsar 's mother , the Dowager Empress Marie , the 12 nearest relations of the Tsar met at Marie 's funeral and signed a declaration that denounced Anderson as an impostor . The Copenhagen Statement , as it would come to be known , explained : " Our sense of duty compels us to state that the story is only a fairy tale . The memory of our dear departed would be tarnished if we allowed this fantastic story to spread and gain any credence . " Gleb Botkin answered with a public letter to Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia , which referred to the family as " greedy and unscrupulous " and claimed they were only denouncing Anderson for money . From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie Burr Jennings , a wealthy Park Avenue spinster happy to host someone she supposed to be a daughter of the Tsar . For eighteen months , Anderson was the toast of New York City society . Then a pattern of self @-@ destructive behavior began that culminated in her throwing tantrums , killing her pet parakeet , and on one occasion running around naked on the roof . On 24 July 1930 , Judge Peter Schmuck of the New York Supreme Court signed an order committing her to a mental hospital . Before she could be taken away , Anderson locked herself in her room , and the door was broken in with an axe . She was forcibly taken to the Four Winds Sanatorium in Westchester County , New York , where she remained for slightly over a year . In August 1932 , Anderson returned to Germany accompanied by a private nurse in a locked cabin on the liner Deutschland . Jennings paid for the voyage , the stay at the Westchester sanatorium , and an additional six months ' care in the psychiatric wing of a nursing home at Ilten near Hanover . On arrival at Ilten , Anderson was assessed as sane , but as the room was prepaid , and she had nowhere else to go , she stayed on in a suite in the sanatorium grounds . = = Germany ( 1932 – 1968 ) = = Anderson 's return to Germany generated press interest , and drew more members of the German aristocracy to her cause . She again lived itinerantly as a guest of her well @-@ wishers . In 1932 , the British tabloid News of the World published a sensational story accusing her of being a Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud . Her lawyer , Fallows , filed suit for libel , but the lengthy case continued until the outbreak of World War II , at which time the case was dismissed because Anderson was living in Germany , and German residents could not sue in enemy countries . From 1938 , lawyers acting for Anderson in Germany contested the distribution of the Tsar 's estate to his recognized relations , and they in turn contested her identity . The litigation continued intermittently without resolution for decades ; Lord Mountbatten footed some of his German relations ' legal bills against Anderson . The protracted proceedings became the longest @-@ running lawsuit in German history . Anderson had a final meeting with the Schanzkowski family in 1938 . Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Anderson was her sister , Franziska , but the Nazi government had arranged the meeting to determine Anderson 's identity , and if accepted as Schanzkowska she would be imprisoned . The Schanzkowski family refused to sign affidavits against her , and no further action was taken . In 1939 , World War II began with Germany 's attack on the western half of Poland . In 1940 , Edward Fallows died virtually destitute after wasting all his own money on trying to obtain the Tsar 's non @-@ existent fortune for the Grandanor Corporation . Towards the end of the war , Anderson lived at Schloss Winterstein with Louise of Saxe @-@ Meiningen , in what became the Soviet occupation zone . In 1946 , Prince Frederick of Saxe @-@ Altenburg helped her across the border to Bad Liebenzell in the French occupation zone . Prince Frederick settled Anderson in a former army barracks in the small village of Unterlengenhardt , on the edge of the Black Forest , where she became a sort of tourist attraction . Lili Dehn , a friend of Tsarina Alexandra , visited her and acknowledged her as Anastasia , but when Charles Sydney Gibbes , English tutor to the imperial children , met Anderson he denounced her as a fraud . In an affidavit , he swore " She in no way resembles the true Grand Duchess Anastasia that I had known ... I am quite satisfied that she is an impostor . " She became a recluse , surrounded by cats , and her house began to decay . In May 1968 , Anderson was taken to a hospital at Neuenbürg after being discovered semi @-@ conscious in her cottage . In her absence , Prince Frederick cleaned up the property by order of the local board of health . Her Irish Wolfhound and 60 cats were put to death . Horrified by this , Anderson accepted her long @-@ term supporter Gleb Botkin 's offer to move to the United States . = = Final years ( 1968 – 1984 ) = = Botkin was living in the university town of Charlottesville , Virginia , and a local friend of his , history professor and genealogist John Eacott " Jack " Manahan , paid for Anderson 's journey to the United States . She entered the country on a six @-@ month visitor 's visa , and shortly before it was due to expire , Anderson married Manahan , who was 20 years her junior , in a civil ceremony on 23 December 1968 . Botkin was best man . Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience , and described himself as " Grand Duke @-@ in @-@ Waiting " or " son @-@ in @-@ law to the Tsar " . The couple lived in separate bedrooms in a house on University Circle in Charlottesville , and also owned a farm near Scottsville . Botkin died in December 1969 . In February of the following year , the lawsuits finally came to an end , with neither side able to establish Anderson 's identity . Manahan and Anderson , now legally called Anastasia Manahan , became well known in the Charlottesville area as eccentrics . Though Jack Manahan was wealthy , they lived in squalor with large numbers of dogs and cats , and piles of garbage . On 20 August 1979 , Anderson was taken to Charlottesville 's Martha Jefferson Hospital with an intestinal obstruction . A gangrenous tumor and a length of intestine were removed by Dr. Richard Shrum . With both Manahan and Anderson in failing health , in November 1983 , Anderson was institutionalized , and an attorney , William Preston , was appointed as her guardian by the local circuit court . A few days later , Manahan " kidnapped " Anderson from the hospital , and for three days they drove around Virginia eating out of convenience stores . After a 13 @-@ state police alarm , they were found and Anderson was returned to a care facility . In January she may have had a stroke , and on 12 February 1984 , she died of pneumonia . She was cremated the same day , and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon on 18 June 1984 . Manahan died on 22 March 1990 . = = DNA evidence = = In 1991 , the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II , Tsarina Alexandra , and three of their daughters were exhumed from a mass grave near Ekaterinburg . They were identified on the basis of both skeletal analysis and DNA testing . For example , mitochondrial DNA was used to match maternal relations , and mitochondrial DNA from the female bones matched that of Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra . The bodies of Tsarevich Alexei and the remaining daughter were discovered in 2007 . Repeated and independent DNA tests confirmed that the remains were the seven members of the Romanov family , and proved that none of the Tsar 's four daughters survived the shooting of the Romanov family . A sample of Anderson 's tissue , part of her intestine removed during her operation in 1979 , had been stored at Martha Jefferson Hospital , Charlottesville , Virginia . Anderson 's mitochondrial DNA was extracted from the sample and compared with that of the Romanovs and their relatives . It did not match that of the Duke of Edinburgh or that of the bones , confirming that Anderson was not related to the Romanovs . However , the sample matched DNA provided by Karl Maucher , a grandson of Franziska Schanzkowska 's sister , Gertrude ( Schanzkowska ) Ellerik , indicating that Karl Maucher and Anna Anderson were maternally related and that Anderson was Schanzkowska . Five years after the original testing was done , Dr. Terry Melton of the Department of Anthropology , Pennsylvania State University , stated that the DNA sequence tying Anderson to the Schanzkowski family was " still unique " , though the database of DNA patterns at the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory had grown much larger , leading to " increased confidence that Anderson was indeed Franziska Schanzkowska " . Similarly , several strands of Anderson 's hair , found inside an envelope in a book that had belonged to Anderson 's husband , Jack Manahan , were also tested . Mitochondrial DNA from the hair matched Anderson 's hospital sample and that of Schanzkowska 's relative Karl Maucher , but not the Romanov remains or living relatives of the Romanovs . = = Assessment = = Although communists had killed the entire imperial Romanov family in July 1918 , including 17 @-@ year @-@ old Grand Duchess Anastasia , for years afterwards communist disinformation fed rumors that members of the Tsar 's family had survived . The conflicting rumors about the fate of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims that they were a surviving Romanov . Most of the impostors were dismissed ; however , Anna Anderson 's claim persisted . Books and pamphlets supporting her claims included Harriet von Rathlef 's book Anastasia , ein Frauenschicksal als Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe ( Anastasia , a Woman 's Fate as Mirror of the World Catastrophe ) , which was published in Germany and Switzerland in 1928 , though it was serialized by the tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe in 1927 . This was countered by works such as La Fausse Anastasie ( The False Anastasia ) by Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch , published by Payot of Paris in 1929 . Conflicting testimonies and physical evidence , such as comparisons of facial characteristics , which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson 's claim , were used either to bolster or to counter the belief that she was Anastasia . In the absence of any direct documentary proof or solid physical evidence , the question of whether Anderson was Anastasia was for many a matter of personal belief . As Anderson herself said in her own idiomatic English , " You either believe it or you don 't believe it . It doesn 't matter . In no anyway whatsoever . " The German courts were unable to decide her claim one way or another , and eventually , after 40 years of deliberation , ruled that her claim was " neither established nor refuted " . Dr. Günter von Berenberg @-@ Gossler , attorney for Anderson 's opponents in the later years of the legal case , said that during the German trials " the press were always more interested in reporting her side of the story than the opposing bench 's less glamorous perspective ; editors often pulled journalists after reporting testimony delivered by her side and ignored the rebuttal , resulting in the public seldom getting a complete picture . " In 1957 , a version of Anderson 's story , pieced together by her supporters and interspersed with commentary by Roland Krug von Nidda , was published in Germany under the title Ich , Anastasia , Erzähle ( I , Anastasia , an autobiography ) . The book included the " fantastic tale " that Anastasia escaped from Russia on a farm cart with a man called Alexander Tschaikovsky , whom she married and had a child by , before he was shot dead on a Bucharest street , and that the child , Alexei , disappeared into an orphanage . Even Anderson 's supporters admitted that the details of the supposed escape " might seem bold inventions even for a dramatist " , while her detractors considered " this barely credible story as a piece of far @-@ fetched romance " . Other works based on the premise that Anderson was Anastasia , written before the DNA tests , include biographies by Peter Kurth and James Blair Lovell . More recent biographies by John Klier , Robert Massie , and Greg King that describe her as an impostor were written after the DNA tests proved that she was not Anastasia . Assessments vary as to whether Anderson was a deliberate impostor , delusional , traumatized into adopting a new identity , or someone used by her supporters for their own ends . Pierre Gilliard denounced Anderson as " a cunning psychopath " . The equation of Anderson with members of the imperial family began with Clara Peuthert in the Dalldorf Asylum , rather than with Anderson herself . Anderson appeared to go along with it afterwards . Writer Michael Thornton thought , " Somewhere along the way she lost and rejected Schanzkowska . She lost that person totally and accepted completely she was this new person . I think it happened by accident and she was swept along on a wave of euphoria . " Lord Mountbatten , a first cousin of the Romanov children , thought her supporters " simply get rich on the royalties of further books , magazine articles , plays etc . " Prince Michael Romanov , a grandson of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia , stated the Romanov family always knew Anderson was a fraud , and that the family looked upon her and " the three @-@ ringed circus which danced around her , creating books and movies , as a vulgar insult to the memory of the Imperial Family . " = = Fictional portrayals = = Since the 1920s , many fictional works have been inspired by Anderson 's claim to be Anastasia . In 1928 , the silent film Clothes Make the Woman was based very loosely on her story . In 1953 , Marcelle Maurette wrote a play based on Rathlef 's and Gilliard 's books called Anastasia , which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title role . The play was so successful that in 1956 an English adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film , Anastasia . The plot revolves around a group of swindlers who attempt to raise money among Russian émigrés by pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive . A suitable amnesiac , " Anna " , is groomed by the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia . Anna 's origins are unknown and as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia , who has lost her memory . The viewer is left to decide whether Anna really is Anastasia . Another film was released at the same time , Is Anna Anderson Anastasia ? starring Lilli Palmer , which covers much the same ground , but the central character is " perhaps even more lost , mad and pathetic , but she , too , has moments when she is a woman of presence and dignity " . Playwright Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978 . Like the earlier plays , it depicts Anderson as " a person of intrinsic worth victimized by the greed and fears of others " and did not attempt to decide her real identity . In 1965 , the musical Anya , based on Guy Bolton 's play and using the music of Sergei Rachmaninoff , opened on Broadway starring Constance Towers as Anya and Lillian Gish as the Dowager Empress — it was not successful . Sir Kenneth MacMillan 's ballet Anastasia , first performed in 1967 , used I , Anastasia , an autobiography as inspiration and " is a dramatic fantasy about Anna Anderson , the woman who believes herself to be Anastasia ... Either in memory or imagination , she experiences episodes from Anastasia 's past ... The structure is a kind of free @-@ wheeling nightmare , held together by the central figure of the heroine , played by Lynn Seymour " . A contemporary reviewer thought Seymour 's " tense , tormented portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary and really impressive " . Anna Anderson was also used as a narrative device in Youri Vámos ' 1992 ballet for Theater Basel , Sleeping Beauty – Last Daughter of the Czar , based on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Sleeping Beauty . In December 1986 , NBC ran a two @-@ part fictionalized mini @-@ series titled Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna which starred Amy Irving and won her a Golden Globe nomination . In the words of Hal Erickson , " Irving plays the leading character in a lady @-@ or @-@ the @-@ tiger fashion , so that we never know if she truly swallows her own tale or if she 's merely a clever charlatan . " The central character ( " Anastasia " or " Anya " ) of the 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia is portrayed as the actual Grand Duchess Anastasia , even though the film was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia . The film is an entirely fictional musical entertainment , and in the words of one reviewer , " historical facts are treated with particular contempt " .
