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= Fifth Ward Wardroom = The Fifth Ward Wardroom is a historic meeting hall at 47 Mulberry Street in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . It is a single @-@ story red brick building , with a low @-@ pitch hipped roof . Basically rectangular , an enclosed entry pavilion projects from the main block . The building was designed by William R. Walker & Son and built in 1886 . Originally used as a polling place and meeting hall , it was later used as a school and by veterans organizations before being converted into a single family residence during its National Register of Historic Places nomination . It was listed on the historic register in 1983 . = = Design = = Designed by William R. Walker & Son and constructed by S. Mason & H. A. Smith in 1886 , the one story red brick Queen Anne style building is basically rectangular with a low @-@ pitched hipped roof . The red bricks are laid in dark red mortar and is contrasted by the granite sill course and brownstone belt course at window sill level . The building has a central closed entry pavilion which projects out and has two porches oriented to face Mulberry and Cedar Street . The building has three lunette windows on the sides of the main block , each divided into thirds , and a smaller windows on the pavilion 's pedimented end . The rear ell has double hung two @-@ over @-@ two sash windows . At the time of the nomination , during the renovations to a single family home , the house had its Cedar Street porch closed in with plywood and the smaller lunette windows were boarded in , but the exterior wooden trim was largely extant . = = Use = = The Fifth Ward Wardroom was constructed and used as a polling place and meeting hall in a critical time when Pawtucket was incorporated as a city before later being used as a school and eventually a legion post . At the time it was nominated to the National Historic Register , the house was undergoing renovations to become a private single family residence . Prior to its conversion it was the Henrietta I. Drummond Post No. 50 of the American Legion . According to public records , the house remains a private residence . = = Significance = = The Fifth Ward Wardroom is historically significant as a historical reminder of the pivotal time in which Pawtucket was incorporated as a city and gave up its town @-@ meeting form of governance . The building is also architecturally significant as a rare type of building , wardrooms , and is one of three extant examples in Rhode Island . William R. Walker & Son constructed three such structures in Pawtucket with the First Ward Wardroom being extant and the third example having been demolished . Though both constructed by William R. Walker & Son , the two Pawtucket wardrooms are related , but not identical in construction and show variations by the firm . Another wardroom , with a bungalow style , is located in the Cato Hill Historic District in Woonsocket , Rhode Island . The Fifth Ward Wardroom was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .
= Musca = Musca ( Latin : fly ) is a small constellation in the deep southern sky . It was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35 @-@ cm ( 14 in ) diameter celestial globe published in 1597 ( or 1598 ) in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius . The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer 's Uranometria of 1603 . It was also known as Apis ( Latin : bee ) for two hundred years . Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers . Many of the constellation 's brighter stars are members of the Scorpius – Centaurus Association , a loose group of hot blue @-@ white stars that appear to share a common origin and motion across the Milky Way . These include Alpha , Beta , Gamma , Zeta2 and ( likely ) Eta Muscae , as well as HD 100546 , a blue @-@ white Herbig Ae / Be star that is surrounded by a complex debris disk containing a large planet or brown dwarf and possible protoplanet . Two further star systems have been found to have planets . The constellation also contains two Cepheid variables visible to the naked eye . Theta Muscae is a triple star system , the brightest member of which is a Wolf – Rayet star . = = History = = Musca was one of the twelve constellations established by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman , who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition , known as the Eerste Schipvaart , to the East Indies . De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1598 under the Dutch name De Vlieghe , " The Fly " . They assigned four stars to the constellation , with a star that would be later designated as Beta Muscae marking the head , Gamma the body , and Alpha and Delta the left and right wings respectively . It first appeared on a 35 @-@ cm ( 14 in ) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius , though was unnamed . The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographer Johann Bayer 's Uranometria of 1603 , though Bayer termed it Apis — the Bee , a name by which it was known for the next two centuries . A 1603 celestial globe by Willem Blaeu depicts it as providing nourishment for the nearby constellation Chamaeleon — its tongue trying to catch the insect . The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille called it la Mouche on the 1756 version of his planisphere of the southern skies . Jean Fortin retained the French name in 1776 for his Atlas Céleste , while Lacaille Latinised the name for his revised Coelum Australe Stelliferum in 1763 . Lacaille renamed it to Musca Australis , the Southern Fly — Australis , since it counterparted the now discarded constellation of Musca Borealis composed of a few stars in Aries , and to avoid confusion with Apus . Today the name is simply Musca . It is the only official constellation depicting an insect . The Kalapalo people of Mato Grosso state in Brazil called Alpha and Beta Muscae ( along with Beta and Kappa Crucis ) Kutsu anangagï " Ornate Hawk @-@ Eagle 's double flutes " . The Wardaman people of the Northern Territory in Australia perceived the main stars of Musca as a ceremonial boomerang , part of the Central Arena — a sacred area surrounding the constellation Crux that depicts the lightning creation beings and where they teach Wardaman customs ; Alpha and Beta also signified a ceremonial headband , while Gamma and Delta represented two armbands . In Central Australia , the Arrernte and Luritja people living in on a mission in Hermannsburg viewed the sky as divided between them , east of the Milky Way representing Arrernte camps and west denoting Luritja camps . The stars of Musca , along with Fomalhaut , Alpha Pavonis , and Alpha and Beta Gruis were all claimed by the Arrernte . = = Characteristics = = Musca is bordered by Crux to the north , Carina to the west , Chamaeleon to the south , Apus and Circinus to the east and Centaurus to the northeast . Covering 138 square degrees and 0 @.@ 335 % of the night sky , it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size . The three @-@ letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' Mus ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of six segments . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 19.3m and 13h 51.1m , while the declination coordinates are between − 64 @.@ 64 ° and − 75 @.@ 68 ° . The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 14 ° N. = = Notable features = = = = = Stars = = = Lacaille charted and designated ten stars with the Bayer designations Alpha through to Kappa in 1756 . He catalogued stars that became Lambda and Mu but did not designate them as he considered them informes as they lay outside the asterism proper . Baily considered them part of Musca , and Gould gave them their Bayer designations . Francis Baily also dropped Kappa , which he felt was too faint to warrant a name , and designated two adjacent stars as Zeta1 and Zeta2 . These last two stars are 1 ° apart , quite far to be sharing a Bayer designation . Lacaille had originally labelled the fainter one as Zeta , while Baily presupposed he 'd meant to label the brighter one . Reluctant to remove Lacaille 's designation , he gave them both the Zeta designation . Altogether there are 62 stars brighter than magnitude 6 @.@ 5 in the constellation . The pattern of the brightest stars resembles that of Ursa Minor , in that the stars form a pattern reminiscent of a bowl with a handle . Lying south @-@ southeast of Acrux in neighbouring Crux is Alpha Muscae . It is the brightest star in the constellation with an apparent magnitude of 2 @.@ 7 . Lying around 310 light @-@ years away , it is a blue @-@ white star of spectral type B2IV @-@ V that is around 4520 times as luminous and 8 times as massive as the Sun . The star is a Beta Cephei variable with about 4 @.@ 7 times the Sun 's diameter , and pulsates every 2 @.@ 2 hours , varying by 1 % in brightness . A nearby star of magnitude 13 may or may not be a companion star . Marking the fly 's tail is Gamma Muscae , a blue @-@ white star of spectral type B5V that varies between magnitudes 3 @.@ 84 and 3 @.@ 86 over a period of 2 @.@ 7 days . It is a variable of a different type , classed as a Slowly pulsating B star , a type of variable . It is around five times as massive as our Sun . Beta Muscae is a binary star system around 341 light @-@ years distant that is composed of two blue @-@ white main sequence stars of spectral types B2V and B3V that orbit each other every 194 years . They are eight and six times as massive as the Sun respectively , and have about 3 @.@ 5 times its diameter . Zeta2 Muscae is a white main sequence star of spectral type A5V around 330 light @-@ years distant from Earth . It is part of a triple star system with faint companions at 0 @.@ 5 and 32 @.@ 4 arc seconds distance . Eta Muscae is a multiple star system , the two main components forming an eclipsing binary that has a combined spectral type of B8V and magnitude of 4 @.@ 77 that dips by 0 @.@ 05 magnitude every 2 @.@ 39 days . Alpha , Beta , Gamma , HD 103079 , Zeta2 and ( likely ) Eta are all members of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup of the Scorpius – Centaurus Association , a group of predominantly hot blue @-@ white stars that share a common origin and proper motion across the galaxy . Delta and Epsilon mark the fly 's left wing and right wing respectively . With an apparent magnitude of 3 @.@ 62 , Delta is an orange giant of spectral type K2III located around 91 light @-@ years away . Epsilon Muscae is a red giant of spectral type M5III and semiregular variable that ranges between magnitudes 3 @.@ 99 and 4 @.@ 31 over approximately 40 days . It has expanded to 130 times the Sun 's diameter and 1800 to 2300 its luminosity . It was a star originally 1 @.@ 5 to 2 times as massive as our Sun . Although of a similar distance — around 302 light @-@ years — to the stars of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup , it is moving much faster at around 100 km / s and does not share a common origin . To the northwest lies Mu Muscae , an orange giant of spectral type K4III that varies between apparent magnitude is 4 @.@ 71 and 4 @.@ 76 and has been classified as a slow irregular variable . Near Mu is Lambda Muscae , the third brightest star in the constellation and a white main sequence star of spectral type A7V around 128 light @-@ years distant from Earth . Located near Alpha is R Muscae , a Classical Cepheid variable ranging from apparent magnitude 5 @.@ 93 to 6 @.@ 73 over 7 @.@ 5 days . It is a yellow @-@ white supergiant ranging between spectral types F7Ib and G2Ib , located around 2037 light @-@ years away . S Muscae is likewise a Classical Cepheid , a yellow @-@ white supergiant ranging between spectral types F6Ib and G0Ib and magnitudes 5 @.@ 89 to 6 @.@ 49 over a period of 9 @.@ 66 days . A luminous star around 5 @.@ 9 times as massive as the Sun , it is a binary star with a blue @-@ white main sequence star companion likely to be of spectral type B3V to B5V with a mass of just over 5 solar masses , one of the hottest and brightest companions of a Cepheid known . The two stars orbit each other every 505 days . Theta Muscae is a triple star system thought to be around 7 @,@ 500 light @-@ years distant . It consists of a spectroscopic binary system composed of the Wolf – Rayet star ( spectral type : WC5 or 6 ) and an O @-@ type main @-@ sequence star ( spectral type : O6 or O7 ) that orbit each other every 19 days and a blue supergiant ( spectral type : O9.5 / B0Iab ) set about 46 milliarcseconds apart from them . If the system 's estimated distance from Earth is accurate , the binary stars are about 0 @.@ 5 astronomical units ( AU ) apart and the supergiant about 100 AU apart from them . All three are highly luminous : combined , they are likely to be over a million times as luminous as the Sun . TU Muscae is a binary star system located around 15 @,@ 500 light @-@ years away made up of two hot luminous blue main sequence stars of spectral types O7.5V and O9.5V , with masses 23 and 15 times that of the Sun . The stars are so close that they are in contact with each other ( overcontact binary ) and are classed as a Beta Lyrae variable as their light varies from Earth as they eclipse each other . The system ranges from apparent magnitude 8 @.@ 17 to 8 @.@ 75 over around 1 @.@ 4 days . Also known as Nova Muscae 1983 , GQ Muscae is a binary system consisting of a white dwarf and small star that is about 10 % as massive as the Sun . The two orbit each other every 1 @.@ 4 hours . The white dwarf accumulates material from its companion star via its accretion disc . After a certain amount has accumulated the star erupts , as it did in 1983 , reaching a magnitude of 7 @.@ 2 . Discovered with a magnitude of 7 @.@ 1 on 18 January 1983 , it was the first nova from which X @-@ rays were detected . The soft X @-@ ray transient GRS 1124 @-@ 683 ( also known as Nova Muscae 1991 ) is a binary object consisting of an orange main @-@ sequence star ( GU Muscae ) of spectral type K3V – K4V and a black hole of around 6 solar masses . During the 1991 outburst which led to its discovery , radiation was produced through a process of positron annihilation . GR Muscae is an X @-@ ray source composed of a neutron star of between 1 @.@ 2 and 1 @.@ 8 times the mass of our Sun and a low @-@ mass star likely to be around the mass of the Sun in close orbit . Finally , SY Muscae is a symbiotic star system composed of a red giant and white dwarf , where although the larger star is transferring mass to the smaller , there is no periodic eruption nor accretion disc formed . The star system varies in magitude from 10 @.@ 2 to 12 @.@ 7 over a period of 624 @.@ 5 days . Three star systems have been discovered to have exoplanets . HD 111232 is a yellow main sequence star around 78 % as massive as the Sun around 95 light @-@ years distant . It has a planet ( HD 111232 b ) around 6 @.@ 8 times the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of around 1143 days . HD 112410 is a yellow giant of spectral type G8III located around 439 light @-@ years distant . With around 1 @.@ 54 times the mass of our Sun , it is cooling and expanding along the red giant branch , having left the main sequence after exhausting its core supply of hydrogen fuel . It has a substellar companion calculated to have a mass 9 @.@ 2 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 124 @.@ 6 days at a distance of approximately 0 @.@ 57 AU . Yet another member of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup , HD 100546 is a young blue @-@ white Herbig Ae / Be star of spectral type B9V that has yet to settle on the main sequence — the closest of these stars to Earth at around 320 light @-@ years distant . It is surrounded by a circumstellar debris disk from a distance of 0 @.@ 2 to 4 AU , and again from 13 AU out to a few hundred AU , with evidence for a protoplanet forming at a distance of around 47 AU . There is a gap between 4 and 13 AU , which appears to contain a large planet around 20 times the mass of Jupiter , although further examination of the disk profile indicates it might be a more massive object such as a brown dwarf or more than one planet . LP 145 @-@ 141 is a white dwarf located 15 light @-@ years distant — the fourth @-@ closest to the Solar System . It is considered a good candidate to look for Jupiter @-@ like planets , on account if its proximity and mass . = = = Deep @-@ sky objects = = = Located on the border with Circinus is the unusual planetary nebula NGC 5189 , estimated to be around 1750 light @-@ years away from Earth . Its complex structure is due to multiple ejections of material from the ageing central star , which are distorted by the presence of a likely binary companion . Located 2 @.@ 4 ° east of Eta Muscae is the magnitude @-@ 12 @.@ 9 Engraved Hourglass Nebula ( MyCn 18 ) , which lies about 8000 light @-@ years distant from Earth . To Eta 's west lies IC 4191 , a compact bluish planetary nebula of magnitude 10 @.@ 6 , thought to lie around 10 @,@ 750 light @-@ years away from Earth . West of Epsilon Muscae is NGC 4071 , a large , diffuse planetary nebula of magnitude 12 @.@ 7 with a magnitude 12 central star , thought to lie around 4000 light @-@ years away from Earth . The Coalsack Nebula is a dark nebula located mainly in neighbouring Crux that intrudes into Musca . NGC 4463 is an open cluster located on its southwestern border . Around five light @-@ years across , it is located around 3400 light @-@ years away . The comparatively old globular cluster NGC 4833 near Delta Muscae was catalogued by Lacaille in 1755 . It is 21 @,@ 200 light @-@ years distant and somewhat obscured by dust clouds near the galactic plane . The globular cluster NGC 4372 near Gamma Muscae is fainter and likewise partially obscured by dust , but spans more arc minutes . It is 18 @,@ 900 light @-@ years away from Earth and 23 @,@ 000 light @-@ years distant from the centre of the Milky Way . Its extremely low metallicity indicates it is very old — one of the oldest clusters in the Milky Way . Extending south from it is the Dark Doodad Nebula , resembling a dark L @-@ shaped river through a bright field of stars . Another dark nebula in the constellation is BHR 71 .
= Staffa = Staffa ( Scottish Gaelic : Stafa , pronounced [ s ̪ t ̪ afa ] ) from the Old Norse for stave or pillar island , is an island of the Inner Hebrides in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . The Vikings gave it this name as its columnar basalt reminded them of their houses , which were built from vertically placed tree @-@ logs . Staffa lies about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) west of the Isle of Mull . The area is 33 hectares ( 82 acres ) and the highest point is 42 metres ( 138 ft ) above sea level . The island came to prominence in the late 18th century after a visit by Sir Joseph Banks . He and his fellow @-@ travellers extolled the natural beauty of the basalt columns in general and of the island 's main sea cavern , which Banks renamed ' Fingal 's Cave ' . Their visit was followed by those of many other prominent personalities throughout the next two centuries , including Queen Victoria and Felix Mendelssohn . The latter 's Hebrides Overture brought further fame to the island , which was by then uninhabited . It is now in the care of the National Trust for Scotland . = = Geology and pre @-@ history = = In prehistoric times Staffa was covered by the ice sheets which spread from Scotland out into the Atlantic Ocean beyond the Outer Hebrides . After the last retreat of the ice around 20 @,@ 000 years ago , sea levels were up to 125 metres ( 410 ft ) lower than at present . Although the isostatic rise of land makes estimating post @-@ glacial coastlines a complex task , around 14 @,@ 000 years ago it is likely that Staffa was part of a larger island , just off the coast of mainland Scotland , which would have included what are now Mull , Iona and the Treshnish Isles . Steadily rising sea levels then further isolated this little island , which is entirely of volcanic origin . It consists of a basement of tuff , underneath colonnades of a black fine @-@ grained Tertiary basalt , overlying which is a third layer of basaltic lava without a crystalline structure . By contrast , slow cooling of the second layer of basalt resulted in an extraordinary pattern of predominantly hexagonal columns which form the faces and walls of the principal caves . The lava contracted towards each of a series of equally spaced centres as it cooled and solidified into prismatic columns , a process known as columnar jointing . The columns typically have three to eight sides , six being most common . The columns are also divided horizontally by cross joints . These columnar jointed sections represent the tops and bottoms of individual lava flows . Between these sections lie regions of much more chaotic jointing , known as the entablature . The origin of the entablature is unknown , but could be due to flooding of the lava flow , causing much more rapid cooling , or the interaction of stress fields from the two regions of columnar jointing as they approach one another . Similar formations are found at the Giant 's Causeway in Northern Ireland , on the island of Ulva and at Ardmeanach on the Isle of Mull . Grooves in the roof of MacKinnon 's cave indicate either a pyroclastic flow or a series of eroded ash falls in the rock above the columnar basalt . The ' Staffa Group ' is the name given to the series of olivine tholeiite basalts found in the vicinity of Mull which erupted 55 – 58 million years ago . = = Geography = = Staffa lies about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) west of Mull , and 9 km northeast of Iona . It is longitudinally oriented north @-@ south , and is a kilometre long by about half a kilometre wide . The circumference is about 3 @.@ 8 km in extent . In the northeast the isle shelves to a shore , but otherwise the coast is rugged and much indented ; numerous caves have been carved out by rain , streams and sea . There is enough grass to feed a few cattle , and the island has a spring . On the east coast are Goat Cave and Clamshell Cave . The latter is 10 m high , about 6 m wide at the entrance , and some 45 m long , and on one side of it the ridges of basalt stand out like the ribs of a ship . Near this cave is the pyramidal rock islet of Am Buachaille ( ' The Herdsman ' ) , a pile of basalt columns seen fully only at low tide . Other outlying rocks include Eilean Dubh to the north @-@ west and a series of skerries stretching for half a kilometre to the south @-@ west . On the southwest shore are Boat Cave and Mackinnon 's Cave ( named after a 15th @-@ century abbot of Iona ) , which has a tunnel connecting it to Cormorant Cave . These caves lie to the south @-@ west and can be accessed from the bay of Port an Fhasgaidh at low tide . In 1945 a mine exploded near Boat Cave , causing damage to the cliff face which is still visible . Mackinnon 's Cave is 107 metres long . Staffa 's most famous feature is Fingal 's Cave , a large sea cave located near the southern tip of the island some 20 m high and 75 m long formed in cliffs of hexagonal basalt columns . This cliff face is called the Colonnade or The Great Face and it was these cliffs and their caves that inspired Felix Mendelssohn 's Die Hebriden ( English : Hebrides Overture opus 26 ) , which was premiered in London in 1832 . The original Gaelic name for Fingal 's Cave is An Uamh Bhin – " the melodious cave " – but it was subsequently renamed after the 3rd @-@ century Irish warrior Fionn MacCool . Mendelssohn was nonetheless inspired by the sound of the waves in the cave and waxed lyrical about his visit , claiming that he arrived in Scotland " with a rake for folk @-@ songs , an ear for the lovely , fragrant countryside , and a heart for the bare legs of the natives . " Staffa is part of the Loch Na Keal National Scenic Area , one of 40 in Scotland . = = History = = = = = 18th century = = = Little is known of the early history of Staffa , although the Swiss town of Stäfa on Lake Zurich was named after the island by a monk from nearby Iona . Part of the Ulva estate of the MacQuarries from an early date until 1777 , it was brought to the English @-@ speaking world 's attention after a visit by Sir Joseph Banks in August 1772 . En route to Iceland in the company of the painter Johann Zoffany , the Bishop of Linköping , and a Dr. Solander , Banks ( later a president of the Royal Society ) was entertained by Maclean of Drummen , on the Isle of Mull . Hearing about Staffa he resolved to visit and set out from Tobermory the next day . The winds were light and they did not arrive until darkness had fallen . Banks wrote : It was too dark to see anything , so we carried our tent and baggage near the only house on the island , and began to cook our suppers , in order to be prepared for the earliest dawn , and to enjoy that which , from the conversation of the gentlemen we had , now raised the highest expectations of . They were not disappointed . Despite becoming infested with lice during his short stay on the island , he provided glowing reports of his visit . He confessed that he was : forced to acknowledge that this piece of architecture , formed by nature , far surpasses that of the Louvre , that of St. Peter at Rome , all that remains of Palmyra and Paestum , and all that the genius , the taste and the luxury of the Greeks were capable of inventing . Samuel Johnson and his protege James Boswell visited clan MacQuarrie on Ulva in 1773 , the year after Banks ' visit . Perhaps aware that Banks considered that the columnar basalt cliff formations on Ulva called " The Castles " rivalled Staffa 's Johnson wrote : When the islanders were reproached with their ignorance or insensibility of the wonders of Staffa , they had not much to reply . They had indeed considered it little , because they had always seen it ; and none but philosophers , nor they always , are struck with wonder otherwise than by novelty . Amongst the first eminent overseas visitors to Staffa were Barthélemy Faujas de Saint @-@ Fond , a wealthy French zoologist and mineralogist and the American architect and naturalist William Thornton . Visiting in 1784 , they were suitably impressed , Faujus writing : " this superb monument of nature , which in regard to its form bears so strong a resemblance to a work of art , though art can certainly claim no share in it . " = = = 19th and 20th centuries = = = Subsequently a stream of famous visitors came to view Staffa 's wonders including Robert Adam , Sir Walter Scott ( 1810 ) , John Keats ( 1818 ) , J. M. W. Turner , whose 1830 visit yielded an oil painting exhibited in 1832 , William Wordsworth ( 1833 ) , Jules Verne ( 1839 ) , Alice Liddell ( the inspiration for Alice in Wonderland ) in 1878 , David Livingstone ( 1864 ) , Robert Louis Stevenson ( 1870 ) and Mendelssohn himself in 1829 . Wordsworth , however , found the volume of tourism disappointing . Writing more than a century later the writer W. H. Murray agreed , complaining that the visitors spoiled the " character and atmosphere " , and rather stand @-@ offishly suggesting that " to know Staffa one must go alone " . Others were more enthusiastic , despite the presence of numerous others . Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were rowed into the cave in the royal barge in 1847 , and The Times correspondent recorded : As the Royal Squadron cleared out of the Sound of Mull , and round the northern extremity of the island , a noble prospect lay before it , the steep and barren headlands of Ardnamurchan stretching away into the Atlantic on the right , on the left the precipitous cliffs of the Mull coast , and far away and embosomed in the ocean , the fantastic and varied forms of the adjacent islands . The horizon toward the north was a good deal obscured by haze , but , notwithstanding , Skye was distinctly visible ... The deserted and solitary aspect of the island was brought out with a strange and startling effect by the presence of so many steamers ; and as Her Majesty 's barge with the Royal Standard floated into the cave , the crew dipping their oars with the greatest precision , nothing could be more animated and grand than the appearance which the vast basaltic entrance , so solemn in its proportions , presented . Keats complained about the expense of the ferry , but was captivated by what he saw nonetheless . Displeased with his first efforts to describe this " cathedral of the sea " he finally settled on : Not Aladdin magian / Ever such a work began , Not the wizard of the Dee , Ever such a dream could see ; Not St John , in Patmos Isle , In the passion of his toil , When he saw the churches seven , Golden Aisl 'd , built up in heaven , Gazed at such a rugged wonder . --John Keats , Staffa = = = Tenants and owners = = = However inspiring the scenery , it was not an easy place in which to live . In 1772 there was only a single family , living on a diet of barley oats , flax and potatoes , and whatever their grazing animals could provide . By the end of the 18th century they had deserted Staffa , apparently terrified by the severity of winter storms . Signs of " rig and furrow " agriculture can still be seen on the island but the only surviving building is the ruin of a 19th @-@ century shelter for travellers . By 1800 the island was under the ownership of Colin MacDonald of Lochboisdale . In 1816 it was sold by his son Ranald MacDonald into the care of Trustees . In 1821 these Trustees sold to Alexander Forman as Trustee , the purchase money being paid by his brother John Forman WS . It remained in the Forman family until sold by Bernard Gilpin Vincent " Pat " Forman in 1968 . There were several private owners after that , including Alastair de Watteville , a descendant of Colin MacDonald who wrote a book about the island , until finally it was gifted to the National Trust for Scotland by Jock Elliott Jr. of New York in 1986 to honour the 60th birthday of his wife , Eleanor . A grateful National Trust bestowed upon her the honorific " Steward of Staffa " . In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers , Staffa was named as the 8th greatest natural wonder in Britain . During the 20th century there were issues of bogus postage stamps bearing Staffa 's name . = = Wildlife = = In 1800 there were three red deer on the island , later replaced by goats and then by a small herd of black cattle . Subsequently the summer grazing was used for sheep by crofters from Iona , but in 1997 all livestock was removed . This has led to a regeneration of the island 's vegetation . Puffins , black @-@ legged kittiwakes common shags and gulls nest on the island , and the surrounding waters provide a livelihood for numerous seabirds , gray seals , dolphins , basking sharks , minke , and pilot whales . = = Visiting Staffa = = Boat trips from Oban , Ulva Ferry and Fionnphort on Mull , and Iona allow visitors to view the caves and the puffins that nest on the island between May and September . There is a landing place used by the tourist boats just north of Am Buachaille , but disembarkation is only possible in calm conditions . The island lacks a genuine anchorage .
= Sphecius grandis = Sphecius grandis , also called the western cicada killer , is a species of cicada killer wasp ( Sphecius ) . The western species shares the same nesting biology as its fellow species , the eastern cicada killer ( S. speciosus ) . S. grandis , like all other species of the genus Sphecius , mainly provides cicadas for its offspring . It forms nest aggregations and mates and broods once in a year , in July and early August . The wasp is on average 3 cm ( 1 in ) to 5 cm ( 2 in ) in length and is amber @-@ yellow with yellow rings on its abdomen . Wasps in the genus Sphecius are not habitually aggressive and use their venom mainly to paralyse cicadas which they take back to their nests to feed their young . The females catch around four or more cicadas for provisioning , place them in brood cells and lay eggs in the cells . S. grandis is endemic to Central America , Mexico and the Western United States , and is found at a higher mean altitude than other species of Sphecius . The western cicada killer males emerge earlier than females , but generally die after only a couple of days . Sphecius grandis can be distinguished from S. convallis ( the Pacific cicada killer wasp ) by the coloration pattern of the gastral tergites . Formerly , the two species were distinguished on the basis of the number of tergites with yellow markings ( five in S. grandis and three in S. convallis ) , but a more recent study showed that this character was insufficient to distinguish the two species . However , they can be distinguished by the density of the punctation on the first and second tergites . = = Taxonomy = = The western cicada killer was first described by American naturalist Thomas Say in 1824 in Madera Canyon , Arizona , as Stizus grandis . Its species name is the Latin adjective grandis meaning " large " . It is one of five species of the genus Sphecius in North America . More recently , it has been suspected that the western cicada killer represents more than one species . It co @-@ occurs with the eastern cicada killer ( S. speciosus ) and Pacific cicada killer ( S. convallis ) at Big Bend National Park in Texas . There the three wasps hunt and nest in the same locales , and the eastern and western cicada killers hunt the same cicada species . Analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that the western cicada killer contains two divergent clades , which may represent distinct species . The two clades appeared to be split by the Rocky Mountains , with one occurring mainly to the south and east , the other to the west . = = Description = = Ranging in size from 3 to 5 cm ( 1 to 2 in ) in length , the western cicada killer is very similar to its eastern cousin , Sphecius speciosus , with a rufous black hue to the body , amber stripes and a yellow abdomen . The western cicada killer has rufous spots on its first to second tergites and yellow markings can generally be found from first to fifth , although there is some variation . On average , female forewing length lies between 2 @.@ 5 and 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 and 1 @.@ 18 in ) . Females are larger than males and live for a year , a time just long enough to produce a brood , whereas the males die in only a few days , just enough time to impregnate a female . In Steven J. Phillips ' book A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert , he referred to them as superficially resembling " huge yellowjackets or hornets " and stated that they are " powerful fliers with compound eyes " . On average , males weigh 95 mg and females are far heavier , at 256 mg , probably because of the additional weight of the ovaries , developing eggs and nutritional reserves . Nevertheless , the ratio between flight muscle mass and body mass is the same for both sexes . = = = Identification = = = Distinguishing S. grandis from the other four New World species of Sphecius ( S. convallis , S. hogardii , S. speciosus , S. spectabilis ) is difficult . The female S. convallis was originally distinguished from the female S. grandis by the yellow marks from the first to third gastral tergites on S. convallis and yellow marks on all tergites for S. grandis . However , this was found to be insufficient for correct identification because the positions of the markings can vary among different wasps of the same species . Charles W. Holliday and Joseph R. Coelho devised a new key in 2004 to identify the Sphecius species , examining 4 @,@ 451 wasps among the five New World species , and noting that 98 % of the female S. convallis wasps examined had yellow markings on gastral tergites one to four ( or fewer ) and S. grandis had 98 % yellow markings from tergites one to five ( or more ) . The 2 % percent of S. grandis that overlapped with S. convallis were determined by density of the punctation in colour of the first tergum against the second . The markings on S. grandis males were found to be the same as on females . = = = Thermoregulation = = = It has been found that the western cicada killer wasp is capable of thermoregulation which enables them to maintain territories during the day . A study by Joseph R. Coelho showed that during territorial patrolling the species had a high and regulated thorax temperature . Experiments found that the wasp has the ability to shift heat from its thorax to its abdomen and that the abdomen is generally kept colder than the thorax . Dead wasps that were placed in the sun reached abnormally high temperatures when compared to those on nearby plants . = = Life cycle = = = = = Emergence and mating = = = After hatching , the offspring feed on the tissue of the cicadas provided by their mother . Males emerge before females and both genders are sexually receptive from emergence in July to early August , when they mate and brood . English naturalist Charles Darwin postulated that the pattern of male emergence before females evolved by natural selection to improve the chances of the male mating . The timing of the emergence of females has evolved to correspond with the similar emergence of the cicada species of the area , Tibicen duryi and T. parallela , which they hunt for the provisioning of their nests . Many have yellow markings located on their tergites ( dorsal portion ) , although some have been found only from the first to fifth tergites . Because males emerge earlier than females , the males compete for mating territories surrounding the nests in which the females are located . During a fight , the males risk damaging their wings or appendages by butting and grappling . Another defense technique is to grab another male and carry it high into the air , which is thought to be a demonstration of strength . As a general rule , the larger the male the more predominant he is in battles . Age influences the success in the defense and security of territory ; the younger the wasp the greater the chance of a successful takeover of territory . Some small males even engage in non @-@ territorial mating tactics , and delay their emergence so as to have a fairer chance of survival . On emergence from the nest , the female is sexually receptive but does not choose her mate , but instead copulates with the first male of her species that finds her . Once the female has mated , she rebuffs all advances by other wasps . = = = Nesting and perching = = = Males perch after emerging from their nest . They pick out an area close to a nest with females inside and guard the territory around it so as to have a better chance of mating . They tend to perch on many different substrates such as stumps , pebbles , wood , weeds , grass blades and low tree branches . Males assume an alert posture , ready for a challenge from another male , or from a predator . One study by a behavioral ecologist , John Alcock , showed that a large majority of the marked wasps returned to the same perch day after day , and two males swapped between two different sites . The species rarely perches on the ground . It shares the same nesting biology as S. speciosus . All cicada killers are ground @-@ nesting insects and nest aggregations can contain up to hundreds of nests , each with a single provisioning female . Their tunnel is mainly made in well @-@ drained , bare sandy soil , frequently under sidewalks , but is generally in full sunlight . Approximately 90 % of its life is spent underground as a larva . It rarely infests grounds that are rich in vegetation in order for them to get more sun . Mounds are easily recognizable by their distinctive U @-@ shaped digging entrance . = = = Feeding and hunting habits = = = Sphecius grandis has very similar nesting and feeding habits to other members of its genus , most notably Sphecius speciosus . As with S. speciosus , the female hunts for cicadas in low tree trunks , helped by the calls of the cicada males , and paralyses the insect by piercing the central nervous system with her stinger . She drags the cicadas back to her nest to place them in brood cells in which she eventually lays one egg per cell . Females carry cicadas that are on average 88 % heavier than their own body mass . It has been hypothesised that cicada killers may also have the ability to capture cicadas mid @-@ flight . There are approximately two or more cicadas to each brood cell . When the larvae hatch , the cicada provides nutrition for the offspring to feed on . The wasps preferentially hunt for female cicadas because they have more consumable tissue , but male cicadas are easier to locate , which explains the systemic bias towards male kills . They chiefly hunt for Tibicen duryi , Tibicen dealbata and Tibicen parallela . Cicada killers are capable of thermoregulation , which allows them to hunt for cicadas during the day , when the cicadas are most prominent . The species is mostly harmless to humans . Some males when emerging early fly into the trees to feed on sap , and the species has been known to feed on nectar . Stings of this species received a lethality rating of 46 LC measured by LC = μg ⁄ LD50 ( LC = " lethal capacity " , μg = " venom in the insect " , LD50 = " μg ⁄ g of the venom " , g = " size of mammal receiving the dose " and LD = " lethal dose " ) . = = Geographical distribution = = Western cicada killers are found at a higher altitude than most other Sphecius species and are sympatric with the species S. convallis and S. speciosus , even though S. grandis are on average found at higher altitudes than S. convallis . A study showed that the mean elevation for S. grandis was 755 m ± 23 @.@ 3 m , compared with the lower results of S. speciosus ( 219 m ± 4 @.@ 7 m ) , S. convallis ( 582 m ± 30 @.@ 9 m ) and S. hogardii ( 18 m ± 5 m ) . The species is Nearctic and Neotropic , found from Central America to the Western United States , in New Mexico , California and every state west of the Rocky Mountains , except Wyoming , as well as Kansas , Oklahoma and Nebraska . S. grandis is most commonly found in riparian zones . It has been observed in such places in Mexico as Baja California Norte , Baja California Sur , Coahuila , Nuevo Leon , Tamaulipas and Yucatán and also in Granada ( Nicaragua ) , Guanacaste ( Costa Rica ) and Honduras . = = Interaction with humans = = Sphecius grandis wasps frequently interact with humans because of their tendency to make their nests in backyards , gardens and sidewalks . Pest control is mostly unneeded as they nest in areas with little to no vegetation , usually ignore people , and females are not aggressive , tending to save their venom for their cicada prey , but will sting if they are grabbed or stepped on . Despite their large size , being the largest wasp to inhabit California , their sting has been reported as being between merely numbing and sharp to moderate . Males , while smaller , are naturally more aggressive and less tolerant of disturbance .
= Lolita Lebrón = Lolita Lebrón ( November 19 , 1919 – August 1 , 2010 ) was a Puerto Rican nationalist who was convicted of attempted murder and other crimes after leading an assault on the United States House of Representatives in 1954 , resulting in the wounding of five members of the United States Congress . She was freed from prison in 1979 after being granted clemency by President Jimmy Carter . Lebrón was born and raised in Lares , Puerto Rico , where she joined the Liberal Party . In her youth she met Francisco Matos Paoli , a Puerto Rican poet , with whom she had a relationship . In 1941 , Lebrón migrated to New York City , where she joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , gaining influence within the party 's leadership . Within the organization she advocated socialist and feminist ideas . In 1952 , after the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico was promulgated , the Nationalist Party began a series of revolutionary actions , including the Jayuya Uprising . As part of this initiative , Pedro Albizu Campos ordered her to organize attacks in the United States , focusing on locations that were " the most strategic to the enemy " . She became the leader of a group of nationalists , who attacked the United States House of Representatives in 1954 . She was incarcerated as a result . Lebrón remained imprisoned 25 years , when President Carter issued pardons to the group involved . After their release in 1981 , the nationalists returned to Puerto Rico , where independence movements received them with a celebration . During the following years she continued her involvement in pro @-@ independence activities , including the Navy @-@ Vieques protests . Her life would be subsequently detailed in books and a documentary . On August 1 , 2010 , Lebrón died from complications of a cardiorespiratory infection . = = Early life = = Lebrón ( birth name : Dolores Lebrón Sotomayor ) was one of five siblings born in Lares , Puerto Rico to Gonzalo Lebrón Bernal and Rafaela Soto Luciano , the other four were Aurea , Augusto , Gonzalo Jr. and Julio . Lebrón was raised in Hacienda Pezuelas in Pezuelas , a barrio in Lares . Gonzalo Lebrón worked as the hacienda 's foreman earning a salary of $ 30 a month and was allowed to live in a " small house " where he was also allowed to plant produce for his family . In Pezuelas Lebrón began her education in a small community school . Early in her life , Lebrón contracted pneumonia when she accidentally fell into a gutter that was full of water , as a consequence she grew with a frail body and was unable to keep up with the constant activities of her brothers without feeling fatigue . She developed an introverted and contemplative personality , often spending her time admiring nature around the hacienda . From Pezuelas the family moved to Mirasol , also in Lares , where Gonzalo Lebrón administered an hacienda owned by Emilio Vilellas . There she received a better education , attending a local public school . When Lebrón completed the sixth grade she attended the Segunda Unidad Rural , a middle school located in Bartolo , an adjacent barrio . She concluded her formal public school education in the eighth grade . Lebrón had uncommonly good looks and when she was a teenager won the first place in the annual " Queen of the Flowers of May " beauty contest held in Lares . Although her father was an atheist , Lebrón was baptized in the Catholic faith when she was fourteen years old along with her other siblings . During the baptism celebration she met Francisco Matos Paoli , who became her first boyfriend . Paoli and Lebron wrote letters to each other where they exchanged the poetry which they wrote . According to Jossianna Arroyo , Lolita wrote " more mystical poetry , centered on what she called “ visions ” filled with religious symbolism . " Paoli 's family opposed their relationship because they considered Lebrón a jíbara ( peasant ) . Her father also opposed this relationship and ordered her to stop writing to Paoli . However , they both continued to write to each other until he moved out of the city . Lebrón eventually moved to San Juan , where she studied sewing and continued her correspondence with Paoli . She felt obligated to return to Lares because her father was severely affected by tuberculosis . The family was forced to abandon the house in the hacienda , but was later received by Ramón Santiago who provided them with a new house . Lebrón took upon herself the responsibility of taking care of her father . She would travel to a nearby town to buy medicines for her father which she gave him every seventy minutes . For seven days she didn 't sleep or eat while attending him . Following his death Lebrón began working by weaving clothes . = = Political activism = = Although Lebrón was a member of the Liberal Party from a young age , she didn 't display any interest in politics . However , her posture changed after March 21 , 1937 , when a group of militants from the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party were killed during a peaceful protest which became known as the Ponce massacre . Lebrón who was eighteen years old at the time , developed a nationalistic ideology following this event . During this timeframe , Lebrón had a relationship with a local engineer , following the advice of her family . When she was twenty @-@ one years old she gave birth to her first daughter Gladys , who was left in Rafaela Luciano 's custody after Lebrón was separated from her husband and moved to New York City . After she arrived in New York City , she started to experience problems finding employment , mostly because she did not fully understand English . Lebrón worked as a seamstress in several factories . She was fired from some of her jobs because she was considered a " rebel by her bosses " after she protested against the discrimination which she witnessed against Puerto Rican workers . This influenced her nationalistic views even further and she eventually established contact with members of the Puerto Rican Liberation Movement . She enrolled at George Washington College , where she studied for two years during her free time from work . She married again when she was twenty @-@ two years old and gave birth to her second child , whom she would send to Puerto Rico to live with her mother , a year later . Lebrón decided to divorce her husband because she felt that he was oppressing her . In 1943 , there was a massive migration of Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico to New York , composed mostly of jibaros seeking employment . Lebrón grew increasingly frustrated when she observed how they were forced to live in poverty and under social decadence and she increased her work within nationalist circles . In 1946 , she formally became a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , following the advice of a friend . During this time she developed an admiration for the Party 's president Pedro Albizu Campos , studying and memorizing his biography and ideals . After joining the party , Lebrón inadvertently included some of her own initiatives within the organization 's ideals , these were influenced by socialist and feminist ideals . Seeking more involvement in society and politics for women , new economic systems and social reforms that would protect women and children . Her constant involvement in the party 's affairs earned her several high @-@ ranking positions , among them those of secretary , vice @-@ president , and executive delegate of its delegation in New York . On May 21 , 1948 , a bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the PPD and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín approved the Bill . The Bill , also known as the " Ley de la Mordaza " ( gag Law ) , made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a patriotic tune , to talk of independence , and to fight for the independence of the island . The Bill which resembled the anti @-@ communist Smith Law passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero and became known as " Ley 53 " ( Law 53 ) . In accordance to the new law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sale , to exhibit or organize or to help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $ 10 @,@ 000 ( US ) or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . On November 1 , 1950 , following a series of uprisings in Puerto Rico which included the Jayuya Uprising and the Utuado Uprising which culminated in a massacre , Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola invaded Harry S. Truman 's residence , carrying a letter written by Albizu Campos and addressed to Truman . A shootout erupted between the duo and the guard stationed there , killing Torresola . Collazo was badly injured but survived and was sentenced to death by an American jury . The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party claimed that their goal was to " draw attention to the fact of Puerto Rico 's continued colonial status " , while the American government and media treated it as an assassination attempt . Following the sentence , Lebrón quickly joined the " Committee for Oscar Collazo 's defense " , participating in numerous public manifestations which eventually led to a presidential pardon . On July 25 , 1952 , the official name of Puerto Rico was changed to Estado Libre Associado ( commonwealth of the United States ) as a constitution was promulgated by Luis Muñoz Marín , the islands ' first elected governor . In 1954 , Lebrón received a letter from Albizu Campos , in which he declared his intention to order attacks on " three locations , the most strategic to the enemy " . = = Assault on the House of Representatives = = = = = Attack preparations = = = Albizu Campos had been corresponding with 34 @-@ year @-@ old Lebrón from prison and chose a group of nationalists who included Rafael Cancel Miranda , Irving Flores and Andrés Figueroa Cordero to attack locations in Washington , D.C. Upon receiving the order she communicated it to the leadership of the Nationalist party in New York and , although two members unexpectedly disagreed , the plan continued . Lebrón decided to lead the group , even though Albizu Campos did not order her to directly take part in the assault . She studied the plan , determining the possible weaknesses , concluding that a single attack on the House of Representatives would be more effective . The date for the attack on the House of Representatives was to be March 1 , 1954 . This date was chosen because it coincided with the inauguration of the Conferencia Interamericana ( Interamerican Conference ) in Caracas . Lebrón intended to call attention to Puerto Rico 's independence cause , particularly among the Latin American countries participating in the conference . = = = The attack = = = On the morning of March 1 , Lebrón traveled to Grand Central Terminal , where she rendezvoused with the rest of the group . Once they arrived at the United States Capitol , Rafael Cancel Miranda suggested that the attack should be postponed because it was late and rainy . Lebrón responded , " I am alone " and continued towards the building 's interior . The group followed , considering the attack a coup d 'état , the most important revolutionary act in the history of the Puerto Rican independence movement , the fourth uprising after the Grito de Lares , the Intentona de Yauco and the Jayuya Uprising . The other members of the group seemed serene and optimistic while rushing towards the legislative chamber . ( p . 136 ) When Lebrón 's group reached the visitor 's gallery above the chamber in the House , they sat while the representatives discussed Mexico 's economy . Shortly thereafter , Lebrón gave the order to the other members , the group quickly recited the Lord 's Prayer ; then Lebrón stood up and shouted " ¡ Viva Puerto Rico Libre ! " ( " Long live a Free Puerto Rico ! " ) and unfurled the flag of Puerto Rico . The group opened fire with semi @-@ automatic pistols . Lebrón claimed that she fired her shots at the ceiling , while Figueroa 's pistol jammed . Some 30 shots were fired ( mostly by Cancel , according to his account ) , wounding five lawmakers ; one representative , Alvin Bentley from Michigan , was seriously wounded in the chest . Upon being arrested , Lebrón yelled " I did not come to kill anyone , I came to die for Puerto Rico ! " . = = = Trial and imprisonment = = = Lebrón and her comrades were charged with attempted murder and other crimes . She was imprisoned in the Federal Correctional Institution for Women in Alderson , West Virginia . The trial began on June 4 , 1954 , with judge Alexander Holtzoff presiding over the case , under strict security measures . A jury composed of seven men and five women was assembled , their identities were kept secret from the media . The prosecution was led by Leo A. Rover , as part of this process 33 witnesses testified . Ruth Mary Reynolds , the " American Nationalist " and the organization which she founded " American League for Puerto Rico 's Independence " came to the defense of Lebrón and the three other Nationalists . Lebrón and the other members of the group were the only defense witnesses , as part of her testimony she reaffirmed that they " came to die for the liberty of her homeland " . During the early part of their trial she remained calm , complaining through her lawyers alleged disrespect for the flag while it was being produced as evidence . She loudly protested when the defense suggested that the group might have suffered from mental instability while committing the deed . On June 16 , 1954 , the jury found all four defendants guilty . On the morning of July 8 , 1954 , Lebrón learned of her son 's death minutes before the sentence was to be announced . She was quiet at the beginning of the hearing , but at one point , unable to contain herself , she became hysterical . Rover demanded the death penalty , but Holtzoff chose to sentence them to the longest terms of imprisonment possible . In Lebrón 's case this was between sixteen and fifty years , depending on her behavior . Back at the prison , she went into shock upon receiving official notice of her son 's death and did not speak for three days . On July 13 , 1954 , the four nationalists were taken to New York , where they pleaded not guilty to the charges of " trying to overthrow the government of the United States " . One of the witnesses for the prosecution was Gonzalo Lebrón Jr . , who testified against his sister . On October 26 , 1954 , judge Lawrence E. Walsh found all the defendants guilty of conspiracy and sentenced them to six additional years in prison . Lebrón has stated that the first two years in prison were the most difficult , having to deal with the deaths of her son and mother . Communication with her siblings was non @-@ existent . Lebrón refused to accept letters from her sister because only letters written in English were permitted in the prison . Communication with the outside world was not allowed then . Later it was granted after several inmates went on a hunger strike that lasted three and a half days . Due to her participation , Lebrón was not allowed to perform work outside of her cell for some time , although she was eventually allowed to work at the infirmary . While in prison , a group of judges offered her parole in exchange for a public apology , which she indignantly rejected . After completing the first 15 years of the sentence , Lebrón 's social worker told her that she could ask for parole , but she did not display interest in the proposal , never signing the required documentation . Due to this lack of interest , she was mandated to attend a meeting before a penitentiary committee , where she presented a written deposition expressing her position about the parole proposal as well as other subjects including terrorism , politics and the United States ' use of the atomic bomb . Following this the other inmates reacted with skepticism over her intentions to refuse the offer , which made her distance herself from them and focus her attention in studying as well as writing poetry . During this timeframe , Lebrón 's interest in religion grew . Lebrón 's daughter Gladys died in 1977 , while her mother was in prison . = = Later years , death and legacy = = In 1979 President Jimmy Carter pardoned Lolita Lebrón , Irving Flores , and Rafael Cancel Miranda after they had served 25 years in prison . Andrés Figueroa Cordero was released from prison earlier because of a terminal illness . Governor of Puerto Rico Carlos Romero Barceló publicly opposed the pardons granted by Carter , stating that it would encourage terrorism and undermine public safety . Lebrón received a heroine 's welcome by her supporters upon her return to her motherland . Lebrón married Sergio Irizarry Rivera and continued to participate in pro @-@ independence activities . The couple had met while she was in prison , when the Nationalist Party ordered him to monitor her health . Their marriage took place eight years after they had met . They moved into a small house in Loiza . The house possessed few distinctive traits , mostly composed of religious iconography and a large flag of Puerto Rico in the living room . On September 4 , 2005 , the couple was transported to a hospital , after a fire affected part of their house , causing $ 14 @,@ 000 in material losses . On May 22 , 2000 , she erroneously filed charges of verbal assault against Nívea Hernández , the mother of then @-@ Puerto Rico Senator Kenneth McClintock who subsequently served as Minority Leader , and later President , of the Senate of Puerto Rico and now serves as Secretary of State , after a discussion ensued between her and an unidentified woman at a pharmacy in San Juan . The case was reported after an employee of the establishment identified the instigator as Hernández , who was recuperating from surgery at the moment and died two months later . She continued to be active in the independence cause and participated in the protests against the United States Navy 's presence in Vieques . Lebrón appeared as a witness at the " International Tribunal on Violations of Human Rights in Puerto Rico and Vieques " held on November 17 – 21 , 2000 , on the island of Vieques . According to the local newspaper El Vocero , her audience applauded when Lebrón said at the end of her deposition " I had the honor of leading the act against the U.S. Congress on March 1 , 1954 , when we demanded freedom for Puerto Rico and we told the world that we are an invaded nation , occupied and abused by the United States of America . I feel very proud of having performed that day , of having answered the call of the motherland " . On June 26 , 2001 , Lebrón was among a group of protesters that were arrested for trespassing in the restricted area in Vieques . On July 19 , 2001 , she was sentenced to 60 days of prison on the charge that she was trespassing on Navy property . Lebrón had already served 23 days in jail since her June arrest , leaving her to serve 37 additional days . Less than two years after Lebron 's Vieques protest , on May 1 , 2003 , the U.S. Navy left Vieques and turned over its facilities to the government of Puerto Rico . Following this , she continued her participation in other pro independence activities . Lebrón was among the political leaders that opposed the Democratic Party 's primary that took place on June 1 , 2008 . The group anticipated a low voter turnout in the event , while declaring that Puerto Rico " deserves sovereignty " . On June 10 , 2008 , Lebrón suffered a fracture in her hip and a wrist after accidentally falling in her house . She underwent corrective surgery at a San Juan hospital . A film inspired by Lebrón 's life is currently in the works , with actress Eva Longoria being involved . Between 2008 and 2010 , Lebrón was hospitalized multiple times , the first being due to a fall that fractured her hip and an arm , requiring surgery . On September 18 , 2009 , she suffered a notable relapse due to a cardio respiratory affection . Lebrón recovered in a satisfactory manner and issued a press release in appreciation for the public 's support . Complications from this episode of bronchitis , however , persisted throughout 2010 , leading to her death on August 1 , 2010 . Multiple public figures , who support independence or free association for Puerto Rico , immediately lamented Lebrón 's death , praising her activism . Her life was eulogized even in European papers . = = = Legacy = = = Among the homages received by Lebrón are paintings , books and a documentary . Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo created a poster of Lebrón , which was exhibited at the Galería de la Raza in San Francisco , California . In Chicago 's Humboldt Park , there is a mural depicting Lebrón among other well known Puerto Ricans . Writer , director and film producer Judith Escalona is planning to make a film about Lebrón 's life . Federico Ribes Tovar published a book titled Lolita la Prisionera . There is a plaque , located at the monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico , honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . Lebron 's name is on the first line of the third plate . Among the books that include the story of Lebrón are The Ladies ' Gallery : A Memoir of Family Secrets by Irene Vilar ( Lebrón 's granddaughter ) , translated by Gregory Rabassa ( formerly published as A Message from God in the Atomic Age ) . The author criticizes her grandmother as a distant , gun @-@ toting , larger @-@ than @-@ life figure who cast a veil of pain and secrecy over her family so vast that Ms. Vilar is still untangling herself from it . It also documents the death of Lebrón 's only daughter ( Vilar 's mother ) as suicide .
= Haflinger = The Haflinger , also known as the Avelignese , is a breed of horse developed in Austria and northern Italy ( namely the South Tyrol region ) during the late nineteenth century . Haflinger horses are relatively small , are always chestnut in color , have distinctive gaits described as energetic but smooth , and are well @-@ muscled yet elegant . The breed traces its ancestry to the Middle Ages ; there are several theories for its origin . Haflingers , developed for use in mountainous terrain , are known for their hardiness . Their current conformation and appearance are the result of infusions of bloodlines from Arabian and various European breeds into the original native Tyrolean ponies . The foundation sire , 249 Folie , was born in 1874 ; by 1904 the first breeders ' cooperative was formed . All Haflingers can trace their lineage back to Folie through one of seven bloodlines . World Wars I and II , as well as the Great Depression , had a detrimental effect on the breed , and lower @-@ quality animals were used at times to save the breed from extinction . During World War II , breeders focused on horses that were shorter and more draft @-@ like , favored by the military for use as packhorses . The emphasis after the war shifted toward animals of increased refinement and height . In the postwar era , the Haflinger was indiscriminately crossed with other breeds and some observers feared the breed was in renewed danger of extinction . However , starting in 1946 , breeders focused on producing purebred Haflingers and a closed stud book was created . Interest in the breed increased in other countries and between 1950 and 1974 the population grew , even while the overall European horse population decreased . Population numbers continued to increase steadily and as of 2005 , almost 250 @,@ 000 Haflingers existed worldwide . There are breeding farms in several countries , although most of the breeding stock still comes from Austria . In 2003 , a Haflinger became the first horse to be cloned , resulting in a filly named Prometea . Haflingers have many uses including light draft , harness work and various under @-@ saddle disciplines such as endurance riding , dressage , equestrian vaulting and therapeutic riding . They are also still used by the Austrian and German armies for work in rough terrain . The World Haflinger Federation ( WHF ) , the international governing body that controls breed standards for the Haflinger , is made up of a confederation of 22 national registries , and helps set breeding objectives , guidelines and rules for its member organizations . = = Breed characteristics = = The name " Haflinger " comes from the village of Hafling , which today is in northern Italy . The breed is also called the Avelignese , from the Italian word for Hafling , which is Avelengo or previously Aveligna . Haflingers are always chestnut in color and come in shades ranging from a light gold to a rich golden chestnut or liver hue . The mane and tail are white or flaxen . The height of the breed has increased since the end of World War II , when it stood an average of 13 @.@ 3 hands ( 55 inches , 140 cm ) . The desired height today is between 13 @.@ 2 and 15 hands ( 54 and 60 inches , 137 and 152 cm ) . Breeders are discouraged from breeding horses under the minimum size , but taller individuals may pass inspection if they otherwise meet requirements of the breed registry . The breed has a refined head and light poll . The neck is of medium length , the withers are pronounced , the shoulders sloping and the chest deep . The back is medium @-@ long and muscular , the croup is long , slightly sloping and well @-@ muscled . The legs are clean , with broad , flat knees and powerful hocks showing clear definition of tendons and ligaments . The Haflinger has rhythmic , ground @-@ covering gaits . The walk is relaxed but energetic . The trot and canter are elastic , energetic , and athletic with a natural tendency to be light on the forehand and balanced . There is some knee action , and the canter has a very distinct motion forwards and upwards . One important consideration in breeding during the second half of the 20th century was temperament . A requirement for a quiet , kind nature has become part of official breed standards and is checked during official inspections . Some sources recognize two types of Haflinger , a shorter , heavier type used for draft work and a taller , lighter type used for pleasure riding , light driving and under @-@ saddle competition . The Food and Agriculture Organization recognizes both an " Avelignese " and an " Avelignese Tradizionale " as existing in Italy , although , as of 2007 , only 13 of the latter existed , including only one breeding stallion . However , all breed organizations recognize and register only one type . = = = Stallion lines = = = All Haflingers today trace their lineage through one of seven stallion lines to Folie , the foundation stallion of the breed . Usually , colts are given a name beginning with the letter or letters denoting their stallion line , and fillies are given a name beginning with the first letter of their dam 's name . The exceptions are France , where foals are given a name beginning with a letter of the alphabet designated to be used for that year ; and Italy , where colts ' names must begin with the letter or letters designating the stallion line , while fillies ' names begin with the letter designated for a given year . The seven stallion lines are : A @-@ line . Founded by Anselmo , born 1926 . One of the most prevalent lines today , descendants include the second @-@ largest number of stallions at stud . Anselmo was brought back to stud at the age of 21 , when a lack of stallions after World War II led to concerns that the line would not survive , and produced several stallions now represented in all Haflinger breeding populations worldwide . B @-@ line . Founded by Bolzano , born 1915 . Bolzano 's less common line , although strong in Austria , is not prevalent elsewhere . The line is spreading nevertheless ; the U.S. and several European countries including Great Britain are establishing Bolzano lines . M @-@ line . Founded by Massimo , born 1927 . An Italian stallion , Massimo founded a line that is prevalent in Austria and Italy . N @-@ line . Founded by Nibbio , born 1920 . Early in its history , the Nibbio line split into two branches , one in Italy and one in Austria . The N @-@ line is populous , with the greatest number of stallions at stud . It is one of two ( the other being the A @-@ line ) with a presence in all Haflinger breeding countries . The line is most prolific in Austria and Italy . S @-@ line . Founded by Stelvio , born 1923 . Stelvio is the least numerous of the lines , threatened with extinction after non @-@ Haflinger blood was introduced in Germany . Currently most populous in Italy , Austrian authorities are working to re @-@ establish it . ST @-@ line . Founded by Student , born 1927 . Although the ST @-@ line has a large number of stallions , its geographic spread is limited because of unselective breeding in some countries . Germany and the U.S. hold the most horses of this line outside Austria . W @-@ line . Founded by Willi , born 1921 . The W @-@ line , threatened by crossbreeding early in its history , maintains a strong presence in the Netherlands , Canada and the U.S. , with a smaller population in Austria . Bolzano and Willi were great @-@ great grandsons of Folie , while the rest were great @-@ great @-@ great grandsons . Especially in the early years of the breed 's history , some inbreeding occurred , both by accident and design , which served to reinforce the breed 's dominant characteristics . During the 1980s and 1990s , several studies were conducted to examine morphological differences among the breed lines . Significant differences were found in some characteristics , including height and proportions ; these have been used to help achieve breeding objectives , especially in Italy during the 1990s . = = History = = The history of the Haflinger horse traces to the Middle Ages . Origins of the breed are uncertain , but there are two main theories . The first is that Haflingers descend from horses abandoned in the Tyrolean valleys in central Europe by East Goths fleeing from Byzantine troops after the fall of Conza in 555 AD . These abandoned horses are believed to have been influenced by Oriental bloodlines and may help explain the Arabian physical characteristics seen in the Haflinger . A type of light mountain pony was first recorded in the Etsch Valley in 1282 , and was probably the ancestor of the modern Haflinger . The second theory is that they descended from a stallion from the Kingdom of Burgundy sent to Margrave Louis of Brandenburg by his father , Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor , when the Margrave married Princess Margarete Maultasch of the Tyrol in 1342 . It has also been suggested that they descend from the prehistoric Forest horse . Haflingers have close connections to the Noriker , a result of the overlapping geographic areas where the two breeds were developed . Whatever its origins , the breed developed in a mountainous climate and was well able to thrive in harsh conditions with minimal maintenance . The breed as it is known today was officially established in the village of Hafling in the Etschlander Mountains , then located in Austria @-@ Hungary . The Arabian influence was strongly reinforced in the modern Haflinger by the introduction of the stallion El Bedavi , imported to Austria in the 19th century . El @-@ Bedavi 's half @-@ Arabian great @-@ grandson , El @-@ Bedavi XXII , was bred at the Austro @-@ Hungarian stud at Radautz and was sire of the breed 's foundation stallion , 249 Folie , born in 1874 in the Vinschgau . Folie 's dam was a native Tyrolean mare of refined type . All Haflingers today must trace their ancestry to Folie through one of seven stallion lines ( A , B , M , N , S , ST , and W ) to be considered purebred . The small original gene pool , and the mountain environment in which most original members of the breed were raised , has resulted in a very fixed physical type and appearance . In the early years of the breed 's development Oriental stallions such as Dahoman , Tajar and Gidran were also used as studs , but foals of these stallions lacked many key Haflinger traits and breeding to these sires was discontinued . After the birth of Folie in 1874 , several Austrian noblemen became interested in the breed and petitioned the government for support and direction of organized breeding procedures . It was 1899 before the Austrian government responded , deciding to support breeding programs through establishment of subsidies ; high @-@ quality Haflinger fillies were among those chosen for the government @-@ subsidized breeding program . Since then the best Haflinger fillies and colts have been chosen and selectively bred to maintain the breed 's quality . Horses not considered to meet quality standards were used by the army as pack animals . By the end of the 19th century Haflingers were common in both South and North Tyrol , and stud farms had been established in Styria , Salzburg and Lower Austria . In 1904 , the Haflinger Breeders ' Cooperative was founded in Mölten , in South Tyrol , with the aim of improving breeding procedures , encouraging pure @-@ breeding and establishing a studbook and stallion registry . = = = World Wars = = = World War I resulted in many Haflingers being taken into military service and the interruption of breeding programs . After the war , under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Germain , South Tyrol ( including Hafling ) was ceded to Italy , while North Tyrol remained in Austria . This split was extremely detrimental to the Haflinger breed , as most of the brood mares were in South Tyrol in what was now Italy , while the high @-@ quality breeding stallions had been kept at studs in North Tyrol and so were still in Austria . Little effort at cooperation was made between breeders in North and South Tyrol , and in the 1920s a new Horse Breeders ' Commission was established in Bolzano in Italy , which was given governmental authority to inspect state @-@ owned breeding stallions , register privately owned stallions belonging to Commission members , and give prize money for horse show competition . The Commission governed the breeding of the Italian population of both the Haflinger and the Noriker horse . In 1921 , because of the lack of breeding stallions in Italy , a crossbred Sardinian @-@ Arabian stallion was used for the Haflinger breeding program , as well as many lower @-@ quality purebred Haflingers . If not for the presence of Haflinger stallions at a stud farm in Stadl @-@ Paura in Upper Austria after World War I , the Haflinger might well not exist in Austria today . Despite these stallions , the Haflinger breeding programs were not on solid footing in Austria , with governmental focus on other Austrian breeds and private breeding programs not large enough to influence national breeding practices . During this time , the breed was kept alive through crosses to the Hucul , Bosnian , Konik and Noriker breeds . In 1919 and 1920 , the remaining stallions were assigned throughout Austria , many to areas that had hosted private breeding farms before the war . In 1921 , the North Tyrolean Horse Breeders ' Cooperative was formed in Zams , and in 1922 , the first Haflinger Breeders ' Show was held in the same location . Many extant Austrian Haflinger mares were considered to be of too low quality to be used as brood mares , and every effort was made to import higher @-@ quality brood mares from the South Tyrol herds now in Italy . In 1926 , the first studbook was established in North Tyrol . In the late 1920s , other cooperatives were established for Haflinger breeders in Weer and Wildschönau , and were able to gain government permission to purchase 100 Haflinger mares from South Tyrol and split them between North Tyrol , Upper Austria and Styria . This single transaction represented one third of all registered mares in South Tyrol , and many others were sold through private treaty , leaving the two regions comparable in terms of breeding @-@ stock populations . In 1931 , another breeders ' cooperative was established in East Tyrol in Austria , and Haflinger breeding spread throughout the entire Tyrolean province . The Great Depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s dampened horse prices and had an unfavorable effect on Haflinger breeding , but from 1938 onwards markets improved as a result of the buildup for World War II . All crossbred horses and colts not of breeding quality could be sold to the army , and higher subsidies were given by the government to Haflinger breeders . However , the demands of the war also meant that many unregistered mares of Haflinger type were covered by registered stallions , and the resulting progeny were registered , resulting in a degradation of breeding stock . In 1935 and 1936 , a breeding program was begun in Bavaria through the cooperation of the German agricultural authorities , military authorities and existing stud farms . The first government @-@ run German Haflinger stud farm was established in Oberaudorf with brood mares from North and South Tyrol , and several private stud farms were established elsewhere in the country . The combination of a high demand for pack horses and variable amounts of breed knowledge of the purchasers led to the purchase of both high- and low @-@ quality horses , which had mixed results on breed quality . Purchases by Bavarians also resulted in a further depletion of Austrian and Italian stock , already low from the population depletions of both world wars . However , the German Armed Forces were ready purchasers , and the purchasing and breeding continued . Despite some claims that only purebred horses were registered , many well @-@ known Bavarian studs had crossbred maternal lines . During World War II , Haflingers were bred to produce horses that were shorter and more draft @-@ like for use as packhorses by the military . After the war , breeding emphasis changed to promote refinement and height . = = = Postwar period = = = After World War II , Haflinger breeding programs almost collapsed as the military stopped buying horses and government @-@ run breeding centers were closed . Breeders continued to emphasize those features necessary for pack horses ( the largest use by the military ) , but neglected other key Haflinger characteristics . Haflinger breeding had to change to create a horse that better fit modern trends toward recreational use . Around this time , all small breed cooperatives were combined into the Haflinger Breeders ' Association of Tyrol . Post @-@ World War II Tyrol , including the breeding center at Zams , was under the control of American forces , who slaughtered many horses to provide meat for hospitals . However , the troops did allow the breeding director to choose 30 stallions to be kept for breeding purposes . Those horses were relocated to the French @-@ occupied Kops Alm high pasture in Vorarlberg , but they were subsequently stolen and never seen again . In other areas of Tyrol , all one- to three @-@ year @-@ old colts had been requisitioned by military breeding centers , and therefore it was necessary to treat colts not even a year old as potential breeding stallions . In the years after World War II , some observers feared that the breed was dying out because of indiscriminate crossing with other breeds . At conferences in 1946 and 1947 , the decision was made to breed Haflinger horses from pure bloodlines , creating a closed stud book with no new blood being introduced . The Tyrolean Haflinger Breeders ' Association established its own stallion center and prohibited private breeders from keeping stallions , thus ensuring that the association maintained 100 percent control of breeding stallions . In Bavaria , several young stallions had been saved and breeders could privately own stallions . Bavarian and Tyrolean breeders maintained close ties and cooperated extensively . North Tyrolean breeders were also able to acquire several high @-@ quality older stallions and lower @-@ quality young stallions from South Tyrol . In 1947 , the Federation of Austrian Haflinger Breeders was established as a governing organization for the provincial associations . At this time a large @-@ scale breed show was held , attended by visitors from Switzerland , who soon after their return home sent a purchasing commission to Austria and were instrumental in founding the Haflinger population in Switzerland . Southern Tyrol had no difficulty in selling its horses , as all of Italy was in the market to purchase horses , and breeding populations spread as far south as Sicily . Between 1950 and 1974 , even as the overall European equine population was dropping due to increased mechanization , the Haflinger population was increasing . In that time period , the population of registered Haflinger brood mares rose from 1 @,@ 562 to 2 @,@ 043 . This was mainly a result of the increased marketing of the breed , and happened even as Norwegian Fjord horses were exported to Germany , reducing the resources available for Haflinger breeding programs . Through well @-@ planned marketing campaigns , the Haflinger became the dominant small @-@ horse breed in the region . In 1954 , Yugoslavia and Italy purchased breeding stock from North Tyrol to establish their own Haflinger programs and in 1956 the German Democratic Republic followed suit . The first Haflingers were exported to the United States from Austria in 1958 by Tempel Smith of Tempel Farms in Illinois and into Czechoslovakia in 1959 . Tyrolean Haflingers were purchased by the Netherlands and Turkey in 1961 . In Turkey they were both bred pure and crossed with the Karacabey breed . In 1963 , the first Haflinger was exported to Great Britain , in 1969 two Haflinger mares were presented to Queen Elizabeth II upon her official visit to Austria , and in 1970 , the Haflinger Society of Great Britain was established . The first Haflinger was exported to France in 1964 , and they continued to be transferred to that country until 1975 , when the breeding population became stable . Between 1980 and 2000 , the population of Haflingers in France tripled . In 1965 , the first international Haflinger show was held at Innsbruck , with horses from East and West Germany , the Netherlands , Italy , Switzerland and Austria participating . Haflingers were first exported to Belgium in 1966 , to Bhutan in 1968 , and to Poland , Hungary and Albania in subsequent years . The importations to Bhutan encouraged interest in the breed in other parts of Asia . In 1974 , the first Haflinger was imported to Australia . The first Canadian Haflinger was registered with the United States breed association in 1977 , and a Canadian registry was formed in 1980 . Between 1970 and 1975 , Haflingers were also imported into Luxemburg , Denmark , Thailand , Columbia , Brazil , southwest Africa , Sweden and Ireland . They have also been imported into Japan . Haflingers maintained a population on every populated continent by the end of the 1970s . Worldwide breeding continued through the 1980s and 1990s , and population numbers increased steadily . = = = 21st century = = = Although the Haflinger is now found all over the world , the majority of breeding stock still comes from Austria , where state studs own the stallions and carefully maintain the quality of the breed . However , there are breeding farms located in the United States , Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , and England . As of 2007 , Italian Haflingers had the largest population of any breed in that country . Due to selective breeding during the 1990s aiming to increase height , some breed lines became favored over others in Italy . A 2007 study found little inbreeding within the Italian Haflinger population as a whole , although certain less popular lines had a higher incidence due to the existence of fewer breeding stallions . Haflingers are bred throughout France , especially in the provinces of Brittany , Burgundy and Picardy , with between 350 and 400 foals born each year . Slovenia also has a small Haflinger population , with around 307 breeding mares and 30 breeding stallions as of 2008 . A 2009 study found that although there was a very small amount of inbreeding in the population , it was increasing slightly over the years . As of 2005 there were almost 250 @,@ 000 Haflingers in the world . On May 28 , 2003 , a Haflinger filly named Prometea became the first horse clone born . Bred by Italian scientists , she was cloned from a mare skin cell , and was a healthy foal . In 2008 , Prometea herself gave birth to the first offspring of an equine clone , a colt named Pegaso sired by a Haflinger stallion through artificial insemination . The American Haflinger Registry does not allow horses born as a result of cloning to be registered , although as of 2010 other nations ' registries have not yet entered a decision on the topic . In January 2012 , Breyer Horses created a model horse of the Haflinger . = = Uses = = Haflingers were bred to be versatile enough for many under @-@ saddle disciplines , but still solid enough for draft and driving work . The Haflinger was originally developed to work in the mountainous regions of its native land , where it was used as a packhorse and for forestry and agricultural work . In the late 20th century Haflingers were used by the Indian Army in an attempt to breed pack animals for mountainous terrain , but the program was unsuccessful because of the Haflinger 's inability to withstand the desert heat . The Austrian Army still uses Haflingers as packhorses in rough terrain . They are used most often in high Alpine terrain , with slopes up to 40 percent and steps of up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) . There are around 70 horses in use , held by the 6th Infantry Brigade and based in Hochfilzen . The Haflinger is also used by the German army for rough terrain work and demonstration purposes . Today the breed is used in many activities that include draft and pack work , light harness and combined driving , and many under @-@ saddle events , including western @-@ style horse @-@ show classes , trail and endurance riding , dressage , show jumping , vaulting , and therapeutic riding programs . They are used extensively as dressage horses for children , but are tall and sturdy enough to be suitable riding horses for adults . In the 1970s , British Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh competed with a driving team of four Haflingers . There are several national shows for Haflingers worldwide , including those in Germany , Great Britain and the United States . Despite the Austrian prohibitions against crossbreeding , other countries have practiced this to some extent . Good quality animals have been produced out of crosses between Haflingers and both Arabians and Andalusians . British enthusiasts maintain a partbred registry for Haflinger crosses . In Germany , horses that are 75 percent Haflinger and 25 percent Arabian are popular and are called Arabo @-@ Haflingers . In Italy , where horse meat consumption is at the highest among all European Community members , Haflingers provide a large percentage of national production . Most are either bred specifically for meat production and slaughtered between the ages of 10 and 18 months , or as a result of health problems , or age . The Haflinger also produces the majority of the horse milk consumed in Germany . = = Registration = = Breed organizations exist in many countries to provide accurate documentation of Haflinger pedigrees and ownership , and to promote the Haflinger breed . Most are linked to each other through membership in the World Haflinger Federation ( WHF ) , established in 1976 . The WHF establishes international breeding guidelines , objectives and rules for studbook selection and performance tests . They also authorize European and World Shows and compile an annual list of Haflinger experts , or adjudicators . The WHF is the international umbrella organization , with 21 member organizations in 22 countries . Membership organizations include the Haflinger Horse Society of Australia , the Australian Haflinger Horse Breeders Association , the Canadian Haflinger Association , the Haflinger Pferdezuchtverband Tirol ( Tyrolean Haflinger Breeding Association ) , the Italian Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavalli di Razza Haflinger Italia and the American Haflinger Registry , as well as a division for breeders in countries that are not already members . National organizations are allowed to become members of the WHF through agreeing to promote pure breeding and maintain the hereditary characteristics of the Haflinger breed . Member organizations must maintain both a purebred studbook and a separate part @-@ bred studbook for animals with Arabian or other bloodlines . A strict system of inspection , started in Austria , has evolved to ensure that only good quality stock meeting high standards is used for breeding . This is coupled with close maintenance of the studbook to maintain inspection validity . Mares must be inspected and registered with the stud book before they can be covered , and multiple forms are needed to prove covering and birth of a purebred Haflinger foal . Within six months of birth , foals are inspected , and those considered to have potential as breeding stock are given certificates of pedigree and branded . Horses are reinspected at three years old , checked against written association standards , and if they pass , are then entered into the studbook . After their final inspection Haflingers from Austria and Italy are branded with a firebrand in the shape of an edelweiss . Horses from Austria and from South Tyrol have the letter " H " in the center of the brand , while horses from all other parts of Italy have the letters " HI " . Horses are graded based on conformation , action , bone , height , temperament and color . Mares must have a fully registered purebred pedigree extending six generations back to be considered for stud book acceptance . Stallions are registered separately . Colts must have a dam with a fully purebred pedigree , and are inspected based on hereditary reliability and likely breeding strength as well as the other qualifications . Each stallion 's registration certification must show a fully purebred pedigree extending back four generations , as well as records of mares covered , percentages of pregnancies aborted , still @-@ born and live @-@ born , and numbers and genders of foals born . This information is used to match stallions and mares for breeding . Tyrolean colts undergo an initial assessment , and those not chosen must be either gelded or sold out of the Tyrolean breeding area . The chosen colts are reassessed every six months until a final inspection at the age of three , when the best stallions are chosen for Tyrolean breeding , after which they are purchased by the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture and made available for breeding throughout the region . The others are either gelded or sold out of the region . Other countries base their registration and selection practices on Tyrolean ones , as is required by the WHF .
= Lawrence Sullivan Ross = Lawrence Sullivan " Sul " Ross ( September 27 , 1838 – January 3 , 1898 ) was the 19th Governor of Texas ( USA ) , a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War , and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas , now called Texas A & M University . Ross was raised in the Republic of Texas , which was later annexed to the United States . Much of his childhood was spent on the frontier , where his family founded the town of Waco . As a teenager , Ross attended Baylor University . On one of his summer breaks , he suffered severe injuries while fighting Comanches . After graduation , Ross joined the Texas Rangers , and in 1860 , led troops in the Battle of Pease River , where he rescued Cynthia Ann Parker , who had been captured by the Comanches as a child . When Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy , Ross joined the Confederate States Army . He participated in 135 battles and skirmishes and became one of the youngest Confederate generals . Following the Civil War , Ross briefly served as sheriff of McLennan County before resigning to participate in the 1875 Texas Constitutional Convention . With the exception of a two @-@ year term as a state senator , Ross spent the next decade focused on his farm and ranch concerns . In 1887 , he became the 19th governor of Texas . During his two terms , he oversaw the dedication of the new Texas State Capitol , resolved the Jaybird @-@ Woodpecker War , and became the only Texas governor to call a special session to deal with a treasury surplus . Despite his popularity , Ross refused to run for a third term as governor . Days after leaving office , he became president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ( now Texas A & M University ) . He is credited with saving the school from closure , and his tenure saw a large expansion in college facilities and the birth of many school traditions . After his death , the Texas legislature created Sul Ross State University in his honor . = = Early years = = Lawrence Sullivan Ross was born on September 27 , 1838 in Bentonsport , Iowa Territory . He was the fourth child and second son of Shapley Prince Ross and Catherine Fulkerson , the daughter of Missouri legislator Isaac Fulkerson . Ross was jointly named for his paternal uncle , Giles O. Sullivan , and his father 's grandfather and brother , both named Lawrence Ross . The senior Lawrence Ross had been captured by Native Americans as a child , and lived with them from the time he was six years old until he was rescued at 23 . To differentiate Ross from his uncle and great @-@ grandfather , he was called " Little Sul " when he was a child , and later " Sul " . Shortly after Ross 's birth , his parents sold their Iowa property and returned to Missouri to escape Iowa 's cold weather . In 1839 , the family moved to the Republic of Texas , where they settled in the Robertson Colony on the lower Brazos River . Two years later , they joined seven other families under Captain Daniel Monroe and settled near present @-@ day Cameron , where they received 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of land along the Little River . Their land adjoined Comanche territory and was raided several times . In 1845 , the family moved to Austin so Ross and his older siblings could attend school . Four years later , they relocated again . By this time , Shapley Ross was well known as a frontiersman , and to coax him to settle in the newly formed community of Waco , the family was given four city lots , exclusive rights to operate a ferry across the Brazos River , and the right to buy 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of farmland at US $ 1 per acre . In March 1849 , the Ross family built the first house in Waco , a double @-@ log cabin on a bluff overlooking the springs . Ross 's sister Kate soon became the first Caucasian child born in Waco . Eager to further his education , Ross entered the Preparatory Department at Baylor University ( then in Independence , Texas ) in 1856 , despite the fact that he was several years older than most of the other students . He completed the two @-@ year study course in one year . Following his graduation , he enrolled at Wesleyan University in Florence , Alabama . The Wesleyan faculty originally deemed his mathematics knowledge so lacking , they refused his admittance ; the decision was rescinded after a professor agreed to tutor Ross privately in the subject . At Wesleyan , students lived with prominent families instead of congregating in dormitories , thus giving them " daily exposure to good manners and refinement " . Ross lived with the family of his tutor . = = Wichita Village fight = = During the summer of 1858 , Ross returned to Texas and journeyed to the Brazos Indian Reserve , where his father served as Indian Agent . The United States Army had conscripted Indians from the reserve to help the " Wichita Expedition " of 2nd Cavalry in a search for Buffalo Hump , a Penateka Comanche chief who had led several deadly raids on Texas settlements . Fearing that Shapley Ross was too ill to command them on the expedition , the Indians named Sul Ross their new war chief . With his father 's approval , the younger Ross led the 135 warriors to accompany 225 troops led by brevet Major Earl Van Dorn . Ross was given the courtesy title of " Captain " during his command . Native scouts found about 500 Comanches , including Buffalo Hump , camped outside a Wichita village in Indian Territory . Early in the battle , Ross and his men successfully stampeded the Comanche horses , leaving the Comanche warriors at a disadvantage when facing the mounted troops . When many Comanche tried to flee the area , Ross , one of his scouts , Lieutenant Cornelius Van Camp of the 2nd Cavalry and one of his troopers chased a party of noncombatants that appeared to contain a white child . On Ross 's orders , his man grabbed the child ; as the four turned to rejoin the battle , they were confronted by 25 Comanche warriors . Van Camp and the private were killed with arrows , and Ross received an arrow through his shoulder . A Comanche picked up the trooper 's carbine and fired a 0 @.@ 58 @-@ caliber bullet through Ross 's chest . His attacker , Mohee , was a Comanche brave Ross had known since childhood . Mohee was killed by buckshot fired by Lieutenant James Majors of the 2nd Cavalry as the warrior approached the temporarily paralyzed Ross with a scalping knife . After five hours of fighting , the troops subdued the Comanche resistance . Buffalo Hump escaped , but 70 Comanches were killed or mortally wounded , only two of them noncombatants . Ross 's injuries were severe , and for five days he lay under a tree on the battlefield , unable to be moved . His wounds became infected , and Ross begged the others to kill him to end his pain . When he was able to travel , he was first carried on a litter suspended between two mules , and then on the shoulders of his men . He recovered fully , but experienced some pain for much of the rest of the year . In his written report , Van Dorn praised Ross highly . The Dallas Herald printed the report on October 10 , and other state newspapers also praised Ross 's bravery . General Winfield Scott learned of Ross 's role and offered him a direct commission in the Army . Eager to finish his education , Ross declined Scott 's offer and returned to school in Alabama . The following year , Ross graduated from Wesleyan with a Bachelor of Arts and returned to Texas . Once there , he discovered no one had been able to trace the family of the young Caucasian girl rescued during the Wichita Village fight . He adopted the child and named her Lizzie Ross , in honor of his new fiancée , Lizzie Tinsley . = = Texas Rangers = = = = = Enlistment = = = In early 1860 , Ross enlisted in Captain J. M. Smith 's Waco company of Texas Rangers , which formed to fight the renegade Native Americans . Smith appointed Ross his second lieutenant . When Smith was promoted , the other men in the company unanimously voted to make Ross the new captain . In conjunction with several other Ranger companies , Ross led his men to retaliate against a Kickapoo tribe which had murdered two white families . The tribe had been warned of the Rangers ' approach and set the prairie ablaze . The Rangers were forced to abandon their mission when confronted with the massive wildfire . Smith disbanded Ross 's company in early September 1860 . Within a week , Governor Sam Houston authorized Ross to raise his own company of 60 mounted volunteers to protect the settlements near Belknap from Native American attacks . Ross and his men arrived at Fort Belknap on October 17 , 1860 to find the local citizens they were sworn to protect had passed a resolution asking Ross to resign his commission and leave the frontier . The citizens erroneously believed the raiding was committed by Native Americans from the reservations , and they feared Ross 's friendship with those on the reservations would make him ineffective . = = = Battle of Pease River = = = In late October and November 1860 , Comanches led by Peta Nocona conducted numerous raids on various settlements , culminating in the brutal killing of a pregnant woman . On hearing of these incidents , Houston sent several 25 @-@ man companies to assist Ross . A citizen 's posse had tracked the raiders to their winter village along the Pease River . As the village contained at least 500 warriors and many women and children , the posse returned to the settlements to recruit additional fighters . Ross requested help from the U.S. Army at Camp Cooper , which sent 21 troops . Immediately after the soldiers arrived on December 11 , Ross and 39 Rangers departed for the Comanche village . On December 13 , they met the civilian posse , which had grown to 69 members . After several days of travel , the fast pace and poor foraging forced the civilians to stop and rest their horses . The Rangers and soldiers continued on . When they neared the village , Ross personally scouted ahead . Hidden from view by a dust storm , he was able to get within 200 yd ( 180 m ) of the village and saw signs that the tribe was preparing to move on . Realizing his own horses were too tired for a long pursuit , Ross resolved to attack immediately , before the civilians were able to rejoin the group . Ross lead the Rangers down the ridge , while the soldiers circled around to cut off the Comanche retreat . After fierce fighting , the Comanches fled . Ross and several of his men pursued the chief and a second , unknown , rider . As the Rangers neared , the second rider slowed and held a child over her head ; the men did not shoot , but instead surrounded and stopped her . Ross continued to follow the chief , eventually shooting him three times . The chief refused to surrender , even after falling from his horse . Ross 's cook , Anton Martinez , who had been a captive in Nocona 's band , identified the fallen chief as Nocona . With Ross 's permission , Martinez fired the shot that took Nocona 's life . Nocona was the only Comanche male to die in the fighting ; 13 Comanche women were also killed . Ross 's men suffered no casualties . The civilian posse arrived at the battleground as the fighting finished . Although they initially congratulated Ross for winning the battle , some of them later complained that Ross had pushed ahead without them so he would not have to share the glory or the spoils of war . When Ross arrived back at the campground , he realized the captured woman had blue eyes . The woman could not speak English and did not remember her birth name or details of her life prior to joining the Comanche . After much questioning , she was able to provide a few details of her capture as a child . The details matched what Ross knew of the 1836 Fort Parker Massacre , so he summoned Colonel Isaac Parker to identify her . When Parker mentioned his kidnapped niece had been named Cynthia Ann Parker , the woman slapped her chest and said " Me Cincee Ann . " Parker never returned to the Comanche people , but was not happy to have been rescued by Ross . In contrast , Ross 's intervention was welcomed by a nine @-@ year @-@ old Indian boy found hiding alone in the tall grass . Ross took the child with him , naming him Pease . Though Pease was later given the choice to return to his people , he refused and was raised by Ross . The Battle of Pease River cemented Ross 's fame . His " aggressive tactics of carrying the war to the Comanche fireside , ( as it had long been carried to that of the white ) ended charges of softness in dealing with the Indians . " After Ross 's death , however , Nocona 's son Quanah Parker maintained his father was not present at the battle , and instead died three or four years later . Quanah Parker identified the man Martinez shot as a Mexican captive who was the personal servant of Nocona 's wife , Cynthia Ann Parker . = = = Resignation = = = When Ross returned home , Houston asked him to disband the company and form a new company of 83 men , promising to send written directives soon . While Ross was in the process of supervising this reorganization , Houston appointed Captain William C. Dalrymple as his new aide @-@ de @-@ camp with overall command of the Texas Rangers . Dalrymple , unaware of Houston 's verbal orders , castigated Ross for disbanding his company . Ross completed the reorganization of the company , then returned to Waco and resigned his commission . In his letter of resignation , effective February 1861 , Ross informed Houston of his encounter with Dalrymple , and noted he did not believe a Ranger company could be effective if the captain did not report solely to the Governor . Houston offered to appoint Ross as an aide @-@ de @-@ camp with the rank of colonel , but Ross refused . = = Civil War service = = = = = Enlistment = = = In early 1861 , after Texas voted to secede from the United States and join the Confederacy , Ross 's brother Peter began recruiting men for a new military company . Shortly after Ross enlisted in his brother 's company as a private , Governor Edward Clark requested he instead proceed immediately to the Indian Territory to negotiate treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes so they would not help the Union Army . One week after his May 28 wedding to Lizzie Tinsley , Ross set out for the Indian Territory . Upon reaching the Washita Agency , he discovered the Confederate commissioners had already signed a preliminary treaty with the tribes . Ross returned home for several months . In the middle of August , he departed , with his company , for Missouri , leaving his wife with her parents . On September 7 , his group became Company G of Stone 's Regiment , later known as the Sixth Texas Cavalry . The other men elected Ross as the major for the regiment . Twice in November 1861 , Ross was chosen by General McCulloch , with whom he had served in the Texas Rangers , to lead a scouting force near Springfield , Missouri . Both times , Ross successfully slipped behind the Union Army lines , gathered information , and retreated before being caught . After completing the missions , he was granted a 60 @-@ day leave and returned home to visit his wife . = = = Active duty = = = In early 1862 , Ross returned to duty . By late February , he and 500 troops were assigned to raid the Union Army . He led the group 70 mi ( 110 km ) behind the enemy lines , where they gathered intelligence , destroyed several wagonloads of commissary supplies , captured 60 horses and mules , and took 11 prisoners . The following month , the regiment was assigned to Earl Van Dorn , now a Major General , with whom Ross had served during the battle at the Wichita Village . Under Van Dorn , the group suffered a defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge ; Ross attributed their loss solely to Van Dorn , and blamed him for overmarching and underfeeding his troops , and for failing to properly coordinate the plan of attack . In April , the group was sent to Des Arc , Arkansas . Because of the scarcity of forage , Ross 's cavalry troop was ordered to dismount and send their horses back to Texas . The unit , now on foot , traveled to Memphis , Tennessee , arriving two weeks after the Battle of Shiloh . Ross soon caught a bad cold accompanied by a lingering fever , and was extremely ill for eight weeks . By the time he considered himself cured , his weight had dwindled to only 125 lb ( 57 kg ) . Over Ross 's protests , the men of the Sixth Regiment elected him colonel in 1862 . He did not want the responsibility of the position and had not wanted to embarrass a friend who wanted the job . Their brigade commander , General Charles W. Phifer , was often absent , leaving Ross in charge . Ross 's actions impressed other officers , and several times during the summer of 1862 , he was nominated for promotion to brigadier general . Although he was not promoted at that time , his unit was the only one of the 8 – 10 dismounted cavalry units in the area to be promised the return of their horses . While still afoot , Ross and his men participated in the Battle of Corinth . Under Ross 's command , his Texans twice captured Union guns at Battery Robinett . They were forced to retreat from their position each time as reinforcements failed to arrive . During the battle , Ross , who had acquired a horse , was bucked off , leading his men to believe he had been killed . He was actually unharmed . The Confederate Army retreated from the battle and found themselves facing more Union troops at Hatchie 's Bridge . Ross led 700 riflemen to engage the Union troops . For three hours , his men held off 7 @,@ 000 Union troops , repulsing three major enemy assaults . The Sixth Cavalry 's horses arrived soon after the battle , and the regiment was transferred to the cavalry brigade of Colonel William H. " Red " Jackson . Ross was permitted to take a few weeks leave in November 1862 to visit his wife , and returned to his regiment in mid @-@ January 1863 . Several months later , his unit participated in the Battle of Thompson 's Station . In July , Major General Stephen D. Lee joined the Sixth Texas Cavalry with Colonel R.A. Pinson 's First Mississippi Cavalry , creating a new brigade with Ross at the helm . Near the same time , Ross received word that his first child had died , possibly stillborn . Ross fell ill again in September 1863 . From September 27 through March 1864 , he suffered recurring attacks of fever and chills every three days , symptomatic of tertian malaria . Despite his illness , Ross never missed a day of duty , and in early 1864 he was promoted to brigadier general , becoming the ninth @-@ youngest general officer of the Confederate Army . Following his promotion , unit morale improved , and every one of his men re @-@ enlisted . In March 1864 , Ross 's brigade fought against African American soldiers for the first time at Yazoo City , Mississippi . After bitter fighting , the Confederates were victorious . During the surrender negotiations , the Union officer accused the Texans of murdering several captured African American soldiers . Ross claimed two of his men had likewise been killed after surrendering to Union troops . Beginning in May , the brigade endured 112 consecutive days of skirmishes , comprising 86 separate clashes with the enemy . Though most of the skirmishes were small , by the end of the period , injuries and desertion had cut the regiment 's strength by 25 % . Ross was captured in late July at the Battle of Brown 's Mill , but was quickly rescued by a successful Confederate cavalry counterattack . Their last major military campaign was the Franklin @-@ Nashville Campaign of November and December 1864 . Ross and his men led the Confederate advance into Tennessee . Between the beginning of November and December 27 , his men captured 550 prisoners , several hundred horses , and enough overcoats and blankets to survive the winter chill . Only 12 of Ross 's men were killed , with 70 wounded and five captured . = = = Surrender = = = By the time Ross began a 90 @-@ day furlough on March 13 , 1865 , he had participated in 135 engagements with the enemy and his horse had been shot out from under him five times , yet he had escaped serious injury . With his leave approved , Ross hurried home to Texas to visit the wife he had not seen in two years . While at home , the Confederate Army began its surrender . He had not rejoined his regiment when it surrendered in Jackson , Mississippi , on May 14 , 1865 . Because he was not present at the surrender , Ross did not receive a parole protecting him from arrest . As a Confederate Army officer over the rank of colonel , Ross was also exempted from President Andrew Johnson 's amnesty proclamation of May 29 , 1865 . To prevent his arrest and the confiscation of his property , on August 4 , 1865 , Ross applied for a special pardon for his treason against the United States . Johnson personally approved Ross 's application on October 22 , 1866 , but Ross did not receive and formally accept the pardon until July 1867 . = = Farming and early public service = = When the Civil War ended , Ross was just 26 years old . He owned 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of farmland along the South Bosque River west of Waco , and 5 @.@ 41 acres ( 2 @.@ 19 ha ) in town . For the first time , he and his wife were able to establish their own home . They expanded their family , having eight children over the next 17 years . Despite his federal pardon for being a Confederate general , Ross was disqualified from voting and serving as a juror by the first Reconstruction Act of March 2 , 1867 . This act , and the Supplementary Reconstruction Act passed three weeks later , disenfranchised anyone who had held a federal or state office before supporting the Confederacy . Reconstruction did not harm Ross 's fortune , and with hard work , he soon prospered . Shortly after the war ended , he bought 20 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) of land in town from his parents for $ 1 @,@ 500 . By May 1869 , he had purchased an additional 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of farmland for $ 400 , and the following year his wife inherited 186 acres ( 75 ha ) of farmland from the estate of her father . Ross continued to buy land , and by the end of 1875 , he owned over 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 ha ) of farmland . Besides farming , Ross and his brother Peter also raised Shorthorn cattle . The two led several trail drives to New Orleans . The combined farming and ranching incomes left Ross wealthy enough to build a house in the Waco city limits and to send his children to private school . By 1873 , Reconstruction in Texas was coming to an end . In December , Ross was elected sheriff of McLennan County , " without campaigning or other solicitation " . Ross promptly named his brother Peter a deputy , and within two years , they had arrested over 700 outlaws . In 1874 , Ross helped establish the Sheriff 's Association of Texas . After various state newspapers publicized the event , sheriffs representing 65 Texas counties met in Corsicana in August 1874 . Ross became one of a committee of three assigned to draft resolutions for the convention . They asked for greater pay for sheriffs in certain circumstances , condemned the spirit of mob law , and proposed that state law be modified so arresting officers could use force if necessary to " compel the criminal to obey the mandates of the law . " Ross resigned as sheriff in 1875 and was soon elected as a delegate to the 1875 Texas Constitutional Convention . One of three members appointed to wait upon convention president @-@ elect E.B. Pickett , Ross was also named to a committee that would determine what officers and employees were needed by the convention . He sat on many other committees , including Revenue and Taxation , the Select Committee on Frontier Affairs , the Select Committee on Education , and the Standing Committee on the Legislative Department . Of the 68 days of the convention , Ross attended 63 , voted 343 times , and missed or abstained from voting only 66 times . When the convention concluded , Ross returned home and spent the next four years focusing on his farm . In 1880 , he became an accidental candidate for Texas State Senator from the 22nd District . The nominating convention deadlocked between two candidates , with neither receiving a two @-@ thirds majority . As a compromise , one of the delegates suggested the group nominate Ross . Although no one asked Ross whether he wanted to run for office , the delegates elected him as their candidate . He agreed to the nomination to spare the trouble and expense of another convention . Ross won the election with a large majority . Shortly after his arrival in Austin , his youngest son died . Ross returned home for a week to attend the funeral and help care for another son who was seriously ill . On returning to the state capital , he was assigned to the committees for Educational Affairs , Internal Improvements , Finance , Penitentiaries , Military Affairs ( where he served as chairman ) , State Affairs , Contingent Expenses , Stock and Stock Raising , Agricultural Affairs , and Enrolled Bills . Ross introduced a petition on behalf of 500 citizens of McLennan County , requesting a prohibition amendment to be placed on the next statewide ballot ; the legislature did agree to place this on the next ballot . Although the Texas Legislature typically meets once every two years , a fire destroyed the state capitol building in November 1881 , and Ross was called to serve in a special session in April 1882 . The session agreed to build a new capitol building . Near the end of the special session , the Senate passed a reapportionment bill , which reduced Ross 's four @-@ year term to only two years . He declined to run again . = = Governor = = = = = Election = = = As early as 1884 , Ross 's friends , including Victor M. Rose , the editor of the newspaper in Victoria , had encouraged Ross to run for governor . He declined and asked his friend George Clark to attend the 1884 state Democratic convention to prevent Ross from being named the gubernatorial candidate . Clark had to produce written authorization from Ross to convince the delegates to nominate someone else . Ross changed his mind in late 1885 , announcing his candidacy for governor on February 25 , 1886 . During the campaign , he was variously accused of pandering to the Greenbackers , the Republicans , and the Knights . Ross spent no money on his campaign other than traveling expenses , but still handily won the Democratic nomination . He won the general election with 228 @,@ 776 votes , compared with 65 @,@ 236 for the Republican candidate and 19 @,@ 186 from the Prohibitionist candidate . Much of his support came from Confederate veterans . Ross became the 19th governor of Texas . His inauguration ball was held at the newly opened Driskill Hotel , a tradition followed by every subsequent Texas governor . Under the 1876 Texas Constitution , which he had helped write , the governor was granted the power to be commander @-@ in @-@ chief , to convene the legislature , to act as executor of the laws , to direct trade with other states , to grant pardons , and to veto bills . His campaign had focused on land use reform , as most of the frontier issues now resulted from disagreements over the use of public land , especially between farmers and ranchers concerned with water rights and grazing issues . At Ross 's urging , the legislature passed laws to restore the power of the Land Office Commissioner , provide punishments for those using state lands illegally , and to catalog existing public lands . = = = Second term = = = In May 1888 , Ross presided over the dedication of the new Texas State Capitol building . Later that year , Ross ran relatively unopposed for a second term . His platform included abolishing the national banking system , regulating monopolies , reducing tariffs , and allowing the railroads to regulate themselves through competition . No other Democrats placed their names in contention at the nominating convention , and the Republicans chose not to select a candidate , as they were happy with Ross 's performance . His sole competition was a Prohibitionist whom Ross defeated by over 151 @,@ 000 votes . In his second inaugural address , Ross , a true Jeffersonian Democrat , maintained , " a plain , simple government , with severe limitations upon delegated powers , honestly and frugally administered , as the noblest and truest outgrowth of the wisdom taught by its founders . " During his second term , Ross was forced to intervene in the Jaybird @-@ Woodpecker War in Fort Bend County . Sheriff Jim Garvey feared there would be armed battles between the white supremacist Democrats ( the Jaybirds ) and the black men who had retained political power ( who , with their white supporters , were known as Woodpeckers ) . At Garvey 's request , Ross sent two militia companies , which managed to impose a four @-@ month peace . In August 1889 , Ross sent four Texas Rangers , including Sergeant Ira Aten , to quell the unrest . Violence erupted , leaving four people dead and injuring six , including a Ranger . Aten wired Ross for help . The following morning , the Houston Light Guard arrived and instituted martial law ; that evening , Ross arrived with an Assistant Attorney General and another militia company . Ross fired all the local civil officials and called together representatives from both factions . On his suggestion , the two groups agreed to choose a mutually acceptable sheriff to replace Garvey , who had been killed in the firefight . When they could not agree on a candidate , Ross suggested Aten ; both groups finally agreed , thus halting the conflict . In March 1890 , the U.S. Attorney General launched a suit in the Supreme Court against Texas to determine ownership of a disputed 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 6 @,@ 100 km2 ) plot of land in Greer County . Determined to meet personally with the Attorney General , Ross and his wife traveled to Washington , D.C. , where they visited President Benjamin Harrison at the White House . Following that visit , they traveled to New York , where they met with former president Grover Cleveland . While in New York , Ross was extremely popular with journalists . He was interviewed by several large northeastern newspapers , which recounted in detail many of his exploits along the frontier . According to his biographer Judith Brenner , the trip and the resulting exposure for Ross , " excited much interest in Texas among easterners , an interest that would eventually bear fruit in increased investment , tourism , and immigration " . Ross declined to become the first Texas governor to run for a third term , and left office on January 20 , 1891 . During his four years in office , he vetoed only ten bills , and pardoned 861 people . Compared to other Texas governors , these are small numbers ; Governor Miriam A. Ferguson granted 1161 pardons in just two years . = = = Major legislation = = = During his time in office , Ross proposed tax reform laws intended to provide for more equitable assessments of property — at that time , people were allowed to assess their own belongings with little oversight . The legislature passed his recommendations , and approved his plan to exert more control over school funds and to require local taxation to support the public schools . He also encouraged the legislature to enact antitrust laws . These were passed March 30 , 1889 , a full year before the federal government enacted the Sherman Antitrust Act . His reform acts were beneficial for the state , leading Ross to become the only Texas governor to call a special session of the legislature to deal with a treasury surplus . During his term , the legislature agreed to allow the public to vote on a state constitutional amendment for the prohibition of alcohol . Ross vehemently opposed the measure , saying , " No government ever succeeded in changing the moral convictions of its subjects by force . " The amendment was defeated by over 90 @,@ 000 votes . When Ross took the governor 's oath of office , Texas had only four charitable institutions — two insane asylums , an institute for the blind , and an institute for the deaf and dumb . By the time he left office , Ross had supervised the opening of a state orphan 's home , a state institute for deaf , dumb , and blind black children , and a branch asylum for the insane . He also convinced the legislature to set aside 696 acres ( 282 ha ) near Gatesville for a future open farm reformatory for juvenile offenders . Ross was the first governor to set aside a day for civic improvements , declaring the third Friday in January to be Arbor Day , when schoolchildren should endeavor to plant trees . He also supported the legislature 's efforts to purchase the Huddle portrait gallery , a collection of paintings of each governor of Texas . These paintings continue to hang in the rotunda of the Texas State Capitol . Ross felt strongly that the state should adequately care for its veterans . During his first term , the first Confederate home in Texas was dedicated in Austin . Within two years , the facility had run out of room , so Ross served as chairman of a committee to finance a relocation to a larger facility . By August 1890 , the home had collected enough money to move to a larger location . Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham was the last governor of Texas who also served as a Confederate soldier in the Civil War , January 20 , 1903 to January 15 , 1907 . = = College president = = = = = Arrival = = = By the late 1880s , rumors abounded of " poor management , student discontent , professorial dissatisfaction , faculty factionalism , disciplinary problems , and campus scandals " at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ( now Texas A & M University ) . The public was skeptical of the idea of scientific agriculture and the legislature declined to appropriate money for improvements to the campus because it had little confidence in the school 's administrators . The board of directors decided the school , known as Texas AMC , needed to be run by an independent administrative chief rather than the faculty chairman . On July 1 , 1890 , the board unanimously agreed to offer the new job to the sitting governor and asked Ross to resign his office immediately . Ross agreed to consider the offer , as well as several others he had received . An unknown person informed several newspapers that Ross had been asked to become Texas AMC 's president , and each of the newspapers editorialized that Ross would be a perfect fit . The college had been founded to teach military and agricultural knowledge , and Ross had demonstrated excellence in the army and as a farmer . His gubernatorial service had honed his administrative skills , and he had always expressed an interest in education . Though Ross was concerned about the appearance of a conflict of interest , as he had appointed many of the board members who had elected him , he announced he would accept the position . As the news of his acceptance spread throughout the state , prospective students flocked to Texas AMC . Many of the men Ross had supervised during the Civil War wanted their sons to study under their former commander , and 500 students attempted to enroll at the beginning of the 1890 – 1891 school year . Three hundred and sixteen students were admitted , though the facilities were only designed for 250 scholars . When Ross officially took charge of the school on February 2 , the campus had no running water , faced a housing shortage , was taught by disgruntled faculty , and many students were running wild . = = = Improvements = = = The board of directors named Ross the treasurer of the school , and he posted a $ 20 @,@ 000 personal bond " for the faithful performance of his duty " . In the break between school years , Ross instituted a number of changes . When students returned for the 1891 – 1892 school year , they found a new three @-@ story dormitory with 41 rooms ( named Ross Hall ) , the beginning of construction on a new home for the president , and a new building to house the machine and blacksmith shops . The minimum age for enrollment decreased from 16 to 15 , and Ross now personally interviewed all prospective students to determine if they should be admitted . Fees and expenses rose by $ 10 per session , and the number of hours required for graduation increased , including additional hours in English grammar , sciences , mathematics , and history . Additionally , Ross would now appoint the officers for the Corps of Cadets , and the name of the company of best @-@ drilled cadets in the Corps would change to the Ross Volunteers ( from Scott Volunteers ) . Finally , Ross enacted an official prohibition against hazing , vowing to expel any student found guilty of the practice . Although Ross professed to enjoy his new position , he wrote to several people that directing the college " made me turn gray very fast . " Enrollment continued to rise , and by the end of his tenure , Ross requested that parents first communicate with his office before sending their sons to the school . The increase in students necessitated an improvement in facilities , and from late 1891 until September 1898 , the college spent over $ 97 @,@ 000 on improvements and new buildings . This included construction of a mess hall , which could seat 500 diners at once , an infirmary , which included the first indoor toilets on campus , an artesian well , a natatorium , four faculty residences , an electric light plant , an ice works , a laundry , a cold storage room , a slaughterhouse , a gymnasium , a warehouse , and an artillery shed . Despite the expenditures on facilities , the school treasury held a surplus in 1893 and 1894 . The 1894 financial report credited the surplus to Ross 's leadership , and Ross ensured the money was returned to the students in the form of lower fees . = = = Impact on students = = = Ross made himself accessible to students and participated in school activities whenever possible . Those around him found him " slow to condemn but ready to encourage ... [ and they ] could not recall hearing Ross use profanity or seeing him visibly angry . " Every month , he prepared grade sheets for each student and would often call poorly performing students into his office for a discussion of their difficulties . Under his leadership , the military aspect of the college was emphasized . However , he eliminated many practices he considered unnecessary , including marching to and from class , and he reduced the amount of guard time and the number of drills the students were expected to perform . Although enrollment had always been limited to men , Ross favored coeducation , as he thought the male cadets " would be improved by the elevating influence of the good girls " . In 1893 , Ethel Hudson , the daughter of a Texas AMC professor , became the first woman to attend classes at the school and helped edit the annual yearbook . She was made an honorary member of the class of 1895 . Several years later , her twin sisters became honorary members of the class of 1903 , and slowly other daughters of professors were allowed to attend classes . During Ross 's seven @-@ and @-@ one @-@ half year tenure , many enduring Texas A & M traditions formed . These include the first Aggie Ring and the formation of the Aggie Band . Ross 's tenure also saw the school 's first intercollegiate football game , played against the University of Texas . Many student organizations were founded in this time period , including the Fat Man 's Club , the Bowlegged Men 's Club , the Glee Club ( now known as the Singing Cadets ) , the Bicycle Club , and the College Dramatic Club . In 1893 , students began publishing a monthly newspaper , The Battalion , and two years later , they began publishing an annual yearbook , known as The Olio . = = = Personal life and death = = = Ross was an active freemason having become a master mason at the lodge his father helped create in 1851 , Waco Masonic Lodge # 92 , and as a member there , Ross was involved with the development of the new city with the same name . Ross continued to be active in veteran 's organizations , and in 1893 , he became the first commander of the Texas Division of the United Confederate Veterans . He was re @-@ elected president several times and served one term as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the entire United Confederate Veterans organization . During that time , a Daughters of the Confederacy chapter established in Bryan was named the L.S. Ross Chapter . In 1894 , Ross was appointed to a seat on the Railroad Commission of Texas . While he pondered whether to resign his position and accept the appointment , letters and petitions poured into his office begging him to remain at Texas AMC . He declined the appointment and remained president of the college . Ross had always been an avid hunter , and he embarked on a hunting trip along the Navasota River with his son Neville and several family friends during Christmas vacation in 1897 . While hunting , he suffered acute indigestion and a severe chill and decided to go home early while the others continued their sport . He arrived in College Station on December 30 and consulted a doctor . Ross remained in pain for several days , and in the early evening of January 3 , 1898 , he died , aged 59 years and 3 months . Although no death certificate was filed , " evidence points to a coronary heart attack as the probable cause of death . " The entire Texas AMC student body accompanied Ross 's body back to Waco , where Confederate veterans in gray uniforms formed an honor guard . Several thousand people attended Ross 's burial at Oakwood Cemetery . To further memorialize him , students at Texas AMC held the first Silver Taps ceremony , a tradition still followed when a current student at Texas A & M dies . = = Legacy = = The morning after Ross 's death , the Dallas Morning News published an editorial , quoted in several biographies of Ross : It has been the lot of few men to be of such great service to Texas as Sul Ross . ... Throughout his life he has been closely connected with the public welfare and ... discharged every duty imposed upon him with diligence , ability , honesty and patriotism . ... He was not a brilliant chieftain in the field , nor was he masterful in the art of politics , but , better than either , he was a well @-@ balanced , well @-@ rounded man from whatever standpoint one might estimate him . In his public relations he exhibited sterling common sense , lofty patriotism , inflexible honesty and withal a character so exalted that he commanded at all times not only the confidence but the affection of the people . ... He leaves a name that will be honored as long as chivalry , devotion to duty and spotless integrity are standards of our civilization and an example which ought to be an inspiration to all young men of Texas who aspire to careers of public usefulness and honorable renown . Within weeks of Ross 's death , former cadets at Texas AMC began gathering funds for a monument . In 1917 , the state appropriated $ 10 @,@ 000 for the monument , and two years later , a 10 @-@ ft ( 3 m ) bronze statue of Ross , sculpted by Pompeo Coppini , was unveiled at the center of the Texas AMC campus . In more recent years , students began the tradition of placing pennies at the feet of statue before exams for good luck . School legend states that Ross would often tutor students , and as payment would accept only a penny for their thoughts . At exam time , his statue , located in Academic Plaza , is often covered in pennies . At the same time they appropriated money for the statue , the legislature established the Sul Ross Normal College , now Sul Ross State University in Alpine , Texas . The college opened for classes in June 1920 . In 1998 , a few activists on the Texas A & M campus objected to his statue on the basis that Ross might have been friends with some members of the Ku Klux Klan . As stated above , after an exhaustive search , no documented evidence has ever been found to show that Ross had any association with the Klan . The previously mentioned activists wanted to create a " diversity plaza " , with a statue of African @-@ American politician Matthew Gaines . The project was abandoned in 1999 in the wake of the Aggie Bonfire tragedy .
= 1979 Revolution : Black Friday = 1979 Revolution : Black Friday is an adventure interactive drama video game developed and published by iNK Studios , with assistance from by N @-@ Fusion Interactive . It was released on April 5 , 2016 for Microsoft Windows and OS X , and on June 10 , 2016 for iOS devices . Players control Reza Shirazi , an aspiring photojournalist , who returns to Iran amidst the Iranian Revolution . As he becomes more involved in the events of the Revolution , Reza is forced to make decisions in order to survive . Players make timed responses throughout the game , determining the outcome of the plot . They are tasked with taking in @-@ game photographs of their surroundings , and given historical background of the events . The game was in development for four years , and was created to combine elements from video games and documentaries with an engaging narrative . Game director Navid Khonsari , who was a child in Iran at the time of the Revolution , developed the game with the intention of making players understand the moral ambiguity of the situation . The development team conducted extensive research for the game , interviewing historical scholars and Iranians who lived in Tehran during the Revolution , as well as gathering numerous archival photos and historical speeches . The game 's performances were recorded using motion capture , and each of the characters was developed with ambiguous attitudes and morals . At release , 1979 Revolution was well received by critics , with praise particularly directed at the narrative , characters and performances , and historical representations , though some criticism was directed at the quick @-@ time sequences and visual quality . The game was also criticized by an Iranian journalist who declared it as propaganda . Khonsari felt afraid to reenter Iran as a result , and other members of the development team adopted aliases for protection . = = Gameplay = = 1979 Revolution : Black Friday is an adventure interactive drama video game . Players control Reza Shirazi — an aspiring photojournalist who returns to Iran amidst the Iranian Revolution . Throughout the game , players are presented with the ability to interact with their surroundings , including crowds of people on strike , and a homeless mother and her infant child . Upon interaction , players are frequently prompted to take photographs of the selected person or event using Reza 's camera . Menus appear on screen , comparing the in @-@ game photograph to real images of the event taken by photographer Michel Setboun . Players also collect tapes throughout the game , featuring the speeches of revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini . Some parts of the game require timed responses from players , often leading to significant decisions that impact the game 's story . Some conversation trees require players to select a response within a limited time , otherwise Reza remains silent . The game also requires action choices , wherein players must decide what to do in specific circumstances ; for example , one sequences tasks players with choosing whether to take aggression during a protest , or to take photographs . Other characters will respond to the decisions accordingly , and a notification feature indicates that a character will remember the selected response . In action @-@ based sequences , players follow on @-@ screen prompts for quick time events in order to stay alive . Should players fail to follow the prompts in the allocated time , the game restarts from prior to the quick time event . = = Plot = = The game opens in 1980 , as 18 @-@ year @-@ old aspiring photojournalist Reza Shirazi ( Bobby Naderi ) is ambushed at his hideout by police , and taken to Evin Prison , where he is interrogated by Asadollah Lajevardi ( Navid Negahban ) . Reza , who was part of the Iranian Revolution in an attempt to overthrow the Shah , chooses whether to cooperate to Asadollah , who goes by the name of Hajj Agha . The game cuts to September 1978 , as Reza and his friend Babak Azadi ( Omid Abtahi ) watch crowds chanting about the revolution from a rooftop , and Reza takes photographs . The two then walk the streets , and arrive at a protest where revolution leaders are giving speeches . Reza 's cousin Ali Shirazi ( Nicholas Guilak ) arrives and , when the protest is interrupted by soldiers and the crowd begins to disperse , he tries to convince Reza to throw rocks at the soldiers . Babak opposes , and Reza is left to decide whether to act aggressively and throw rocks , or act passively and voice his concerns instead . When the soldiers start threatening the crowds by firing , Reza and Babak flee into an alley , shortly followed by Ali and an injured Abbas ( Ray Haratian ) , one of the revolution leaders who was stabbed in the commotion . After briefly being tended to , Abbas is escorted away by Ali and Bibi Golestan ( Mozhan Marnò ) . In a flashforward at the prison , Hajj brings out Reza 's brother Hossein Shirazi ( Farshad Farahat ) , and harms him if Reza does not cooperate in providing information about Bibi . The game returns to Reza and Babak , who arrive at the rebellion hideout . Reza meets with Abbas , who is convinced that one of the revolution leaders betrayed and stabbed him , and tasks Reza with discovering the culprit . As he is investigating , Reza is approached by some of the leaders and accused of stabbing Abbas . A brief argument ensues , but is shortly ended as police begin to ambush the hideout . Abbas hurriedly demands an answer from Reza regarding the betrayer , and Reza is forced to decide which of the revolution leaders stabbed Abbas . In a flashforward , Hajj reveals to Reza that he chose the wrong person , but they were killed shortly thereafter . At the hideout , Reza is arrested by the police , but Hossein arrives and demands to know where Ali is located . Reza refuses to tell him , and Hossein drives him to their parents ' household . The following day at a protest , Reza and Babak discover that martial law has been enacted . They move to the streets and join the large crowds . Soldiers arrive and demand the crowds to disperse ; when the crowds hold their ground , the soldiers begin firing at them . Reza rushes to Ali , who has been shot , and bandages his wound . Babak and Bibi help move Ali away from the commotion and into an alley , where they find Hossein . Hossein aims his gun at Ali , threatening to shoot him for his crimes , and Ali produces his gun and threatens Hossein . Reza tries to convince the two to stop , but is interrupted by firing soldiers . Reza then chooses who to save from the gunfire : Hossein or Ali . Should Reza save Hossein , the latter is thankful and directs him to the nearest hospital ; Ali dies regardless of Reza 's choice . Bibi and Reza escort Babak , who was wounded in the gunfire , towards the nearest hospital , but he shortly dies of his wounds . In a flashforward to the prison , the ending is determined based on Reza 's actions to Hossein throughout the game : if Reza was unpleasant to Hossein , Hajj frees the latter , who begins to choke Reza and demands Bibi 's location ; if Reza was favorable to Hossein , Hajj shoots and kills the latter , before pointing the gun to Reza 's head and demanding Bibi 's location . = = Development = = 1979 Revolution : Black Friday was in development for four years ; the first two years consisted of seeking money from financiers , and the game was developed over the following two years . The game is based on events that occurred during the Iranian Revolution , namely Black Friday . The development team chose this setting shortly after the founding of development studio iNK Stories in 2010 , as they felt the chaotic environment would make players wary of which characters to trust . The team coined the term " vérité game " to describe 1979 Revolution , based on the cinéma vérité style of documentary filmmaking . They consider it an interactive storytelling technique that combines elements from video games and documentaries , blending them with a flexible narrative . The team wanted to avoid the game being considered strictly educational , ensuring player entertainment and engagement was the highest priority . Director Navid Khonsari said that the game 's development was the result of " a culmination of doing games , falling in love with narrative storytelling and ... fascination with documentary " . Khonsari first discussed the game in February 2011 , announcing it as 1979 : The Game . It was initially intended to be episodic , consisting of three or nine episodes , but was later reduced to one game . A crowdfunding campaign for the game was launched on Kickstarter in 2013 with a goal of US $ 395 @,@ 000 , but failed to reach its goal , with a total of US $ 304 @,@ 741 raised . Additional fundraising was set up on the game 's website . Following the failed campaign , the team partnered with the New Frontier Story Lab at Sundance in 2014 and 2015 , the Museum of the Moving Image in New York , and the Doris Duke Foundation . 1979 Revolution was approved through Steam Greenlight in July 2015 , and was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on April 5 , 2016 , and for iOS devices on June 10 , 2016 . A release for Android is planned in 2016 , with console versions also in development . The game is also planned to have Oculus Rift support ; the team rewrote one of the interrogation scenes to fit with the experience . 1979 Revolution runs on the Unity game engine . Khonsari has expressed interest in a sequel , stating that it depends on the commercial success of the first game . He is also interested in developing additional games about other historical events . = = = Story and setting = = = Khonsari was a child in Iran at the time of the Revolution , and left the country shortly after it ended . Khonsari developed the game with the intention of making players understand the moral ambiguity of the situation , due to the different beliefs in Iran , and to " feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution " . When the initial game concept was conceived , the location of Iran had not been decided ; the development team was attracted to the idea of a game set during a revolution , ultimately settling on the Iranian Revolution . When representing the concept of a revolution , the development team wished to demonstrate the multiple definitions of the term . Khonsari stated that they " wanted to embrace that spirit of revolution , but we also show the trajectory of a revolution " , regarding the true negative and complicated results of real revolutions . The team interviewed a group of 40 Iranians who lived in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution . The game 's setting and environments are based on photographs taken by real photojournalists during the era , such as Michel Setboun , and graffiti on the streets of Tehran at the time . The team also studied many documentaries , films , journals and documents regarding Iran , and sought feedback from academic , political , religious and cultural advisers . They interviewed over fifty history scholars , including sociologist and political scientist Jack Goldstone , gathered about 1 @,@ 500 archival photos , and collected many of Ayatollah Khomeini 's speeches during their research for the game . The home video footage featured in the game is that of Khonsari 's grandfather , recorded in Super 8 film from the 1950s to 1979 . Producer Navid Negahban , who portrayed Hajj Agha in the game , was a high school student at the time of the Revolution . He said that the script " brought back memories " , and he provided information to the writers based on his personal experiences of the time . = = = Character development = = = The game 's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology , with remaining audio elements recorded later in a studio . The motion capture studio — House of Moves , in Los Angeles — uses over 70 cameras , synchronized to capture the full @-@ body motion of each actor . The 90 @-@ page script for the game was recorded in three days of shooting on April 13 – 15 , 2015 . Khonsari , who directed the performances , shot full " master " takes in which the actors performed the entire scene without cutting ; this was done to save time during production . The game was initially set to follow the stories of 8 – 10 playable characters , beginning with an American @-@ Iranian State Department translator trying to free American hostages . This was later reduced to a single character : an aspiring Iranian photojournalist . Khonsari 's goal was to allow players to " see the world is a lot more gray than black and white " , achieving this by having a protagonist who experienced the Revolution . The game 's characters are based on the interviews conducted with Iranians who experienced the Revolution . Executive producer Vassiliki Khonsari said the characters " do not fall into the typical good guy / bad guy , but everyone is a shade of gray ... to show the complexity of history " . The team featured a variety of characters from different families , beliefs and social classes . Farshad Farahat , who portrayed Hossein Shirazi in the game , was present during the 2009 Iranian protests . He appreciated the game 's interactivity , and the choices that players are forced to make . The development team felt that allowing player choice for some of the game 's dialogue and actions allowed for a more personable experience , and for players to connect with the story and characters . Khonsari felt that it allows for a better understanding of the events and experiences of the revolution . The team also ensured that most choices had some effect , stating " a subtle or significant decision has repercussions " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = 1979 Revolution : Black Friday was well received by critics . Review aggregator Metacritic calculated an average score of 81 out of 100 based on 22 reviews . Reviewers liked the game 's narrative , characters , and historical representations , though some criticism was directed at its quick @-@ time sequences , and visual quality . IGN 's Chloi Rad commended the game 's blend of drama and action , as well as the realistic depiction of violence , and felt that the game 's setting and period helped demonstrate the spirit of the revolution . Andrew Todd of Gameplanet praised the game 's manner of dealing with issues like inequality , theocracy , and causes of anti @-@ Americanism , and noted that they help create the atmosphere of the story and setting . Eurogamer 's Jeffrey Matulef found the narrative 's moral ambiguity refreshing , particularly the depiction of corrupting good people . He felt that the development team being primarily Iranian added to the game 's authenticity . Kotaku 's Evan Narcisse similarly appreciated the ambiguity , noting its close imitation to the era . The choices presented in the game split reviewers ; some found them important and scary , while others found them ultimately inconsequential . Eurogamer 's Matulef declared the game 's characters superior and more sympathetic over those in other games , which would depict them " as cardboard henchmen or stormtroopers " . IGN 's Rad found the character of Reza to be likable , and Game Informer 's Javy Gwaltney considered his story fascinating . The game 's acting also received high praise ; IGN 's Rad called the performances " powerful " , and Kotaku 's Narcisse felt that they have the ability to " pull players into the drama " . Gameplanet 's Todd felt that the characters often " speak in exposition rather than emotion " , but that " when the drama works , it really works " . Alexander Kriss of Kill Screen found the game 's historical information to be " both genuinely educational but also tantalizing in their brevity " , noting their reinforcement of the story 's themes . IGN 's Rad commended the game 's ability to deliver enriching information " without bombarding " players . Gameplanet 's Todd deemed the setting of Iran " convincing and real " , praising its complexity and detail , although found the density of the history somewhat overwhelming . Eurogamer 's Matulef felt that the information may provide too much backstory for the characters and events , but attributed this to personal preferences . Criticism was directed at the game 's quick @-@ time sequences . Kotaku 's Narcisse considered them clunky , and Eurogamer 's Matulef found them to be " poorly constructed " . Game Informer 's Gwaltney similarly felt them to be " shoehorned " in between dialogue encounters . Kill Screen 's Kriss wrote that such sequences are featured in games like The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) to reinforce a sense of urgency in players , but felt that this is unnecessary in 1979 Revolution , as " the tension already feels real enough " . The game 's visuals also received mixed responses . Game Informer 's Gwaltney considered the art and environments " impeccable " , but criticized the character models ; Eurogamer 's Matulef likewise condemned the models and textures , describing the graphics as " competent at best and an eyesore at worst " . IGN 's Rad echoed similar remarks , identifying awkward animations of background characters , and Gameplanet 's Todd felt that 1979 Revolution " lacks the polish " of works by Telltale Games . = = = Controversy = = = When the game started gaining popularity in June 2012 , Iranian conservative newspaper Kayhan published pieces naming the game " pro @-@ Western propaganda " , and accusing director Navid Khonsari of espionage , and he felt afraid to reenter the country as a result . Members of the development team were also prompted to use aliases to protect themselves , and the game 's concept artist fled Iran due to his involvement in the development . " Anytime Iran has something written about them in the west , they feel as if it is propaganda against them , " Khonsari said . Following the release of 1979 Revolution in April 2016 , the National Foundation for Computer Games ( NFCG ) blocked all websites distributing the game in Iran , and began an operation to gather all copies illegally distributed in the country . NFCG director Hassan Karimi claimed the game has " hostile intentions and objectives " , stating that it may " poison the minds of the youth and young adults ... by means of false and distorted information " . Executive producer Vassiliki Khonsari felt that the ban is a result of the game documenting " the facts that different ideologies , different economic classes , different social classes came together to overthrow the Shah " , which she described as the " gray area " that the NFCG accused of being inaccurate .
= Bijeljina massacre = The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of between 48 and 78 civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1 – 2 April 1992 during the Bosnian War . The majority of those killed were Bosniaks ( or Bosnian Muslims ) . Members of other ethnicities were also killed , such as Serbs deemed unloyal by the local authorities . The killing was committed by a local paramilitary group known as Mirko 's Chetniks and by the Serb Volunteer Guard ( SDG , also known as Arkan 's Tigers ) , a Serbia @-@ based paramilitary group led by Željko Ražnatović ( aka Arkan ) . The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) , which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević . In September 1991 , Bosnian Serbs proclaimed a Serbian Autonomous Oblast with Bijeljina as its capital . In March 1992 , the Bosnian referendum on independence was passed with overwhelming support from Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats , although Bosnian Serbs either boycotted it or were prevented from voting by Bosnian Serb authorities . A poorly organized , local Bosniak Patriotic League paramilitary group had been established in response to the Bosnian Serb proclamation . On 31 March , the Patriotic League in Bijeljina was provoked into fighting by local Serbs and the SDG . On 1 – 2 April , the SDG and the JNA took over Bijeljina with little resistance ; murders , rapes , house searches , and pillaging followed . These actions were described as genocidal by the historian Professor Eric D. Weitz of the City College of New York . Professor Michael Sells of the University of Chicago concluded that they were carried out to erase the cultural history of the Bosniak people of Bijeljina . Around 3 April , Serb forces removed the bodies of those massacred in anticipation of the arrival of a Bosnian government delegation tasked with investigating what had transpired . A number of sources put the figure of civilians killed in the hundreds or possibly a thousand , but the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) and the Serbian War Crimes Prosecutor 's Office were only able to verify between 48 and 78 deaths . Post @-@ war investigations have documented the deaths of a little over 250 civilian of all ethnicities in the Bijeljina municipality during the course of the war . After the massacre , a campaign of mass ethnic cleansing of non @-@ Serbs was carried out , all mosques were demolished , and nine detention camps were established . Many deaths in Bijeljina were not officially listed as civilian war victims and their death certificates claim they " died of natural causes . " As of December 2014 , local courts had not prosecuted anyone for the killings , and no members of the SDG had been prosecuted for any crimes the unit carried out in Bijeljina or elsewhere in Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina . Milošević was indicted by the ICTY and charged with carrying out a genocidal campaign that included Bijeljina and other locations , but died during the trial . Republika Srpska leaders Biljana Plavšić and Momčilo Krajišnik were convicted for the deportations and forcible transfers in the ethnic cleansing that followed the massacre . Radovan Karadžić , the former President of Republika Srpska , is currently on trial for the massacre and other crimes against humanity committed in Bijeljina . At the end of the war , fewer than 2 @,@ 700 Bosniaks still lived in the municipality from a pre @-@ war population of 30 @,@ 000 . The Serbs of Bijeljina celebrate 1 April as " City Defense Day " , and a street in the city has been named after the SDG . = = Background = = According to the 1991 census , the municipality of Bijeljina had approximately 97 @,@ 000 inhabitants . The demographic proportions were approximately 59 % Bosnian Serbs , 31 % Bosniaks and 10 % belonged to other ethnicities . The town of Bijeljina itself had 36 @,@ 414 inhabitants , 19 @,@ 024 of whom were Bosniaks ( or 52 % of the town 's population ) , while the Serbs were the second largest ethnic group in the town . During 1990 , a group of Serb Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) officers and experts from the JNA 's Psychological Operations Department had developed the RAM Plan with the intent of organizing Serbs outside of Serbia , consolidating control of the Serbian Democratic Party ( SDS ) , and preparing arms and ammunition . In 1990 and 1991 , Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina had proclaimed a number of Serbian Autonomous Oblasts with the intent of later unifying them into a homogeneous Serb territory . As early as September or October 1990 , the JNA began arming Bosnian Serbs and organizing them into militias . That same year , the JNA disarmed the Territorial Defense Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( TORBiH ) . By March 1991 , the JNA had distributed an estimated 51 @,@ 900 firearms to Serb paramilitaries and 23 @,@ 298 firearms to the SDS . Throughout 1991 and early 1992 , the SDS heavily Serbianized the police force in order to increase Serb political control . In September 1991 , Bijeljina was established by the Bosnian Serbs as the capital of the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Northern Bosnia , later renamed in November as the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Semberija , renamed again in December as the " Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Semberija and Majevica " . In response , local Bosniaks established the paramilitary Patriotic League of Bosnia and Herzegovina , shortened to the Patriotic League . In January 1992 , the SDS assembly proclaimed the " Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina " and Radovan Karadžić , its soon @-@ to @-@ be president , announced that a " unified Bosnia and Herzegovina no longer exists " . In March , the Bosnian referendum on independence passed with overwhelming support from Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats , having been boycotted by most Bosnian Serbs . The SDS , claiming that independence would result in the Serbs becoming " a national minority in an Islamic state " , had used armed irregular units to block the delivery of ballot boxes , and dropped leaflets encouraging the boycott . Despite this , thousands of Serbs in larger cities did participate in the referendum and voted for independence , and several violent incidents were triggered across Bosnia and Herzegovina . According to historian Noel Malcolm the " steps taken by Karadžić and his party – [ declaring Serb ] " Autonomous Regions " , the arming of the Serb population , minor local incidents , non @-@ stop propaganda , the request for federal army " protection " – matched exactly what had been done in Croatia . Few observers could doubt that a single plan was in operation . " Bijeljina was strategically significant because of its location , which enabled the easy movement of military personnel , weaponry , and goods into Posavina and the Bosnian Krajina where Serb forces were gathered . = = Provocation , takeover , and massacre = = Željko Ražnatović ( " Arkan " ) , leader of the Serb Volunteer Guard ( SDG ) , spent a month in Bijeljina devising battle plans prior to the attack . On 30 March 1992 , Blagoje Adžić , Bosnian Serb chief @-@ of @-@ staff of the JNA , announced that the army was " ready to protect Serbs from open aggression " . Fighting broke out in Bijeljina on 1 April , after local Serbs and SDG personnel threw grenades into shops , including a Bosniak @-@ owned cafe , provoking the poorly organized Patriotic League into an armed conflict . About a thousand SDG members and Mirko 's Chetniks , a paramilitary formation commanded by Mirko Blagojević , were involved and captured important structures in the town . According to journalist and political analyst Miloš Vasić , Bijeljina was defended by 35 or 38 Bosnian policemen . According to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) , Bijeljina was the " first municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina to be taken over by the Bosnian Serbs in 1992 " . Despite the pro @-@ Serb activities of the JNA during the Croatian War of Independence , the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Alija Izetbegović apparently believed that the JNA would act differently in Bosnia and Herzegovina , and asked the JNA to defend Bijeljina against the SDG . On 1 – 2 April 1992 , the town was surrounded by JNA forces , ostensibly to keep the peace . According to Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) , Serb paramilitaries wearing balaclavas took up positions around the city , including sniper positions in windows on the top floor of buildings . Meeting little resistance , the SDG , under JNA command and reporting directly to Serbian President Slobodan Milošević , swiftly captured Bijeljina . Artillery units shelled the town in coordination with the street fighting . According to photojournalist Ron Haviv , Serb forces struck first , with several busloads of soldiers arriving in the city , seizing the radio station , and forcing local Serbs to reveal the identities of the city 's non @-@ Serb residents . The Panthers , a paramilitary group led by Ljubiša Savić ( " Mauzer " ) , who was a founder of the SDS , also participated in the assault or arrived shortly after . Together with the SDG , they began a campaign of violence against local Bosniaks and some of the Serb population , committing several rapes and murders , and searching residents ' houses and pillaging their property . Subsequently , Bosnian President Izetbegović tasked the JNA with occupying Bijeljina and stopping the violence . At Karadžić 's trial , the former Mayor of Bijeljina Cvijetin Simić , testified that the only real fighting that took place in the town on 1 – 2 April happened around the city hospital , where the most fatalities occurred . As the fighting progressed , the SDS and the Bosnian Serbs created the Ministry of Interior of Republika Srpska ( MUP RS ) , an independent Serb police force . According to HRW , a pattern of violence , fueled by " the strive to create a Greater Serbia " , developed in Bijeljina that was later repeated in other municipalities in north @-@ eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina by similar paramilitary groups from Serbia . This pattern was described by the United Nations Commission of Experts in the following terms : First , Bosnian Serb paramilitary forces , often with the assistance of the JNA , seize control of the area . In many cases , Serbian residents are told to leave the area before the violence begins . The homes of non @-@ Serb residents are targeted for destruction and cultural and religious monuments , especially churches and mosques , are destroyed . Second , the area falls under the control of paramilitary forces who terrorize the non @-@ Serb residents with random killings , rapes , and looting . Third , the seized area is administered by local Serb authorities , often in conjunction with paramilitary groups . During this phase , non @-@ Serb residents are detained , beaten , and sometimes transferred to prison camps where further abuse , including mass killings , have occurred . Non @-@ Serb residents are often fired from their jobs and their property is confiscated . Many have been forced to sign documents relinquishing their rights to their homes before being deported to other areas of the country . The exact number killed in the takeover is unknown . Several sources put the figure anywhere between several dozen and a thousand . According to the ICTY , at least 48 civilians were killed of which 45 were non @-@ Serbs . Around 3 April , a local policeman was ordered to guard a hearse which was picking up bodies from the streets and houses of the town . The killings were eliticidal with the aim of erasing cultural history and included " political leaders , businessmen , and other prominent Bosniaks " , but also included women and children . A number of Serbs who had attempted to stop the massacre were also killed . An investigation by the ICTY later stated that the victims had been shot " in the chest , mouth , temple , or back of the head , some at close range " and that none had been wearing military uniforms . According to the historian Professor Eric D. Weitz of the City College of New York , the killing of Bosniaks in Bijeljina was a genocidal act . The acts against civilians in Bijeljina and those carried out by the JNA and special forces that followed were an attempt to intimidate and sidetrack the Bosnian government and general public from pursuing independence . Haviv , who had been invited by Arkan to take photographs , witnessed the killings and one of his pictures , which depicted an SDG member kicking a dying Bosniak woman , was later published in the international media prompting Arkan to put out a death warrant for Haviv . Meanwhile , the Serbian state @-@ owned Radio Belgrade network reported that Bijeljina had been " liberated " with the help of " members of the Serbian National Guard of Semberija and Majevica , in cooperation with Serbian volunteers , Arkan 's men , and the Serbian ' radicals ' " . = = Bosnian delegation investigation and response = = Serb forces ordered the removal of the bodies of those killed , in anticipation of a delegation of high @-@ ranking Bosnian officials due to arrive on 4 April . The delegation included Biljana Plavšić , a Serb representative of the Presidency ; Fikret Abdić , a Bosniak representative ; the Croat Minister of Defense , Jerko Doko ; and the chief @-@ of @-@ staff of the JNA 2nd Military District , General Dobrašin Praščević . They were sent by Izetbegović for the purpose of investigating the alleged atrocities . On the same day , the JNA moved into Bijeljina , but the violence continued . On 4 April , the SDG established themselves in the local headquarters of the SDS . Local police , who were engaged in arresting the town 's Party of Democratic Action ( SDA ) presidency , joined them for several days , as did members of the White Eagles paramilitary group and local Territorial Defense ( TO ) members . Serb flags were mounted on two mosques in Bijeljina , and checkpoints and roadblocks were established , preventing journalists and European monitors from entering . The delegation visited the crisis staff and a military barracks where they were made aware of the situation . During the visit , Plavšić requested that Arkan transfer control of Bijeljina to the JNA . Arkan refused , citing unfinished business , and said he would target Bosanski Brod next . Plavšić consequently withdrew her request and commended Arkan for " protecting " Bijeljina 's Serbs from the Bosniaks . She called him a " Serb hero ... who was prepared to give his life for his people " , adding that " we need such people " . She then thanked and kissed Arkan in public to which the local members of the SDS responded with " shouts of approval " . In a conversation with Cedric Thornberry , a United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) representative , she described Bijeljina as a " liberated " town . Abdić was initially turned back at gunpoint , but was later able to enter . He was then kept in custody by Arkan until Plavšić arrived to release him . " Bijeljina was practically empty , " he recalled . " I met with the local authorities , they told me what had happened , but there wasn 't a single Muslim there , so we couldn 't discuss the problem as a whole . Muslims didn 't answer our appeal . They were too scared to come out , and specially scared to talk about it at all . " General Sava Janković , commander of the JNA 's 17th Corps , reported that : A big influence of the SDS and Arkan 's propaganda is felt in the 38th [ Partisan Division ] and the 17th [ Mixed Artillery Regiment ] , because of which some [ conscripts ] have left their units with arms . ... The situation in the territory is extremely complex . The town of Bijeljina is controlled by the SDS and Arkan 's men , who do not even allow our anti @-@ tank unit to reach certain positions in the town . There are about 3 @,@ 000 refugees in the barracks and the Cooperative Hall area in Patkovača . A team from the BH Presidency led by Fikret Abdić , Biljana Plavšić , the chief @-@ of @-@ staff of the 2nd Military District and the commander of the 17th Corps , has been in Bijeljina barracks since 1200 hours . " In the following days , " he predicted , " further deterioration of the entire security and political situation is expected . There is a threat that interethnic conflicts in Posavina and Semberija might spread to other parts of the zone of responsibility ... Direct armed provocations by SDA , HDZ [ Croatian Democratic Union ] , and SDS paramilitary units against commands and units are also possible , as well as attacks by them on military warehouses and isolated facilities . " On the same day , Bosnian Defense Minister Ejup Ganić and Croat members of the coalition government urged Izetbegović to mobilize the TORBiH due to the inability of the JNA to stop the violence . Izetbegović described the images coming out of Bijeljina as " unbelievable " . " I thought it was a photomontage , " he explained . " I couldn 't believe my eyes . I couldn 't believe it was possible . " He described the takeover as " criminal " , and said he considered the JNA responsible for Bijeljina 's fall because it " passively stood by and watched what was happening " . Izetbegović mobilized the Territorial Defense later that day so as to " enable people to defend themselves ... from future Bijeljinas " . The Serb members of the Bosnian Presidency , Plavšić and Nikola Koljević , denounced the mobilization as illegal and resigned . On 8 April , Izetbegović announced a " state of imminent war danger " . The JNA rejected requests from the Bosnian Presidency to return the TORBiH 's weapons that they had confiscated in 1990 . Karadžić and the Bosnian Serb leadership used Izetbegović 's mobilization order as a pretext to independence and mobilized their Municipal Crisis Headquarters , reserve police units , and TO forces . = = Ethnic cleansing , mosque destruction , and detainment = = The SDG stayed in Bijeljina until at least May 1992 . General Manojlo Milovanović , chief @-@ of @-@ staff of the Army of Republika Srpska ( VRS ) , commented on Arkan 's activities in Bijeljina and Zvornik in April and May 1992 : " The return of Serb voluntary units from the Republika Srpska and Republika Srpska Krajina was characterized by long formations consisting of both personnel carriers and tanks and a great number of trucks . This was a clear sign of looting . " The ICTY concluded that Serb forces killed a minimum of 52 people , mostly Bosniaks , between April and September 1992 in the Bijeljina municipality . In April , an " organized campaign " had begun to remove the Bosniak population of Bijeljina . The SDS in Bijeljina put forth a plan and proposed that a Bosniak family be killed " on each side of town to create an atmosphere of fear " . On 23 September 1992 , the SDG and Mirko 's Chetniks handed over control of Bijeljina to the SDS and the plan was carried out by Duško Malović 's special police unit . On 24 and 25 September , in the village of Bukreš , 22 people including seven children were removed from their homes and taken to the village of Balatun where they were killed and thrown into the Drina river . It is suspected that they were killed by members of the Special Unit of the MUP RS under the supervision of local police and the former State Security . All were under the direct command of Mićo Stanišić the then Minister of MUP RS . Mass ethnic cleansing was committed and nine detention camps were established following the massacre . All seven mosques in Bijeljina were destroyed . They were systematically destroyed using explosives under the supervision of police and experts , and after their collapse the remains were removed with military construction equipment . Trees were planted where they once stood . A " State Commission for the Free transfer of the Civilian Population " or " Commission for the Exchange of Population " was created and headed by Vojkan Đurković , a Major in the SDG , and included Mauzer 's Panthers . Its purpose was to completely expel all non @-@ Serbs from Bijeljina . Đurković claimed that the Bosniaks had left voluntarily and said Bijeljina was " sacred Serbian land " . According to him " after a time , the [ Bosnian Serb ] People 's Deputies , Milan Teslić and Vojo Kuprešanin , expanded the Commission in the name of the [ Serb Democratic Party ] Deputies Club , and later the Commission was approved by the Parliament of the Serbian Republic [ of Bosnia and Herzegovina ] . " He explained that " travel [ expulsion ] was undertaken in the following manner : the State Commission for the Free Transfer of the Civilian Population had as its duty to inform the State Security Service of the Serbian Republic [ of Bosnia and Herzegovina ] ( Republika Srpska ) of that travel . The latter , by fax , would then pass that on to that ministry in the Republic of Serbia which has jurisdiction . The transit [ on to Hungary ] would occur in broad daylight , at noon . " Expulsions continued into 1994 , and in July a " systematic program " was implemented with the goal of " expelling the remaining Bosniaks and extorting property and money from them " . Đurković was promoted by Arkan to Lieutenant Colonel in 1995 . Mauzer 's Panthers later became a special unit of the VRS . Mauzer was killed in 2000 . = = War crimes prosecution = = Bosnian courts have not filed any war crimes indictments for the massacre . In 2008 , Branko Todorović , the President of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Bijeljina , criticized the " lethargic " and " unacceptable behavior " of the Republika Srpska judiciary . However , since 2003 , the prosecution of war crimes has mostly been under the jurisdiction of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2000 , the International Crisis Group named three individuals from Bijeljina as " potentially indictable for war crimes " : Mirko Blagojević : who is alleged to have led Mirko 's Chetniks , which took part in the attack and in the ethnic cleansing of Bijeljina . He served as the head of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) in Bijeljina and is now a lawyer . Vojkan Đurković : who is suspected of forcing Bosniak civilians " to hand over all their money , valuables and documents , and to sign away their property " . He is also reported to have worked with the Panthers and other groups in the " forcible expulsion of the civilian population " . He was arrested in November 2005 , but released from police custody less than a month later . Jovan Aćimović : who is alleged to have played a major role in the last initiative to remove Bosniaks from Bijeljina shortly prior to the signing of the Dayton Agreement in November 1995 . He reportedly continued to evict Bosniaks from their houses during peace time . He later became a member of the police in Ugljevik . In 1997 , the ICTY secretly indicted Arkan for war crimes carried out in Sanski Most in 1995 , but not for those in Bijeljina . In January 2000 , he was killed in a Belgrade hotel lobby by masked gunmen , and did not face trial . In 1999 , Milošević was indicted for carrying out a genocidal campaign that included Bijeljina and other locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina , among other charges , but he died mid @-@ trial in March 2006 . In February 2000 , Plavšić and Momčilo Krajišnik , the speaker of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska , were indicted for the same genocidal campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina , among other charges . On 2 October 2002 , Plavšić pleaded guilty to persecuting the non @-@ Serb populations in 37 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina , including Bijeljina . This plea was entered under an agreement that involved the prosecution moving to dismiss the remaining charges . She was subsequently sentenced to 11 years imprisonment . On 27 September 2006 , Krajišnik was found guilty on a five counts of crimes against humanity , including the same count as Plavšić regarding the persecution of non @-@ Serb populations in municipalities including Bijeljina , but he was found not guilty of genocide . In 2009 , he was handed a twenty @-@ year prison sentence . After serving two @-@ thirds of her sentence , Plavšić was released in October 2009 . Krajišnik was released in August 2013 , having served two @-@ thirds of his sentence ( including time spent in custody ) . In 2010 , the Serbian War Crimes Prosecutor 's Office investigated Borislav Pelević , a former SDG member and a member of the Serbian National Assembly . The investigation was ultimately dropped due to lack of evidence . In 2012 , former SDG member Srđan Golubović was arrested in Belgrade at the request of the Prosecutor 's Office . Golubović was charged with an indictment listing the names of 78 victims . Clint Williamson , the lead prosecutor , said that other members of the SDG could not be identified because their faces had been covered with masks . As of October 2014 , closing arguments had been concluded in the trial of Karadžić , the former President of Republika Srpska , for the massacre , and other crimes against humanity committed in Bijeljina , among other areas , as well as for the genocide at Srebrenica . The ICTY is expected to deliver judgment in Karadžić 's case in the first quarter of 2016 . As of December 2014 no member of the SDG has been prosecuted for the murders , rapes , or looting committed in Bijeljina , or any of the crimes allegedly committed by the unit elsewhere in Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina . = = Aftermath = = The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo has recorded a total of 1 @,@ 078 fatalities in the Bijeljina municipality during the war , including approximately 250 civilians of all ethnicities . Many deaths in Bijeljina were not officially listed as civilian war victims and their death certificates claim they " died of natural causes . " Several hundred Bosniaks from Bijeljina and Janja fought alongside Serbs throughout the war in the Army of Republika Srpska . After the war ended , less than 2 @,@ 700 people of the pre @-@ war Bosniak population of over 30 @,@ 000 still lived in the municipality of Bijeljina ( the town itself had 19 @,@ 000 Bosniak inhabitants ) . Many faced difficulties in returning to their homes including discrimination from the police , being unable to receive an identification card , or reconnect their phone lines . Local authorities prevented the Islamic community from reconstructing a mosque and , for a while , did not allow them to have their own local meeting place . Meaningful Bosniak participation in the politics and administration of the municipality was also blocked . As of 2012 , 5 @,@ 000 Bosniaks have returned to Bijeljina . In 2007 , the Bijeljina truth commission was created with a four @-@ year mandate . It held two public hearings in 2008 , but by March 2009 , although it was not formally disbanded , the commission was effectively dissolved when the majority of its members resigned . A number of factors have been cited as contributing to its failure , such as the inclusion of the commander of the Batković concentration camp in its delegation , its limited legal standing , disputes over the commission 's scope , and poor funding . Local Serbs celebrate 1 April as " City Defense Day " , and a street in the town is presently named after the Serbian Volunteer Guard . In 2012 , the Bijeljina municipal veterans organization , municipal officials , and city leaders marked the occasion stating that " on this day the Serbian people of Semberija were organized to defend against and prevent a new Jasenovac and notorious 13th Handschar division . "
= Mega Man 5 = Mega Man 5 , known as Rockman 5 : Blues no Wana ! ? ( ロックマン5 ブルースの罠 ! ? , lit . " Rockman 5 : Blues 's Trap ! ? " ) in Japan , is an action @-@ platform video game developed by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the fifth game in the original Mega Man series and was released in Japan on December 4 , 1992 . It saw a release during the same month in North America and in 1993 in Europe . Taking place after the events of Mega Man 4 , Mega Man 's brother and ally Proto Man uncharacteristically leads a group of menacing robots in attacks on the world and kidnaps his own creator Dr. Light , leaving the title character little choice but to take up arms in a fight against his once trusted sibling . Mega Man 5 carries over the same graphical style and action @-@ platforming gameplay as the four preceding chapters in the series . The game introduces a new character , Beat , a robotic bird that the player can use as a weapon once a series of eight collectable letters are found . Keiji Inafune , co @-@ designer of the Mega Man character , had to re @-@ illustrate the bosses several times but described his work as fun . Mega Man 5 was met with a positive critical reception for its graphics and music , while receiving criticism for its lack of innovation in its plot or gameplay . Like other NES games in the series , Mega Man 5 has been re @-@ released in Japan on the PlayStation , PlayStation Network , and mobile phones ; in North America as part of the Mega Man Anniversary Collection ; and in both regions on the Wii Virtual Console . It has also been released in North America , Europe , and Japan on the 3DS and Wii U Virtual Console . = = Plot = = Mega Man 5 takes place during the 21st century , about two months after the events of Mega Man 4 , when the mad scientist Dr. Wily once again attempted to take over the world . Proto Man , secret brother and once ally to the world 's greatest hero Mega Man , leads an army of robots in a series of destructive attacks on the world . To cripple the world 's defenders , he kidnaps his own creator , the genius scientist Dr. Light . Mega Man wonders why Proto Man is doing this , but with little choice left , he sets out to stop him , assisted by Beat , a robot bird gifted to him by Dr. Cossack . Mega Man prevails over a new group of eight powerful " Robot Masters " working under Proto Man : Star Man , Gravity Man , Gyro Man , Stone Man , Crystal Man , Charge Man , Napalm Man , and Wave Man . Mega Man then makes his way to Proto Man 's fortress and confronts his fellow creation , who nearly destroys the protagonist in the process . However , a second Proto Man arrives just in time , revealing the first as Dark Man , one of Dr. Wily 's newest robots . Mega Man vanquishes the impostor , then pursues Wily to his newest hideout , defeats him , and saves Dr. Light . However , the fortress begins collapsing , and while Mega Man is distracted from holding up the ceiling from crushing himself and Dr. Light , Wily manages yet another retreat . Just after Wily escapes , a familiar whistle is heard , and part of the ceiling is blasted away , allowing Mega Man and Dr. Light to also escape . As the two watch the castle collapse from a distance , their mystery savior is revealed to be Proto Man , who quietly slips off unnoticed . = = Gameplay = = Mega Man 5 is an action @-@ platform game that is very similar to previous titles in the series . Gameplay revolves around the player using the central character Mega Man to run , jump , and shoot his way through a set of stages . If the player takes damage , Mega Man 's life meter can be refilled by picking up energy capsules scattered about each level or from fallen enemies . Mega Man 's default Mega Buster arm cannon can be fired an unlimited amount of times . The Mega Buster 's charge feature , introduced in Mega Man 4 , has been upgraded to allow its powerful , charged shots to encompass a slightly wider area . Each stage ends with a boss battle with a Robot Master ; destroying that Robot Master lets the player copy its special " Master Weapon " , which can be toggled and used throughout the remainder of the game . Unlike the Mega Buster , Master Weapons require weapon energy to use and must be replenished if it is depleted in the same selected stage . Other power @-@ ups including extra lives , " Energy Tanks " , and a new " Mystery Tank " , which fully refills health and all item power , can be picked up as well . After completing certain stages , the player can call on Mega Man 's faithful dog Rush to reach higher platforms or cross large gaps using his " Coil " and " Jet " transformations . These abilities require refills with the same weapon energy that Master Weapons use . Some of the level designs in Mega Man 5 are different from earlier games in the series . For example , in Gravity Man 's stage , the gravitation is reversed from the floor to the ceiling , while in Wave Man 's stage , the player drives a water craft from the halfway point to the boss room . Hidden within each of the eight Robot Master stages is a collectible circuit board . Gathering all eight of these boards ( spelling " M @-@ E @-@ G @-@ A @-@ M @-@ A @-@ N @-@ V " ) gives the player access to a robot @-@ bird friend by the name of Beat . The player can then call on Beat to attack any onscreen enemies . = = Development = = Mega Man 5 was developed by Capcom . Having had major involvement in the development in all prior Mega Man games , artist Keiji Inafune , credited as " Inafking " , worked under a new project leader for Mega Man 5 . As with past entries in the series , Inafune used his experience to guide his supervisor and the other team members . He did this in order to avoid making what he considered to be an " unreasonable game , [ ... ] an affront to the players " . As a result of this leadership , Inafune felt Mega Man 5 turned out with a lower difficulty level . The team already felt they had accomplished all the gameplay they could with the release of Mega Man 4 , so they decided to simply " introduce powered up versions of everything " , such as the Mega Buster . After working diligently on the fourth installment of the series and being the man behind the concept of the chargeable Mega Buster , Hayato Kaji , credited as " H.K " , was called in to help out during the middle of Mega Man 5 's development . The game was " taking a while to come together " at that point according to Kaji . Inafune summarized his work on Mega Man 5 as being fun , but he admitted having trouble with the designs , balance , and colors . In a new direction Capcom held a contest in collaboration with Nintendo Power Magazine requesting submissions for new villain characters , the eight Robot Master bosses in Mega Man 5 are a result of fans sending in their own designs to Capcom . Capcom received over 130 @,@ 000 character submissions for the game . Inafune recounted having a difficult time getting approval on the chosen bosses , having had to re @-@ illustrate them several times . However , the artist had little trouble in designing Beat , whose first draft was accepted by Inafune 's superiors . The idea for Beat originated in the development of Mega Man 3 , where the concept support robots included a dog and bird . The team chose to keep the dog character as Rush for this earlier game , while the bird would serve as the basis for the character Beat in Mega Man 5 . The musical score of Mega Man 5 was composed by Mari Yamaguchi ( credited as " Mari " ) . = = Reception and legacy = = Mega Man 5 has enjoyed generally positive reactions from printed and online publications . Many critics were complimentary of the game 's graphics , music , play control , and challenge level . IGN 's Lucas M. Thomas holds Mega Man 5 as one of his favorite entries in the series and , because of its lowered difficulty compared to its predecessors , considers it the easiest of the bunch to casually pick up and play through . IGN lists Mega Man 5 as the 84th best game on the NES . Like other sequels in the Mega Man series , Mega Man 5 has suffered criticism for its lack of innovative gameplay and storytelling . GamePro summarized the game as " déjà vu all over again for disciples of the series " and that " Capcom must get some kind of cash rebate for recycling video games " . 1UP.com 's Jeremy Parish considered Mega Man 5 as " a painfully phoned @-@ in episode lacking not only innovation , but pretty much all the polish and balance that made the earlier games so enjoyable " . In 1999 , Mega Man 5 was re @-@ released for the PlayStation as part of the Japan @-@ exclusive Rockman Complete Works series . It featured a helpful " navi mode " for beginners , arranged music , encyclopedia modes , and artwork . A port of this version with fewer extras was released in North America for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube in 2004 and Xbox in 2005 as part of Mega Man Anniversary Collection . Another port of the game was released in Japan in 2007 for mobile phones compatible with Yahoo ! Mobile and EZweb applications . Finally , in 2011 , the NES version was made available on the Wii Virtual Console service in both Japan and North America , and the PlayStation Network in Japan . It has also been released on the Wii U 's Virtual Console as well as the 3DS eShop . The Mega Man series from Archie Comics went on hiatus before it could reach an adaptation of Mega Man 5 , but some characters and elements from the game were foreshadowed . In particular , the final issue saw Dr. Light experience a vision of the events of this game , noting that it seemed as thought Proto Man were attacking but that something seemed wrong .