= Man of Steel ( film ) = Man of Steel is a 2013 superhero film featuring the DC Comics character Superman . It is produced by Legendary Pictures , DC Entertainment and Syncopy Inc . , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , and is the first installment in the DC Extended Universe . Directed by Zack Snyder and written by David S. Goyer , the film stars Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Michael Shannon , Kevin Costner , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Antje Traue , Ayelet Zurer , Christopher Meloni , and Russell Crowe . Man of Steel is a reboot of the Superman film series that retells the character 's origin story . In the film , Clark Kent learns that he is a superpowered alien from the planet Krypton and assumes the role of mankind 's protector , but finds himself having to prevent General Zod from destroying humanity . Development began in 2008 when Warner Bros. Pictures took pitches from comic book writers , screenwriters and directors , opting to reboot the franchise . In 2009 , a court ruling resulted in Jerry Siegel 's family recapturing the rights to Superman 's origins and Siegel 's copyright . The decision stated that Warner Bros. did not owe the families additional royalties from previous films , but if they did not begin production on a Superman film by 2011 , then the Shuster and Siegel estates would be able to sue for lost revenue on an unproduced film . Producer Christopher Nolan pitched Goyer 's idea after story discussion on The Dark Knight Rises , and Snyder was hired as the film 's director in October 2010 . Principal photography began in August 2011 in West Chicago , Illinois , before moving to Vancouver and Plano , Illinois . Man of Steel was released to the general public on June 14 , 2013 , in conventional , 3D , and IMAX theaters . Despite receiving mixed reviews , the film became a box office success , grossing over $ 668 million worldwide . Critics praised the film 's visuals , action sequences and Hans Zimmer 's musical score but criticized its pacing and lack of character development . A follow @-@ up , titled Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , was released on March 25 , 2016 . = = Plot = = The planet Krypton , unstable from years of industrial mining , faces impending destruction . Jor @-@ El , chief advisor to Krypton 's supreme council , recommends a full @-@ scale evacuation of the planet 's inhabitants . Before any action can be taken , soldiers led by General Zod , an old friend of Jor @-@ El 's , launch an uprising and arrest the councilors . Realizing that Krypton is doomed , Jor @-@ El steals genetic codes sought by Zod and infuses them into the DNA of his infant son , Kal @-@ El – the first naturally born Kryptonian child in centuries . Donning his old armor , Jor @-@ El sacrifices his life to allow his son to escape on a preprogrammed spacecraft . Zod orders the rocket 's destruction , only to learn that forces loyal to the council have suppressed the rebellion . In a brief trial , Zod and several of the surviving rebels are convicted of treason and sentenced to the Phantom Zone seconds before Krypton explodes . Following Jor @-@ El 's coordinates , the ship crash lands on Earth in Smallville , Kansas . A childless couple , Jonathan and Martha Kent , find Kal @-@ El and raise him as their own , naming him Clark . As he grows up , Clark becomes an isolated young man as a result of developing superhuman powers . He then learns his true origins from Jonathan , who urges him to keep his powers hidden . Several years later , Jonathan dies in a tornado while refusing to let Clark save him . Burdened by guilt , Clark leaves to travel the world under several aliases , seeking a new purpose . Lois Lane , a reporter at the Daily Planet in Metropolis , receives an assignment to investigate the discovery of a Kryptonian scout ship in the Canadian Arctic . Disguised as a worker , Clark enters the ship and activates its central computer using a key left by Jor @-@ El , allowing him to communicate with an artificial intelligence modeled after his father . The AI explains that Clark was sent to Earth to guide its people , and presents him with a Kryptonian uniform bearing his family 's symbol . While following Clark , Lois inadvertently triggers the ship 's security system . Clark uses his powers to rescue Lois before donning the uniform and testing his ability to fly . Lois attempts to have her supervisor Perry White publish an article on the incident , but he refuses to do so without proof . After tracking down Clark , Lois eventually agrees to keep his secret safe . Escaping the Phantom Zone , Zod and his crew travel to Earth after intercepting a transmission from the scout vessel . Deducing that Kal @-@ El is nearby , they broadcast a global address demanding that he surrender or risk war . Clark meets with the U.S. Army and agrees to comply , with Lois joining him as a hostage . Zod reveals that he possesses advanced terraforming equipment salvaged from Kryptonian outposts , which he intends to use to transform Earth into a new Krypton . His science officer , Jax @-@ Ur , extracts Clark 's genes to create Kryptonian colonists who will exterminate humanity and build a society based on Zod 's ideals of genetic purity . With help from Jor @-@ El , Clark and Lois escape and warn the Army , just as Zod orders an invasion . Given the codename " Superman " , Clark destroys the terraforming platform , while his human allies launch a suicide attack , killing Zod 's troops . Vowing to eradicate humanity himself , Zod battles with Superman , and the two eventually crash into a train station . Zod turns his own heat vision on a group of passengers , but Superman kills him . Now the last surviving Kryptonian , Superman persuades the Army to let him act independently , so long as he does not turn against humanity . To allow access to dangerous situations without attracting attention , Superman is hired as a freelance reporter for the Daily Planet as Clark Kent . = = Cast = = Henry Cavill as Kal @-@ El / Clark Kent / Superman : A Kryptonian sent by his parents to Earth as an infant to escape the destruction of his homeworld , Krypton , and raised in Smallville , Kansas , under mental guidance of farmers Martha and Jonathan Kent until he is inspired by the holographic message from his late father to become Earth 's greatest protector ( Superman is depicted as being 33 years old , at least from the moment he is found , in the present timeline of the film ) . Cavill is the first British and non @-@ American actor to play the character . He was previously cast in Superman : Flyby , which was ultimately shelved , and was considered for the role in the 2006 film Superman Returns , but lost out to Brandon Routh . Cavill stated , " There 's a very real story behind the Superman character . " He explained that everyone 's goal has been to explore the difficulties his character faces as a result of having multiple identities – including his birth name , Kal @-@ El , and his alter ego , Clark Kent . Cavill also stated that , " He 's alone and there 's no one like him , " referring to Superman 's vulnerabilities . " That must be incredibly scary and lonely , not to know who you are or what you are , and trying to find out what makes sense . Where 's your baseline ? What do you draw from ? Where do you draw a limit with the power you have ? In itself , that 's an incredible weakness . " In an interview with Total Film magazine , Cavill stated he had been consuming nearly 5 @,@ 000 calories a day , training for over two hours daily and plowing protein to pack on the muscle mass . Joe Manganiello was considered for the role but could not work out an audition date for the casting director due to scheduling obligations with True Blood . Cooper Timberline was cast as the 9 @-@ year @-@ old Clark Kent , and Dylan Sprayberry was cast as the 13 @-@ year @-@ old Clark Kent . Amy Adams as Lois Lane : A reporter for the Daily Planet newspaper and love interest of Clark Kent . Adams was selected from a list of actresses that included Olivia Wilde and Mila Kunis . " There was a big , giant search for Lois , " Snyder said . " For us , it was a big thing and obviously a really important role . We did a lot of auditioning , but we had this meeting with Amy Adams and after that I just felt she was perfect for it . " Adams auditioned for the role three times : once for the unproduced Superman : Flyby , and the second time for Superman Returns before landing the current role . Adams was confirmed to play Lois Lane in March 2011 . While announcing the role , Snyder said in a statement , " We are excited to announce the casting of Amy Adams , one of the most versatile and respected actresses in films today . Amy has the talent to capture all of the qualities we love about Lois : smart , tough , funny , warm , ambitious and , of course , beautiful . " On portraying Lois Lane , Adams stated that the film would feature a Lois Lane who is an " independent , feisty woman ... but set in a more identifiable world . " Adams said that " She has become more of a free @-@ ranging journalist , someone who likes to be hands @-@ on . The nature of the newspaper business has changed so much . There is so much more pressure . " Michael Shannon as General Zod : A Kryptonian general and megalomaniac with the same superpowers as Superman . Viggo Mortensen was considered for the role . Snyder stated , " Zod is not only one of Superman 's most formidable enemies , but one of the most significant because he has insights into Superman that others don 't . Michael is a powerful actor who can project both the intelligence and the malice of the character , making him perfect for the role . " When Goyer was asked about why Zod was chosen as the villain , he stated , " The way ( Christopher ) Nolan and I have always approached movies as well is you never say , ' Hey , which villain would be cool for this movie ? ' You start with the story first . What kind of story ? What kind of theme do you want to tell ? So we worked that out . Then , usually the villain becomes obvious in terms of who 's going to be the appropriate antagonist for that . When you guys see the movie , the only villain we could 've used was Zod and the Kryptonians . I mean , when you see what the whole story is , nothing else would have even made sense . " Shannon also commented on his portrayal in comparison to Terence Stamp 's original take on Zod , " To follow Terence Stamp 's iconic performance in the original , it is daunting , but I just focused on one day at a time . It 's interesting that when we started with this , we did a lot of training together and I think that kind of helped loosen things up a little bit . It is a very physical movie at the end of the day . That 's a good way to find your way ' into it ' [ as an actor ] . " Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent : Clark 's adoptive father . Snyder explained his reason for his casting the on @-@ screen couple is solely for the realism : " I think the thing you realize when you look at Diane and Kevin , in our decision to cast them so far , you sort of get a sense of how tonally we 're looking at the movie , and what you realize is that those guys are serious actors , and we 're taking this movie very seriously in terms of the tone of having those guys . You 're talking about having a situation where whatever the action is or whatever the drama of the movie is , our first priority is to make sure it 's rendered in the most realistic way we can get at . " Diane Lane as Martha Kent : Clark 's adoptive mother . Lane was the first cast member to join the film after Cavill . " This was a very important piece of casting for me because Martha Kent is the woman whose values helped shape the man we know as Superman , " Snyder said in the release . " We are thrilled to have Diane in the role because she can convey the wisdom and the wonder of a woman whose son has powers beyond her imagination . " Laurence Fishburne as Perry White : Editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Daily Planet and the boss of Lois Lane . Fishburne is the first African @-@ American to play Perry White in a live @-@ action film . Fishburne stated that he modeled his character after Ed Bradley , stating that " my inspiration really is the late Ed Bradley , who was a CBS correspondent on 60 Minutes for many years ... [ The ] legendary Ed Bradley ... was a friend , a mentor , and a role model for me , particularly because he worked in journalism , and he was the kind of guy who walked with kings , but he had the common touch . And so he was my inspiration for Perry . " Antje Traue as Faora Hu @-@ Ul : General Zod 's sub @-@ commander and a commander of the Kryptonian military , who is completely devoted and loyal to Zod . Gal Gadot was offered the role but refused because she was pregnant at that time ; this allowed her to be later cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's sequel . Christopher Meloni as Colonel Nathan Hardy , USAF : A U.S. Air Force officer , call sign " Guardian " , assigned to the United States Northern Command . Ayelet Zurer as Lara Lor @-@ Van : The biological mother of Superman and loyal wife to Jor @-@ El . Julia Ormond had previously been announced as cast , but dropped out . Connie Nielsen was in negotiations for the role before Zurer was cast . Nielsen has now been cast as Queen Hippolyta in Wonder Woman . Russell Crowe as Jor @-@ El : The biological father of Superman . Sean Penn and Clive Owen were also considered for the role . Crowe incorporates how his own fatherhood informed his reading of the script to portray Jor @-@ El , stating that " ... it was one of those things where that 's how it was connecting me . That 's the question that Jor @-@ El faces , that 's the situation that he 's in . " Crowe also comments on his preparation for the film stating that : " When I signed on ... well , one , I didn 't realize that I would be wearing Spandex — ' cause you know that 's Superman 's costume — I didn 't realize that I 'd have to fit into it as well , " Crowe said . " But , I also didn 't realize the type of organizer that Zack Snyder is , ' cause this was really old school prep . This is sort of David Lean @-@ level preparation , and I really appreciated him . And I was on the movie for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half or four months before I even got in front of the camera . " Additionally , Harry Lennix plays Lieutenant General Calvin Swanwick , a United States Army general officer and the deputy commander of United States Northern Command . Christina Wren plays Captain Carrie Farris , a U.S. Air Force officer and the assistant to General Swanwick . Richard Schiff plays Dr. Emil Hamilton , a scientist who works with the United States Armed Forces for DARPA . Carla Gugino portrays the voice of Kelor , the Kryptonian A.I. service @-@ robot . Mackenzie Gray plays Jax @-@ Ur , a Kryptonian scientist who is one of General Zod 's followers . Michael Kelly plays Steve Lombard , an employee of the Daily Planet , and Rebecca Buller plays Jenny Jurwich , an intern of the Daily Planet . Jack Foley , Jadin Gould and Rowen Kahn respectively play Pete Ross , Lana Lang and Kenny Braverman , classmates of Clark Kent in high school with Joseph Cranford portraying Ross as an adult . Richard Cetrone , Samantha Jo , Revard Dufresne and Apollonia Vanova respectively play Tor @-@ An , Car @-@ Vex , Dev @-@ Em II and Nadira , Kryptonian soldiers that follow General Zod . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In June 2008 , Warner Bros. took pitches from comic book writers , screenwriters and directors on how to successfully restart the Superman film series . Comic book writers Grant Morrison , Mark Waid , Geoff Johns and Brad Meltzer were among those who pitched their ideas for a reboot . " I told them , it ’ s not that bad . Just treat Superman Returns as the Ang Lee Hulk , " Morrison said . " The Incredible Hulk has proven the audience will forgive you and let you redo the franchise , " said Waid . Morrison 's idea was similar to his work on All @-@ Star Superman , while Waid 's was akin to Superman : Birthright . Mark Millar , teaming with director Matthew Vaughn , also planned an epic eight @-@ hour Superman trilogy , each installment released a year apart , similar to The Lord of the Rings . Millar compared it to the Godfather trilogy , in which it would chronicle the entire life of Superman , from the early days of Krypton to the finale where Superman loses his powers as the Sun starts to supernova . In August 2008 , Warner Bros. suggested a reboot of the film series . Studio executive Jeff Robinov planned to have the film released either by 2010 or 2011 , explaining " Superman Returns didn 't quite work as a film in the way that we wanted it to . It didn 't position the character the way he needed to be positioned . Had Superman worked in 2006 , we would have had a movie for Christmas of this year or 2009 . Now the plan is just to reintroduce Superman without regard to a Batman and Superman movie at all . " Paul Levitz stated in an interview that Batman holds the key to the Superman reboot . He elaborated , " Everyone is waiting for Nolan to sign on for another Batman , once that happens , the release date for Superman and all other future projects will follow . " In February 2009 , McG , who previously planned to direct Superman : Flyby , expressed interest in returning to the Superman franchise . August 2009 saw a court ruling in which Jerry Siegel 's family recaptured 50 % of the rights to Superman 's origins and Siegel 's share of the copyright in Action Comics # 1 . In addition , a judge ruled that Warner Bros. did not owe the families additional royalties from previous films . However , if they did not begin production on a Superman film by 2011 , then the Siegel estate would have been able to sue for lost revenue on an unproduced film . The plot of Man of Steel employs a nonlinear narrative , and tells parts of the story in flashback . During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises in 2008 , David S. Goyer told Christopher Nolan his idea regarding how to present Superman in a modern context . Impressed with Goyer 's concept , Nolan pitched the idea to the studio , who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write based on the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight . Nolan admired Bryan Singer 's work on Superman Returns for its connection to Richard Donner 's version , stating that " A lot of people have approached Superman in a lot of different ways . I only know the way that has worked for us that 's what I know how to do , " emphasizing the idea that Batman exists in a world where he is the only superhero and a similar approach to the Man of Steel would assure the integrity needed for the film . " Each serves to the internal logic of the story . They have nothing to do with each other . " Nolan , however , clarified that the new film would not have any relationship with the previous film series . Jeff Robinov , president of Warner Bros. Pictures Group , spoke to Entertainment Weekly , and allowed a peek over the wall of secrecy surrounding their DC Comics plans : " It 's setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward . In that , it 's definitely a first step . " Plans included for the film to contain references to the existence of other superheroes , alluding to the possibility of a further DC Universe , and setting the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film . Guillermo del Toro , with whom Goyer worked on Blade II , turned down the director 's position on the reboot because of his commitment on a film adaptation of At the Mountains of Madness , while Robert Zemeckis was also approached . Ben Affleck , Darren Aronofsky , Duncan Jones , Jonathan Liebesman , Matt Reeves , and Tony Scott were considered as potential directors , before Zack Snyder was hired in October 2010 . Casting began the following November . Zack Snyder confirmed both Booster Gold and Batman references in the film , indicating their presence in the DC shared film universe . When Zod destroys a satellite , the words " Wayne Enterprises " are scrolled on the satellite . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography began on August 1 , 2011 , at an industrial park near DuPage Airport under the codename " Autumn Frost " . Zack Snyder expressed reluctance to shooting the film in 3 @-@ D , due to the technical limitations of the format , and instead chose to shoot the film two @-@ dimensionally and convert the film into 3 @-@ D in post production , for a 2 @-@ D , 3 @-@ D , and IMAX 3 @-@ D release . Snyder also chose to shoot the film on film instead of digitally , because he felt it would make the film , " a big movie experience " . Filming was expected to last for two to three months . Production took place in Plano , Illinois on August 22 to 29 . According to an interview with Michael Shannon , filming would continue until February 2012 . Man of Steel filmed in the Chicago area , California and Burnaby 's Mammoth Studios was transformed into Superman 's home planet of Krypton and myriad extraterrestrial aircraft . Metro lands on Vancouver 's North Shore waterfront hosted the shoot for the dramatic oil rig rescue that introduces audiences to Superman . Ucluelet and Nanaimo , British Columbia , feature prominently in the film ’ s first hour — the trademark winter mist and rough seas are passed off as Alaska in the film . Filming took place in the Chicago Loop from September 7 to 17 . Vancouver production took place from September 21 , 2011 , to January 20 , 2012 . The Chicago shoot was a unit project , meaning that filming could partake numerous establishing shots as well as cutaways and may not necessarily include principal cast members . = = = Design = = = Man of Steel features a redesigned Superman costume by James Acheson and Michael Wilkinson . The costume preserves the color scheme and " S " logo , but adopts darker tones , and notably does not feature the red trunks usually worn by Superman . Zack Snyder said the costume is " a modern aesthetic " . He and the producers attempted to devise a suit featuring the red trunks , but could not design one that fit into the tone of the film , leading to their removal from the suit . Because of Wilkinson 's unavailability , Snyder chose Acheson to design the suit ; however he only started developing it , and Wilkinson finished the development when he returned , and designed the other character 's costumes as well . Due to the substantial weight a practical suit would yield , the Kryptonian armor for General Zod was constructed through CGI to allow Shannon " freedom of movement " . In a March 2014 interview with Esquire , Wilkinson explained the reason for the look of Superman 's redesigned suit : = = = Effects = = = John " DJ " Desjardin served as the visual supervisor for Man of Steel , with Weta Digital , MPC , and Double Negative providing the visual effects for the film . Zack Snyder wanted the film to " appear very natural because there ’ s some very fantastical things in there and he wanted people to suspend their disbelief , and we the visual effects team had to make it as easy as possible for them to do so . " Desjardin noted that the intent in shooting the film was to utilize handheld devices to make the film feel like a " documentary @-@ style " film . " We had to think about what that would mean , since we also had to photograph some crazy action , " said Desjardin . " So for a lot of the previs we did , we ’ d start to think where our cameras were and where our cameraman was . A lot of the rules are the Battlestar Galactica rules for the space cams that Gary Hurtzel developed for that miniseries , where we want to make sure if we 're translating the camera at all it makes sense . Unless the action is so over the top , like in the end where Superman is beating up Zod — we had to break it a bit . " For the first act of the film taking place on the planet Krypton , Weta Digital placed alien @-@ like planet environments , creatures and the principal means of display — a technology the filmmakers called " liquid geometry " . Weta Digital visual effects supervisor Dan Lemmon explained that , " It ’ s a bunch of silver beads that are suspended through a magnetic field , and the machine is able to control that magnetic field so that the collection of beads behave almost like three @-@ dimensional pixels , and they can create a surface that floats in the air and describes whatever the thing is you ’ re supposed to be seeing . " The beads of the display , which up close would appear to be pyramids with a slight bevel , were designed to create a surface of the object to depict inside a " console @-@ like " figure . In the modeling and animation aspect of the liquid geometry , Goodwin explained , " We had to develop a pipeline to bring in assets , so instead of going through the route of reducing the polygon count to something usable what we would then do — you would take the model in whatever way it was made and just scatter discrete points onto it , and extract the matrix onto the animation and copy these points onto the matrix and have these sparse points behaving in a way that the model would . " After the animation , artists duplicated the beads onto the animated geometry for a pre @-@ simulated lighting version to get approval on how the object would read . Sims were then run " on all the targets which would be discrete beads floating around on top of the surface which would have its own set of parameters , " said Goodwin . " The bead size or the turbulence that would crawl along the surface constantly updating the orientation was based on the normal provided by the surface . That was then saved to disk and we would use that sim as the final target for the simulation . " After the simulation process , Weta Digital ran every bead through a temporal filter to remove jitter to control the noise . Lighting solutions directly worked on the set . Weta utilized RenderMan to take advantage of improved ray tracing and instancing objects . The sequences where Superman utilizes close @-@ combat fight scenes with the other Kryptonians proved to be a major challenge for the filmmakers and the visual effects crew . Desjardin explained , " When we do these fights and these hyper @-@ real things , we don ’ t want to do the traditional , ' OK I ’ m a cameraman , I 'm shooting a clean plate , I 'm going to pan over here to follow the action that ’ s not really there yet but we 'll put the action in later . Because that 's us animating the characters to the camera . So we would do that animation with the characters — grappling , punching or flying away — and we would take the real guys up until the point until they were supposed to do that and we 'd cut . Then we 'd put an environment camera there and take the environment . And then a camera for reference of the actors and get each moment . So then we had a set of high @-@ res stills for the environment and the characters . Then , in post , we take the digi @-@ doubles and animate them according to the speeds we want them to move in our digital environment . " MPC handled the visual effects for the " Smallville encounter " sequence . Before providing the visual effects , the shots were previsualized for the fight choreography . After the previsualizations , live action portions of the scene would be filmed in small pieces . " If say Superman was being punched and would land 50 meters away , we would shoot our start position and end position , and then bridge that gap with the CG takeovers , " says Guillaume Rocheron , the MPC visual effects supervisor . A camera rig would then obtain key frames of the choreographed actor . " It 's a six @-@ still camera rig that 's built on a pipe rig so that you can run it in at the end of a setup and get stills of key frames of a performance or an expression , " said Desjardin , " and then we could use those hi @-@ res stills to project onto the CG double and get really accurate transition lighting and color — right from the set . " On set , a camera rig was used to capture the environment of the sequence . Dubbed " enviro @-@ cam " , the visual effects crew would mount a Canon EOS 5D and a motorized nodal head , allowing the crew to capture the environment at a 360 @-@ degree angle with 55k resolution for every shot , the process would take approximately two to four minutes . The set capture resulted in lighting and textures that could be reprojected onto geometry . Full @-@ screen digital doubles were a major component for the fighting sequences . Digital armor was also added , along with the energy @-@ based Kryptonian helmets . Cyberscan and FACS were conducted with the actors , and polarized and non @-@ polarized reference photos were taken . Superman 's cape and costume were scanned in high detail — the cape in particular became a direct extensions of Superman 's actions . For the sequences involving the terraforming of the city Metropolis , Double Negative handled the visual effects for the sequence . In order to construct a Metropolis that seemed convincing and realistic , Double Negative utilized Esri 's CityEngine to help procedurally deliver the city . " That was a much more sci @-@ fi based role , " said Double Negative visual effects supervisor Ged Wright , “ so we took what they had done and extended it a great deal . The work we were doing was based around the Downtowns for New York , L.A. and Chicago and that gave us the building volumes for heights . We ’ d skin those volumes with kit parts , but most of it then had to fall down ! So we had to rig it for destruction and use it for other aspects of the work as well . " For the destruction of the buildings , the studio rewrote its own asset system to focus towards its dynamic events . The Bullet physics software was a heavily @-@ impacted component for the utilization of the destruction . " We wanted to be able to run an RBD event and trigger all these secondary events , whether it was glass or dust simulations — all of those things needed to be chained up and handled in a procedural way , " said Wright . " One of the advantages of this was that , because it was all based around a limited number of input components , you can make sure they 're modeled in a way they ’ re usable in effects — you can model something but they 'll be another stage to rig it for destruction . " Fire , smoke , and water stimulation tools were developed at the Double Negative studio . The studio transitioned between the existing proprietary volume rendering software to rendering in Mantra for elements such as fireball sims . Double Negative also used the in @-@ house fluids tool " Squirt " to handle larger scale sims and interaction for more tightly @-@ coupled volumes and particles . Regarding the battle between Superman and Zod , Double Negative implemented real photography onto its digital doubles . = = = Music = = = Hans Zimmer initially denied popular rumors that he would be composing the film 's score . However , in June 2012 , it was confirmed that Zimmer would , in fact , be writing the film 's musical score . To completely distinguish Man of Steel from the previous films , the iconic " Superman March " by John Williams was not used . Hans Zimmer 's soundtrack for Man of Steel was released publicly on June 11 , 2013 . An unofficial rip of the musical score from the third trailer , entitled " An Ideal of Hope " , confirmed to be a cut @-@ down version of the track " What Are You Going to Do When You Are Not Saving the World ? " , was released on April 19 , 2013 . In late April 2013 , the official track listing of the two @-@ disc deluxe edition was revealed . = = Release = = Man of Steel held a red carpet premiere at the Lincoln Center 's Alice Tully Hall in New York City on June 10 , 2013 , which featured the attendance of the principal cast members . The film received a wide release on June 14 , 2013 , in conventional , 3D , and IMAX theaters . = = = Marketing = = = Warner Bros. and DC Comics won the rights to the domain name manofsteel.com , in use by a member of the public , for use for the film 's official website . On November 20 , 2012 , for the release of The Dark Knight Rises DVD and Blu @-@ ray , Warner Bros. launched a countdown on the film 's website where fans could share the countdown on websites like Facebook or Twitter to unlock an " exclusive reward " . On December 3 , 2012 , the " exclusive reward " was revealed to be an official Man of Steel teaser poster . The poster , which depicts Superman being arrested , generated a positive response and much speculation about the film 's story . On December 10 , 2012 , a website appeared at dsrwproject.com that provided audio signals to be decoded by viewers . It was discovered to be related to the film due to the copyright on the website . By December 11 , 2012 , the decoded message led readers to another website with a countdown that led to the public release of the trailer . In anticipation of the film , Mattel unveiled a toy line which includes Movie Masters action figures . In addition , Lego will release three Man of Steel sets , inspired by scenes from the film ; Rubie ’ s Costume Co. also released a new line of Man of Steel @-@ inspired costumes and accessories for both kids and adults . The film has reportedly earned over $ 160 million from promotional tie @-@ ins . Viral marketing campaigns for the film began when the official website was replaced by " deep space radio waves " . The message was decoded to reveal a voice that said " You Are Not Alone " . The official site continued to be updated with new static files that slowly revealed the symbol for the film 's villain , General Zod . Shortly after , the website was replaced with a " message " from Zod , who requested that Earth must return Kal @-@ El to his custody and told Kal @-@ El to surrender within 24 hours or the world would suffer the consequences . A viral site called " IWillFindHim.com " was released that showed a countdown to the third trailer for the film . Warner Bros. enlisted a Christian @-@ based marketing firm Grace Hill Media to help spread the Christian themes of the film to the religious demographics . Special trailers were created outlining the religious tones . Hollywood studios frequently market movies to specific religious and cultural groups . Warner Bros. previously marketed films such as The Blind Side , The Notebook , The Book of Eli and the Harry Potter series to faith @-@ based groups . Warner Bros. asked Professor Craig Detweiler of Pepperdine University to " create a Superman @-@ centric sermon outline for pastors titled ' Jesus : The Original Superhero . ' " Paul Asay of The Washington Post writes that the " religious themes keep coming : Free will . Sacrifice . God @-@ given purpose . Man of Steel isn ’ t just a movie . It ’ s a Bible study in a cape . The messages are so strong that its marketers been [ sic ] explicitly pushing the film to Christian audiences . " = = = Home media = = = Man of Steel was released as a single disc DVD ( feature film only ) , on two @-@ disc DVD with bonus features , and respective Blu @-@ ray and Blu @-@ ray 3D combo packs on November 12 , 2013 , and in the United Kingdom on December 2 , 2013 . As of January 2015 , Man of Steel has sold 2 @,@ 279 @,@ 088 DVDs along with 3 @,@ 153 @,@ 563 Blu @-@ ray Discs totalling $ 41 @,@ 500 @,@ 264 and $ 63 @,@ 820 @,@ 325 , respectively for a total of $ 105 @,@ 320 @,@ 589 . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Man of Steel grossed $ 291 million in North America and $ 377 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 668 million , making it the highest @-@ grossing Superman film to date , and the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing reboot of all time behind The Amazing Spider @-@ Man ( although it did beat The Amazing Spider @-@ Man in North America ) . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $ 42 @.@ 7 million , for Warner Bros. The film earned $ 116 @.@ 6 million on its opening weekend , including $ 17 @.@ 5 million from IMAX theaters . Man of Steel made $ 12 million from a Thursday night Walmart screening program , and an additional $ 9 million from midnight shows . This marked Warner Bros. ' third @-@ highest advance night / midnight opening , and the biggest advance night / midnight debut for a non @-@ sequel . The film eventually earned $ 44 million during its opening Friday ( including midnight grosses ) and $ 56 @.@ 1 million when the Thursday night showings are included . The opening @-@ day gross was the second highest for a non @-@ sequel , and the 20th largest overall . Its opening weekend gross of $ 116 @.@ 6 million was the third @-@ highest of 2013 , behind Iron Man 3 ( $ 174 @.@ 1 million ) and The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( $ 158 @.@ 1 million ) , and the third @-@ highest among non @-@ sequels , behind Marvel 's The Avengers ( $ 207 @.@ 4 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $ 152 @.@ 5 million ) . It also broke Toy Story 3 's record ( $ 110 @.@ 3 million ) for the highest weekend debut in June ( the record was again broken two years later by Jurassic World 's opening gross of $ 208 @.@ 8 million ) . However , on its second weekend , Man of Steel 's box office fell almost 65 % – 68 % if the Thursday night gross is included — putting it in third place , behind Monsters University and World War Z. Box Office Mojo called it an " abnormally large drop , " close to the second weekend decline for Green Lantern . Man of Steel earned $ 73 @.@ 3 million on its opening weekend from 24 countries , which includes $ 4 @.@ 2 million from 79 IMAX theaters , setting a June opening @-@ weekend record for IMAX . The film set an opening @-@ day record in the Philippines with $ 1 @.@ 66 million . In the UK , Ireland and Malta , the film earned $ 5 @.@ 6 million on its opening day and £ 11 @.@ 2 million ( $ 17 @.@ 47 million ) on its opening weekend . Its biggest opener outside the United States was in China , with $ 25 @.@ 9 million in four days ( Thursday to Sunday ) . In total earnings , its three largest countries after North America are China ( $ 63 @.@ 4 million ) , the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $ 46 @.@ 2 million ) and Australia ( $ 22 @.@ 3 million ) . = = = Critical response = = = Man of Steel received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 55 % , based on 300 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , " Man of Steel 's exhilarating action and spectacle can 't fully overcome its detours into generic blockbuster territory . " On Metacritic , the film received a weighted score of 55 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Audience polls in North America from CinemaScore for the film tallied an average grade of an " A – " on an A + to F scale , with those under the age of 18 and older than 50 giving it an " A " . Cavill 's performance as Superman earned mixed reviews , with some critics commenting on perceived stiffness and a lack of charisma . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said that Man of Steel covered no new ground with regard to Superman films , and instead , " we 're plunged back into a mostly underwhelming film , with underdeveloped characters and supercharged fight scenes that drag on and offer nothing new in the way of special @-@ effects creativity " . The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr wrote , " What ’ s missing from this Superman saga is a sense of lightness , of pop joy " . The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday stated that with " Hans Zimmer ’ s turgid , over @-@ produced score " , the film " is an exceptionally unpleasant viewing experience " . For The Denver Post 's Lisa Kennedy , the chief problem with Man of Steel is the " rhythm and balance in the storytelling and directing " which resulted in a film that swings " between destructive overstatement and flat @-@ footed homilies . " Kofi Outlaw , Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief at Screenrant.com , gave Man of Steel a 4 out of 5 star review , stating that " Man of Steel has more than earned its keep , and deserves to be THE iconic Superman movie for a whole new generation " . He would go on to name Man of Steel the best Superhero movie of 2013 . Jim Vejvoda of IGN gave Man of Steel a 9 out of 10 while praising the action sequences and the performances of Kevin Costner , Russell Crowe and Michael Shannon . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave it a 3 stars out of 4 , saying , " Caught in the slipstream between action and angst , Man of Steel is a bumpy ride for sure . But there 's no way to stay blind to its wonders . " Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said rebooting the franchise was unnecessary , but that the film was confident enough and Snyder 's attention to detail careful enough that audiences could overlook another reboot . PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek , III , wrote , " The path of this flawed savior isn ’ t quite the one that we have been led to expect and many fans will love that and many fans will decry its comic book @-@ divergent choices . On the other hand , barring Lois Lane ’ s own knowledge of the dual nature of Clark and Superman ( thus depriving one of fiction ’ s greatest reveals ) , the hero we see in the final moments of Man of Steel is nothing if not the character Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created … with just a bit more in the ' imperfections ' column . " Steve Persall of the Tampa Bay Times stated that , " Man of Steel is more than just Avengers @-@ sized escapism ; it 's an artistic introduction to a movie superhero we only thought we knew . " Time magazine 's Richard Corliss said , " The movie finds its true , lofty footing not when it displays Kal @-@ El ’ s extraordinary powers , but when it dramatizes Clark Kent ’ s roiling humanity . The super part of Man of Steel is just okay , but the man part is super . " In a review on Roger Ebert 's website , Matt Zoller Seitz awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it an " astonishing movie " and praising the conflict between Clark and Zod . But he criticized the film for not having more personal and intimate moments between Clark and Lois . In 2014 , Empire ranked Man of Steel the 286th greatest film ever made on their list of " The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time " as voted by the magazine 's readers . Speaking to Fox Business Channel , Grae Drake , editor of Rotten Tomatoes , expressed dismay over the critical reception , stating , " As much as I love and respect our critics at Rotten Tomatoes , I 've got to say I am shocked . Listen , the movie ’ s not perfect but ... I just cannot fathom it . It was a good movie , you guys . " Reaction to the film among comics creators was mixed . Those who enjoyed it include Jeff Parker , Heidi MacDonald , Ethan Van Sciver , Christos Gage and former Superman writer Dan Jurgens . Among its detractors were Joe Keatinge , Sean McKeever , Gabriel Hardman and Mark Waid . MacDonald praised the film 's action , drama and leads Henry Cavill and Amy Adams . Van Sciver singled out Cavill in particular for praise . Gage called it the best Superman film since 1980 's Superman II . Hardman said that he liked a lot of the mechanics but did not connect with the characters , which robbed the story of tension . Waid , who wrote the origin miniseries Superman : Birthright , criticized the film for its overall " joyless " tone , and for Superman 's decision to kill Zod , a criticism echoed by other creators . Writer Grant Morrison , who wrote the critically acclaimed miniseries All @-@ Star Superman , expressed mixed reaction to the film , saying that while he " kinda liked it and kinda didn ’ t " , it did not present anything new , as he would have preferred a " second act " type story with Lex Luthor instead of re @-@ establishing the character by presenting information Morrison is already familiar with . Morrison also questioned the need for a superhero to kill , as did artist Neal Adams , who suggested that other avenues were open to Superman when Zod threatened innocents with his heat vision , such as covering his eyes . Adams further took issue with Superman 's failure to move the final battle with Zod away from the heavily populated Metropolis , as the character did at the end of Superman II . = = = Accolades = = = = = = Themes = = = Many reviewers have stated that Man of Steel is a religious allegory , especially since Warner Bros. set up a website www.manofsteelresources.com that contains " a nine @-@ page pamphlet entitled Jesus – The Original Superhero " . Justin Craig compares Kal @-@ El 's struggle to the passion of Christ , stating that " Kal @-@ El is more than willing to sacrifice himself to save the people of Earth . Originally reluctant to reveal his identity and powers to the world , Supes decides to turn himself over to Zod to save humanity from annihilation . " Craig also states that there is an allegory to the Trinity within Man of Steel : " Jor @-@ El returns to Kal @-@ El on Earth as a ghost , guiding his budding superhero son on his journey to salvation . Before Jor @-@ El sends his son off to Earth baby Moses @-@ style , he tells his wife that , like Jesus , ' He ’ ll be a god to them . ' " Paul Asay of The Washington Post writes that " Superman floats in space with his arms splayed out as if nailed to an invisible cross , " a fact that Craig also mentioned in his assessment of the film . The protagonist of the film is also 33 years old and seeks " counsel at a church . " Writing for The Huffington Post , Colin Liotta compared Zod to Adolf Hitler , citing , " He feels his vision for a pure Krypton ( i.e. a society like the one Hitler envisioned with his eugenics program ) is the only answer for survival . " = = DC Extended Universe = = The success of Man of Steel started Warner Bros. plans of an extended universe featuring other DC Comics characters . In July 2013 , Snyder announced at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International that the sequel to Man of Steel would have Superman and Batman meeting for the first time in a cinematic format . Cavill , Adams , Lane and Fishburne signed on to reprise their roles . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns . In August 2013 , Ben Affleck was announced to be playing Batman , while Gal Gadot was cast as Wonder Woman in December 2013 . Later in December , Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite the script , due to Goyer 's commitments in other projects . In January 2014 , it was announced that the film had been delayed from its original July 17 , 2015 release date to May 6 , 2016 , and in May 2014 , the film 's title was revealed to be Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . While the film was originally envisioned as a sequel to Man of Steel , it developed into a separate entity . The date was moved again to March 25 , 2016 . Snyder later stated that he " think [ s ] in a way Batman v Superman is Man of Steel 2 " , but added that a future standalone Superman film was not in development . In October 2014 , a Man of Steel sequel was announced with an intended release between 2016 and 2020 . = = = Prequel TV series = = = In 2014 , it was reported that David S. Goyer is developing a prequel TV series titled Krypton . In December 2014 , it was confirmed that the series is in development and will air on the Syfy network . Later it was announced that the series will be produced by Goyer and written and executive produced by Ian Goldberg . Goyer has also confirmed that the series will take place approximately 200 years before the time period of the Man of Steel film . In May 2016 , TV Line reported that Syfy has given the official pilot order for the series , and that Damian Kindler will be the showrunner , Goyer co @-@ executive producer , and Colm McCarthy will direct the pilot .
= Trial of Lex Wotton = The trial of Lex Wotton relates to the events surrounding the Townsville , Queensland proceedings in the Federal Magistrates Court concerning the actions taken by Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council member Wotton during the 26 November 2004 Palm Island riots . Wotton was a two @-@ time councillor on the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council when Cameron Doomadgee died in custody . Wotton led approximately 1 @,@ 000 people in the Palm Island Riots . Wotton was arrested , but on his release , he was hailed as a hero by many residents of Palm Island . He continued to act as a leader and even ran for mayor of the North Queensland Aboriginal community . Approximately four years after the riot , Wotton was found guilty of inciting a riot and sentenced to seven years in prison . = = Wotton = = Wotton was a plumber by trade and the plumber for Palm Island as well as an Aboriginal elder , an indigenous activist of prominence and co author . He also married and is the father of four children . In October 2002 , at age 34 , Wotton was elected to his second term as councilor on the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council in an ATSIC Regional Council elections where he was one of eight nominations seeking two positions . In May 2003 , Wotton supported a group of Palm Island women who called for the resignation of council chairwoman Delena Foster , asserting that she " diminished the rights of all islanders by proposing a strict new alcohol ban " as well as threatening a significant source of income for the area . Eleven days later , Wotton stated that the council had only $ 600 @,@ 000 left in its reserves to run the island until the end of June – a claim chairwoman Foster heatedly disputed by saying that the council in fact had $ 1 @.@ 5 million . By the end of June , Wotton became fed up with the Palm Island Aboriginal Council 's practices and handed in his resignation , reasoning that in the 3 ½ years he was on the council , the body did not achieve one long @-@ term success . Wotton , a plumber by trade , then kept his name in the public by writing to Letters to the Editor of the Townsville Bulletin to get his messages out . For example , in November 2003 , Wotton 's letter to the editor praised the decision to dissolve the Palm Island Aboriginal Council , since it would allow Palm Island " to adopt the very principles and practice of good governance and to see it effectively and efficiently discharged for the benefit of all in our community . " In March 2004 , he wrote an open letter to the recently reelected official Mike Reynolds , requesting an explanation as to why the jetty at Arcadia Bay received part of a massive injection of state money whereas no state funds were allocated for the dilapidated Palm Island jetty , even though 86 per cent of the Palm Island vote went to Reynolds . At the end of March , Wotton was one of eight candidates for the new Palm Island Community Council . = = = Public speaking = = = Wotton had become something of a public speaker , speaking at various venues including presenting the screening of Protected at the Film Fanatics society at Petersham Bowling Club where he spoke of seeing the film as a boy and how it opened his eyes to the way " things were different on Palm " . He went on a tour that included Melbourne on 9 August 2008 at the Solidarity Fiesta at the MUA Auditorium he said .... " I 'm not afraid of anything , because ... people like you will get out there and spread the message , tell the truth . " On 10 September 2008 he spoke at a public meeting at the Queensland University of Technology . = = Book release = = Along with French ethnographer Barbara Glowczewski , Wotton is co @-@ author of the 2008 book Warriors for Peace : The Political Conditions of Aboriginal People as Viewed from Palm Island . ( Glowczewski has also written Angry dreams – Aboriginal alliances in the North @-@ West of Australia and Desert dreamers – the Warlpiri people of Australia . ) = = The Palm Island riots = = On Friday 19 November 2004 , 36 @-@ year @-@ old Palm Island resident Cameron Doomadgee was arrested for public drunkenness and died in police custody an hour later . The coroner 's report was released on Friday 26 November , and read to a community meeting . After hearing that Doomadgee had died from a ruptured liver in the scuffle at the island 's watch @-@ house , a succession of angry young Aboriginal men spoke to the crowd and encouraged immediate action be taken against the police . Doomadgee 's death was repeatedly branded " cold @-@ blooded murder " . Wotton joined 1 @,@ 000 other people in a riot on Palm Island that resulted in the police station , the court house , and the home of the officer @-@ in @-@ charge being burned down . In a Friday interview with the The Courier @-@ Mail , Wotton justified the riot , saying that the residents did not believe the death was an accident and the residents had set fire to the police station because they had been " crying out for help " and no one had listened . Additionally , Wotton sought an investigation by the Crime and Misconduct Commission ( CMC ) and wanted the government to agree to move all police from the island . Before his Courier @-@ Mail newspaper interview was delivered to the public and in response to Wotton 's actions during the riot , police entered Wotton 's home at 4 : 45 am Saturday and used a stun gun on the back of his leg to arrest him , all the time pointing a rifle at his 15 @-@ year @-@ old daughter 's head as she sat on a bedroom floor . At the time , Wotton became one of 17 defendants , all males , charged in the Palm Island riots and was alleged to be the riot ringleader . At the Townsville Magistrate Court on 29 November , Wotton was charged with " arson ( two counts ) , serious assault on police ( three counts ) , wilful damage and riot causing damage " . = = = Out on bail = = = On 6 December , Wotton was released on bail , in part due to being characterised as a " leader and saviour " for the Palm Island community . The bail conditions required Wotton to return to court on 10 March 2007 , and restricted Wotton 's movements , particularly focusing on preventing his attending Doomadgee 's funeral and returning to the north Queensland island . Despite the strict bail conditions , three days later Wotton attended a protest march through Townsville and laid flowers on the steps of the north Queensland city 's police station in memory of Doomadgee . Wotton was being hailed a hero even before Doomadgee 's sister put her arms around Wotton 's neck on 9 December , saying " you 're my warrior " . After a subsequent court hearing , Wotton was allowed to return home to Palm Island in early May 2005 . In November 2006 , four months before his trial where he faced life imprisonment , Wotton become one of six people nominated to run for mayor of the North Queensland Aboriginal community in a December by @-@ election . However , one day before the election , the Supreme Court of Queensland ruled Wotton ineligible to be mayor since the Local Government Act 1993 disqualifies people from elected office in Queensland if they are an undischarged bankrupt and Wotton had previously been bankrupt . = = The trial = = In February 2007 , Wotton was granted a separate trial from his co @-@ accused in the Brisbane District Court since the allegations in the prosecution case against the other co @-@ accused were prejudicial to Wotton 's case . Wotton then pleaded guilty to the charge of rioting . In late March , after Wotton had already applied to withdraw his guilty plea on the advice of his legal representatives ( including his then barrister Marcus Einfeld ) , Wotton 's co @-@ accused were acquitted by a jury of rioting causing destruction . Wotton 's application to withdraw his plea was granted by Nase DCJ on 26 April 2007 . A few days later , Wotton was released on bail with strict conditions and ordered to return in April 2008 to be tried . As Wotton waited for his trial , a man mistaken for being Wotton in September 2007 was attacked from behind while at a urinal in the Rising Sun Hotel . In addition to having his wrist bone shattered and jaw bone fractured , the attackers caused him internal bleeding , head and facial injuries and bruised ribs . After several delays , Wotton 's trial began on 6 October 2008 in the District Court in Brisbane . The trial lasted 18 days , with the jury on 24 October finding Wotton guilty of inciting a riot that resulted in the destruction of the island 's police station , the courthouse and an officer 's residence . Fourteen days later , Wotton was sentenced to seven years in prison , reduced to six years for time already served . His family has no plans to appeal the sentence . = = = Protest against Wotton 's charge and sentencing = = = On 1 November 2009 about 250 protesters in Brisbane who expressed anger at Wotton 's sentencing . The same week , similar rallies took place in major Australian cities and in Wellington , New Zealand . MUA workers in Sydney observed one minute 's silence in solidarity . Speakers at a Brisbane rally argued that Wotton should have been given a bravery award for what they saw as standing up to the racist oppression of Palm Islanders . Benefit concerts were also held in support of him . = = Release from prison = = On 19 July 2010 after spending two years in prison , Wotton was released from a Townsville prison and placed on parole . There are strict conditions surrounding his release . He was to return to Palm Island at the end of the week but was to first have some minor medical treatment . = = = Gag order & High Court appeal = = = Since 2006 , all prisoners and parolees in Queensland have been prohibited by law ( section 132 of Queensland 's Corrective Services Act , introduced by the Beattie Labor Government ) from speaking to reporters without permission . Thus , for the duration of his imprisonment and parole , Wotton cannot lawfully speak to the media or attend public meetings without prior approval from his parole officer . Gracelyn Smallwood of the Indigenous Human Rights Committee believes it is designed to muzzle the truth . Terry O 'Gorman , President of the Australian Council for Civil Liberties , has called it ' obnoxious ' . Stewart Levitt , the director of the Black and White Justice Foundation remarked that it was unusual for a public spokesman and former politician to be prohibited from a public meeting . Welcoming Wotton back home , Alf Lacey , mayor of Palm Island , commented that the conditions were excessive . Wotton contested the constitutionality of Queensland 's parole conditions to the High Court of Australia . The Australian constitution contains an implied right of political communication , as is necessary in a representative democracy , plus rights to freedom of association and assembly . The case was heard by the High Court in August 2010 , where Wotton was represented by a team of lawyers including Stewart Levitt and Alison Drayton of Levitt Robinson Solicitors , Ron Merkel QC , assisted by Kristen Walker , Alistair Pound and Ben Schokman . In February 2012 the High Court by majority decision , supported the gag order . The majority judgement applied the test in Lange v ABC . That , 1 @.@ does the law effectively burden freedom of communication about government or political matters and 2 @.@ if so , is the law reasonably appropriate and adapted to serve a legitimate end the fulfilment of which is compatible with … responsible government . ( Lange v ABC at footnote 69 . ) and found that , while the legislation did burden Mr Wotton 's freedom of political communication , that burden was applied for a legitimate ends , namely maintenance of law and order .