= You Have 0 Friends = " You Have 0 Friends " is the fourth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series South Park , and the 199th episode of the series overall . It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 7 , 2010 . In the episode , Kyle , Cartman and Kenny make Stan a Facebook profile against his will and he becomes extremely frustrated with everyone asking him for friend requests . After he gets fed up with Facebook , Stan tries to delete his profile but is sucked into a virtual Facebook world . Meanwhile , Kyle starts trying to find ways to get more friends on Facebook after he drastically starts losing them due to his befriending of a third @-@ grade friendless Facebook user , whom everyone considers a loser . The episode was written and directed by co @-@ creator Trey Parker and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . " You Have 0 Friends " features several references to the popular social networking service Facebook , and Stan 's plotline parodies the 1982 Disney film Tron with Stan in the role of Kevin Flynn . The episode also parodies the CNBC series Mad Money , as well as the online chat website Chatroulette , and the social network game FarmVille . " You Have 0 Friends " has received positive reviews from critics , and according to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 071 million viewers and became the cable lead in the 18 – 49 Wednesday night . = = Plot = = Kyle , Cartman and Kenny surprise Stan by creating a Facebook account for him . Stan protests , but is quickly pressured by family and friends to add them as friends . To his annoyance and frustration , Stan finds people such as Randy , his grandmother and even Wendy confronting him over his supposed disregard for them and judging his real @-@ world friendship solely by his Facebook configuration . Meanwhile , Kyle adds shy nerdy student Kip Drordy to his thriving friends list out of pity . Kyle 's number of Facebook friends rapidly declines when he does this , in part due to a Mad Friends podcast he finds Cartman has set up in which he berates Kyle for choosing a loser as a friend and asserts nobody will want to hang out with Kyle . Kyle understands this , but , on principle and out of pity , cannot bring himself to delete Kip to please others . Desperate to stem the loss of friends , he asks Cartman for advice . Cartman introduces Kyle to Chatroulette as a way to make new friends , which fails as most of the people on the site are either jacking off or showing their genitals , until Cartman finally finds another Jewish kid named Isiah , who agrees to be Kyle 's friend , much to Kyle 's delight . Meanwhile , Stan now has 845 @,@ 323 friends ( almost all of whom he hardly knows or does not know ) on his account and has finally decided to delete it , only to find that Facebook refuses to allow him to . Instead of deleting his account , Stan is forcibly transported by the software into the virtual world of Facebook , where he meets " profiles " of everyone he knows who communicate in Facebook lingo , and is forced to engage in Facebook activities such as Yahtzee . Unexpectedly winning on the first roll , Stan escapes and finds his way to Kyle 's Farm Town farm , blaming Kyle for getting him " sucked into Facebook " in the first place . Stan orders Kyle to check out his profile status and Kyle finds out that Stan is supposedly hosting a party elsewhere in Facebook at Café World . Kyle makes it to Stan 's party , only to find that Isiah has refused to be his friend because of Kip . Desperate to retain some friends , Kyle finally deletes Kip , leaving him with no friends . Kip , too , is disheartened to find his friend has abandoned him . At the party , Stan encounters his online profile , which has the form of a huge monstrous version of himself . It challenges him to a game of Yahtzee and Stan wins , again on the first roll , causing the profile to be finally deleted . The victory returns Stan to the real world once more . He now has no Facebook friends , and Randy , upon realizing that Stan is no longer his friend , asks Stan why he deleted him . Stan explains what just happened to him and that he has " sent all his friends somewhere else " . Back at Kip 's house , Kip is still depressed about Kyle deleting him as a friend , but is then overjoyed when all 845 @,@ 323 friends Stan had prior to deletion are suddenly transferred to his account as friends . = = Production and cultural references = = " You Have 0 Friends " was written and directed by co @-@ series creator Trey Parker . Trey Parker came up with the episode after signing up for Facebook and actually being sucked into it until people were angry that he did not respond to anyone on Facebook . He came up with the idea of doing something similar to Tron . The episode prominently features several aspects of the online website Facebook , including the Facebook games Farmville , Café World and a digital version of the Milton Bradley game Yahtzee . Also , many aspects of the virtual Facebook world Stan gets sucked into in the episode parody the film Tron . Stan 's Facebook account is based on the Master Control Program . Cartman 's podcast , Mad Friends , is a parody of a segment from the financial show Mad Money hosted by Jim Cramer on CNBC . = = Reception and release = = " You Have 0 Friends " originally aired on April 7 , 2010 , with a TV @-@ MA rating in the United States , on Comedy Central . In its original American broadcast , it was watched by 3 @.@ 071 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . This made it the second most viewed cable show of the night after In Plain Sight and attracting more viewers than the previous episode , " Medicinal Fried Chicken " . The episode also received an 18 – 49 rating of 1 @.@ 7 and a share of 5 % edging out Tyler Perry 's House of Payne for the cable lead in the demographic . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics . The Indiana Daily Student 's Brian Welk called the episode " fairly enjoyable , " joking that his Facebook status would say that he " hopes the 200th episode [ of South Park ] is as good as the Facebook one ! " Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said " The half @-@ hour was shrewdly precise in its targets : The older audience that communes on Facebook ( such as parents and grandparents ) as well as lonely kids ; as usual , " South Park " is merciless when it smells a baby @-@ boomer @-@ adopted trend . " Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a 9 / 10 , calling it " brilliant from beginning to end , and one of the best episodes the series has served up in a while . " Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine wrote that " You have 0 Friends has the right amount of humor , intelligence , and sarcasm to match any South Park episode . The question is , does it become an instant classic ? " Cristina Everett of the New York Daily News called the episode " hilarious , yet heartwarming " , adding that the Kip Drordy subplot was " endearing " . There have been less favorable reviews of " You Have 0 Friends " that criticize the use of its cultural Facebook jokes . TV Fanatic , who gave the episode 3 / 5 , said there was " too much Facebook " in the episode and that " it was a great parody , but just a decent episode that could have had more LOL moments " . Grading it a D + , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff opined the episode " mostly made all of the jokes about [ Facebook ] that the rest of us did back when Facebook first invaded all of our lives . It doesn 't give me high hopes for the inevitable Twitter episode the show does in 2013 . " " You Have 0 Friends " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's fourteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on April 26 , 2011 .
= Leggo My Meg @-@ O = " Leggo My Meg @-@ O " is the twentieth episode of the tenth season of the animated television series Family Guy . The episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 6 , 2012 . In this episode , Meg travels to Paris with her friend Ruth after being treated badly in school , but her exciting adventure comes to a halt when she gets kidnapped . Brian and Stewie embark on an action @-@ packed mission to find her before it is too late . This plot is a parody of the film Taken . This episode was written by Brian Scully and directed by John Holmquist . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and cultural references . It was viewed by 5 @.@ 64 million U.S. viewers in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode 's guest stars were Omid Abtahi , Bill English , Ralph Garman , Mark Hentemann , Jerry Lambert , Rachael MacFarlane , Natasha Melnick , Kim Parks , Julius Sharpe , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , Fred Tatasciore , John Viener and Lisa Wilhoit . = = Plot = = After being assaulted with dodgeballs by Connie D 'Amico and other girls during gym class , Meg talks to her friend Ruth about how much she hates being at school and wonders if she can tolerate the rest of the semester . She then learns that Ruth is going to spend a semester in Paris and is invited to join her in the program . Using the money she has saved from part @-@ time jobs , Meg is able to enroll in the program . The family sees her leave as she enters the airport . Once she and Ruth land in Paris , they meet a man who offers to share a cab with them as they go to their apartment . When the two of them arrive at the apartment , a group of men arrive and kidnap Ruth while Meg is talking to Peter on the phone . When she tells Peter what she witnessed , he tells her to hide under the bed . She complies , but the men find and take her anyway . After Peter talks to the kidnappers , one of them tells him " Drakkar Noir " before hanging up . After that , Peter calls " Lois , Meg 's dead ! " The Griffins call the FBI to hopefully get Meg back , but the FBI say that a person must be missing for 96 hours before they could take action ( eventhough , the FBI agents admit it 's not likely they 'll find her alive after she 's been missing that long ) . Concerned by it , Brian and Stewie get to Paris themselves to take matters into their own hands and save Meg . They find out where the men took Meg , who is about to be sold as a sex slave . At the auction , Stewie dresses up as a slave and Brian dresses as an Arab to get in , and Stewie is sold to Brian ( for $ 500 @,@ 000 ) . However , Brian cannot afford to pay for Stewie , and the guard uncovers their disguises . They are chained to a pipe downstairs , but Brian breaks free and overpowers the guard . They then follow Meg and her captors to a yacht traveling down the River Seine . On board , Meg is delivered to an Arab emir waiting in the master stateroom . After Meg refuses to be his sex slave , The emir reveals he bought her not to be a sex slave but to be his son 's wife . The king introduces his teenage son , the young prince of the kingdom , who calls Meg a " goddess " and asks her to marry him or if she declines he will have her flown back to America on their private jet . Meg agrees to marry him , But Stewie then kills the prince , uses a neuralizer on Meg , and takes her to a French hospital for treatment before taking her home safely . Back at home , the family is happy to see Meg , who admits remembering nothing between the proposal and being in a French hospital . Lois tells Meg that they found Ruth with her tongue cut out . Peter states that he has saved Meg 's mail then reveals that to be a joke as Meg had not received any mail . = = Production and cultural references = = The episode was written by Brian Scully and directed by John Holmquist . Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild served as executive producers , and James Purdum and Domonic Bianchi as supervising directors . Guest stars and recurring actors Omid Abtahi , Bill English , Ralph Garman , Mark Hentemann , Jerry Lambert , Rachael MacFarlane , Natasha Melnick , Kim Parks , Julius Sharpe , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , Fred Tatasciore , John Viener and Lisa Wilhoit made appearances throughout the episode . Some cultural references were included in this episode . The plot of this episode is based on the film Taken . Peter 's phone call to the kidnappers is a reference to the film . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast on May 6 , 2012 on Fox , " Leggo My Meg @-@ O " was watched by 5 @.@ 64 million viewers according to Nielsen ratings , and aired on the same night as MacFarlane 's other show American Dad ! . It gained a 2 @.@ 7 / 7 rating share in the 18 – 49 demographic group , having the same rating as Desperate Housewives , and beating American Dad ! . The ratings decreased from the previous episode , " Mr. and Mrs. Stewie " . The episode received average reviews from critics . Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode B- rating . He said the episode " [ was ] filled with more laughs than [ he ] predicted " . While stating that Meg 's humor comes from the same place each time , he enjoyed the action scenes in the episode . Carter Doston of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 2 @.@ 5 / 5 rating . He noted that the episode leaned on Taken too much , however he enjoyed some funny moments in it . He stated that " the story seriously follows the same arc as the movie , just in 20 minutes . They find the Eastern Europeans who sold her to slavers , go on a car chase to rescue her and enter into a shootout on a boat to rescue her . " He continued , " Of course , there are jokes thrown in , and some humorous deconstructions of action movies and of the movie it parodies . For example , the ' car chase GPS ' scene . "
= Outflow boundary = An outflow boundary , also known as a gust front , is a storm @-@ scale or mesoscale boundary separating thunderstorm @-@ cooled air ( outflow ) from the surrounding air ; similar in effect to a cold front , with passage marked by a wind shift and usually a drop in temperature and a related pressure jump . Outflow boundaries can persist for 24 hours or more after the thunderstorms that generated them dissipate , and can travel hundreds of kilometres ( miles ) from their area of origin . New thunderstorms often develop along outflow boundaries , especially near the point of intersection with another boundary ( cold front , dry line , another outflow boundary , etc . ) . Outflow boundaries can be seen either as fine lines on weather radar imagery or else as arcs of low clouds on weather satellite imagery . From the ground , outflow boundaries can be co @-@ located with the appearance of roll clouds and shelf clouds . Outflow boundaries create low @-@ level wind shear which can be hazardous during aircraft takeoffs and landings . If a thunderstorm runs into an outflow boundary , the low @-@ level wind shear from the boundary can cause thunderstorms to exhibit rotation at the base of the storm , at times causing tornadic activity . Strong versions of these features known as downbursts can be generated in environments of vertical wind shear and mid @-@ level dry air . Microbursts have a diameter of influence less than 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) , while macrobursts occur over a diameter greater than 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) . Wet microbursts occur in atmospheres where the low levels are saturated , while dry microbursts occur in drier atmospheres from high @-@ based thunderstorms . When an outflow boundary moves into a more stable low level environment , such as into a region of cooler air or over regions of cooler water temperatures out at sea , it can lead to the development of an undular bore . = = Definition = = An outflow boundary , also known as a gust front or arc cloud , is the leading edge of gusty , cooler surface winds from thunderstorm downdrafts ; sometimes associated with a shelf cloud or roll cloud . A pressure jump is associated with its passage . Outflow boundaries can persist for over 24 hours and travel hundreds of kilometers ( miles ) from their area of origin . A wrapping gust front is a front that wraps around the mesocyclone , cutting off the inflow of warm moist air and resulting in occlusion . This is sometimes the case during the event of a collapsing storm , in which the wind literally " rips it apart " . = = Origin = = A microburst is a very localized column of sinking air known as a downburst , producing damaging divergent and straight @-@ line winds at the surface that are similar to but distinguishable from tornadoes which generally have convergent damage . The term was defined as affecting an area 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) in diameter or less , distinguishing them as a type of downburst and apart from common wind shear which can encompass greater areas . They are normally associated with individual thunderstorms . Microburst soundings show the presence of mid @-@ level dry air , which enhances evaporative cooling . Organized areas of thunderstorm activity reinforce pre @-@ existing frontal zones , and can outrun cold fronts . This outrunning occurs within the westerlies in a pattern where the upper level jet splits into two streams . The resultant mesoscale convective system ( MCS ) forms at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern in the area of best low level inflow . The convection then moves east and toward the equator into the warm sector , parallel to low @-@ level thickness lines . When the convection is strong and linear or curved , the MCS is called a squall line , with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise which is normally just ahead of its radar signature . This feature is commonly depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses , as they lie within sharp surface troughs . A macroburst , normally associated with squall lines , is a strong downburst larger than 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) . A wet microburst consists of precipitation and an atmosphere saturated in the low @-@ levels . A dry microburst emanates from high @-@ based thunderstorms with virga falling from their base . All types are formed by precipitation @-@ cooled air rushing to the surface . Downbursts can occur over large areas . In the extreme case , a derecho can cover a huge area more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) wide and over 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) long , lasting up to 12 hours or more , and is associated with some of the most intense straight @-@ line winds , but the generative process is somewhat different from that of most downbursts . = = Appearance = = At ground level , shelf clouds and roll clouds can be seen at the leading edge of outflow boundaries . Through satellite imagery , an arc cloud is visible as an arc of low clouds spreading out from a thunderstorm . If the skies are cloudy behind the arc , or if the arc is moving quickly indicate that high wind gusts are likely behind the gust front . Sometimes a gust front can be seen on weather radar , showing as a thin arc or line of weak radar echos pushing out from a collapsing storm . The thin line of weak radar echoes is known as a fine line . Occasionally , winds caused by the gust front are so high in velocity that they also show up on radar . This cool outdraft can then energize other storms which it hits by assisting in updrafts . Gust fronts colliding from two storms can even create new storms . Usually , however , no rain accompanies the shifting winds . An expansion of the rain shaft near ground level , in the general shape of a human foot , is a telltale sign of a downburst . Gustnadoes , short @-@ lived vertical circulations near ground level , can be spawned by outflow boundaries . = = Effects = = Gust fronts create low @-@ level wind shear which can be hazardous to planes when they takeoff or land . Flying insects are swept along by the prevailing winds . As such , fine line patterns within weather radar imagery , associated with converging winds , are dominated by insect returns . At the surface , clouds of dust can be raised by outflow boundaries . If squall lines form over arid regions , a duststorm known as a haboob can result from the high winds picking up dust in their wake from the desert floor . If outflow boundaries move into areas of the atmosphere which are stable in the low levels , such as over colder pockets of ocean or through the cold sector of extratropical cyclones , they can create a phenomenon known as an undular bore , which shows up on satellite and radar imagery as a series of transverse waves in the cloud field oriented perpendicular to the low @-@ level winds .
= Cave Junction , Oregon = Cave Junction , incorporated in 1948 , is a city in Josephine County , Oregon , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 1 @,@ 883 . Its motto is the " Gateway to the Oregon Caves " , and the city got its name by virtue of its location at the junction of Redwood Highway ( U.S. Route 199 ) and Caves Highway ( Oregon Route 46 ) . Cave Junction is located in the Illinois Valley , where , starting in the 1850s , the non @-@ native economy depended on gold mining . After World War II , timber became the main source of income for residents . As timber income has since declined , Cave Junction is attempting to compensate with tourism and as a haven for retirees . Tourists visit the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve , which includes the Oregon Caves Chateau , as well as the Out 'n'About treehouse resort and the Great Cats World Park zoo . = = History = = For thousands of years , the Takelma Indians inhabited the Illinois Valley . Their culture was destroyed when gold was discovered in the early 1850s , causing the subsequent Rogue River Wars . After an 1853 treaty , most of the Takelmas lived on the Table Rock Reservation . In 1856 , after the wars ended , they were moved to the Grand Ronde Reservation and the Siletz Reservation . The first gold in Oregon history was found in the Illinois Valley , as well as the largest gold nugget ( 17 lb or 7 @.@ 7 kg ) . In 1904 , more than 50 years after prospectors had started combing the valley for gold , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old named Ray Briggs discovered what newspapers at the time called " the most wonderful gold discovery ever reported in Oregon history . " While hunting along Sucker Creek , he discovered gold lying on the ground . He staked a claim and called it the " Wounded Buck Mine , " which produced 1 @,@ 777 ounces ( 50 @.@ 4 kg ) of gold . The " mine " was a small vein of gold 12 to 14 inches ( 30 to 36 cm ) wide , 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) long and 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) deep . As gold mining in the Illinois Valley became exhausted in the 1860s and 1870s , the residents diversified into ranching , fishing , logging , tourism and agriculture . In 1874 , Elijah Davidson found a cave while on a hunting trip , and is now credited with discovering the Oregon Caves . In 1884 , Walter C. Burch heard about the cave from Davidson , and staked a squatter 's claim at the mouth of the caves . He and his brothers @-@ in @-@ law charged one dollar for a guided tour . According to their advertisement in the Grants Pass Courier , this included camping , plentiful pasture land and " medicinal " cave waters . They attempted to acquire title to the land , but as the land was unsurveyed , they abandoned the idea a few years later . President William Howard Taft established the 480 @-@ acre ( 190 ha ) Oregon Caves National Monument on July 12 , 1909 , to be administered by the U.S. Forest Service . In 1923 , the Forest Service subcontracted the building of a hotel and guide services to a group of Grants Pass businessmen . By 1926 , the monument had a chalet and seven two @-@ bedroom cabins . Traffic into the caves led to a community developing at the junction of the Redwood Highway and the branch highway to the caves ( now known as Oregon Route 46 ) . Cave Junction , originally known as Cave City , was established in 1926 on land donated by Elwood Hussey . In 1935 , a post office was applied for and was named " Caves City " , however postal authorities disapproved of the name , partly because " City " implied the place was incorporated . Among the other names suggested was " Cave Junction " , which was adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1936 with the post office being renamed the same year . The locality was incorporated as Cave Junction in 1948 , and is the only incorporated area in the Illinois Valley . In 1950 Cave Junction had a population of 283 , which decreased to 248 in 1960 and increased to 415 in 1970 . Its growth was fast in the 1960s , increasing at an average of 6 @.@ 8 percent annually . The city population 's primary growth period occurred in the 1970s , with an average annual increase of 9 @.@ 9 percent . Growth slowed in the 1980s when the population increase averaged only 1 @.@ 7 percent annually . The rate fell further between 1990 and 1998 , averaging 1 @.@ 6 percent , which was less than the state and county averages . = = = Forest fires = = = A number of wildfires have threatened Cave Junction over the years . The Longwood Fire in 1987 , part of the 150 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 61 @,@ 000 ha ) Silver Fire complex , was ignited by lightning strikes following a three @-@ year drought . Numerous residents of Cave Junction evacuated . In 2002 , the Florence and Sour Biscuit fires converged , creating the Biscuit Fire . This fire threatened Cave Junction , Kerby , Selma and a number of Northern California communities . Ultimately , the Biscuit Fire lasted 120 days , burned 499 @,@ 965 acres ( 202 @,@ 329 ha ) in southern Oregon and northern California , and destroyed four homes and nine outbuildings in the Cave Junction area . In 2003 , a wildfire destroyed a home in Cave Junction . In 2004 , a downed power line caused a fire that briefly threatened over 100 homes and forced 200 people to evacuate . One person died , apparently of stress related to the fire . = = Geography = = Cave Junction is located on U.S. Route 199 at its junction with Oregon Route 46 . It is about 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) southwest of Grants Pass , Oregon and 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) northeast of Crescent City , California . The city lies in the Illinois Valley , on the northwest slope of the Siskiyou Range , at an elevation of about 480 metres ( 1 @,@ 570 ft ) above MSL . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1 @.@ 82 square miles ( 4 @.@ 71 km2 ) , of which , 1 @.@ 81 square miles ( 4 @.@ 69 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 01 square miles ( 0 @.@ 03 km2 ) is water . = = = Climate = = = Cave Junction has an average low of 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) in January and high of 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) in July . On average , there are 196 sunny days , and 108 days with precipitation . The city receives an average of 61 inches ( 1 @,@ 500 mm ) of rain each year . According to the Köppen climate classification system , Cave Junction has a warm @-@ summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) . = = Demographics = = = = = 2010 census = = = As of the census of 2010 , there were 1 @,@ 883 people , 815 households , and 469 families residing in the city . The population density was 1 @,@ 040 @.@ 3 inhabitants per square mile ( 401 @.@ 7 / km2 ) . There were 916 housing units at an average density of 506 @.@ 1 per square mile ( 195 @.@ 4 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 90 @.@ 3 % White , 0 @.@ 4 % African American , 2 @.@ 0 % Native American , 1 @.@ 3 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 1 @.@ 9 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8 @.@ 3 % of the population . There were 815 households of which 26 @.@ 9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 38 @.@ 9 % were married couples living together , 13 @.@ 3 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5 @.@ 4 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42 @.@ 5 % were non @-@ families . 34 @.@ 8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15 @.@ 8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 30 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 94 . The median age in the city was 43 years . 23 @.@ 7 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 8 @.@ 8 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 19 @.@ 1 % were from 25 to 44 ; 27 @.@ 4 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 21 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46 @.@ 0 % male and 54 @.@ 0 % female . = = = 2000 census = = = As of the census of 2000 , there were 1 @,@ 363 people , 603 households , and 356 families residing in the city . The population density was 828 @.@ 8 people per square mile ( 320 @.@ 9 / km2 ) . There were 730 housing units at an average density of 443 @.@ 9 per square mile ( 171 @.@ 9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92 @.@ 3 % White , 0 @.@ 3 % African American , 2 @.@ 1 % Native American , 0 @.@ 7 % Asian , 0 @.@ 4 % Pacific Islander , 1 @.@ 2 % other races , and 3 @.@ 2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 @.@ 6 % of the population . There were 603 households out of which 28 @.@ 7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 39 @.@ 8 % were married couples living together , 14 @.@ 3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40 @.@ 8 % were non @-@ families . 33 @.@ 7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 20 @.@ 6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 26 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 87 . In the city , the age population was spread out with 26 @.@ 8 % under the age of 18 , 7 @.@ 7 % from 18 to 24 , 21 @.@ 9 % from 25 to 44 , 21 @.@ 9 % from 45 to 64 , and 21 @.@ 8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 40 years . For every 100 females there were 85 @.@ 7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 79 @.@ 8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $ 17 @,@ 161 , and the median income for a family was $ 22 @,@ 500 . Males had a median income of $ 20 @,@ 893 versus $ 16 @,@ 333 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 10 @,@ 556 . About 23 @.@ 6 % of families and 28 @.@ 7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 35 @.@ 8 % of those under age 18 and 11 @.@ 9 % of those age 65 or over . = = Government and politics = = Residents range from very liberal , to strongly right @-@ wing to survivalists . As of 2002 , the city has 13 employees , with an average wage of $ 35 @,@ 799 , the largest categories of employees are Sewerage and Water Supply , with four employees each . In total , Cave Junction 's monthly employee outlay is $ 35 @,@ 799 , or $ 465 @,@ 384 a year . As of 2007 , Josephine County Sheriff volunteers man a sub station in Cave Junction , and the Sheriff 's Office has plans to begin a pilot program in the City Hall building , staffed by volunteers , that will include three temporary holding cells and the ability to take incident reports . = = Economy = = Starting in the early 1850s , gold mining was the main source of income in the Illinois Valley . As gold mining dwindled in the 1860s and 1870s , the economy diversified into ranching , fishing , logging , tourism and agriculture . In the years after World War II , timber became an increasingly large part of the county 's finances . There were 30 lumber mills operating in the valley after the war , but by the late 1980s the number had dwindled to just one . Because of President Roosevelt 's creation of the Siskiyou National Forest , and the reversion of Oregon and California Railroad lands to federal government control , by 1937 the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management were in charge of 70 % of the land in Josephine county , and a large part of the Illinois Valley . Because this decreased the county 's potential tax base , the government shared money earned from timber sales with the county , and payments in lieu of taxes from the federal government became a large part of its tax base . In 1989 , Josephine County received $ 16 @,@ 756 @,@ 000 in various federal payments ; by 1999 , the payments had fallen to $ 9 @.@ 6 million . Because of these budget cutbacks , Southern Oregon has used tourism as a means of attracting small businesses and retirees . The movement of California retirees in particular has helped the economy grow . Although jobs have been created as a result , they are usually low @-@ paying . Today the principal industries are tourism , timber and agriculture . Since about 1960 , the community has evolved into a center for wine , retirement , tourism , and small businesses . One timber mill remains in Cave Junction , Rough & Ready Lumber Co . , located six miles ( 10 km ) south of town . In November 2007 , Rough & Ready completed a $ 6 million biomass plant to replace their existing wood @-@ fired boiler , as market forces have increased demand for dry timber . The Illinois Valley Community Development Organization ( IVCDO ) , formed in 1974 , has attracted notice for its work directed at improving the Illinois Valley economy . In 2006 , Cave Junction was awarded the Great Strides Award by the Northwest Area Foundation for the IVCDO 's efforts to reduce long @-@ term poverty . In 2004 , the IVCDO began a partnership with the National Park Service that resulted in the assumption of 40 seasonal and year @-@ around jobs managing the Oregon Caves Chateau . The project uses local produce , food products and wine at the Chateau , and the proceeds are directed back into the local community . = = Culture = = Cave Junction has a number of points of interest , including a museum , a zoo , and a resort consisting of treehouses . It also has a number of historic sites , many related to gold mining , as well as an Oregon state park and a national monument and preserve , all located in the greater Cave Junction area . A newspaper and two radio stations also serve this area . = = = Tourism = = = Cave Junction 's main point of interest is the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve , which is a 480 @-@ acre ( 190 ha ) area of hiking trails and caverns . Located at the end of a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) " stomach churning " drive along State Route 46 , there are limestone caves discovered in 1874 by a hunter and his dog . At the caves , there is a 23 @-@ room chateau that was built in 1932 . Each year Cave Junction features an ArtWalk on the second Friday of each month , except during the winter , with the city 's businesses exhibiting various types of art such as pottery , iron art , music and fire dancing . The ArtWalk adds significantly to the Illinois Valley 's positive image and increases tourism and adds to the local economy . According to surveys conducted in 2006 by the Arts Council of Southern Oregon , the city sees a 30 – 50 percent increase in sales and visitors during the event . Attendance is approximately 150 – 200 people , with roughly 15 percent coming from outside the community . Local artists , including students of Lorna Byrne Middle School in 2007 , participate while local businesses , including thrift stores and art galleries , serve as hosts . Located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of Cave Junction , in Takilma , Oregon , is the home of the Out 'n'About Treehouse Treesort , a multi @-@ treehouse resort run by Michael Garnier using Garnier limbs . Garnier developed the Garnier limb , which is a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ inch @-@ thick bolt surrounded by a cuff , both made of Grade 5 steel , and is able to support 8 @,@ 000 lb ( 3 @,@ 600 kg ) . As of 2007 , the treesort has nine treehouses , three with bathrooms . Garnier had to fight local government ordinances for almost ten years before gaining the right to house guests in his nine treehouses . Great Cats World Park is located a few miles south of Cave Junction . As of 2007 , it has 32 cats , of 17 different species , including cougars , leopards , jaguars , lions , Siberian tiger cubs , a fishing cat , and an ocelot . Other attractions include the It 's a Burl handcrafted wood gallery and the Kerbyville Museum , both in Kerby . Cave Junction 's Wild River Brewery serves one of the smallest communities of any Oregon brewery . Founded in 1975 as the Pizza Deli , a microbrewery was added in 1989 . In 1994 , the name Wild River was adopted and a Wild River restaurant and pub was opened in Grants Pass . = = = Wine = = = The Illinois Valley is the coolest and wettest of the three valleys in the Rogue Valley American Viticultural Area . In the late 1960s and early 1970s a new group of Oregonians started experimenting with growing grapes and making wine . Initially this group was not very successful , but 40 years later , Oregon is considered a prestigious growing area . Southern Oregon is higher , and its climate is often warmer , than better known wine producing valleys such as Napa Valley to the south and Willamette Valley and Columbia Valley to the north . The Illinois Valley has dry warm summers and cold nights , which make it well suited for pinot noir , in contrast to the hotter and dryer Rogue and Umpqua valleys . Several vineyards and wineries are located near Cave Junction , including Bridgeview Vineyards , Foris Vineyards Winery , and Bear Creek Winery which are all discussed in Fodor 's 2004 book " Oregon Wine Country . " Cave Junction is the home of Bridgeview Vineyards , one of the largest wineries in Oregon . Bridgeview is noted for its chardonnay , pinot gris and pinot noir . At the 2000 American Wine Awards , Bridgeview 's 1998 Bridgeview Oregon Blue Moon was selected as the best pinot noir under $ 15 . Its 85 @-@ acre ( 34 ha ) estate in the Illinois Valley is planted in the European style of dense 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) row and 4 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) vine spacing . Bridgeview also has an 80 @-@ acre ( 32 ha ) vineyard in the Applegate Valley . Foris Vineyards Winery is also located in the Cave Junction area . Established in 1986 , as of 2007 , they produced 48 @,@ 000 cases of wine , making it the 14th largest bonded winery in Oregon . = = = Historic sites = = = Cave Junction has a number of historic sites related to its early gold mining days , including various mines , ditches , and Logan Cut . The historic Osgood Ditch in Takilma provided water for early mining operations in the Illinois Valley . Although mining in the Illinois Valley started in the rivers , gold was soon discovered in gravel beds high up the slopes above the rivers . It had been deposited by ancient rivers that then eroded deep into the earth . To extract this gold , prospectors created ditches to bring the water to these areas . The water was then moved through piping to the desired location . The pressure the water built up as it dropped was used for hydraulic mining . Water cannons fired water over 100 feet ( 30 m ) , and the debris was run through a sluice box . Gold was located within pockets in the gravel , and because the miners could not predict where the pockets were , almost every gravel deposit in the Illinois Valley was mined . The Illinois Valley 's largest gold rush town , Waldo , Oregon , was located on a gravel deposit and was eventually destroyed when its gravel bed was run through a sluice box , along with most of the town . Today nothing of Waldo remains . The Osgood Ditch provided water for mining operations near Waldo . One building of note in the area is the Oregon Caves Chateau , which is a National Historic Landmark . One of the well known mining communities AltHouse established the AltHouse Church in 1893 about a 1 / 4 mile down on Dick George Road . This church is one of the oldest building in the valley still standing and still in use . Between 1895 – 99 the church was moved down to its present site on Holland Loop Road where it has served the community till this day . It is currently known as Bridgeview Community Church ( since the 1920s ) . A newer building was built in 1986 where services are now being held every Sunday . The original church is currently under restoration and will continue to be as the builders back then said ; " A place for us or children and grandchildren to worship " . Updated status and pictures can be seen at the church 's website at www.kbcc.us = = = Sports and recreation = = = Cave Junction has a golf course and a state park . The Illinois Valley Golf Course has 9 holes , and as of 2007 there are plans for an expansion to 18 holes . The Illinois River Forks State Park is located at the confluence of the east and west forks of the Illinois River . The park includes restrooms , picnic tables , and a variety of rare plants . In 2014 a new disc golf course was built at the Illinois River Forks State Park . There is also a skate park at Jubilee Park in Cave Junction , which was built largely by volunteers and money raised through fundraisers and community involvement . = = = Media = = = Cave Junction has one newspaper and two radio stations . The local paper , the Illinois Valley News , was established in 1937 when Cave Junction was known as Cave City , and as of 2010 has a circulation of 2 @,@ 448 . It is published by Daniel J. Mancuso and edited by Kevan Moore . The first issue was four pages long , and included ads for businesses ranging from Cave City to Medford , Oregon , with the ads priced at one or two dollars . The city 's only licensed radio station is KCNA @-@ FM ( FM 102 @.@ 7 The Drive ) , a Classic Hits station , however KBCC @-@ LP ( FM 107 @.@ 9 ) , a Christian station , was operating until May 2011 . The Cave Junction area had a pirate radio station , Hope Mountain Radio . It broadcast out of Takilma until repeated interference from government agents caused them to shut down . The station then began broadcasting legally on the internet at TakilmaFM.com , although this caused their costs to go up and necessitated fundraising activities . As of January 2007 , Hope Mountain Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day with an all volunteer staff . = = Education = = Cave Junction has three schools : Illinois Valley High School , Lorna Byrne Middle School , and Evergreen Elementary School . These schools are part of the Three Rivers School District , which also encompasses schools from Grants Pass and Applegate , Oregon . Two individuals linked to Illinois Valley High School ( IVHS ) have been inducted into regional halls of fame . In 2004 , Sam Hutchins became a member of the Wild Salmon Hall of Fame for creating the non @-@ profit Oregon Stewardship Program . Begun in 1992 to teach Illinois Valley High School students about wild steelhead in the Illinois River , by 2004 the program had been expanded to 25 schools and 1 @,@ 500 students . In 2007 , IVHS wrestling coach Ursal “ Jay ” Miller was inducted into the Oregon Chapter of The National Wrestling Hall of Fame & Museum . = = Transportation = = The Illinois Valley Airport , also known as the Siskiyou Smokejumper Base , was built by the U.S. Forest Service . It operated from 1943 to 1981 as a smokejumper base , during which time the smokejumpers parachuted on 1445 fires for 5390 fire jumps . As of 2007 , the airport had a fixed @-@ base operator , aircraft rentals and instruction , hangar rentals , and a restaurant . = = Notable people = = Cave Junction has a number of notable residents and past residents . Actor John Wayne was a visitor to a ranch in Selma , Oregon , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of town . He grew fond of the area after filming Rooster Cogburn along the Rogue River . This ranch has since become the Deer Creek Center which houses the Siskiyou Field Institute . Kristy Lee Cook , who was a contestant on American Idol 7 , was also raised in Selma , where she used to live before joining the competition . Arthur B. Robinson is the head of the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine , which is about 7 miles ( 11 km ) from Cave Junction .
= Ten Nights in a Bar Room ( 1910 film ) = Ten Nights in a Bar Room is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . Adapted from the novel Ten Nights in a Bar @-@ Room and What I Saw There by Timothy Shay Arthur , the production focuses on Joe Morgan after he has become a hopeless drunkard . Often Morgan 's young daughter , Mary , comes to beg her father to return home . One day , she appears during a fight between the two men and is fatally struck by a bottle thrown by the saloon @-@ keeper . Before Mary dies she asks her father to promise to swear off alcohol and he accepts . He is reformed and becomes successful , while the saloon @-@ keeper is killed in a fight in an irony of fate . The film was released on November 4 , 1910 and met with mixed reviews . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = The work was an adaptation of Timothy Shay Arthur 's novel Ten Nights in a Bar @-@ Room and What I Saw There . The Moving Picture World synopsis states : " Despite the fact that he is a loving husband and father , Joe Morgan ruins his life by his fondness for drink and finally becomes a seemingly hopeless drunkard . He spends his time and money in the saloon kept by Slade , the man who took away Joe 's mill and largely caused his financial ruin . Slade 's saloon , when he first opened it , was well furnished , the landlord courteous and well groomed , and the customers happy and seemingly unaffected by their surroundings . But as time passed , a change for the worse was noted in everything . Probably this escaped Joe 's notice , for a sharp shot , indeed , was needed to reform him . That shock came . Joe 's only daughter , Mary , was in the habit of going to the saloon and piteously urging her father to come home . She knew that no matter how intoxicated he might be , he would never harm her . But one evening when she appeared her father and Slade had been quarreling , and the saloonkeeper threw a bottle at Morgan , who dodged . The missile struck the child , entering . The blow resulted fatally , but before Mary died , she extracted a promise from her grief @-@ stricken father that he would never drink again , a promise which he ever @-@ afterward kept . In later years Joe became wealthy and respected , and influenced by the thought of his daughter in heaven he kept in the straight and narrow path . The saloon keeper who killed Mary was never punished by the law - but through the irony of fate his taking off was much like that of Joe Morgan 's helpless child . " = = Cast = = Frank H. Crane as Joe Morgan Marie Eline as Little Mary = = Production = = The production was based on Ten Nights in a Bar @-@ Room and What I Saw There by Timothy Shay Arthur . The plot focused on the dangers of alcoholism and the downfall of those taken in by its effects . In the 1850s , sales of the novel were second only to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The production was adapted for the stage in 1858 and while it did not perform well on Broadway , it proved to be a lasting success . Dozens of productions would cross the United States for the next sixty years and the play proved to be a major influence on the Temperance movement , resulting in the passage of temperance laws . It is likely that the writer of the scenario was Lloyd Lonergan . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . Only the roles of Frank H. Crane and Marie Eline are known . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . = = Release and reception = = The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on November 4 , 1910 . The film was released outside of the planned order due to a scheduling conflict . Originally The American and the Queen was planned to be released on this date , but it was instead pushed back to November 11 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , H. Jeanval of The Moving Picture News stated that the costuming and lace curtains on the windows of the home betrayed the supposed poverty of the Morgan family . Walton , also of The Moving Picture News , stated , " This title would be completely misunderstood by the majority of moving picture show attendants . Some sporadic ' reformer ' who does not know the original and who has never seen the film will fill ' space ' on the iniquity of moving pictures founded on this title . If he did see the film it has not the necessary power to grapple with the terrible reality of a too common incident in daily life . " The New York Dramatic Mirror was more picky in its wording and praise , stating : " It was to be supposed that some company would finally present this familiar drama in pictorial form , and a reviewer must feel glad that it is over , for the film doesn 't materially exalt the level of film output . " The review found the acting to be good , but found fault in the shadows of the actors fell towards a lamp instead of away from it . The New York Dramatic Mirror was not a neutral party for reviews and took a shot at the Thanhouser Company by running an article that stated : " The Selig Company announces the production of Ten Nights in a Bar Room will not be confined to one reel , but will be given all the film that it requires for proper production . This departure from the restrictive limit of 1 @,@ 000 feet gives promise that the drama will have adequate treatment . " Bowers states that the paper " was acting the role of a spoiler , for the Selig version was not released until a half year later , in June 1911 , and , except for spite , there was no reason to mention it now . " Thomas S. Hischak , author of American Literature on Stage and Screen : 525 Works and Their Adaptations , claims that the Thanhouser production is the earliest known film adaptation of the novel . This is an error because Lubin would produce an adaptation , 700 feet in length , by October 1903 .
= 1st Army ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) = The 1st Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II . It consisted of one infantry division , one horsed cavalry division , and two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments . It formed part of the 2nd Army Group , and was responsible for the defence of the section of the Yugoslav @-@ Hungarian border between the Danube and the Tisza rivers . The 1st Army was not directly attacked during the first few days after the invasion commenced , but attacks on its flanks resulted in successive orders to withdraw to the lines of the Danube and then the Sava . The Hungarians then crossed the border in the sector for which the 1st Army had been responsible , but the Yugoslavs were already withdrawing and the Hungarians faced almost no resistance . This was followed by the German capture of Belgrade and the rear area units of 1st Army . Remnants of the 1st Army continued to resist along the line of the Sava , within days , tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers had been captured . The Germans closed on Sarajevo , and accepted the unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April , which came into effect at the following day . = = Composition = = The 1st Army was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković , and his chief of staff was Brigadni đeneral Todor Milićević . It was organised and mobilised on a geographic basis from the 1st Army District , which was divided into divisional districts , each of which was subdivided into regimental regions . The 1st Army consisted of : 7th Infantry Division Potiska 3rd Cavalry Division Infantry Detachment Senta ( brigade @-@ strength ) Infantry Detachment Sombor ( brigade @-@ strength ) Its support units included the 56th Army Artillery Regiment , the 1st Anti @-@ Aircraft Battalion , and the 1st Army Anti @-@ Aircraft Company . The 1st Air Reconnaissance Group comprising fifteen Breguet 19s was attached from the Royal Yugoslav Air Force and was based at Ruma just south of Novi Sad . = = Deployment = = The 1st Army was part of the 2nd Army Group , which was responsible for the eastern section of the Yugoslav @-@ Hungarian border , with the 1st Army deployed in the Bačka region between the Danube and the Tisza , and the 2nd Army in the Baranya and Slavonia regions between Slatina and the Danube . On the right flank of the 1st Army was the 6th Army , an independent formation that was responsible for the defence of the Yugoslav Banat region east of the Tisza . The boundary with the 2nd Army ran just east of the Danube to Vukovar , then south towards Bijeljina . The boundary with the 6th Army ran just to the east of the Tisza to the confluence with the Danube , then south across the Sava through Obrenovac . The Yugoslav defence plan saw the 1st Army deployed with one division forward with an infantry detachment on each flank , and a cavalry division held in depth . All of the formations of the 1st Army had only commenced mobilisation . The deployment of the 1st Army from west to east was : Infantry Detachment Sombor around Sombor 7th Infantry Division Potiska centred on Bačka Topola with its forward elements in Subotica Infantry Detachment Senta around Senta 3rd Cavalry Division south of the Danube in the Fruška Gora region between Novi Sad and Sremska Mitrovica The 44th Infantry Division Unska , which was under the direct command of the General Headquarters of the VKJ , was deployed in the 1st Army area to the east of the 3rd Cavalry Division , centred on Stara Pazova on the road between Novi Sad and Belgrade . = = Operations = = = = = 6 – 10 April = = = The 1st Army faced the Hungarian 3rd Army , and during the first few days after the commencement of the invasion , there were exchanges of fire with Hungarian border guards , but the 1st Army faced no direct attacks . Neither the 1st Army or the Hungarians were ready for full @-@ scale fighting , as they were still mobilising and deploying their forces . On 9 April , due to events in other parts of Yugoslavia , the 6th Army on the right flank of the 1st Army was ordered to withdraw south of the Danube and deploy on a line facing east to defend against an attack from the direction of Sofia , Bulgaria . 2nd Army Group also received orders to withdraw south of the line of the Drava and Danube . 1st Army began to withdraw , and on the same day elements were approaching the Danube crossing . The following day , the situation deteriorated significantly when the German XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Yugoslav @-@ Romanian border into the Yugoslav Banat and struck the 6th Army , halting its withdrawal and disrupting its ability to organise a coherent defence behind the Danube . Also on 10 April , the main thrust of the XLVI Motorised Corps of the 2nd Army , consisting of the 8th Panzer Division leading the 16th Motorised Infantry Division crossed the Drava at Barcs in the 4th Army sector . The 8th Panzer Division turned southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers , and meeting almost no resistance and with strong air support , had reached Slatina by evening , despite poor roads and bad weather . Later that day , as the situation was becoming increasingly desperate throughout the country , Dušan Simović , who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff , broadcast the following message : All troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal . Don 't wait for direct orders from above , but act on your own and be guided by your judgement , initiative , and conscience . The bulk of the 1st Army were able to cross the Danube and began to prepare defences . By the evening of 10 April , the 1st Army was ordered to withdraw from this line and form a defensive line behind the Sava from Debrc to the confluence with the Vrbas river , for which one or two days would be needed . On the night of 10 / 11 April , the whole 2nd Army Group continued its withdrawal , but units of the 2nd Army on the left flank of the 1st Army that included significant numbers of Croats began to dissolve due to the fifth column activities of the fascist Ustaše and their sympathisers . = = = 11 – 12 April = = = At dawn on 11 April , Hungarian forces , consisting with the Mobile , IV and V Corps of Altábornagy ( Lieutenant General ) Elemér Gorondy @-@ Novák 's 3rd Army , crossed the Yugoslav border north of Osijek and near Subotica , overcame Yugoslav border guards and advanced on Subotica and Palić . The XLVI Motorised Corps continued to push east south of the Drava , with the 8th Panzer Division capturing Našice , Osijek on the Drava , and Vukovar on the Danube , followed by the 16th Motorised Infantry Division which advanced east of Našice , despite bridge demolitions and poor roads . The 8th Panzer Division had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group by 11 April . On the same day , Messerschmitt Bf 110 's of I Group of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing ( German : Zerstörergeschwader 26 , ZG 26 ) destroyed several 1st Air Reconnaissance Group Breguet 19s at Ruma . The rest were flown to Bijeljina , but were destroyed the following day when I / ZG 26 swept over the airfield in one of the most effective attacks of the campaign . On the night of 11 / 12 April , the 8th Panzer Division captured Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava at 02 : 30 , destroyed a bridge over the Danube at Bogojevo , and advanced on Lazarevac about 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) south of Belgrade . These advances delayed the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group south of the Sava . By 12 April , the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group was being threatened from the left flank , with 2nd Army having " no combat importance at all " . On the right flank , 6th Army attempted to regroup while being pressed by the 11th Panzer Division as it drove towards Belgrade . West of Belgrade , remnants of the 2nd Army Group tried to establish a line along the Sava , but XLVI Motorised Corps had already captured the bridges . When elements of the 8th Panzer Division captured Zemun without a fight , they captured 1st Army 's rear area units . On 12 April , the 1st Army 's 3rd Cavalry Division counter @-@ attacked at Šabac and pushed the Germans back across the Sava . The Hungarians pursued the 1st Army south , and occupied the area between the Danube and the Tisza meeting virtually no resistance . Serb Chetnik irregulars fought isolated engagements , and the Hungarian General Staff considered irregular resistance forces to be their only significant opposition . The Hungarian 1st Parachute Battalion captured canal bridges at Vrbas and Srbobran . This , the first airborne operation in Hungarian history , was not without incident . The battalion 's aircraft consisted of five Italian @-@ made Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.75 transport aircraft formerly with the civilian airline MALERT , but pressed into service with the Royal Hungarian Air Force ( Hungarian : Magyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő , MKHL ) at the start of the European war . Shortly after takeoff from the airport at Veszprém @-@ Jutas on the afternoon of 12 April , the command plane , code E @-@ 101 , crashed with the loss of 20 or 23 lives , including 19 paratroopers . This was the heaviest single loss suffered by the Hungarians during the Yugoslav campaign . Meanwhile , Sombor was captured against determined Chetnik resistance , and Subotica was also captured . On the evening of 12 April , elements of the SS Motorised Infantry Division Reich , under command of XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Danube in pneumatic boats and captured Belgrade without resistance . About the same time , most of the elements of XLVI Motorised Corps that were approaching Belgrade from the west were redirected away from the capital . Elements of the 8th Panzer Division did continue their thrust to capture the Sava bridges to the west of Belgrade , and entered the city during the night . The rest of the 8th Panzer Division turned southeast and drove towards Valjevo to link up with the left flank of the First Panzer Group southwest of Belgrade . The 16th Motorised Infantry Division was redirected south across the Sava , and advanced toward Zvornik . = = Fate = = On 13 April , the Hungarians occupied Baranja without resistance , and pushed south through Bačka to reach the line of Novi Sad and the Great Bačka Canal . Early on 14 April , the remnants of 2nd Army Group , including the 1st Army , continued to fight against the 8th Panzer Division and 16th Motorised Infantry Division along the Sava . On 14 and 15 April , tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers were taken prisoner by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country , including 30 @,@ 000 around Zvornik and 6 @,@ 000 around Doboj . On 15 April , the 8th and 14th Panzer Divisions entered Sarajevo . After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document , the Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April . = = = Books = = = = = = Journals and papers = = = = = = Web = = =
= Kidung Abadi = " Kidung Abadi " ( Indonesian for " Eternal Ballad " ) is a song written by father and daughter team Erwin and Gita Gutawa for the Kidung Abadi Chrisye concert ; the concert was held on 5 April 2012 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of Chrisye 's death . The song was created over a period of three months by splicing syllables from previously recorded vocals by Chrisye . At the concert , spliced black @-@ and @-@ white footage of Chrisye was shown lip synching to the song while Erwin 's orchestra performed the music . The song was well received : the audience gave it a rowdy ovation , while critics praised its lyrics and described it as one of the best parts of the concert . = = Background = = Chrisye had a forty @-@ year career in Indonesia 's music industry , starting as a bassist with Sabda Nada before his first stint as a vocalist on the indie album Guruh Gipsy ( 1976 ) . After the success of the song " Lilin @-@ Lilin Kecil " ( " Small Candles " ; 1977 ) and album Badai Pasti Berlalu ( The Storm Shall Surely Pass ; 1977 ) , he began a solo career with Musica Studios . Before his death of lung cancer on 30 March 2007 , he released nineteen albums with Musica . In 2011 Rolling Stone Indonesia listed Chrisye as the third @-@ greatest Indonesian musician of all time . Towards the fifth anniversary of Chrisye 's death , Chrisye 's widow Yanti Noor , director Jay Subiyakto , and composer Erwin Gutawa began collaborating for a concert ; the concert was announced on 29 February 2012 and marketed as Chrisye 's fourth concert . It was held on 5 April 2012 at Plenary Hall in the Jakarta Convention Centre and featured a hologram of Chrisye singing with Once Mekel , Vina Panduwinata , Sophia Latjuba , and the band Gigi . Another feature of the concert was " Kidung Abadi " ( " Eternal Ballad " ) . = = Composition and performance = = The song was composed by Erwin Gutawa , who had previously collaborated with Chrisye on five albums . In an interview with The Jakarta Post , he said that he felt guilty as he had never written anything for Chrisye in the time they had worked together ; he had intended to make a new song with Chrisye 's voice since soon after the latter 's death . The lyrics were written by Gutawa 's daughter , Gita , who was asked by her father to write as if Chrisye were singing about having died , but his songs living on . Gita , who also sang at the concert , felt she owed something to Chrisye as her first stage performance was at his 2003 Dekade concert . To record the vocals , the elder Gutawa and a ten @-@ member team of researchers compiled thousands of syllables from Chrisye 's older songs , obtained from the masters , in a database . Some syllables were kept unaltered , while others were amalgamated to form a single sound or more than one ; according to Kompas , the " ku " syllables in " Kidung Abadi " were an amalgamation of 1 @,@ 056 " ku " syllables in Chrisye 's previous songs . Ultimately , a total of 246 syllables were combined in Pro Tools to form the new song ; the program was also used to change the pitch of numerous syllables . Gutawa inserted pauses where he assumed Chrisye would have paused if singing the song in real life ; he based his choices on his previous experience with Chrisye . The entire process , from writing to recording , took three months . The song was initially performed at the Kidung Abadi concert on as the penultimate song . It was overlaid on a black @-@ and @-@ white video of Chrisye singing projected on an 8 @-@ by @-@ 4 @-@ metre ( 26 by 13 ft ) screen . The video was created by Jay Subiyakto , who spliced together archived footage of Chrisye performing . Chrisye 's lips were synchronised to move in time with the vocals . Subiyakto stated that he did not base the work on foreign shows , choosing instead to start from scratch . The music was provided by a live orchestra . = = Reception = = Eko Sutriyanto , writing for Tribun , called the song one of the best parts of the concert , although he considered the synchronisation off . Frans Sartono wrote in Kompas that the song was " touching " , quoting the lyrics " See the times pass , I 'm here and you 're there .... Though now I 'm far from you , I 'll keep singing . Hear my melody flow ; this is for you " as reflecting Chrisye 's unique style . The thousands @-@ strong crowd gave the song a rowdy ovation after the performance .
= HMS Concorde ( 1783 ) = Concorde was a 32 @-@ gun frigate of the French Navy , lead ship of her class . Built in Rochefort in 1777 , she entered service with the French early in the American War of Independence , and was soon in action , capturing HMS Minerva in the West Indies . She survived almost until the end of the war , but was captured by HMS Magnificent in 1783 . Not immediately brought into service due to the draw @-@ down in the navy after the end of the war , she underwent repairs and returned to active service under the White Ensign with the outbreak of war with France in 1793 as the fifth @-@ rate HMS Concorde . Initially part of squadrons cruising off the French coast , she played an important part in the Action of 23 April 1794 , capturing the French frigate Engageante , and at a later engagement , where she helped to capture the French frigate Virginie . From 1797 until the early 19th century she had especial success against privateers , capturing a large number in the West Indies and in the Atlantic . She had a narrow escape from a superior French force in 1801 , but was able to batter her pursuer , the 40 @-@ gun Bravoure into submission . She was prevented from capturing her by the arrival of French reinforcements . Her last years were spent on a variety of stations , including at the Cape of Good Hope and the East Indies . Laid up in 1807 , she was sold for breaking up in 1811 . = = Construction and French career = = Concorde was one of a three @-@ ship class of Concorde @-@ class frigates built for the French Navy to a design by Henri Chevillard . She was built at Rochefort between April 1777 and January 1778 , being launched on 3 September 1777 . She went out to the West Indies after the French entry to the American War of Independence , and reached Martinique on 17 August 1778 . On 28 August 1778 she came up on the 32 @-@ gun HMS Minerva , under Captain John Stott , and after two and a half hours of fighting , captured her . Minerva was towed to Cap Français on Saint @-@ Domingue , where she was joined shortly afterwards by the captured HMS Active , which a hurricane had dismasted in late August and which the French frigates Charmante and Dédaigneuse had captured on 1 September . In 1781 Concorde was responsible for vital transfers of personnel , funds , and communications that contributed to the allied success at Yorktown . In March 1781 she carried despatches to George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau from France . These despatches included a request from the comte de Grasse , commander of the West Indies fleet , for information on planned allied operations and the delivery of pilots familiar with the American coast . She also carried 6 million livres to support the war effort , and the new commander of the French naval squadron at Newport , Rhode Island , the comte de Barras . Following a conference of allied leaders in May , Concorde was sent to Cap @-@ Français with despatches for de Grasse and the requested pilots . When de Grasse received these despatches , he made the critical decision to sail his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay to assist in land operations against British forces operating under the command of Charles Cornwallis in Virginia . Concorde carried de Grasse 's letters for Washington , Rochambeau , and de Barras back to Newport ; arrival of this news set in motion Washington 's march to Virginia and the eventual entrapment of Cornwallis at Yorktown . On 7 January 1783 , Concorde was in company with Nymphe . They sighted HMS Raven , which initially sailed towards them until she realized that they were not British frigates . An all @-@ day chase ensued until about 9p.m. when one of the frigates got within pistol @-@ shot and fired a broadside that took away Raven 's main topgallant @-@ mast . The chase continued until about 10 : 30p.m. when one of the frigates was again in range , with the other coming up rapidly . At this point , Raven , which was under the command of Commander John Wells , struck . The French Navy took Raven into service under the name Cérès , which she had born when under French colours between 1778 and 1782 . = = = Capture = = = On 15 February the 74 @-@ gun HMS Magnificent , under Captain Robert Linzee , sighted Concorde . Magnificent had sailed from Gros Islet Bay on 12 February on a cruise in company with the 64 @-@ gun ships HMS Prudent and HMS St Albans , and on sighting the strange sail , Magnificent gave chase . She was close enough to identify the mysterious ship as a frigate by 18 : 00 , and by 20 : 00 as darkness fell Concorde opened fire on her pursuer with her stern guns . Magnificent overhauled the French ship by 21 : 15 , and after fifteen minutes forced her to strike her colours . Magnificent took possession of Concorde , the latter being described as carrying 36 guns and 300 men , and being under the command of M. le Chevalier du Clesmaur . Shortly after surrendering the Concorde 's maintopsail caught fire , forcing the crew to cut away the mainmast to extinguish it . Prudent and St Albans came up two hours later and Magnificent towed Concorde to St. John 's , Antigua . = = Interwar years = = Concorde was bought into the navy and commissioned in the West Indies for a return to Britain later in the year , though her commander for this voyage is unknown . She arrived in Britain and was paid off in September at Chatham . With the end of the American War of Independence and the draw @-@ down in the navy , Concorde was not brought into immediate service but remained laid up at Chatham until November 1790 , when a great repair was begun by Wilson , of Frindsbury . The work , which cost a total of £ 18 @,@ 259 , was completed by April 1793 , by which time the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out . She was fitted for service at Chatham between April and May 1793 , at a cost of £ 6 @,@ 600 , and was commissioned in April under Captain Thomas Wells . = = Cruising the French coast = = In 1794 she passed to Captain Sir Richard Strachan , and joined Commodore John Borlase Warren 's squadron off the French coast . The squadron consisted of Concorde , Warren 's 36 @-@ gun HMS Flora , the 38 @-@ gun HMS Arethusa under Captain Sir Edward Pellew , and the 36 @-@ gun frigates HMS Melampus , under Captain Thomas Wells , and HMS Nymphe , under Captain George Murray . = = = Concorde and Engageante = = = While sailing off the Channel Islands on 23 April the British squadron came across a French squadron under Commodore Desgareaux consisting of the 36 @-@ gun Engageante , the 44 @-@ gun Pomone , the 36 @-@ gun Résolue and the 24 @-@ gun Babet . Warren chased and engaged them , leading the attack in Flora . When the Flora was badly damaged from the combined fire from the French ships , the remaining British ships came up in support , and forced the rear @-@ most French ships , Babet and Pomone , to surrender . Melampus , Nymphe and Concorde gave chase to the fleeing Résolue and Engageante . Strachan in Concorde attempted to damage the rearmost of the French ships , Engageante , before pushing on to chase Résolue , but the Résolue dropped back to support the Engageante , damaging Concorde 's sails and rigging . With Nymphe and Melampus still too far astern , and unable to catch Résolue himself , Strachan engaged Engageante and after 105 minutes of fighting , forced her to surrender , while Résolue made her escape . The Concorde lost one man killed and 12 wounded in the fighting . = = = Concorde and Virginie = = = Concorde was then assigned to Rear @-@ Admiral George Montagu 's squadron in May 1794 , and took part in the manoeuvres during the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 . Strachan left Concorde in July 1794 to take command of HMS Melampus , and in August Captain Anthony Hunt took over command of Concorde . Concorde was part of John Warren 's squadron off Quiberon between June and July 1795 , supporting the Quiberon Expedition , after which she joined Sir Edward Pellew 's squadron . On 20 April 1796 Pellew 's squadron , then consisting of Concorde , Pellew 's 38 @-@ gun HMS Indefatigable and the 36 @-@ gun HMS Amazon under Captain Robert Carthew Reynolds , spotted and chased a mysterious sail . After chasing her for 15 hours over 168 miles they caught up with her , with Indefatigable leading the attack . Both ships exchanged fire , considerably damaging each other , upon which Concorde came up under her stern and forced her to surrender . She was discovered to be the 40 @-@ gun Virginie , under Captain Jacques Bergeret . The captured French ship was towed to port and taken into the navy . = = Later years = = Command of Concorde passed from Hunt to Captain Richard Bagot in November 1796 , and he in turn was succeeded by Captain Batholomew Roberts in June 1797 . Concorde captured the 4 @-@ gun privateer Poisson Volant off Cape Finisterre on 24 July 1797 . She was bound from Bordeaux to Guadeloupe carrying wines and merchandise , after which she intended to cruise as a privateer in the West Indies . Concorde was later commanded by Captain Robert Barton , who took a number of privateers in a series of cruises in the West Indies in 1798 , capturing the 16 @-@ gun Caye du Pont off St Bartholomew on 3 January , the 8 @-@ gun Proserpine off Montserrat on 8 January , the 8 @-@ gun Hardi off Barbuda on 11 February , the 2 @-@ gun Hazard off Montserrat on 13 February and the 2 @-@ gun Rosière off Montserrat on 1 April . In an action with HMS Lapwing on 8 and 9 September she captured four privateers , the 8 @-@ gun Buonaparte , 10 @-@ gun Amazone , 4 @-@ gun Sauveur and 2 @-@ gun Fortune . Concorde 's success against privateers continued with the capture of the 18 @-@ gun Prudente on 14 February 1799 and the 6 @-@ gun San Josef off Oporto in December 1800 and the 1 @-@ gun San Miguel el Volante on 1 December 1800 . Concorde had a narrow escape from a French squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume , which had sailed from Brest on 23 January 1801 . The French sighted Concorde off Cape Finisterre on 27 January , and the 40 @-@ gun Bravoure was sent to chase her down . Concorde cast off a Swedish ship she was towing and drew the French frigate away from the main body of the fleet . Barton then turned and engaged her for forty minutes , silencing her guns . By now the main French fleet was fast approaching , and with his sails and rigging damaged , Barton did not attempt to take possession of Bravoure and instead made for a British port to report the encounter . Concorde had four men killed and 19 wounded in the engagement , while Bravoure had 10 killed and 24 wounded . Captain John Wood succeeded Barton in 1802 , and the following year Concorde went out to the Cape of Good Hope . On 7 November 1804 , she captured the 24 @-@ gun privateer Fortune , under François @-@ Thomas Le Même , after a ten @-@ hour running battle . In the battle Fortune lost two men killed and had four wounded ; Concorde had no casualties . Fortune also suffered extensive damage to her rigging . A few days earlier at Qais Island Fortune had captured and scuttled Fly , a 14 @-@ gun brig belonging to the Bombay Marine of the British East India Company . Captain Wood received his prisoners " with distinction " and Concorde returned to Bombay . Fortune , reduced to a poor condition , limped in several days later . Concorde was under Captain John Cramer , probably from February 1806 . She was still in the East Indies in 1807 , where in July she captured the 2 @-@ gun privateer Vigilant . = = Fate = = Concorde returned to England and was paid off in September 1807 . She spent several years laid up in Ordinary . The Navy sold her at Deptford on 21 February 1811 .
= Freedom of Worship ( painting ) = Freedom of Worship or Freedom to Worship is the second of the Four Freedoms oil paintings produced by the American artist Norman Rockwell . The series was based on the goals known as the Four Freedoms enunciated by the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , in his State of the Union Address delivered on January 6 , 1941 . Rockwell considered this painting and Freedom of Speech the most successful of the series . Freedom of Worship was published in the February 27 , 1943 , issue of The Saturday Evening Post alongside an essay by philosopher Will Durant . = = Background = = Freedom of Worship is the second of a series of four oil paintings by Norman Rockwell entitled Four Freedoms . The works were inspired by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's State of the Union Address delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6 , 1941 , known as Four Freedoms . Of the Four Freedoms , the only two described in the United States Constitution are freedom of speech and freedom of religion . The Four Freedoms ' theme was later incorporated into the Allies ' World War II policy statement , the Atlantic Charter , and became part of the charter of the United Nations . The series of paintings ran on four consecutive weeks in The Saturday Evening Post , accompanied by essays from noted writers : Freedom of Speech ( February 20 ) , Freedom of Worship ( February 27 ) , Freedom from Want ( March 6 ) and Freedom from Fear ( March 13 ) . For the essay accompanying Freedom of Worship , Post editor Ben Hibbs chose Durant , who was a best @-@ selling author at the peak of his fame . At the time , Durant was in the midst of working on his ten @-@ volume The Story of Civilization , coauthored with his wife , Ariel Durant . Will Durant also lectured on history and philosophy . Eventually , the series of paintings became widely distributed in poster form and became instrumental in the U.S. Government War Bond Drive . = = Description = = The painting shows the profiles of eight heads in a modest space . The various figures represent people of different faiths in a moment of prayer . Particularly , three figures on the bottom row ( right to left ) : a man with his head covered carrying a religious book who is Jewish , an older woman who is Protestant , and a younger woman with a well @-@ lit face holding rosary beads who is Catholic . In 1966 , Rockwell used Freedom of Worship to show his admiration for John F. Kennedy in a Look story illustration entitled JFK 's Bold Legacy . The work depicts Kennedy in profile in a composition similar to Freedom of Worship along with Peace Corps volunteers . = = Production = = The original version of the painting was set in a barbershop with patrons of a variety of religions and races all waiting their turn in the barber 's chair . His first workup was a 41 @-@ by @-@ 33 @-@ inch ( 104 cm × 84 cm ) oil on canvas depicting tolerance as " the basis for a democracy 's religious diversity " . It included a Jew being served by a Protestant barber as a black man and a Roman Catholic priest awaited the barber 's services . The problem was painting easily recognizable depictions of different religions and races because there was little agreement on what a person of a certain religion should look like . However , as he attempted to clarify the characters ' depictions he found himself resorting to offensive overexaggeration , especially of the non @-@ clerical characters . Making a Jewish man appear stereotypically Semitic , making a white customer preppy and relegating the black man to agrarian workman attire bogged down the work without speaking on behalf of the government as it should . Rockwell 's intended theme was religious tolerance , but he felt the original composition did not successfully make this point . In June 1942 , Post editor Ben Hibbs became supportive of Rockwell 's Four Freedoms sketches , and gave Rockwell two months to complete the works . By October , the Post was worried about Rockwell 's progress on the Four Freedoms and sent their art editor to Arlington to evaluate . At that time Rockwell was working on Freedom of Worship , his second painting in the series . Rockwell spent two months ( October and most of November 1942 ) on this work , that was inspired by the phrase " Each according to the dictates of his own conscience . " His Arlington , Vermont , neighbors served as his models : Three months pregnant with her hair upbraided , Rose Hoyt posed as a Catholic with a rosary , even though she was actually Protestant of the Episcopal Church . Other models were a Mrs. Harrington , Rockwell 's carpenter Walter Squires , Squire 's wife Clara Squires ( at the right @-@ hand edge ) , Winfield Secoy , and Jim Martin ( center ) . His final version relied on other visual clues , including a rosary and a religious book . The work had dark @-@ skinned black worshipers juxtaposed on the edges . This placement did not rock the boat with The Post who had not yet featured blacks prominently on its pages . Rockwell said he made these ethnics palatable by " ' furtively ' painting the face of the black woman at the top ; the man at the bottom , with his fez , was too obviously foreign to offend . " The image is commonly enhanced and often darkened in reproduction because it uses a color combination of soft greys , beiges and browns . The paint was applied thinly , which allows the weave of the canvas to contribute to the image . Rockwell has stated that he feels hands are second only to heads in importance to the expression of a story . He stated with regards to Freedom of Worship , " I depended on the hands alone to convey about half of the message I wish to put over . " Rockwell 's extensive effort on this work was due to his belief that religion " is an extremely delicate subject . It is so easy to hurt so many people 's feelings . " = = Critical review = = Post editor Ben Hibbs said of Speech and Worship , " To me they are great human documents in the form of paint and canvas . A great picture , I think is one which moves and inspires millions of people . The Four Freedoms did — and do . " Walt Disney wrote , " I thought your Four Freedoms were great . I especially loved the Freedom of Worship and the composition and symbolism expressed in it . " Rockwell believed that Freedom of Worship and Freedom of Speech were his better results in the series . Laura Claridge has written that the inspirational phrase " Each according to the dictates of his own conscience " is a " platitude that suggests the plurality of Rockwell 's own thoughts on religion : its likely source was a phrase included in the Thirteen Articles of Faith by Joseph Smith . " In fact , Rockwell repeatedly asked colleagues about possible sources of the quote and was not told about Smith 's writing until after the series was published . The expression " according to the dictates of his conscience " ( or a similar variation ) was used in many United States state constitutions in the eighteenth century . Critical review of the painting shows that some practitioners of particular faiths are disappointed by the acceptance of all faiths expressed in Freedom of Religion . Claridge feels that the tight amalgam of faces ... and even the crepey skin on elderly hands , which have become the objects of worship , push the theme over the edge from idealistic tolerance into gooey sentiment , where human differences seem caught up in a magical moment of dispensation from the Light . The restraint demanded by art that deals with heightened emotion is lacking . Claridge stated that the earlier version was " clean , impressively sparse , in counterpoise to a dense narrative content . Beautifully painted even at the preliminary oil sketch stage . " Murray and McCabe note that the work is a divergence from the " storytelling style " that Rockwell is known for . Deborah Solomon considers the painting the least satisfactory of the series as she feels it is congested and somewhat " didactic " . Maureen Hart Hennessey , chief curator of the Norman Rockwell Museum , and curator Anne Knutson consider the scale of the picture that only shows heads and hands in prayer as disruptive . Bruce Cole of The Wall Street Journal noted that Rockwell 's " depiction of spectral close @-@ up faces and hands raised in prayer is bland , without any real message about religious freedom — again , no wallop . This is because faith , like the absence of fear and the absence of want , is essentially private , something personal , intangible and unpicturable . "
= Lawrence Hill railway station = Lawrence Hill railway station is on the Severn Beach Line and Cross Country Route , serving the inner @-@ city districts of Easton and Lawrence Hill in Bristol , England . It is 1 @.@ 0 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads . Its three letter station code is LWH . As of 2015 , the station has two platforms , two running lines and minimal facilities . It is managed by Great Western Railway , the seventh company to be responsible for the station and the third franchise since privatisation in 1997 . They provide all train services at the station , the standard service being a train every 40 minutes along the Severn Beach Line , an hourly service to Bristol Parkway and another hourly service to Westbury . The station was opened in 1863 by the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway , with a single track and platform . The line was doubled in 1874 when the Clifton Extension Railway opened , then expanded to four tracks and platforms in 1891 . There were buildings on all platforms and a goods yard to the west . Service levels reduced significantly over the second half of the twentieth century . The goods facilities were closed in 1965 , staff were withdrawn in 1967 and the eastern two platforms were taken out of service by 1974 . The line is due to be electrified as part of the 21st @-@ century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line , which will also see the addition of two new running lines to increase capacity . Service frequency will be improved as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme . = = Description = = Lawrence Hill railway station serves the Lawrence Hill and Easton areas of Bristol . The surrounding area is primarily residential , with the City Academy school to the east and a First Bristol bus depot to the north @-@ west . A supermarket and industrial estate occupy the old goods yard directly west of the station . The station is on the Cross Country Route between Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway , and on the Severn Beach Line from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach , 1 mile 4 chains ( 1 @.@ 7 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads . The next station north is Stapleton Road , the next station south is Bristol Temple Meads . The station is on an alignment of 012 degrees , curving towards the east . There are two sets of tracks through the station , and two platforms : the western platform , platform 1 , serves northbound trains ; the eastern platform , platform 2 , serves southbound trains . Platform 1 is 228 metres ( 249 yd ) long , platform 2 is 234 metres ( 256 yd ) long , however both have the northern ends of the platform fenced off , giving operational platform lengths of 116 metres ( 127 yd ) and 114 metres ( 125 yd ) respectively . Platform 2 was part of an " island " platform which , along with a further platform to the east , served the northbound " up fast " southbound " down fast " lines . These platforms were removed around 1970 , the fast lines were removed in 1984 . Directly to the south of the station , the A420 Church Road crosses the railway on a bridge . The main access to the station is using steps from Church Road , however the northbound platform can be accessed step @-@ free from the adjacent supermarket car park . There is no step @-@ free access to the southbound platform . To the north is a bridge carrying the Bristol and Bath Railway Path , a cycle path built on the trackbed of the Midland Railway Bristol to Gloucester line . Just north of this bridge is Lawrence Hill Junction , where a goods line diverges to the west , serving a waste terminal . To the south there are crossover points , and the line widens to four tracks . As of 2013 facilities at the station are minimal . The station is unstaffed and there are no facilities for buying tickets . There are metal and glass shelters and seating on each of the two platforms , as well as customer help points which give next train information and allow the user to contact a helpdesk . The station is covered by CCTV . There is no car park or taxi rank , but there are 12 bicycle stands on the platform . The nearest bus stop is directly outside the station on the A420 Church Road . The line through Lawrence Hill has a speed limit of 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) northbound and 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) southbound . The loading gauge is W8 , and the line handles over 15 million train tonnes per year . It is not electrified , though it is planned that it will be electrified by 2017 as part of the 21st @-@ century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line . = = Services = = Services at Lawrence Hill are all operated by Great Western Railway . As of the December 2013 timetable , Monday to Friday , three trains every two hours run along the Severn Beach Line from Bristol Temple Meads to Avonmouth via Clifton Down , with one extended to St Andrew 's Road and Severn Beach . Most services start at Bristol , but one evening service to Avonmouth begins at Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . On Saturdays only two trains per hour each direction call . Sunday sees an hourly service to and from Bristol , with only two services extending to Severn Beach , except during the May – September timetable period when all services are extended . The first and last Sunday trains towards Bristol are extended to Taunton via Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , and there are similar workings in the other direction . In 2012 , the single fare to Clifton Down or Bristol was £ 1 @.@ 50 , and £ 3 return for the whole line . Southbound services from Great Malvern and Gloucester to Westbury and Weymouth call at Lawrence Hill , with one train per hour . Hourly northbound services from Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare to Bristol Parkway also call , as do some peak northbound services from Taunton to Cardiff Central and two late night southbound services from Cardiff to Bristol . All trains northbound call at Stapleton Road , and all trains southbound call at Bristol Temple Meads , although this requires Gloucester @-@ Westbury trains to reverse . CrossCountry trains pass Lawrence Hill non @-@ stop throughout the day , operating two trains per hour each direction between the South West , Bristol , Manchester and Scotland . Many Great Western Railway services also pass through non @-@ stop , including the hourly Cardiff @-@ Taunton service , southbound Bristol Parkway to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare services and northbound Westbury to Gloucester services . Services from Lawrence Hill are operated using a mix of Class 150 Sprinter , Class 153 Super Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter diesel multiple units . Until 2012 , Class 143 Pacer units were a regular sight , but these have mostly been moved south to work in Devon and Cornwall following a cascade of Class 150 / 1 units from London Midland and London Overground . As of the December 2013 timetable , the standard journey time to Bristol Temple Meads is 7 minutes , to Bristol Parkway 15 minutes , and to Avonmouth 25 minutes . = = History = = Lawrence Hill opened on 8 September 1863 when services began on the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway ( BSWUR ) , which ran from Bristol Temple Meads to New Passage Pier , north of the city on the banks of the River Severn . At New Passage , passengers were transferred to a ferry to cross the Severn to continue on in to Wales . In 1874 , the Clifton Extension Railway opened , connecting the Bristol Port Railway and Pier to the Great Western Railway at Narroways Hill Junction , north of Stapleton Road . To cope with the expected increase in traffic , the line was doubled , and a second platform was added to the east of the two tracks . Two more tracks were added in 1891 , giving a layout of two sets of two tracks , with platforms on the outside and on an island in the middle . Trains to and from Clifton Down and Avonmouth used the western platforms while trains to and from South Wales used the eastern platforms . There were buildings on all the platforms , which were linked by a large covered footbridge . There was a goods yard to the west of the station and a signal box on the central platform . In 1886 , the daily Great Western service along the Clifton Extension Railway was 6 trains each way between Avonmouth and Temple Meads , 24 trains from Clifton Down to Temple Meads and 26 the other direction . By 1910 there were 17 services daily from Avonmouth to Temple Meads and 15 the other way , a further 20 trains each day operating between Clifton Down and Temple Meads . From 1924 , many trains to Avonmouth were extended to Severn Beach , a growing seaside resort , and some on to Pilning , then back to Temple Meads via Patchway . Circular trips via Henbury were also common . The station was also used by excursion trains , and by trains of evacuees during the Second World War . By 1947 , just before the start of the British Rail era , there were 33 daily services each direction between Avonmouth and Temple Meads , and 18 on Sundays . Many trains would pass through Lawrence Hill non @-@ stop - in 1930 , 350 trains would pass the station each day , of which roughly 40 % would stop . When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , Lawrence Hill came under the control of the Western Region of British Railways , which oversaw a gradual decline of services at Lawrence Hill . Passenger numbers along the Clifton Extension Railway , now known as the Severn Beach Line , also dropped , and in 1963 the Beeching report suggested that all services along the line be withdrawn . In the end , services continued to Severn Beach but were discontinued via Henbury and Pilning . Staff were withdrawn from the station from 17 July 1967 as a cost @-@ saving measure . The footbridge was demolished by 1970 , forcing passengers to change platform via the steps to Church Road at the south end of the station . Most of the station buildings were demolished in August 1970 , but there were still some on the westernmost platform in 1979 . By 1974 the platforms serving the eastern tracks had been removed , with the tracks themselves removed in 1984 . Plans to use the disused trackbed as part of a light rail scheme linking the city centre to the northern suburbs were formed in the late 1990s , with the aim of an operational scheme by 2008 , but the plans had been shelved by 2004 . It was suggested in 2008 that the trackbed could be used as a cycle path to join together communities which had been separated by the construction of the M32 motorway , however this was dropped due to Network Rail asserting that the trackbed might be necessary for future rail expansion . British Rail was split into business @-@ led sectors in the 1980s , at which time operations at Stapleton Road passed to Regional Railways . All trains along the Severn Beach Line ran to Severn Beach , but the service pattern was irregular . This was changed in the mid @-@ 1990s , with a more frequent service to Avonmouth but very few on to Severn Beach and no Sunday services . When the railway was privatised in 1997 , local services were franchised to Wales & West , which was succeeded by Wessex Trains , an arm of National Express , in 2001 . Services along the Severn Beach Line were increased to 10 per day in each direction by 2005 , with Bristol City Council providing a subsidy to Wessex Trains . The Wessex franchise was amalgamated with the Great Western franchise into the Greater Western franchise from 2006 , and responsibility passed to First Great Western , a subsidiary company of FirstGroup , which was rebranded in 2015 as Great Western Railway . A minimum service requirement was written into the franchise agreement , ensuring an hourly service along the Severn Beach Line . Passenger traffic increased significantly , and in 2010 , Sunday services to Severn Beach were restored . = = Future = = First Great Western declined a contractual option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise beyond 2013 , citing a desire for a longer @-@ term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line . The franchise was put out to tender , but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition . A two @-@ year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013 , and subsequently extended until March 2019 . The line through Lawrence Hill is due to be electrified by 2017 as part of the Great Western Main Line electrification project . However , the Severn Beach Line will not be electrified , so services at Lawrence Hill will still be provided by diesel trains , with " Sprinter " units expected to be replaced by Class 165 and 166 " Turbo " units . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing beyond the main lines , as does MP for Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare John Penrose . The electrification scheme also includes the four @-@ tracking of Filton Bank , including the reinstatement of the disused trackbed at Lawrence Hill , to allow more services between Parkway and Bristol Temple Meads and separate fast inter @-@ city services from local stopping services . Enhancement works to allow disabled access to both platforms will be carried out at the same time . Lawrence Hill is on the Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare / Yate corridor , one of the main axes of the Greater Bristol Metro , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area , including half @-@ hourly services along the Severn Beach Line . The scheme could see the reopening of the Henbury Loop Line to passengers , with the possibility of services from Bristol Temple Meads to Bristol Parkway via Clifton Down and Henbury . Plans for a loop were rejected by the West of England Joint Transport Board , however Bristol City Councillors voted to send the decision back to the board for further discussion . = = Incidents = = A collision occurred near Lawrence hill on 8 January 1930 , approximately 500 yards ( 460 m ) north of the station . At 5 : 41am , an express train from Shrewsbury to Penzance ran into the back of a minerals train which had stopped to pick up the brakes after descending Filton Bank . The express locomotive , GWR 4000 Class number 4063 " Bath Abbey " , was derailed and badly damaged , with several coaches also being damaged . The incident was blamed on signalman A. H. Toop of the Lawrence Hill signal box , with contributing factors including lax working standards and the driver of the goods train , W. G. Atkins , failing to pull up to the signal box as required . A similar crash occurred at Lawrence Hill on 1 November 2000 , when a Royal Mail train passed two red signals and ran into the back of a coal train at around 3 : 30am . The mail train , hauled by English Welsh & Scottish Class 67 diesel locomotive number 67002 " Special Delivery " , with 67012 at the rear , was travelling at 50 mph when the incident occurred . The locomotive climbed over the back of the coal train , coming to rest 40 yards ( 37 m ) later on top of a coal wagon and against the A420 Church Road bridge . The driver of the mail train suffered a broken arm and cuts to the face and chest , but there were no other injuries . The incident was initially suspected to be caused by faulty brakes , but was later found to be caused by misunderstanding and incorrect use of the locomotive 's BPPCUIC cock by railway staff . Lawrence Hill is considered a blackspot for railway trespass and vandalism .
= Ælfheah of Canterbury = Ælfheah ( Old English : Ælfhēah , " elf @-@ high " ; c . 953 – 19 April 1012 ) , officially remembered as Saint Alphege within some churches , and also called Elphege , Alfege , or Godwine , was an Anglo @-@ Saxon Bishop of Winchester , later Archbishop of Canterbury . He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey . His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate , and eventually , to his becoming archbishop . Ælfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning . He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed . Ælfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078 . Thomas Becket , a later Archbishop of Canterbury , prayed to him just before his own murder in Canterbury Cathedral . = = Life = = Purportedly born in Weston on the outskirts of Bath , Ælfheah became a monk early in life . His birth took place around 953 . He first entered the monastery of Deerhurst , but then moved to Bath , where he became an anchorite . He was noted for his piety and austerity , and rose to become abbot of Bath Abbey . The 12th century chronicler William of Malmesbury recorded that Ælfheah was a monk and prior at Glastonbury Abbey , but this is not accepted by all historians . Indications are that Ælfheah became abbot at Bath by 982 , perhaps as early as around 977 . He perhaps shared authority with his predecessor Æscwig after 968 . Probably due to the influence of Dunstan , the Archbishop of Canterbury ( 959 – 988 ) , Ælfheah was elected Bishop of Winchester in 984 , and was consecrated on 19 October that year . While bishop he was largely responsible for the construction of a large organ in the cathedral , audible from over a mile ( 1600 m ) away and said to require more than 24 men to operate . He also built and enlarged the city 's churches , and promoted the cult of Swithun and his own predecessor , Æthelwold of Winchester . One act promoting Æthelwold 's cult was the translation of Æthelwold 's body to a new tomb in the cathedral at Winchester , which Ælfheah presided over on 10 September 996 . Following a Viking raid in 994 , a peace treaty was agreed with one of the raiders , Olaf Tryggvason . Besides receiving danegeld , Olaf converted to Christianity and undertook never to raid or fight the English again . Ælfheah may have played a part in the treaty negotiations , and it is certain that he confirmed Olaf in his new faith . In 1006 Ælfheah succeeded Ælfric as Archbishop of Canterbury , taking Swithun 's head with him as a relic for the new location . He went to Rome in 1007 to receive his pallium — symbol of his status as an archbishop — from Pope John XVIII , but was robbed during his journey . While at Canterbury he promoted the cult of Dunstan , ordering the writing of the second Life of Dunstan , which Adelard of Ghent composed between 1006 and 1011 . He also introduced new practices into the liturgy , and was instrumental in the Witenagemot 's recognition of Wulfsige of Sherborne as a saint in about 1012 . Ælfheah sent Ælfric of Eynsham to Cerne Abbey to take charge of its monastic school . He was present at the council of May 1008 at which Wulfstan II , Archbishop of York , preached his Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ( The Sermon of the Wolf to the English ) , castigating the English for their moral failings and blaming the latter for the tribulations afflicting the country . In 1011 the Danes again raided England , and from 8 – 29 September they laid siege to Canterbury . Aided by the treachery of Ælfmaer , whose life Ælfheah had once saved , the raiders succeeded in sacking the city . Ælfheah was taken prisoner and held captive for seven months . Godwine ( Bishop of Rochester ) , Leofrun ( abbess of St Mildrith 's ) , and the king 's reeve , Ælfweard were captured also , but the abbot of St Augustine 's Abbey , Ælfmaer , managed to escape . Canterbury Cathedral was plundered and burned by the Danes following Ælfheah 's capture . = = Death = = Ælfheah refused to allow a ransom to be paid for his freedom , and as a result was killed on 19 April 1012 at Greenwich ( then in Kent , now part of London ) , reputedly on the site of St Alfege 's Church . The account of Ælfheah 's death appears in the E version of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle : ... the raiding @-@ army became much stirred up against the bishop , because he did not want to offer them any money , and forbade that anything might be granted in return for him . Also they were very drunk , because there was wine brought from the south . Then they seized the bishop , led him to their " hustings " on the Saturday in the octave of Easter , and then pelted him there with bones and the heads of cattle ; and one of them struck him on the head with the butt of an axe , so that with the blow he sank down and his holy blood fell on the earth , and sent forth his holy soul to God 's kingdom . Ælfheah was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to die a violent death . A contemporary report tells that Thorkell the Tall attempted to save Ælfheah from the mob about to kill him by offering everything he owned except for his ship , in exchange for Ælfheah 's life ; Thorkell 's presence is not mentioned in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , however . Some sources record that the final blow , with the back of an axe , was delivered as an act of kindness by a Christian convert known as " Thrum . " Ælfheah was buried in St Paul 's Cathedral . In 1023 his body was moved by King Cnut to Canterbury , with great ceremony . Thorkell the Tall was appalled at the brutality of his fellow raiders , and switched sides to the English king Æthelred the Unready following Ælfheah 's death . = = Veneration = = Pope Gregory VII canonised Ælfheah in 1078 , with a feast day of 19 April . Lanfranc , the first post @-@ Conquest archbishop , was dubious about some of the saints venerated at Canterbury . He was persuaded of Ælfheah 's sanctity , but Ælfheah and Augustine of Canterbury were the only pre @-@ conquest Anglo @-@ Saxon archbishops kept on Canterbury 's calendar of saints . Ælfheah 's shrine , which had become neglected , was rebuilt and expanded in the early 12th century under Anselm of Canterbury , who was instrumental in retaining Ælfheah 's name in the church calendar . After the 1174 fire in Canterbury Cathedral , Ælfheah 's remains together with those of Dunstan were placed around the high altar , at which Thomas Becket is said to have commended his life into Ælfheah 's care shortly before his martyrdom during the Becket controversy . The new shrine was sealed in lead , and was north of the high altar , sharing the honour with Dunstan 's shrine , which was located south of the high altar . A Life of Saint Ælfheah in prose and verse was written by a Canterbury monk named Osbern , at Lanfranc 's request . The prose version has survived , but the Life is very much a hagiography : many of the stories it contains have obvious Biblical parallels , making them suspect as a historical record . In the late medieval period , Ælfheah 's feast day was celebrated in Scandinavia , perhaps because of the saint 's connection with Cnut . Few church dedications to him are known , with most of them occurring in Kent and one each in London and Winchester ; as well as St Alfege 's Church in Greenwich , a nearby hospital ( 1931 @-@ 1968 ) was named after him . In 1929 a new church in Bath was dedicated to Ælfheah , under the name Alphege , designed by Giles Gilbert Scott in homage to the ancient Roman church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin .
= Cognitive flexibility = Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts , and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously . Despite some disagreement in the literature about how to operationally define the term , one commonality is that cognitive flexibility is a component of executive functioning . Research has primarily been conducted with children at the school age ; however , individual differences in cognitive flexibility are apparent across the lifespan . Measures for cognitive flexibility include the A @-@ not @-@ B task , Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task , Multiple Classification Card Sorting Task , Wisconsin Card Sorting Task , and the Stroop Test . Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( fMRI ) research has shown that specific brain regions are activated when a person engages in cognitive flexibility tasks . These regions include the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) , basal ganglia , anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) , and posterior parietal cortex ( PPC ) . Studies conducted with people of various ages and with particular deficits have further informed how cognitive flexibility develops and changes within the brain . Cognitive flexibility also has implications both inside and outside of the classroom . A person ’ s ability to switch between modes of thought and to simultaneously think about multiple concepts has been shown to be a vital component of learning . = = Definitions = = Cognitive flexibility can be seen from a variety of viewpoints . A synthesized research definition of cognitive flexibility is a switch in thinking , whether that is specifically based on a switch in rules or broadly based on a need to switch one ’ s previous beliefs or thoughts to new situations . Moreover , it refers to simultaneously considering multiple aspects of thought at once , whether they be two aspects of a specific object , or many aspects of a complex situation . Other terms for cognitive flexibility include mental flexibility , mental set shifting , cognitive shifting , task switching / shifting , and attention switching / shifting . Most commonly , cognitive flexibility refers to the mental ability to adjust thinking or attention in response to changing goals and / or environmental stimuli . Researchers have more specifically described cognitive flexibility as the capacity to shift or switch one ’ s thinking and attention between different tasks or operations typically in response to a change in rules or demands . For example , when sorting cards based on specific rules , children are considered cognitively flexible if they are able to successfully switch from sorting cards based on the color of the object to sorting based on the type of object on the card . Cognitive flexibility has been more broadly described as the ability to adjust one ’ s thinking from old situations to new situations as well as the ability to overcome responses or thinking that have become habitual and adapt to new situations . As such , if one is able to overcome previously held beliefs or habits ( when it is required for new situations ) then they would be considered cognitively flexible . Lastly , the ability to simultaneously consider two aspects of an object , idea , or situation at one point in time refers to cognitive flexibility . According to this definition , when sorting cards based on specific rules , children are considered cognitively flexible if they can sort cards based on the color of the objects and type of objects on the card simultaneously . Similarly , cognitive flexibility has been defined as having the understanding and awareness of all possible options and alternatives simultaneously within any given situation . = = = Contributing factors = = = Regardless of the specificity of the definition , researchers have generally agreed that cognitive flexibility is a component of executive functioning , higher @-@ order cognition involving the ability to control one ’ s thinking . Executive functioning includes other aspects of cognition , including inhibition , memory , emotional stability , planning , and organization . Cognitive flexibility is highly related with a number of these abilities , including inhibition , planning and working memory . Thus , when an individual is better able to suppress aspects of a stimulus to focus on more important aspects ( i.e. inhibit color of object to focus on kind of object ) , they are also more cognitively flexible . In this sense , they are better at planning , organizing , and at employing particular memory strategies . Researchers have argued that cognitive flexibility is also a component of multiple classification , as originally described by psychologist Jean Piaget . In multiple classification tasks , participants ( primarily children , who have already developed or are in the process of developing this skill ) must classify objects in several different ways at once - thereby thinking flexibly about them . Similarly , in order to be cognitively flexible they must overcome centration , which is the tendency for young children to solely focus on one aspect of an object or situation . For example , when children are young they may be solely able to focus on one aspect of an object ( i.e. color of object ) , and be unable to focus on both aspects ( i.e. both color and kind of object ) . Thus , research suggests if an individual is centrated in their thinking , then they will be more cognitively inflexible . Research has suggested that cognitive flexibility is related to other cognitive abilities , such as fluid intelligence , reading fluency , and reading comprehension . Fluid intelligence , described as the ability to solve problems in new situations , enables fluid reasoning ability . When one is able to reason fluidly , they are in turn more likely to be cognitively flexible . Furthermore , those who are able to be cognitively flexible have been shown to have the ability to switch between and / or simultaneously think about sounds and meanings , which increases their reading fluency and comprehension . Cognitive flexibility has also been shown to be related to one ’ s ability to cope in particular situations . For example , when individuals are better able to shift their thinking from situation to situation they will focus less on stressors within these situations . In general , researchers in the field focus on development of cognitive flexibility between the ages of three and five . However , cognitive flexibility has been shown to be a broad concept that can be studied with all different ages and situations . Thus , with tasks ranging from simple to more complex , research suggests that there is a developmental continuum that spans from infancy to adulthood . = = Measures / assessments = = A variety of assessments are appropriate for distinguishing between different levels of cognitive flexibility at different ages . Below are the common tests used to assess cognitive flexibility in the order of the developmentally appropriate age . = = = A @-@ not @-@ B task = = = In the A @-@ not @-@ B task , children are shown an object hidden at Location A within their reach , and are then prompted to search for the object at Location A , where they find it . This activity is repeated several times , with the hidden object at Location A. Then , in the critical trial , the object is hidden in Location B , a second location within easy reach of child . Typically , children younger than one year old search for the object under Location A , where the object was previously hidden . However , after their first birthday , children are capable of mentally switching to locate the object in Location B , demonstrating flexibility . Researchers have agreed that the A @-@ not @-@ B task is a simple task that effectively measures cognitive flexibility during infancy . = = = Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task = = = In the Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task ( DCCS ) , children are initially asked to sort cards by a single dimension ( such as color ) , and are subsequently required to alter their strategy to sort cards based on a second dimension ( such as shape ) . Typically , three @-@ year @-@ old children are able to sort cards based on a single dimension , but are unable to switch to sort the cards based on a second dimension . However , five @-@ year @-@ old children are able to sort cards based on one dimension and can then switch to sorting cards on a second dimension . = = = Multiple Classification Card Sorting Task = = = In the Multiple Classification Card Sorting Task , children are shown cards and asked to sort them based on two different dimensions ( e.g. by color , such as yellow and blue , and object type , such as animals and food ) simultaneously into four piles within a matrix ( e.g. yellow animals , yellow foods , blue animals and blue foods ) . This task appears to be more difficult as research has shown that seven @-@ year @-@ old children were incapable of sorting cards based on the two dimensions simultaneously . These children focused on the two dimensions separately , whereas at the age of eleven , children were capable of sorting cards based on these two dimensions simultaneously . This demonstrates an increase in cognitive flexibility between the ages of seven and eleven . = = = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test = = = The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ( WCST ) is used to determine an individual 's competence in abstract reasoning , and the ability to change problem @-@ solving strategies when needed . In this test , a number of cards are presented to the participants . The figures on the cards differ with respect to color , quantity , and shape . The participants are then given a pile of additional cards and are asked to match each one to one of the previous cards . Typically , children between ages nine and eleven demonstrate the cognitive flexibility needed for this test . = = = Stroop Test = = = The Stroop Test is also known as the Color @-@ word Naming Test . In this measure , there are three types of cards in the deck . The " color card " displays patches of different colors , which participants are asked to identify as quickly as possible . The " word card , " displays the names of colors printed in black and white ink , which participants are again asked name as quickly as possible . The final card type is the " color @-@ word card " , which displays the names of the colors printed in an ink of a conflicting color ( e.g. the word RED would be printed in yellow ) , and requires participants to name the ink colors while ignoring the conflicting color names . The basic score on each card is the total time ( in seconds ) that the participant takes to respond verbally . Typically , naming the color of the word takes longer and results in more errors when the color of the ink does not match the name of the color . In this situation , adults tend to take longer to respond than children because adults are more sensitive to the actual color of the word and thus are more likely to be influenced by it when naming the conflicting color word printed . = = Neural underpinnings = = The mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility have been explored extensively using various methods . Human studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have revealed a variety of distinct regions of the brain that work in concert from which flexibility could be predicted reliably , including the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) , basal ganglia , anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) , and posterior parietal cortex ( PPC ) . The regions active during engagement of cognitive flexibility depend on the task and various factors involved in flexibility that are used to assess the behavior , as flexible thinking requires aspects of inhibition , attention , working memory , response selection , and goal maintenance . Several studies using task switching paradigms have demonstrated the complexities of the network involved in cognitive flexibility . Activation of the dorsolateral PFC has been shown during resolution of interference of irrelevant task sets . Another study further extended these results by demonstrating that the level of abstractness of the switch type influenced recruitment of differing regions in the PFC depending on whether the participant was asked to make a cognitive set switch , a response switch , or a stimulus or perceptual switch . A set switch would require switching between task rules , as with the WCST , and is considered to be the most abstract . A response switch would require different response mapping , such as circle right button and square left button and vice versa . Lastly , a stimulus or perceptual set switch would require a simple switch between a circle and a square . Activation is mediated by the level of abstractness of the set switch in an anterior to posterior fashion within the PFC , with the most anterior activations elicited by set switches and the most posterior activations resulting from stimulus or perceptual switches . The basal ganglia is active during response selection and the PPC , along with the inferior frontal junction are active during representation and updating of task sets called domain general switching . = = = Development = = = Children can be strikingly inflexible when assessed using traditional tests of cognitive flexibility , but this does not come as a surprise considering the many cognitive processes involved in the mental flexibility , and the various developmental trajectories of such abilities . With age , children generally show increases in cognitive flexibility which is likely a product of the protracted development of the frontoparietal network evident in adults , with maturing synaptic connections , increased myelination and regional gray matter volume occurring from birth to mid @-@ twenties . = = = Deficits = = = Diminished cognitive flexibility has been noted in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anorexia nervosa , obsessive – compulsive disorder , schizophrenia , autism , and in a subset of people with ADHD . Each of these disorders exhibit varying aspects of cognitive inflexibility . For example , those with obsessive – compulsive disorder experience difficulty shifting their attentional focus as well as inhibiting motor responses . Children with autism show a slightly different profile with deficits in adjusting to changing task contingencies , while often maintaining the ability to respond in the face of competing responses . Potential treatments may lie in neurochemical modulation . Juveniles with Anorexia nervosa have marked decreases in set @-@ shifting abilities , possibly associated with incomplete maturation of prefrontal cortices associated with malnutrition . One can also consider people with addictions to be limited in cognitive flexibility , in that they are unable to flexibly respond to stimuli previously associated with the drug . = = = Aging = = = The elderly often experience deficits in cognitive flexibility . The aging brain undergoes physical and functional changes including a decline in processing speed , central sensory functioning , white matter integrity , and brain volume . Regions associated with cognitive flexibility such as the PFC and PC atrophy , or shrink , with age , but also show greater task @-@ related activation in older individuals when compared to younger individuals . This increase in blood flow is potentially related to the evidence that atrophy heightens blood flow and metabolism , which is measured as the BOLD response , or blood @-@ oxygen @-@ level dependence , with fMRI . Studies suggest that aerobic exercise and training can have plasticity inducing effects that could potentially serve as an intervention in old age that combat the decline in executive function . = = Implications for education and general learning = = = = = Educational applications = = = Cognitive flexibility and other executive function skills are crucial to success both in classroom settings and life . A study examining the impact of cognitive intervention for at @-@ risk children in preschool classrooms found that children who received such intervention for one to two years significantly outperformed their peers . Compared to same @-@ age children who were randomly assigned to the control condition ( a literacy unit developed by the school district ) , preschoolers who received intervention achieved accuracy scores of 85 % on tests of inhibitory control ( self @-@ discipline ) , cognitive flexibility , and working memory . Their peers in the control ( no intervention ) condition , on the other hand , demonstrated only 65 % accuracy . Educators involved in this study ultimately opted to implement the cognitive skills training techniques instead of the district @-@ developed curriculum . Further indicative of the role cognitive flexibility plays in education is the argument that how students are taught greatly impacts the nature and formation of their cognitive structures , which in turn affect students ’ ability to store and readily access information . A crucial aim of education is to help students learn as well as appropriately apply and adapt what they have learned to novel situations . This is reflected in the integration of cognitive flexibility into educational policy regarding academic guidelines and expectations . For example , as outlined in the Common Core Standards Initiative , a standards @-@ based education reform developed to increase high school graduation rates , educators are expected to present within the classroom “ high level cognitive demands by asking students to demonstrate deep conceptual understanding through the application of content knowledge and skills to new situations . ” This guideline within the Common Core Initiative is the essence of cognitive flexibility , and a teaching style focused on promoting it has been seen to foster understanding especially in disciplines where information is complex and nonlinear . A counterexample is evident in cases where such material is presented in an oversimplified manner and learners fail to transfer their knowledge to a new domain . = = = = Impact on teaching and curriculum design = = = = An alternative educational approach informed by cognitive flexibility is hypertext , which is frequently computer @-@ supported instruction . Computers allow for complex data to be presented in a multidimensional and coherent format , allowing users to access that data as needed . The most widely used example of hypertext is the Internet , which dynamically presents information in terms of interconnection ( e.g. hyperlinks ) . Hypertext documents , therefore , include nodes – bits of information – and links , the pathways between these nodes . Applications for teacher education have involved teacher @-@ training sessions based on video instruction , whereby novice teachers viewed footage of master teachers conducting a literacy workshop . In this example , the novice teachers received a laserdisc of the course content , a hypertext document that allowed the learners to access content in a self @-@ directed manner . These cognitive flexibility hypertexts ( CFH ) provide a “ three @-@ dimensional ” and “ open @-@ ended ” representation of material for learners , enabling them to incorporate new information and form connections with preexisting knowledge . While further research is needed to determine the efficacy of CFH as an instructional tool , classrooms where cognitive flexibility theory is applied in this manner are hypothesized to result in students more capable of transferring knowledge across domains . Researchers in the field advocate a teaching style that incorporates group problem @-@ solving activities and demands higher @-@ level thought . According to this process , a teacher initially poses a single question in a number of ways . Next , students discuss the problem with the teacher and amongst themselves , asking questions . In forming these questions , students are actively brainstorming and recalling prior knowledge . At this point , the teacher provides specific conditions of the issue discussed , and students must adapt their prior knowledge , along with that of their peers , to generate a solution . Other curriculum designs tailored to young children such as “ Tools of the Mind ” incorporate practices which aim to improve students ’ capacity to shift and prolong attention as well as think “ outside the box ” ( i.e. generate creative solutions ) . = = = = Learning applications beyond the classroom = = = = A vastly different application can be seen in the study of cognitive flexibility and video games . Examining the trait under the guise of “ mental flexibility , ” Dutch researchers observed that players of first @-@ person shooter games ( e.g. Call of Duty , Battlefield ) exhibited greater “ mental flexibility ” on a series of measures than did non @-@ gamers . The researchers posit that , while video game play may be controversial due to frequently graphic content , harnessing the effect of such games could lead to similar gains in various populations ( e.g. the elderly , who face cognitive decline ) and is therefore socially relevant . Public awareness of cognitive flexibility has increased in recent years . As a result , several online programs marketed to those seeking to increase cognitive ability – by way of specifically focusing on cognitive flexibility training techniques - have been created to enhance " brain fitness . " Programs claim to train speed , accuracy , memory , attention , cognitive flexibility and problem @-@ solving , amongst others . Presently , the efficacy of such programs requires further research and analysis before any clear benefits can be determined .
= Jeremy Affeldt = Jeremy David Affeldt ( / ˈæfɛlt / ; born June 6 , 1979 ) is an American retired professional baseball pitcher . He threw and batted left @-@ handed and played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals , Colorado Rockies , Cincinnati Reds and San Francisco Giants . Affeldt was a third @-@ round draft pick by the Kansas City Royals in 1997 . He made the team in 2002 , and started part of the year for them . In five seasons with the Royals , Affeldt bounced back and forth between the starting rotation and the bullpen . In 2006 , he was traded to the Colorado Rockies at the trade deadline , and was a member of the Rockies 2007 World Series team . After one season with the Cincinnati Reds , he signed with the San Francisco Giants in 2009 , where he was a member of the 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 World Series championship teams . = = Early life = = Affeldt was born in Phoenix , Arizona to David and Charlotte Affeldt . His father was a member of the United States Air Force , and Affeldt lived in Guam , Merced , California , and Spokane , Washington , growing up . While in Merced , Affeldt and his father would frequently attend Oakland Athletics games , and Affeldt enjoyed watching Mark McGwire , Jose Canseco , and Dave Stewart . Affeldt attended Northwest Christian High School , a Division 2 @-@ B school in Colbert , Washington . He participated in three sports while there , but it was baseball that drove several major league scouts to the school to see him pitch . He graduated in 1997 . = = Draft and minor league career = = Affeldt was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the third round of the 1997 MLB draft . He spent 1997 pitching for the rookie – league Gulf Coast League Royals . While with them , he went 2 – 0 with a 4 @.@ 50 ERA in ten games ( nine starts ) . Affeldt improved with the GCL Royals the next year , going 4 – 3 with a 2 @.@ 89 ERA in twelve games ( nine starts ) . His performance even earned him a promotion to the single @-@ A Lansing Lugnuts . Affeldt did not do well in his time with them , though , as he went 0 – 3 with a 9 @.@ 53 ERA in six games ( three starts ) . In 1999 , Affeldt spent the entire season with the Royals ' single @-@ A affiliate , which had changed to the Charleston Alley Cats during the offseason . Although he only went 7 – 7 , he had a 3 @.@ 83 ERA in twenty – seven games ( twenty – four starts ) . Affeldt pitched with the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the single @-@ A advanced Carolina League in 2000 . While with Wilmington , he led the entire Kansas City Royals ' organization ( and the Carolina League ) with fifteen losses ( to go with only five wins ) . He also threw seventeen wild pitches . However , his ERA was 4 @.@ 09 , and the Blue Rocks were only a half – game ahead of the worst team in the league ( the Potomac Cannons ) . 2001 was a better season for Affeldt , as he went 10 – 6 with a 3 @.@ 90 ERA in twenty – five starts for the double @-@ A Wichita Wranglers . He was selected to pitch in the Texas League All @-@ Star Game , and he was named to the postseason All – Star team . = = Kansas City Royals = = = = = 2002 = = = Affeldt was not expected to make the Kansas City Royals ' roster in 2002 , but he was added to the bullpen after he had an 0 @.@ 64 ERA and fourteen strikeouts ( to go with just two walks ) in fourteen innings in Spring training . His major league debut came on April 6 against the Chicago White Sox . He pitched two innings , giving up three hits and a run in a 14 – 0 loss . On April 24 , Affeldt picked up his first major league win by pitching 3 @.@ 2 innings of relief in an 8 – 2 win over the Detroit Tigers . Affeldt 's time in the bullpen did not last long . On May 3 , he replaced Bryan Rekar in the Royals ' starting rotation . In his first start , he pitched four innings , gave up one run , and earned a no – decision in a 4 – 3 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . Affeldt 's time as a starter garnered so @-@ so results , as he was 0 – 4 with a 5 @.@ 45 ERA in seven starts . In his last start , on June 8 , Affeldt picked up the loss as the Royals fell 11 – 3 to the St. Louis Cardinals . After getting pulled in the fourth inning due to an injury , Affeldt was placed on the disabled list with fingernail and blister problems . After making three rehab starts in Wichita , Affeldt returned to the Royals on August 2 and threw a perfect inning against the Minnesota Twins . He remained in the bullpen for the remainder of the 2002 season . After the season , he pitched in a winter league in the Dominican Republic . = = = 2003 = = = In 2003 , Affeldt found himself competing with Runelvys Hernández for the first spot in the Royals ' starting rotation during Spring training . Because Tony Peña , the Royals ' manager , was unable to decide which one would be the ace , he flipped a coin to determine who would be number one . Hernández won the toss . Affeldt was placed on the disabled list after only four games with blister problems again . His time on the DL was brief and he returned to the Royals on May 6 . On May 28 , he struck out a career high eight hitters in a win against the Minnesota Twins . Later , on June 6 , he notched his first hit . Affeldt 's final start of the year came on July 23 , in a game he won against Minnesota . After the start , the Royals moved him to the bullpen to try to fix his blister problems . The move was originally thought to be temporary . While in the bullpen , on August 3 , he got his career first save in a 2 – 0 win over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . On August 21 , the Royals announced that Affeldt would spend the rest of the year in the bullpen . Two days later , he got another save against Minnesota . He picked up two more saves before the end of the year and finished with a 7 – 6 record and a 3 @.@ 93 ERA . After the season , to try to help with his blister problems , he had part of a fingernail on the middle finger of his left hand removed . Also , the Royals announced that if he developed blister problems again , he would be sent to the bullpen for good . = = = 2004 = = = In 2004 , Affeldt was named the Royals ' third starter out of Spring training . He went 0 – 3 with a 5 @.@ 24 ERA in eight starts . His final start of 2004 came on May 18 against the Texas Rangers . Affeldt gave up five runs in four innings and received a no – decision in a 7 – 6 victory by the Royals . Afterwards , although his blister problems had not resurfaced , manager Tony Peña named him the Royals closer on May 21 due to poor pitching and injury problems with the other Royals closers . Affeldt blew his first save opportunity of 2004 against the Oakland Athletics on May 22 , but he converted in his next outing on May 25 against the Detroit Tigers . He converted eight of ten save opportunities before he was placed on the disabled list on June 27 with a partially torn rib – cage muscle . He was out for almost eight weeks . After making four rehab appearances for AAA Omaha , Affeldt returned to the Royals on August 21 . He made his first appearance since returning from the DL on August 22 , but he did not get another save until September 1 in a 1 – 0 victory over the Tigers . He picked up four more saves to finish the year with a career – high 13 saves and a 4 @.@ 95 ERA . = = = 2005 = = = In 2005 , Affeldt was again expected to be the Royals ' closer . However , he did not get a save opportunity until April 16 against Detroit , and he was unable to finish that game because of a groin injury that landed him on the disabled list again . After rehabbing in Omaha , Affeldt returned to the Royals on June 4 . He was no longer the closer , however , because Mike MacDougal had been closing well in his absence . Affeldt was not healthy for long , as he returned to the disabled list on June 20 after reaggravating the groin injury . Affeldt returned to the Royals on July 7 . Through July 27 , he had a 2 @.@ 18 ERA . He did not give up more than one earned run until August 5 , when he got his first loss of the year against the Oakland Athletics . However , Affeldt had a 12 @.@ 71 ERA in his next eighteen appearances , which raised his ERA to 6 @.@ 93 . He held opposing batters scoreless for the final nine games of the season to bring it down to a season – ending 5 @.@ 26 . = = = 2006 = = = Affeldt returned to Kansas City 's starting rotation in 2006 when he was named the fourth starter during Spring training . However , he was moved up to the third spot before the season began when Runelvys Hernández was demoted to the fifth spot . Affeldt struggled as a starter , going 2 – 5 with a 7 @.@ 80 ERA in nine starts . His final major league start came on May 27 against the New York Yankees . He gave up ten runs on eleven hits in a 15 – 4 loss . After the start , he was sent to the bullpen , and Bobby Keppel filled his place in the starting rotation . Affeldt improved in the bullpen , posting a 2 @.@ 91 ERA there through July 31 . Years later , reflecting on his tenure with the Royals , Affeldt said , " I was pretty frustrated . I wanted to quit . I didn 't want to go to the ballpark . I was just failing a lot . I was getting hurt . I didn 't understand my role . I bounced around and I just didn 't enjoy the game . " At the trade deadline on July 31 , Affeldt was traded along with Denny Bautista to the Colorado Rockies for Ryan Shealy and Scott Dohmann . Affeldt recalled , " When [ Royals General Manager Dayton Moore ] traded me , he said , ' I feel like I need to give you a fresh start . You can learn to enjoy the game again . ' I have a lot of respect for him now because he saw that . It was a move that had to be made for me to be able to continue playing baseball . I 'm very thankful for it . " = = Colorado Rockies = = With the Rockies , Affeldt was used exclusively out of the bullpen . He got his only save of the season on September 19 in a 12 – 4 win over the San Francisco Giants . Affeldt finished the 2006 season with a 6 @.@ 20 ERA in fifty – nine games . Affeldt spent the entire 2007 season in the bullpen , where he was used as a lefty specialist . Affeldt had a 2 @.@ 15 ERA through his first fifty – six games of the year . He did not give up a home run until Pete Laforest hit one off of him in an 11 – 9 loss to the San Diego Padres on August 16 . He struggled at the end of the year , with a 7 @.@ 30 ERA in his final nineteen games . He still finished the year 4 – 3 , with a 3 @.@ 51 ERA in seventy @-@ five games , and the Rockies made the playoffs as the NL Wild Card . He made his postseason debut on October 4 in the Division Series against the Philadelphia Phillies and gave up one run ( on a home run by Ryan Howard ) in one inning in a 10 – 5 win by Colorado . The Rockies swept the series to advance to the Championship Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks . In the first game , Affeldt entered with two outs and the bases loaded with the Rockies leading 5 – 1 . He retired Stephen Drew to help the Rockies win 5 – 1 . The Rockies swept the Diamondbacks to meet the Boston Red Sox in the World Series . Affeldt pitched in all four games of the World Series without giving up a run , but the Rockies were swept by the Red Sox . Affeldt became a free agent after the season . = = Cincinnati Reds = = Affeldt was signed to a one – year deal by the Cincinnati Reds on January 23 , 2008 , to compete for a spot in the starting rotation . He said of signing and competing to start , " My heart skipped a beat when they offered that deal . I went with my heart there . " However , he was placed in the bullpen , where he stayed for the entire year . He won his first game as a Red when the Reds beat the Arizona Diamondbacks 6 – 5 on April 2 . He made the three hundredth appearance of his career on May 2 in a 2 – 0 loss to the Atlanta Braves . His only other decision of the year came on September 3 when he was the losing pitcher in a 6 – 5 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates . Affeldt finished the 2008 season with a 3 @.@ 33 ERA in seventy – four games . He was also one of only five NL relievers to pitch seventy @-@ five innings and average one strikeout per inning , along with Joel Hanrahan , Aaron Heilman , Hong @-@ Chih Kuo , and Carlos Mármol . Following the season , Affeldt again became a free agent . = = San Francisco Giants = = = = = 2009 = = = On November 17 , 2008 , Affeldt signed a two – year deal with the San Francisco Giants . He said of signing with them , " With that starting rotation , the bullpen won 't get burned out . " Affeldt immediately began having a career year with the Giants . He was used on Opening Day against the Milwaukee Brewers , and he pitched a scoreless inning in the Giants ' 10 – 6 win . On April 12 , he entered a game against the Padres with one out and the bases loaded in the sixth inning . Affeldt got Brian Giles to ground into a double play to end the inning , but he gave up two runs ( one earned ) in the seventh as the Padres won 6 – 1 . From May 8 through July 24 , Affeldt had a twenty – eight inning scoreless streak . During the streak , on May 15 , he struck out a season – high four batters in an 8 – 6 loss to the Mets . On May 31 , he entered a game against St. Louis with runners on first and third and Albert Pujols on deck in the eighth , and he struck out Joe Thurston to end the inning and help the Giants win 5 – 3 . The streak did not end until July 28 , when Brandon Medders allowed one of Affeldt 's runners to score in a game against Pittsburgh . On August 2 , with runners on first and second with one out in the eighth inning against the Philadelphia Phillies , he retired Chase Utley and Ryan Howard to help the Giants win 7 – 3 . He won the final game of the season against San Diego by pitching two scoreless innings as the Giants won 4 – 3 in ten innings . Affeldt finished the season with a career best 1 @.@ 73 ERA in seventy – four games . He was named tenth on one writer 's ballot for MVP voting , placing him in a tie for twenty – eighth on the list . On December 17 , he won the This Year in Baseball Setup Man of the Year Award . = = = 2010 = = = In 2010 , Affeldt again spent the entire season in the bullpen for the Giants . On March 28 , the Giants extended his contract through the 2011 season with an option for 2012 . Affeldt picked up his first save with the Giants in a 6 – 3 victory over the Atlanta Braves on April 11 . He struggled for most of the season and was placed on the disabled list on July 24 with an oblique strain . After rehabbing in the minors , Affeldt returned to the Giants on August 18 . He finished the season with four saves and a 4 @.@ 14 ERA in fifty – three games . Despite his struggles , Affeldt was named to the Giants ' playoff roster . Affeldt made his first playoff appearance for the Giants in Game 2 of the 2010 NLCS against Philadelphia . He struck out one batter and intentionally walked another one , but Santiago Casilla allowed him to score as the Giants lost 6 – 1 . Affeldt faced ( and retired ) one batter in Game 5 , but the Phillies won that game 4 – 2 . In Game 6 , Affeldt entered the game in the third inning with runners on first and second and nobody out after starting pitcher Jonathan Sánchez was taken out early . He pitched two hitless , scoreless innings , and the Giants won the game 3 – 2 to advance to the World Series . Affeldt pitched in two games in the World Series , which the Giants won in five games to give Affeldt his first World Series ring . = = = 2011 = = = Affeldt returned to the Giants in 2011 and posted a solid season , going 3 – 2 with a 2 @.@ 63 ERA in 67 appearances , including 3 saves . In addition , he posted a career best WHIP of 1 @.@ 151 . Left @-@ handed batters hit only .144 off of Affeldt in 2011 . On September 8 , 2011 , Affeldt suffered a season @-@ ending injury as he gashed his non @-@ throwing ( right ) hand trying to separate frozen hamburger patties and underwent surgery to address nerve damage . After the season , the Giants picked up Affeldt 's $ 5 million contract option for the 2012 season . = = = 2012 = = = On May 1 , 2012 , Affeldt suffered another off @-@ the @-@ field injury , spraining the MCL in his right knee while picking up his four @-@ year @-@ old son . The injury was listed as number two on an ESPN list of strangest injuries , and was named Jayson Stark 's " Strangest But Truest Injury of the Year " . Affeldt finished the regular season 1 – 2 with a 2 @.@ 70 ERA in 67 appearances in 63 ⅓ innings . In the 2012 postseason , Affeldt appeared in 10 games , pitching 10 ⅓ innings , allowing 5 hits and 3 walks against 10 strikeouts and no runs . In Game 4 of the 2012 World Series , Affeldt provided key relief , striking out Detroit Tigers power hitters Miguel Cabrera , Prince Fielder , and Delmon Young in the eighth inning to preserve a 3 – 3 tie . The Giants would go on to win the game in the tenth inning , completing a sweep of the Tigers , earning Affeldt his second World Series ring . On November 13 , 2012 , Affeldt signed a three @-@ year , $ 18 million contract to remain with the Giants through the 2015 season . = = = 2013 = = = Affeldt struggled with injury in 2013 , recording a 3 @.@ 74 ERA in 33 ⅔ innings pitched . He went on the 15 @-@ day disabled list after suffering a right oblique strain on April 14 . Given Affeldt 's history of unusual injuries , Giants broadcaster Jon Miller joked that Affeldt suffered the injury during a sneezing fit . Affeldt clarified that he suffered the injury while pitching the night before in Chicago . He missed 50 games between July 21 and September 12 with a left groin strain . After returning for one game in September , Affeldt was shut down for the rest of the season . = = = 2014 = = = Affeldt started the 2014 season on the disabled list with a strained MCL in his right knee . Appearing in 62 games , Affeldt recorded a 2 @.@ 28 ERA with 41 strikeouts and 14 walks . In Game 5 of the 2014 NLCS against the St. Louis Cardinals , Affeldt entered the game in the top of the ninth with two outs and the bases loaded , retiring Oscar Taveras on a comebacker to preserve a 3 – 3 tie . Affeldt was credited with the win when Travis Ishikawa hit a walk off home run in the bottom of the ninth to clinch the pennant for the Giants . Affeldt earned the win in Game 7 of the 2014 World Series against his first Major League team the Kansas City Royals . Affeldt was brought in from the bullpen in the 2nd inning and pitched 2 ⅓ innings of scoreless baseball before giving way to series MVP Madison Bumgarner , who finished the game . In the 2014 postseason , Affeldt pitched in 11 games , allowing just 5 hits and no runs over 11 ⅔ innings . Affeldt entered games in seven different innings and pitched in nine different innings overall , from the 2nd through the 10th . Through three postseasons with the Giants , Affeldt recorded 22 consecutive scoreless outings , a streak bettered only by Mariano Rivera ( 23 ) . On getting the Game 7 win at Kauffman Stadium where he started his career , Affeldt said , " To be able to do it in Kansas City , with my past history , it just means a lot to me . It means my end was better than my beginning . " = = = 2015 = = = Affeldt struggled with injury and inconsistency in 2015 . By late June , he had a 5 @.@ 96 ERA and allowed five home runs , more than he allowed from 2012 to 2014 combined . He was placed on the disabled list with a left shoulder strain on June 26 . Affeldt returned July 22 , but on August 24 , he suffered another off @-@ the @-@ field injury , a left knee subluxation , while spending time at a lake with his family on an off @-@ day . On October 1 , 2015 , Affeldt announced he would retire after the 2015 season . = = Post @-@ playing career = = After retiring as a player , Affeldt joined CSN Bay Area as a studio analyst for Giants Pregame Live and Giants Postgame Live for the 2016 season . Affeldt also rejoined the Giants organization as a community ambassador . = = Pitching style = = Affeldt had three different kinds of pitches : a sinking fastball ( which is rare for a lefty ) , a curveball , and a split . His fastball travelled in the low nineties , and while his curveball was not fast , it had late breaking action and got a lot of swing @-@ throughs . Affeldt induced groundballs at a high rate with his sinking fastball and could also get the strikeout when the situation called for it . = = Personal = = Affeldt is a devout Christian and a strong advocate for ending child poverty . He writes a weekly blog about his Christian faith and his desire to stir a movement in the cause of helping the suffering and marginalized . In October 2010 , during a visit to a Bay Area elementary school alongside former Giants pitcher Juan Marichal , Affeldt told the students , " I try to make sure everybody , all the young people in the world , also have a chance to dream really big . " In 2009 , Affeldt donated five thousand dollars to the Not For Sale campaign for opening a medical clinic in Thailand for former child slaves . He also became a prominent member of Not For Sale 's Free2Play campaign , pledging a $ 100 donation for every strikeout and recruiting other professional athletes , including his teammate Matt Cain and the St. Louis Cardinals ' Matt Holliday . In 2009 , Affeldt was recognized for his anti – slavery efforts by a nomination for the Jefferson Award for Public Service , and in 2010 , he was the San Francisco Giants ' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award . Affeldt also founded an organization known as Generation Alive that exists to develop a generation of young leaders , committed to serving others and responding to the needs in their community . In 2013 , Affeldt released a book entitled To Stir a Movement : Life , Justice , and Major League Baseball . In the book , Affeldt recounted a contract situation in 2010 where he voluntarily returned $ 500 @,@ 000 to the Giants after discovering a clerical error . In 2015 , Affeldt received an honorary degree from Whitworth University for his humanitarian efforts . Affeldt , his wife Larisa , and their three sons live in Spokane , Washington .
= Tropical Storm Colin ( 2010 ) = Tropical Storm Colin was a tropical cyclone that brought squally weather to Bermuda and caused extensive rip currents across the East Coast of the United States in August 2010 . The fourth tropical cyclone and third named storm of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season , Colin developed as a tropical depression from a low @-@ pressure area in the central Atlantic on August 2 . After forming , the storm initially strengthened gradually , attaining tropical storm status early on August 3 . However , due to its acceleration to the west @-@ northwest , Colin was unable to maintain a closed circulation and subsequently degenerated into a trough later that day . The National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of regeneration over subsequent days , and by August 5 , Colin had once again become a tropical cyclone . Despite moderate wind shear impacting the system , Colin reached a peak intensity of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on August 5 . However , vertical wind shear prevented further intensification and eventually weakened the storm . By early on August 8 , Colin had weakened to a tropical depression , and dissipated near Bermuda shortly after . Though it remained well offshore , Colin produced rough seas along the East Coast of the United States . At least 205 ocean rescues were made . In Bermuda , effects were generally minimal . Less than 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of rain fell and winds remained below tropical storm force . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Tropical Storm Colin can be traced back to an elongated tropical wave that moved westward from Nigeria to Senegal on July 28 . A nearly stationary trough separated from the wave as it continued westward . A larger tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa a few days later . A broad area of low pressure resulted from the consolidation of the two waves on August 1 , when it was situated about 750 mi ( 1210 km ) west @-@ southwest of the Cape Verde Islands . Over the course of the next 24 hours , shower and thunderstorm activity became increasingly consolidated with the low , but the system lacked a well @-@ defined circulation to be considered a tropical cyclone at the time . However , on the next day , an Advanced Scatterometer ( ASCAT ) pass revealed that the circulation center had become sufficiently defined , and the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Four at 1200 UTC on August 2 . Further organization occurred as the depression moved around the southern periphery of a strong subtropical ridge . Thunderstorm activity became increasingly defined , and it is estimated that the depression became Tropical Storm Colin at 0600 UTC on August 3 while centered 840 mi ( 1350 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . Early on August 3 , Colin 's forward motion increased , and the cyclone was unable to maintain a closed circulation . The tropical storm degenerated into a trough at 1800 UTC , although tropical storm @-@ force winds persisted . As the remnants passed north of the northern Leeward Islands , a reconnaissance aircraft investigated the system on August 4 , but no closed circulation was found . As the remnants approached a weakness in the subtropical ridge across the western Atlantic on August 5 , its forward speed gradually slowed as well . A combination of microwave and satellite imagery during the morning hours of August 5 revealed the reformation of a closed low , and Colin 's remnants regained tropical storm status at this time while located 280 mi ( 450 km ) north @-@ northeast of San Juan , Puerto Rico . Despite relatively unfavorable vertical wind shear impacting Colin , deep thunderstorm activity developed atop its center of circulation . Data from a reconnaissance aircraft during the afternoon hours of August 5 revealed that the system reached a peak intensity with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 68 inHg ) . A few computer models , namely the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) and Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model ( HWRF ) , predicted that Colin would briefly attain hurricane status . However , the surrounding moderate vertical wind shear prevented this . While turning towards the north on August 6 , the cyclone entered an area increasingly unfavorable wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures , subsequently prompting the NHC to downgrade Colin to a tropical depression by 0000 UTC on August 8 . Further weakening occurred over the next few hours as the cyclone 's center of circulation became elongated , and Colin once again degenerated into a trough of low pressure at 1200 UTC while located approximately 100 mi ( 160 km ) southwest of Bermuda . The remnant trough persisted until early on August 9 , at which time it was situated 150 mi ( 240 km ) northwest of the island . = = Preparations and impact = = Following Colin 's regeneration into a tropical cyclone on August 5 , the Government of Bermuda simultaneously issued a tropical storm warning for the island . Along south @-@ facing beaches , Colin was expected to produce a storm surge between 2 and 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 and 0 @.@ 91 m ) , possibly reaching as high as 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) . Significant rainfall was also anticipated , with totals averaging 4 to 6 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) . These values were later decreased after Colin weakened on August 6 , with only a minimal storm surge forecast and rainfall roughly 1 in ( 25 mm ) less than previously stated . By August 7 , all beaches were closed across the island due to rough seas and dangerous rip currents . The Royal Caribbean cruise ship , MS Explorer of the Seas , arrived in Bermuda that same day and was scheduled to set sail again on August 8 ; however , due to the threat of Colin , the vessel was forced leave later in the day instead of staying overnight . On August 8 , the tropical storm warning in place for Bermuda was downgraded to a watch as Colin weakened to a tropical depression ; it was discontinued hours later as the storm quickly dissipated . Due to Colin 's weakening to a tropical depression prior to its closest pass to Bermuda , its effects were significantly less than initially anticipated . Winds from the storm reached 31 mph ( 50 km / h ) , with gusts to 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) . Rainfall was limited to isolated showers and thunderstorms ; the Bermuda International Airport measured 0 @.@ 16 in ( 4 @.@ 1 mm ) of rain in relation to Colin . Throughout the island , there were no reports of damage . Although situated several hundred miles off the coast of the East Coast of the United States , the outer effects of Colin were expected to create dangerous rip currents along the North and South Carolina coastlines , as well as waves as high as 3 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) . On August 7 , a 51 @-@ year @-@ old man drowned off the coast of Ocracoke , North Carolina after being caught in a rip current . Shortly after his death , officials issued rip current and undertow threats for the region . Between August 7 and 9 , at least 205 ocean rescues were made along the North Carolina coastline due to rough seas produced by Colin .
= Station Group Banak = Station Group Banak ( Norwegian : Stasjonsgruppe Banak ) , formerly Banak Air Station ( Banak flystasjon ) , is a military airbase located at Banak , just north of Lakselv in Porsanger , Norway . Operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force ( RNoAF ) , it serves a detachment of the 330 Squadron , which operates two Westland Sea King helicopters used for search and rescue operations in Finnmark , Svalbard and surrounding Arctic sea areas ( the northern Norwegian Sea , the Barents Sea and the Arctic Sea ) . Of the station 's two helicopters , one is on standby at any given time . The station group is co @-@ located with the civilian Lakselv Airport , Banak and is administratively under the 132nd Air Wing and Bodø Main Air Station . Banak is RNoAF 's most northerly base and has fifty employees . The airfield was first built with triangular runways in 1938 . It was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1940 , who expanded it and laid down two wooden runways . Banak was taken over by the RNoAF in 1945 , but abandoned in 1952 . Plans for re @-@ opening emerged in 1955 , but uncertainty regarding its value in a war caused a prolonged debate about financing . The air station was largely funded by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and was opened on 4 May 1963 , along with a civilian terminal . During the Cold War , Norway did not allow allies peacetime use of the airfield . The runway was extended in 1968 and the 330 Squadron was established in 1973 . = = History = = = = = First airfield = = = The first proposals for an airport in Lakselv stemmed from military considerations . Despite a Norwegian policy of neutrality , there was a fear that Norway could be occupied by foreign powers to take advantage of the country 's strategic position . The Norwegian military therefore wanted airfields constructed throughout the country to increase the air force 's mobility . Finnmark was regarded as a key location , given the increased Soviet militarization on the Kola Peninsula . Increased military funding was granted from 1937 , which allowed triangular runway to be built Banak the following year . It was used by a detachment of the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service . Banak was taken over by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation of Norway during World War II . The Wehrmacht was planning an attack on the Soviet Union from Finnmark and designated Banak as their primary air base in Northern Norway . By September 1940 , the main runway was extended to 1 @,@ 000 by 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 280 by 660 ft ) , constructed in wood . Three hangars were built , allowing the air base to house bombers . The air station 's prime function during the war was to facilitate attacks on the Arctic convoys . Expansion continued , and by 1943 there were two parallel runways , both 1 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) long . The air station was blasted in October 1944 during Operation Nordlicht , the German retreat from Finnmark . In 1945 the Norwegian Air Force took control over the airfield and commenced reconstruction . That year , the air force operated a service from Bardufoss Air Station via Banak to Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen , with correspondence to Oslo at Bardufoss . The service lasted only the one season . Later the runway was used to serve air ambulances . During the late 1940s , part of the wooden runway was removed and used for other construction projects . Interest in Banak rose with the Czechoslovak coup d 'état of 1948 and fears of Soviet intervention in Norway . Finnmark , located on the Norway – Soviet Union border , became of particular interest for the military . Although specific plans were articulated , no construction of an airbase was carried out . However , Norway 's entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in 1949 had a dramatic effect on the military strategy and Banak . Finnmark was regarded as a tripwire and was to be sacrificed in case of a Soviet invasion . The airfield was closed in 1952 , but the runway remained , consisting of a short section of unmaintained wooden runway and the rest a grass strip . It was occasionally used by small aircraft . = = = Plans for reestablishment = = = Interest from military leaders for an airport at Banak returned in 1955 . The Air Force was mainly concerned that they could not reach the easternmost parts of Norway from Bodø Main Air Station . This allowed for several Soviet infringements of Norwegian air space . Alternative locations were considered , such as Kautokeino , were a radar had been built . NATO supported a reconstruction of Banak , partially raised by increased focus towards NATO 's northern flank , and also to serve as part of the nuclear program . NATO was ready to provide funding in 1957 , but by then Norwegian authorities were wanting to delay its construction . They cited lack of personnel to man the station as well as a lack of usability in times of war . The government decided in 1957 to disallow nuclear warheads to be stored in Norway during peacetime , thus eliminating NATO 's strategic need for Banak . The air station was therefore removed from the investment program . By 1959 the United States was concerned that the militarization of the Kola Peninsula would become the prime source of a Soviet attack on North America . A new discussion about location arose , with Alta and Kautokeino as the main alternatives . Banak was estimated to cost NOK 4 @.@ 9 million , NOK 2 @.@ 8 million less than Alta , had better instrument landing and weather conditions and allowed a longer runway . The main advantage of Alta was that it would be better suited for civilian traffic . The government and Parliament approved construction of Banak in 1959 on condition that it receive NATO funding . By then new concerns had been raised by NATO regarding the defense of Banak , caused by its proximity to the Soviet Union , lack of military forces in Finnmark and lack of natural obstacles . The initial response from the Norwegian Air Force was that the airfield could easily be used by the Soviet Union in its current shape and that a means of destruction could make it useless following a Norwegian retreat . Later costs estimates rose to NOK 8 @.@ 9 million , which would include a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ meter ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) runway , a 400 @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) taxiway and a 1 @,@ 000 square meters ( 11 @,@ 000 sq ft ) apron . Lack of funding meant the airport would not meet all of NATO 's air base standards . This would be permitted because the airfield , from NATO 's point of view , would only be used for emergency landings . NATO 's proposal for an investment program was approved by the Norwegian Government on 7 December 1959 and by the North Atlantic Council on 1 June 1960 . Parliament passed the plans on 5 August . Construction was carried out simultaneously at Banak , Alta Airport and Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen , which would combined give Finnmark three primary airports . All three airports opened on 4 May 1963 . = = = Cold War = = = The dwindling credibility of the massive retaliation strategy caused NATO to shift to the flexible response strategy . This increased the importance of Banak , as it would be used to fly in reinforcements in a war situation . In 1962 , both RNoAF and NATO proposed that Banak be expanded to full NATO standards . RNoAF planned that Banak should host a detachment of up to six fighters or fighter @-@ bombers and act as a stopover for fighters , transports and helicopters . The airfield was to stockpile supplies , including fuel and ammunition , for one month of war efforts . NATO saw need , in case of a Soviet attack on Finnmark , to deploy two brigades consisting of 10 @,@ 000 men in the course of a week and simultaneously host a squadron of tactical aircraft . The expansion was estimated to cost NOK 17 @.@ 8 million , of which NATO would fund 15 @.@ 6 million , and approved by Parliament on 7 May 1965 . NATO adjusted the plans later that year , reducing the apron area by 9 @,@ 000 square meters ( 97 @,@ 000 sq ft ) while increasing from one to two hangars . Construction lasted from 1967 to 1968 . It consisted of extending the runway with 600 meters ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) , constructing two hangars , a communications building and a network of internal roads and taxiways . The upgrades were followed up by pressure from the armed forces to establish an squadron of fighters at Banak . Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August – September 1968 , the ministry decided to upgrade the Garrison of Porsanger from 400 to 1000 men . This was followed up with an extension of the runway and better air defense at Banak . Throughout the Cold War , Norway enforced a policy to disallow allied aircraft to operate further north than Bardufoss and Andøya , in an effort to minimize tension with the Soviet Union . Specifically , allied aircraft were not permitted to operate east of the 24th meridian east , which was just west of Banak , thus hindering use of the airfield . This was motivated in part to not unnecessarily provoke the Soviet Union , with which Norway shared a land border , and in part because increased allied military presence could decrease the popular support for NATO membership . The restrictions were strengthened following the 1960 U @-@ 2 incident , in which a US spy aircraft en route to Bodø was shot down over Soviet territory . During the mid @-@ 1960s , NATO unsuccessfully attempted to convince Norwegian authorities to move the allied operational border from the 24th to the 27th meridian east . Norway prohibited nuclear warheads to be stored on its soil , preventing Banak from serving in a role as a base for US nuclear @-@ armed bombers . NATO 's military interest for Banak peaked during the late 1960s . Increased range of Soviet aircraft during the 1970s diminished the need for troops in Finnmark ; combined with Norwegian tension and nuclear policies , this caused the United States to favor Vestfjorden and Troms over Banak as the primary areas of defense . Since 1970 , the 332 Squadron and later the 334 Squadron and 336 Squadron have operated regular training missions out of Banak with fighter aircraft . In 1969 Parliament decided to establish a search and rescue squadron . Ten Sea King helicopters were bought by the Ministry of Justice in December 1970 and the 330 Squadron was re @-@ enacted on 25 May 1973 . Banak was one of four original stations for the helicopters , the others being Bodø , Ørland and Sola . The first major mission was on 7 April 1974 , when thirteen fishermen were rescued when the trawler Longvabakk sank in the Oksefjorden at Cape Nordkinn . = = = Later history = = = The responsibility for Banak 's Sea Kings originally included Svalbard . After a 1992 sinking , the government decided to instead lease a Super Puma helicopter for Svalbard , removing the archipelago from Banak 's portfolio . Banak 's runway was extended in 1992 and 1993 , including widening to 45 meters ( 148 ft ) and receiving new runway lighting . The range of the Sea Kings is in part determined by their radio range . Until 1998 , some long @-@ range missions with Sea Kings were flown with assistance of P @-@ 3 Orion aircraft to serve as radio relays , at one point allowing for a record 3 @,@ 148 kilometers ( 1 @,@ 956 mi ) mission . The air station was in 1998 converted to a station group under Bodø Main Air Station . In 2001 , the Ministry of Justice considered reorganizing the search and rescue services , and looked into moving the 330 Squadron from Banak to Hammerfest Airport . The rationale was the proximity to Hammerfest Hospital and a typical 40 @-@ minute shorter flight time to the coast . However , such a location would give longer travel time to the inner parts of Finnmark . The plans were hindered by opposition from the Air Force , as they would have to establish a military station at Hammerfest . The Norwegian Armed Forces announced in 2007 that they would carry out a major restructuring and decrease of activity in Finnmark , with the long @-@ term plan to close the Garrison of Porsanger . = = Facilities = = Station Group Banak is located on the Banak peninsula , which sticks into Porsangerfjorden , just north of Lakselv . It is the northern @-@ most station of the RNoAF . The military facilities are located on the western side of the runway , while the civilian facilities are on the eastern side . The runway is 2 @,@ 788 by 45 meters ( 9 @,@ 147 by 148 ft ) and aligned 17 – 35 ( roughly north – south ) . It is mostly asphalt , although parts are concrete . There is instrument landing system category I in both directions . The airfield saw 10 @,@ 953 aircraft movements in 2011 , including civilian . = = Operations = = The 330 Squadron has a detachment with two Westland Sea King Mk 43B helicopters at Banak . They are part of the Norwegian Air Ambulance service , organized by the four regional health authorities . Medical personnel is provided by Finnmark Hospital Trust , while the remaining personnel are military . The detachment flew 271 missions and 854 hours in 2009 . The Sea Kings ' primary role is for search and rescue ( SAR ) mission , with a portfolio of northern Troms , Finnmark and the Barents Sea . In SAR missions , the squadron operates under the management of the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway located in Bodø . The detachment 's secondary responsibility is as an air ambulance , under management of Hammerfest Hospital . During winter the helicopters must often follow a coastal flight route of Porsangerfjorden before heading east to Kirkenes or west to Tromsø , to avoid icing . The Sea Kings have an operational radius of 740 kilometers ( 460 mi ) ; in combination with refueling possibilities at Bjørnøya and Hopen , this allows all parts of the Norwegian exclusive economic zone to be covered . Because of issues with icing , the helicopters cannot fly higher than 200 meters ( 660 ft ) altitude . The General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcons based at Bodø regularly use Banak both for monitoring and training . Fighter aircraft can reach the Norway – Russia border in about ten minutes , while helicopters can reach the border in thirty minutes . The primary use for fighters is training is Halkkavarre Shooting Range . = = Civilian sector = = Lakselv Airport , Banak is the main airport serving central Finnmark , with its catchment areas including the municipalities of Porsanger , Karasjok and Lebesby . Widerøe is the primary airline operating at the airport , with daily flights to Alta and Tromsø using Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft . In 2011 , the airport had 63 @,@ 537 passengers . It is classified as an international airport . = = Accidents and incidents = = On 12 June 1985 , an F @-@ 16B with two people on board experienced control problems north of Banak . The pilot ejected and survived while an officer was killed . On 23 March 1992 , an F @-@ 16A lost power at 5 @,@ 500 meters altitude ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) . The pilot survived after aiming the aircraft at an unpopulated area and ejecting at an altitude of 1 @,@ 400 meters ( 4 @,@ 600 feet ) . On 29 June 2005 , an ICP Savannah micro aircraft crashed only a few minutes after its departure from Banak , with two flight instructors on board . Both instructors were killed in the accident .
= 2001 UEFA Super Cup = The 2001 UEFA Super Cup was a football match between German team Bayern Munich and English team Liverpool on 24 August 2001 at Stade Louis II , the annual UEFA Super Cup contested between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup . Bayern were appearing in the Super Cup for the third time , their two previous appearances in 1975 and 1976 had ended in defeat . Liverpool were appearing in their fourth Super Cup , they won the competition in 1977 , and lost twice in 1978 and 1984 . The teams had qualified for the competition by winning the two seasonal European competitions . Both Bayern and Liverpool beat Spanish teams in the finals of the competitions . Bayern won the 2000 – 01 UEFA Champions League , defeating Valencia 5 – 4 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match had finished 1 – 1 . Liverpool won the 2000 – 01 UEFA Cup , beating Alavés 5 – 4 . Watched by a crowd of 13 @,@ 824 , Liverpool took the lead in the first half when John Arne Riise scored . Liverpool extended their lead before half @-@ time when Emile Heskey scored . Liverpool scored immediately after the start of the second half to lead the match 3 – 0 after Michael Owen scored . Hasan Salihamidžić and Carsten Jancker scored in the second half , but Liverpool held out until the end of the match to win 3 – 2 , their second Super Cup win . = = Match = = = = = Background = = = Bayern Munich qualified for the Super Cup as the reigning UEFA Champions League winners . They had won the 2000 – 01 UEFA Champions League beating Valencia 5 – 4 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match had finished 1 – 1 . It would be Bayern 's third appearance in the Super Cup . Their two previous appearances in 1975 and 1976 against Dynamo Kiev and Anderlecht respectively had both ended in defeat . Liverpool had qualified for the Super Cup as a result of winning the 2000 – 01 UEFA Cup . They had beaten Alavés 5 – 4 to win their third UEFA Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their fourth Super Cup . They had previously won the competition in 1977 beating Hamburg . The two other appearances in 1978 and 1984 had resulted in losses to Anderlecht and Juventus respectively . Both sides had played several matches already , Bayern had already played four matches in the 2001 – 02 Fußball @-@ Bundesliga and were fifth . They had won two matches , drew one and lost one . Liverpool had played two legs in the third qualifying round of the 2001 – 02 UEFA Champions League . They beat Finnish team FC Haka 9 – 1 on aggregate . As winners of the 2000 – 01 FA Cup , Liverpool faced Manchester United in the 2001 FA Charity Shield , which they won 2 – 1 . Liverpool had also played one match in the 2001 – 02 FA Premier League ; a 2 – 1 win over West Ham United . Bayern and Liverpool had injury concerns ahead of the match . Four members of Bayern 's Champions League winning side were missing through injury . Mehmet Scholl , Stefan Effenberg , Paulo Sérgio and Jens Jeremies were all unavailable for selection for the German side . Liverpool were without Patrik Berger after he had undergone surgery on his knee . Despite being injured for Liverpool 's previous matches , Steven Gerrard was expected to feature . = = = Summary = = = Bayern kicked off , but Liverpool had the first chance of the match . Michael Owen crossed the ball into the penalty area from the right side of the pitch towards Emile Heskey , whose shot was deflected out for a corner . Bayern responded immediately , although Owen Hargreaves ' shot went high over the Liverpool goal . Nine minutes after the start of the match , Liverpool were awarded a free kick after a foul by Robert Kovač on Owen . The free @-@ kick taken by Gary McAllister was met by Markus Babbel , but he headed over the goal . With more fouls starting to occur , the first booking was awarded in the 14th minute . Liverpool midfielder Dietmar Hamann was shown a yellow card after he tackled Hasan Salihamidžić from behind . Bayern started to control the match midway through the first @-@ half , however it was Liverpool who scored the first goal of the match . Liverpool defender John Arne Riise dispossessed Hargreaves , McAllister took control of the loose ball and passed to Steven Gerrard . Gerrard 's pass to Owen meant he was in space down the right side of the pitch , Owen put a low @-@ cross into the penalty area , which by @-@ passed Heksey but found Riise who scored to give Liverpool the lead . Bayern were immediately on the attack following Liverpool 's goal . A foul on Bayern defender Bixente Lizarazu by Gerrard resulted in a free @-@ kick for Bayern . The subsequent free @-@ kick taken by Ciriaco Sforza was headed over the Liverpool goal by Pablo Thiam . Liverpool regrouped and their next attack almost resulted in another goal . Heskey 's pass to Owen put him clear of the Bayern defence and one @-@ on @-@ one with Oliver Kahn . Owen attempted to chip the ball over Kahn , however the Bayern goalkeeper was able to save the shot . Immediately afterwards Bayern were on the attack . Bayern defender Willy Sagnol held off Riise and the crossed the ball into the penalty area , the cross was met by Giovane Élber whose header went wide of the Liverpool goal . With the first half coming to an end , Liverpool had another attack . Hamann passed the ball to Heskey on the edge of the Bayern penalty area , Heskey subsequently moved past Bayern defender 's Thomas Linke and Kovač , and shot low beyond Kahn to give Liverpool a 2 – 0 lead . Liverpool kicked @-@ off the second half , and within 13 seconds they had scored to lead the match 3 – 0 . Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher kicked the ball into the Bayern half , defender Thiam missed his header , which meant the ball dropped to Owen , who controlled the ball with his right foot and then put the ball into the Bayern goal with his left foot . Bayern reduced the deficit in the 57th minute when Salihamidžić scored . He headed the ball into the Liverpool goal from Bayern 's first corner of the match to reduce the deficit to two goals . Midway through the half both teams made substitutions . Bayern replaced Sforza , Claudio Pizarro and Salihamidžić for Niko Kovač , Carsten Jancker and Roque Santa Cruz respectively . Liverpool substituted Gerrard and Riise for Igor Bišćan and Danny Murphy respectively . Liverpool started to pass the ball around their midfield and defence in an attempt to waste time , however in the 82nd minute Bayern scored again . Substitute Jancker headed into the Liverpool goal from a cross by Elber . Immediately afterwards Bayern had an opportunity to equalise , however Lizarazu 's shot was straight at Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld . No further goals were scored and the referee blew for full @-@ time with the final score 3 – 2 to Liverpool . = = = Details = = = = = Post @-@ match = = Liverpool 's victory meant that they had won five competitions in five months , after winning the FA Cup , Football League Cup and UEFA Cup during the 2000 – 01 season . They had also won the FA Charity Shield at the start of the current season . Manager Gérard Houllier congratulated his players on their achievements : " I must congratulate the players for what they achieved in these six months . We know we are not perfect and we will continue to improve . But the team have shown they possess the winning edge , and this is what we have tried to develop . " Man of the match Owen received a £ 10 @,@ 000 cheque from match sponsors Carlsberg to be forwarded to a charity of his choice . Bayern 's loss in the Super Cup extended German clubs winless streak in the competition ; Bayern 's loss was the seventh by a German club . Manager Ottmar Hitzfeld admitted that his team needed time to co @-@ ordinate their defence : " It took us time to get into top gear and to organise ourselves . And when you are too slow playing a team like Liverpool , then you expect to get punished . " Hitzfled was critical of his players stating that " individual mistakes cost us the match . " He also praised man of the match Michael Owen stating that Bayern " could not counter his threat . "
= Bangladeshi cricket team in Australia in 2003 = The Bangladesh national cricket team played two Test matches and three One Day International ( ODI ) matches on a mid @-@ year tour of Australia in 2003 . They were captained by all @-@ rounder Khaled Mahmud . The Australians were under a split captaincy — Steve Waugh in the Tests and Ricky Ponting in the following ODIs . The series marked the first time a Test match had been played outside an Australian state capital city ; with matches played at Bundaberg Rum Stadium in Cairns , and the newly upgraded Marrara Oval in Darwin . Australia easily won the two @-@ match Test series . Bangladesh 's performances ' did not get any better during the ODI series — failing to score more than 147 in any innings — as Australia completed a clean @-@ sweep . = = Background = = Bangladesh had struggled to come to terms with International cricket since becoming the tenth Test team in November 2000 . Before their 2003 tour of Australian , Bangladesh had only one Test draw , which came against lowly ranked Zimbabwe , and not a single test win . Their One Day International ( ODI ) form had also been poor since their historic victory over Pakistan in the 1999 Cricket World Cup . The victory subsequently paved the way for their admission to Test cricket . In Bangladesh 's last series before Australia , they were defeated by an innings in both matches by South Africa . Australia , however , had a 3 – 1 away Test victory — starting in April — against the West Indies , and a 4 – 3 ODI victory over the same opposition . Earlier in the year , they remained unbeaten ( 10 matches ) in winning the 2003 ODI Cricket World Cup in South Africa . Led by Ricky Ponting , Australia defeated India in the final , despite losing leg @-@ spiner Shane Warne . Prior to the start of the World Cup , Warne — Australia 's highest Test wicket @-@ taker — was sent home from South Africa after a drug test during the recent one @-@ day series in Australia returned a positive result for a banned diuretic . He was consequently banned from International and first @-@ class cricket for a year . The day before the first Test , former Australian batsman David Hookes said Bangladesh were not worthy of Test status . He also indicated that Australia could win either Test within a day . = = Test series = = = = = First Test = = = Marrara Oval became the 89th Test venue — and the eighth in Australia . On a slow and low drop @-@ in pitch airlifted from Melbourne a month before the match , Australia won the toss and elected to field . Bangladesh collapsed and were bowled out for 97 within three hours , with only Mohammad Ashraful ( 23 ) and Khaled Mahmud ( 21 ) providing resistance . All four Australian bowlers chimed in , as Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee took three wickets apiece . McGrath and Jason Gillespie surpassed the duo of Keith Miller and Ray Lindwall as Australia 's most successful opening @-@ bowling combination . Bangladesh 's shot selection did not impress coach Dav Whatmore who said , " A few players presented their wickets and that 's just the area we 're trying to improve . " Australia initially struggled to come to terms with the pitch , falling to 2 / 43 when Ricky Ponting was dismissed for 10 . Darren Lehmann started the carnage , scoring his second Test century ( 110 ) . Steve Waugh then became only the second player after Gary Kirsten to score a century against all Test playing nations . Upon reaching the milestone , he promptly declared Australia 's innings on 7 / 407 . Only Bangladesh 's fastest bowler , Mashrafe Mortaza proved threatening , taking three wickets for 74 runs ( 3 / 74 ) in 23 overs . After the days play , Lehmann said , " It was hard work out there . They stuck to their guns pretty well , they put it in the right areas and made it tough to score runs . " When asked about becoming only the second batsman to score a hundred against all nine Test @-@ playing nations , Waugh said : If you play long enough you are going to reach milestones and records are going to be passed and I 'm sure someone down the track will beat those . But it is nice to achieve things and to score a hundred against every country is something I 'm proud of . I 'm not too concerned about records . I just want to go out there and play well and I 've said if I don 't think I can improve then I shouldn 't be there . The Bangladeshis — needing 310 runs to make Australia bat again — counterattacked before the conclusion of day two . Despite losing Javed Omar , leg before wicket to McGrath for five , opening batsman Hannan Sarkar and their leading International run @-@ scorer , Habibul Bashar took the score to 89 . The pair scored at a run @-@ rate of 3 @.@ 98 runs per over , before the partnership was ended when Sarkar was caught behind for 35 . This sparked a collapse , with Bangladesh bowled out for 178 . Australian leg spinner Stuart MacGill took 5 / 65 — his seventh Test five @-@ wicket haul — as Australia won by an innings and 132 runs . Along with being named man of the match , Waugh overtook West Indian Clive Lloyd as the most successful captain in Test history , enjoying his 37th victory . = = = Second Test = = = Bundaberg Rum Stadium became the 90th Test venue — and the ninth in Australia . According to Wisden , " ... Rain had left question marks about the quality of the pitch , which looked green and enticing for the Australian fast bowlers . " When Australia won the toss and sent Bangladesh into bat , there were fears Bangladesh would struggle to score 100 in either innings . On a surface which " played much better than expected , " and was a " much faster pitch than that in Darwin , " Sarkar scored 76 , hitting nine boundaries in the process . He and Bashar put on 108 for second wicket as the Australian bowlers lacked penetration . Omar ( 26 ) , Bashar ( 46 ) , Sanwar Hossain ( 46 ) and Khaled Mashud ( 44 ) all got starts , but could not continue their good work as Bangladesh were eventually bowled out for 295 early on the second morning . MacGill took another five @-@ wicket haul as the rest of the bowlers apart from Gillespie had limited success , with Waugh bowling himself for five overs in search of a breakthrough . Despite Langer ( 1 ) falling early , Hayden ( 50 ) and Ponting ( 59 ) both scored half @-@ centuries , taking Australia to 2 / 105 . Both Lehmann and Waugh continued with their Darwin form , scoring 177 and 156 respectively . This was Waugh 's 32nd Test century , taking him ahead of Sachin Tendulkar and behind only Sunil Gavaskar ( 34 ) . Lehmann 's innings included 105 runs between tea and the close of play on day two . When eventually dismissed , Martin Love compiled his first Test century . With 2 / 128 , Hossain was the only bowler who took more than one wicket . His suspect bowling action would later be reported to the International Cricket Council . Sarkar scored another half @-@ century in Bangladesh 's second innings before succumbing to a ' wild swipe ' off MacGill . The leg @-@ spinner took his third five @-@ wicket haul in as many innings and Gillespie took three wickets in the space of eight balls . Despite being dismissed for 163 , Waugh thought Bangladesh 's batting was " a lot better than a lot of efforts by the West Indies in recent years and Pakistan in Sharjah . " Despite two centuries from Lehmann and Waugh , MacGill was named man of the series , with 17 wickets . Whatmore was also pleased with the Bangladesh improvement between Tests . Well we stretched the game out to a day longer than we did in Darwin . I thought there was definite improvement . To fight back and get 295 in the first innings , I thought was excellent . Playing against that quality of opposition is not easy . Maybe against other opposition in future it might be just that little bit easier and we can progress . Most people were talking about the pace battery of the Australian team but the person who won man of the series and got the most wickets was the spinner [ Stuart MacGill ] . I think maybe we didn 't apply the same amount of effort against the slower bowler as we did against the quicks . " = = Test squads = = = = One Day series = = = = = 1st ODI = = = After putting Bangladesh into bat , the Australians soon took early wickets . On a pitch that was quicker than the Test strip , Bangladesh looked all at sea against the pace of Lee and Gillespie . They soon crashed to 4 / 19 and never recovered , eventually bowled out for 105 in the 34th over . Only three batsmen managed double figures as the pace duo took seven wickets between them . Andy Bichel also chimed in with 2 / 24 . Because of Bangladesh 's meagre batting performance , the Australian innings began before lunch and opener Adam Gilchrist scored a typically quick @-@ fire 18 before he was caught behind from Mortaza . Hayden ( 46 ) and Ponting then got valuable batting practice as they shared a 74 @-@ run partnership . Ponting was eventually bowled by Rafique for 29 . Damien Martyn 's stay at the crease was cut short , in his first International match since breaking his finger in the 2003 Cricket World Cup , he faced just one ball before Australia won by eight wickets with more than 27 overs to spare . Along with the wicket of Ponting , Rafique conceded just seven runs in five overs . = = = 2nd ODI = = = The Bangladeshis won the toss and elected to bat . Their openers put on a steady opening partnership , before Sarkar ( who was now playing as a wicket @-@ keeper in the absence of Khaled Mashud ) was caught behind off Ian Harvey for 19 , with the score at 37 after 14 overs . His opening partner , Javed Omar , fell nine runs later , for 11 . Hossain also came and went quickly , as Bangladesh were restricted to 3 / 52 , despite surviving Lee 's spell . Only Bashar ( 31 ) offered any sort of resistance , as the middle order crumbled under the spin of Brad Hogg , who took 3 / 31 . Alok Kapali provided some lower @-@ order entertainment , striking 34 from 44 balls . Lehmann finished off the tail , collecting 3 / 16 , as Bangladesh were dismissed for 147 in the 46th over . In the absence of Bangladesh 's opening bowler , Mortaza , Australia opened the innings with Andrew Symonds and Michael Bevan — giving the usual middle @-@ order batsmen time at the crease . The Symonds experiment did not last long , as he was dismissed by Hasibul Hossain for seven . Martyn joined Bevan at the crease and quickly put the bowlers on the back foot with aggressive batting . Despite returning in the series for the first time since the 2003 Cricket World Cup because of a broken finger , he scored Australia 's second fastest ODI half @-@ century — 22 balls — and was on track to overtake Gilchrist 's and Allan Border 's record for the fastest Australian ODI century ; 78 deliveries . Together they added 131 runs from 91 balls , seeing Australia home by nine wickets . Named man of the match , Martyn finished with 92 from 51 balls , dominating the partnership with Bevan , who scored 40 from 62 balls . Martyn was especially severe on Bangladeshi captain Khaled Mahmud , hitting three fours and a six from successive balls in Mahmud 's second over . The captain finished with the unflattering figures of 0 / 34 from three overs . = = = 3rd ODI = = = The series finished in Darwin , with Australian skipper Ricky Ponting winning the toss and electing to bat . They were restricted to 4 / 114 — partly due to the tight bowling of Rafique who picked up two wickets — before the Australian captain stabilised the innings . He scored a composed century , as he and Bevan put on a run @-@ a @-@ ball 127 run stand . Strangely , Ponting 's 14th ODI century , included only two fours , despite hitting four sixes . Australia finished on 7 / 254 from their 50 overs . On return , Mortaza took two late innings wickets ; however , the rest of the bowling ( apart from Rafique and Kapali ) again lacked penetration . Thanks to some tight bowling , Bangladesh slumped to 5 / 36 . Both Bashar ( 2 ) and Mohammad Ashraful ( 4 ) were dismissed charging Bichel and Harvey respectively , before Kapali compiled a determined 49 in a 66 run sixth @-@ wicket partnership with Hossain . These shots were possibly caused by tight bowling from Jason Gillespie , who took 1 / 16 in 10 overs . Bangladesh were bowled out for 142 in the 48th over , with Ian Harvey taking four for 16 . Ponting received the man of the match and series awards , as Australia won by 112 runs . According to cricket historian Gideon Haigh , " Almost a quarter of the combined populations of Cairns and Darwin attended the cricket " during the Test and ODI series . = = Aftermath = = Australia 's next assignment was a home series against Zimbabwe in October 2003 . Australian opener Matthew Hayden scored the then highest Test score of 380 in the First Test at the Western Australia Cricket Association Ground ( WACA ) . Australia swept the series 2 – 0 , after comfortably winning the Second Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) in Sydney . They then drew a four @-@ Test series at home against India in December and January . The Fourth Test was captain Steve Waugh 's last , and it was played at his home ground the SCG . Australia won the following VB one @-@ day series that included India and Zimbabwe . = = One Day International squads = =
= North Carolina Highway 98 = North Carolina Highway 98 ( NC 98 ) is a 44 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 71 km ) state highway and a semi @-@ urban traffic artery connecting Durham , Wake Forest , and Bunn as well as many small to medium @-@ sized towns in the north portion of The Triangle region of North Carolina . Running from downtown Durham , the route leaves the city to the east , running into a rural area near Falls Lake . As the road approaches Wake Forest , it widens to a four @-@ lane divided highway and runs along the southern side of the city . Once leaving Wake Forest NC 98 becomes a two lane road again , running through rural areas east of Bunn . After a short concurrency with NC 39 , NC 98 continues southeast to reach its eastern terminus at U.S. Route 64 Alternate ( US 64 Alt . ) and NC 231 west of Spring Hope . NC 98 first appeared in 1930 as a state route connecting NC 91 and NC 102 in the coastal region of North Carolina . That routing was abolished in 1931 in favor of an extended NC 58 . The current routing of NC 98 was established in 1934 with the road 's western terminus at NC 91 ( present @-@ day Jones Dairy Road ) to US 64 west of Spring Hope . In 1941 , NC 98 was moved to a new section of road running from Zebulon Road to US 1 in Youngsville , which would later become part of NC 96 . In 1952 , NC 98 was again relocated along NC 264 through Wake Forest to Durham , and NC 96 took over its abandoned section . In 2003 , a bypass was completed around Wake Forest leading to the rerouting of mainline NC 98 to the bypass and the establishment of a business route through the town center . = = Route description = = NC 98 begins at US 15 Bus . / US 501 Bus. in downtown Durham . The eastbound lanes of the road begin at Roxboro Street , however the westbound lanes continue to Magnum Street along a one @-@ way road . From its terminus , the road heads east along Holloway Street , following a concurrency with US 70 Bus . Holloway Street continues to the US 70 interchange , where the US 70 Bus. concurrency ends . NC 98 continues running along Holloway Street , until intersecting Clayton Road , where it then become Wake Forest Highway . Wake Forest Highway continues to be the name for NC 98 throughout Durham County . The highway passes by Oak Grove Elementary School and Neal Middle School on the outskirts of Durham . Before leaving Durham County , the road passes over an extension of Falls Lake . As the highway enters Wake County , the name changes to Durham Road , which stays the name of the road until Wake Forest . After an intersection with Old Creedmoor Road , NC 98 and NC 50 have a cloverleaf interchange . Continuing to the east , the road intersects Six Forks and New Light Roads , before once again crossing over Falls Lake . After passing by several neighborhoods and crossing over Falls Lake two more times , the road intersects Thompson Mill Road , where it widens from a two lane road to a four lane divided highway . After about one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) , the road intersects both Falls of the Neuse Road and NC 98 Bus . The name Durham Road changes to follow NC 98 Business and NC 98 continues to become the Dr. Calvin Jones Highway . After passing by the Wakefield neighborhood , the road has an single point urban interchange with US 1 ( Capital Boulevard ) . Continuing straight it goes on to intersects Galaxy Drive , US 1A ( South Main Street ) , Franklin Street , and Heritage Lake Road , before meeting back up with NC 98 Bus. at the Wait Avenue / Jones Dairy Road intersection . After the intersection , NC 98 changes back into a two lane road , carrying the Wait Avenue name . The highway passes through a very rural area east of Wake Forest , with a few neighborhoods present . Wait Avenue intersects Averette Road at a stoplight , and then continues on to intersect NC 96 just north of Rolesville . Continuing with the same Wait Avenue name into Franklin County , the highway intersects US 401 at an intersection with slip ramps . From there the road continues to go through a rural area east of Bunn with very few neighborhoods nearby . As the road enters into the downtown areas of Bunn , its name changes to Jewett Avenue . The road travels through a mainly residential area of the town before intersects NC 39 in the center of town . NC 98 turns right onto South Main Street to begin a concurrency with NC 39 , which it follows for a little over one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . South Main Street runs through the main commercial center of the town , and passes by Bunn High School before NC 39 turns off to the south . NC 98 continues southeast along its own highway , toward Spring Hope running through very rural areas of Nash County . As the highway reaches its terminus , a few houses appear along the southern side of the road . NC 98 has its eastern terminus at an intersection with US 64 Alt . , which continues east to Spring Hope and south to the US 64 freeway . This spot also marks the northern terminus of NC 231 . = = History = = NC 98 was established in 1934 as a renumbering of a section of NC 581 ; from NC 91 ( Jones Dairy Road ) in Wake Forest to US 64 west of Spring Hope . In 1940 , it was truncated to a relocated NC 91 ( Zebulon Road ) , with its routing west into Wake Forest becoming part of NC 91 . In 1941 , NC 98 was extended north as a new primary routing to US 1 in Youngsville . In 1952 , NC 98 was rerouted west through Wake Forest ending in Durham , replacing NC 264 ; its former alignment became part of NC 96 . In 1975 , NC 98 was rerouted in Durham : replacing the old alignment to US 15 Bus . / US 501 Bus. via Miami Boulevard and Greer Street , to Holloway Street ( westbound ) / Chapel Hill Street @-@ Liberty Street ( eastbound ) and its current western terminus . In 1978 , NC 98 replaced part of US 64 's routing to its current eastern terminus . In 1981 , part of NC 98 was abandoned and placed on new construction as a result of the creation of Falls Lake ; remnants of the old alignment that were not submerged became secondary roads . In 2006 , NC 98 was rerouted south along US 1 and onto a new four @-@ lane bypass south of Wake Forest to Jones Dairy Road ; its old alignment becoming NC 98 Business . In 2011 , NC 98 was removed from US 1 and placed onto new construction east of Falls of Neuse Road ; NC 98 Business was also realigned , starting further east along a new alignment of Durham Road . The first NC 98 was established in 1930 as a new primary routing from NC 91 near Wilson , to NC 102 near Snow Hill . In 1931 , it was decommissioned in favor of becoming part of NC 58 . = = = North Carolina Highway 264 = = = North Carolina Highway 264 ( NC 264 ) was formed in 1941 as a renumbering of NC 91 . It went from the intersection at Roxboro and Greer streets in Durham to US 64 / US 264 in Zebulon . It was renumbered in 1952 . The route from current NC 98 to Zebulon was renumbered as NC 96 . The rest of the route was renumbered as NC 98 . = = Junction list = = = = Bannered routes = = = = = Wake Forest business loop = = = North Carolina Highway 98 Business ( NC 98 Bus . ) begins at the NC 98 / Falls of the Neuse Road intersection just north of Wakefield . The road runs northeast along the western edge of the Crenshaw Hall Plantation neighborhood . After about one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) the road turns a more eastern direction following the old routing of NC 98 ( Durham Road ) . The road has an interchange with US 1 ( Capital Boulevard ) in the western sections of Wake Forest . NC 98 Bus. continues to the east toward downtown Wake Forest . Once reaching downtown the road runs along the southern side of the Southeastern Baptist Seminary before having a roundabout intersection with US 1A . US 1A joins NC 98 Business and continues along the eastern side of the seminary . NC 98 Bus. turns right onto Roosevelt Avenue and enters downtown Wake Forest . The road merges into Wait Avenue and continues east out of downtown Wake Forest . Just before the road ends at NC 98 the road makes a 90 degree right turn before ending at the NC 98 / Jones Dairy Road / NC 98 Bus. intersections . The road name Wait Avenue continues along NC 98 east . NC 98 Bus. was first created running along Wait Avenue through Downtown and met NC 98 at the US 1A roundabout . This was a renumbering of NC 98 as the first sections of the Wake Forest bypass were put into place . As NC 98 was expanded to US 1 , NC 98 Bus. expanded to cover all of the previous NC 98 routing east of US 1 and west of Jones Dairy Road . In September 2010 the third segment of NC 98 was opened from US 1 to Thompson Mill Road with the old routing between Thompson Mill Road and Fawn Drive being torn up and replaced with new routing which became NC 98 Business . Junction list The entire route is in Wake Forest , Wake County .