= Hiatus ( 30 Rock ) = " Hiatus " is the twenty @-@ first and season finale episode of NBC 's first season of 30 Rock . It was written by series creator and executive producer Tina Fey , and was directed by Don Scardino . It first aired on April 26 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars in the episode included Katrina Bowden , Kevin Brown , Owen Burke , Grizz Chapman , Matt Dickinson , Rachel Dratch , Brittany Felton , Hannah Flynn , Sean Hayes , Emily Mortimer , Chris Parnell , Portia , Lonny Ross , Justin Smith , Elaine Stritch , Jason Sudeikis and Nikki E. Walker . Lester Holt appeared as himself in this episode . The episode focuses on the imminent season finale of TGS with Tracy Jordan , a fictional sketch comedy series which airs live on Friday nights . Liz Lemon ( played by Tina Fey ) is frantic because Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is still missing and Jack Donaghy 's ( Alec Baldwin ) health threatens his marriage to Phoebe ( Emily Mortimer ) . = = Plot = = After going on the run from the Black Crusaders , Tracy has traveled to Needmore , Pennsylvania ( an actual town located in Belfast Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania ) to stay with Kenneth Parcell 's ( Jack McBrayer ) cousin , Jesse Parcell ( Sean Hayes ) . Liz is stressed as the season finale of TGS with Tracy Jordan is nearing , and Tracy cannot be found . Liz and Jack force Tracy 's whereabouts from Kenneth , who they send to bring him back . Tracy realizes that he wants to go back to the city , but Jesse kidnaps him . Kenneth , accompanied by Dot @-@ Com and Grizz , manages to rescue Tracy and get him back in time for the show 's finale . Jack is livid when his mother , Colleen Donaghy ( Elaine Stritch ) , visits him when she is in town to attend his ex @-@ wife Bianca 's ( Isabella Rossellini ) wedding to Vincent Folley . Colleen takes an immediate dislike to Jack 's fiancée , Phoebe , but takes a liking to Liz , whom she originally mistakes for Phoebe . The stress of his approaching wedding and the arrival of his mother prompt Jack to have a heart attack . While at the hospital , Colleen uses a heart monitor as a lie detector , on Jack , which leads him to revealing that he does not love Phoebe . They break off their engagement . Liz and Floyd ( Jason Sudeikis ) are struggling to maintain a long distance relationship , since Floyd 's move to Cleveland . Liz later reveals to Jack that she and Floyd have separated . = = Production = = Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live alumna of Fey , was originally cast to portray Jenna . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In this episode , Dratch played Dr. Beauvoir , Liz 's doctor . Jason Sudeikis , who played Floyd in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey was the head writer on Saturday Night Live from 1999 until 2006 . Various other cast members of Saturday Night Live have appeared on 30 Rock . These cast members include Rachel Dratch , Fred Armisen , Kristen Wiig , Will Forte , Chris Parnell and Molly Shannon . Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of Saturday Night Live . Alec Baldwin has also hosted Saturday Night Live thirteen times , the second highest amount of episodes of any host of the series . The scenes set in the Needmore , Pennsylvania were actually filmed in Douglaston , Queens . Similarly , the scenes in Cleveland from the previous episode were filmed in Battery Park City , Manhattan . = = Reception = = " Hiatus " brought in an average of 4 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 2 @.@ 4 / 6 in the key 18 – 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The 2 @.@ 4 refers to 2 @.@ 4 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old in the U.S. , and the 6 refers to 6 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S. This episode was watched by 200 @,@ 000 people upon its original broadcast in the United Kingdom . Robert Canning of IGN said that this episode left him feeling " a bit cheated . " He said that this was because " the storylines we 've loved for weeks all failed to come to a satisfying end . " He added that " after a string of stellar episodes , it 's not surprising 30 Rock eventually faltered . " Canning rated this episode with a " 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 . " Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide wrote that he " didn 't find this episode quite as manic as the previous few , but that 's probably because it had actual story to progress and threads to tie up . " Elaine Stritch 's appearance in this episode earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . Stritch would later appear as Colleen in the episodes " Ludachristmas , " which was part of season two ; " Christmas Special " and " The Natural Order " in season three ; " The Moms " in season four ; " Christmas Attack Zone " in season five ; " Meet the Woggels ! " in season six ; and " My Whole Life Is Thunder " in the show 's seventh and final season .
= Battle of Kehl ( 1796 ) = During the Battle of Kehl ( 23 – 24 June 1796 ) , a Republican French force under the direction of Jean Charles Abbatucci mounted an amphibious crossing of the Rhine River against a defending force of soldiers from the Swabian Circle . In this action of the War of the First Coalition , the French drove the Swabians from their positions in Kehl and subsequently controlled the bridgehead on both sides of the Rhine . Although separated politically and geographically , the fates of Kehl , a village on the eastern shore of the Rhine in Baden @-@ Durlach , and those of the Alsatian city of Strasbourg , on the western shore , were united by the presence of bridges and a series of gates , fortifications and barrage dams that allowed passage across the river . In the 1790s , the Rhine was wild , unpredictable , and difficult to cross , in some places more than four or more times wider than it is in the twenty @-@ first century , even under non @-@ flood conditions . Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons . The fortifications at Kehl and Strasbourg had been constructed by the fortress architect Sébastien le Préstre de Vauban in the seventeenth century . The crossings had been contested before : in 1678 during the French @-@ Dutch war , in 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession and in 1733 during the War of the Polish Succession . Critical to success of the French plan would be the army 's ability to cross the Rhine at will . Consequently , control of the crossings at Hüningen , near the Swiss city of Basel , and at Kehl , would give them ready access to most of southwestern Germany ; from there , French armies could sweep north , south , or east , depending on their military goal . = = Background = = At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795 , the two sides called a truce , which lasted until 20 May 1796 , when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May . = = = Terrain = = = The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons . The 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) stretch between Rheinfall , by Schaffhausen and Basel , the High Rhine cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed ; in such places as the former rapids at Laufenburg , it moved in torrents . A few miles north and east of Basel , the terrain flattens . The Rhine makes a wide , northerly turn , in what is called the Rhine knee , and enters the so @-@ called Rhine ditch ( Rheingraben ) , part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west . In 1796 , the plain on both sides of the river , some 19 miles ( 31 km ) wide , was dotted with villages and farms . At both far edges of the flood plain , especially on the eastern side , the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon . Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest , creating deep defiles in the mountains . The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river . The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty @-@ first century ; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was " corrected " ( straightened ) between 1817 and 1875 . Between 1927 and 1975 , a canal was constructed to control the water level . In the 1790s , the river was wild and unpredictable , in some places four or more times wider than the twenty @-@ first century incarnation of the river , even under regular conditions . Its channels wound through marsh and meadow , and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods . It was crossable at Kehl , by Strasbourg , and Hüningen , by Basel , where systems of viaducts and causeways made access reliable . = = = Political complications = = = The German @-@ speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire . The considerable number of territories in the Empire included more than 1 @,@ 000 entities . Their size and influence varied , from the Kleinstaaterei , the little states that covered no more than a few square miles , or included several non @-@ contiguous pieces , to the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches , to such sizable , well @-@ defined territories as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia . The governance of these many states varied : they included the autonomous free imperial cities , also of different sizes and influence , from the powerful Augsburg to the minuscule Weil der Stadt ; ecclesiastical territories , also of varying sizes and influence , such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne ; and dynastic states such as Württemberg . When viewed on a map , the Empire resembled a " patchwork carpet " . Both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also included territories outside the Empire . There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg , the Archbishopric of Trier , and Hesse @-@ Darmstadt . Among the German @-@ speaking states , the Holy Roman Empire 's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords , between jurisdictions , and within jurisdictions . Through the organization of imperial circles , also called Reichskreise , groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests , including economic cooperation and military protection . = = = Disposition = = = The armies of the First Coalition included the contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states , amounted to about 125 @,@ 000 troops ( including the three autonomous corps ) , a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary wars . Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen and brother of the Holy Roman Emperor , served as commander @-@ in @-@ chief . In total , Charles ’ troops stretched in a line from Switzerland to the North Sea . Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of the opposition . Compared to French coverage , Charles had half the number of troops covering a 211 @-@ mile front , stretching from Renchen , near Basel to Bingen . Furthermore , he had concentrated the bulk of his force , commanded by Count Baillet Latour , between Karlsruhe and Darmstadt , where the confluence of the Rhine and the Main made an attack most likely , as it offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna , with good bridges crossing a relatively well @-@ defined river bank . To the north , Wilhelm von Wartensleben ’ s autonomous corps stretched in a thin line between Mainz and Giessen . An assault into the German states was essential , as far as French commanders understood , not only in terms of war aims , but also in practical terms : the French Directory believed that war should pay for itself , and did not budget for the feeding of its troops . The French citizen ’ s army , created by mass conscription of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults , had already made itself unwelcome throughout France . It was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied for provisions and wages . Until 1796 , wages were paid in the worthless assignat ( France 's paper currency ) ; after April 1796 , although pay was made in metallic value , wages were still in arrears . Throughout that spring and early summer , the French army was in almost constant mutiny : in May 1796 , in the border town of Zweibrücken , the 74th Demi @-@ brigade revolted . In June , the 17th Demi @-@ brigade was insubordinate ( frequently ) and in the 84th Demi @-@ brigade , two companies rebelled . In spring 1796 , drafts from the free imperial cities , and other imperial estates in the Swabian and Franconian Circles augmented the Habsburg force with perhaps 20 @,@ 000 men at the most . The militias , most of which were Swabian field hands and day laborers drafted for service in the spring of that year , were untrained and unseasoned . As he gathered his army in March and April , it was largely guess work where they should be placed . In particular , Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location . Consequently , in May and early June , when the French started to mass troops by Mainz and it looked as if the bulk of the French army would cross there — they even engaged the imperial force at Altenkirchen ( 4 June ) and Wetzler and Uckerath ( 15 June ) — Charles felt few qualms placing the 7000 @-@ man Swabian militia at the crossing by Kehl . = = French plans = = The Coalition 's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90 @,@ 000 troops . The 20 @,@ 000 @-@ man right wing under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River , observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf . The garrisons of Mainz Fortress and Ehrenbreitstein Fortress included 10 @,@ 000 more . The remainder held the west bank behind the Nahe River . Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser , who initially commanded the whole operation , led the 80 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Army of the Upper Rhine . Its right wing occupied Kaiserslautern on the west bank while the left wing under Anton Sztáray , Michael von Fröhlich and Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé guarded the Rhine from Mannheim to Switzerland . The original Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use their position on the Rhine 's west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn . However , after news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte 's successes in northern Italy , Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25 @,@ 000 reinforcements ; the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground . On the French side , the 80 @,@ 000 @-@ man Army of Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to Sankt Wendel . On this army 's left flank , Jean Baptiste Kléber had 22 @,@ 000 troops entrenched at Düsseldorf . The right wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle , under Jean Victor Moreau 's command , was positioned east of the Rhine from Hüningen ( on the border with the French provinces , Switzerland , and the German states ) northward , with its center along the Queich River near Landau and its left wing extended west toward Saarbrücken . Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino commanded Moreau 's right wing at Hüningen , Louis Desaix commanded the center and Laurent Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr directed the left wing and included two divisions commanded by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme , and Alexandre Camille Taponier . Ferino 's wing included three infantry and cavalry divisions under François Antoine Louis Bourcier , and general of division Augustin Tuncq , and Henri François Delaborde . Desaix 's command included three divisions led by Michel de Beaupuy , Antoine Guillaume Delmas and Charles Antoine Xaintrailles . The French plan called for its two armies to press against the flanks of the Coalition 's northern armies in the German states while simultaneously a third army approached Vienna through Italy . Specifically , Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan 's army would push south from Düsseldorf , hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves , which would allow Moreau ’ s army an easier crossing of the Rhine . If all went according to plan , Jourdan ’ s army could feint toward Mannheim , which would force Charles to reapportion his troops . Once Charles moved the mass of his army to the north , Moreau ’ s army , which early in the year had been stationed by Speyer , would move swiftly to the south to Strasbourg . From there , they could cross the river at Kehl , which was guarded by 7 @,@ 000 @-@ man inexperienced and lightly trained militia — troops recruited that spring from the Swabian circle polities . In the south , by Basel , Ferino ’ s column was to move speedily across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline , toward Lake Constance and spread into the southern end of the Black Forest . Ideally , this would encircle and trap Charles and his army as the left wing of Moreau 's army swung behind him , and as Jourdan 's force cut off his flank with Wartensleben 's autonomous corps . = = Feint and a dual @-@ pronged attack = = Everything went according to the French plan , at least for six weeks . On 4 June 1796 , 11 @,@ 000 soldiers of the Army of the Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse , commanded by François Lefebvre , pushed back a 6 @,@ 500 @-@ man Austrian force at Altenkirchen . On 6 June , the French placed Ehrenbreitstein fortress under siege . At Wetzlar on the Lahn , Lefebvre ran into Charles ' concentration of 36 @,@ 000 Austrians on 15 June . Casualties were light on both sides , but Jourdan pulled back to Niewied while Kléber retreated toward Düsseldorf . Pál Kray , commanding 30 @,@ 000 , rushed into battle with Kléber 's 24 @,@ 000 at Uckerath , east of Bonn on 19 June , prompting the French to continue withdrawal to the north . The actions confirmed to Charles that Jourdan intended to cross at the mid @-@ Rhine , and he quickly moved sufficient of his force into place to address this threat . Responding to the French feint , Charles committed most of his forces on the middle and northern Rhine , leaving only the Swabian militia at the Kehl @-@ Strasbourg crossing . Once he did so , though , Moreau executed a forced march with most his army and arrived at Strasburg before Charles realized he had left Speyer . To accomplish this march rapidly , Moreau left his artillery behind ; infantry and cavalry move more swiftly . On 20 June , his troops assaulted the forward posts between Strasbourg and the river , overwhelming the pickets there ; the militia withdrew to Kehl , leaving behind their cannons , which solved part of Moreau 's artillery problem . Early in the morning on 24 June , Moreau and 3 @,@ 000 men embarked in small boats and landed on the islands in the river between Strasbourg and the fortress at Kehl . They dislodged the imperial pickets there who , as one commentator observed " had not the time or address to destroy the bridges which communicate with the right [ west ] bank of the Rhine ; and the progress of the French remaining unimpeded , they crossed the river and suddenly attacked the redoubts of Kehl . " Once the French had controlled the fortifications of Strasbourg and the river islands , Moreau ’ s advance guard , as many as 10 @,@ 000 French skirmishers , some from the 3rd and 16th Demi @-@ brigades commanded by the 24 @-@ year @-@ old General Abbatucci , swarmed across the Kehl bridge and fell upon the several hundred Swabian pickets guarding the crossing . Once the skirmishers had done their jobs , Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen 's and Joseph de Montrichard 's infantry of 27 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry followed and secured the bridge . The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced . Most of Charles ' Army of the Rhine was stationed further north , by Mannheim , where the river was easier to cross , but too far to support the smaller force at Kehl . The only troops within relative easy distance were the Prince Condé ’ s émigré army at Freiburg and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's force in Rastatt , neither of which could reach Kehl in time . A second attack , simultaneous with the crossing at Kehl , occurred at Hüningen near Basel . After crossing unopposed , Ferino advanced in a dual @-@ prong east along the German shore of the Rhine with the 16th and 50th demi @-@ brigades , the 68th and 50th and 68th line infantry , and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons . Within a day , Moreau had four divisions across the river at Kehl and another three at Hüningen . Unceremoniously thrust out of Kehl , the Swabian contingent reformed at Renchen on the 28th , where Count Sztáray and Prince von Lotheringen managed to pull the shattered force together and unite the disorganized Swabians with their own 2 @,@ 000 troops . On 5 July , the two armies met again at Rastatt . There , under command of Fürstenberg , the Swabians managed to hold the city until the 19 @,@ 000 French troops turned both flanks and Fürstenberg opted for a strategic withdrawal . Ferino hurried eastward along the shore of the Rhine , to approach Charles ' force from the rear and cut him off from Bavaria ; Bourcier 's division swung to the north , along the east side of the mountains , hoping to separate the Condé ’ s émigrés from the main force . Either division presented a danger of flanking the entire Coalition force , either Bourcier 's on the west side of the Black Forest , or Ferino 's on the east side . The Condé marched north and joined with Fürstenberg and the Swabians at Rastatt . = = Aftermath = = The immediate personnel losses seemed minor : at Kehl , the French lost about 150 killed , missing or wounded . The Swabian militia lost 700 , plus 14 guns and 22 ammunition wagons . Immediately , the French set about securing their defensive position by establishing a pontoon bridge between Kehl and Strasbourg , which allowed Moreau to send his cavalry and captured artillery across the river . Strategic losses seemed far greater . The French army 's ability to cross the Rhine at will gave them an advantage . Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or Karlsruhe , where the French had also formed across the river ; loss of the crossings at Hüningen , near the Swiss city of Basel , and the crossing at Kehl , near the Alsatian city of Strasbourg , guaranteed the French ready @-@ access to most of southwestern Germany . From there , Moreau 's troops could fan out over the flood plain around Kehl to prevent any approach from Rastadt or Offenburg . To avoid Ferino 's flanking maneuver , Charles executed an orderly withdrawal in four columns through the Black Forest , across the Upper Danube valley , and toward Bavaria , trying to maintain consistent contact with all flanks as each column withdrew through the Black Forest and the Upper Danube . By mid @-@ July , the column to which the Swabians were attached encamped near Stuttgart . The third column , which included the Condé ’ s Corps , retreated through Waldsee to Stockach , and , eventually Ravensburg . The fourth Austrian column , the smallest ( three battalions and four squadrons ) commanded by Ludwig Wolff de la Marselle , retreated the length of the Bodensee ’ s northern shore , via Überlingen , Meersburg , Buchhorn , and the Austrian city of Bregenz . The subsequent territorial losses were significant . Moreau 's attack forced Charles to withdraw far enough into Bavaria to align his northern flank in a roughly perpendicular line ( north to south ) with Wartensleben 's autonomous corps . This array protected the Danube valley and denied the French access to Vienna . His own front would prevent Moreau from flanking Wartensleben from the south ; similarly , Wartensleben 's flank would prevent Jourdan from encircling his own force from the north . Together , he and Wartensleben could resist the French onslaught . However , in the course of this withdrawal , he abandoned most of the Swabian Circle to the French occupation . At the end of July , eight thousand of Charles ' men under command of Fröhlich executed a dawn attack on the Swabian camp at Biberach , disarmed the remaining three thousand Swabian troops , and impounded their weapons . The Swabian Circle successfully negotiated with the French for neutrality ; during negotiations , there was considerable discussion over how the Swabians would hand over their weapons to the French , but it was moot : the weapons had already been taken by Fröhlich . As Charles withdrew further east , the neutral zone expanded , eventually encompassing most of southern German states and the Ernestine Duchies . The situation reversed when Charles and Wartensleben 's forces reunited to defeat Jourdan 's army at the battles of Amberg , Würzburg and 2nd Altenkirchen . On 18 September , an Austrian division under Feldmarschall @-@ Leutnant Petrasch stormed the Rhine bridgehead at Kehl , but a French counterattack drove them out . Even though the French still held the crossing between Kehl and Strasbourg , Petrasch 's Austrians controlled the territory leading to the crossing . After battles at Emmendingen ( 19 October ) and Schliengen ( 24 October ) , Moreau withdrew his troops south to Hüningen . Once safe on French soil , the French refused to part with Kehl or Hüningen , leading to over 100 days of siege at both locations . = = Orders of battle = = = = = French = = = Adjutant General Abbatucci commanding : Generals of Brigade Decaen , Montrichard 3rd Demi @-@ brigade ( light ) ( 2nd battalion ) 11th Demi @-@ brigade ( light ) ( 1st battalion ) 31st , 56th and 89th Demi @-@ brigade ( line ) ( three battalions each ) = = = Habsburg / Coalition = = = The Swabian Circle Contingent : Infantry Regiments : Württemberg , Baden @-@ Durlach , Fugger , Wolfegg ( two battalions each ) Hohenzollern Royal and Imperial ( KürK ) Cavalry ( four squadrons ) Württemberg Dragoons ( four squadrons ) two field artillery battalions
= Stephen Schilling = Stephen Dana Schilling ( born July 21 , 1988 ) is a former American football offensive guard . He was included on the 2009 preseason watchlist for the Lombardi Award . He had previously been a two @-@ time Associated Press first @-@ team Class 3A All @-@ state selection in Washington for the Bellevue High School Wolverines football team where he played on three state champion teams . Born and raised in Bellevue , Washington , Schilling grew up playing basketball until high school . In high school , he was a member of the three @-@ time state champion team . He became a star offensive lineman who was a standout Seattle athlete as his high school won its third consecutive state championship in his junior year . He won numerous all @-@ area and all @-@ state honors as a junior and a senior and was highly touted on the national level . He was selected to play in the U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl and as one of the nominees for Parade All @-@ American Player of the Year . After being highly recruited by several top college football programs and narrowing his list to several Pacific @-@ 10 Conference football teams and University of Michigan , he decided to attend Michigan . At Michigan , he redshirted as a true Freshman and then started the following year . When the team transitioned from head coach Lloyd Carr to Rich Rodriguez during his redshirt sophomore season , he became one of the few experienced players to endure the change . He has since anchored the offensive line composed of less experienced players . He was honored as the 2008 Michigan Wolverines football team 's best offensive lineman as a redshirt sophomore before being nationally recognized as a Lombardi Award watchlist candidate in 2009 . He was selected as a 2009 and 2010 All @-@ Big Ten Conference honorable mention . He was a 2010 Outland Trophy watch list candidate . He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He began his NFL career on the practice squad . He was activated prior to week 8 of the 2011 NFL Season ( his rookie year ) , and played in several subsequent games for the team . He has also played for the Seattle Seahawks . He announced his retirement on April 2 , 2015 . = = High school = = When Schilling was young , he was too large to play organized football with kids his own age because Bellevue 's youth leagues were regulated by weight @-@ age limits , which caused him to take up basketball instead . Schilling says that his true love was basketball and that he would probably not have experimented with football , but the coach of the basketball team resigned right before his freshman season . During the summer prior to his freshman year , Schilling first visited the Bellevue High School weight room where he noticed the intensity and camaraderie . He eventually became a three @-@ year starter for the football team . As a sophomore , Schilling was part of the Bellevue championship football team whose season extended long enough to interfere with him participating in the early part of the basketball season as a sophomore . The championship , which came as a result of a ten @-@ game winning streak to close the season , made the Bellevue Wolverines three @-@ time Class 3A state champions . On September 4 , 2004 , as a junior , he helped Bellevue end the high school football record 151 @-@ game winning streak by De La Salle High School in front of 24 @,@ 987 at the second annual Emerald City Kickoff Classic at Qwest Field by a 39 – 20 score . Early in his junior season , he got his first scholarship offer from the University of Washington . The 6 @-@ foot @-@ 5 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) 280 @-@ pound ( 130 kg ) Schilling , who wore # 52 in high school , played on both the offensive line and defensive line . Prior to the state championship game he was named to the All @-@ area football team by The Seattle Times . He helped his 13 – 0 team become the first school from the state of Washington to win five state championships in 2004 . For the championship week effort Schilling , who played offensive tackle , was selected as The Seattle Times ' Class 3A male athlete of the week . During the season , Schilling was known for his training habits . At the end of the football season , he was selected to All @-@ State teams both by the Associated Press and The Seattle Times . During his junior basketball season , he was a solid contributor to team scoring and rebounding . He averaged 10 @.