= Banker horse = The Banker horse is a breed of feral horse ( Equus ferus caballus ) living on barrier islands in North Carolina 's Outer Banks . It is small , hardy , and has a docile temperament . Descended from domesticated Spanish horses and possibly brought to the Americas in the 16th century , the ancestral foundation bloodstock may have become feral after surviving shipwrecks or being abandoned on the islands by one of the exploratory expeditions led by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón or Sir Richard Grenville . Populations are found on Ocracoke Island , Shackleford Banks , Currituck Banks , and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary . Although they can trample plants and ground @-@ nesting animals and are not considered to be indigenous to the islands , Bankers are allowed to remain due to their historical significance . They survive by grazing on marsh grasses , which supply them with water as well as food , supplemented by temporary freshwater pools . To prevent overpopulation and inbreeding , and to protect their habitat from being overgrazed , the horses are managed by the National Park Service , the state of North Carolina , and several private organizations . The horses are monitored for diseases , such as equine infectious anemia , an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequently eliminated on Shackleford in 1996 . They are safeguarded from traffic on North Carolina Highway 12 . Island populations are limited by adoptions and by birth control . Bankers taken from the wild and trained have been used for trail riding , driving , and occasionally for mounted patrols . = = Characteristics = = The typical Banker is relatively small , standing between 13 @.@ 0 and 14 @.@ 3 hands ( 52 and 59 inches , 132 and 150 cm ) high at the withers and weighing 800 to 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 360 to 450 kg ) . The forehead is broad and the facial profile tends to be straight or slightly convex . The chest is deep and narrow and the back is short with a sloped croup and low @-@ set tail . Legs have an oval @-@ shaped cannon bone , a trait considered indicative of " strong bone " or soundness . The callousities known as chestnuts are small , on some so tiny that they are barely detectable . Most Bankers have no chestnuts on the hind legs . The coat can be any color but is most often brown , bay , dun , or chestnut . Bankers have long @-@ strided gaits and many are able to pace and amble . They are easy keepers and are hardy , friendly , and docile . Several of the Bankers ' characteristics indicate that they share ancestry with other Colonial Spanish horse breeds . The presence of the genetic marker " Q @-@ ac " suggests that the horses share common ancestry with two other breeds of Spanish descent , the Pryor Mountain Mustang and Paso Fino . These breeds diverged from one another 400 years ago . The breed shares skeletal traits of other Colonial Spanish horses : the wings of the atlas are lobed , rather than semicircular ; and they are short @-@ backed , with some individuals possessing five instead of six lumbar vertebrae . No changes in function result from these spinal differences . The convex facial profile common to the breed also indicates Spanish ancestry . = = Breed history = = Since they are free @-@ roaming , Bankers are often referred to as " wild " horses ; however , because they descend from domesticated ancestors , they are feral horses . It is thought that the Bankers arrived on the barrier islands during the 16th century . Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the horses ' origins , but none have yet been fully verified . One theory is that ancestors of the Banker swam ashore from wrecked Spanish galleons . Ships returning to Spain from the Americas often took advantage of both the Gulf Stream and continental trade winds , on a route that brought them within 20 miles ( 32 km ) of the Outer Banks . Hidden shoals claimed many victims , and earned this region the name of " Graveyard of the Atlantic " . At least eight shipwrecks discovered in the area are of Spanish origin , dating between 1528 and 1564 . These ships sank close enough to land for the horses to have made the shores . Alternatively , during hazardous weather , ships may have taken refuge close to shore , where the horses may have been turned loose . However , the presence of horses on Spanish treasure ships has not been confirmed — cargo space was primarily intended for transporting riches such as gold and silver . Another conjecture is that the breed is descended from the 89 horses brought to the islands in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón . His attempted colonization of San Miguel de Gualdape ( near the Santee River in South Carolina ) failed , forcing the colonists to move , possibly to North Carolina . Vázquez de Ayllón , and about 450 of the original 600 colonists subsequently died as a result of desertion , disease , and an early frost . Lacking effective leadership , the new settlement lasted for only two months ; the survivors abandoned the colony and fled to Hispaniola , leaving their horses behind . A similar theory is that Sir Richard Grenville brought horses to the islands in 1585 , during an attempt to establish an English naval base . All five of the expedition 's vessels ran aground at Wococon ( present @-@ day Ocracoke ) . Documents indicate that the ships carried various types of livestock obtained through trade in Hispaniola , including " mares , kyne [ cattle ] , buls , goates , swine [ and ] sheep . " While the smaller vessels were easily refloated , one of Grenville 's larger ships , the Tiger , was nearly destroyed . Scholars believe that as the crew attempted to lighten the ship , they either unloaded the horses or forced them overboard , letting them swim to shore . In a letter to Sir Francis Walsingham that same year , Grenville suggested that livestock survived on the island after the grounding of his ships . = = Life on the barrier islands = = About 400 Bankers inhabit the long , narrow barrier islands of North Carolina 's Outer Banks . These islands are offshore sediment deposits separated from the mainland by a body of water such as an estuary or sound . The islands can be up to 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the shore ; most are less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide . Vegetation is sparse and consists mainly of coarse grasses and a few stunted trees . Each island in the chain is separated from the next by a tidal inlet . The Bankers ' small stature can be attributed , in part , to limited nutrients in their diet . They graze mostly on Spartina grasses but will feed on other plants such as bulrush ( Typha latifolia ) , sea oats , and even poison ivy . Horses living closer to human habitation , such as those on Currituck Banks , have sometimes grazed on residential lawns and landscaping . Domesticated Bankers raised on manufactured horse feed from an early age tend to exhibit slightly larger frames . Water is a limiting resource for Bankers , as the islands are surrounded by salt water and have no freshwater springs or permanent ponds . The horses are dependent on ephemeral pools of rainwater and moisture in the vegetation they consume . Bankers will dig shallow holes , ranging from 2 @.@ 5 to 4 feet ( 0 @.@ 76 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) in depth , to reach fresh groundwater . Occasionally , they may resort to drinking seawater . This gives them a bloated appearance , a consequence of water retention caused by the body 's effort to maintain osmotic balance . = = Land use controversies = = The National Park Service ( NPS ) is concerned about the impact of Bankers on the environmental health of North Carolina 's barrier islands . Initially , the NPS believed that the non @-@ native Bankers would completely consume the Spartina alterniflora grasses and the maritime forests , as both were thought to be essential to their survival . Research in 1987 provided information on the horses ' diet that suggested otherwise . Half of their diet consisted of Spartina , while only 4 % of their nutrients came from the maritime forest . The study concluded that sufficient nutrients were replenished with each ocean tide to prevent a decline in vegetative growth from overgrazing . A 2004 study declared that the greatest impact on plant life was not from grazing but from the damage plants sustained when trampled by the horses ' hooves . Bankers pose a threat to ground @-@ nesting animals such as sea turtles and shorebirds . Feral horses interrupt nesting activities and can crush the young . = = Management and adoption = = As the Bankers are seen as a part of North Carolina 's coastal heritage , they have been allowed to remain on the barrier islands . To cope with the expanding population , prevent inbreeding and attempt to minimize environmental damage , several organizations partner in managing the herds . = = = Ocracoke = = = Since 1959 , Bankers on Ocracoke Island have been confined to fenced areas of approximately 180 acres ( 0 @.@ 73 km2 ; 0 @.@ 28 sq mi ) . The areas protect the horses from the traffic of North Carolina Highway 12 , as well as safeguarding the island from overgrazing . The NPS , the authority managing the Ocracoke herd , supplements the horses ' diet with additional hay and grain . In 2006 , as a precaution against inbreeding , two colts from the Shackleford herd were transported to Ocracoke . = = = Shackleford = = = Public Law 105 @-@ 229 , commonly referred to as the Shackleford Banks Wild Horses Protection Act , states that the Bankers on Shackleford Island are to be jointly managed by the National Park Service and another qualified nonprofit entity ( currently the Foundation for Shackleford Horses ) . The herd is limited to 120 – 130 horses . Population management is achieved through adoption and by administering the contraceptive vaccine Porcine zona pellucida ( PZP ) to individual mares via dart . The island 's horse population is monitored by freeze branding numbers onto each animal 's left hindquarter . The identification of individuals allows the National Park Service to ensure correct gender ratios and to select which mares to inject with PZP . Since 2000 , adoptions of Bankers from Shackleford have been managed by the Foundation for Shackleford Horses . As of 2007 , 56 horses had found new homes , 10 resided with another herd on Cedar Island , and two had been moved to the Ocracoke herd . On November 12 , 1996 , the Shackleford horses were rounded up by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture 's Veterinary Division and tested for equine infectious anemia ( EIA ) . EIA is a potentially lethal disease , a lentivirus transmitted by bodily fluids and insects . Seventy @-@ six of the 184 captured horses tested positive . Those that tested negative were allowed to remain on the island and those with the disease were transported to a temporary quarantine facility . Finding a permanent , isolated area for such a large number of Bankers was a challenging task for the Foundation ; eight days later the state declared all proposed locations for the herd unsuitable . It ordered the euthanization of the 76 infected horses . Two more horses died in the process — one that was fatally injured during the roundup , and an uninfected foal that slipped into the quarantined herd to be with its mother . = = = Currituck Banks = = = As a consequence of Corolla 's development in the 1980s , horses on Currituck Banks came into contact with humans more frequently . By 1989 , eleven Bankers had been killed by cars on the newly constructed Highway 12 . That same year , the Corolla Wild Horse Fund , a nonprofit organization , was created to protect the horses from human interference . As a result of its efforts , the remainder of the herd was moved to a more remote part of Currituck Banks , where they were fenced into 1 @,@ 800 acres ( 7 @.@ 28 km2 ; 2 @.@ 81 sq mi ) of combined federal and privately donated land . Corolla commissioners declared the site a horse sanctuary . The population is now managed by adopting out yearlings , both fillies and gelded colts . Conflicts over the preservation of the horses continued into 2012 . In 2013 , legislation was introduced to help preserve the herd on Currituck . = = = Rachel Carson Site , North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve = = = A herd lives on the Rachel Carson component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve , a series of five small islands and several salt marshes . There were no horses at the Sanctuary until the 1940s . It is unclear whether the Bankers swam over from nearby Shackleford or were left by residents who had used the islands to graze livestock . They are owned and managed by the state of North Carolina and regarded as a cultural resource . No management action was taken until the late 1980s and early 1990s , when after years of flourishing population , the island 's carrying capacity was exceeded . Malnourishment caused by overcrowding resulted in the deaths of several horses ; the reserve 's staff instituted a birth control program to restrict the herd to about 40 animals . = = Uses = = Adopted Bankers are often used for pleasure riding and driving . As they have a calm disposition , they are used as children 's mounts . The breed has also been used in several mounted patrols . Before 1915 , the United States Lifesaving Service used horses for beach watches and rescues . In addition to carrying park rangers on patrols , the horses hauled equipment to and from shipwreck sites . During World War II , the Coast Guard used them for patrols . In the 1980s Bankers were used for beach duty at Cape Hatteras National Seashore . In 1955 , ten horses were taken from the Ocracoke herd as a project for Mounted Boy Scout Troop 290 . After taming and branding the horses , the scouts trained them for public service activities . The Bankers were ridden in parades and used as mounts during programs to spray mosquito @-@ ridden salt marshes .
= Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott = Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott is an equestrian statue in Washington , D.C. , that honors career military officer Winfield Scott . The monument stands in the center of Scott Circle , a traffic circle and small park at the convergence of 16th Street , Massachusetts Avenue and Rhode Island Avenue NW . The statue was sculpted by Henry Kirke Brown , whose best @-@ known works include statues of George Washington in New York and Nathanael Greene in Washington , D.C. It was the first of many sculptures honoring Civil War generals that were installed in Washington , D.C. ' s traffic circles and squares and was the second statue in the city to honor Scott . The sculpture is one of the city 's 18 Civil War monuments that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The monument and park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . The bronze statue rests on a granite base that at the time was the largest stone ever quarried in the United States . Much criticized for its depiction of Scott and the proportions of the horse , it is considered one of the worst equestrian sculptures in the city by authors and historians . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Winfield Scott ( 1786 – 1866 ) , nicknamed " Old Fuss and Feathers " and the " Grand Old Man of the Army " , served on active duty as general longer than any other American officer . During his 53 @-@ year career , he led forces during several wars , including the War of 1812 , Black Hawk War , Mexican – American War , Seminole Wars , and Civil War . He served under every president from Thomas Jefferson to Abraham Lincoln . His twenty @-@ year service as Commanding General of the United States Army was the longest in that post 's history . His popularity following the Mexican – American War resulted in Scott being nominated the Whig Party candidate in the 1852 presidential election . Following Scott 's death in 1866 , veterans and other citizens began lobbying for a monument to honor the general . On March 3 , 1867 , Congress authorized $ 35 @,@ 000 for the erection of an equestrian statue . The monument was reauthorized by Congress on July 15 , 1870 , and on June 10 , 1872 . The artist selected was Henry Kirke Brown ( 1814 – 1886 ) , a sculptor from New York whose 1856 equestrian statue of George Washington in Union Square , Manhattan , had been well received by critics . His other works in Washington , D.C. include Major General Nathanael Greene in Stanton Park and busts of Vice Presidents George Clinton and John C. Breckinridge , poet William Cullen Bryant , Major General Philip Kearny , and Senators Henry Clay and Richard Stockton . The model of the statue was completed around 1872 . The federal government contributed bronze cannons captured by Scott during the Mexican – American War to use for casting the statue . Before the casting began , descendants of Scott saw the model and protested the design . Brown had designed the horse to be a small mare , which Scott preferred to ride , instead of a stallion . The descendants argued that no other general had been portrayed riding a mare and that a horse with flared nostrils and arched neck would be more suitable . Brown was annoyed by the requests and only made minimal modifications to the design , resulting in Scott , a tall and heavy man measuring 6 @.@ 5 ft ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) and weighing 300 lb ( 140 kg ) , riding a small mare with the external genitalia of a stallion . The statue was founded by Robert Wood & Company , whose other works in Washington , D.C. include Major General Nathanael Greene , Major General James B. McPherson and General John A. Rawlins . The architect selected to design the base is disputed . Historian James M. Goode , author of Outdoor Sculpture of Washington , D.C. , cites General Orville E. Babcock of the Corps of Engineers as the architect , while a 1985 report by the National Park Service credits George Edward Harney . The stonework was completed by Jonas French of the Cape Ann Granite Company . The base was carved from a single block of granite weighing more than 150 tons . It was the largest single stone ever quarried in the United States at the time . The original planned site for the statue was present @-@ day McPherson Square . Scott Circle , a tract of land previously known as Jamaica , was renamed in honor of Scott when the monument was installed in 1874 at a total cost of $ 77 @,@ 000 . Although there was no formal dedication , the park surrounding the site was landscaped with trees and ornamental flowers before the monument was installed . The monument was the first of many memorials to Civil War generals in Washington , D.C. ' s traffic circles and squares , although Scott is the only Civil War official to be represented by two statues in the nation 's capital . The second statue , by sculptor Launt Thompson , was erected on the grounds of the United States Soldiers ' Home in 1873 . = = = Reception = = = The statue received much criticism after it was installed . Critics said Scott was being portrayed as " too old , too fat , too stiff , too short @-@ legged . " He was described as looking like " an old sack of flour " and irritated because his hand was resting on his hip . The horse was ridiculed even more . One reporter said the horse looked like it was " suffering slightly from ringbone lameness and not daring to travel faster than a walk . " The proportions of the horse received the greatest amount of criticism , with observers calling it " too light , too delicate , too thin , too timid , and dreadfully proportioned . " Upon seeing the monument , General Philip Sheridan reportedly told his wife to never let him be immortalized in such a manner . Kathryn Allamong Jacob , author of Testament to Union : Civil War Monuments in Washington , D.C. , considers it one of the worst equestrian monuments in the city , especially when compared to the nearby Major General George Henry Thomas statue , considered one of the city 's best . A 2000 article in The Washington Post described it as the city 's oddest equestrian statue . = = = Later history = = = The introduction of the monument spurred development around Scott Circle and the immediate area . Soon after the monument was installed , notable individuals including Secretary of the Treasury William Windom and The Washington Post founder Stilson Hutchins built mansions around the circle . The area continued to be a desirable location for wealthy Washingtonians until most of the mansions were demolished in the 1940s . In 1941 , the monument was temporarily removed when a four @-@ lane tunnel was built beneath the circle . The statue is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on September 20 , 1978 , and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3 , 1979 . The monument and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . = = Design and location = = The Scott monument is located in the center of Scott Circle , a traffic circle and park at the convergence of 16th Street , Massachusetts Avenue and Rhode Island Avenue NW , on the border of the Dupont Circle and Logan Circle neighborhoods . Scott Circle is considered the southeastern terminus of Embassy Row with the Embassy of Australia overlooking the circle and statue . The statue faces south down 16th Street towards the White House . The park is flanked by two small , triangular reservations . The Daniel Webster Memorial , listed on the NRHP , is on the west reservation and the Samuel Hahnemann Monument , also listed on the NRHP , is on the east reservation . The statue and park are not intended for pedestrian use as there are no sidewalks on or around the circle . Pedestrians use the side reservations to maneuver around the circle . The bronze statue is 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) tall and 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) long while the granite base it rests on is 24 ft ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide and 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) long . The inscription " SCOTT " is on the south side of the base . The statue depicts Scott wearing a field uniform of a lieutenant general , including a hat and long jacket with fringed epaulets and decorative sash . He is riding his horse while holding the reins in his left hand . Scott 's right hand is holding a pair of field glasses and resting on his hip . His sword is on his left side . The tiered base is adorned with architectural decoration .
= Japanese battleship Fuji = Fuji ( 富士 ) was the lead ship of the Fuji class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy by the British firm of Thames Iron Works in the late 1890s . The ship participated in the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 1905 , including the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war with her sister Yashima . Fuji fought in the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima and was lightly damaged in the latter action . The ship was reclassified as a coastal defence ship in 1910 and served as a training ship for the rest of her career . She was hulked in 1922 and finally broken up for scrap in 1948 . = = Design and description = = Fuji was 412 feet ( 125 @.@ 6 m ) long overall and had a beam of 73 feet 6 inches ( 22 @.@ 4 m ) and a full @-@ load draught of 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 925 m ) . She normally displaced 12 @,@ 533 long tons ( 12 @,@ 734 t ) and had a crew of 637 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by two Humphrys Tennant vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines using steam generated by ten cylindrical boilers . The engines were rated at 13 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 100 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of around 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Fuji , however , reached a top speed of 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 34 @.@ 3 km / h ; 21 @.@ 3 mph ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 200 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 200 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of ten 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing guns , four mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and six mounted on the upper deck , protected by gun shields . A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats . These included fourteen 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 3 @-@ pounder guns and ten 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns of the same calibre . She was also armed with five 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . Fuji 's waterline armour belt consisted of Harvey armour and was 14 – 18 inches ( 356 – 457 mm ) thick . The armour of her gun turrets was six inches thick and her deck was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick . = = Construction and career = = Fuji , named after Mount Fuji , was ordered as part of the 1894 Naval Programme and the ship was laid down by Thames Iron Works at their Blackwall , London shipyard on 1 August 1894 . The ship was launched on 31 March 1896 and completed on 17 August 1897 . The work was supervised by a team of over 240 engineers and naval officers from Japan , including future Prime Ministers Saitō Makoto and Katō Tomosaburō . While fitting out at Portland , she participated in the fleet review marking Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee on 26 June 1897 at Spithead before departing for Japan via the Suez Canal . In 1901 , the ship exchanged 16 of her 47 mm guns for an equal number of QF 12 pounder 12 cwt guns . This raised the number of crewmen to 652 and later to 741 . At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Fuji , commanded by Captain Matsumoto Kazu , was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and expected to find them badly disorganized and weakened , but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the Boyarin which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a bad idea as the Japanese 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted very little significant damage on the Russian ships who concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although a large number of ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered only 17 while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged . Fuji was hit by two shells during the battle that killed two and wounded 10 crewmen . On 10 March , Fuji and her sister Yashima , under the command of Rear Admiral Nashiba Tokioki , blindly bombarded the harbour of Port Arthur from Pigeon Bay , on the southwest side of the Liaodong Peninsula , at a range of 9 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 9 mi ) . They fired 154 twelve @-@ inch shells , but did little damage . When they tried again on 22 March , they were attacked by Russian coast defence guns that had been transferred there by the new Russian commander , Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov , and also from several Russian ships in Port Arthur using observers overlooking Pigeon Bay . The Japanese ships disengaged after Fuji was hit by a 12 @-@ inch shell . Fuji participated in the action of 13 April when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the six battleships of the 1st Division , he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , Makarov one of the 677 killed . Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields . During the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904 , Fuji was not hit because the Russian ships concentrated their fire on the leading ship of the column , Tōgō 's flagship , the battleship Mikasa . During the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 , she was hit a dozen times ; the most serious of which penetrated the hood of the rear barbette , ignited some exposed propellant charges and killed eight men and wounded nine . After the ammunition fire was put out , the left gun in the barbette resumed firing and apparently fired the coup de grâce that sank the battleship Borodino . On 23 October 1908 , Fuji hosted a dinner for the American Ambassador and the seniormost officers of the Great White Fleet during their circumnavigation of the world . In 1910 , her cylindrical boilers were replaced by Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers and her main armament was replaced by Japanese @-@ built guns . Fuji was reclassified as a first @-@ class coast defence ship that same year , and was used for training duties in various capacities until disarmed in 1922 . She spent all of World War I based at Kure . Her hulk continued to be used as a floating barracks and training center at Yokosuka until 1945 . Fuji was damaged by American carrier aircraft during their 18 July 1945 attack on Yokosuka and capsized after the end of the war . The ship was scrapped in 1948 .
= Star Trek : Voyager ( season 4 ) = The fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager commenced airing on UPN in the United States on September 3 , 1997 , and concluded on May 20 , 1998 , after airing 26 episodes . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant , far from the rest of the Federation . Series four featured the debut of new main cast member Jeri Ryan as Seven of Nine ( Seven ) , and the departure after two episodes of Jennifer Lien , who portrayed Kes during the first three seasons of the show . Following the end of the third season , executive producer Michael Piller left the staff . Brannon Braga was brought on as co @-@ executive producer because Jeri Taylor was intending to leave the show and wanted a hand @-@ over period . When she left at the end of the season , Braga became executive producer in her place . With the addition of Seven , a series of episodes focused on her backstory and relationship with other characters . The season opened with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 % for " Scorpion " , which was higher than any episode since the pilot . " Unforgettable " received the lowest rating with 3 @.@ 4 % . The fanbase initially responded negatively to Ryan 's addition to the cast , raising concerns over Seven 's sexual attractiveness , which had the potential to overshadow the story . But following the airing of the episodes , critics applauded Ryan 's acting skills and her role as Seven , noting that it would improve the quality of the stories and the series itself . Acclaimed episodes like " Scorpion " , " Year of Hell " , and " Hope and Fear " , led critics to describe the fourth season as one of the best . The episode " Living Witness " , directed by Tim Russ , received special critical accommodation as one of the best episodes of the entire series . = = Plot overview = = The fourth season of Voyager introduces Seven of Nine ( Seven ) as a new crew member as she becomes separated from the Borg collective after the crew help the Borg to defeat Species 8472 . Captain Kathryn Janeway mentors Seven and helps her to rediscover her individuality and her humanity . Kes leaves the vessel after her powers increase , but pushes Voyager ten years closer to home as she departs . B 'Elanna Torres faces her Klingon heritage , while the Doctor confronts the rights of sentient holograms for the first time . After the construction of a new Astrometrics lab , the crew enter Krenim space and go through the " Year of Hell " foretold in the season three episode " Before and After " . But the events of this year are undone with the destruction of the Krenim timeship . Voyager continues to encounter the Borg and enters Hirogen space , establishing contact with Starfleet for the first time since being stranded in the Delta Quadrant . The crew are cloned by an intelligent silver liquid on a demon class planet and the season ends with an alien seeking revenge who tries to trick the crew with a fake Starfleet vessel that can take them home to Earth . = = Cast = = = = = Main cast = = = = = = Recurring cast = = = = = Episodes = = = = Production = = = = = Casting = = = An audition process was held for Seven of Nine ( Seven ) , a new character in the fourth season . Jeri Ryan attended for readings , and was cast in the role . She previously appeared in the science fiction television series Dark Skies on NBC , and found the change of characters amusing . " I was fighting the collective , the Hive on ' Dark Skies ' . Now I 'm part of the collective , the Borg " , she remarked . Ryan described Seven as " a dark character , stronger and more forceful than many female characters have been on Star Trek so far . " The initial fan reaction to Seven was mixed . Some fans accused the show of adding her to attract more 18 – 35 male audience members , which co @-@ executive producer Brannon Braga denied . The original Borg costume Ryan wore during the second part of " Scorpion " took approximately two and a half hours to apply . When Ryan was first measured for the outfit , the costume designers failed to take into account the full head prosthetic required for the first and second episodes of the season . Because of this error in measurement , the costume cut off Ryan 's carotid artery , causing her to pass out . After a nurse was called twice to supply oxygen , the costume was modified to prevent it from happening again . A new costume was required for Ryan once Seven had the majority of her Borg implants removed . She wore a new silver jumpsuit for the following several episodes . During the filming of the episode " Day of Honor " , director Jesús Salvador Treviño criticized the outfit , saying that " almost any camera angle inevitably winds up emphasizing her sexuality . " Ryan described the new costume as " a little snug " ; she wore a corset @-@ like device which gave her the appearance of mechanical ribs . Treviño praised Ryan 's third costume , which replaced the silver jumpsuit , noting how it reduced her sexual characteristics : " It is much more sensible , because she 's still an attractive person but then you get away from that titillation stuff which I think is so demeaning not only to the audience , but it 's kinda of demeaning to what Star Trek is about " . Season four also saw the departure of Jennifer Lien as Kes after her contract was not renewed . Lien appeared in the first two episodes of the season before being written out . Braga said that the character was not working on the show and that they needed to make room for Ryan in the cast . Lien later reprised her role as Kes in the season six episode " Fury " . Robert Picardo thought that the writers were partly responsible for the problems with Lien 's character due to the limitations they placed on Kes in the original concept for Voyager . As a member of the Ocampa species , for example , Kes was only allowed a short , seven @-@ year lifespan . Tim Russ , who portrays Tuvok , described the departure of Kess from the series as " gracious " and " poignant " . = = = Writing = = = Michael Piller left the staff of Voyager after the third season to work with Rick Berman on the script for the film Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) . Previously , he had worked as a consultant script editor for the series . Brannon Braga came in as a co @-@ executive producer after Jeri Taylor sought to reduce her involvement on the show . Braga originally joined the franchise when he was an intern on Star Trek : The Next Generation ; he went on to write more than 40 episodes as well as Star Trek Generations ( 1994 ) and Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) . Taylor was initially daunted by the departure of Piller , but found that it opened up the ability to explore other types of stories . For example , the episode " Distant Origin " would not have been made with Piller on the staff because of its unusual plot structure ; the story focuses first on an alien race , not just the crew of Voyager . After watching the episode , Piller believed it was the best installment of Voyager at that time . After Taylor left the show at the end of the season , Braga became the executive producer . With the addition of Seven to the crew , the writers incorporated the character 's backstory into the show . " The Raven " explores how Seven arrived in the Delta quadrant , while a variety of episodes show Seven rediscovering her humanity . Seven also brought a third @-@ party view of humanity that had previously been missing from Voyager . This outsider perspective was used earlier in the franchise , with the roles of Spock in Star Trek : The Original Series and Data in Star Trek : The Next Generation . Russ felt that the majority of the episodes during the fourth season concentrated on the new character of Seven . The writers also introduced relationships between Voyager 's crew , focusing on developing the connection between Tom Paris and B 'Elanna Torres , Tuvok and Neelix , and Kathryn Janeway and Chakotay . Both Russ and Kate Mulgrew believed that the writing improved during the fourth season . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The season opened to a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 percent for the second part of " Scorpion " when it aired on September 3 , 1997 . A Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 percent means the episode was watched by 8 @.@ 8 percent of those watching television at the time of broadcast . This was the highest rating for the series since " Caretaker " , the original pilot episode . Ratings for " The Gift " , the second episode of the fourth season , dropped to 5 @.@ 6 percent . However , only two other episodes during season four had ratings of 5 percent or higher , with " Revulsion " and the second part of " Year of Hell " gaining ratings of 5 percent and 5 @.@ 2 percent respectively . " Unforgettable " received the lowest rating of the season with 3 @.@ 4 percent . The season closed with " Hope and Fear " , which received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 % . The series remained UPN 's highest rated show . In September 1997 , Dean Valentine , the incoming chief of the network , promised to increase promotion of the show . In November 1997 , Voyager swapped timeslots with The Sentinel , moving from a 9 p.m. to 8 p.m. slot . The timeslot was changed because Voyager received higher ratings . It was hoped that the swap would have a lead @-@ in effect into The Sentinel . This timeslot change placed Voyager in direct competition against 3rd Rock from the Sun on NBC , The Drew Carey Show on ABC and Party of Five on Fox . Nevertheless , local providers started to swap from UPN to The WB in early 1998 , and ratings suffered . To combat this problem , the series was moved back to 9 p.m. from May onwards . = = = Reviews = = = Some members of the online Star Trek community complained about the addition of Seven of Nine ( Seven ) to the show before the season premiere , referring to Voyager as " Melrose Space " . The nickname amused Ryan , who hoped the fans would be won over during the course of the season . Once the episodes started to air for the first time , Ryan 's character increased in popularity amongst the fan base . Two months after the start of the season , Ryan attended her first science fiction convention ; she was overwhelmed by the fan response . The critics credited Seven 's presence on Voyager as a significant improvement , with the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer concluding that Voyager had " finally ... found its groove " . Writing for Dreamwatch , Gary Russell said that Ryan 's character worked well on the season from her first appearance . However , the Boston Herald argued that the show had swapped " sci @-@ fi for sex appeal " during the fourth season , but acknowledged Ryan was a good actress . It gave the season three out of five stars at the time of the DVD release . In a review of " Scorpion , Part II " , the first episode of the fourth season , Tony Norman of the Pittsburg Post @-@ Gazette noted several new elements . The episode , according to Norman , established the first ideological debate between Janeway and Chakotay since the original series pilot . Norman also noted that the new character of Seven would create a " source of tension " and " infuse the show with the edginess it desperately needs " . The addition of a Borg crew member , Norman argued , was the same type of " bold move " that occurred when Worf was added to the USS Enterprise in Star Trek : The Next Generation . Writing for Den of Geek , Juliette Harrisson described the fourth season as the best of the series . She praised Seven 's introduction as an opportunity for existing characters , such as Tuvok . Harrisson highlighted several of the episodes of the season , pointing to " Living Witness " as a candidate for the best of the entire series . She criticized " Mortal Coil " and " Retrospect " for concentrating too much on the relationship between Seven and Janeway , to the detriment of other characters . On the website Blastr , Lisa Granshaw included " Scorpion " , " Year of Hell " , " Living Witness " and " Hope and Fear in an unordered list of the top ten episodes of Voyager . = = = Accolades = = = The series was nominated for two Emmy Awards following the fourth season : " Year of Hell " was nominated for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series , while " The Killing Game " received a nomination for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series . Kate Mulgrew won the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for her performance as Captain Janeway . The Satellite Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama was awarded to Jeri Ryan at the 3rd Golden Satellite Awards . = = Home media release = =
= Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger = " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " is the fourth season finale of the American NBC action @-@ comedy television series Chuck . Aired on May 16 , 2011 , it is the season 's 24th episode , and the 78th overall episode of the series . The episode was directed by Robert Duncan McNeill and written by series co @-@ creator Chris Fedak , along with Nicholas Wootton . Despite the episode 's eponymous cliffhanger ending , supposedly leading into a fifth season , it was anticipated that Chuck would be cancelled after the fourth season for declining viewership , making " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " the de facto series finale . However , a fifth and final season was ordered on May 13 , 2011 . Chuck revolves around the Intersect , a government database designed by Stephen J. Bartowski . In the pilot episode of the series , Stephen 's son Chuck ( Zachary Levi ) receives the database and accidentally uploads it to his brain . Chuck is then forced from his life as an employee at the big @-@ box store Buy More to the spy world . By the fourth season , Chuck is a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) agent and is engaged to one of his handlers , Sarah Walker ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . In the season , Chuck and his team fulfill Stephen Bartowski 's last wish to destroy Volkoff Industries , led by international arms dealer Alexei Volkoff ( Timothy Dalton ) . It is then revealed that Volkoff was actually Hartley Winterbottom , an MI6 scientist who worked with Stephen in the 1980s . In preparation for an undercover assignment as an arms dealer named Alexei Volkoff , Winterbottom became the first person to upload the Intersect . However , the upload malfunctioned , overwriting Winterbottom 's personality with that of his cover , and Stephen spent the last 20 years of his life trying to fix his mistake . At the end of " Chuck Versus the Last Details " , Volkoff 's daughter Vivian ( Lauren Cohan ) learns of her father 's true identity , and , holding Chuck responsible , poisons Chuck 's fiancée Sarah with a Volkoff Industries weapon called " the Norseman " . To save Sarah 's life and stop Vivian from destroying his and Sarah 's wedding , Chuck turns to Alexei for help . To keep secret Volkoff 's true identity , the CIA sends its " toughest " agent , Clyde Decker ( Richard Burgi ) , to stop Chuck . " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it drew 4 @.@ 53 million viewers , with a 1 @.@ 5 / 4 rating among those aged 18 – 49 . = = Plot = = Volkoff Industries heiress Vivian Volkoff ( Lauren Cohan ) decides to make Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) Agent Chuck Bartowski ( Zachary Levi ) suffer , based on the misconception that the CIA forced her father , MI6 scientist Hartley Winterbottom ( Timothy Dalton ) , to upload a government database called the Intersect to his brain , accidentally overwriting his personality with that of his cover identity , arms dealer Alexei Volkoff . Vivian poisons Chuck 's fiancée Sarah Walker ( Yvonne Strahovski ) with the Volkoff Industries " Norseman " weapon , and Sarah is rushed into the emergency room . Chuck , his mother Mary ( Linda Hamilton ) , and ally John Casey ( Adam Baldwin ) set out to find an antidote to the Norseman 's effects , but when Chuck breaks into the prison holding Alexei , he discovers that elite agent Clyde Decker ( Richard Burgi ) has anticipated his move and relocated Alexei . To protect Alexei 's true identity and conceal the government 's botched experiment , Decker revokes Chuck 's clearance to CIA facilities . With General Beckman 's ( Bonita Friedericy ) aid , Chuck intercepts the transport carrying Alexei , only to find that Decker has deprogrammed Alexei and restored his previous identity and memories of Hartley Winterbottom . Hartley administers an antidote , but it fails to cure Sarah . Mary then remembers that Alexei had developed a stronger antidote , but it is stored at the Volkoff Industries Headquarters in Moscow , Russia . As they leave the hospital , Chuck , Casey , Mary , and Hartley are captured by Decker and taken to Castle , a government base under the big @-@ box store Buy More , where Decker suppresses the Intersect in Chuck 's mind . Casey helps Chuck and Hartley escape , giving Chuck discs containing clean fabricated identities for him and Sarah . Chuck and Hartley go to Volkoff Industries , and Hartley reveals to Vivian that he went undercover voluntarily , resulting in his transformation into the villainous Volkoff . Chuck gives up the discs from Casey so Vivian and her father can start a new life . Chuck returns with the antidote to Burbank , California , where Decker is waiting for him . A standoff occurs , but as Chuck is backed up by a superior force made up of his friends , family , the C.A.T. Squad ( Mini Andén and Mercedes Masöhn ) , and Volkoff 's Spetsnaz paratroopers , Decker is forced to stand down . Using the information about Alexei as leverage against Decker , Chuck delivers the antidote . The scene then changes to Chuck and Sarah 's wedding , after which they receive a wedding present from Hartley . Two weeks later , Chuck returns from his honeymoon to a deserted Castle , where he learns from Decker that he has been manipulated his entire spy career , leading to him receiving the Intersect and facing Fulcrum , the Ring , Daniel Shaw , and Volkoff . It is then revealed that Hartley 's gift was all of Volkoff Industries ' assets , giving Chuck and Sarah almost a billion dollars . Chuck purchases the Buy More from the government 's front company , and he , Sarah , Casey , and Morgan Grimes ( Joshua Gomez ) set up their own freelance spy operation in Castle to investigate the conspiracy involving Chuck . Morgan then spots a pair of glasses in a box of Chuck 's belongings sent from Beckman . Morgan puts them on and accidentally uploads an Intersect . = = Production = = " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " was one of many episodes to be directed by producer Robert Duncan McNeill , and was written by Chris Fedak , who co @-@ created the series , and Nicholas Wootton , both of whom serve as executive producers . It originally aired in the United States on May 16 , 2011 , on NBC as the 24th episode of Chuck 's fourth season and the 78th episode overall . The episode was filmed in April 2011 at North Hollywood Medical Center . Guest stars Linda Hamilton , Timothy Dalton , Lauren Cohan , Mekenna Melvin , Mini Andén , and Mercedes Masöhn reprised their recurring roles as Mary Bartowski , Alexei Volkoff , Vivian Volkoff , Alex McHugh , Carina Miller , and Zondra , respectively . The episode also introduced Richard Burgi as Clyde Decker , the CIA 's " toughest " agent . Michael Ausiello had revealed in March 2011 that the fourth season finale would be titled " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " . Chris Fedak later confirmed that the episode , as the title suggests , would have a cliffhanger ending leading into a fifth season . Fedak stated that cliffhangers tell " more story " , citing The Empire Strikes Back and Batman Begins as examples . The season had suffered two major declines in viewership , one before " Chuck Versus the Push Mix " , and another after three weeks of repeated episodes , and it was predicted that NBC would cancel Chuck before the fourth season ended , making " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " the de facto series finale . However , a fifth and final season was ordered on May 13 , 2011 , and is set to premiere October 21 , 2011 . " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " is one of the few episodes since season one 's " Chuck Versus the Helicopter " not to feature the series ' full credits sequence with the instrumental version of Cake 's " Short Skirt / Long Jacket " , instead displaying the main cast credits over action in the episode 's second act . HitFix Senior Editor Alan Sepinwall has called the episode a " tying together of everything the character [ Chuck ] and the show have been about " , including the use of a recurring spy strategy , " The Magnet " , to fool Decker . As Chuck and Sarah walk to their limousine , clips of their budding romance are shown through archive footage from several earlier episodes , including the pilot episode , " Chuck Versus the Intersect " . Fedak stated in an interview that the inspiration for Volkoff 's true identity being a gun @-@ shy British scientist was Dalton 's portrayal of Gregory Tuttle , Volkoff 's guise as Mary Bartowski 's MI6 handler , in " Chuck Versus the First Fight " , his first appearance on the series . Chuck 's quest to save Sarah serves as a reversal of " Chuck Versus Phase Three " . Yvonne Strahovski is given limited screen time in the episode due to her character , Sarah , being in a coma . However , the episode is augmented with flashbacks taking place five days before the events of the episode , in which Chuck and Sarah deal with pre @-@ wedding jitters by having their own rehearsal in their apartment . Thus , Chuck and Sarah 's wedding vows are given added weight due to Sarah 's being said early in the episode , and Chuck 's being improvised from Sarah 's . Fedak stated in an interview on the day of the episode 's airing that " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " marks a major transition in the series . As of the episode 's ending , the main characters of the series are no longer government spies and no longer work for General Beckman ; Chuck and Sarah have received an immense wealth ; and Chuck has become the leader of a team to investigate a conspiracy involving his spy career . According to Fedak , the episode institutes a storyline in which the series returns to its roots . Morgan will be portrayed by Joshua Gomez much like Chuck was by Zachary Levi in the early seasons of the series : as a newcomer to the spy world due to the presence of the Intersect in his brain . Meanwhile , Chuck will be portrayed as Morgan 's protector , much like Casey and Sarah were to him in past seasons . = = Music and cultural references = = Fedak revealed that the music for the season finale was completed the Wednesday night before the episode aired . The episode 's soundtrack includes the songs " Here With Me " by Battleme when Chuck and Sarah are anxious about their wedding , " Conscience Killer " by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club while Chuck intercepts Alexei 's transport , " Firewood " by Typhoon while Chuck and Sarah practice their vows , " I 'm A Pilot " by Fanfarlo while Chuck rushes to administer the antidote , and " Sinking Friendships " by Jónsi during the wedding . Multiple references are made to former United States President Ronald Reagan . Upon seeing Casey 's framed photograph of Reagan , Hartley asks , " Is he still in charge ? " , to which Casey replies , " If only ! " Casey later comments , " That 's smart . Real smart . Reagan smart . " Adam Baldwin stated that he established Casey 's habit of referencing Reagan on the series . The CIA 's Nighthawk motorcycle used in the episode alludes to Street Hawk . During Chuck and Sarah 's wedding , Morgan , acting as the minister , claims to be ordained by the Intergalactic Federation of Planets , a reference to Star Trek . When Chuck asks him to close the partition in the limo after the wedding , Morgan responds , " As you wish ! " , referencing The Princess Bride . In archive footage from " Chuck Versus the Balcony " , Sarah tells Chuck that she did not fall in love with James Bond . After Morgan downloads the Intersect , he says " Guys , I know kung fu " , a reference to The Matrix . The series has featured variations on this line before , when Chuck downloaded versions of the Intersect in " Chuck Versus the Ring " and " Chuck Versus the Leftovers " . When Sarah asks Chuck what was in the letter from Hartley he responds with " Oh boy ! " , a reference to the television show Quantum Leap . Quantum Leap featured Scott Bakula who also played Chuck 's father Stephen J. Bartowski . = = Reception = = According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger " drew 4 @.@ 53 million viewers , with a 1 @.@ 5 / 4 rating among those aged 18 – 49 . The episode had the most viewers since " Chuck Versus the A @-@ Team " , making it the sixth least @-@ watched episode in Chuck 's history to that point . The episode received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that " as Chuck began laying out his plan to be freelance spies , and as Morgan took out the Intersect sunglasses General Beckman had so thoughtfully hidden in Chuck 's going @-@ away box , all I could feel was gratitude : I 'm so glad NBC ordered one more season , because that is a show I want to see ! " Sepinwall praised Timothy Dalton 's ability to deliver both a comic and serious performance , writing that , while on other series Volkoff 's back @-@ story " would be an incredibly dark , tragic storyline " , Dalton acted well enough that his emotions were not overwhelming . Sepinwall continued that the storyline " would have sucked every last bit of joy out of the episode " if the character had been portrayed by another Chuck actor . In contrast , Sepinwall wrote that he felt no empathy for Volkoff 's daughter , as " Lauren Cohan has never managed to make a cohesive and interesting character out of a bunch of jarring personality shifts " . Brody Gibson of Boom Tron wrote , " The writers of Chuck sure know how to pull together a great finale . I was floored . " Gibson agreed with Sepinwall on Timothy Dalton 's range of acting skills , praising Zachary Levi and Yvonne Strahovski as well . Gibson wrote that Levi deserved an Emmy nomination for a scene in which Chuck surrenders himself to Vivian to plead for the antidote to save Sarah 's life . Gibson also praised Levi and Strahovski 's performance in Chuck and Sarah 's " practice wedding " : " These two have always had such great chemistry , you could swear they 're actually in love and not just actors pretending . " Brittany Frederick of Starpulse.com wrote , " It wasn 't the whiz @-@ bang finale I was expecting after all the hype , but it was one that was true to what the show stands for , and that 's good enough for me . " Like Sepinwall and Gibson , Frederick praised the performance by Levi and Dalton , writing , " Chuck 's heartbreak and desperation were incredibly poignant throughout the bulk of the episode . " Like Gibson , Frederick also praised the scene depicting Chuck 's surrender to Vivian , calling it " sniffle @-@ inducing " . Frederick continued that Dalton " plays Hartley Winterbottom with a great sincerity and vulnerability . " Frederick also called it " a great reward to the fans that the episode didn 't cheat us out of the Chuck / Sarah wedding at all . " Frederick wrote , " While I 'm not blown away by this finale , I still am satisfied with it , because it represents the values we 've come to expect from Chuck : the ideas of hope , family , and sticking together in the face of the most adverse of circumstances . " Ryan McGee of The Onion 's A.V. Club rated the episode a B + on an A + to F scale , although criticizing its " mechanics " . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a rating of 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , a series high alongside season two 's " Chuck Versus Santa Claus " and " Chuck Versus the Colonel " , season three 's " Chuck Versus the Beard " and " Chuck Versus the Subway " , and season five 's " Chuck Versus the Kept Man " and " Chuck Versus the Goodbye " . Goldman wrote , " Chuck 's had more ups and downs than usual this season , but it ended on a very strong note . With Sarah 's life in danger , Chuck and all his friends and family proved they would risk everything to save her , and it made for a very compelling , involving hour . "
= Skin ( Rihanna song ) = " Skin " is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Kenneth Coby and Ursula Yancy , with production helmed by Soundz . Musically , " Skin " is influenced by pop , dance @-@ pop and dubstep genres , whilst lyrically , the song is about being in a relationship with someone and only wanting to feel their skin close to the protagonists . " Skin " received generally positive reviews from critics , as part of their overall review of Loud , praising " Skin " ' s compositions as well as Rihanna 's sensual vocal performance . The song was included on the set list of the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) , where Rihanna retrieves a man or woman from the audience near the end of the song , and performs a lap @-@ dance whilst on an elevated platform . " Skin " was also used in Rihanna 's advertisement campaign for Armani Jeans . = = Background and composition = = " Skin " was written by Kenneth Coby and Ursula Yancy , with production helmed by Coby under his stage name Soundz . The song was recorded at Studio at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas , Nevada . " Skin " is written in the key of G minor and is set in common time with a moderate groove of 62 beats per minute . " Skin " contains elements of pop , dance @-@ pop and dubstep , while the song is composed with bass instruments , synthesizers and an electric guitar . As commented by Robbie Daw of Idolator , the song 's " real " hook is " the fuzzy electric guitar " that begins sawing through the melody about three minutes in , and continues building until it reaches " a , er , climactic [ sic ] solo at the very end . " Rihanna 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of B ♭ 4 . As noted by Emily Mackay of NME , her vocals sound " restrained " and " controlled " . Throughout the song , Rihanna sounds " suspenseful " and " sultry " as she sings the lyrics " I got secrets that I wanna show you " . Thomas Conner of Chicago Sun @-@ Times wrote that the singer " teases her man " and " lets him at her " as she sings the line " You 've waited long enough " before instructing " Don 't hold back / you know I like it rough " . = = Critical reception = = Of the multiple music critics who commented on the song , the majority praised " Skin " ' s musical structure and Rihanna 's vocal performance . Apart from writing about the song 's composition , Daw called the ballad " smoldering " and compared the last minute of the song to Sade 's " No Ordinary Love " for the song 's sensual content , but noted that Adu 's song is not as lyrically graphic as " Skin " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that Rihanna 's sensuality in the song is evoked though her use of sexually suggestive moaning and heavy breathing , adding to the " slow , torrid buildup " . Colin Gentry of 4Music noted that Rihanna appears to be transitioning from singing songs about partying and dancing in clubs to singing about her sexual fantasies and desires , writing " Rihanna swaggers through the album as a woman on the prowl , taking her conquests from the clubs to the bedroom . Demanding to know ' why are you standing over there with your clothes on ? ' on sultry track Skin , the Barbadian clearly means business . " Ryan Dombell of Pitchfork Media concurred with Stern with regard to " Skin " being the singer 's most mature song to date , writing " ' Skin ' is her sexiest song yet , a haunted , near @-@ dubstep stunner that wouldn 't sound totally out of place on Massive Attack 's Mezzanine . " Ryan Burleson of Consequence of Sound commented that Rihanna 's combines different emotions in the song to increase the level of provocativeness , writing " For its part , the Soundz @-@ produced ' Skin ' combines these emotions into a five @-@ minute space @-@ hop excursion into the boudoir , driving deep into the id with an austere , though undeniably potent amount of minor chords and bass . " Andy Kellman of AllMusic chose " Skin " as one of the highlights on Loud , writing , " One song that sounds nothing like anything else in Rihanna 's past is ' Skin , ' a contender for anti @-@ gravity slow jam of 2010 – a match for Trey Songz 's ' Red Lipstick ' and Usher 's ' Mars vs Venus . ' " USA Today 's Steve Jones also put the song in his list of tracks from Loud to consider downloading . Jerry Shriver of the same publication found " down @-@ and @-@ dirty @-@ ness " in the chorus of the song . James Skinner of BBC Online said that the line " I like it rough " was a little " uncomfortable in the light of her personal history " . Thomas Conner of Chicago Sun @-@ Times commented on Rihanna 's sex appeal in the song , writing " the art of her seduction is oh @-@ so slow and merciless " . = = Armani Jeans campaign = = The song was also used in Rihanna 's advertisement campaign for Armani Jeans and Emporio Armani Underwear . The advert , which launched the brand 's Fall 2011 line , was directed by Johan Renck and photographed by Steven Klein . In the advert , " Rihanna wears a short blonde wig and enters a vintage car with a bag of clothing , changing in the car and visible in her underwear while a bodyguard keeps watch . She then leaves the car wearing a dark leather jacket and Armani jeans and takes an elevator out of the underground parking lot to meet her partner @-@ in @-@ crime or love interest " . Giorgio Armani said that Rihanna was a " pleasure to work with " and said that she " perfectly embodies " the spirit of his company . The advert , which was filmed in New York City and shot in monochrome , was also used to launch Armani 's e @-@ commerce site . The advertisement received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics , with The Huffington Post claiming that it was " sizzling " . The magazine Stylist called the advert " saucy " and praised the fact that it " combines traces of metropolitan storytelling , cops ' n robbers movies with an ode to film noir , but with a lighter and ironic touch " . Claiming that Rihanna is " at her steamy @-@ best " in the " sultry " piece , the Hindustan Times said that the piece " is a must @-@ watch , not just for its steam factor but for its visual and aesthetic sense too " . Grazia also gave a positive review by saying that the advert was , among other things , " saucy " and " exciting " . = = Live performances = = Though the song has never been performed live as part of a televised performance , the song was featured on the set list of the Loud Tour . Before she performed " Skin " , Rihanna appeared on stage with a set similar to that of her performance of " S & M " remix with Britney Spears at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards , wearing a black tuxedo and pink tie to perform a cover of Prince 's " Darling Nikki " , before transitioning into " S & M " . As " S & M " started , Rihanna removed her tuxedo to reveal a white PVC body suit . After performing " S & M " , Rihanna performed " Skin " while laying on raised platform , and at near the end of the performance said " this is the part of the show when we like to have a little fun – who wants to come up here and get freaky with me ? " and takes a man out of the audience and pins them down on the platform , where she provocatively and sexually gyrates and grinds him as they are lowered under the stage as the song 's instrumental ends and the lights go out . Rihanna has caused controversy by occasionally opting to perform the act with a woman instead . The sexually suggestive performances of " Skin " have been met with mixed reactions from critics . The Daily Mail was critical of the routine ; they branded it " lewd " , compared the routine with Rihanna 's previous sexual performances and voiced the belief that the singer had " outdone herself " with the " raunchy and overtly sexualised " routine . A few months later , the paper claimed that Rihanna had " pushed the boundaries " by lap dancing an older man at her show in Barbados and a review for the Evening Herald voiced similar sentiments , arguing that Rihanna 's " good girl gone bad image is getting tired " . The Daily Record praised Rihanna 's Glasgow performance but argued that the lap dance at the end of the " Skin " routine was " a move that had parents covering their children 's eyes " . Catriona Stewart Lotte Jeffs , editor of ES Magazine , was one of the audience members who received a lap dance from Rihanna and reacted positively , saying " [ i ] t was a night I will never forget " . = = Credits and personnel = = Robyn " Rihanna " Fenty – Vocals Kenneth Coby and Ursula Yancy – Songwriting Soundz – Producer Makeba Riddick – Vocal production Kuk Harrel – Additional vocal production Nuno Bettencourt – guitar Rob Katz and Bobby Campbell – Assistant Engineering Mixed by Jayden Joshua at Larrabee Sound Studios , Los Angeles , California – Mixing Jesus Garnica – Assistant mixing Chad " C Note " Roper at Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles – Music recording Recorded by Kuk Harrel , Josh Gudwin and Marcus Tovar at Studio , Palms Casino Resort , Paradise , Nevada – Vocal recording Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of Loud . = = Charts = = Upon the release of Loud , " Skin " charted at number 66 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart for the issue dated November 14 , 2010 .
= Oswald of Worcester = Oswald of Worcester ( died 29 February 992 ) was Archbishop of York from 972 to his death in 992 . He was of Danish ancestry , but brought up by his uncle , Oda , who sent him to France to the abbey of Fleury to become a monk . After a number of years at Fleury , Oswald returned to England at the request of his uncle , who died before Oswald returned . With his uncle 's death , Oswald needed a patron and turned to another kinsman , Oskytel , who had recently become Archbishop of York . His activity for Oskytel attracted the notice of Archbishop Dunstan who had Oswald consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961 . In 972 , Oswald was promoted to the see of York , although he continued to hold Worcester also . As bishop and archbishop , Oswald was a supporter and one of the leading promoters ( together with Æthelwold ) of Dunstan 's reforms of the church , including monastic reforms . Oswald founded a number of monasteries , including Ramsey Abbey , and reformed other seven , including Winchcombe in Gloucestershire and Pershore and Evesham in Worcestershire . Oswald also switched the cathedral chapter of Worcester from secular clergy to monks . While archbishop , he brought the scholar Abbo of Fleury to teach , and he spent two years in England , mostly at Ramsey . Oswald died in 992 , while washing the feet of the poor . A hagiographical life was written shortly after his death , and he was quickly hailed as a saint . = = Early life = = Oswald , of Danish parentage , was brought up by his uncle Oda , Archbishop of Canterbury , and was also related to Oskytel , later Archbishop of York . He was also related to the cniht Osulf , who received land while Oswald was bishop of Worcester . Oswald was instructed by a Frankish scholar Frithegod . He held the office of dean of Winchester , but he was sent by his uncle to France and entered the monastery of Fleury about 950 , where he was ordained in 959 . While at Fleury he met Osgar of Abingdon and Germanus of Winchester . The influence of Fleury was to be evident later in Oswald 's life , when it was one of the inspirations for the Regularis Concordia , the English code of monastic conduct agreed to in 970 . = = Return to England = = Oswald returned to England in 958 at the behest of his uncle , but Oda died before Oswald returned . Lacking a patron , Oswald turned to Oskytel , recently named Archbishop of York . It is possible that Oswald along with Oskytel travelled to Rome for Oskytel 's pallium , but this story is only contained in a 12th @-@ century Ramsey Abbey chronicle , so it may not be authentic . Even if he did not travel to Rome , Oswald was active in ecclesiastical affairs at York until Dunstan obtained Oswald 's appointment to the see , or bishopric , of Worcester . He was consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961 . Soon after his consecration , he persuaded Germanus to come back to England and made him head of a small religious community near Westbury @-@ on @-@ Trym . After the establishment of this group about 962 , Oswald grew worried that because the monastery was located on lands owned by the see of Worcester , his successors in the see might disrupt the community . He was offered the site of Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire by Æthelwine , son of Æthelstan Half @-@ King , and Oswald established a monastery there about 971 that attracted most of the members of the community at Westbury . This foundation at Ramsey went on to become Ramsey Abbey . Ramsey was Oswald 's most famous foundation , with its church dedicated in 974 . Later , Oswald invited Abbo of Fleury to come and teach at Ramsey . Oswald directed the affairs of Ramsey Abbey until his death , when the dean Eadnoth became the first abbot . He gave a magnificent Bible to Ramsey , which was important enough to merit a mention in Oswald 's Life . Alongside the gift of the book , Oswald also contributed wall hangings and other textiles to the abbey . Oswald supported Dunstan and Æthelwold , Bishop of Winchester , in their efforts to purify the Church from secularism . Aided by King Edgar , he took a prominent part in the revival of monastic discipline along the precepts of the Rule of Saint Benedict . His methods differed from Æthelwold 's , who often violently ejected secular clergy from churches and replaced them with monks . Oswald also organised the estates of his see into administrative hundreds known as the Oswaldslow , which helped stabilise the ecclesiastical revenues . He constantly visited the monasteries he founded , and was long remembered as father of his people both as bishop and archbishop . It was Oswald who changed the cathedral chapter of Worcester from priests to monks , although the exact method that he employed is unclear . One tradition says that Oswald used a slow approach in building up a new church of monks next to the cathedral , allowing the cathedral 's priests to continue performing services in the cathedral until the monastic foundation was strong enough to take over the cathedral . Another tradition claims that , instead , Oswald expelled any of the clergy in the cathedral that would not give up their wives and replaced them with monks immediately . Oswald also reformed Winchcombe Abbey , along with the monasteries of Westbury Priory , Pershore Abbey , and Evesham Abbey . It is also possible that monasteries were established in Gloucester and Deerhurst , but evidence is lacking for their exact foundation dates . = = Archbishop of York = = In 972 Oswald was made Archbishop of York and journeyed to Rome to receive a pallium from Pope John XIII . It is possible that he also traveled on Edgar 's behalf to the court of the Emperor Otto I , and that these two journeys had been combined . He continued to hold the see of Worcester in addition to York . The holding of Worcester in addition to York became traditional for almost the next fifty years . Although it was uncanonical , it had many advantages for York in that it added a much richer diocese to their holdings , and one which was more peaceful as well . When Edgar died in 975 , Ælfhere , Ealdorman of Mercia , broke up many monastic communities , some of which were Oswald 's foundations . Ramsey , however , was not disturbed , probably due to the patronage of Æthelwine , Ealdorman of East Anglia , son of Æthelstan Half @-@ King . Ælfhere was a supporter of Ethelred the Unready , the son of Edgar 's third marriage , while Oswald supported the son of Edgar 's first marriage , Edward the Martyr , in the dispute over who would succeed King Edgar . In 985 , Oswald invited Abbo of Fleury to come to Ramsey to help found the monastic school there . Abbo was at Ramsey from 985 to 987 , where he taught computus , or the methods for calculating Easter . It was also often used in trying to calculate the date of the Last Judgment . A surviving manuscript gives a list compiled by Oswald , setting forth estates that had been taken from the diocese of York . = = Death and sainthood = = Oswald died on 29 February 992 in the act of washing the feet of the poor at Worcester , as was his daily custom during Lent , and was buried in the Church of Saint Mary at Worcester . He promoted the education of the clergy and persuaded scholars to come from Fleury and teach in England . A Life of Oswald was written after his death , probably by Byrhtferth , a monk of Ramsey Abbey . Two manuscripts , a psalter ( Harley MS 2904 in the British Library ) and a pontifical ( MS 100 , part 2 from Sidney Sussex College of Cambridge University ) , probably belonged to Oswald and would have been used in his daily devotions . Almost immediately after his death miracles were reported at his funeral and at his tomb . His remains were translated to a different burial spot in the cathedral ten years after his death . His feast day is celebrated on 28 February during common years and 29 February during leap years .
= Katie Melua = Ketevan " Katie " Melua ( / ˈmɛluːə / ; Georgian : ქეთევან " ქეთი " მელუა IPA : [ kʰɛtʰɛvɑn mɛluɑ ] , born 16 September 1984 ) is a Georgian @-@ British singer , songwriter and musician . She moved to Northern Ireland at the age of eight and then to England at fourteen . Melua is signed to the small Dramatico record label , under the management of composer Mike Batt , and made her musical debut in 2003 . In 2006 , she was the United Kingdom 's best @-@ selling female artist and Europe 's highest selling European female artist . In November 2003 , at the age of nineteen , Melua released her first album , Call Off the Search , which reached the top of the United Kingdom album charts and sold 1 @.@ 8 million copies in its first five months of release . Her second album , Piece by Piece , was released in September 2005 and to date has gone platinum four times . Melua released her third studio album Pictures in October 2007 . According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 , Melua had a fortune of £ 18 million , making her the seventh richest British musician under thirty . It was reported in 2009 that she may have lost millions as a result of the global economic downturn . As of May 2011 , Melua could have a £ 12m fortune and she came second in the under 30 rich list . = = Early life = = Ketevan Melua , known as Ketino to her family , was born to Amiran and Tamara Melua in Kutaisi , Georgia , which was then part of the Soviet Union . She spent her first years with her grandparents in Tbilisi before moving with her parents and brother to the town of Batumi , Ajaria , where her father worked as a heart specialist . During this time , Melua sometimes had to carry buckets of water up five flights of stairs to her family 's flat and according to her , " Now , when I 'm staying in luxurious hotels , I think back to those days " . In 1993 , in the aftermath of the Georgian Civil War , the family moved to Belfast , Northern Ireland , where her father took up a position at the Royal Victoria Hospital . The family remained in Belfast , living close to Falls Road , until Melua was thirteen . During her time in Northern Ireland , Melua attended St Catherine 's Primary School on the Falls Road and later moved to Dominican College , Fortwilliam . The Melua family then moved to Sutton , London , and some time later moved again to Redhill , Surrey . In 2008 , Melua moved out of her parents ' home in Maida Vale to an apartment in Notting Hill , where she transformed the spare bedroom into a recording studio . Melua is fluent in English and Russian ; despite still speaking Georgian fluently she has admitted that she cannot write songs in the language . Melua is also partly of Canadian and Russian ancestry . During the South Ossetia War in 2008 , Melua 's brother and mother were staying with relatives in the Georgian capital , Tbilisi . Melua was due to travel to Georgia herself less than a month later . She is a baptised Georgian Orthodox Christian . Whilst living in Belfast , Melua attended the Roman Catholic schools St Catherine 's Primary School and Dominican College , Fortwilliam , while her younger brother attended Protestant schools . After completing her GCSEs at the all @-@ girls ' grammar school Nonsuch High School in Cheam , Sutton , Melua attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon , undertaking a BTEC with an A @-@ level in music . Melua has not attended university , though she has often stated her desire to do so , saying that English literature , history and physics would be her courses of choice should she have the chance to go to university . = = Nationality = = On 10 August 2005 , Melua became a British citizen with her parents and brother . The citizenship ceremony took place in Weybridge , Surrey . On gaining British nationality , Melua was eligible for a British passport . Becoming a British citizen meant that Melua had held three citizenships before she was 21 ; first , Soviet , then , Georgian and finally , British . After the ceremony , Melua stated her pride at her newest nationality . " As a family , we have been very fortunate to find a happy lifestyle in this country and we feel we belong . We still consider ourselves to be Georgian , because that is where our roots are , and I return to Georgia every year to see my uncles and grandparents , but I am proud to now be a British citizen " . = = Personal life = = Melua is occasionally referred to as an ' adrenaline junkie ' because she enjoys roller coasters and funfairs and often paraglides and hang glides . She has skydived four times and taken several flying lessons , and in 2004 she was lowered from a 200 @-@ metre building in New Zealand at 60 mph . When asked about Melua being an ' adrenaline junkie ' , Mike Batt said , " she enjoys extremes , but in life her emotions are always in check " . In November 2009 , Melua came near to drowning after she breathed in and choked on a lungful of water when diving in a lake near Heathrow Airport . In September 2010 , Melua was ordered by her doctors to stop working for a few months after suffering a nervous breakdown , resulting in her hospitalisation for six weeks . As a result , all touring and promotional activities were postponed until the following year . In January 2012 , Melua confirmed her engagement to World Superbike racer James Toseland . The couple married on 1 September 2012 in the Nash Conservatory at the Royal Botanical Gardens in London . = = Career = = = = = Early stage = = = Due to her upbringing in politically unstable Georgia and troubled Belfast , Melua initially planned to become either a historian or a politician . This changed in 2000 , at the age of fifteen , when Melua took part in a talent competition on British television channel ITV called " Stars Up Their Noses " ( a spoof of Stars in Their Eyes ) as part of the children 's programme Mad for It ! . Melua won the contest by singing Badfinger 's " Without You " . The prize was £ 350 worth of MFI vouchers , with which she bought a chair for her father . Had she lost the contest , she would have been gunged . = = = BRIT School and Mike Batt = = = After completing her GCSEs , Melua attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon , undertaking a BTEC with an A @-@ level in music . When studying at the school , Melua began to write songs and met her future manager and producer , Mike Batt . While performing at BRIT School showcase , Melua caught the eye of songwriter and producer Mike Batt . Batt was originally looking for an acid @-@ rock band , bass player and a singer capable of singing " jazz and blues in an interesting way " . After hearing Melua sing " Faraway Voice " ( a song she wrote about the death of her idol Eva Cassidy ) Batt signed the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Melua to his small Dramatico recording and management company and took her into the studio , producing her first three albums during the ensuing years . = = = William Orbit = = = For her fourth album , The House ( 2010 ) , Melua worked with producer William Orbit . She said about the experience : " The whole thing has been really exciting . It was the same feeling I had the first time I went skydiving . I was really quite nervous , but I knew all I had to do was let myself go and it was going to feel amazing . I wasn 't trying to get away from anything . It was more about going towards something . I wanted the music to be inspired by the future , something unknown that 's never been heard before , but at the same time hold on to the values of the music of the past , to try and tap into something that 's so ancient and old that it 's kind of forgotten . I thought that , if we went far enough in both directions , we could end up in the same place " . = = Recordings = = = = = Call Off the Search ( 2003 ) = = = Melua 's debut album , Call Off the Search , was released on 3 November 2003 and featured two songs written by Melua : " Belfast ( Penguins and Cats ) " , a song about Melua 's experience of her time in the troubled capital of Northern Ireland , and " Faraway Voice " , a song about the death of Eva Cassidy . Melua also covered songs by Delores J. Silver ( " Learnin ' the Blues " ) , John Mayall ( " Crawling up a Hill " ) , Randy Newman ( " I Think It 's Going to Rain Today " ) and James Shelton ( " Lilac Wine " , originally a UK hit for singer Elkie Brooks ) . The other six songs on the album were by Mike Batt . It was initially difficult for Melua and Batt to obtain airplay for the album 's lead single , " The Closest Thing to Crazy " . This changed when BBC Radio 2 producer Paul Walters heard the single and played it on the popular Terry Wogan breakfast show . Wogan played " The Closest Thing to Crazy " frequently in the summer of 2003 . Wogan 's support raised Melua 's profile and when Call Off the Search was released in November 2003 supported by a TV campaign financed by Batt , it entered the top 40 UK albums chart . The single achieved the number 10 spot in the UK chart . After an appearance on the Royal Variety Show the album was further boosted and Batt continued a relentless marketing campaign which saw the album hit the number one spot in January 2004 . Call Off the Search reached the top five in Ireland , top twenty in Norway and top thirty in a composite European chart . In the UK the album sold 1 @.@ 9 million copies , making it six times platinum , and spent six weeks at the top of the UK charts . It sold 3 @.@ 6 million copies worldwide . Subsequent singles from the album did not repeat the success of the first – the second single and album title track " Call Off the Search " reached number 19 , and the third single " Crawling up a Hill " got to number 41 . The album achieved 6X platinum status in UK , 3X platinum in Norway , 2X platinum in Germany , Holland , Denmark and Ireland , Platinum in South Africa , Australia and Switzerland and Gold in New Zealand and Hong Kong . = = = Piece by Piece ( 2005 ) = = = Melua 's second album , Piece by Piece , was released on 26 September 2005 . Its lead single was " Nine Million Bicycles " , which was released a week before the album on 19 September and was number 3 in the UK singles chart . The album contains four more songs written by Melua herself , four more by Batt ( including " Nine Million Bicycles " ) , one Batt / Melua collaboration and three more songs described as new versions of " great songs " . The band line @-@ up was the same as on the first album . The album debuted at the number one spot on the UK Albums Chart on the week of 3 October 2005 . This album broke Melua across Europe where it sold 1 million copies in Germany alone and achieved the number one position in Billboard 's " European " albums chart . It was 4X platinum in UK and in Ireland , 3X platinum in Norway , Denmark , Holland and Germany , 2X platinum in Poland and Switzerland and at least platinum or gold in France , Iceland , South Africa , Austria , Belgium , New Zealand and Sweden . Worldwide sales to date are in excess of 3 @.@ 5 million . On 30 September 2005 , Melua came under criticism in The Guardian from writer and scientist Simon Singh for the lyrics of the track " Nine Million Bicycles " . Melua 's disputed lyrics were : We are 12 billion light @-@ years from the edge . That 's a guess – no @-@ one can ever say it 's true , but I know that I will always be with you . They were interpreted by Singh as an assault on the accuracy of the work of cosmologists which sparked a series of letters from other Guardian readers , agreeing or disagreeing . On 15 October , Melua and Singh appeared on the BBC 's Today programme , and Melua unveiled a re @-@ recording of the song which included Singh 's tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek amendments to the lyrics : We are 13 @.@ 7 billion light @-@ years from the edge of the observable universe / That 's a good estimate with well @-@ defined error bars / And with the available information / I predict that I will always be with you . Both sides amicably agreed that the new lyrics were less likely to achieve commercial success , amidst a discussion about scientific accuracy versus artistic licence . Melua said that she " should have known better " because she used to be a member of the astronomy club at school . A double A @-@ side of the Melua @-@ penned " I Cried for You " and a cover of The Cure 's " Just Like Heaven " ( 1988 ) , which is the theme song to the film Just Like Heaven , was released in the UK on 5 December and peaked at number 35 . " I Cried for You " was inspired by a meeting with the writer of Holy Blood , Holy Grail . A third single , " Spider 's Web " was released on 17 April 2006 and peaked at number 52 in the UK . Melua embarked on a concert tour in support of Piece by Piece , the UK leg of which started in Aberdeen , Scotland on 20 January 2006 . Towards the end of 2006 , Melua released the single , " It 's Only Pain " , which was written by Mike Batt . This was followed by the release of " Shy Boy " , also written by Batt . = = = Pictures ( 2007 ) = = = Melua 's third album , Pictures , was released in the UK on 1 October 2007 and was announced to be , at least temporarily , the last of her albums in collaboration with Mike Batt as lead writer and producer . It also features Melua 's friend Molly McQueen , the former frontwoman of The Faders , as co @-@ writer of " Perfect Circle " . Melua also collaborated with Andrea McEwan on the album , who wrote the lyrics for " What I Miss About You " and " Dirty Dice " . The album also featured a cover of " In My Secret Life " by Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson . Melua said of the cover , " [ It ] completely got to me , about how we all have great ideals but in reality we end up conforming , following everyone else . " Melua released four singles from the album : " If You Were a Sailboat " , " Mary Pickford " , " If the Lights Go Out " , and " Ghost Town " . " Mary Pickford " , written by Mike Batt , was about the silent film star of the same name . " Ghost Town " was Melua 's first reggae @-@ sounding song . The iTunes version of the album includes a cover of the Prince song " Under the Cherry Moon " as a bonus track . = = = The House ( 2010 ) = = = Melua 's fourth album , The House , was released on 24 May 2010 . Songwriters include Lauren Christy , Guy Chambers and Rick Nowels , with William Orbit producing . = = = Secret Symphony ( 2012 ) = = = Melua 's fifth studio album , Secret Symphony was released on 5 March 2012 . The album was recorded in collaboration with orchestrator and conductor Mike Batt . Melua said in a statement : " This album was going to be my ' singer 's album ' . I had always wanted to do this one day ; singing other people 's songs brings something out of you and your voice that isn 't perhaps where you would have gone vocally with your own material . " = = = Ketevan ( 2013 ) = = = Melua 's sixth studio album , Ketevan , was released on 16 September 2013 . Ketevan entered the UK charts at number 6 - Katie joined a very small group of female artists , which includes Madonna and Kate Bush , who have scored 6 consecutive UK top 10 studio albums . Ketevan also entered the top 10 in France , Poland , Denmark , Germany , the Netherlands and Switzerland in its first week of release . = = Other work = = = = = Acting and modelling = = = Melua appeared in a segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse , written by Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez . The segment in which Melua appeared , entitled " Don 't " , was a faux trailer , directed by Edgar Wright and produced in the style of a 1970s ' Hammer House of Horror film trailer . In 2009 , Melua was named as the new face of the leading French cashmere designer , Eric Bompard . = = = World record holder = = = On 2 October 2006 , Melua entered the Guinness Book of Records for playing the deepest underwater concert 303 metres below sea level on the Norwegian Statoil 's Troll A platform in the North Sea . Melua and her band underwent extensive medical tests and survival training in Norway before flying by helicopter to the rig . Melua later described achieving the record as " the most surreal gig I have ever done " . Melua 's concert is commemorated in the DVD release Concert Under the Sea , released in June 2007 . = = = Charity work = = = In November 2004 Melua was asked to take part in Band Aid 20 in which she joined a chorus of British and Irish pop singers to create a rendition of " Do They Know It 's Christmas ? " to raise money for famine relief in Africa . Then in March 2005 , Melua sang " Too Much Love Will Kill You " with Brian May at the 46664 concert in George , South Africa for Nelson Mandela 's HIV charity . Melua had been a fan of Queen since her childhood in Georgia when her uncles played the band 's music , so performing with May was a realisation of a childhood dream . Later in 2005 , through her role as a goodwill ambassador to the charity Save the Children , Melua went to Sri Lanka where she observed the work the charity was doing for children in the area after the civil war and Indian Ocean tsunami . In 2006 Melua donated all the proceeds from her single " Spider 's Web " to the charity . On 7 July 2007 , Melua performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg and in December of that year , Melua released a cover of the Louis Armstrong song " What a Wonderful World " in which she sang with a recording of the late Eva Cassidy . All profits from the single , which entered the UK singles chart at No. 1 on 16 December 2007 , went to the Red Cross . Melua has visited Oxfam charity shops for many years , using them frequently to buy her clothing . She has stated that this is related as much to her dislike of spending and glamour as it is to her support for the charity , and admits that she looks " like a tramp " and that her hairdresser playfully calls her look " the Romanian window cleaner " . Katie is also patron of Fair Trees , the organisation that is trying to stop exploitation of cone pickers in Ambrolauri , Georgia , by the European Christmas tree industry . The local people in this region of Georgia are paid a pittance to risk their lives climbing 30 m high fir trees to collect the cones from which the seeds are extracted and sent to Christmas tree nurseries in Europe . Until Fair Trees came along these cone pickers were given no safety equipment or training , no health insurance and very little pay ; every year people are injured and even killed doing this work . Fair Trees grow and sell the only fair trade Christmas trees in the world ( certified by the WFTO ) . Katie is a patron of the Manx Cancer Help charity , which offers support to cancer sufferers and is based on the Isle of Man . She attended the 2013 fundraising ball for the charity . = = = Musical tastes = = = In April 2006 , for The Sun newspaper , Melua chose fourteen pieces of her favourite music that she enjoyed and had the biggest musical influence on her . The pieces she chose were Paul Simon 's " Hearts and Bones " , Jeff Buckley 's version of Leonard Cohen 's " Hallelujah " , Joni Mitchell 's " Marcie " , Bob Dylan 's " Masters of War " , James Taylor 's " How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) " , Chuck Berry 's " No Particular Place to Go " , Portishead 's " Glory Box " , Björk 's " The Pleasure Is All Mine " , Camille 's " Au Port " , Rage Against the Machine 's " Killing in the Name " , Bobbie Gentry 's " Fancy " , Finley Quaye 's " Even After All " , Suzanne Vega 's " Caramel " and Babyshambles ' " Fuck Forever " . Melua has said on numerous occasions how Queen were a huge influence on her as a child / teenager , with one of her memories of music being her uncle playing records by Queen and Led Zeppelin . She performed with Queen at the 46664 concert in South Africa in March 2005 . Melua appeared on the BBC 's The Culture Show in November 2006 advocating Paul McCartney as her choice in the search for Britain 's greatest living icon . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = Call Off the Search ( 2003 ) Piece by Piece ( 2005 ) Pictures ( 2007 ) The House ( 2010 ) Secret Symphony ( 2012 ) Ketevan ( 2013 ) = = = Appearances on soundtracks = = = = = = Acting roles = = = = = Honours and awards = = Melua was the best @-@ selling UK female artist of 2004 and 2005 . In 2006 , Melua had a tulip named after her . According to VH1 , Call Off the Search is the 87th best @-@ selling British album in history .
= Skaugum Tunnel = The Skaugum Tunnel ( Norwegian : Skaugumtunnelen ) is a 3 @,@ 790 @-@ meter ( 12 @,@ 434 ft ) long railway tunnel in Asker , Norway , on the Asker Line . The tunnel runs between Asker Station and Solstad and was built as part of the first stage of the Asker Line , between Asker and Sandvika . Construction started in February 2002 and the tunnel opened on 27 August 2005 . The tunnel was built by Mika for the Norwegian National Rail Administration using the drilling and blasting method with one crosscut . During construction there was one blasting accident . Since the tunnel opened , there have been problems with leaks damaging the infrastructure . The tunnel has double track , is electrified and allows for a maximum speed of 160 kilometers per hour ( 99 mph ) . The cost to build the tunnel , excluding the infrastructure , was 450 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . The tunnel has accelerated intercity and regional traffic west of Oslo and freed up capacity for the Oslo Commuter Rail on the old Drammen Line . = = Specifications = = The Skaugum Tunnel is a 3 @,@ 790 @-@ meter ( 12 @,@ 434 ft ) long tunnel with a cross @-@ section varying between 105 and 115 square meters ( 1 @,@ 130 and 1 @,@ 240 sq ft ) . It carries the double @-@ tracked Asker Line between Asker Station and Solstad . The tunnel runs mostly through Cambrian @-@ Silurian sedimentary slate , nodular limestone and shale , with local occurrences of Permian igneous rock . The line is electrified at 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC and allows for maximum speeds of 160 kilometers per hour ( 99 mph ) . The tunnel has frost isolation 300 meters ( 980 ft ) into the tunnel from each end and frost fans which ensure that the air stays put in the middle of the tunnel to hinder cold air from reaching in past the frost isolation . = = History = = The Asker Line runs from Lysaker Station via Sandvika Station to Asker Station , in the municipalities of Bærum and Asker . The line was built to increase the traffic on the west corridor . Traditionally , the only railway west of Oslo was the Drammen Line , which has limited capacity , and a mix of local , regional , intercity and freight trains . This caused many delays and poor utilization of tracks , as some trains make many stops and others only a few . The Asker Line allows regional and intercity trains to by @-@ pass the local stations east of Asker , by running local trains and freight trains on the Drammen Line , while faster trains run on the new track . The Asker Line was built in two stages : the first from Asker to Sandvika was built from 2001 to 2005 , and the second stage , from Sandvika to Lysaker , between 2007 and 2011 . The other two tunnels on the Asker Line are the 3 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometer ( 2 @.@ 4 mi ) long Tanum Tunnel and the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometer ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) long Bærum Tunnel . Work on geological surveys in the area started prior to 2001 , with surveys being performed by the Geological Survey of Norway . The contract to build the tunnel and all other earthwork on the section from Solstad to Hønsveien was awarded to Mika , with the tunneling costing NOK 425 million . The tunnel was built using the drilling and blasting method using two points of entry , the entrance on the Asker side and from a crosscut at Skaugum . Work started in February 2002 and was concluded in May 2005 . Construction involved blasting 450 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of earthwork and drilling 275 kilometers ( 171 mi ) of holes for pre @-@ injection . The construction used 14 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 490 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of gunite , 14 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 490 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of concrete , 24 @,@ 000 bolts , 35 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of water- and frost protection , 25 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 880 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of noise- and frost isolation and 9 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 8 mi ) of cable conduit . Near the entrance at Asker , the tunnel is closest to the surface , and is between 2 and 3 meters ( 6 ft 7 in and 9 ft 10 in ) below the basements of residential houses . During the construction of this part , the construction was as slow as 8 to 10 meters ( 26 to 33 ft ) per week , of which half the time was used for injections to choke the tunnel . During the construction there was an accident where a worker driving a wheeled loader was only 20 to 30 meters ( 70 to 100 ft ) from a blasting . He became disabled , but did not receive any compensation because he was working for the contractor as a sole proprietor , not as a wage earner . The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority criticized Mika for improper safety routines and required them to improve them , but concluded that no criminal offenses had been committed . A concern from people living along the tunnel was that they would be subject to low @-@ frequency noise . Originally the municipalities of Asker and Bærum had demanded that residents be subject to a maximum of 27 decibel A @-@ weighting ( dBA ) , but the National Rail Administration appealed the requirements and was permitted to allow up to 32 dBA . In March 2004 , a test was done in the tunnel to insure that the requirements would be met , as low @-@ frequency sound is difficult to predict . Measurements after the opening of the tunnel showed background noise of 30 dBA , that no @-@ one was subject to 32 dBA or higher , and that it was nearly impossible to measure the passing of trains . Among the major concerns were leaks ; during the construction on the Romerike Tunnel , there was a one @-@ year delay and severe cost overruns due to improper construction methods . One of the main aims in the Skaugum Tunnel project was therefore to avoid similar leaks , and the criteria were set to 4 liters ( 0 @.@ 88 imp gal ; 1 @.@ 1 U.S. gal ) per minute per 100 meters ( 330 ft ) . This was achieved by using sufficient time for the pre @-@ injection , as well as continuous pregrouting through the entire tunnel . However , water still dripped into the tunnel , which caused several types of damage . In some places , it dripped onto the track causing it to rust , while in other places it fell onto electrical equipment . There were also issues with water running down the walls and collecting in the cable conduit , and the limestone in the water mixing with the ballast . By 2011 , the emergency lighting system had to be replaced because of the high humidity . The National Rail Administration has stated that savings made by the specifications in the water and frost protection methods have caused high maintenance costs because the small leaks which are present have done a lot of harm . In addition , areas with leaks suffer from icing . This has been part of a trend where older tunnels are nearly maintenance @-@ free , while newer tunnels have incurred high maintenance costs . Laying of tracks , signaling , power supply and other infrastructure was done by Baneservice . The cost for the entire section from Asker to Sandvika was NOK 70 million . The work was done in February and March 2005 . The opening of the tunnel and the rest of the section from Asker to Sandvika took place on 27 August 2005 .
= Acafellas = " Acafellas " is the third episode of the American television series Glee . The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16 , 2009 . It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy . The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) form an all @-@ male a cappella group , the Acafellas , neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor . New Directions struggle with choreography , and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad . Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) , who comes out as homosexual . Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself , John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre , and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will 's parents . The episode features covers of seven songs , including the instrumental piece " La Camisa Negra " performed on guitar by Mark Salling . Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles , available for digital download , and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . The episode was watched by 6 @.@ 69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics . Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack and the New York Times 's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson , while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley 's cover of Jazmine Sullivan 's " Bust Your Windows " . However , Rachel Ray , reviewing the episode for The Independent , deemed it " overhyped [ ... ] uninspired , confusing and with a simple plot to boot . " = = Plot = = When Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) questions director Will Schuester 's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal , he forms an all @-@ male a cappella group , the Acafellas , to build his confidence . The group originally consists of Will , football coach Ken Tanaka ( Patrick Gallagher ) , woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre ( John Lloyd Young ) and Howard Bamboo ( Kent Avenido ) , a co @-@ worker of Will 's wife Terri ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) . After their first performance however , Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) , who was considering quitting glee club , and his fellow football player Puck ( Mark Salling ) . Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson ( Stephen Tobolowsky ) also joins the group , having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance . Although the star compliments their rendition of " I Wanna Sex You Up " , he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him . In Will 's absence , the glee club hires Dakota Stanley ( Whit Hertford ) , the choreographer of a rival club , Vocal Adrenaline , to help coach them to a Nationals championship . Cheerleaders Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) , Santana ( Naya Rivera ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit , furthering their plan to sabotage the club . Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group , Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge , and fires the choreographer . The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) has feelings for her , leaving her hurt when he rejects her advances . He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel , which angers Mercedes , and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings " Bust Your Windows " . Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay — the first time he has said it to anyone — and the two make up . Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever , and punishes Quinn and Santana . Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down . Will realizes that his passion is teaching , not performing , and resolves to recommit to the glee club . = = Production = = Recurring cast members who appear in " Acafellas " are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson , Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka , Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins , Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo , and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce . Whit Hertford guest @-@ starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley . Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley , but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu . John Lloyd Young played Henri , " a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice " , and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will 's parents . Morrison was " thrilled " by Garber 's casting , having been a longstanding fan of his . Josh Groban received special guest star billing , playing , in Colfer 's words , " himself as this ignorant asshole " . Morrison 's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill , with Gilsig commenting : " He can do it . It didn 't look like a joke , it actually looked totally authentic , and he was fantastic . I think he has just an amazing musical range . People like that who have been singing their whole lives , they have such a command of that . " Riley deemed Kurt 's coming out in the episode " very emotional " and " one of [ her ] favorite scenes " . Colfer described the scene as " very respectful and very touching ... very , very real and serious . " = = Music = = The episode features cover versions of " For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow " , " This Is How We Do It " by Montell Jordan , " Poison " by Bell Biv DeVoe , " Mercy " by Duffy , " Bust Your Windows " by Jazmine Sullivan , " I Wanna Sex You Up " by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of " La Camisa Negra " by Juanes . Studio recordings of " Bust Your Windows " and " Mercy " were released as singles , available for digital download . " Bust Your Windows " is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 , with a studio recording of " I Wanna Sex You Up " included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Acafellas " was watched by 6 @.@ 69 million US viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 2 / 9 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week , with 1 @.@ 44 million viewers . In the UK , the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode , and was watched by 1 @.@ 68 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 29 million on E4 , and 398 @,@ 000 on timeshift ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively , deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere . Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters , such as Puck , Mercedes and Kurt . He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote , " Stephen Tobolowsky ’ s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs . " He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will 's father , but hoped he would return for future episodes . Ryan Brockington for the New York Post stated that " the key to this show lies directly within the female leads " , praising Michele as Rachel , Agron as Quinn and Riley as Mercedes , noting that in " Acafellas " , Riley " finally got a chance to shine " . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley 's rendition of " Bust Your Windows " as " showstopping " , Vocal Adrenaline 's " Mercy " as " leg @-@ splits @-@ over @-@ shoulders exciting " , and deemed the Acafellas performance of " I Wanna Sex You Up " " corny " but noted : " this is about high school . Corny is de rigueur . " Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although " Bust Your Windows " was " over the top [ ... ] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real . " Mike Hale of the New York Times was critical of the episode , discussing the show 's " increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country . " He commented that while " Acafellas " did not match the standard of the pilot episode , it was funnier than " Showmance " , and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson . Hale called Groban 's cameo the " most fun of all " in the episode , but overall noted that : " The humor can ’ t make up for the lack of big production numbers [ ... ] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs . A lot of the current plot lines , like Will and his wife 's phantom baby , are already getting old , so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible . " Rachel Ray , reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee " overhyped [ ... ] uninspired , confusing and with a simple plot to boot . " Ray wrote , Glee 's " upbeat message " was " overridden by the show 's attempt to be darker than the run @-@ of @-@ the mill high school drama . " As with Hale , Ray commented that : " Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it 's not , because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members ' musical talents " . Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will 's characterization in the episode , deeming Terri " beyond annoying " , but wrote : " I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig ’ s character over time . Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step . " Of Will , Malcom posed the question : " didn ’ t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly ? [ ... ] How could he turn his back so easily ? " More positively , Malcom called Kurt 's coming out scene " lovely " . She wrote that Groban 's appearance was " laugh out loud " funny , while Stack commented : " It was a little random , but it 's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will 's mom . "
= The Buzz on Maggie = The Buzz on Maggie is an American / Canadian animated television series created by Dave Polsky for Disney Channel . The series centers on an ambitious and expressive tween fly named Maggie Pesky and her family and friends . The show is set in Stickyfeet , a city for insects located in a dump . While conceptualizing the series , Polsky wanted it to contain a playful aspect at adolescence and director Dave Wasson formed the overall look of the characters , being heavily influenced by early Walt Disney cartoon shorts . The Buzz on Maggie was Disney 's first series to be fully animated in Adobe Flash , a process done by Bardel Entertainment and Future Thought Productions . The Buzz on Maggie premiered on June 17 , 2005 and aired its final episode on May 27 , 2006 , concluding its only season . The series received positive reviews from television critics , many of whom praised its humor , voice acting and writing . The theme song " Just the Way I Am " , performed by Canadian singer Skye Sweetnam , was also met with critical praise and a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 2006 . During its run , The Buzz on Maggie also received an Annie Award nomination for its character design . Reruns of the show aired until August 25 , 2008 and was replaced by Recess on it 's only timeslot . = = Plot = = The Buzz on Maggie follows Maggie Pesky ( Jessica DiCicco ) , an expressive tween fly and her family ; parents Chauncey ( Brian Doyle @-@ Murray ) and Frieda ( Susan Tolsky ) ; brothers Aldrin ( David Kaufman ) and Pupert ( Thom Adcox ) ; and sister Bella ( Tara Strong ) , who is still a maggot . The family resides in an old milk carton in the suburban fly metropolis of Stickyfeet , which is located in a dump . Maggie has an ambitious and adventurous personality and aspires to become a rock star . Her approach to life often suffers unexpected consequences that puts herself in jeopardy , as she often follows her own impulses although they go against the rules or her parents ' wishes . However , she ultimately learns her lesson , which was one of the core themes for the show 's conception . Maggie attends a junior high school called Buzzdale Academy with her best friend Rayna Cartflight ( Cree Summer ) and nemesis Dawn Swatworthy ( Strong ) . The school 's staff include the sneaky Principal Peststrip ( Jeff Bennett ) , pompous Mr. Bugspit ( Curtis Armstrong ) and gruff Mrs. Wingston ( Candi Milo ) . The Buzz on Maggie uses a slapstick comedy style and relies slightly on gross @-@ out humor . It also includes several insect aspects , such as flies ' appetite for spoiled and rotten food . The show features various references to pop culture and common themes , such as sibling rivalry and peer pressure , from a fly 's point of view . = = Production = = The concept of The Buzz on Maggie was created by Dave Polsky , a former writer on Scary Movie 2 and South Park . In an early interview for Animation World Network , he explained that the series utilizes a playful aspect at adolescence , naming it " individuality vs. conformity " . He said , " Maggie must learn how to pursue her agenda without alienating those she cares about . More often than not , Maggie learns that it is difficult to negotiate life on her terms without burning bridges . " Dave Wasson , the creator of the animated series Time Squad , served as the director , and executively produced the series with Polsky , while Laura Perkins Brittain was the co @-@ executive producer . Wasson formed Maggie 's character design and supported the use of Adobe Flash for animating the series . He told Animation Magazine that he was convinced Flash was a " good way to go " as he had had previous experience with the program , such as commercials and short films . The series became Disney 's first to be fully animated in Flash . Following the cancellation of Kids ' WB 's ¡ Mucha Lucha ! , many animators from that series were hired on The Buzz on Maggie . For the character designs , Wasson was heavily influenced by early cartoon shorts by Tex Avery , Warner Bros. and Walt Disney . He noted that the characters in The Buzz on Maggie have " a lot of 1930s touches " and wear white gloves , which is a direct homage to the cartoon shorts . The characters also have anime @-@ inspired designs with oversized heads and large eyes . Wasson stated that the concept of Maggie living in a dump gave him a " lot of visual opportunities " . Jorge Gutierrez supervised the character design and Roman Laney supervised location and prop design in addition to background paint . The animation was done by Bardel Entertainment and Future Thought Productions . The series ' theme song " Just the Way I Am " was composed by Bob Thiele Jr. and Dillon O 'Brian , and performed by Canadian singer Skye Sweetnam . The song is about pride , acceptance and empowerment . Adam Berry did the show 's score . Charlie Adler voice directed The Buzz on Maggie and helmed voice casting with Jamie Thomason . Newcomer Jessica DiCicco was cast as Maggie , her first main role on a television series , preceding her role on Loonatics Unleashed , which premiered the same year . The rest of the main cast included David Kaufman , Thom Adcox , Cree Summer , Brian Doyle @-@ Murray and Susan Tolsky . Tara Strong voiced Maggie 's nemesis Dawn , among other minor characters . The series had a few guest voice actors , such as Laraine Newman and Jon Polito . = = Release = = The Buzz on Maggie premiered on Disney Channel on Friday June 17 , 2005 , with two back @-@ to @-@ back episodes . The next week , it moved to its regular timeslot in the channel 's weekend block . Each half @-@ hour episode consists of two different segments . The Buzz on Maggie aired for one season , comprising 21 half @-@ hour episodes . The final episode , containing the segments " Synchronized Flying " and " Roach Hotel " , aired on May 27 , 2006 . In the fall of 2005 , The Buzz on Maggie was picked up by sister network ABC . The network began airing reruns of the show starting on September 17 , 2005 , on the Saturday morning block ABC Kids . According to Nielsen Media Research , the ABC premiere acquired a 1 @.@ 6 rating in the Kids 2 – 11 demographic , and a 1 @.@ 4 rating in Tweens 9 – 14 , as well as a 7 % share in both demographics . The premiere was that timeslot 's highest @-@ rated broadcast in nearly three months across the block 's three key demographics , Kids 2 – 11 , Kids 6 – 11 and Tweens 9 – 14 . During the ABC Kids broadcasts , the series carried an E / I designation . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The Buzz on Maggie received positive reviews from television critics . Jeff Hidek of Star @-@ News viewed it as " Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends meets The Proud Family " and named it " by far the most entertaining of this summer 's new offerings " . Roger Catlin of Hartford Courant wrote that it stands out from other shows on Disney Channel by " being a little sassy and sharp , and a whole lot funnier than most of [ the channel 's ] stuff " . He wrote that the channel " gets back into the race dominated by Cartoon Network offerings ... and a Nickelodeon roster ... with an offering just as hip and well designed " . Catlin commended the voice acting and the " sharp " writing , stating that the former factor " hit [ s ] the humor home " . The Philadelphia Inquirer critic David Hiltbrand noted that although the show includes " a little " gross @-@ out humor , " it 's reasonably tasteful by adolescent standards " . He concluded , " The animation ... is a little substandard , but the premise is nicely maintained . " AllMovie 's Hal Erickson deemed the fly concept unoriginal , but said that the show " set [ s ] itself apart from such earlier endeavors " . Erickson regarded Maggie 's " strong , forceful attitude " a positive role model for kids . A critic for Observer @-@ Reporter deemed it " suitably silly " , and Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times called it " delightful " . At the time of its premiere , Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch named the show one of the " Tops of the night " . Diana Dawson , writing for Spartanburg Herald @-@ Journal , considered it an " inspiring show for fun @-@ loving tweens " . Kevin McDonough of Lawrence Journal @-@ World wrote that The Buzz on Maggie " strikes a decent balance between cartoon anarchy and Disney 's you @-@ go @-@ girl sermonizing . " He praised the title character 's " bugged @-@ out status " , writing that it prevents the stories from being " too cute " . Jeanne Spreier of The Dallas Morning News graded The Buzz on Maggie with a B and regarded it as " perfect cartooning " for children . She wrote , " [ The show 's ] relatively simple plots , with equally simple resolutions and very clean dialogue , create fine cartoons for a schoolkid 's late @-@ afternoon respite . " Similarly , the show 's theme song " Just the Way I Am " received positive reactions ; Hiltbrand called it " great " , and Dawson wrote that " every episode explodes with the dynamic theme song " . = = = Awards and nominations = = = In 2005 , Jorge Gutierrez was nominated for the Best Character Design in an Animated Television Production award at the 33rd Annie Awards , for his work in the episode " Bella Con Carny " . However , he lost to Ernie Gilbert from The Fairly OddParents . The next year , Bob Thiele Jr. and Dillon O 'Brian received a nomination for Outstanding Original Song for the theme song " Just the Way I Am " at the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards , but lost to the song " Sunshine " from The Young and the Restless .
= Mycena nidificata = Mycena nidificata is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family of the Agaricales . First collected in 2000 and reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on the floor of oak forests . The dark brown irregularly wrinkled cap measures up to 25 mm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter . The cap is supported by a thin stem up to 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , which is covered at the base by a whitish hairlike growth , and attached to white , cord @-@ like rhizomorphs — aggregations of mycelium that resemble plant roots . The underside of the cap features thin , distantly spaced grayish gills that have distinct veins running between them . At a microscopic level , distinguishing characteristics include the inamyloid spores ( turning dark blue to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , the club @-@ shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges ) with finger @-@ like appendages , the diverticulate cells in the outer layer of cap and stem , and the presence of clamp connections . = = Taxonomy , naming , and classification = = Mycena nidificata was first collected in 2000 by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi , and reported as new along with seven other Mycenas in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word nidificata , meaning " nidificate " — " to make a nest " . Its Japanese name is Yamiiro @-@ kunugitake ( ヤミイロクヌギタケ ) . According to Takahashi , the inamyloid spores , the diverticulate cap cuticle hyphae , and the dark pigment in the gill hyphae suggest that the fungus is best classified in the section Hiemales of the genus Mycena . Because of its medium @-@ sized , partly collybioid fruit bodies ( i.e. , small to medium @-@ sized with white spore prints and convex caps , similar to species once placed in the genus Collybia ) , the white cord @-@ like rhizomorphs , and its distinctly intervenose gills , it has an isolated position within the section . = = Description = = The cap is initially conical to convex to bell @-@ shaped , then flattened in age , ultimately reaching 10 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter . The center of the cap is irregularly wrinkled to pitted , but less so toward the grooved margin . It is hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs water ) , dry , initially pruinose ( covered with what appears to be a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The color is blackish @-@ brown at the center , dark brown to reddish @-@ brown farther outward , and becoming much paler at the margin ; sometimes the cap is evenly dark brown . The flesh is up to 1 mm thick and white , and does not have any distinctive taste and odor . The stem is 40 to 50 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 to 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 059 to 0 @.@ 079 in ) wide , cylindrical , slightly enlarged at the base , central , slender , and hollow . The stem surface is dry , pruinose over the entire length , and does not become smooth with age . It is pale brownish at the top , and gradually becomes dark brown toward the base . The base is covered with a white mycelial hairlike growth ( a tomentum ) that is attached to white cord @-@ like rhizomorphs on the substratum . The gills are fused to the stem , and distantly spaced , with between 15 and 18 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 2 @.@ 5 mm broad , thin , grayish , and have distinct veins running between them . The gill edges are the same color as the gill faces . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are roughly ellipsoid and measure 8 – 11 by 5 – 6 µm . They are smooth , colorless , inamyloid , and thin @-@ walled . The basidia ( the spore @-@ bearing cells ) are 28 – 35 by 7 – 8 µm , club @-@ shaped , and mostly four @-@ spored . The abundant cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are club @-@ shaped , measure 30 – 45 by 10 – 15 µm , and form a sterile gill edge . They have several irregularly cylindrical to knob @-@ like apical appendages measuring 3 – 11 by 2 – 5 µm , which are colorless and thin @-@ walled . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent in M. nidificata . The hymenophoral ( hymenium @-@ bearing ) tissue is made of smooth , thin @-@ walled hyphae that are 6 – 26 µm wide , cylindrical ( but often inflated ) , and contain brownish pigment in the cytoplasm . These hyphae are dextrinoid , meaning they will turn reddish to reddish @-@ brown in the presence of Melzer 's reagent . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 3 – 10 µm wide , cylindrical . The hyphae are smooth or covered with scattered , warty or finger @-@ like diverticulae . Under the cap cuticle is a layer of parallel hyphae containing cytoplasmic brownish pigment . The hyphae are dextrinoid , and contain short and inflated cells that are up to 40 µm wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae 3 – 8 µm wide , which are similar in appearance to the hyphae of the cap cuticle . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are relatively sporadic ; they are cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless , thin @-@ walled , and measure 45 – 60 by 4 – 8 µm . The stem tissue is composed of longitudinally arranged , cylindrical hyphae that are 10 – 25 µm wide , dextrinoid , smooth , and have cytoplasmic brownish pigment . Clamp connections are present in the stem tissues , and at the septa at the bases of the basidia . = = = Similar species = = = Mycena granulifera , a species originally described from Brazil , is comparable to M. nidificata in having inamyloid spores , club @-@ shaped cheilocystidia with finger @-@ like outgrowths , and diverticulate cap cuticle hyphae . M. granulifera differs in forming a whitish , wrinkled cap and club @-@ shaped to roughly spindle @-@ shaped pleurocystidia . Mycena nidificata also bears some resemblance to the European species M. flos @-@ nivium , which is distinguished by having cylindrical , amyloid spores , gills without veins between them , and an absence of cord @-@ like rhizomorphs . = = Habitat and distribution = = Mycena nidificata is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . The mushroom is found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in forests dominated by the oak species Quercus castanopsis . Fruiting occurs from May to September .
= Development of The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion = The development of The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion began in 2002 , immediately after its predecessor , The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind , was published . Rumors of a sequel to Morrowind began circulating in June 2004 ; the sequel 's title was identified on September 10 , 2004 , the date of its official announcement . Oblivion was developed by Bethesda Game Studios , and the initial Xbox 360 and Personal computer ( PC ) releases were co @-@ published by Bethesda and Take @-@ Two Interactive 's subsidiary , 2K Games . According to interviews with Bethesda staff , the publisher @-@ developer relationship — one of the few independent relations in the industry — worked well , and Bethesda was not subject to excessive corporate guidance . Originally scheduled for a November 22 , 2005 release , in tandem with the Xbox 360 's launch , Oblivion was delayed to a March 21 , 2006 release for Windows PCs and the Xbox 360 . Developers working on Oblivion focused on providing a tighter storyline , with fewer filler quests and more developed characters . The developers sought to make information in the game world more accessible to players , making the game easier to pick up and play . Oblivion features improved AI ( courtesy of Bethesda 's proprietary Radiant AI ) , improved physics ( courtesy of the Havok physics engine ) , and impressive graphics , taking advantage of advanced lighting and shader routines like high dynamic range rendering ( HDR ) and specular mapping . Bethesda developed and implemented procedural content creation tools in the creation of Oblivion 's terrain , leading to landscapes that are more complex and realistic than those of past titles , with less of a drain on Bethesda 's staff . A PlayStation 3 version of Oblivion was released on March 20 , 2007 in North America , and April 27 , 2007 in Europe , following delays similar to those for the Xbox 360 release . The PlayStation 3 release was touted for its improvement over the graphics of the PC and Xbox 360 versions , although some of the improved shader routines optimized for the PlayStation 3 release were set to be ported over to the other releases through patches . A plan to distribute content through downloads paid by micropayment was initially met with criticism by customers due to its alleged low value , but later releases — at a reduced price , and with more content — proved more popular . = = Business = = = = = Rumors and official announcements = = = The first rumors of another Elder Scrolls release after The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind began to circulate in June 2004 , following Bethesda 's posting of an e @-@ mail searching for new staff . The new staff members were to participate on a team that would push " the bleeding @-@ edge of RPG development for the PC and future @-@ generation consoles " . For those considering the job , the e @-@ mail suggested that " knowledge of ... The Elder Scrolls [ is ] a plus " . At the time , a member of Bethesda 's staff played down the importance of the last comment , noting that Bethesda would " obviously " prefer applicants familiar with the company 's products . Rumors were confirmed on July 12 , 2004 , when it was announced that Fallout 3 and the next Elder Scrolls title would be published by Bethesda and produced by Todd Howard . The title of the release was listed on September 10 , 2004 , when Bethesda officially announced the identity of the game in question : The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , followed by a feature in the October 2004 issue of Game Informer . At the time of the announcement , Bethesda had been working on Oblivion for two years ( since 2002 ) , just as Bethesda was completing work on Morrowind . = = = Release delays = = = Although preliminary reports from Reuters suggested an Oblivion release in tandem with the launch of the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 , and the original announcement of the game set a release date of Winter 2005 , Take @-@ Two Interactive announced , during a conference call with analysts on October 31 , 2005 , that Oblivion 's release was to be delayed until the second quarter of Take @-@ Two 's fiscal year . The new schedule would put the release between February and April 2006 . The delay surprised many , especially online retailers , who had begun accepting pre @-@ orders for consoles bundled with Oblivion . News of the delay came at a time following a burst of bad news from the company , including a 60 % drop in expected earnings per share , the ongoing Hot Coffee minigame controversy , worse than average sales for the company 's flagship Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas , sudden drops in share prices , and delays for other company products . Most commentators blamed Take @-@ Two 's corporate governance ; one analyst stated that the company 's troubles were more " company @-@ specific than market @-@ driven " , and another declared company CEO Paul Eibeler to be the " worst CEO of 2005 " , pointing to " setbacks on the rollouts of newer games " as evidence of his failure . Pete Hines , Vice President of PR and Marketing for Bethesda , and Todd Howard , Executive Producer for the game , gave an update about the delay on the weekend of November 6 , 2005 . They planned to give updates every subsequent weekend until the game 's release . A commentator from Joystiq complained of the vagueness of the updates : " they don 't get any more specific than to say , ' There is work that still needs to be done ' . In fact , they say this three times just to make sure we know how hard they are working .... While it 's nice to see the development team taking time out to update the fans , if the announcements continue to be as vague as this one , I 'd rather just see them spend the extra time on the actual game . " = = = Product showings = = = On May 16 , 2005 , Bethesda announced that they would be releasing Oblivion on Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , and that the game 's public debut would come at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles on May 18 , 2005 . The version shown at E3 was substantially finished ; most content was already in the game , lacking only the polish that the final months of development would bring . The game 's world , for example , had already been fully constructed but still needed to undergo a " clutter pass " , wherein minor game items — " books , weapons , and thousands of forks and plates " — are dropped into the game world . Howard himself never took to the show . " It 's like a beauty pageant , " he told one reporter . " I have 20 minutes to give you a presentation on our games that by their nature are hard to demo in that time period , and then the person is going to check their watch and walk out and go see someoneomfortable seating , and dim lighting — where attendees could comfortably watch . Howard agreed with the choice : " We 've always taken sort of the meeting room approach . We don 't have loud crazy booths . " During Microsoft 's E3 pre @-@ show conference , a ten @-@ second preview of Oblivion was shown amid demo reels for other games . The preview consisted of a series of brief second @-@ long shots of the game . Later on , during E3 proper , Bethesda showed a longer 25 @-@ minute demo that showcased further clipped scenes : the opening dungeon , a procedurally rendered forest , one of the game 's towns , and other locales . Most viewers were impressed by Oblivion 's showing . In the words of one reporter , " The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion isn 't just one of the brightest gems in the Xbox 360 's upcoming launch lineup , but it 's also perhaps a perfect example of a next @-@ generation role @-@ playing game . " Oblivion won a number of " best of " awards from a variety of game journalists : GameSpy 's " RPG Game of Show " GameSpot 's " Best RPG " , IGN 's " Best PC RPG " , RPGFan 's " Best Overall Game of E3 2005 " , and , most prestigiously , the " Best Role Playing Game " in the 2005 E3 Game Critics Awards . A near @-@ final build of Oblivion would later be shown at Microsoft 's Consumer Electronics Show press tent — but not at its public Xbox 360 booth — in January 2006 , showcasing the game 's exteriors . A Joystiq reporter at the scene was not entirely impressed , finding the demo marred by long load times and slowdowns during combat . An Xbox representative reassured the reporter that all such issues would be worked out before the game 's retail release . In the months prior to release , anticipation for the game ran high , with critics describing Oblivion as " the first next @-@ gen game " only heightening attention . " People were expecting the game to cure blindness and heal the sick , " said Hines . = = = Xbox 360 and PC release = = = After an almost four @-@ month delay , Oblivion went gold on March 2 , 2006 and was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 on March 21 , 2006 . Early rumors notwithstanding , Oblivion shipped on a single DVD @-@ DL disc . One journalist voiced concern for the game 's release date , as it was set in the same week as that of EA 's The Godfather . Hines dismissed the suggestion , saying , " We tend to focus on what we can control and not worry about what we can 't control . Given the level of interest and the number of pre @-@ orders and so forth , we had a pretty good idea we 'd be just fine no matter what else was happening that week . " Oblivion was the first RPG title to be released for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 console . In addition to the standard release version , a Collector 's Edition was released for both Windows and Xbox 360 which includes the 112 @-@ page Pocket Guide to the Empire , a bonus DVD containing concept art , renders , and an approximately 45 @-@ minute long documentary on the making of Oblivion , and a coin replica of the in @-@ game currency of Tamriel . Its suggested release price of US $ 69 @.@ 99 brought back " memories of game prices circa the Nintendo 64 " for one Kotaku commentator . Some suggested that the included coin be used to create a " garish piece of jewelry " . Oblivion was well received in the gaming press ; there was no critical disappointment , no " bump " in popular expectations , that might have been expected for such a highly anticipated game . Metacritic , an aggregate review site , gave the game a 94 % score ; IGN , GameSpot and GameSpy each gave the game their own individual " RPG of the Year " award . Oblivion also sold well , selling 1 @.@ 7 million copies by April 10 , 2006 . Additionally , 3 million copies were sold by January 18 , 2007 . Pete Hines was satisfied with the release : " I feel like we delivered on what people expected .... I think the scores and awards reflect that we delivered on people 's expectations . " = = = PlayStation 3 release = = = The PS3 version of the game was ported / developed by 4J Studios who have worked with Bethesda in other projects . In April 2006 , an inadvertently mailed version of Bethesda 's supposed forthcoming game release list began a series of unconfirmed rumors of Oblivion releases for the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . The list suggested that Oblivion would be a PlayStation 3 launch title , and that the PSP version would be released in November . These rumors were confirmed on September 28 , 2006 , when Bethesda officially announced the titles , setting the PlayStation 3 version 's North American release date for November 2006 , European release date for March 2007 , and the PSP version for Spring 2007 . The two titles were set to be published by Bethesda alone in North America , and with Ubisoft as a co @-@ publisher in Europe . Hines was mum regarding the change in publishers : " Too much backroom stuff . " Ubisoft saw their first quarter sales for 2007 rise 90 @.@ 5 % , to 134 million Euros , exceeding previous forecasts by 14 million Euros . Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot attributed the rise to " new @-@ generation consoles and the impact of PlayStation 3 game sales , including Rainbow Six Vegas and Oblivion " . Despite the title being included in Sony 's announced PlayStation 3 launch lineup at its annual Gamers ' Day event in San Francisco , online retailers EBgames.com and Gamestop.com — two sites with a history of revealing the release dates of games before their publisher 's announcements — were found on November 8 , 2006 to have set Oblivion 's release date as January 1 , 2007 . Some few hours later , the delay was confirmed , as Pete Hines issued the statement that " Oblivion PS3 is now a Q1 2007 title " . Hines gave no reason for the delay , but the news stirred suspicions of development difficulties working with the PlayStation 3 , and that Bethesda was discouraged by the scarcity of PlayStation 3 consoles at launch . The North American PS3 release was later confirmed to be March 20 , 2007 , near the end of the first quarter window , with the European PS3 release set at April 27 , 2007 . Some reporters commented on a perceived parallelism between the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 delays and releases . United Kingdom video games retailer GAME encountered distribution problems on release day in Europe . A branch on Oxford Street reported to Computer and Video Games ( CVG ) , a video games magazine , that no units were in stock on the afternoon of April 27 , 2007 , and that other stores were in the same predicament . Other reports suggested that the game was not available in any of GAME 's 400 UK and Ireland stores . GAME staff nonetheless told CVG reporters that copies would be available by next week , " possibly Monday " . An Ubisoft representative attributed the shortage to high demand for the product , and stated that copies were available online and at other High Street retailers . Other retailers , such as HMV and Virgin Megastore , reported no shortages . = = Production and design = = = = = Staff = = = In 2002 , Bethesda 's Elder Scrolls team was split in two : half , mostly designers and artists , were sent to work on Morrowind 's expansions ; and the rest , mostly programmers , were sent to work on technology for Oblivion . Ken Rolston , a former designer for Morrowind , was signed on as the game 's Lead Designer . Code for the PC and Xbox 360 were somewhat interchangeable , owing to the similarity in system architecture between the consoles , but the team still had to divide its programming staff between the two . A number of staff with experience in developing for Sony platforms like the PlayStation 2 worked on optimizing the code for the subsequent PlayStation 3 release . The art and design staff were largely unaffected by the need to develop for multiple consoles . = = = Publisher relations = = = On February 3 , 2005 , Bethesda entered into an agreement with Take @-@ Two Interactive regarding the publication and release of Oblivion . Under the agreement , Bethesda would retain full control over Oblivion 's development and the rights to any possible sequels , and Take @-@ Two would agree to publish the game under its recently formed 2K Games sub brand . According to Producer Gavin Carter , the team 's experience was a rarity in the industry ; few independent developer @-@ publisher relationships still exist , and it was a surprise that Bethesda 's experience worked out as well as it did . Carter described Take @-@ Two 's role as one of minimal interference , and the company mostly left Bethesda 's development teams alone , trusting them to produce a " fantastic product " with minimal interference or " red tape " . The relationship was a rarity in the industry , according to Carter , where most developers are beholden to their publishers . Ashley Cheng , Oblivion 's senior producer , concurred . There was " complete freedom " at Bethesda to decide their own path , whatever market trends might say . Of the legal proceedings affecting Bethesda 's parent company ZeniMax during the initial stages of game development , when Bethesda founder Christopher Weaver sued the company for severance pay , Todd Howard said that he , as a producer , wasn 't involved with corporate affairs . " I just focus on the games . " = = = Design goals = = = The team 's goal then was , in the words of Todd Howard , to " create the quintessential RPG of the next generation " , with a focus on a " combination of freeform gameplay and cutting @-@ edge graphics . " Producing for next generation machines , rather than a cheap upgrade , gave Bethesda an additional four years of development . Howard describes this as an aspect of Bethesda 's greater goal of " Reinvention " , where the team 's goal is to make " a new game that stands on its own , that has its own identity " . Howard spoke of the need to avoid repetition , to avoid merely adding " some new features and content , and keep doing that " , describing that path as " a good way to drive your games into the ground . " Bethesda , Howard stated , would focus instead on recapturing what made its past titles exciting " in the first place " . Keeping with the spirit of past games , Howard promised to keep with the spirit of " big @-@ world , do @-@ anything " -style games , feeling that a certain size and number of choices were needed to make role @-@ playing feel " meaningful " ; but now there was to be greater emphasis on keeping the game focused . Pete Hines saw the developments between games as less an issue of design focus and more as a " natural side effect of improving and refining how the game works " . If smart decisions were made , ease of play would naturally follow . Oblivion would include fewer NPCs and quests than Morrowind , and mindless filler , which Howard felt the team had been guilty of in the past , would be avoided . In exchange , Producer Gavin Carter later explained , there would be greater focus on length and depth in the quests , adding more " alternate paths " , more characters " to connect with , who actually have personalities " . Carter cast negative aspersions on aspects of gameplay too far removed from the game 's central plot . Carter stated that such material was not needed , preferring instead that the focus be on the plot , on " fighting these demon lords " , and that further material is " tertiary " and " takes away " . The role of the player character in the main quest was to be changed as well . In contrast to past games , where the player character would play a type of " chosen one " , Oblivion would have the player character " find him , protect him , and help him . " Aside from that , in the opinion of Hines , " the main quest has similar themes and tones as in past Elder Scrolls games " , and should still feel " epic " , simply because of the way the gamespace is designed : with openness in mind . Improving that aspect of the experience , said Hines , came mostly in the form of improved information presentation . The system would not intrude on the experience when the player merely wishes to " walk around and explore the world and do whatever he / she wants " , but given the scenario where the player asks " ' OK , I 'm ready to do the next part of the main quest , where do I go ? ' " , the game would provide a ready answer , so as to avoid " confusion " and " downtime " . = = = Technology = = = The Xbox 360 was set as Oblivion 's base platform , being the " easiest to develop for " , in the words of Pete Hines ; the PC , being more like a " random amalgamation of graphics cards and RAM and processors " , and poorly " defined " . As they had done with previous games in the series , Bethesda threw out their old content and technology and began work anew . A new engine was envisioned , one which would take advantage of advanced lighting and shader routines , like high dynamic range rendering and specular mapping . The final product was shipped with an engine formed of a mixture of in @-@ house tech and Numerical Design Limited 's Gamebryo engine , " tricked out " in collaboration with Bethesda 's graphics programmers and NDL . Cheng has described the game as " pixel @-@ shader heavy " , taking advantage of the feature in rendering " metal , wood , stone , blood , skin , " in addition to water , which was the only use Morrowind made of the technology . In particular , Oblivion uses normal maps , diffuse maps , specular maps , and parallax maps , which Howard described as " kind of like displacement mapping " . Oblivion makes use of Radiant AI , a new artificial intelligence system that allows non @-@ player characters to dynamically react and interact with the world around them . General goals , such as " Eat at this city at 2pm " are given to NPCs , and NPCs are left to determine how to achieve them . The absence of individual scripting for each character allowed for the construction of a world on a much larger scale than other games had developed , and aided in the creation of what Todd Howard described as an " organic feel " for the game . Features introduced for the new release that had been absent in Morrowind included " full facial animations , lip synching , and full speech for all dialogue " . Oblivion uses Havok as its physics engine , following in the footsteps of Half @-@ Life 2 . Havok is involved in modeling the game 's representations of telekinesis , theft , traps , tumbling , paralysis , area effect fireball explosions , and the contact between arrows and their targets . Arrows , in Oblivion , may lodge themselves in objects and thereby increase their mass . The inclusion of procedural content tools allowed for the creation of realistic environments at much faster rates than was the case with Morrowind . Using Interactive Data Visualization , Inc . ( IDV ) ' s SpeedTree technology , for example , Bethesda artists were able to " quickly generate complex and organic tree shapes with relative ease " . With its " parent / child hierarchies and iterative branch levels comprised of highly modifiable cylinder primitives " , Bethesda 's Noah Berry attests that " an entire tree shape can be created in a manner of minutes , just by adjusting numerical values and tweaking spline curve handles " . Instead of Morrowind 's artificially smoothed @-@ over terrain , erosion algorithms incorporated in the landscape generation tools allowed for the creation of " craggy mountain vistas " quickly and easily . = = = PlayStation 3 = = = The PS3 release featured a number of technical improvements over the Xbox 360 release ; load times were reduced , fewer framerate drops were experienced and several bugs were fixed . Draw distance was increased , and new shaders were included to render the foreground cleanly and sharply , leading to rocky landscapes with " craggy appearances " rather than " smooth , non @-@ distinct surfaces " . The new shader sets blended " near detail " and " far detail " onscreen , removing the harsh line that cut between them in previous releases . Bethesda decided against implementing SIXAXIS motion support for the game , considering Oblivion not to be of a type well @-@ suited to such a feature . The Knights of the Nine content pack was included with the game , but other downloadable content releases were not . The latter release spawned a host of rumors across the Internet : a 1UP piece stated that the content was removed due to its negative effect on console performance , and other websites repeated the claim . Limitations of the PS3 's system memory were suspected as the potential cause of the performance drop . In an article for IGN , Pete Hines challenged the statements , providing an alternate rationale for the content packages ' absence . Firstly , he stated , the expansions were removed to avoid giving a PS3 player an early advantage over other consoles ' players . Secondly , he stated , the game designers were unfamiliar with the PlayStation Network Store and Sony 's online content distribution systems , and had not yet determined the best method of releasing the packages . The suggestion that the PS3 's technical makeup determined the move could not be " farther from the truth " . Hines confirmed that the shader improvements for the PS3 would eventually migrate to the PC and Xbox 360 through further patches , but noted that some optimizations would remain exclusive to the PS3 . In the end , the Xbox 360 and the PS3 would be " very much on a par " in their graphical performance . = = Downloadable content = = = = = Background and Horse Armor = = = From April 2006 onwards , Bethesda began releasing small , downloadable packages of content from their website and over the Xbox Live Marketplace , for prices equivalent to between one and three US dollars . The first package , a set of horse armor for Oblivion 's steeds , was released on April 3 , 2006 , costing 200 Marketplace points , equivalent to US $ 2 @.@ 50 or £ 1 @.@ 50 ; the corresponding PC release cost was US $ 1 @.@ 99 . Bethesda offered no rationale for the price discrepancy . These were not the first Oblivion @-@ related Marketplace releases ( the first was a series of dashboard themes and picture packs released prior to Oblivion 's publication , in February 2006 , for a nominal fee ) nor were they entirely unexpected : Bethesda had previously announced their desire to support the Xbox release with downloadable Marketplace content , and other publishers had already begun to release similar packages for their games , at similar prices . A November 2005 @-@ release of a " Winter Warrior Pack " for Kameo : Elements of Power was also priced at 200 Marketplace points , and similar content additions had been scheduled for Project Gotham Racing 3 and Perfect Dark Zero . Indeed , Marketplace content additions formed a significant part of a March 2006 Microsoft announcement regarding the future of Xbox Live . " Downloadable in @-@ game content is a main focus of Microsoft 's strategy heading into the next @-@ gen console war , " stated one GameSpot reporter . " With more consoles on their way to retail , 80 games available by June , and new content and experiences coming to Xbox Live all the time , there has never been a better time to own an Xbox 360 , " announced Peter Moore . Nonetheless , although Xbox Live Arcade games , picture packs , dashboards and profile themes continued to be a Marketplace success for Microsoft , the aforementioned in @-@ game content remained sparse . Pete Hines asserted , " We were the first ones to do downloadable content like that — some people had done similar things , but no one had really done additions where you add new stuff to your existing game . " There was no pressure from Microsoft to make the move . = = = Later releases = = = April 4 also saw the announcement of two new downloadable content packs for the coming weeks : an " Orrery " quest that would see gamers setting out to repair a Dwarven Orrery ; and a " Wizard 's Tower " that would offer a new home for player characters , complete with the capacity to grow herbs , summon atronachs , and make spells . 1UP predicted that , given Bethesda 's response to customer criticism , those releases would be somewhat more substantial than the " Horse Armor " release was . On April 7 , Bethesda priced the " Orrery " . Offering what GameSpot called " more bang for less buck " , Bethesda set the PC release price at US $ 1 @.@ 89 , and the Xbox 360 release price at 150 Marketplace points , equivalent to US $ 1 @.@ 88 . Joystiq offered their support — " ' Big ups ' " — to the company for the new price . " Although we passed on the $ 2 @.@ 50 horse armor this week , we 'll definitely be messin ' with that Orrery device when it hits the Marketplace . " The pack was eventually released on April 17 . Also on April 7 , EB Games and GameStop began offering a coupon promising one free download of the " Horse Armor " pack with every purchase of the PC edition of Oblivion . The " Wizard 's Tower " , called the " Frostcrag Spire " in @-@ game , was released on April 24 for the same price as the " Orrery " . New releases continued into late 2006 . The " Thieves ' Den " , a 2.27MB download offering the chance to " Uncover a famous pirate 's lost ship and claim it for your own " , was released on May 22 for the Xbox 360 , priced at 150 Marketplace points , " roughly " equivalent to US $ 1 @.@ 89 . Explaining the add @-@ on , Ashley Cheng stated " Basically , it 's Goonies . " " Mehrunes ' Razor " , a quest revolving around a mage in search of the deadly Daedric artifact known as Mehrunes ' Razor , was released on June 14 . It became the most expensive download yet , at US $ 2 @.@ 99 for PC users and 250 Marketplace points , equivalent to US $ 3 @.@ 13 , for Xbox 360 owners . One 1UP.com reporter took the occasion to reflect on the increasing price of owning the " complete " Oblivion . With all the add @-@ ons included , he calculated , " That 's over $ 80 in game for the complete version of Oblivion , thus far . " Foreseeing eventual problems with the upcoming PS3 release , and a potential bundling of all the software for a cheaper price , he wondered : " will Xbox 360 and PC users feel slighted ? ... Microtransactions are sticky business . " Joystiq continued to comment on the " Horse Armor " add @-@ on in their notice of the quest 's release . " With a weapon like that , who needs horse armor ? " On July 13 , " The Vile Lair " , sporting a hidden crypt called " Deepscorn Hollow " for players bitten with Oblivion 's vampirism bug , was released . Like the " Orrery " and the " Wizard 's Tower " , Bethesda set " The Vile Lair " ' s PC release price at US $ 1 @.@ 89 , and the Xbox 360 release price at 150 Marketplace points , equivalent to US $ 1 @.@ 88 . Joystiq responded positively to the new price point . " What a bargain ! ... It 's good to see the folks at Oblivion have learned their lesson and aren 't offering relatively super expensive content not fit to see the light of day . " On August 31 , " Spell Tomes " , adding books with " wondrous and powerful magic spells , " to the random loot of fallen foes , was released , for the price of US $ 1 @.@ 00 on both the Xbox 360 and the PC . Beginning on December 22 and continuing on until the end of the year , Bethesda offered their " Mehrunes Razor " package free of charge , as a sort of holiday gift . Oblivion 's final content pack , named " Fighter 's Stronghold " , was released October 15 , 2007 . It was free to download in the first week after its release .
= Scaly @-@ foot gastropod = Chrysomallon squamiferum , common name the scaly @-@ foot gastropod , is a species of deep @-@ sea hydrothermal @-@ vent snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Peltospiridae . This vent @-@ endemic gastropod is known only from deep @-@ sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean , where it has been found at depths of about 2 @,@ 400 – 2 @,@ 800 m ( 1 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 7 mi ) . Chrysomallon squamiferum differs greatly from other deep @-@ sea gastropods , even the closely related neomphalines . The shell is of a unique construction , with three layers ; the outer layer consists of iron sulfides , the middle layer is equivalent to the organic periostracum found in other gastropods , and the innermost layer is made of aragonite . The foot is also unusual , being armored with iron @-@ mineralised sclerites . The snail 's oesophageal gland houses symbiotic gammaproteobacteria from which the snail appears to obtain its nourishment . This species is considered to be one of the most peculiar deep @-@ sea hydrothermal @-@ vent gastropods , and it is the only known extant animal that incorporates iron sulfide into its skeleton ( into both its sclerites and into its shell as an exoskeleton ) . Its heart is , proportionately speaking , unusually large for any animal : the heart comprises approximately 4 % of its body volume . = = Taxonomy = = This species was first discovered in April 2001 , and has been referred to as the " scaly @-@ foot " gastropod since 2001 . In terms of its scientific name , it has been referred as Chrysomallon squamiferum since 2003 , but it was not formally described in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature until Chen et al. named it in 2015 . Type specimens are stored in the Natural History Museum , London . During the time when the name was not yet formalized , an incorrect spelling variant was " Crysomallon squamiferum " . Chrysomallon squamiferum is the type species and the sole species within the genus Chrysomallon . The generic name Chrysomallon is from the Ancient Greek language , and means " golden haired " , because pyrite ( a compound occurring in its shell ) is golden in color . The specific name squamiferum is from the Latin language and means " scale @-@ bearing " , because of its sclerites . At first it was not known to which family this species belonged . Warén et al. classified this species in the family Peltospiridae , within the Neomphalina in 2003 . Molecular analyses based on sequences of cytochrome @-@ c oxidase I ( COI ) genes confirmed the placement of this species within the Peltospiridae . Morphotypes from two localities are dark ; a morphotype from a third locality is white ( see next section for explanation of localities ) . These different colored snails appear to be simply " varieties " of the same species , according to the results of genetic analysis . = = Distribution = = The scaly @-@ foot gastropod is a vent @-@ endemic gastropod known only from the deep @-@ sea hydrothermal vents of the Indian Ocean , which are around 2 @,@ 780 metres ( 1 @.@ 73 mi ) in depth . The species was discovered in 2001 , living on the bases of black smokers in the Kairei hydrothermal vent field , 25 ° 19 @.@ 239 ′ S 70 ° 02 @.@ 429 ′ E , on the Central Indian Ridge , just north of the Rodrigues Triple Point . The species has subsequently also been found in the Solitaire field , 19 ° 33 @.@ 413 ′ S 65 ° 50 @.@ 888 ′ E , Central Indian Ridge , within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mauritius and Longqi ( aka . Dragon ) field , 37 ° 47 @.@ 027 ′ S 49 ° 38 @.@ 963 ′ E , Southwest Indian Ridge . Longqi field was designated as the type locality ; all type material originated from this vent field . The distance between Kairei and Solitaire is about 700 km ( 430 mi ) . The distance between Solitaire and Longqi is about 2 @,@ 500 km ( 1 @,@ 600 mi ) . Peltospiridae snails are mainly know to live in Eastern Pacific vent fields . Nakamura et al. hypothetized that the occurrence of scaly @-@ foot gastropods in the Indian Ocean suggests a relationship of the hydrothermal vent faunas between these two areas . Research expeditions have included : 2000 – an expedition of the Japan Agency for Marine @-@ Earth Science and Technology using the ship RV Kairei and ROV Kaikō discovered the Kairei vent field , but scaly @-@ foot gastropods were not found at that time . This was the first vent field discovered in the Indian Ocean . 2001 – an expedition of the U.S. research vessel RV Knorr with ROV Jason discovered scaly @-@ foot gastropods in the Kairei vent field . 2007 – an expedition of RV Da Yang Yi Hao discovered the Longqi vent field . 2009 – an expedition of RV Yokosuka with DSV Shinkai 6500 discovered the Solitaire field and sampled scaly @-@ foot gastropods there . 2009 – an expedition of RV Da Yang Yi Hao visually observed scaly @-@ foot gastropods at Longqi vent field . 2011 – an expedition of the British Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook with ROV Kiel 6000 sampled the Longqi vent field . = = Description = = = = = Sclerites = = = In this species , the sides of the snail 's foot are extremely unusual , in that they are armoured with hundreds of iron @-@ mineralised sclerites ; these are composed of iron sulfides greigite and pyrite . Each sclerite has a soft epithelial tissue core , a conchiolin cover , and an uppermost layer containing pyrite and greigite . Prior to the discovery of the scaly @-@ foot gastropod , it was thought that the only extant molluscs possessing scale @-@ like structures were in the classes Caudofoveata , Solenogastres and Polyplacophora . However , sclerites are not homologous to a gastropod operculum . The sclerites of scaly @-@ foot gastropods are also not homologous to the sclerites found in chitons ( Polyplacophora ) . It has been hypothesized that the sclerites of Cambrian halwaxiids such as Halkieria may potentially be more analogous to the sclerites of this snail than are the sclerites of chitons or aplacophorans . However , as recently as 2015 , detailed morphological analysis for testing this hypothesis had not been carried out . The sclerites of Chrysomallon squamiferum are mainly proteinaceous ( conchiolin is a complex protein ) ; in contrast , the sclerites of chitons are mainly calcareous . There are no visible growth lines of conchiolin in cross @-@ sections of sclerites . No other extant or extinct gastropods possess dermal sclerites , and no other extant animal is known to use iron sulfides in this way , either in its skeleton , or exoskeleton . The size of each sclerite is about 1 × 5 mm in adults . The Solitaire population of snails has white sclerites instead of black ; this is due to a lack of iron in the sclerites . The sclerites are imbricated ( overlapped in a manner reminiscent of roof tiles ) . The purpose of sclerites has been speculated to be protection or detoxification . The sclerites may help protect the gastropod from the vent fluid , so that its bacteria can live close to the source of electron donors for chemosynthesis . Or alternatively , the sclerites may result from deposition of toxic sulfide waste from the endosymbionts , and therefore represent a novel solution for detoxification . But the true function of sclerites is , as yet , unknown . The sclerites of the Kairei population , which have a layer of iron sulphide , are ferrimagnetic . Surprisingly , the non @-@ iron @-@ sulfide @-@ mineralized sclerite from the Solitaire morphotype showed greater mechanical strength of the whole structure in the three @-@ point bending stress test ( 12 @.@ 06 MPa ) than did the sclerite from the Kairei morphotype ( 6 @.@ 54 MPa ) . In life , the external surfaces of sclerites host a diverse array of epibionts : Epsilonproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria . These bacteria probably provide their mineralization . Goffredi et al . ( 2004 ) hypothetized that the snail secretes some organic compounds that facilitate the attachment of the bacteria . = = = Shell = = = The shell of these species has three whorls . The shape of the shell is globose and the spire is compressed . The shell sculpture consists of ribs and fine growth lines . The shape of the aperture is elliptical . The apex of the shell is fragile and it is corroded in adults . This is a very large peltospirid compared to the majority of other species , which are usually below 15 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 5 in ) in shell length . The width of the shell is 9 @.@ 80 – 40 @.@ 02 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 1 @.@ 58 in ) The maximum with of the shell reaches 45 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 79 in ) . The average with of the shell of adult snails is 32 mm . The average shell width in the Solitaire population was slightly less than that in the Kairei population . The height of the shell is 7 @.@ 65 – 30 @.@ 87 mm ( 0 @.@ 30 – 1 @.@ 22 in ) . The width of the aperture is 7 @.@ 26 – 32 @.@ 52 mm ( 0 @.@ 29 – 1 @.@ 28 in ) . The height of the aperture is 6 @.@ 38 – 27 @.@ 29 mm ( 0 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 07 in ) . The snail 's shell is also unusual . The shell structure consists of three layers . The outer layer is about 30 μm thick , black , and is made of iron sulfides , containing greigite Fe3S4 . This feature makes this gastropod the only extant animal known so far that employs this material in its skeleton . The middle layer ( about 150 μm ) is equivalent to the organic periostracum which is also found in other gastropods . The periostracum is thick and brown . The innermost layer is made of aragonite ( about 250 μm thick ) , a form of calcium carbonate that is commonly found both in the shells of molluscs and in various corals . The color of the aragonite layer is milky white . Each shell layer appears to contribute to the effectiveness of the snail 's defence in different ways . The middle organic layer appears to absorb mechanical strain and energy generated by a squeezing attack ( for example by the claws of a crab ) , making the shell much tougher . The organic layer also acts to dissipate heat . Features of this composite material are in focus of researchers for possible use in civilian and military protective applications . = = = Operculum = = = In this species , the shape of the operculum changes during growth , from a rounded shape in juveniles to a curved shape in adults . The relative size of the operculum decreases as individuals grow . About a half of all adult snails of this species possess an operculum among the sclerites at the rear of the animal . It seems likely that the sclerites gradually grow and fully cover the whole foot for protection , and the operculum loses its protective function as the animal grows . = = = External anatomy = = = The Scaly @-@ foot gastropod has a thick snout , which tapers distally to a blunt end . The mouth is a circular ring of muscles when contracted and closed . The two smooth cephalic tentacles are thick at the base and gradually taper to a fine point at their distal tips . This snail has no eyes . There is no specialised copulatory appendage . The foot is red and large , and the snail cannot withdraw the whole foot entirely into the shell . There is no pedal gland in the front part of the foot . There are also no epipodial tentacles . = = = Internal anatomy = = = In Chrysomallon squamiferum , the soft parts of the animal occupy approximately two whorls of the interior of the shell . The shell muscle is horseshoe @-@ shaped and large , divided in two parts on the left and right , and connected by a narrower attachment . The mantle edge is thick but simple without any distinctive features . The mantle cavity is deep and reaches the posterior edge of the shell . The medial to left side of the cavity is dominated by a very large bipectinate ctenidium . Ventral to the visceral mass , the body cavity is occupied by a huge esophageal gland , which extends to fill the ventral floor of the mantle cavity . The digestive system is simple , and is reduced to less than 10 % of the typical volume in gastropods . The radula is " weak " , of the rhipidoglossan type , with a single pair of radular cartilages . The formula of the radula is ∼ 50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼ 50 . The radula ribbon is 4 mm long , 0 @.@ 5 mm wide ; the width to length ratio is approximately 1 : 10 . There is no jaw , and no salivary glands . A part of the anterior oesophagus rapidly expands into a huge , hypertrophied , blind @-@ ended esophageal gland , which occupies much of the ventral face of the mantle cavity ( estimated 9 @.@ 3 % body volume ) . The oesophageal gland has a uniform texture , and is highly vascularised with fine blood vessels . The stomach has at least three ducts at its anterior right , connecting to the digestive gland . There are consolidated pellets in both the stomach and in the hindgut . These pellets are probably granules of sulfur produced by the endosymbiont as a way to detoxify hydrogen sulfide . The intestine is reduced , and only has a single loop . The extensive and unconsolidated digestive gland extends to the posterior , filling the shell apex of the shell . The rectum does not penetrate the heart , but passes ventral to it . The anus is located on the right side of the snail , above the genital opening . In the excretory system , the nephridium is central , tending to the right side of the body , as a thin dark layer of glandular tissue . The nephridium is anterior and ventral of the digestive gland , and is in contact with the dorsal side of the foregut . The respiratory system and circulatory system consist of a single left bipectinate ctenidium ( gill ) , which is very large ( 15 @.@ 5 % of the body volume ) , and is supported by extensive blood sinuses filled with haemocoel . On dissection , the blood sinuses and lumps of haemocoel material are a prominent feature throughout the body cavity . There are thin gill filaments on either side of the ctenidium . The bipectinate ctenidium extends far behind the heart into the upper shell whorls ; it is much larger than in Peltospira . Although this species has a similar shell shape and general form to other peltospirids , the ctenidium is proportional size to that of Hirtopelta , which has the largest gill among peltospirid genera that have been investigated anatomically so far . The ctenidium provides oxygen for the snail , but the circulatory system is enlarged beyond the scope of other similar vent gastropods . There are no endosymbionts in or on the gill of Chrysomallon squamiferum . The enlargement of the gill is probably to facilitate extracting oxygen in the low @-@ oxygen conditions that are typical of hydrothermal @-@ vent ecosystems . At the posterior of the ctenidium is a remarkably large and well @-@ developed heart . The heart is unusually large for any animal proportionally . Based on the volume of the single auricle and ventricle , the heart complex represents approximately 4 % of the body volume ( for example , the heart of humans is 1 @.@ 3 % of the body volume ) . This proportionally giant heart primarily sucks blood through the ctenidium and supplies the highly vascularised oesophageal gland . In Chrysomallon squamiferum the endosymbionts are housed in an esophageal gland , where they are isolated from the vent fluid . The host is thus likely to play a major role in supplying the endosymbionts with necessary chemicals , leading to increased respiratory needs . Detailed investigation of the haemocoel of Chrysomallon squamiferum will reveal further information about its respiratory pigments . The Scaly @-@ foot gastropod is a chemosymbiotic holobiont . It hosts thioautotrophic ( sulfur @-@ oxidising ) gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts in a much enlarged oesophageal gland , and appears to rely on these symbionts for nutrition . In this species , the size of the oesophageal gland is about two orders of magnitude larger than the usual size . There is a significant embranchment within the oesophageal gland , where the blood pressure likely decreases to almost zero . The elaborate cardiovascular system most likely evolved to oxygenate the endosymbionts in an oxygen @-@ poor environment , and / or to supply hydrogen sulfide to the endosymbionts . Thioautotrophic gammaproteobacteria have a full set of genes required for aerobic respiration , and are probably capable of switching between the more efficient aerobic respiration , and the less efficient anaerobic respiration , depending on oxygen availability . In 2014 , the endosymbiont of the scaly @-@ foot gastropod become the first endosymbiont of any gastropod for which the complete genome was known . Chrysomallon squamiferum was previously thought to be the only species of Peltospiridae that has an enlarged oesophageal gland , but later it was discovered that both species of Gigantopelta also have an enlarged oesophageal gland . The nervous system is large , and the brain is a solid neural mass without ganglia . The nervous system is reduced in complexity and enlarged in size compared to other neomphaline taxa . As is typical of gastropods , the nervous system is composed of an anterior oesophageal nerve ring and two pairs of longitudinal nerve cords , the ventral pair innervating the foot and the dorsal pair forming a twist via streptoneury . The frontal part of the oesophageal nerve ring is large , connecting two lateral swellings . The huge fused neural mass is directly adjacent to , and passes through , the oeosophageal gland , where the bacteria are housed . There are large tentacular nerves projecting into the cephalic tentacles . The sensory organs of the scaly @-@ foot gastropod include statocysts surrounded by the oesophageal gland , each statocyst with a single statolith . There are also sensory ctenidial bursicles on the tip of the gill filaments ; these are known to be present in most vetigastropods , and are present some neomphalines . The reproductive system has some unusual features . The gonads of adult snails are not inside the shell ; they are in the head @-@ foot region on the right side of the body . Adults possess both testis and ovary in different levels of development . The testis is placed ventrally ; the ovary is placed dorsally , and the nephridium lies between them . There is a " spermatophore packaging organ " next to the testis . Gonoducts from the testis and ovary are initially separate , but apparently fuse to a single duct , and emerge as a single genital opening on the right of the mantle cavity . The animal has no copulatory organ . It is hypothetized that the derived strategy of housing endosymbiotic microbes in an oesophageal gland , has been the catalyst for anatomical innovations that serve primarily to improve the fitness of the bacteria , over and above the needs of the snail . The great enlargement of the oesophageal gland , the snail 's protective dermal sclerites , its highly enlarged respiratory and circulatory systems and its high fecundity are all considered to be adaptations which are beneficial to its endosymbiont microbes . These adaptations appear to be a result of specialisation to resolve energetic needs in an extreme chemosynthetic environment . = = Ecology = = = = = Habitat = = = This species inhabits the hydrothermal vent fields of the Indian Ocean . It lives adjacent to both acidic and reducing vent fluid , on the walls of black @-@ smoker chimneys , or directly on diffuse flow sites . The depth of the Kairei field varies from 2 @,@ 415 to 2 @,@ 460 m ( 7 @,@ 923 to 8 @,@ 071 ft ) , and its dimensions are approximately 50 by 50 m ( 160 by 160 ft ) . The slope of the field is 10 ° to 30 ° . The substrate rock is troctolite and depleted mid @-@ ocean ridge basalt . The Kairei @-@ field scaly @-@ foot gastropods live in the low @-@ temperature diffuse fluids of a single chimney . The transitional zone , where these gastropods were found , is about 1 – 2 m ( 3 – 7 ft ) in width , with temperature of 2 – 10 ° C. The preferred water temperature for this species is about 5 ° C. These snails live in an environment which has high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide , and low concentrations of oxygen . The abundance of scaly @-@ foot gastropods was lower in the Kairei field than in the Longqi field . The Kairei hydrothermal @-@ vent community consists of 35 taxa , including sea anemones Marianactis sp . , crustaceans Austinograea rodriguezensis , Rimicaris kairei , Mirocaris indica , Munidopsis sp . , Neolepadidae genus and sp . , Eochionelasmus sp . , bivalves Bathymodiolus marisindicus , gastropods Lepetodrilus sp . , Pseudorimula sp . , Eulepetopsis sp . , Shinkailepas sp . , and Alviniconcha marisindica , Desbruyeresia marisindica , Bruceiella wareni , Phymorhynchus sp . , Sutilizona sp . , Slit limpet sp . 1 , Slit limpet sp . 2 , Iphinopsis boucheti , solenogastres Helicoradomenia ? sp . , annelids Amphisamytha sp . , Archinome jasoni , Capitellidae sp . 1 , Ophyotrocha sp . , Hesionoidae sp . 1 , Hesionoidae sp . 2 , Branchinotogluma sp . , Branchipolynoe sp . , Harmothoe ? sp . , Levensteiniella ? sp . , Prionospio sp . , unidentified Nemertea and unidentified Platyhelminthes . Scaly @-@ foot gastropods live in colonies with Alviniconcha marisindica snails , and there are colonies of Rimicaris kairei above them . The Solitaire field is at a depth of 2 @,@ 606 m ( 8 @,@ 550 ft ) , and its dimensions are approximately 50 by 50 m ( 160 by 160 ft ) . The substrate rock is enriched mid @-@ ocean ridge basalt . Scaly @-@ foot gastropods live near the high @-@ temperature diffuse fluids of chimneys in the vent field . The abundance of scaly @-@ foot gastropods was lower than it was in the Longqi field . The Solitaire hydrothermal @-@ vent community comprises 22 taxa , including : sea anemones Marianactis sp . , crustaceans Austinograea rodriguezensis , Rimicaris kairei , Mirocaris indica , Munidopsis sp . , Neolepadidae gen et sp . , Eochionelasmus sp . , bivalves Bathymodiolus marisindicus , gastropods Lepetodrilus sp . , Eulepetopsis sp . , Shinkailepas sp . , Alviniconcha sp. type 3 , Desbruyeresia sp . , Phymorhynchus sp . , annelids Alvinellidae genus and sp . , Archinome jasoni , Branchinotogluma sp . , echinoderm holothurians Apodacea gen et sp . , fish Macrouridae genus and sp . , unidentified Nemertea , and unidentified Platyhelminthes . The Longqi vent field is in a depth of 2 @,@ 780 m ( 9 @,@ 120 ft ) . Chrysomallon squamiferum was densely populated in the areas immediately surrounding the diffuse @-@ flow venting . The Longqi hydrothermal @-@ vent community include sea anemones , the gastropod Gigantopelta aegis , mussels , and stalked barnacles . Shrimps ( usually dominant in vent fields ) were not recorded in Longqi vent field . = = = Feeding habits = = = The scaly @-@ foot gastropod is probably not a filter @-@ feeder . The nutrition of the scaly @-@ foot gastropod throughout its entire post @-@ larval life probably depends on the chemoautotrophy of its endosymbiotic bacteria , which provide most of its nutrition . It is currently unclear whether or not this species uses other mechanisms for feeding ( for example it is not known if it uses its radula for eating any normal food ) . For identification of trophic interactions in a habitat , where direct observation of feeding habits is complicated , there were measured carbon and nitrogen stable @-@ isotope compositions . There are depleted values of δ13C in the oesophageal gland ( relatively to photosynthetically derived organic carbon ) . Chemoautotrophic symbionts were presumed as a source of such carbon . Chemoautotrophic origin of the stable carbon isotope 13C was confirmed experimentally . = = = Life cycle = = = This gastropod is a simultaneous hermaphrodite . It is the only species in the family Pelospiridae that is so far known to be a simultaneous hermaphrodite . It has a high fecundity . It lays eggs that are probably of lecithotrophic type . Eggs of the scaly @-@ foot gastropods show negative buoyancy under atmospheric pressure . Neither the larvae nor the protoconch are known as of 2016 , but it is thought that the species has a planktonic dispersal stage . One of the smallest Chrysomallon squamiferum juvenile specimens ever collected had a shell length ca . 3 mm . The results of statistical analyses revealed no genetic differentiation between the two populations in the Kairei and Solitaire fields , suggesting potential connectivity between the two vent fields . The Kairei population represents a potential source population for the two populations in the Central Indian Ridge . These snails are difficult to keep alive in an artificial environment , however , they survived in aquaria at atmospheric pressure for more than three weeks .