@ 6 points / game during his junior season . At the end of his junior year he was named the number 25 football prospect in the nation and the number three offensive tackle by Rivals.com. In July prior to his senior season , he was included in a Reebok Western All @-@ American list in Sports Illustrated . Early in his senior season , running a Wing T offense , Bellevue again defeated a highly regarded California high school in a game at Qwest Field . On September 16 , 2009 , they defeated the Long Beach Polytechnic High School , who had been ranked number three by the USA Today . At the end of September , he left a game in the second quarter with what was thought to be a separated shoulder . He spent the following three weeks on the sidelines with a sore shoulder . In his October 28 return , Bellevue snapped their 30 @-@ game winning streak . During the first ten games of the season , Bellevue averaged 11 yards per rush . In the eleventh game , the team lost in the state quarterfinals . Schilling ended his career having played for three state champions . Schilling was one of sixteen nominees for the Parade All @-@ America High School Player of the Year award . He was selected to the local all @-@ star teams by both The Seattle Times and Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer . He repeated as an Associated Press Class 3A All @-@ state selection . Schilling was selected to play in the January 7 , 2006 U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl . Although he was highly regarded as a tackle , he started at right guard for the west during the game . He became a Parade All @-@ American . Schilling did not play basketball during his senior year to avoid the risk of injury . Although he was highly recruited during the season , he decided not to make his decision until after the season ended . He scheduled visits with the Cal Bears and USC Trojans and anticipated visits with the Michigan Wolverines and Washington Huskies . Those were the four schools he was seriously considering . He eventually changed his visit dates , but the final four contenders remained ths same . By the time he was to make his final decision he had 20 scholarship offers . In his final week of consideration , he eliminated USC from contention and had home visits from the other three finalists during the week . He made his final selection in what has become a traditional recruit announcement technique by using the schools ' caps in front of his extended family , including his mother who is named Joanne and a sister . He also has an Aunt Lydia Schilling . = = College = = Schilling did not arrive in Ann Arbor , Michigan in time for 2006 spring practice like some of his classmates . Just prior to the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season opener for the 2006 Michigan Wolverines football team , Schilling was diagnosed with mononucleosis . This caused him to miss several weeks of practice . In late October , he decided to redshirt and have a second shoulder surgery after having missed weeks of practice and lost lots of weight . As part of his transition from a Wing T offense that rarely passed , Schilling had to work on improving his pass blocking . He earned the starting right tackle position in a battle with Mark Ortmann and Perry Dorrestein at the start of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season for the 2007 Michigan Wolverines football team . He was the starter on September 1 during the opening game loss to two @-@ time defending FCS champion Appalachian State Mountaineers . After starting the first five games at right tackle , Schilling moved to right guard for two games ( Eastern Michigan and Purdue ) as a result of injuries to some of his other teammates . He was expected to start a third game at right guard , but he was returned to right tackle . During practice , he had to spend time at both positions after the injuries . Although he did not start at guard until the sixth game , he played guard in the opener after Jeremy Ciulla got injured . Although , he had to stretch beyond his past experiences and natural position , he was able to seek fifth @-@ year seniors Jake Long and Adam Kraus as mentors . The 2007 rivalry game against Ohio State was a prime example of his lack of experience with pass blocking . He had difficulties pass blocking against Vernon Gholston , who posted three quarterback sacks . With the departure of Mike Hart , Mario Manningham , Adrian Arrington , Jake Long , Chad Henne , and Adam Kraus to the National Football League and Justin Boren 's defection from the team , the 2008 Michigan Wolverines football team entered the season for new head coach Rich Rodriguez with only three returning offensive starters : Schilling , tight end Carson Butler and fullback Mark Moundros . Backup quarterback Ryan Mallett transferred and two senior offensive linemen ( Jeremy Ciulla and Alex Mitchell ) declined to use their fifth years of eligibility . Schilling was virtually the only returning offensive lineman with any experience . Aside from Schilling , the projected opening game starting offensive line had a total of three career starts . Offensive line injuries continued to affect the lineup through the early part of the season with David Molk ( center ) , David Moosman ( right guard ) and Schilling ( right tackle ) being the only players to start each of the first four games . Even Schilling was a bit injured , causing him to be handled delicately during practice . In the first five games , the team used four different starting offensive line combinations due to injuries . For much of the season , Rodriguez ' offense started six freshmen . By the seventh game the line returned to full strength and used the opening day lineup . In the week before the last game of the season against Ohio State , Schilling injured his knee in practice . As a result , he did not play in the final game . Nonetheless , he was honored by the team at the end of the season as the team 's best offensive lineman . The young offense had all but one of its starters returning for the following season . As a fourth @-@ year junior , Schilling entered the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season opener with the second most career starts ( 26 ) on the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team behind punter Zoltan Mesko ( 38 ) . He switched to left guard from right tackle in 2009 . In the Ohio State game , he was notable for losing a shoe during the game and trying to play without it . He was recognized as an honorable mention 2009 All @-@ Big Ten Conference selection by both the coaches and the media . As a fifth @-@ year senior , Stephen Schilling was watchlisted for the Outland Trophy award for lineman . He was also , elected co @-@ captain and participated in a season long fanmail program where he responded to Michigan fan questions made by email and on Facebook every Friday . Following the Big Ten Conference season , he was selected as an honorable mention All @-@ Conference selection by both the coaches and the media . Following the season , he participated in the 2011 Senior Bowl . During Schilling 's senior season , Denard Robinson had a record @-@ setting season on offense : he broke Drew Brees ' Big Ten single @-@ season total offense record of 4 @,@ 189 yards . Robinson fell 116 yards short of Tim Biakabutuka 's Michigan school record of 1 @,@ 818 rushing yards . However , he led the conference in both total offense and rushing yards per game . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = Schilling was one of 56 offensive linemen invited to participate in the February 24 — March 1 , 2011 NFL Scouting Combine . He ranked sixth in the bench press with a total of 30 repetitions . He ranked ninth in the 20 @-@ yard shuttle with a time of 4 @.@ 62 . = = = San Diego Chargers = = = Schilling was selected with the 201st overall pick in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers . He was waived by the Chargers on September 3 , 2011 , but was signed to the practice squad on September 5 , 2011 . Schilling was activated from the practice squad on October 26 , 2011 . He was activated prior to week 8 , but did not play . Schilling played in the subsequent weeks and started in both weeks 11 & 12 . In week 13 , he was not in the starting lineup , but remained active and played . Schilling was released from the roster on August 31 , 2012 . He was re @-@ signed by the Chargers on December 4 , 2012 . Schilling was released by the Chargers on August 31 , 2013 , during the last round of preseason roster cuts . On September 25 , 2013 , the Chargers re @-@ signed Schilling . = = = Seattle Seahawks = = = Schilling signed with the Seattle Seahawks on March 20 , 2014 . Schilling was placed on season @-@ ending Injured Reserve on November 8 , 2014 with a knee injury . Schilling opted to retire on April 2 , 2015 . = = Personal = = As of 24 September 2010 , he had a girlfriend named Katie who was a University of Michigan Law School student and who was a Michigan Women 's soccer player as an undergraduate . He is a recreational golfer .
= 2010 Crown Royal Presents the Heath Calhoun 400 = The 2010 Crown Royal Presents the Heath Calhoun 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on May 1 , 2010 at Richmond International Raceway in Richmond , Virginia . Contested over 400 laps , it was the tenth race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Kyle Busch for the Joe Gibbs Racing team . Jeff Gordon finished second , and Kevin Harvick , who started seventh , clinched third . Pole position driver Kyle Busch maintained the lead after the start of the race . Kyle Busch would eventually lead to the race high of 226 laps . Afterward , Gordon became the leader during the final laps . He remained the leader until Kyle Busch passed him with four laps remaining . Kyle Busch crossed the finish line first to clinch his first win of the season , and his third at Richmond International Raceway . There were six caution flags and twelve lead changes among eight different drivers throughout the course of the race . The result moved Kyle Busch up two spots to third in the Drivers ' Championship , 109 points behind of leader Kevin Harvick and ten ahead of Matt Kenseth . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , eighteen points ahead of Toyota and thirty ahead of Ford , with twenty @-@ six races remaining in the season . = = Race report = = = = = Background = = = Richmond International Raceway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races , the others being Bristol Motor Speedway , Dover International Speedway , Martinsville Speedway , and Phoenix International Raceway . The NASCAR race makes use of the track 's standard configuration , a four @-@ turn short track oval that is 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at fourteen degrees . The front stretch , the location of the finish line , is banked at eight degrees while the back stretch has two degrees of banking . The racetrack has seats for 97 @,@ 912 spectators . Before the race , Jimmie Johnson led the Drivers ' Championship with 1 @,@ 323 points , while Kevin Harvick stood in second with 1 @,@ 297 points . Greg Biffle was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 1 @,@ 237 points , Matt Kenseth was fourth with 1 @,@ 224 points , and Kyle Busch was in fifth with 1 @,@ 163 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with seventy points , twenty @-@ one points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with forty @-@ two points , was four points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . = = = Practices and qualifying = = = Two practice sessions were held on Friday before the Saturday race . In the first session , the fastest drivers were Jamie McMurray , Clint Bowyer , Joey Logano , Dale Earnhardt , Jr . , and Kyle Busch . During the second practice session , Kyle Busch , David Reutimann , Logano , Juan Pablo Montoya , and Jeff Gordon had the quickest times . During qualifying , forty @-@ six cars were entered , but Michael McDowell , Max Papis , and Dave Blaney did not qualify ; NASCAR 's qualifying procedure only allow forty @-@ three cars to make the race . Kyle Busch clinched the pole position with a fastest lap time of 21 @.@ 247 seconds . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Reutimann . Johnson qualified third , Gordon took fourth , and Newman started fifth . = = = Race summary = = = The race , the tenth out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 7 : 30 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on Fox . Conditions were clear with a high of 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) . Joe Ellison , from Essex Village Community Church , began pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Next , the Commandants own United States Marine Drum and Bugle performed the national anthem , and Heath Calhoun gave the command for drivers to start their engines . Kyle Busch held the lead going through the first corner with David Reutimann behind him . One lap later , Jeff Gordon moved into the third position . On lap 6 , Gordon emerged in second , after passing Reutimann . Jimmie Johnson , who had started third , fell to fourth by lap 7 . By lap 8 , Kyle Busch had a lead of 1 @.@ 5 seconds . One lap later , Kevin Harvick moved into fourth , after passing Johnson . On lap 18 , Harvick moved into third , as Jamie McMurray moved to the sixth position . Six laps later , Reutimann had fallen to the fourth position , after starting second . By lap 35 , Gordon had caught Kyle Busch for the first position , but after six laps he was two seconds behind Kyle Busch . On lap 42 , the first caution came out because Joe Nemechek collided with the wall after suffering a blown tire . During this caution , drivers made there pit stops . On lap 49 , Kyle Busch led on the restart . Afterward , Gordon moved into the third position , after passing Jamie McMurray . By lap 55 , Juan Pablo Montoya had moved from nineteenth to eighth . On lap 59 , Harvick moved into second , but four laps later , Gordon passed him for the second position . By lap 66 , Kyle Busch had a 2 @.@ 3 second lead over Gordon . After starting tenth , Clint Bowyer had moved to the fifth position by lap 68 . Kyle Busch remained the leader until green flag pit stops began . On lap 143 , Jeff Gordon received the lead , as Kyle Busch made a pit stop . Two laps later , Kyle Busch reclaimed the lead . On lap 153 , the second caution came out because of debris . Kyle Busch , again , led the field to the restart . Ten laps later , on lap 170 , the third caution came out because of debris . Ryan Newman , because of a two tire change , was in the lead on the restart . On lap 177 , one lap after the restart , Kyle Busch took the lead away from Newman . Kyle Busch kept the lead until Jeff Burton passed him on lap 230 . Burton led only twenty laps before Jeff Gordon claimed the lead . Jeff Gordon made a pit stop on lap 266 , allowing Kevin Harvick to pass him . Green flag pit stops continued , as Carl Edwards received the lead on lap 268 . Three laps later Tony Stewart passed Edwards for the lead . On lap 272 , Jeff Gordon reclaimed the lead . By this time , the race was under green flag conditions for 102 laps , but the green flag run only continued until lap 367 , 265 laps after the last restart , when the fourth caution came out . The cause for the caution was that Elliott Sadler had a tire that blew . On lap 377 , Jeff Gordon led the field toward the green flag . Two laps later , though , the fifth caution , caused by a spin from Sam Hornish , Jr . , came out . On lap 385 , Jeff Gordon led the field to the green flag . Four laps later Hornish , Jr. spun and collided with the inside wall , to bring out the sixth caution . Jeff Gordon , on lap 395 , led toward the restart . With four laps remaining , Kyle Busch passed Gordon for the lead . Busch kept the lead to win his first race in 2010 . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Kyle Busch appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his first win of the season , and his third at Richmond International Raceway . Following his win , he added , " I don ’ t even remember what just happened . I drove it down into Turn 1 and hoped it stuck . I knew I had to baby it into Turn 3 and finally got to clear Jeff . We set sail there from there . " After finishing second , Jeff Gordon stated , " A little disappointed again that we are coming up short , but we are getting plenty of practice . It ’ s a little disappointing we haven ’ t won some races yet . If we keep doing this , those will come . We ’ ve got to keep putting ourselves in position . " Gordon followed the race by saying , " I ’ ve been doing this long enough to know that they don ’ t give out trophies for leading any lap other than the last one . " In the subsequent press conference , Kyle Busch said , " I can ’ t thank Dave enough , it ’ s unbelievable to be back in victory lane . A lot of people doubted what we were doing , but I never did . " Gordon stated : " I figured I was going to get the outside [ for the last restart ] . All I wanted to do was just get into Turn 1 smooth and get a good launch up off Turn 2 down the backstretch — and then make sure I got into [ Turn ] 3 without over @-@ driving it . ... I knew if I could just get through Turn 3 OK and hammer down off Turn 4 and get him cleared that it would be pretty good — and it worked . That ’ s what I did . Did I have a plan ? Was that exactly my plan ? No . I was just going to drive it as hard as I could , and make whatever happened happen . It worked , just off the cuff . " Dave Rogers , Kyle Busch 's crew chief , stated , " It would have been great to keep that many cars a lap down , but it would have been selfish . Everybody behind us was going to pit . If we stay out , we keep all those guys down . Then the seven guys behind us are going to drive by us , we ’ re going to lose our track position just to keep cars a lap down . It ’ s not worth it . " The race result moved Kevin Harvick in the lead for the Driver 's Championship with 1 @,@ 467 points . Jimmie Johnson , who finished tenth , was second on 1 @,@ 457 , ninety @-@ nine points ahead of Kyle Busch and 149 ahead of Matt Kenseth . Greg Biffle was fifth with 1 @,@ 334 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 76 points . Toyota maintained second with 58 points . Ford followed with 46 points , six points ahead of Dodge in fourth . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race Results = = = = = Standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .

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