= Granpa = Granpa is a British family @-@ oriented animated film that adapts a picture book by John Burningham . Produced by TVS for Channel 4 Television in 1989 , it was released on VHS by Universal Studios in 1994 . An expensive film to produce , Granpa is hand @-@ illustrated with coloured pencil , imitating Burningham 's style in the book . It was directed by Dianne Jackson , who had previously adapted The Snowman by Raymond Briggs ( 1978 ) , a wordless picture book , as an exceptionally successful family @-@ oriented animated film ( 1982 ) . Howard Blake , who wrote the music for the The Snowman , wrote the music and the script for Granpa , which is referred to as an " animated children 's opera " . The voices of Granpa and Emily are by Peter Ustinov and Emily Osborne . Granpa won the Prix Jeunesse International award for excellence in children 's television programming in 1990 . = = Book = = The animated film is an adaptation of the children 's picture book Granpa , written and illustrated by John Burningham and published by Jonathan Cape in 1984 . Burningham won the Kurt Maschler Award , or " the Emil " , from Maschler publishers and Booktrust , which annually recognised the author ( s ) of one " work of imagination for children , in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other . " = = Plot = = The film opens with a photo album , showing Grandpa as a baby with his mother , him as a young boy , him as a young adult , dressed in WWII officers uniform beside a vintage car and his girlfriend , him being wedded with his wife , them having kids , them becoming an elderly couple , and finally with just grandpa with a baby Emily . The entire theme for the film celebrates the relationship between a small girl named Emily ( voiced by Emily Osborne ) , and her kindly but ailing grandfather ( voiced by Peter Ustinov ) . Emily 's playful innocence is contrasted with Granpa 's increasing frailty . Aware that he will not be around for much longer , he shares his memories of adventures and days gone by . These memories are vividly brought to life by her grandfather 's tales , beginning in the Spring a description of Granpa 's childhood and youth in the early part of the 20th Century , being part in a Noah 's Ark @-@ influenced story when it began to rain , remembering the days when Grandpa plaid the piano for the school 's choir , and enjoy ballroom dances with his wife . In Summer , Grandpa and Emily traveled to the seaside to paddle in the sea , build sandcastles , and whilst riding on the donkeys , had Grandpa imagine himself part of the military tattoo , whilst Emily a princess . As they went to the amusement park and went to the stalls , they rode on the rollercoaster that then climaxed with them flying in a Spitfire , reenacting Granpa 's services during the Battle of Britain . In Autumn , Granpa and Emily went fishing , and imagined of catching a whale that haled them through the Thames and through London . At bedtime , Granpa tells Emily the story of The Three Knights , of which was imagined on a bed covers . Though as he reads , he begins to slow up as he begins to drop off . So he end it with his own version , just as Emily was finally going to sleep . In Winter , snow has settled , and once more Grandpa 's childhood began to show as he and his friends plaid in the snow . When back indoors , Grandpa was feeling very unwell , and was being looked after by Emily , who asked of him to read another story from a book , this time of them being in the Jungles of India riding on an Elephant , in which monkeys then steal Granpa 's storybook , of which they managed to recover , but was then left intentionally incomplete with Granpa saying , ' I 'm just not quite quick enough ... anymore.' Throughout the seasons past , Granpa had began to grow frailer , and eventually Emily is left alone with an empty chair and the old man 's loyal dog . She leaves the house with the dog and climbs a hill . As they travel , the ghost of his grandfather , now in his childhood again , joins them , along with the spirits of his childhood friends . = = Production = = In 1984 , following the success of the animated Christmas film The Snowman , Channel 4 commissioned another animation from TVC studios ; producer John Coates approached Dianne Jackson and composer Howard Blake , suggesting Burningham 's picture book Granpa . Blake was initially reluctant due to the book 's upsetting ending , but was convinced after witnessing his own daughter 's reaction to her grandfather 's death that year . The film was entirely financed by Channel 4 and cost over one million pounds to make according to Coates . It was first broadcast on the channel on New Year 's Eve 1989 at 6.30pm. = = Music = = The musical score was written and composed by Howard Blake and is almost in the form of a miniature opera , with many of the tales within the animation sung by the lead characters , along with children from the Wroughton Middle School choir ( winners of BBC Choir of the Year ) and a forty @-@ piece orchestra ( the Sinfonia of London ) . The end title song " Make Believe " is performed by Sarah Brightman and has the theme of " Auld Lang Syne " as a counter @-@ melody . The song was released as a single at the time . = = Reception = = The film won the Prix Jeunesse International award for excellence in children 's television programming in 1990 . The film review site Rotten Tomatoes has called the film " a sensitive and life @-@ affirming animated adaptation " . Fiona Collins noted in Turning the Page : Children 's Literature in Performance and the Media that while Burningham 's book is open ended , with Emily ultimately left alone to contemplate her grandfather 's death , the film offers a less " stark " interpretation ; his death is explored through her implied remembrance of him in the final scene . Collins suggests that this was probably because the original offered an unremittingly bleak ending that would be difficult for its intended child audience . The film has rarely been repeated , and has never been released on DVD , perhaps due to its subject matter . The " Toonhound " review suggest that the film takes the tone of the ending of The Snowman even further , " exploring an aspect of life rarely approached in animated form . " Paul Madden , writing Dianne Jackson 's obituary in 1993 suggests that the film " was less of immediate popular appeal than The Snowman , but was perhaps more satisfying to her creatively , demanding a more subtle approach . "
= Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral = Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , officially known as the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King , is the seat of the Archbishop of Liverpool and the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool in Liverpool , England . The Grade II * Metropolitan Cathedral is one of Liverpool 's many listed buildings . To distinguish it from the Anglican Liverpool Cathedral , locals call it the " Catholic Cathedral . " Nicknames for the building include " Paddy 's Wigwam " and " The Mersey Funnel . " The cathedral 's architect , Frederick Gibberd , was the winner of a worldwide design competition . Construction began in 1962 and was completed in 1967 . Earlier designs for a cathedral were proposed in 1853 , 1933 , and 1953 , but none was completed . = = History = = = = = Pugin 's design = = = During the Great Irish Famine ( 1845 – 1852 ) the Catholic population of Liverpool increased dramatically . About half a million Irish , who were predominantly Catholic , fled to England to escape the famine ; many embarked from Liverpool to travel to North America while others remained in the city . Because of the increase in the Catholic population , the co @-@ adjutor Bishop of Liverpool , Alexander Goss ( 1814 – 1872 ) , saw the need for a cathedral . The location he chose was the grounds of St. Edward 's College on St. Domingo Road , Everton . In 1853 Goss , then bishop , awarded the commission for the building of the new cathedral to Edward Welby Pugin ( 1833 – 1875 ) . By 1856 the Lady chapel of the new cathedral had been completed . Due to financial resources being diverted to the education of Catholic children , work on the building ceased at this point and the Lady chapel – now named Our Lady Immaculate – served as parish church to the local Catholic population until its demolition in the 1980s . = = = Lutyens ' design = = = Following the purchase of the present 9 @-@ acre ( 36 @,@ 000 m2 ) site at Brownlow Hill in 1930 , Sir Edwin Lutyens ( 1869 – 1944 ) was commissioned to provide a design which would be an appropriate response to the Giles Gilbert Scott @-@ designed Neo @-@ gothic Anglican cathedral then being built further along Hope Street . Lutyens ' design was intended to create a massive structure that would have become the second @-@ largest church in the world . It would have had the world 's largest dome , with a diameter of 168 feet ( 51 m ) compared to the 137 @.@ 7 feet ( 42 @.@ 0 m ) diameter on St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City . Building work based on Lutyens ' design began on Whit Monday , 5 June 1933 , being paid for mostly by the contributions of working class Catholics of the burgeoning industrial port . In 1941 , the restrictions of World War II wartime and a rising cost from £ 3 million to £ 27 million ( £ 1 @.@ 21 billion in 2015 ) , forced construction to stop . In 1956 , work recommenced on the crypt , which was finished in 1958 . Thereafter , Lutyens ' design for the Cathedral was considered too costly and was abandoned with only the crypt complete . The restored architectural model of the Lutyens cathedral is on display at the Museum of Liverpool . = = = Scott 's reduced design = = = After the ambitious design by Lutyens fell through , Adrian Gilbert Scott , brother of Giles Gilbert Scott ( architect of the Anglican Cathedral ) , was commissioned in 1953 to work on a smaller cathedral design with a £ 4 million budget ( £ 101 million in 2015 ) . He proposed a scaled @-@ down version of Lutyens ' building , retaining the massive dome . Scott 's plans were criticised and the building did not go ahead . = = = Gibberd 's design = = = The present Cathedral was designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd ( 1908 – 84 ) . Construction began in October 1962 and less than five years later , on the Feast of Pentecost 14 May 1967 , the completed cathedral was consecrated . Soon after its opening , it began to exhibit architectural flaws . This led to the cathedral authorities suing Frederick Gibberd for £ 1 @.@ 3 million on five counts , the two most serious being leaks in the aluminium roof and defects in the mosaic tiles , which had begun to come away from the concrete ribs . = = Architecture = = = = = Concept = = = The competition to design the Cathedral was held in 1959 . The requirement was first , for a congregation of 3 @,@ 000 ( which was later reduced to 2 @,@ 000 ) to be able to see the altar , in order that they could be more involved in the celebration of the Mass , and second , for the Lutyens crypt to be incorporated in the structure . Gibberd achieved these requirements by designing a circular building with the altar at its centre , and by transforming the roof of the crypt into an elevated platform , with the cathedral standing at one end . The construction contract was let to Taylor Woodrow . = = = Exterior = = = The Cathedral is built in concrete with a Portland stone cladding and an aluminium covering to the roof . Its plan is circular , having a diameter of 195 feet ( 59 m ) , with 13 chapels around its perimeter . The shape of the Cathedral is conical , and it is surmounted by a tower in the shape of a truncated cone . The building is supported by 16 boomerang @-@ shaped concrete trusses which are held together by two ring beams , one at the bends of the trusses and the other at their tops . Flying buttresses are attached to the trusses , giving the cathedral its tent @-@ like appearance . Rising from the upper ring beam is a lantern tower , containing windows of stained glass , and at its peak is a crown of pinnacles . The entrance is at the top of a wide flight of steps leading up from Hope Street . Above the entrance is a large wedge @-@ shaped structure . This acts as a bell tower , the four bells being mounted in rectangular orifices towards the top of the tower . Below these is a geometric relief sculpture , designed by William Mitchell , which includes three crosses . To the sides of the entrance doors are more reliefs in fibreglass by Mitchell , which represent the symbols of the Evangelists . The steps which lead up to the cathedral were only completed in 2003 , when a building which obstructed the stairway path was acquired and demolished by developers . A much smaller version of the Cathedral , also designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd , was constructed in 1965 as a chapel for the former De La Salle College of Education , Middleton , Lancashire , a Catholic teacher @-@ training college . The site is now occupied by Hopwood Hall College , a further education college of the Borough of Rochdale and the chapel may still be seen . = = = Interior = = = The focus of the interior is the altar which faces the main entrance . It is made of white marble from Skopje , Macedonia , and is 10 feet ( 3 m ) long . The floor is also of marble in grey and white designed by David Atkins . The benches , concentric with the interior , were designed by Frank Knight . Above is the tower with large areas of stained glass designed by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens in three colours , yellow , blue and red , representing the Trinity . The glass is 1 inch ( 3 cm ) thick , the pieces of glass being bonded with epoxy resin , in concrete frames . Around the perimeter is a series of chapels . Some of the chapels are open , some are closed by almost blank walls , and others consists of a low space under a balcony . Opposite the entrance is the Blessed Sacrament Chapel , above which is the organ . Other chapels include the Lady Chapel and the Chapel of Saint Joseph . To the right of the entrance is the Baptistry . On the altar , the candlesticks are by R. Y. Goodden and the bronze crucifix is by Elisabeth Frink . Above the altar is a baldachino designed by Gibberd as a crown @-@ like structure composed of aluminium rods , which incorporates loudspeakers and lights . Around the interior are metal Stations of the Cross , designed by Sean Rice . Rice also designed the lectern , which includes two entwined eagles . In the Chapel of Reconciliation ( formerly the Chapel of Saint Paul of the Cross ) , the stained glass was designed by Margaret Traherne . Stephen Foster designed , carved and painted the panelling in the Chapel of St. Joseph . The Lady Chapel contains a statue of the Virgin and Child by Robert Brumby and stained glass by Margaret Traherne . In the Blessed Sacrament Chapel is a reredos and stained glass by Ceri Richards and a small statue of the Risen Christ by Arthur Dooley . In the Chapel of Unity ( formerly the Chapel of Saint Thomas Aquinas ) is a bronze stoup by Virginio Ciminaghi , and a mosaic by Hungarian artist Georg ( George ) Mayer @-@ Marton of the Pentecost which was moved from the Church of the Holy Ghost , Netherton , when it was demolished in 1989 . The gates of the Baptistry were designed by David Atkins . = = = Structural problems = = = The Cathedral had been built quickly and economically , and this led to problems with the fabric of the building , including leaks . A programme of repairs was carried out during the 1990s . The building had been faced with mosaic tiles , but these were impossible to repair and were replaced with glass @-@ reinforced plastic , which gave it a thicker appearance . The aluminium in the lantern was replaced by stainless steel , and the slate paving of the platform was replaced with concrete flags . = = Cathedral crypt = = The crypt under Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral is the only part that was built according to Lutyens ' design before construction stopped due to World War II ; in 1962 Frederick Gibberd 's design was built upon the Lutyens crypt . Structurally the crypt is built of brick and granite from quarries in Penryn , Cornwall . Each year the crypt plays host to the Liverpool Beer Festival which attracts visitors , not only from all over Britain but also Continental Europe and places such as the United States and Australia . The crypt also hosts examinations for students at the University of Liverpool during exam periods . = = = Refurbishment = = = A £ 3 million refurbishment of the crypt was completed in 2009 and was officially re @-@ opened on 1 May that year by the Duke of Gloucester . The refurbishment included new east and west approaches , archive provision , rewiring and new lighting , catering facilities , a new chancel , new toilets and revamped exhibitions . = = Organ = = Built by J. W. Walker and Sons , the organ was completed only two days before the opening of the cathedral in 1967 . Made as an integral part of the new cathedral , the architect , Frederick Gibberd , saw the casework as part of his brief and so designed the striking front to the organ . Using decorative woodwork , Gibberd was inspired by the innovative use of the pipes at Coventry Cathedral and the Royal Festival Hall and so arranged the shiny zinc pipes and brass trumpets en chamade to contrast strikingly with concrete pillars which surround the organ . = = = Specifications = = = The organ has four manuals , 88 speaking stops and 4565 pipes . It works by way of air pressure , controlled by an electric current and operated by the keys of the organ console ; this opens and closes valves within the wind chests , allowing the pipes to speak . This type of motion is called electro @-@ pneumatic action . = = Gallery = =
= Jan Mazurkiewicz = Jan Mazurkiewicz ( 27 August 1896 , Lwów – 4 May 1988 , Warsaw ) , nom de guerre Radosław , was a Polish soldier , veteran of World War I , and a colonel in the Polish anti @-@ Nazi resistance Armia Krajowa ( AK ) during World War II . He was one of the main commanders of the Warsaw Uprising , where he led the Radosław Group ( Polish : Zgrupowanie Radosław ) , part of Kedyw , which was one of the best armed and trained insurrectionist units in the Uprising . After the war Mazurkiewicz was persecuted by the Soviet @-@ led communist authorities of the People 's Republic of Poland , kept for two years in pre @-@ trial jail , tortured and sentenced to life , despite the fact that he tried to cooperate with the new regime . He was rehabilitated after the end of the Stalinist period in 1956 and became active in the official veterans ' organization Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy ( ZBoWiD ) . He was eventually promoted to the rank of general of the Armed Forces of the People 's Republic of Poland ( LWP ) . He died shortly before the fall of communism in Eastern Europe . = = Early life and World War I = = Mazurkiewicz was born in a craftsman 's family in Lwów . His father died in a fire in 1905 . He spent his childhood in Złoczów and attended a gymnasium in Lwów . He was a member of Strzelec and then of the Polish Legions in World War I. He was a private in Józef Piłsudski 's First Brigade and fought in the Battle of Łowczówek on 25 July 1914 , where he was wounded and taken into Russian captivity . He soon escaped and rejoined his unit . In 1918 , he took part in the Battle of Kaniów as a unit commander , while serving under General Józef Haller . = = Second Polish Republic = = During the interwar period of the Second Polish Republic , he was promoted to the rank of captain , but left active service between 1922 and 1927 . Right before the outbreak of World War II ( 1938 – 1939 ) , he served as an instructor at the Centrum Wyszkolenia Piechoty w Rembertowie ( Center for Infantry Education in Rembertów ) , where he taught military tactics to future company commanders . = = World War II = = In August 1939 , Mazurkiewicz was assigned to the Diversionary Operations ( Grupa Operacyjnej Dywersji ) of the Polish General Staff , which was involved in counter @-@ intelligence against Nazi Germany particularly in the Free City of Danzig . After the German Invasion of Poland and the imminent collapse of Polish defenses in mid @-@ September , following plans made before the outbreak of the war , he organized Tajna Organizacja Wojskowa ( Secret Military Organization , TOW ) , an underground group dedicated to sabotaging and resisting the German occupation . He journeyed to Paris , where he met with General Władysław Sikorski , the Polish prime minister in exile , who officially sanctioned the formation of TOW . In Hungary , Mazurkiewicz subsequently organized a cell whose purpose was to serve as a transit point for soldiers and couriers traveling between occupied Poland and France . He returned to Poland in June 1940 . In March 1943 , TOW was officially merged with Kierownictwo Dywersji ( Directorate for Diversion ) , or Kedyw , which was the group within the general anti @-@ Nazi organization Armia Krajowa ( The Home Army , AK ) , charged with carrying out sabotage , propaganda , intelligence gathering and direct action against the Germans . Mazurkiewicz was the second in command of Kedyw ( its head was General Emil August Fieldorf ) until August 1944 and the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising . = = = Warsaw Uprising = = = Shortly before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 , Mazurkiewicz was made commander of the Radosław Group . This force was one of the largest , best trained and equipped Polish units in the uprising . After the initiation of the uprising , the unit seized major portions of the Wola suburbs , and subsequently defended it against German attacks carried out by troops under the command of SS Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth and Standartenführer Oskar Dirlewanger . One of the battalions of the group , Battalion Zośka , liberated the Gęsiówka concentration camp located within Warsaw , and freed 384 prisoners ( mainly Jews ) , most of whom then joined the unit . The Radosław Group fought its way to Stare Miasto ( Warsaw Old Town ) borough , when further defense in Wola became impossible . In the areas of Wola that Reinefarth 's and Dirlewanger 's troops recaptured from the insurgents , at least 40 @,@ 000 civilians and prisoners of war ( POWs ) were murdered in the Wola massacre . Despite being severely wounded in the head and leg during his escape from Wola , after a short stay in a hospital , Mazurkiewicz was put back in charge of the Radosław Group . He led an unsuccessful attempt in early September to evacuate to Śródmieście ( City center , Warsaw ) after Stare Miasto was overrun by German troops . After this failed , his group managed to make its way to the Czerniaków suburb where it tried to contact the First Polish Army under Soviet command , stationed on the right bank of Vistula . Since no help was forthcoming from the Soviet @-@ controlled Poles , Mazurkiewicz and his unit made their way through Warsaw 's sewers to Mokotów , the last center of resistance in Warsaw , in late September . There , the remains of the decimated group , including the Parasol and Czata 49 battalions , fought until the surrender of the Polish forces on 2 October . Shortly before the order was signed , Mazurkiewicz was officially promoted to the rank of colonel , by General Tadeusz Bór @-@ Komorowski , the commander of the uprising . According to the capitulation agreement , the Polish Home Army soldiers were to be treated as regular POWs and the civilians of Warsaw evacuated . Mazurkiewicz disbanded his unit and together with his wife Anna , who was a member of the Radosław Group , escaped the city by posing as a civilian . = = In communist Poland = = In 1945 , he was arrested by Urząd Bezpieczeństwa , the Polish communist secret police . He decided to cooperate with communist authorities in order to protect former members of resistance and he called for ex @-@ AK soldiers who had joined the anti @-@ communist underground to lay down their arms in accordance with the amnesties of 1945 and 1947 . In 1949 , Mazurkiewicz wrote a letter to Stanisław Radkiewicz , head of the Ministry of Public Security , complaining of the continued persecution of former Home Army soldiers and he was arrested again . During a two @-@ year pre @-@ trial confinement , Mazurkiewicz was interrogated and tortured — he was beaten and his teeth and hair were forcibly pulled out . He was eventually sentenced to life imprisonment in a show trial , in which the prosecutor submitted a false confession allegedly made by Mazurkiewicz and no defense witnesses were allowed to appear . He remained imprisoned until the amnesty of 1956 . Eventually rehabilitated , he was active in organizations which sought to protect former veterans of anti @-@ Nazi resistance and served as vice @-@ president of the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy , the Polish veterans association . In 1980 , during a brief liberalization associated with the first Solidarity period he was promoted to the rank of General . He died in May 1988 , about a year and a half before the first postwar non @-@ communist government was elected in Poland , and was buried at Powązki Military Cemetery . = = Honors and awards = = Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari , previously awarded the Silver Cross Cross of Independence with Swords Cross of Valour – eleven times Warsaw Uprising Cross ( 1981 )
= Katherine Ritvo = Katherine " Kathy " Ritvo ( born February 13 , 1969 ) a race horse trainer who won the Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2013 with Mucho Macho Man after having finished a close second in the same race in 2012 . She is the first woman to have trained a winner of that race . She also was only the fifth woman trainer to win any Breeders ' Cup race , and was the 14th woman trainer to saddle a starter in the Kentucky Derby in the 137 years that race had been run by 2011 . Born Kathy Petro , she grew up in a horse racing family from Massachusetts and married a fellow horseman , Tim Ritvo , in 1990 . Kathy and Tim ran a race horse training operation in Florida , and In 2010 she took it over solo when Tim became part of the management of Gulfstream Park race track . Her accomplishments came against the backdrop of having been diagnosed with cardiomyopathy in 2001 and receiving a heart transplant in 2008 . In spite of the medication regime and immunity issues that transplant recipients face , she lives a normal life as a horse trainer and shows no signs of organ rejection . = = Background and early career = = Ritvo was born February 13 , 1969 , to Peter and Mary Petro . Her family was involved in horse racing , and she was raised in Braintree , Massachusetts . Her parents owned race horses , and after other small business ventures , her father purchased a race track . Her three brothers all established horse racing careers : Michael became a race horse trainer and brothers Louis and Nick became jockeys . Ritvo herself is jockey @-@ sized , standing only 4 ' 11 " , and weighing under 100 pounds . She worked for her father as a teenager as a groom , hot walker and exercise rider . She became a licensed trainer when she was 18 . Her nephew , Nick Petro , Jr . , works for her today as an exercise rider . She met Tim Ritvo in her teens when he was a jockey and they both worked at Suffolk Downs racetrack . Tim and Kathy married in 1990 and soon thereafter moved to Florida , which they viewed as a better place to make a living in the horse racing industry . Tim and Kathy became race horse trainers , and today Tim is the president of Gulfstream Park . Their permanent residence is now Davie , Florida , a suburb of Fort Lauderdale . The couple have two children , Dominique , born in 1992 , and Michael , now a jockey , born in 1994 . Between 1990 and 1998 , Kathy Ritvo trained 150 winning horses , including stakes winners . = = Heart condition = = Ritvo developed cardiomyopathy , which had killed her brother Louis at the age of 38 , as well as her father at age 73 . She had been plagued by unusual fatigue since 1998 , and her heart condition was formally diagnosed in January , 2001 . She began taking medication and trained on a limited basis from 2003 to 2005 , starting about 100 horses in that period , with 15 wins . However , her condition deteriorated . She started only one horse in 2005 and had no starters from 2006 until 2009 . In 2008 , at the age of 39 , she was placed on a waiting list for a heart transplant . After a seven @-@ month wait , an organ became available on November 13 , 2008 , and Ritvo received her new heart that day in an operation that lasted 17 hours . She had been hospitalized for most of the previous six months , and at the time of her surgery her doctors assessed her as having only about two weeks to live . She was discharged from the hospital seven days after her surgery . She later gave a letter to the hospital to pass on to the organ donor 's family , but has never heard from them . Ritvo has stated that she wants the donor 's family to know she is thankful for her new heart , but respects their privacy . Since the transplant , Ritvo shows no signs of organ rejection , keeping to a regimen of over 30 pills a day but otherwise living a normal life . = = Return to race horse training = = Ritvo 's doctors advised her not to return to work in the horse racing industry because of the risks to her immune system posed by the dirt and dust that is part of the environment . Nonetheless , in spite of medical warnings , she returned to horse training within six months , and was credited for saddling four starters in 2009 . Though immunity is a concern for transplant recipients , Ritvo remains healthy even though surrounded by horses , dogs , and all of the conditions typical of horse stables . In 2010 , starting horses in 53 races for the year , she also took over the training of then @-@ two @-@ year @-@ old Mucho Macho Man when her husband Tim stopped training horses because he began working as part of the management at Gulfstream Park . Working with owners Reeves Thoroughbred Racing , the horse ran in the 2011 Kentucky Derby . Ritvo was only the 14th woman to train a horse entered in the Kentucky Derby in the 137 years it had been run to that date , and the third @-@ place finish of the horse was the best for a woman trainer in the history of the race . She kept her perspective : " I 'm so proud to be in the Derby , but just to get up in the morning is amazing . " She next ran Mucho Macho Man in the other two legs of the Triple Crown , the 136th Preakness Stakes and the 143rd Belmont Stakes , where he finished sixth and seventh respectively . Only 13 women trainers had saddled a starter prior to the 2011 Preakness , and Ritvo was only the 10th woman trainer to start a horse in the Belmont . Mucho Macho Man had overcome his own health problems in order to race , including having appeared to be lifeless at birth . Comparing her own experiences to the horse , Ritvo stated , " From the moment I opened my eyes , I felt fantastic . He 's Mucho Macho Man and I 'm Macho Woman . " She raced Mucho Macho Man in 2012 , when he won three graded stakes races . She ran horses in 48 races that year , hitting the board 19 times . Her highest profile race that year occurred when Mucho Macho Man was a close second by a half @-@ length in the 2012 Breeders ' Cup Classic . In 2013 , Ritvo ran Mucho Macho Man in assorted races in the eastern U.S. , then moved him to Santa Anita Park in early September , almost two months before the Breeders ' Cup races , because she felt he " thrived " in California . She entered him in the late September Awesome Again Stakes , where he earned his first Grade I win and free entry fees for the Breeders ' Cup Classic . At the Classic in early November , going off as the second favorite , the horse won by a nose . With the win , Ritvo became the first woman trainer to win the Breeders ' Cup Classic , and was also only the fifth woman trainer to win any Breeders ' Cup race . Ritvo 's fellow trainers in the race included Americans D. Wayne Lukas , Todd Pletcher , Bill Mott , and Bob Baffert , as well as Irish trainer Aidan O 'Brien . In response to a reporter 's question about how it felt to beat several major trainers , she said , " It feels great , " but also credited the team behind the horse , and added , " I ’ m just blessed to be here . ” At the end of 2013 , Ritvo was named as a recipient of the Lou Smith Memorial Award for Yearly Achievement , given by the New England Turf Writers Association , noting her Massachusetts roots . Mucho Macho Man was awarded the 2013 Secretariat Vox Populi Award , recognizing the struggles the horse had overcome in reaching success and acknowledging the accomplishments of his connections , including Ritvo 's own story of overcoming her health issues and going on to train him . The win in the Breeders ' Cup Classic was selected as the National Thoroughbred Racing Association Moment of the Year with participation in the online polling for that award up by more than 50 % from the previous year , believed to be largely due to the popularity of Mucho Macho Man and the people around him , including Ritvo . ESPN noted the worldwide success of women horse trainers in 2013 , particularly owing to wins in three of the world 's major races within a one @-@ month period . In October , Criquette Head @-@ Maarek won the Prix de l 'Arc de Triomphe with Treve , the only woman trainer to win the Arc . Then , a few days after Ritvo 's horse won the Breeders ' Cup Classic , the Melbourne Cup was won by Fiorente , a horse trained by Australian trainer Gai Waterhouse , who was only the second woman to train a winner in that race . As of 2014 , Ritvo trains a stable of about a dozen horses , including all of the horses in race training owned by Reeves Thoroughbred Racing , the owners of Mucho Macho Man . Her son Michael became a jockey and won his first race in March 2014 in his second trip out as an apprentice rider .
= Run of the Mill ( George Harrison song ) = " Run of the Mill " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote the song shortly after the Beatles ' troubled Get Back sessions in early 1969 , during a period when his growth as a songwriter had inadvertently contributed to the dysfunction within the Beatles ' group dynamic . The lyrics reflect the toll that running their company Apple Corps had taken on relationships within the band , especially between Paul McCartney and the other three Beatles , as well as Harrison 's dismay at John Lennon 's emotional withdrawal from the band . Commentators recognise " Run of the Mill " as one of several Harrison compositions that provide an insight into events behind the Beatles ' break @-@ up , particularly the difficulties surrounding Apple . The song 's release coincided with a falling out between Harrison and McCartney , which contributed to the latter taking legal action to dissolve the Beatles partnership . The musical arrangement for " Run of the Mill " bears the influence of the Band , with whom Harrison had spent time in Woodstock before starting work on the Get Back project . Co @-@ produced by Phil Spector , the recording features contributions from Gary Wright and former members of Delaney & Bonnie 's Friends band , including Jim Gordon , Jim Price and Bobby Whitlock . Biographers and reviewers have variously described " Run of the Mill " as an essay on karma , a tale of lost friendship , and a love song to the Beatles . Olivia Harrison has named it among her favourites of all her late husband 's compositions . An alternative version of the song , performed solo by Harrison on acoustic guitar , appears on the 2012 compilation Early Takes : Volume 1 . = = Background = = Author Simon Leng has written of George Harrison experiencing an " incredible phase of creativity " throughout 1969 , following his time spent in Woodstock , New York with Bob Dylan and the Band in late 1968 . Commentators note that Harrison 's growth as a composer would have to happen almost in spite of the Beatles , given his customary junior status to bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . The Beatles ' Get Back sessions in January 1969 inspired the Harrison songs " I Me Mine " and " Wah @-@ Wah " , both of which reflected the fractious situation within the band , and his return to their fold after walking out of these filmed rehearsals allowed him to dictate terms for their immediate future . McCartney and Lennon now looked at Harrison " with new respect " , author Alan Clayson suggests . Mersey Beat founding editor Bill Harry was another to notice a change in Harrison compared to earlier in the 1960s , writing : " He wasn 't under the domination of the others . He wasn 't a passenger any more . " An additional factor in Harrison 's assuredness was his introduction to the Hare Krishna movement , following a meeting with devotee Shyamasundar Das at Apple Corps headquarters in December 1968 . The financial problems within the Beatles ' Apple business empire became another divisive issue at this time . From summer 1968 until the appointment of Allen Klein as business manager in March 1969 , McCartney was a regular presence at Apple 's central London headquarters , calling staff meetings and urging financial restraint . While noting that all the individual Beatles were demanding employers , Apple press officer Derek Taylor later described McCartney as " the bossiest of the bossy " ; according to Tony Bramwell , Apple Records ' head of promotions , Lennon and partner Yoko Ono inflicted " their own reign of terror " . On 18 January , Disc magazine published what author Peter Doggett describes as " a heroin @-@ fuelled monologue " by Lennon in which he said of Apple 's finances : " If it carries on like this , all of us will be broke in the next few months . " While McCartney sought to appoint his in @-@ laws , New York lawyers Lee and John Eastman , as the band 's business advisors , Lennon 's outburst attracted the attention of the less conservative Klein . The latter effectively became the Beatles ' manager when Harrison and Ringo Starr also chose to put their faith in his tough approach to business . Refusing to acknowledge Klein as his representative , McCartney later cited this division as the first " irreconcilable difference " among the four Beatles , leading to the band 's break @-@ up in April 1970 . Although he was actively involved as a director of Apple Records , and remained committed to running the label until its winding down in 1973 , Harrison viewed the concept of Apple as Lennon and McCartney 's egos " running away with themselves or with each other " . Harrison 's relief from the tedium of business meetings through February and March 1969 was reflected in his composition " Here Comes the Sun " , which he wrote in Eric Clapton 's garden while " sag [ ging ] off " from Apple . Around the same time , Harrison wrote " Run of the Mill " , a song addressing the failure of friendships within the band – or as he put it , " the problem of partnerships " . = = Composition = = The song title was a play on " trouble at t 'mill " , a Northern English term for conflict at the local factory or workplace . Doggett suggests that " run of the mill " might also have been a condemnation of Harrison 's songwriting uttered by one of his bandmates during the fraught Get Back sessions at Twickenham Film Studios . In his 1980 autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison describes the lyrics to " Run of the Mill " as " the first song I ever wrote that looked like a poem on paper " . The words run in a continuum , uninterrupted by instrumental breaks of any kind . The opening verse outlines what theologian Dale Allison terms " a statement of responsibility " : Everyone has choice When to or not to raise their voices It 's you that decides ... In I , Me , Mine , Harrison introduces these words with a reference to McCartney 's heavy @-@ handedness at Apple and likens the scene to a Monty Python comedy routine . In the lyrics to " Run of the Mill " , author Ian Inglis notes that , rather than " exacerbat [ ing ] the poisonous atmosphere that hangs over the group , by merely adding to the endless stream of insults and counterinsults " , Harrison shows " genuine regret " at what has transpired and " warns against trying to shift the blame " for one 's actions . Another biographer , Joshua Greene , suggests that partly through his association with the Hare Krishna movement , Harrison was now " too sure of his life 's higher purpose to waste any more time on petty squabbles " . Inglis views part of the second verse as a reference to the " abuse and humiliation " that Harrison had received at Twickenham , echoing the sentiments of " Wah @-@ Wah " . In the verse @-@ two lines " Another day for you to realize me / Or send me down again " , Doggett similarly recognises Lennon 's " unfeeling " criticism of Harrison 's new songs , while author Andrew Grant Jackson views both Lennon and McCartney as the target of this sentiment . The theme of " failed or betrayed friendship " , in Leng 's words , is most evident midway through the third verse , with the lines " You 've got me wondering how I lost your friendship / But I see it in your eyes " . Doggett interprets this statement as reflecting Harrison 's " decaying relationship " with McCartney at the time . Lennon too had been a friend of Harrison 's since school days , and Leng includes him as a source of Harrison 's " minibereavement " at the Beatles ' impending demise . In the song 's two bridge sections , Leng notes the " psychological stress " implied by Harrison switching from a minor chord to its major voicing on the final word of lines such as " Though I 'm beside you , I can 't carry the blame for you " . Leng writes of this song @-@ wide message : " It presents his realization that he has to walk away and carry on with his own life . George Harrison is not his Beatle brothers ' keeper . " The final verse urges an awareness of the consequences of chasing personal success , echoing what Greene views as the underlying message behind Harrison 's temporary departure from the Beatles in January 1969 – that " [ character ] , not career , should govern their behavior " : How high will you leap ? Will you make enough for you to reap it ? Only you arrive At your own made end ... Inglis writes that through Harrison 's repetition of " It 's you that decides " from earlier in the song , to serve here as his parting statement , " Run of the Mill " becomes " less of an accusation and more of a plea " . On " the most obvious level " , Inglis adds , the song " appears to be directed toward McCartney " , as well as the divisions within the Beatles that reflect Apple 's precarious position in 1969 . In a January 2001 interview with Guitar World magazine , Harrison remarked of this period : " At that point in time , Paul couldn 't see beyond himself . He was on a roll , but ... in his mind , everything that was going on around him was just there to accompany him . He wasn 't sensitive to stepping on other people 's egos or feelings . " Along with " Wah @-@ Wah " , " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Apple Scruffs " , Leng cites " Run of the Mill " as contributing to its parent album 's status in the Beatles ' history – namely , that All Things Must Pass was " the first instalment of the inside story about being caught in that Kafkaesque chain of events " . Further Harrison compositions serving as episodes in what Leng calls " the Beatles soap opera " include " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " , " Who Can See It " and " Living in the Material World " . = = Recording = = McCartney 's refusal to have the release of his eponymous first solo album delayed to allow for the Beatles ' Let It Be album led to the band 's break @-@ up on 9 April 1970 . Late that month , Harrison visited Apple 's new offices at 1700 Broadway , New York , where he announced his intention to begin working with American producer Phil Spector on an album of his unused songs , some of which he had been stockpiling for up to four years . Noting the emotional disarray of Lennon , McCartney and Starr at this point , Doggett writes of their former bandmate : " Harrison retained a sense of objectivity . The youngest Beatle , he was now the group 's wisest spokesman . " In an interview for New York 's WPLJ Radio , Harrison remarked of McCartney 's objections to Klein running Apple : " The reality is that he 's outvoted , and we 're a partnership ... [ L ] ike in any other business or group , you have a vote , and he was outvoted three to one ... " Harrison taped a solo demo of " Run of the Mill " at London 's Abbey Road Studios on 20 May . Once the full sessions were under way , from 26 May , Harrison gave the song a musical arrangement that Leng has likened to the " minimalist tradition " of the Band 's work in 1968 – 69 , an influence that was apparent also in " All Things Must Pass " , " Behind That Locked Door " and other tracks on the album . The musicians accompanying Harrison on the session for " Run of the Mill " were all former members of Delaney & Bonnie and Friends , with whom he had toured briefly in December 1969 – Jim Gordon ( drums ) , Carl Radle ( bass ) and Bobby Whitlock ( harmonium ) . In addition , ex @-@ Spooky Tooth Gary Wright played piano . According to Leng 's study of All Things Must Pass , and to Whitlock 's recollection , Harrison played all of the song 's acoustic guitar parts . On what author Bruce Spizer notes as a " delicate recording " , these guitar lines accentuate the melody 's tumbling descents . Aside from Wright 's piano , the most prominent instrumentation on the recording is the trumpet and saxophone motif that opens and closes the song . Harrison vocalised the melody for this motif in his guide vocal on the basic track , before two other former Delaney & Bonnie sidemen , Jim Price and Bobby Keys , overdubbed the brass parts . This same motif later inspired Harrison 's song " Soft Touch " , written in the Virgin Islands in 1976 and issued on the George Harrison album three years later . = = Release = = " Run of the Mill " was released in late November 1970 as the final track on disc one of All Things Must Pass , in its triple LP format . The song followed " Let It Down " , a track featuring Spector 's full Wall of Sound production treatment , and so provided " the perfect antidote to the barrage of sound " , according to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , who draw parallels with Harrison 's " Long , Long , Long " being sequenced to follow " Helter Skelter " on The Beatles ( 1968 ) . Among Beatles biographers who have written of this period , Nicholas Schaffner described All Things Must Pass and Lennon 's concurrent Plastic Ono Band as having " more than compensated for the absence of the Beatles ' customary Yuletide offering " , while Robert Rodriguez refers to the end of 1970 as " the absolute nadir of Beatlemania " , with McCartney filing suit in Britain 's High Court to dissolve the band 's business partnership . Against this backdrop , Doggett writes , " Run of the Mill " provided " the most compelling testimony to the recent past " , on an album that offered listeners " a teasing glimpse into an intimate world that had previously been off limits to the public " . = = Reception and legacy = = On release , Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone praised " Run of the Mill " as a " vintage Beatle " song , a composition of " poignance and McCartneyesque lyricism " , while Melody Maker 's Richard Williams acknowledged Harrison 's transformation from his previous , third @-@ Beatle status : " Harrison 's light has been hidden under the egos of McCartney and Lennon . From time to time there have been hints on several of their albums that he was more than he was being allowed to be . " Writing in 1977 , Nicholas Schaffner referred to " Run of the Mill " as " an essay on karma " and highlighted the message underpinning the song : " It 's you that decides ... your own made end " . Simon Leng identifies a thematic link between it and other songs in the Harrison canon , notably " See Yourself " , from Thirty Three & 1 / 3 ( 1976 ) . Leng rates " Run of the Mill " " one of his most successful " compositions , through its acknowledgment that human relationships are " the other side of the coin " from the spiritual search represented in " My Sweet Lord " and " Hear Me Lord " . Ian Inglis writes that " Its rolling melody and warm vocals give it the texture of a love song , which , of course , it is : a love song to the Beatles . " In his book subtitled The Essential Songs of the Beatles ' Solo Careers , Andrew Grant Jackson concludes of " Run of the Mill " : " Such personal musings would be irrelevant to anyone but the biggest Beatle fans if Harrison hadn 't so artfully written the words to be open @-@ ended and applicable to anyone … A touching work of maturity by a little brother who saw more clearly than the others , realizing that he loved them but it was time to move on . " Speaking in February 2001 during promotion for the 30th anniversary reissue of All Things Must Pass , Harrison named " Run of the Mill " first among his three favourite tracks on the album , followed by " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Awaiting on You All " . The song particularly resonates with its composer 's widow , Olivia Harrison . " George singing was always beguiling to me " , she writes in her introduction to the posthumous edition of I , Me , Mine , " and countless times I was his audience of one . Run of the Mill was a song I often asked him to play , the lyrics so wise , especially the reminder that , ' Tomorrow when you rise , another day for you to realise me ' ( ' me ' being God ) ... " Speaking to Mojo magazine in December 2011 , ten years after her husband 's death , Olivia Harrison named it as the song that most reminded her of Harrison . Music critic Tim Riley calls it " the best of the lot " on All Things Must Pass . In his review of Harrison 's 2014 Apple reissues , Paul Trynka of Classic Rock cites " Run of the Mill " as " the perfect example " of how All Things Must Pass still " sounds fresh despite its familiarity " . Trynka continues : " Like many of Harrison 's songs , the opening and chords are sweet , reassuringly recognisable , but just as we settle down the melody skips away , aided by his trademark trick of a brief switch of time signature . It 's dazzling craftsmanship – yet sweet and unforced . " = = Alternative version = = The 1970 demo version of " Run of the Mill " appears briefly in Martin Scorsese 's George Harrison : Living in the Material World documentary ( 2011 ) , playing over a scene where Harrison takes to the stage for one of his 1974 Dark Horse Tour concerts , before cutting to him and his wife on an empty beach at sunset . Although available since the 1990s on bootleg collections such as Beware of ABKCO ! , this solo demo was only issued officially in the UK in November 2011 , with the deluxe edition DVD release of the film . Six months later , it received worldwide release on the Early Takes : Volume 1 compilation . Noting Harrison 's usual practice of perfecting his guitar parts , compilation producer Giles Martin commented : " While that 's a very valid practice , I think it can sometimes inhibit the spirit of the recording ... [ T ] he appeal of this version to me is that it 's very rough and edgy . " = = Personnel = = The musicians who performed on " Run of the Mill " are believed to be as follows : George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitars , backing vocals Gary Wright – piano Bobby Whitlock – harmonium Carl Radle – bass Jim Gordon – drums Jim Price – trumpets , horn arrangement Bobby Keys – saxophone
= Ariel Meredith = Ariel Meredith ( born July 11 , 1986 ) is an American model who appeared in the 2009 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . Born in Shreveport , Louisiana , she did some part @-@ time modeling starting in 1998 until she finished her schooling . = = Background = = A native of Shreveport , Louisiana , she was senior class parliamentarian and a senior senator on the student council of her 2001 – 2002 class at Huntington High School . After high school graduation , she moved to New York City . Meredith 's mother 's name is Marjorie Meredith and her father 's name is David Meredith . = = Career = = Although she was discovered at age 14 she did not pursue modeling as a full @-@ time career until after she completed her education in 2008 . In 1998 , she won a 500 @-@ contestant modeling competition in Dallas and signed with Ford Models in New York and Campbell Modeling Agency in Dallas . She got 32 call @-@ backs from the contest . As a teenager she appeared in Seventeen , Teen Cosmopolitan , Cosmopolitan , and Teen magazines . She began traveling domestically while still in school . In 2002 , she appeared on the MTV show Fashionably Loud . She started modeling regularly in 2005 . When one of her early modeling agencies demanded that she have breast reduction surgery , she refused and was dropped from the agency . The New York Times mentioned her YouTube beauty secret video on using a toothbrush to exfoliate one 's lips prior to applying lip gloss in 2007 . She debuted for Vera Wang 's Spring Show in New York in September 2008 . Her September 2008 New York Fashion week runway debut experience , where she also modeled for Nicole Miller , was chronicled in the USA Today . She appeared in shows for a total of eleven fashion designers including an opening performance for Junya Watanabe , which marked her rising stardom . After her shows in New York , she did eight shows in Milan . She has performed in runway shows for Baby Phat , Brioni , Clips , Diesel , D & G , Elie Saab , Junya Watanabe , La Perla , Milly , Vera Wang and many more . According to The Times @-@ Picayune , her September 2008 New York and Milan Fashion week performances led to her classification as a rising star in the modeling industry . She is featured in the 2009 Spring / Summer Dolce & Gabbana advertising campaign , which was shot by Mario Testino . She has also posed for J.Crew , Ann Taylor Loft , H & M , David 's Bridal , Cover Girl eyewear , Fossil , Target , Garnier Fructis , Nine West , Roca Wear , Victoria 's Secret , The Limited , Sephora , Levi 's , and Gap . Meredith shot the 2009 Swimsuit issue at beaches , lagoons , cantinas and nature preserves near Tulum , Mexico on the Mayan Riviera . As of 2014 , she is currently represented by Supreme Management in New York City .
= Typhoon Hester ( 1971 ) = Typhoon Hester of October 1971 was regarded as one of the most destructive storms to strike Vietnam since 1944 . Developing as a tropical depression on October 18 near Palau , Hester gradually intensified as it moved westward towards the Philippines . Across the Philippines , Hester was responsible for six deaths and ₱ 5 million in damage . After passing over Mindanao and the Visayas as a tropical storm between October 20 and 21 , the storm intensified into a typhoon before striking Palawan . Once over the South China Sea , Hester further strengthened and ultimately attained peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . On October 23 , the storm made landfall near Huế , South Vietnam . Once onshore , Hester rapidly weakened and dissipated on October 24 over Laos . The most significant impact from Typhoon Hester was felt in South Vietnam , where winds in excess of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) caused extensive damage to several United States Army bases . The hardest hit base was in Chu Lai where three Americans were killed . At least 75 percent of the structures in the base sustained damage and 123 aircraft were damaged or destroyed . Newspaper reports indicated that 100 Vietnamese lost their lives due to the storm , including 33 following a plane crash near Quy Nhơn . In the wake of the storm , the South Vietnamese government provided the hardest hit areas with relief funds and supplies . = = Meteorological history = = On October 18 , a tropical depression formed just west of Palau . Tracking westward , the system attained tropical storm @-@ force winds the following day and was assigned the name Hester . At this time , Hester was located approximately 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of northern Mindanao in the Philippines . Due to the cyclone 's proximity to the country , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Goying . Early on October 20 , Hester brushed northern Mindanao before crossing the Visayas . The storm passed approximately 75 km ( 45 mi ) south of Cebu City later that day before moving into the South China Sea . Early on October 21 , Hester intensified into a typhoon hours before crossing Palawan . Once over the South China Sea , a strong ridge built over southern China resulting in Hester turning northwestward and accelerating . It reached a forward speed of 33 km / h ( 20 mph ) , twice the climatological average for typhoons in that region during October . Between October 22 and 23 , the storm developed an eye before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 @-@ equivalent typhoon . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated peak winds to have reached 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) along with a central pressure of 967 mb ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 56 inHg ) . Hester subsequently made landfall near Huế , South Vietnam . Once onshore , the storm 's structure rapidly degraded as it weakened . The storm later dissipated over central Laos on October 24 . = = Impact and aftermath = = = = = South Vietnam = = = Regarded as one of the most destructive storms to strike Vietnam since 1944 , Typhoon Hester caused considerable damage in the country and disrupted the Vietnam War . Making landfall directly over the United States military installation in Chu Lai , Hester damaged or destroyed 75 percent of the structures in the base . Sustained winds and gusts in the base were estimated to have reached 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) and 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) respectively . Four hangars collapsed in the Chu Lai airbase , with total aircraft losses amounting to 36 destroyed and 87 damaged . Losses from the destroyed helicopters exceeded $ 3 @.@ 6 million ( 1971 USD ) . Dozens of barracks were damaged in Chu Lai and communications were hampered . The 91st Evacuation Hospital was mostly destroyed and was forced to transfer patients to Quy Nhơn . Nearly 50 percent of the structures at the Marble Mountain Air Facility were damaged by the storm 's high winds . Heavy rains accompanying the storm , peaking at 5 @.@ 44 in ( 138 mm ) at Camp Eagle , caused considerable flooding in the country . Approximately 370 km ( 230 mi ) of coastline between Quảng Trị and Đà Nẵng were inundated . About 90 percent of homes in Đà Nẵng were damaged . Flooding from the storm washed out a bridge between Fire Support Base Birmingham and Camp Eagle , temporarily isolating two units within the 94th Field Artillery Regiment . Extensive losses to agriculture also took place , with major crop losses reported and 900 cattle killed . According to government officials , the entire banana , rice , and sugar cane crop was destroyed and harvests could not be made until the following spring . Offshore , nearly 500 vessels sank or were destroyed by the storm and the 1 @,@ 000 ton Union Pacific ran aground . According to newspaper reports , 100 Vietnamese perished during Hester . Thirty @-@ three fatalities took place after a South Vietnamese air force transport crashed near Quy Nhơn . Thee Americans were killed due to flying debris during the storm and twenty @-@ one others were injured . On October 25 , thunderstorms associated with Hester were blamed on a helicopter crash Nha Trang that killed ten Americans . Roughly 550 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed across the country , leaving an estimated 200 @,@ 000 people homeless . On October 25 , Premier Tran Thien Khiem toured some of the storm @-@ ravaged areas and made on @-@ the @-@ spot grants of $ 19 @,@ 000 to each province and $ 3 @,@ 500 to Đà Nẵng . He also promised that 50 @,@ 000 sheets of tin roofing would be sent to aid in reconstruction . Later that day , President Nguyen Van Thieu ordered $ 725 @,@ 000 be made available for disaster relief in the northern provinces following an emergency meeting . The Social Welfare Ministry estimated that $ 1 @.@ 5 million would be needed for civilian relief . = = = Elsewhere = = = Tracking over the southern Philippines as a tropical storm , Hester caused some damage in the country . Winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) were reported in Cebu City as the storm passed by . A total of six people were killed while twenty @-@ two sustained injuries and another two were reported missing . Damage amounted to ₱ 5 million . In North Vietnam , the Viet Cong was reportedly taking " urgent measures " to cope with the aftermath of the typhoon . A Chinese news broadcast stated that 100 million piastres had been allocated for relief efforts .
= Balthier = Balthier ( バルフレア , Barufurea ) is a 22 @-@ year @-@ old fictional character in the Final Fantasy series , and a protagonist in Final Fantasy XII . He was designed by Akihiko Yoshida , was voiced by Gideon Emery and Hiroaki Hirata in the English and Japanese versions respectively , and is one of the most positively received characters of the game , compared by some to the likes of James Bond and Han Solo . In Final Fantasy XII , he is a sky pirate who is accompanied by a member of the fictional Viera species , Fran . While attempting to steal the " Goddess 's Magicite " , they encounter protagonist Vaan , who had already stolen it . This coincidence entangles them into the main plot of Final Fantasy XII . His birth name is Ffamran mied Bunansa , and he is the estranged son of Doctor Cid , one of the game 's primary antagonists . Balthier later appears in Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings and in a cameo appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics : War of the Lions . = = Character design = = Balthier was designed by Akihiko Yoshida , who has stated that the character is his favorite from Final Fantasy XII since the character is based on " someone I admire . " Balthier has been called a " completely original character " by Yoshida , having not used any previous Final Fantasy character as a reference . In an interview , Yoshida stated that all the characters of Final Fantasy XII were designed with a focus on creating an aesthetic found nowhere in the real world . The armor of the Judges , which Balthier had been , were designed as a combination of historical armor , mountain bike gear , and futuristic ideas . = = = Attributes = = = For Final Fantasy XII , Balthier was voiced by Gideon Emery in English and Hiroaki Hirata in Japanese . Emery commented that while voicing the character of Balthier , he developed a " small crush " on Fran , Balthier 's partner . He also commented that the biggest challenge of voicing Balthier was having to stay consistent , adding that he spent more than four hours in a small booth while doing the voice , which could cause him to " drift away from the character " if he goes on for too long . He also described him as being similar to the character . Emery auditioned for Balthier , seeing him after he did this and " instantly fell in love with the character " . He described him as a cross between Han Solo , James Bond , and Jack Sparrow , citing suave yet cocky attitude . He was thankful that he was not aware of Balthier 's popularity since his reveal , stating that he would have been " crippled by the fear of not delivering on what the fans expected " . He stated that he took no inspiration from anyone else for the role , wanting to ensure that he was unique . Instead , he cited the pictures and animation of the character as his inspiration . Emery cited Jack Fletcher , the voice director , as a great help in voicing the character and setting up the scene for him . To give Final Fantasy XII a Western feel , Balthier 's movements were recorded by a Western motion capture actor . Balthier is a Hume sky pirate who pilots the Strahl , a small airship , around the skies of Ivalice . VideoGamer.com editor Greg Vallentin made a similar comparison , calling him a " Han Solo @-@ like sky pirate " . 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish compared Balthier to Albus , one of the characters from Castlevania : Order of Ecclesia , stating that they share a physical resemblance . = = Appearances = = = = = Final Fantasy XII = = = Balthier and his companion , Fran , prefer to remain outside the war between the kingdoms of Ivalice . However , their attempt to steal the Goddess 's Magicite — later revealed to be the Dusk Shard — from the Dalmascan Royal Palace goes bad ; Vaan steals it first , and , caught in the fray of a rebel assault against the Imperial Palace , Balthier and Fran find themselves embroiled in the conflict against Archadia . Born as Ffamran mied Bunansa ( ファムラン・ミド・ブナンザ , Famuran Mido Bunanza ) , he is the son of Dr. Cid ( Cidolfus Demen Bunansa ) , though he grew weary of his father 's madness and obsession with nethicite . Although Cid had made him an Imperial Judge , Ffamran eventually decided to cut his ties with his father and his role as a judge , becoming a sky pirate under a new name . With this new career change , Balthier amounted a sizable bounty on his head , attracting the attention of bounty hunters such as Ba 'Gamnan . Unfortunately for Balthier , it took him a while to realize he 'd been following his father in pursuing nethicite while he served in the resistance . Though he makes peace with his father prior to his death , Balthier goes with the group to destroy the Sky Fortress Bahamut as penance for his father 's deeds . Balthier claims to be the " leading man " of the story many times throughout the game , and insists that this status makes him invincible . After the Sky Fortress Bahamut crashes with him and Fran still in it , they remain out of contact until they retrieve the Strahl back from Vaan and Penelo a year later , leaving a note for the new Queen Ashe which held her wedding ring that she used to purchase his services . = = = Other games = = = Both he and Fran intend on finding the Cache of Glabados , which is resolved in Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings when it turns out to be tied to Eternal . Balthier was at first intent to take Lemures ' treasure , the Auracite , but knew the truth behind it and attempted to destroy the Auralith , eventually rejoining Vaan 's group to fight the Judge of Wings , letting Vaan be the " leading man " while he himself leaves the limelight . He makes a crossover appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions . He was the first cameo character they added to War of the Lions , with co @-@ producer Shingo Kosuge stating that it was not a conscious decision to add continuity to the Ivalice story . He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable . Balthier also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou . = = = Merchandise = = = A Balthier figurine was sold randomly in Japanese sets of Final Fantasy XII characters . Square Enix released a Sculpture Arts set of Balthier and Fran escaping the palace of Rabanastre in 2008 . A full @-@ colored action figure of Balthier has also been displayed in the Square Enix Japan merchandise page . = = Reception = = Since his appearance in Final Fantasy XII , Balthier has received mostly positive reception . When he was first revealed , the fan response was very positive . GameSpy 's Justin Speer described him as a " clever @-@ bastard type " , praising his wry delivery . GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin called Balthier the best character in the game , describing him as the " Auron of the cast " . 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish called Final Fantasy XII protagonist Vaan annoying , placing the duo of Balthier and Fran above him . 1UP.com 's Andrew Pfister stated Balthiers presence in Final Fantasy XII helped ease some fans dislike of the " angsty teen " behavior of the main character Vaan . PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that while Vaan is the main character , he usually takes a back seat , adding that Balthier is the closest thing to a male lead . For similar reasons , GameZone listed Balthier as the tenth best Final Fantasy character , emphasizing how Balthier becomes " as much the leading man as Vaan . " PALGN 's Phil Larsen commented that though a lofty prediction , he expected that the duo of Balthier and Fran would " go down in history as one of the greatest duos of modern narrative storytelling " . Balthier ranked ninth on IGN 's top 25 best Final Fantasy characters , ranking higher than any other character from Final Fantasy XII . Editor Dave Smith commented that he makes a " convincing case " that he is the main hero , upstaging fellow playable characters due to his " sharp looks and even sharper wit . " GamesRadar 'sAJ Glasser listed Balthier and Fran as one of her favourite Final Fantasy couples , describing theirs as being a well @-@ balanced relationship . Destructoid 's Aaron Linde noted that few video game characters had both his intelligence and his common sense , and wished more male characters in gaming could be like him . Balthier has been compared to other characters in fiction . Simon Wigham of Console Obsession called Balthier his " favourite by quite a wide margin " , comparing him to James Bond due to his " humorous lines " . RPGFan editor Stephen Harris compared his voice to that of Ian Fleming 's depiction of Bond . 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister compared the duo of Balthier and Fran to that of Han Solo and Chewbacca , two characters from the Star Wars franchise , adding that they are far more interesting than any other character in the " modern FF era " .
= Sean Bean = Shaun Mark Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) , known professionally as Sean Bean , is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , he made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his distinctive Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe . Bean has since garnered further recognition for his performance as Ned Stark in the HBO epic fantasy series Game of Thrones , as well as roles in the BBC anthology series Accused and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII . His most prominent film role was Boromir in The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 – 03 ) . Other roles include Alec Trevelyan in the James Bond film GoldenEye ( 1995 ) and Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , as well as roles in Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among several others . He has received several awards during his career and won an International Emmy for Best Actor . He has also been nominated for a BAFTA and Saturn Award . = = Early life = = Bean was born in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire ( the County of South Yorkshire was created in 1974 ) . He is the son of Rita ( née Tuckwood ) and Brian Bean . He has a younger sister named Lorraine . His father owned a fabrication shop that employed 50 people , including Bean 's mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his dream of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O Levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started working for his father 's firm with a day release at Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to take a welding course . While there , he stumbled into an art class and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he subsequently enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven @-@ term course in January 1981 . = = Career = = Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non @-@ alcoholic lager . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarman 's Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed in the same director 's War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic O 'Brien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa and Lady Chatterley , and his role in the latter became noted for his sex scenes with Joely Richardson . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridan 's adaption of the John B. Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997 @-@ 98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Bean 's critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwell 's novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpe 's Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpe 's Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpe 's Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema @-@ length 90 minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Bean 's rough @-@ cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bond 's nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6 's 006 ) . He played the weak @-@ stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife @-@ beating ex @-@ con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper / jewel thief in Don 't Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Bean 's most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first installment , The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . He appears briefly in flashbacks in The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Bean 's fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999 's Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry @-@ reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002 's Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003 's The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Moby 's music video " We Are All Made of Stars " in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice @-@ over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci @-@ Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Service 's television and radio campaign . For the role playing video game , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , he voiced Martin Septim . Bean 's distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one @-@ hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in CA $ H , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . CA $ H explored the role money plays in today 's hard economic times . Bean also played the villain 's twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBO 's adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R.R. Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and Dan Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His nuanced portrayal of what could have been a stereotypical " noble leader " character won him critical praise ; as the A.V. Club 's reviewer put it , he " portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . " HBO 's promotional efforts focused on Bean as the show 's leading man and best @-@ known actor . The photograph of him as Ned sitting on the Iron Throne holding his greatsword was used for promotional posters and on the cover of the first season 's DVD box set as well as the cover of a tie @-@ in reedition of the novel A Game of Thrones . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross @-@ dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . He appeared in Tarsem Singh 's Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S. in March 2012 . Bean reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel Silent Hill : Revelation 3D . He co @-@ starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean currently stars in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag # DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where he 's become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . = = Image = = Often described as " down to earth " , Bean has retained his Yorkshire accent despite now living in London . Partly because of his role as Sharpe , he is also described as a sex symbol . He was voted the UK 's second sexiest man in 2004 , placing just behind his Lord of the Rings co @-@ star Orlando Bloom . He admits he does not mind being considered as a " bit of rough " by women . In addition to his image as a sex symbol and an admitted " bit of rough " , he has developed a reputation as a loner , a label he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a " man of few words " , with one interviewer calling him " surprisingly shy " . Although he admits he can be a workaholic , he relaxes with a book or listens to music in his spare time , and is a talented pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . = = Acting style = = Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well @-@ suited to portraying his characters ' depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir " amazed " Sean Astin during filming of The Fellowship of the Ring . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a " beautiful thing " . = = Personal life = = Bean has been married and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 . The marriage ended in divorce in 1988 . Bean met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they married on 27 February 1990 . The couple 's first daughter was born in October 1987 ; their second was born in September 1991 . Bean and Hill 's marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . Bean and Cruttenden divorced in July 2000 . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for " personal reasons " , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Register Office in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffe 's separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and the divorce was finalised on 21 December 2010 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United FC since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads " 100 % Blade " . He opened their hall of fame in 2001 and , after making a six @-@ figure contribution to the club 's finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to " go back to being an ordinary supporter " where he feels at home . During his time there , he had some issues with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock " bitter " and " hypocritical " . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of " The Fellowship " ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys @-@ Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Bean often gets fan mail intended for Rowan Atkinson , who played Mr. Bean . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = = Music videos = = = = = Awards and honours = = In 2013 , Bean was named best actor at the Royal Television Society awards and won an International Emmy Award for his role in Accused . He received three separate awards in 2004 as part of the ensemble cast in The Return of the King from the Screen Actors Guild , the National Board of Review , and the Broadcast Film Critics Association . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : " I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now I 'm a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . "
= Pre @-@ Code crime films = The era of American film production from the early sound era to the enforcement of the Hays Code in 1934 is denoted as Pre @-@ Code Hollywood . The era contained violence and crime in pictures which would not be seen again until decades later . Although the Hays office had specifically recommended removing profanity , the drug trade , and prostitution from pictures , it had never officially recommended against depictions of violence in any form in the 1920s . State censor boards , however , created their own guidelines , and New York in particular developed a list of violent material which had to be removed for a picture to be shown in the state . Two main types of crime films were released during the period : the gangster picture and the prison film . A triumvirate of gangster pictures were released in the early 1930s — Little Caesar ( 1931 ) , The Public Enemy ( 1931 ) , and Scarface ( 1932 ) — which were built on the template created by the first gangster movie , 1927 's Underworld . All featured the rise and eventual fall of an organized criminal . As described by crime film scholar Jack Shadoian the maxim became , " If the films insist that one can ’ t win , under that given it ’ s how you lose that counts . " Scarface was the most controversial and violent ; the film took nearly a year to reach theaters due to battles with censors . Obviously based on the life of Al Capone , Scarface and others like it outraged civic leaders who felt that movies were glorifying the lifestyles of criminals . Stirred into action by the 1930 Ohio penitentiary fire , which resulted in 300 deaths when guards refused to let inmates out of their cells , Hollywood produced movies which depicted the harsh conditions in prisons at the time . The prototype of the prison genre was 1930 's The Big House . The picture features future genre staples such as solitary confinement , informers , riots , an escape , and the codes of prison life . Never box office hits , prison pictures failed to attract the female audiences they needed to achieve financial success . The chain gang films were produced in a similar response to the callous inhumanity of the chain gang system which was prevalent among states in the southern US . The 1932 film I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang is considered the seminal movie of the genre , and was based on the autobiography of Robert E. Burns who was himself a fugitive at the time of the picture 's release . = = Early crime films = = In the early 1900s America was still primarily a rural country , especially in terms of self @-@ identity . D. W. Griffith ’ s 1912 film The Musketeers of Pig Alley is one of the earliest American films to feature urban organized crime . Prohibition 's arrival in 1920 created an environment where anyone who wanted to drink had to interact with criminals , especially in urban areas . Nonetheless , the urban crime genre was ignored until 1927 when the film Underworld , which is recognized as the first gangster movie , became a surprise hit . According to the Encyclopedia of Hollywood 's entry on Underworld , " The film established the fundamental elements of the gangster movie : a hoodlum hero ; ominous , night @-@ shrouded city streets ; floozies ; and a blazing finale in which the cops cut down the protagonist . " Other gangster films such as Thunderbolt , Lights of New York , The Racket , and Doorway to Hell were released to capitalize on Underworld 's popularity , with Thunderbolt later described as " a virtual remake " of the film . Motivated by financial gain in an increasingly competitive film market , and motivated by the fact that provocative pictures sold tickets , these movies pushed the boundaries of film violence . Other late 1920s crime films depicted organized crime on Broadway , and investigated the connection between mobsters and Broadway productions in films such as 1929 's Tenderloin and Broadway . The Hays Office had never recommended banning violence in any form in the 1920s — unlike profanity , the drug trade or prostitution — but advised that it be dealt with carefully . New York 's censor board was the most active board of any state , reviewing around all but 50 of the country 's 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 300 annual releases . In 1927 – 8 the violent scenes they most removed were all instances where the gun was pointed at the camera , some instances where guns were pointed " at or into the body of another character " , many shots where machine guns were featured , scenes where criminals shot at law enforcement officers , some scenes involving stabbing or knife brandishing ( stabbings were considered more disturbing than shootings by audiences ) , most whippings , several involving choking , torture , or electrocution , and scenes which could be considered educational in their depiction of crime methods . Sadistic violence , and reaction shots showing the faces of individuals on the receiving end of violence were considered especially sensitive areas . The Code later recommended against scenes showing " robbery " , " theft " , " safe @-@ cracking " , " arson " , " the use of firearms " , " dynamiting of trains , machines , and buildings " , and " brutal killings " on the basis that they would be rejected by local censors . = = Birth of the Hollywood gangster = = No motion picture genre of the Pre @-@ Code era was more incendiary than the gangster film ; neither preachment yarns nor vice films so outraged the moral guardians or unnerved the city fathers as the high caliber scenarios that made screen heroes out of stone killers . In the early 1930s , several real life criminals became celebrities . Two in particular captured the American imagination ; Al Capone and John Dillinger . Gangsters like Capone had transformed the perception of entire towns . Capone gave Chicago its ... " reputation as the locus classicus of American gangsterdom , a cityscape where bullet @-@ proof roadsters with tommygun @-@ toting hoodlums on running boards careened around State Street spraying fusillades of slugs into flower shop windows and mowing down the competition in blood @-@ spattered garages . " Capone appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1930 . He was even offered seven figure sums by two major Hollywood studios to appear in a film but declined . Dillinger became a national celebrity as a bank robber who eluded arrest and escaped confinement several times . He had become the most celebrated public outlaw since Jesse James . His father appeared in a popular series of newsreels giving police homespun advice on how to catch his son . Dillinger 's popularity rose so fast that Variety joked " if Dillinger remains at large much longer and more such interviews are obtained , there may be some petitions circulated to make him our president . " Hays wrote a cablegram to all the studios in March 1934 decreeing that Dillinger should not be portrayed in any motion picture . In April 1931 , the same month as the release of The Public Enemy , Hays recruited former police chief August Vollmer to conduct a study on the effect gangster pictures had on children . After he had finished his work , Vollmer stated that gangster films were innocuous and actually too favorable in their depiction of the police . Although Hays used the results to defend the film industry , the New York State censorship board was not impressed and from 1930 to 1932 removed 2 @,@ 200 crime scenes from pictures . One of the factors that made gangster pictures so subversive was that in the difficult economic times of the Depression there already existed the viewpoint that the only way to get financial success was through crime . Many were convinced they would lead to higher rates of juvenile delinquency . The Kansas City Times argued that while adults may not be affected by these films , they were " misleading , contaminating , and often demoralizing to children and youth . " Exacerbating the problem , local theater owners advertised gangster pictures with a singular irresponsibility . Theaters displayed tommy guns and blackjacks and real @-@ life murders were tied into promotions . The situation reached such a nexus that the studios had to ask exhibitors to tone down the gimmickry in their promotions . The genre entered a new level following the 1931 release of Little Caesar . The film featured Edward G. Robinson in a career defining performance as gangster Rico Bandello . Caesar , along with The Public Enemy starring James Cagney , and Scarface featuring Paul Muni , were incredibly violent films that created a new type of anti @-@ hero . Driven by the performance of one protagonist , they were considered " actors ' vehicles " . Nine gangster films were released in 1930 , 26 in 1931 , 28 in 1932 , and 15 in 1933 , when the genre 's popularity began to subside after the end of Prohibition . The backlash against gangster pictures was swift . In 1931 Jack L. Warner announced that his studio would stop making them , and that he had never let his 15 @-@ year @-@ old son see one . = = = Little Caesar = = = Warner Brothers 28 ‑ year ‑ old head of production Darryl F. Zanuck decided to make a gangster picture in 1930 after one of his close friends was killed by a bootlegger . He purchased the rights to the novel Little Caesar by Chicago reporter W. R. Burnett for $ 15 @,@ 000 . Burnett had penned the gangster story after seeing the aftermath of the Capone ordered Saint Valentine 's Day massacre . Generally considered the grandfather of gangster films , in Caesar , Robinson as Rico , and his close friend Joe Massara ( played by Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . ) , move to Chicago . Joe wants to go straight and meets a woman . Rico , however , seeks a life of crime and joins the gang of Sam Vettori , rising to the rank of boss in the crime family . After becoming concerned his friend will betray him , he threatens him , at which point Joe 's girlfriend goes to the police . Unable to bring himself to kill Joe and thus eliminate the witness against him , Rico goes into hiding . He is coaxed out by the police who publish that he is a coward to the press , and Rico is shot and killed by the police . As he is dying , he says " Mother of mercy , is this the end of Rico ? " The film is characterized by its tight , lean narrative , and runs at a brisk pace for its 79 minutes . The Rico character is not portrayed as admirable , and is shown to possess little intelligence . The picture has a simple , obvious storyline and is filmed in brighter images during Rico 's triumphant rise , and at night and darkly shot during his fall . Among later film critics , Robinson 's performances is frequently cited as the film 's saving grace . The role typecast Robinson and led to caricatures from comedians , comic impressionists , and animated Looney Tunes characters . Originally Robinson was cast in a small role but convinced the film 's producer to let him play the lead . Wingate told Hays that he was flooded with complaints from people who saw kids in theaters nationwide " applaud the gang leader as a hero . " Joy and Wingate disagreed over whether the film should have been released as it was ; Joy argued that " the more ghastly , the more ruthless , the criminal acts , the stronger will be the audience reaction against men of this kind , and organized crime in general . " Despite a personal letter from Joy pleading the film 's case , Wingate , then head of the New York censor board , extensively edited the film , as did Pennsylvania 's board . Caesar 's success inspired MGM 's The Secret Six and Fox 's Quick Millions , and Paramount 's City Streets , but the next big Hollywood gangster came from another Warner Brothers picture . = = = The Public Enemy = = = William Wellman 's The Public Enemy was released by Warner Brothers the following year and features another career defining performance , this time by James Cagney . It was adapted from the unpublished novelette Beer and Blood written by John Bright , and adapted for the screen by Kubec Glasmon and Bright . Enemy takes place from 1909 until 1920 . The film is similar to the template set in Caesar in that it follows Tom Powers ( Cagney ) from his rise to his eventual fall in the world of crime . Cagney 's character contrasts his puritanical brother who wants him to go straight and their mother , who is at the center of the conflict between her two sons . Tom Powers is egotistical , amoral , heartless , and extremely violent . The most famous scene in the picture is referred to as the " grapefruit scene " ; when Cagney is eating breakfast , his girlfriend angers him , so he cruelly shoves half of a grapefruit in her face . The scene became so famous that for the rest of his life when Cagney dined at a restaurant , other patrons would send his table a grapefruit . Cagney was even more violent towards women in his 1933 gangster film Picture Snatcher , where he knocks out an amorous woman he is not interested in and violently throws her into the back seat of his car . Enemy was based in part on the Irish gangster Dean O 'Banion , and a scene in which Cagney kills a horse that caused the death of a friend was inspired by a similar real life event where O 'Banion underling Louis " Two Guns " Alterie and others shot a horse . The film 's trailer featured no scenes from the movie ; it merely contained a warning of the picture 's intensity and showcased a gun being fired at the camera . Zanuck also produced Enemy , and was heavily involved in the film 's production . He aimed for a movie where the characters were not just immoral , but free of morals , and devoid of conscience . When he showed the film to MGM 's Irving Thalberg , Thalberg remarked " that 's not a motion picture . It 's beyond a motion picture . " While Wingate conceded that the film " was a story that needed to be told " , other states were less convinced . Maryland and Ohio cut the grapefruit scene . All states cut a scene where Powers sleeps with a gang den mother while drunk , then slaps her when he wakes up and realizes she took advantage of him . Public Enemy was a massive box office success , and helped the financial fortunes of Warner Brothers which was still operating in the red at the time . This embarrassed Hays who had remarked at the film 's opening that " the greatest of all censors — the American public — is beginning to vote thumbs down on the " hard @-@ boiled " realism in literature and on the stage which marked the post @-@ war period . " = = = Scarface = = = The most violent and controversial Pre @-@ Code gangster film was undoubtedly Scarface . Directed by Howard Hawks and starring Paul Muni as Tony Camonte , the film is based on the life of Al Capone . When the film begins , Camonte works for Johnny Lovo but is unhappy being a subordinate , and is attracted to Lovo 's girlfriend Poppy . He has a deep love for his promiscuous sister , who he expects to remain chaste , which has often been deemed incestuous . Lovo warns Camonte to leave the North Side alone as it is controlled by a rival mob . Camonte ignores this warning and begins a series of executions and extortions that result in a war with the North side gang . Camonte then takes the gang over from Lovo , at which point Lovo tries to kill him but fails . Camonte murders Lovo and Poppy becomes his girl . When Camonte finds his missing sister in a hotel room with his closest friend , the coin flipping gangster Guino Rinaldo ( played by George Raft ) , he goes into a rage and kills Rinaldo . After he finds out that they had become married and wanted to surprise Camonte he becomes despondent . The film ends with first Camonte sister then Camonte being gunned down by police at his home . The production of Scarface was troubled from the start . The Hays office warned Howard Hughes , the film 's producer , not to make the film . He ignored their pleas telling Hawks : " Screw the Hays Office . Start the picture and make it as realistic , as exciting , as grisly as possible . " When the film was completed in late 1931 , the Hays office demanded numerous changes , including a conclusion where Camonte was captured , tried , convicted , and hung , and demanded the film carry the subtitle Shame of a Nation . Hughes sent the picture to numerous state censorship boards , saying that he hoped to show the film was made to combat the " gangster menace " . After failing to get the film past the New York State censor board ( then headed by Wingate ) even after the changes , Hughes decided to release the movie in a version close to its original form . When other local censors refused to release the edited version , the Hays Office sent Jason Joy around to ensure them that the cycle of gangster films of this nature was coming to an end . Scarface provoked outrage mainly due to its unprecedented violence , but also because of its shifts of tone from serious to comedic . Dave Kehr , writing in the Chicago Reader , said that the film blends " comedy and horror in a manner that suggests Chico Marx let loose with a live machine gun . " In one scene , Camonte is inside a cafe while a torrent of machine gun fire from the car of a rival gang is headed his way . His bumbling assistant , following orders from Camonte , keeps trying to answer the phone instead of ducking even after the gangsters make several passes by the cafe . After the barrage is over , Camonte picks up a tommy gun one of the mobsters dropped , and exhibits child like wonder and unrestrained excitement over the new toy . Civic leaders became furious that gangsters like Capone ( who was also the blatant inspiration for Little Caesar ) were being applauded in movie houses all across America . Some of the biographical details that were used for Muni 's character in Scarface were so obviously taken from Capone , and the detail so close , that it was impossible not to draw the parallels . Capone sent several members of his gang to threaten screenwriter Ben Hecht , but Hecht was able to convince them the picture was based on other gangsters . When Scarface was released however , Capone adored the film , and purchased a personal copy . The film remained out of circulation , until Hughes 's death in 1976 . Universal then re @-@ released the picture , but some scenes from the film 's original cut are lost . = = Prison films = = In contrast to the crumbling social system outside their walls , the prison film portrayed a universe where the state was all powerful and orderly . Sparked by the Ohio penitentiary fire on April 21 , 1930 in which guards refused to release prisoners from their cells causing 300 deaths , the films depicted the inhumane conditions in prisons in the early 1930s . The genre was composed of two archetypes : the prison film and the chain gang film . In the prison film , large hordes of men move about in identical uniforms , resigned to their fate , they live by a well defined code . In the chain gang film , Southern prisoners were subjected to a draconion system in the blazing outdoors where they were treated terribly by their ruthless captors . The prototype of the prison genre was 1930 's The Big House . 1932 's I am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang is considered the seminal film of the chain gang genre . Although the chain gang film Hell 's Highway had beaten Fugitive to the screen two months earlier , it exerted nowhere the influence . In The Big House Robert Montgomery plays a squirmy inmate who is sentences to six years after committing vehicular manslaughter while under the influence . His cell mates are a murderer played by Wallace Beery and a forger played by Chester Morris . The picture features future staples of the prison genre such as solitary confinement , informers , riots , visitations , an escape , and the codes of prison life . The protagonist , Montgomery , ends up being a loathsome character , a coward who will sell anyone in the prison out to get an early release . The film was banned in Ohio , the site of the deadly prison riots that inspired it . Numbered Men , The Criminal Code , Shadow of the Law , Convict 's Code , and others , from no less than seven studios , followed . However , prison films only appealed to men , and had weak box office performances as a result . Studios also produced children 's prison films which addressed the juvenile delinquency problems of America in the Depression . The Mayor of Hell for instance , featured kids killing a murderously abusive reform school overseer without retribution . = = = Chain gang films = = = I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang , which is based on the true story of Robert . E. Burns , is by far the most famous of the early 1930s chain gang films . In the first half of 1931 , True Detective Mysteries magazine had published Burns ' work over six issues , and it was released as a book in January 1932 . Decorated veteran James Allen ( Paul Muni ) returns from World War I a changed man , and seeks an alternative to the tedious job that he left behind . He travels the country looking for construction work . His ultimate goal is to become involved in construction planning . Allen follows a hobo he met at a homeless shelter into a cafe , taking him up on his offer of a free meal . When the hobo attempts to rob the eatery , Allen is charged as an accessory , convicted of stealing a few dollars , and sentenced to ten years in a chain gang . The men are chained together and transported to a quarry to break rocks every day . Even when unchained from each other , shackles remain around their ankles at all times . Allen convinces a large black prisoner who has particularly good aim to hit the shackles on his ankles with a sledgehammer to bend them . He removes his feet from the bent shackles , and in a famous sequence , escapes through the woods while being chased by bloodhounds . On the outside he develops a new identity and becomes a respected developer in Chicago . He is blackmailed into marriage by a woman he does not love who finds out his secret . When he threatens to leave her for a young woman he has fallen in love with , she turns him in . His case becomes a cause célèbre , and he agrees to turn himself in under the agreement that he will serve 90 days and then be released . He is tricked however , and not freed at the agreed upon time . This forces him to escape again , and he seeks out the young woman , telling her that they cannot be together because he will always be hunted . The films end with her asking him how he survives , and his ominous reply from the darkness ; " I Steal " . Although based on reality , Chain Gang changes the facts slightly to appeal to Depression era audiences by making Allen 's return home one to a country that is struggling economically , even though Burns returned to the roaring twenties . The film 's bleak , anti @-@ establishment ending shocked audiences . Laughter in Hell , a 1933 film directed by Edward L. Cahn and starring Pat O 'Brien , was inspired in part by I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang . O 'Brien plays a railroad engineer who kills his wife and her lover in a jealous rage , and is sent to prison . The dead man 's brother ends up being the warden of the prison and torments O 'Brien 's character . O 'Brien and several others revolt , killing the warden and escaping . The film , which is lost , drew controversy for its lynching scene in which several black men were hung . Reports vary if the blacks were hung alongside other white men , or by themselves . The New Age ( an African American weekly newspaper ) film critic praised the filmmakers for being courageous enough to depict the atrocities that were occurring in some southern states .
= Firewalker ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Firewalker " is the ninth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on November 18 , 1994 . It was written by Howard Gordon , directed by David Nutter , and featured guest appearances by Bradley Whitford , Leland Orser and Shawnee Smith . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In the episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a death in a remote research base and discover that a new silicon @-@ based fungus found in the area may be affecting and killing the researchers . The plot of the episode was inspired by NASA 's Project Dante . " Firewalker " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 , being watched by 8 @.@ 6 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode received poor reviews from critics , being noted as repeating material already familiar to the series . = = Plot = = Dr. Adam Pierce , a scientist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena , intercepts a visual transmission from Firewalker , a mobile robot sent by a volcanic research project on Mount Avalon near Bend , Oregon . Firewalker is broadcasting from inside a volcanic cave , where Pierce glimpses the dead body of the chief seismologist , Phil Erickson . He also sees a shadow moving in the cave , an impossibility due to the extremely high temperatures . The figure in the cave then destroys Firewalker 's camera , ending the transmission . Pierce goes to Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , showing them a TV interview of the project 's leader , Daniel Trepkos ( Bradley Whitford ) ; Pierce was with the project until he and Trepkos had a falling out . The agents take the case , but Mulder is reluctant to let Scully come along because of her recent abduction ; Scully , however , insists that she is ready . Upon arriving at Mount Avalon , Pierce goes out in the woods to inspect the project 's equipment while the agents search the laboratory . They meet the seemingly traumatized team : robotics engineer Jason Ludwig ( Leland Orser ) , systems analyst Peter Tanaka ( Hiro Kanagawa ) , and graduate student Jessie O 'Neil ( Shawnee Smith ) . They claim that Trepkos destroyed their lab and disappeared after Firewalker 's first descent . Meanwhile , outside , Trepkos strangles Pierce . After the team finds and stores Pierce 's body , Mulder reviews Trepkos ' fragmented notes . He finds references to a new silicon @-@ based organism existing inside Mount Avalon ; Scully , however , doubts his conclusions because of his mental state . Tanaka breaks into convulsions and displays a high fever , but refuses any help from Mulder or Scully . When he is put on a stretcher for a medivac pickup , Mulder notices a throbbing bulge in his neck . Tanaka flees into the woods and dies when a tentacle bursts out of his throat . An autopsy by Scully finds sand in his lungs , indicating the existence of a silicon @-@ based spore ; she theorizes that when exposed , the spore infects the nearest hosts or otherwise dies . Mulder contacts the CDC to have them quarantine the site . Mulder and Ludwig venture into the volcanic caves to find Trepkos . When they find Firewalker , Trepkos shoots Ludwig in the back with a flare gun , killing him . He then burns Ludwig 's body , as he was infected with the spore as well . Trepkos tells Mulder that after Firewalker returned from its first descent , Erickson pulverized a rock in one of its samples , resulting in his death and the infection of all the scientists immediately surrounding him . Trepkos says that the spore is parasitic in nature , making its hosts pass itself on to others . Meanwhile , in the lab , an infected O 'Neil handcuffs herself to Scully to expose her to the spore , but Scully protects herself by throwing O 'Neil into a sealed chamber and closing the door . A protrusion bursts out of O 'Neil 's throat , killing her without spreading the spore to Scully . Mulder and Trepkos arrive on the scene . Mulder radios the evacuation team but — knowing that Trepkos will refuse to go — reports that only he and Scully have survived the ordeal . The agents enter a month @-@ long quarantine while the Chemical Corps confiscates the lab and cordons off Mount Avalon . Firewalker is salvaged , but is too damaged to yield sufficient data . Trepkos and O 'Neil are officially unaccounted for and presumed dead ; Trepkos is last seen carrying O 'Neil 's body as he disappears into the volcano . = = Production = = Howard Gordon was inspired to write the episode after seeing two news reports about Project Dante , a robotic explorer created by NASA that had been sent into a volcano . Chris Carter said of the episode , " I think that 's the first time in our second season that we were telling what 's one of our serial stories rather than our mythological stories . In other words , it was an X @-@ File rather than one of the cosmology shows that explore the characters " . However , Gordon felt that the episode allowed him to explore the possible results of Mulder 's search for the truth , echoing this in the mindset of Daniel Trepkos and the interactions between the two characters . Gordon noted that " the natural endpoint of this quest for the truth is madness " , comparing Mulder 's treatment of Trepkos with the events of the novel Heart of Darkness . The episode shared themes with previous episodes from the first season such as " Ice " and " Darkness Falls " , which both featured the agents finding new lifeforms in remote locations . James Wong was somewhat negative concerning the episode 's similarities to " Ice " , saying , " If the show starts to cannibalize itself , there 's going to be trouble " . Gordon stated , however , " I know there are some similarities with ' Ice ' , but I think once you get beyond the similarities of a group of people in a confined space going up against a creature , there are enough differences to separate the two " . As the mountains of the Cascade Range were too far from Vancouver to serve as a location , the film crew settled on a nearby forest that had a partial view of the mountains . The set used for the exterior of the field base camp was later sold to the production company responsible for the TV series The Sentinel , while in the interior was shot inside a British Columbia hydro sub station . A set was built to represent the interior of the volcano , and footage filmed there was achieved through the use of a crane . Hiro Kanagawa , who portrays the character Peter Tanaka , would make two further appearances , in the fourth season episode " Synchrony " and tenth season episode " My Struggle " , as well as making appearances both in the spin @-@ off series The Lone Gunmen and The X @-@ Files ' sister show Millennium . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Firewalker " premiered on the Fox network on November 18 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 23 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 8 @.@ 6 million households watched this episode during its original airing . In a retrospective of the second season in Entertainment Weekly , the episode was rated a D- . The review described it as " insultingly bad , " noting that it seemed to be " ripping off " both the first season episode " Ice " and the 1979 film Alien . Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen felt that " Firewalker " represented a " back to basics " approach to the series , following from the previous story arc relating to Scully 's abduction . Handlen noted that the episode would have been " a total waste of time " elsewhere in the season 's schedule , but served as a " competent enough " means of reuniting the main characters . Howard Gordon was praiseful of physical effects supervisor Toby Lindala 's work on this episode , quipping that Lindala 's effects " won the gross @-@ out award " . Gordon also praised Nutter 's job in directing the episode . Carter said that " Firewalker " was a very successful episode . David Nutter added a nice directorial touch ; the guest appearances were very good " .
= Brave Fencer Musashi = Brave Fencer Musashi ( ブレイヴフェンサー武蔵伝 , Bureivu Fensā Musashiden , lit . " Brave Fencer : The Legend of Musashi " ) is an action role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square in 1998 for the PlayStation home console . The game involves real @-@ time sword @-@ based combat in a 3D environment ; it also features segments of voiced over dialogue and role @-@ playing game elements such as a day @-@ night cycle and resting to restore energy . The story follows Musashi , a young swordsman who is summoned to a parallel world to defend Allucanet Kingdom from the Thirstquencher Empire . He searches for the Five Scrolls , which can enhance the powers of his sword , while interacting with people from Allucanet and a nearby village . Development began in early 1997 , and was directed by Yoichi Yoshimoto , produced by Yusuke Hirata , and scored by Tsuyoshi Sekito . The game was a departure from Square 's previous role @-@ playing games , which brought the team several difficulties during development . The game received positive critical response ; reviewers praised the graphics in comparison to other similar games of the time , and found the gameplay , especially the action elements , very compelling . Musashi received a sequel in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 under the name of Musashi : Samurai Legend . = = Gameplay = = Musashi is an action role @-@ playing game , in which the player fights against enemies with a sword in action @-@ based combat , with some role @-@ playing elements . The player controls Musashi , who fights a variety of enemies using his swords Fusion and Lumina and searches for five scrolls which will increase Lumina 's strength and grant him new abilities . There are also several minigames and puzzles scattered throughout which must be completed to advance the plot . The two swords he uses have varied abilities and uses . Fusion , which resembles a katana , is used to chain rapid combo hits together and can also be used to absorb Bincho energy , which is a type of magical point system that controls how many spells a player can cast and how quickly , or absorb an enemies ' skill . The other sword is Lumina , which cannot be effectively used in combos by itself ; instead , it can be imbued with elemental properties from Scrolls . Lumina is primarily offensive but in combination with the five elemental scrolls , it gains new skills . The two swords are often used in conjunction with certain techniques which are granted by various rescued townsfolk . The game features an in @-@ game clock and day @-@ night system that affects the townsfolk and some of the creatures in the field ( namely , the Minku - creatures from whom Musashi can obtain berries to increase his overall health stat ) , as well as forcing the player to pay attention to Musashi 's fatigue rating that goes up over time with lack of sleep , which as the name implies will have a deteriorating effect on his combative ability . The player can either go to an inn to recover Musashi 's health or make Musashi sleep outdoors without a full recovery and with danger he may be attacked by enemies . To pass time , the player may also opt to collect the various action figures -which resemble more detailed models of nearly all the characters and monsters- available at the town toy store which stocks new items at the start of every chapter . Along the way , Musashi obtains parts from the Legendary Armor which allow him to perform actions such as climbing or performing double jumps . = = Plot = = A boy known as Musashi , reincarnated from the legendary Brave Fencer Musashi who saved the Allucaneet Kingdom from a monster called the Wizard of Darkness 150 years before , is summoned to Allucaneet by its ruler Princess Fillet to save it from the invading Thirstquencher Empire . Musashi is given the blade Fusion , and is charged with the task of obtaining Brave Fencer Musashi 's sword — Lumina , the Sword of Luminescence — before the Thirstquencher Army does . Although Musashi has no intention of saving the kingdom , he agrees to do so in order to return to his homeland . After Musashi recovers Lumina , he finds that most of the people from the Allucaneet kingdom , including Fillet , have been kidnapped by the Thirstquencher Empire . In order to rescue all the residents from Allucaneet and defeat the Empire , Musashi starts searching for the Five Scrolls ; each one holding an elemental power able to greatly augment the sword Lumina 's powers . With help from the treasure hunter Jon , Musashi finds the Earth Scroll and defeats its crest guardian . After its defeat , half @-@ vampire and half @-@ zombie creatures known as Vambees appear in the nearby village . While searching for a way to stop the Vambees , Musashi finds the Water Scroll and defeats its crest guardian in the basement where the Vambees originate . While Musashi searches for the Fire Scroll , Musashi 's rival , Kojiro , kidnaps Princess Fillet and uses her as a hostage to force a battle with Musashi . Kojiro is defeated and Fillet is then rescued . Musashi then searches for thieves from the Thirstquencher Empire and makes his way to the next crest guardian . It is then revealed that Princess Fillet is actually one of Thirstquencher 's thieves disguised and that the real Fillet is still in their hands . Musashi then continues his journey , finds the Wind Scroll , and defeats its crest guardian in an ants ' nest . After finding the fifth and final Scroll , the Sky Scroll , Musashi discovers Thirstquencher 's base , a floating ship known as the Soda Fountain . Musashi attacks the base and defeats the Sky Guardian . Thirstquencher 's leader , Flatski , forces Musashi to give him Lumina in exchange for the Princess , and frees the Sky Crest . However , this unleashes the Wizard of Darkness , who was sealed within Brave Fencer Musashi 's sword Lumina the entire time . It is also revealed by Jon that the original Brave Fencer Musashi sealed The Dark Wizard within the sword . Furthermore , it was Brave Fencer Musashi who entrusted the crests to the crest guardians to prevent The Dark Wizard 's seal within Lumina from being broken . In effect , the present Musashi 's quest merely aided The Dark Wizard 's revival . Musashi recovers Lumina and uses it to defeat The Dark Wizard . After returning the Princess to Allucaneet Kingdom , Musashi takes Lumina to the place where he found it . = = Development = = Executive producer Hironobu Sakaguchi stated that the idea for the game first came up in February 1997 . The original idea for Brave Fencer Musashi was having Miyamoto Musashi fighting in an alternate world from where he belonged . While the game conceptualized as an action oriented , Musashi was originally meant to be a wanderer . However , he was later changed to an itinerant Samaritan in order to have him interacting and helping other characters . During development , the team used an action base which was crucial to the game 's fighting mechanics . Director Yoichi Yoshimoto was focused on the game 's fully polygonal aspects that were a departure from Square 's previous works . The development team prioritized the movement of polygons in real time and how light affected their appearance . When developing the characters for the game , Sakaguchi did not have a positive opinion of how popular would the game become . However , after the staff designed the graphics and the gameplay , he was surprised by the work , commenting that it was more interesting . The characters were designed by Koji Matsuoka and illustrated by Tetsuya Nomura . When the game was localized for an English release , translators had to change alcohol @-@ based names with soda @-@ pop names due to problems with rating boards . This resulted in several jokes being lost in translation . The game 's English title was changed from " Brave Fencer Musashiden " to " Brave Fencer Musashi " in order to avoid confusing non @-@ Japanese players about the titular character 's name , as " Musashiden " means Musashi 's story . The game 's musical score was composed and produced by Tsuyoshi Sekito , who had never previously worked with Square . The Brave Fencer Musashiden : Original Soundtrack was released by DigiCube in Japan on July 23 , 1998 ; it consists of 78 tracks spanning two compact discs in a boxset . = = Release = = Brave Fencer Musashi was originally released in Japan on July 16 , 1998 . It was re @-@ released on June 29 , 2000 as part of Square 's Millennium Collection along with merchandise including postcards , a combination camera and cellphone strap , a handy strap , and keychain fobs . Another Japanese re @-@ release was for the PlayStation Network on July 9 , 2008 . In the North American market , it was packaged on October 31 , 1998 with the PlayStation 1998 Collector 's CD Vol.2 , which contained a demo of Final Fantasy VIII . A simplified Japan @-@ exclusive mobile phone adaptation retitled Musashi : Mobile Samurai was released in 2005 . After the release of the game , plans were made for a sequel , but were then delayed for years . A PlayStation 2 sequel , titled Musashi : Samurai Legend , was developed by Square Enix and was released worldwide in 2005 . = = Reception = = Brave Fencer Musashi sold approximately 648 @,@ 803 copies in Japan during 1998 , making it the 17th best @-@ selling game of the year in that region . The game was given a 32 out of 40 by Famitsu magazine . The game received positive reviews from critics , with Metacritic giving it a 81 out of 100 . GameSpot reviewer James Mielke praised the graphics , calling them " very well done " and superior to other Square RPGs of the time . IGN and GamePro 's reviews by Randy Nelson and Air Hendrix , respectively , similarly praised the game 's " excellent visual design " . GameSpot and GamePro reviews also praised the voice acting quality , while Nelson noted the " stellar soundtrack " but found the voice acting to be annoying . The gameplay was also positively received ; for example , Hendrix from GamePro shared his opinion that the game did well with management of the games time . Nelson and Hendrix from IGN and GamePro both emphasized their enjoyment of the games action elements . GameSpot , while feeling that the action elements were the primary focus of the game , still liked the wide variety of role @-@ playing elements present . Nelson from IGN , however , wished that the role @-@ playing elements had been reduced even further in favor of the action parts of the game . All three reviewers compared the game to The Legend of Zelda , such as Mielke from GameSpot who had discussed the game to release as a direct competitor to that series . Both GameSpot and IGN felt that the comparison was invalid , as Musashi focused much more on action than role @-@ playing , resulting in a game that was not a direct competitor at all .
= Mise of Lewes = The Mise of Lewes was a settlement made on 14 May 1264 between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons , led by Simon de Montfort . The settlement was made on the day of the Battle of Lewes , one of the two major battles of the Second Barons ' War . The conflict between king and magnates was caused by dissatisfaction with the influence of foreigners at court and Henry 's high level and new methods of taxation . In 1258 Henry was forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford , which essentially left royal government in the hands of a council of magnates , but this document went through a long series of revocations and reinstatements . In 1263 , as the country was on the brink of civil war , the two parties agreed to submit the matter to arbitration by the French king Louis IX . Louis was a firm believer in the royal prerogative , and decided clearly in favour of Henry . The outcome was unacceptable for the rebellious barons , and war between the two parties broke out almost immediately . The Mise of Lewes was signed on the day of Montfort 's victory at the Battle of Lewes , though it is not known whether it happened during or after the battle . Neither are the terms of the document known , though it seems clear that they involved conditions for further negotiations . These efforts at a permanent settlement fell through , however , and the support for Montfort 's government gradually eroded . Henry 's oldest son , Edward – the later King Edward I – started a military campaign that ended in the Battle of Evesham in August 1265 , where Earl Simon was defeated and killed . Parts of the baronial resistance still held out , but by the end of 1266 the final besieged garrison at Kenilworth Castle surrendered . The rebels were given pardons according to terms set out in the Dictum of Kenilworth . = = Background = = By 1264 , the reign of Henry III was deeply troubled by disputes between the king and his nobility . The conflict was caused by several factors : the influence of foreigners at court , a wasteful war over the crown of Sicily , and a personal dispute between King Henry and Simon de Montfort , Earl of Leicester . In 1258 , Henry was forced to accept the so @-@ called Provisions of Oxford , whereby he effectively surrendered control of royal government to a council of magnates . In 1259 the baronial program of reform was further elaborated upon in the Provisions of Westminster . The provisions remained in effect for three years ; it was not until 1261 that Henry was able to move against the opposition . Receiving the papal annulment of the provisions his emissaries had campaigned for , he re @-@ assumed control of government . Over the next two years , however , discontent re @-@ emerged over Henry 's style of government . He failed to be reconciled with Montfort , and he also alienated Gloucester 's son and heir Gilbert . In April 1263 Montfort returned to England after a long stay in France , and reignited the reform movement . On 16 July Henry was surrounded by rebel forces in the Tower of London , and once more forced to accept the conditions of the provisions . Prince Edward – the later King Edward I – now took control of the situation . In October Edward took Windsor Castle , and the baronial alliance started to break up . Cornered , Montfort had to accept a truce and agree to submit the issue to arbitration by the French king Louis IX . By the Mise of Amiens , Louis decided entirely in favour of Henry , and repudiated the provisions . The settlement did not present a solution to the conflict , but rather a recipe for further problems . The one @-@ sided decision for the king and against the barons left Montfort with little choice but armed rebellion . Hostilities started already in February , when Montfort 's sons , Henry and another Simon , attacked the possessions of Roger Mortimer in the Marches . Henry summoned the feudal army , and the royal forces won an important victory at Northampton , where the younger Simon was captured . Montfort was still in control of London , as Henry regained control over Kent and Sussex . Montfort marched out of London to negotiate , but the terms – involving maintaining the provisions – were rejected by the king . The only option remaining was to fight , and the two forces met at Lewes on 14 May 1264 . In spite of inferior numbers , the baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort won the battle . Edward , commanding the right wing , quickly defeated the London forces . When he set out in pursuit of the fleeing soldiers , however , he left the rest of the royal army exposed . The baronial forces took advantage of the situation , and soon won the day . = = Settlement = = Since no documents exist to confirm the content of the Mise of Lewes , there has been much debate among historians over its content , and the circumstances under which it was written . Noël Denholm @-@ Young , in an article published in 1933 , made a conjecture on what the main points of the agreement were . The first point , according to Denholm @-@ Young , was that Prince Edward and his cousin , Henry of Almain , should be given over to the barons as hostages . Secondly , those of the baronial party who had been taken hostage at Northampton were to be released . Thirdly , those who had taken hostages from the royalist party at the Battle of Lewes were to receive ransom . Finally , it was agreed that a committee of French clergy and nobles should arbitrate over a permanent settlement . This interpretation has been largely followed by later historians . One contentious point in Denholm @-@ Young 's article was his assertion that there was no mention of the Provisions of Oxford in the Mise of Lewes . This was an idea that John Maddicott strongly contested in an 1983 article . According to Maddicott , the provisions had been at the centre of Montfort 's opposition over the last six years , and it was unlikely that he would give them up so easily . Nevertheless , Montfort showed willingness to negotiate the terms of the provisions . As such , the Mise of Lewes was a moderate document ; Montfort wanted to avoid a repetition of the situation after the Mise of Amiens . Rather it was external circumstances outside of Montfort 's control that led to the eventual failure of the negotiations between the royalists and the barons . This interpretation was challenged by David Carpenter two years later , in 1985 . Montfort had no intention to compromise with the royalists at all , according to Carpenter . In Carpenter 's version of events , the Mise of Lewes was written while the battle was still ongoing , not after the battle was over , as previously assumed . This put Montfort in a situation where concessions were necessary , in order to bring hostilities to a halt as soon as possible . Once the battle was over and government in Montfort 's hands , he had no longer any interest in reaching a compromise with the royalists , and that was why hostilities continued . This dating of the document , however , has later been disputed by D. W. Burton , who maintains that the document was in fact signed after the battle was concluded . = = Aftermath = = The government led by Montfort soon ran into problems ; he faced poor finances , general disorder , and the threat of invasion from exiled royalists in France . It was decided – since the French arbitration committee had come to nothing – to set up a provisional administration , consisting of Montfort , the young Earl of Gloucester , and the Bishop of Chichester . These three were to elect a council of nine , to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached . By the Peace of Canterbury in August , Henry and Edward were forced to accept even stricter terms than those of the Mise of Lewes . According to this new agreement , the current form of government was to remain in force throughout the reign of King Henry , and into that of Edward . To keep the borders safe , Montfort had been forced to release Roger Mortimer and other royalist Marcher lords after the Battle of Lewes . In December , Montfort forced Mortimer , Roger de Clifford and Roger de Leybourne to promise to leave the country for Ireland . Then , in January , he summoned a parliament at Leicester which became known as Montfort 's Parliament , including representatives from the shires and boroughs ; an innovation in English government . Here Montfort secured the support of the community of the realm for his continued reign . Montfort 's success was illusory , however . The terms of the Peace of Canterbury were rejected by a papal legate in negotiations at Boulogne . Meanwhile , the Marcher lords did not leave the country , and remained a thorn in the side of the regime . The triumvirate at the head of government broke up when the Earl of Gloucester defected to the royalist side . In May , Edward was able to escape captivity , with Gloucester 's help . Edward started on a campaign of re @-@ conquest , while Montfort was forced to suppress a rebellion in the Marches . He succeeded only by making large concessions to Llewelyn , and then moved east to join forces with his son Simon . Edward , however , routed the younger Simon at Kenilworth Castle . On 4 August 1265 Montfort found himself trapped at Evesham , forced to give battle with a much smaller army than the royals . The battle soon turned into a massacre ; Montfort himself was killed and mutilated on the field . Even with Montfort dead resistance remained , particularly at the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle . In October 1266 the Dictum of Kenilworth set down terms by which the rebels could obtain pardons , and by the end of the year the garrison surrendered .
= Maine @-@ class battleship = The three Maine @-@ class battleships — Maine , Missouri , and Ohio — were built at the turn of the 20th century for the United States Navy . Based on the preceding Illinois class , they incorporated several significant technological advances over the earlier ships . They were the first American battleships to incorporate Krupp cemented armor , which was stronger than Harvey armor , smokeless powder , which allowed for higher @-@ velocity guns and water @-@ tube boilers , which were more efficient and lighter . The Maines were armed with four 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns and sixteen 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) guns , and they could steam at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , a significant increase over the Illinois class . The three Maine @-@ class battleships served in a variety of roles throughout their careers . Maine and Missouri remained in the Atlantic Fleet for their careers , though Ohio initially served with the Asiatic Fleet from 1904 to 1907 . All three ships took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet in 1907 – 1909 , though Maine 's excessive coal consumption forced her to proceed independently for most of the voyage . Missouri was used as a training ship for much of the rest of her career , and Ohio took part in the American intervention in the Mexican Revolution in 1914 . All three ships were employed as training ships during World War I. After the war , all three ships were withdrawn from service between 1919 and 1920 before being sold for scrap in 1922 and 1923 and broken up . = = Design = = By 1897 , the US Navy had five battleships under construction , and no plans to request additional units for 1898 . With the destruction of the armored cruiser Maine in Havana harbor and the subsequent declaration of war on Spain on 25 April 1898 , however , a large naval expansion program was passed through Congress . The program called for three new battleships , the first one which would be named for the destroyed Maine . Design work began immediately , though the broad parameters for the new battleships proved to be contentious . The Board on Construction advocated a design based on Iowa , to be armed with 13- , 8- , and 6 @-@ inch ( 330 , 203 , and 152 mm ) guns , though others on the board argued that repeating the Illinois class , which was armed with 12 in ( 300 mm ) and 6 in guns and had a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) , would save construction time . Additionally , they pointed out that 8 in guns could not be incorporated within the displacement limit . Several important technological advances had become available by this time , however , which necessitated several changes to the design . The advent of smokeless powder permitted smaller guns with greater muzzle velocities ; the Navy had accordingly designed a 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) 40 @-@ caliber high @-@ velocity gun . In addition , Krupp cemented armor had been developed in Germany ; the steel was a significant improvement over the older Harvey process . Since the steel was stronger , thinner armor plating could achieve the same level of protection and more importantly , significant savings in weight . Water @-@ tube boilers were also now sufficiently reliable for use in warships . These were lighter and substantially more efficient than older fire @-@ tube boilers . Shortly after the three ships had been authorized , the Navy learned that the Russian battleship Retvizan , recently ordered from William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia , would be capable of steaming at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , a margin of 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) over the Maine design . The Navy requested that the shipyards submitting designs for the contract increase the speed of their proposed ships to match the Russian vessel . Cramp & Sons responded by lengthening the hull by 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) to increase its fineness ( and thus reduce drag ) and incorporate new Niclausse boilers , while the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company lengthened the hull by 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) and increased the horsepower of the propulsion system by sixty percent , to 16 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 000 kW ) . Ultimately , the Newport design was chosen for the new ships . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = The ships of the Maine class were 388 feet ( 118 m ) long at the waterline and 393 ft 11 in ( 120 @.@ 07 m ) long overall . They had a beam of 72 ft 3 in ( 22 @.@ 02 m ) and a draft of 23 ft 9 in ( 7 @.@ 24 m ) to 24 ft 4 in ( 7 @.@ 42 m ) . They displaced 12 @,@ 362 to 12 @,@ 846 long tons ( 12 @,@ 560 to 13 @,@ 052 t ) as designed and up to 13 @,@ 700 long tons ( 13 @,@ 900 t ) at full load . The ships had a metacentric height of 2 @.@ 36 ft ( 0 @.@ 72 m ) . They had a forecastle deck that extended to the main mast . As built , they were fitted with heavy military masts with fighting tops , but these were replaced by cage masts in 1909 . They had a crew of 40 officers and 521 enlisted men , which increased to 779 – 813 officers and men . The ships were powered by two @-@ shaft triple @-@ expansion steam engines rated at 16 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 000 kW ) . Steam was provided by twelve coal @-@ fired Thornycroft boilers for Missouri and Ohio , and twenty @-@ four Niclausse boilers for Maine , which were trunked into three tall funnels amidships . The ships ' engines generated a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , though Ohio only made 17 @.@ 82 knots ( 33 @.@ 00 km / h ; 20 @.@ 51 mph ) on her speed trials . Normal coal capacity was 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) , though Maine could carry up to 1 @,@ 867 long tons ( 1 @,@ 897 t ) , Missouri had capacity for 1 @,@ 837 long tons ( 1 @,@ 866 t ) , and Ohio could store 2 @,@ 150 long tons ( 2 @,@ 180 t ) of coal . At a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , the ships had a designed endurance of 4 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 600 mi ) , though they could steam for 5 @,@ 660 nmi ( 10 @,@ 480 km ; 6 @,@ 510 mi ) at that speed . Ohio 's significantly greater coal capacity allowed her to cruise for 6 @,@ 560 nmi ( 12 @,@ 150 km ; 7 @,@ 550 mi ) at that speed . Steering was controlled by a single rudder , and the ships had a turning radius of 350 yards ( 320 m ) at 10 knots . = = = Armament = = = The ships were armed with a main battery of four 12 inch / 40 Mark 3 guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline , one forward and aft . The guns fired a 870 @-@ pound ( 390 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 feet per second ( 730 m / s ) . The turrets were Mark IV mounts , which required the guns to be horizontal to be reloaded . These mounts could elevate to 15 degrees and depress to -5 degrees , and they were electrically operated , and the guns could be operated independently . The secondary battery consisted of sixteen 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) / 45 Mark 6 guns , which were placed in casemates in the hull . Ten were mounted in a battery on the upper deck , four more were located in another battery directly above on the forecastle deck , and the last two were placed in sponsoned casemates in the bow . They fired a 105 lb ( 48 kg ) shell at 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ( 850 m / s ) . For close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats , they carried six 3 @-@ inch / 50 guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull , eight 3 @-@ pounder guns , and six 1 @-@ pounder guns . As was standard for capital ships of the period , the Maine @-@ class battleships carried two 18 in ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , submerged in her hull on the broadside . They were initially equipped with the Mark II Whitehead design , which carried a 140 @-@ pound ( 64 kg ) warhead and had a range of 800 yards ( 730 m ) at a speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) . = = = Armor = = = The ships ' armor consisted of both Krupp cemented and Harvey steel . Their main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and tapered down to 5 @.@ 5 in ( 140 mm ) on the lower edge . The belt was 8 in ( 203 mm ) elsewhere and reduced to 4 in ( 102 mm ) on the bottom edge . The belt extended from 3 ft 3 in ( 0 @.@ 99 m ) above the waterline to 4 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 30 m ) below . The main deck was 2 @.@ 5 in ( 64 mm ) thick and was increased slightly to 2 @.@ 75 in ( 70 mm ) on the sloped sides that connected it to the belt . The deck was increased to 4 in at the stern . The main battery gun turrets had 12 in thick faces , and the supporting barbettes had the same thickness of armor plating on their exposed sides . 9 in ( 229 mm ) thick bulkheads connected the belt with the barbettes ; behind these , the barbettes were protected with 8 in of steel . Armor that was 6 in thick protected the secondary battery . The conning tower had 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick sides with a 2 in ( 51 mm ) thick roof . = = Construction = = = = Service history = = After Maine and Missouri entered service , they were assigned to the North Atlantic Fleet , while Ohio , built on the West Coast of the United States , was instead sent to serve as the flagship of the Asiatic Fleet based in the Philippines . In April 1904 , a turret fire killed 36 men aboard Missouri , but the quick action of three men prevented the fire from reaching the magazines and destroying the ship , for which they were awarded the Medal of Honor . In 1907 , Ohio returned from the western Pacific and joined her sisters in what was now the Atlantic Fleet . During this period , Maine served as the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet until she was relieved in April 1907 . In December 1907 , the three ships and the other battleships in the Atlantic Fleet steamed out of Hampton Roads , Virginia , at the start of the cruise of the Great White Fleet . The fleet steamed south , around South America and back north to the US west coast . Maine was detached owing to her excessive use of coal along with the battleship Alabama ; the two ships continued the journey independently and on a greatly shortened itinerary . The rest of the ships then crossed the Pacific and stopped in Australia , the Philippines , and Japan before continuing on through the Indian Ocean . They transited the Suez Canal and toured the Mediterranean before crossing the Atlantic , arriving bank in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 for a naval review with President Theodore Roosevelt . Over the following six years , the ships had fairly uneventful careers . Missouri spent most of the time out of active service , only recommissioning for summer training cruises with midshipmen from the US Naval Academy . In 1914 , Ohio was sent to Mexican waters to protect American interests in the country during the Mexican Revolution . After the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany on 6 April 1917 , all three ships were used to train naval recruits for the expanding wartime fleet . Following the German surrender in November 1918 , Missouri was used to ferry American soldiers back from France , though the other two vessels were not so employed , since their short range and lack of sufficient accommodations would have made them inefficient transports . The three ships remained in active service only very briefly after the war . Ohio was decommissioned in January 1919 and Missouri and Maine followed in September 1919 and May 1920 , respectively . All three ships were sold for scrap , with Maine and Missouri going to the breakers ' yard in January 1922 and Ohio joining them in March 1923 .
= The Boat Race 1991 = The 137th Boat Race took place on 30 March 1991 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford , whose crew contained one of only two men to have rowed for both universities , won by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie defeated Oxford 's Isis , while Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1990 race by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 69 victories to Oxford 's 66 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The race was sponsored by Beefeater Gin . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed 9 @.@ 5 pounds ( 4 @.@ 3 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Oxford crew 's average age was 22 , while Cambridge were , on average , half a year younger . Richard Young , Oxford 's bow , had rowed for Cambridge in the 1990 race , making him one of only two men to earn a rowing Blue for both Universities . Both crews contained former Blues ; Cambridge saw Richard Staite , Guy Pooley and Adam Wright return , while Oxford welcomed Young , Calman Maclennan , Matthew Pinsent and Rupert Obholzer . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Rating higher , Cambridge took an early lead under the guidance of experienced stroke Adam Wright , and were almost a length up after two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes . By the Mile Post , the lead was just a second and the long bend around Harrods Furniture Depository , afforded Oxford the advantage , and by Hammersmith Bridge the Dark Blues were over two seconds ahead . Extending their lead to seven seconds by Chiswick Steps , Oxford took control of the race and passed under Barnes Bridge with a twelve @-@ second advantage . Oxford passed the finishing post in a time of 16 minutes 59 seconds , the third @-@ fastest time in the history of the Boat Race , winning their 18th race in 23 years . The Beefeater Gin Trophy was presented to the victorious Oxford Boat Club president Obholzer by the Princess Royal . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie won by four lengths over Isis , their fourth victory in five years . Oxford won the 46th Women 's Boat Race by three lengths in a time of 7 minutes and 29 seconds , their second victory in four years . = = Reaction = = Oxford 's finishing coach was surprised that Cambridge made such a good start , while his counterpart , Stephen Peel , had hoped that his crew would " rattle Oxford by breaking contact " . Winning head coach Stephen Royle praised his stroke , Obholzer : " Rupert was brilliant . He took the race by the scruff of the neck . " Despite Michels shouting " see you at the finish " as his boat pulled away from Cambridge , and a celebration considered " street @-@ gang @-@ style prancing " by the Oxford crew , Michels explained : " without Cambridge , there is no race . The beauty of the event is the personal conflict , and that is what it brings out in the crowds . "
= Kola Peninsula = The Kola Peninsula ( from Kildin Sami : Куэлнэгк нёаррк , Kuelnegk njoarrk ; Northern Sami : Guoládatnjárga , Russian : Ко ́ льский полуо ́ стров , Kolsky poluostrov , ) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia . Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast , it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast . The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula , with a population of over 300 @,@ 000 as of the 2010 Census . Despite the peninsula 's northerly location , its proximity to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter , but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea . Summers are rather chilly , with the average July temperature of only 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) . The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north , where permafrost limits the growth of the trees resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses . The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals , and its rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon . The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve , established to protect the population of common eider , is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf . While the north of the peninsula was already settled in the 7th – 5th millennium BCE , the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BCE , when various peoples started to arrive from the south . However , by the 1st millennium CE only the Sami people remained . This changed in the 12th century , when Russian Pomors discovered the peninsula 's game and fish riches . Soon after , the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic , and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands . No permanent settlements , however , were established by the Novgorodians until the 15th century . The Novgorod Republic lost control of the peninsula to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1471 , but the Russian migration did not stop . Several new settlements were established during the 16th century , and the Sami and Pomor people were forced into serfdom . In the second half of the 16th century , the peninsula became a subject of dispute between the Tsardom of Russia and the Kingdom of Denmark – Norway , which resulted in the strengthening of the Russian position . By the end of the 19th century , the indigenous Sami population had been mostly forced north by the Russians as well as by newly arriving Izhma Komi and Kominized Nenets ( so @-@ called Yaran people ) , who migrated here to escape a reindeer disease epidemics in their home lands in the Southeast of the White Sea . The original administrative and economic center of the area was the town of Kola , situated at the estuary of the Kola River into the Kola Bay . However , in 1916 , Romanov @-@ na @-@ Murmane ( now Murmansk ) was founded and quickly became the largest city and port on the peninsula . The Soviet period saw a rapid increase of the population , although most of it remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads . The Sami people were subject to forced collectivization , including forced relocation to the town of Lovozero and other centralized settlements , and overall the peninsula was heavily industrialized and militarized , largely due to its strategic position and the discovery of the vast apatite deposits in the 1920s . As a result , the ecology of the peninsula suffered major ecological damage , including contamination by military nuclear waste and nickel smelting . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the economy went into decline and the population quickly started to decrease . Between 1989 and 2002 , Murmansk Oblast lost almost a quarter of its population ; and almost 100 @,@ 000 more between 2002 and 2010 . Nevertheless , the economy rebounded somewhat in the first decade of the 2000s and the peninsula remains the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia . = = Geography = = = = = Location and overview = = = The peninsula is located in the far northwest of Russia , almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is washed by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast . Geologically , the peninsula occupies the northeastern edge of the Baltic Shield . The western border of the peninsula stretches along the meridian from the Kola Bay through the valley of the Kola River , Lake Imandra , and the Niva River to the Kandalaksha Gulf , although some sources push it all the way west to Russia 's border with Finland . Under a more restrictive definition , the peninsula covers an area of about 100 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 39 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The northern coast is steep and high , while the southern coast is flat . The western part of the peninsula is covered by two mountain ranges : the Khibiny Mountains and the Lovozero Massif ; the former contains the highest point of the peninsula — Mount Chasnachorr , the height of which is 1 @,@ 191 meters ( 3 @,@ 907 ft ) . The Keyvy drainage divide lies in the central part . The mountainous reliefs of the Murman and Kandalaksha Coasts stretch from southeast to northwest , mirroring the peninsula 's main orographic features . Administratively , the territory of the peninsula consists of Lovozersky and Tersky Districts , parts of Kandalakshsky and Kolsky Districts , as well as the territories subordinated to the cities and towns of Murmansk , Ostrovnoy , Severomorsk , Kirovsk , and parts of the territories subordinated to Apatity , Olenegorsk , and Polyarnye Zori . = = = Natural resources = = = Because the last ice age removed the top sediment layer of the soil , the Kola Peninsula is on the surface extremely rich in various ores and minerals , including apatites and nephelines ; copper , nickel , and iron ores ; mica ; kyanites ; ceramic materials , as well as rare earth elements and non @-@ ferrous ores . Deposits of construction materials such as granite , quartzite , and limestone are also abundant . Diatomaceous earth deposits are common near lakes and are used to produce insulation . = = = Climate = = = Proximity of the peninsula to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter , resulting in significant temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea and in fluctuating temperatures during high winds . Cyclones are typical during the cold seasons , while the warm seasons are characterized by anticyclones . Monsoon winds are common in most areas , with south and southwesterly winds prevailing in winter months and with somewhat more pronounced easterly winds in summer . Strong storm winds blow for 80 – 120 days a year . The waters of the Murman Coast remain warm enough to remain ice @-@ free even in winter . Precipitation levels on the peninsula are rather high : 1 @,@ 000 millimeters ( 39 in ) in the mountains , 600 – 700 millimeters ( 24 – 28 in ) on the Murman Coast , and 500 – 600 millimeters ( 20 – 24 in ) in other areas . The wettest months are August through October , while March and April are the driest . The average temperature in January is about − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) , with lower temperatures typical in the central parts of the peninsula . The average temperature in July is about + 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) . Record lows reach − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) in the central parts and − 35 to − 40 ° C ( − 31 to − 40 ° F ) on the coasts . Record highs exceed + 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) almost on all the territory of the peninsula . First frosts occur as early as August and may last through May and even June . = = = Flora and fauna = = = The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north . In the tundra , cold and windy conditions and permafrost limit the growth of the trees , resulting in a landscape dominated by grasses , wildflowers , and shrubs such as dwarf birch and cloudberry . In northern coastal areas , stony and shrub lichens are common . The taiga in the southern areas is composed mostly of pine trees and firs . Reindeer herds visit the grasslands in summer . Other animals include red and Arctic foxes , wolverines , moose , otters , and lynx in the southern areas . American minks , which were released near the Olenitsa River in 1935 – 1936 , are now common throughout the peninsula and are commercially hunted . Beavers , which became endangered by 1880 , were re @-@ introduced in 1934 – 1957 . All in all , thirty @-@ two species of mammals and up to two hundred bird species inhabit the peninsula . Beluga whales are the only cetacean being common around the peninsula . Other dolphins , including Atlantic white @-@ sided dolphins , white @-@ beaked dolphins , and harbor porpoises , as well as large whales , such as bowhead , humpback , blue , and finback , also visit the area . The coasts of the Kandalaksha Gulf and the Barents Sea are important breeding grounds for bearded seals and ringed seals . Gray seals are rare and endemic to the Barents Sea . Greenland seals , or harp seals , also can be seen from time to time . Twenty @-@ nine species of fresh water fish are recognized on the territory of peninsula , including trout , stickleback , northern pike , and European perch . The rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon , which return from Greenland and the Faroe Islands to spawn in fresh water . As a result of this , a recreational fishery has been developed , with a number of remote lodges and camps available to host sport @-@ fishermen . The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve , established in 1932 to protect the population of common eider , is organized in thirteen clusters located in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the Kola Peninsula and along the coasts of the Barents Sea . = = = Hydrology = = = The Kola Peninsula has many small but fast @-@ moving rivers with rapids . The most important of them are the Ponoy , the Varzuga , the Umba , the Teriberka , the Voronya , and the Yokanga . Most rivers originate from lakes and swamps and collect their waters from melting snow . The rivers become icebound during the winter , although the areas with strong rapids freeze later or not at all . Major lakes include Imandra , Umbozero , and Lovozero . There are no lakes with an area smaller than 0 @.@ 01 square kilometers ( 0 @.@ 0039 sq mi ) . Recreational fishery is developed in the region . = = = Ecology = = = The Kola Peninsula as a whole suffered major ecological damage , mostly as a result of pollution from the military ( particularly naval ) production , industrial mining of apatite , and military nuclear waste . About 137 active and 140 decommissioned or idle naval nuclear reactors , produced by the Soviet military , remain on the peninsula . For thirty years , nuclear waste had been dumped into the sea by the Northern Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company . There is also evidence of contamination from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , with contaminants being found in the flesh of reindeer and other animals , and from the 1972 and 1984 controlled nuclear explosions 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northwest of Kirovsk . Additionally , several nuclear weapons test ranges and radioactive waste storage facilities exist on the peninsula . The main industrial pollution source is Norilsk Nickel in Monchegorsk — the large smelters responsible for over 80 % of the sulfur dioxide emissions and for nearly all nickel and copper emissions . Other polluters of note include the thermal power stations in Apatity and Murmansk . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The Rybachy Peninsula in the north of the Kola Peninsula was already settled in the 7th – 5th millennium BCE . In the 3rd – 2nd millennium BCE , the peninsula was settled by the peoples who arrived there from the south ( the territory of modern Karelia ) . By the end of the 1st millennium CE , the peninsula was settled only by the Sami people , who did not have their own state , lived in clans ruled by elders , and were engaged mostly in reindeer herding and fishing . In the 12th century , Russian Pomors from the shores of the Onega Bay and in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina River discovered the peninsula and its game and fish riches . The Pomors organized regular hunting and fishing visits and started barter trade with the Sami . They also called the White Sea coast of the peninsula Tersky Coast ( Те ́ рский бе ́ рег ) or Terskaya Land ( Те ́ рская земля ́ ) . By the end of the 12th century , the Pomors explored all northern coast of the peninsula and reached Finnmark ( an area in the north of Norway ) , necessitating the Norwegians to support a naval guard in that area . The name given by the Pomors to the northern coast was " Murman " — a distorted form of " Norman " . = = = Novgorodians = = = Pomors were soon followed by tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic , and the Kola Peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands . A 1265 treaty of Yaroslav Yaroslavich with Novgorod mentions Tre Volost ( волость Тре ) , which is later also mentioned in other documents dated as late as 1471 . In addition to Tre , Novgorodian documents of the 13th – 15th centuries also mention Kolo Volost , which bordered Tre approximately along the line between Kildin Island and Turiy Headland of the Turiy Peninsula . Kolo Volost lay to the west of that line , while Tre was situated to the east of it . By the 13th century , a need to formalize the border between the Novgorod Republic and the Scandinavian countries became evident . The Novgorodians , along with the Karelians who came from the south , reached the coast of what now is Pechengsky District and the portion of the coast of Varangerfjord near the Voryema River , which now is a part of Norway . The Sami population was forced to pay tribute . The Norwegians , however , were also attempting to take control of these lands , resulting in armed conflicts . In 1251 , a conflict between the Karelians , Novgorodians and the servants of the king of Norway lead to the establishment of a Novgorodian mission in Norway . Also in 1251 , the first treaty with Norway was signed in Novgorod regarding the Sami lands and the system of tribute collections , making the Sami people pay tribute to both Novgorod and Norway . By the terms of the treaty , Novgorodians could collect tribute from the Sami as far as Lyngen fjord in the west , while Norwegians could collect tribute on the territory of the whole Kola Peninsula except in the eastern part of Tersky Coast . No state borders were established by the 1251 treaty . The treaty lead to a short period of peace , but the armed conflicts resumed soon thereafter . Chronicles document attacks by the Novgorodians and the Karelians on Finnmark and northern Norway as early as 1271 , and continuing well into the 14th century . The official border between the Novgorod lands and the lands of Sweden and Norway was established by the Treaty of Nöteborg on August 12 , 1323 . The treaty primarily focused on the Karelian Isthmus border and the border north of Lake Ladoga . Another treaty dealing the matters of the northern borders was the Treaty of Novgorod signed with Norway in 1326 , which ended the decades of the Norwegian @-@ Novgorodian border skirmishes in Finnmark . Per the terms of this treaty , Norway relinquished all claims to the Kola Peninsula . However , the treaty did not address the situation with the Sami people paying tribute to both Norway and Novgorod , and the practice continued until 1602 . While the 1326 treaty did not define the border in detail , it confirmed the 1323 border demarcation , which remained more or less unchanged for the next six hundred years , until 1920 . In the 15th century , Novgorodians started to establish permanent settlements on the peninsula . Umba and Varzuga , the first documented permanent settlements of the Novgorodians , date back to 1466 . Over time , all coastal areas to the west of the Pyalitsa River had been settled , creating a territory where the population was mostly Novgorodian . Administratively , this territory was divided into Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts , which were governed by a posadnik from the area of the Northern Dvina . The Novgorod Republic lost control of both of these volosts to the Grand Duchy of Moscow after the Battle of Shelon in 1471 , and the republic itself ceased to exist in 1478 when Ivan III took the city of Novgorod . All Novgorod territories , including those on the Kola Peninsula , became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . = = = Russian settlement = = = Russian migration to the peninsula continued into the 16th century , when new settlements such as Kandalaksha and Porya @-@ Guba were established . Kola was first mentioned in 1565 . In the end of the 15th century , the Pomors and the Sami people were forced into serfdom , mostly by the monasteries . Monastery votchinas greatly expanded during the 17th century , but were abolished in 1764 , when all of the Kola Peninsula peasants became state peasants . In the second half of the 16th century , King Frederick II of Denmark – Norway demanded that the Tsardom of Russia cede the peninsula . Russia declined , and in order to organize adequate defenses established the position of a voyevoda . The voyevoda sat in Kola , which became the administrative center of the region . Prior to that , the administrative duties were performed by the tax collectors from Kandalaksha . Newly established Kolsky Uyezd covered most of the territory of the peninsula ( with the exception of Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts , which were a part of Dvinsky Uyezd ) , as well as the northern part of Karelia all the way to Lendery . Despite the economic activity , permanent settlement of the peninsula did not intensify until the 1860s and even then it remained sporadic until 1917 . The population of Kola in 1880 , for example , was only around 500 inhabitants living in 80 households , compared to 1 @,@ 900 inhabitants in 300 households living there in 1582 . Transportation facilities were virtually non @-@ existent and the communication with the rest of Russia irregular . 1887 saw an influx of Izhma Komi and Nenets people who were migrating to the peninsula to escape a reindeer disease epidemic in their home lands and brought their large deer herds with them , resulting in increased competition for the grazing lands , a conflict between the Komi and the Sami , and in marginalization of the local Sami population . By the end of the 19th century , the Sami population had mostly been forced north , with ethnic Russians settling in the south of the peninsula . In 1894 , the peninsula was visited by the Russian Minister of Finance , who became convinced of the region 's economic potential . Consequently , in 1896 a telephone and a telegraph line were extended to Kola , improving the communication with the mainland . A possibility of building a railway was also considered , but no action was taken at the time . Also in 1896 , Alexandrovsk ( now Polyarny ) was founded , and grew in size so rapidly that it was granted town status in 1899 ; Kolsky Uyezd was renamed Alexandrovsky on that occasion . During World War I , the still poorly developed peninsula suddenly found itself in a strategic position , as the communication between Russia and the Allies was cut and the ice @-@ free harbors of the Murman Coast remained the only means of sending the war supplies to the Eastern Front . In March 1915 , the construction of the railroad was rushed , and the railroad was quickly opened in 1916 , even though it was only partially completed and poorly built . In 1916 , Romanov @-@ na @-@ Murmane ( modern Murmansk ) was founded as the terminal point of the new railroad ; the town quickly grew to become the largest one on the peninsula . = = = Soviet and modern periods = = = Soviet power was established on the territory of the peninsula on November 9 [ O.S. October 26 ] , 1917 , but the territory was occupied by the Triple Entente forces in March 1918 – March 1920 . Alexandrovsky Uyezd was transformed into Murmansk Governorate by the Soviet government in June 1921 . On August 1 , 1927 , the All @-@ Russian Central Executive Committee ( VTsIK ) issued two Resolutions : " On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast " and " On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast " , according to which Murmansk Governorate was transformed into Murmansk Okrug ( which was divided into six districts ) and included into Leningrad Oblast . This arrangement existed until May 28 , 1938 , when the okrug was separated from Leningrad Oblast , merged with Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR , and transformed into modern Murmansk Oblast . All in all , the Soviet period saw a significant increase in population ( 799 @,@ 000 in 1970 vs. 15 @,@ 000 in 1913 ) , although most of the population remained concentrated in the urban localities along the railroads and the sea coast . Most of the sparsely populated territories outside the urbanized areas were used for deer herding . In 1920 – 1940 , the town of Kirovsk and several work settlements were established on the peninsula . The Sami peoples were subject to forced collectivization , with more than half of their reindeer herds collectivized in 1928 – 1930 . In addition , the traditional Sami herding practices were phased out in favor of the more economically profitable Komi approach , which emphasized permanent settlements over free herding . Since the Sami culture is strongly tied to the herding practices , this resulted in the Sami people gradually losing their language and traditional herding knowledge . Most Sami were forced to settle in the village of Lovozero , which became the cultural center of the Sami people in Russia . Those Sami resisting the collectivization were subject to forced labor or death . Various forms of repression against the Sami continued until Stalin 's death in 1953 . In the 1990s , 40 % of the Sami lived in urbanized areas , although some herd reindeer across much of the region . The Sami were not the only people subject to repressions . Thousands of people were sent to Kola in the 1930s – 1950s , and in 2007 over two thousand people — descendants of those forcibly sent here — still live on the peninsula . A significant portion of the people deported to Kola were peasants from southern Russia subjected to dekulakization . Prisoner labor was often used when building new factories and for manning those which were operational : in 1940 , for example , the whole Severonikel Metallurgy Mining Complex was turned over to the NKVD system . = = Population = = Historically , due to its northern location , the peninsula 's population had been sparse : in 1913 , for example , only about 13 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 people lived there ; mostly along the shores . However , the discovery of the vast natural resource deposits and industrialization efforts led to an explosive population growth during the Soviet times . By 1970 , the population of the peninsula was around 799 @,@ 000 . The trend reverted in the 1990s , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The population of the whole Murmansk Oblast went down from 1 @,@ 150 @,@ 000 in 1989 to 890 @,@ 000 in 2002 to 795 @,@ 000 in 2010 . As of the 2010 Census , the population consisted mostly of Russians ( 89 @.@ 0 % ) , Ukrainians ( 4 @.@ 8 % ) , and Belarusians ( 1 @.@ 7 % ) . Other groups of note include Komi ( ~ 1 @,@ 600 inhabitants ) , Sami ( ~ 1 @,@ 600 ) , and Karelians ( ~ 1 @,@ 400 ) . The indigenous Sami people are mostly concentrated in Lovozersky District . = = Economy = = = = = Historical background = = = During the 15th – 16th centuries , the main occupations of the Tersky Coast population were Atlantic salmon fishing , seal hunting , and the extraction of salt from the sea water . The salt extraction in Kandalaksha and Kola was mostly carried out by the monasteries in Pechenga and Solovki , and for a long time remained the only " industry " on the peninsula . By the mid @-@ 16th century , Atlantic cod fishing developed on the Murman Coast in the north . The 1560s saw a rapid growth of international trade , with the Russian merchants from different regions of the country arriving to the peninsula to trade with the merchants from Western Europe . In 1585 , however , the trade was moved to Archangel , although the settlement of Kola was still permitted to trade locally produced goods . During the 17th century , the salt extraction activities gradually went into decline as the locally produced salt was uncompetitive with cheap salt produced in the Kama River regions . Extensive poaching also lead to the significantly reduced outputs from pearl hunting . However , commercial deer herding became more popular , although its share in the economy remained negligible until the 19th century . By the end of the 17th century , the practice of seasonal fishing and hunting settlements in the north of the peninsula became very common . Peter the Great , recognizing the political and economical importance of the peninsula , promoted its industries and commerce ; however , the region fell into neglect after St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 and most of the shipping trade shifted there . In 1732 , large deposits of silver in native form were discovered on Medvezhy Island in the Kandalaksha Gulf and copper , silver , and gold deposits were found in the lower reaches of the Ponoy River . However , despite the efforts ongoing for the next two centuries , there was no commercial success . At the end of the 18th century , the local population learned the practice of peat production from the Norwegians and started using peat for heating . Timber cutting industry developed in the region at the end of the 19th century ; mostly in Kovda and Umba . The Soviet era saw drastic industrialization and militarization of the peninsula . In 1925 – 1926 , significant deposits of apatite were discovered in the Khibiny Mountains , and the first apatite batch was shipped only a few years later , in 1929 . In 1930 , sulfide deposits were discovered in the Moncha area ; in 1932 – 1933 iron ore deposits were found near the upper streams of the Iona River ; and in 1935 , significant deposits of titanium ores were discovered in the area of modern Afrikanda . The collectivization efforts in the 1930s lead to the concentration of the reindeer herds in kolkhozes ( collective farms ) , which , in turn , were further consolidated into a few large @-@ scale state farms in the late 1950s – early 1970s . By the mid @-@ 1970s , the state farms were further consolidated into just two , based in Lovozero and Krasnoshchelye . The consolidations were rationalized by the necessity to isolate the herders from the military installations , as well as by the need to flood some territories to construct hydroelectric plants . Fishing , being the traditional industry of the region , was always considered important , even though the volumes of production remained insignificant until the beginning of the 20th century . In the 1920s – 1930s , the Murmansk Trawl Fleet was created and the fishing infrastructure started to develop intensively . By 1940 , fishing accounted for 40 % of the oblast 's and for 80 % of Murmansk 's economy . During the Cold War , the peninsula served as the naval basing area for a large portion of the Soviet naval and air strategic forces , providing protection from and posing a threat to northern Norway . = = = Modern economy = = = After the economic slump of the 1990s , the economy of the oblast started to rebound during the first decade of the 2000s , although at a rate below the country 's average . Today the Kola Peninsula is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia . The major port of the peninsula is Murmansk , which serves as the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast and does not freeze in winter . Although the strategic importance of the Kola Peninsula has diminished since the Cold War , the peninsula nevertheless still has the highest concentration of nuclear weapons , reactors , and facilities in Russia , with the number of nuclear reactors alone exceeding any other region of the world . Mining is the basis of the oblast 's economy , and mining enterprises remain the principal employers in such monotowns as Apatity , Kirovsk , Zapolyarny , Nikel , and Monchegorsk . The Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company , a division of Norilsk Nickel , conducts nickel- , copper- , and platinum @-@ group @-@ metals @-@ mining operations on the peninsula . Other large mining companies include OAO Apatit , which is the largest producer of phosphates in Europe ; OAO Olcon , one of the leading producers of iron ore concentrates in Russia ; and OAO Kovdorsky GOK , an ore @-@ mining and processing enterprise . The fishing industry , although still operating significantly below the Soviet level of production , remains profitable , supplying 20 % of Russia 's fish in 2006 and with the volumes steadily growing in 2007 – 2010 . Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets , including Russia 's largest , the Murmansk Trawl Fleet . Fish breeding , especially of salmon and trout , is a growing industry . The energy sector is represented by the Kola Nuclear Power Plant near Polyarnye Zori , which produces about half of all energy , and a network of seventeen hydroelectric and two thermal power stations , generating the other half . The energy surplus , accounting for about 20 % of the total generated energy , is transferred to the unified energy system of Russia , as well as exported to Norway and Finland via the NORDEL system . With the economy of the oblast being mostly export @-@ oriented , transportation plays an important role and accounts for 11 % of the Gross Regional Product . On the Kola Peninsula , the transportation network includes ship transport , air transport , automotive transport , electrified public transport , and access to the railways mostly passing through the rest of Murmansk Oblast . The city of Murmansk is an important port on the Northern Sea Route . The largest airports are the Murmansk Airport , which handles international flights to Scandinavian countries , and the joint military @-@ civilian Kirovsk @-@ Apatity Airport located 15 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) southeast of Apatity .
= Kuching = Kuching / ˈkuːtʃɪŋ / ( Jawi : کوچيڠ , Chinese : 古晉 ; pinyin : Gǔjìn ) , officially the City of Kuching , is the capital and the most populous city in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia . It is also the capital of Kuching Division . The city is situated on the Sarawak River at the southwest tip of the state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo and covers an area of 431 square kilometres ( 166 sq mi ) with a population about 165 @,@ 642 in the Kuching North administrative region and 159 @,@ 490 in the Kuching South administrative region — a total of 325 @,@ 132 people . Kuching was the third capital of Sarawak in 1827 during the administration of the Bruneian Empire . In 1841 , Kuching become the capital of Sarawak after Sarawak was ceded to James Brooke for helping the Bruneian empire in crushing a rebellion . The town continued to receive attention and development during the rule of Charles Brooke such as the construction of sanitation system , hospital , prison , fort , and a bazaar . In 1941 , the Brooke administration had a Centenary Celebration in Kuching . During World War II , Kuching was occupied by Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945 . The Japanese government set up a Batu Lintang camp near Kuching to hold prisoners of war and civilian internees . After the war , the town survived intact . However , the last Rajah of Sarawak , Sir Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak as part of British Crown Colony in 1946 . Kuching remained as capital during the Crown Colony period . After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , Kuching retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1988 . Since then , the Kuching city is divided into two administrative regions managed by two separate local authorities . The administrative centre of Sarawak state government is located at Wisma Bapa Malaysia , Kuching . Kuching is a major food destination for tourists and the main gateway for travellers visiting Sarawak and Borneo . Kuching Wetlands National Park is located about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the city and there are many other tourist attractions in and around Kuching such as Bako National Park , Semenggoh Wildlife Centre , Rainforest World Music Festival ( RWMF ) , state assembly building , The Astana , Fort Margherita , Kuching Cat Museum , and Sarawak State Museum . The city has become one of the major industrial and commercial centres in East Malaysia . = = Etymology = = The name of " Kuching " was already in use for the city by the time Brooke arrived in 1839 . There are many theories as to the derivation of the word " Kuching " . It was perhaps derived from the Malay word for cat , " kucing " or from Cochin , an Indian trading port on the Malabar Coast and a generic term in China and British India for trading harbour . Some Hindu artefacts can be seen today at the Sarawak State Museum . However , another source reported that the Kuching city was previously known as " Sarawak " before the Brooke arrived . The settlement was renamed to " Sarawak proper " during the kingdom expansion . It was only in 1872 that Charles Brooke renamed the settlement to " Kuching " . There was one unlikely theory based on a story on miscommunication . According to the story , James Brooke arrived in Kuching on his yacht " Royalist " . He then asked his local guide about the name of the town . The local guide thinking that James Brooke was pointing towards a cat , and said the word " Kuching " . However , ethnic Malays in Sarawak usually refer the name of a cat as " pusak " instead of the Malay word " kucing " . Some source also stated that it was derived from a fruit called " mata kucing " ( Euphoria malaiense ) , a fruit that grows widely in Malaysia and Indonesia . There was also a hill in the city that was named after the fruit , which is called Bukit Mata Kuching . While as been written by a British woman to her son in the 19th century , it was stated that the name was derived from a stream of a same name , called " Sungai Kuching " or Cat River in English . The river was situated at the foot of Bukit Mata Kuching and in front of the Tua Pek Kong Temple . In the 1950s , the river became very shallow because of silt deposits in the river . The river was later filled to make way for roads . There is another theory that Kuching actually means " Ku " ( 古） - Old and " Ching " （井） - Well or " old well " ( 古井 ) in Chinese . During the Brooke administration , there was no water supply and water @-@ borne diseases were common . In 1888 , an epidemic broke out which later was known as " Great Cholera Epidemic " . A well situated in the present day China Street in Main Bazaar helped to combat the disease by providing clean water supply . Due to increased demand for a water supply , the role of the well was later replaced by water treatment plant on the Bau Road . = = History = = Sarawak was part of the Bruneian Empire since the reign of first Brunei sultanate , Sultan Muhammad Shah . Kuching was the third capital of Sarawak , founded in 1827 by the representative of the Sultan of Brunei , Pengiran Indera Mahkota . Prior to the founding of Kuching , the two past capitals of Sarawak were Santubong , founded by Sultan Pengiran Tengah in 1599 , and Lidah Tanah , founded by Datu Patinggi Ali in the early 1820s . Pengiran Raja Muda Hashimit later ceded the territory to a British adventurer , James Brooke as a reward for helping him to counter a rebellion . The rebellion was crushed in November 1840 , and on 24 September 1841 , Brooke was appointed as the Governor of Sarawak with the title of Rajah . It was not announced until 18 August 1842 , following Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II 's ratifying the governorship , and requiring Brooke to pay an annual sum of $ 2 @,@ 500 to the Sultan . Since that time , Kuching became the seat of the Brooke government . The administration was later continued by his nephew , Charles Brooke . As an administrative capital , it became the centre of attention and development . Improvements included a sanitation system . By 1874 , the city had completed several developments , including construction of a hospital , prison , Fort Margherita , and many other buildings . Charles Brooke 's wife write his autobiography , ( My Life in Sarawak ) , including his descriptions of Kuching : The little town looked so neat and fresh and prosperous under the careful jurisdiction of the Rajah and his officers , that it reminded me of a box of painted toys kept scrupulously clean by a child . The Bazaar runs for some distance along the banks of river , and this quarter of the town is inhabited almost entirely by Chinese traders , with the exception of one or two Hindoo shops .... Groceries of exotic kinds are laid out on tables near the pavement , from which the purchasers make their choice . At the Hindoo shops you can buy silks from India , sarongs from Java , tea from China and tiles and porcelain from all parts of the world , laid out in picturesque confusion , and overflowing into the street . The Astana ( Palace ) , which is now the official residence of the Governor of Sarawak , was constructed next to Brooke 's first residence . He had it built in 1869 as a wedding gift to his wife . Kuching continued to prosper under Charles Vyner Brooke , who succeeded his father as the Third Rajah of Sarawak . In 1941 , Kuching was the site of the Brooke Government Centenary Celebration . A few months later , the Brooke administration came to a close when the Japanese occupied Sarawak . During the Second World War , six platoons of infantry from 2 / 15 Punjab Regiment were stationed at Kuching in April 1941 . The Regiment defended Kuching and Bukit Stabar airfield from being the destroyed by the Japanese . Defence was mainly concentrated on Kuching and Miri . However , on 24 December 1941 , Kuching was conquered by the Japanese forces . Sarawak was ruled as part of the Japanese Empire for three years and eight months , until the official Japanese surrender on 11 September 1945 . The official surrender was signed on HMAS Kapunda at Kuching . From March 1942 , the Japanese operated the Batu Lintang camp , for POWs and civilian internees , 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) outside Kuching . After the end of World War II , the town survived and was wholly undamaged . The third and last Rajah , Sir Charles Vyner Brooke later ceded Sarawak to the British Crown on 1 July 1946 . During the Crown Colony period , the government worked to develop and improve the infrastructure on Sarawak . Kuching was revitalised as the capital of Sarawak under the British colonial government . When Sarawak , together with North Borneo , Singapore and the Federation of Malaya , formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 , Kuching kept its status as the state capital and was granted a city status on 1 August 1988 . On 29 July 2015 , Kuching was declared as " City of Unity " by One Malaysia Foundation for racial harmony that existed in the city because of cross @-@ racial marriages , multi @-@ racial schools , fair scholarship distributions and balanced workforce patterns . = = Governance = = As a capital of Sarawak , Kuching plays an important role in the political and economic welfare of the population of the entire state as it become the seat of the state government where almost all of their ministries and agencies are based . The Sarawak State Legislative Assembly is located at the suburb of Kuching in Petra Jaya . There are 3 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) representing the three parliamentary constituencies in the city : Petra Jaya ( P.194 ) , Kuching City ( P.195 ) , and Stampin ( P.196 ) . The city also elects eight representatives into the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Tupong , Samariang , Satok , Padungan , Pending , Batu Lintang , Kota Sentosa and Batu Kawah . = = = Local authority and city definition = = = Kuching is the only city in Malaysia to be administered by two mayors , the city is divided into Kuching North and Kuching South . Each of these is administered by a mayor for Kuching South and commissioner for Kuching North . The current commissioner for Kuching North is Datuk Abang Wahap Abang Julai , who took over from Abang Atei Abang Medaan on 1 August 2011 while Dato ' James Chan Khay Syn became the new mayor for the Kuching South in 2008 after the sudden death of Chong Ted Tsiung . The city obtained a city status on 1 August 1988 , and since that it was administered by Kuching North City Hall ( DBKU ) and Kuching South City Council ( MBKS ) . The city is defined within the borders of what is the Kuching District , formerly the Municipality of Kuching . With an area of 1 @,@ 868 @.@ 83 square kilometres , it is the most populous district in Sarawak . The area then subdivided into three sub @-@ districts , namely Kuching Proper , Padawan and Siburan . Kuching Proper included the city area and Padawan municipality , while Siburan and Padawan is a sub @-@ district . The combined area of Kuching North City Hall , Kuching South City Council , Padawan Municipal Council and the Samarahan District Council is known as Greater Kuching . = = Geography = = Kuching is located on the banks of the Sarawak River in the northwestern part of the island of Borneo . The limits of the City of Kuching include all that area in Kuching District containing an area approximately 431 @.@ 01 square kilometres ( 166 @.@ 41 sq mi ) bounded from Gunung Lasak ( Mount Lasak ) in Muara Tebas to Batu Buaya ( Crocodile Rock ) in the Santubong peninsula following a series of survey marks as stated in the First Schedule of the City of Kuching Ordinance , 1988 . As a simplification of the legal statute , the Kuching city limits extend from the Kuching International Airport in the south to the northern coast of the Santubong and Bako peninsulas ; from the Kuching Wetlands National Park in the west to the Kuap River estuary in the east . The Sarawak River generally splits the city into North and South . The highest point in the city is Mount Santubong on the Santubong peninsula , which is at 810 @.@ 2 metres ( 2 @,@ 658 ft ) above sea level , located 35 km north of the city centre . Rapid urbanisation has occurred in Greater Kuching and the urban sprawl extends to Penrissen , Kota Sentosa , Kota Padawan , Batu Kawah , Matang , Samariang , Siburan , Tarat , Kota Samarahan , Asajaya as well as Serian which is located about 65 km from Kuching . = = = Climate = = = Kuching has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) , moderately hot but very humid at times and receives substantial rainfall . The average annual rainfall is approximately 4 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 170 in ) . Kuching is the wettest populated area ( on average ) in Malaysia with an average of 247 rainy days per year . Kuching receives only 5 hours of sunshine per day on average and an average of only 3 @.@ 7 hours of sunshine per day in the month of January ( wettest month of the year ) . The wettest times are during the North @-@ East Monsoon months of November to February and the city 's driest months are June through August . The temperature in Kuching ranges from 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) to 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) but the average temperature is around 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) in the early hours of the morning and rises to around 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) during mid afternoon but the heat index often reaches 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) during the " dry season " due to the humidity . This temperature stays almost constant throughout the year if it is not affected by the heavy rain and strong winds during the early hours of the morning which can bring the temperature down to 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) , but this is very rare . = = Demography = = The terms " Kuchingite " have been used to describe the people of Kuching , although it is not official . However , the simplest way to call the people of Kuching is only by " orang Kuching " , which means " people of Kuching " in English . = = = Ethnicity = = = The Malaysian Census 2010 reports that Kuching has a population of 325 @,@ 132 . The city population ( North and South ) consists of Malays ( 146 @,@ 580 ) , Han Chinese ( 120 @,@ 860 ) , Iban ( 28 @,@ 691 ) , Bidayuh ( 13 @,@ 681 ) , Non @-@ Malaysian citizens ( 7 @,@ 216 ) , other Bumiputras ( 3 @,@ 250 ) , Melanau ( 2 @,@ 078 ) , Indian ( 1 @,@ 626 ) and others ( 1 @,@ 140 ) . The Han Chinese are made up of Hokkien in the city areas and Hakka in the suburbs mainly . Other Han Chinese consist of Foochow ( Fuzhou people ) , Teochew , Hainan people , Cantonese people , Henghua people and others . Most of the Malays and Melanau are Muslim , the Chinese practised either Buddhism , Taoism or Christianity while the Iban and Bidayuh are mainly Christian with some of them still practised Animism . A number of Hindus , Sikhs and a small number of secularists also exist around the city . A sizeable of non @-@ citizen are mostly coming from the Indonesian area of Kalimantan due to the state proximity with it and most of them consist of migrant workers . Since the British period , a small population of South Asian especially Pakistanis have exist around the city by running their business mainly in selling clothes and spices . Other migrants during the time also included those Bugis from the Dutch East Indies and other races from the neighbour Dutch Borneo . Interracial marriages among those of different ethnic backgrounds are common in Kuching , and the city itself is a home to 30 different ethnic groups . = = = Languages = = = Beside being the capital city of Sarawak , Kuching became a business and cultural centre for the Malays of Sarawak . The dialect of Malay spoken in Kuching is known as Bahasa Sarawak ( Sarawakian Malay Language ) , which is a subset of the Malay language . The dialect used in Kuching is a little different from the dialect used in Miri . Since the second largest population in the city is made up of Han Chinese , the Chinese language is also commonly used , particularly Hokkien , Hakka and Mandarin Chinese . Almost all residents are able to speak English . A number of special private schools that teach English for expatriates child can be found through the city . = = Economy = = Kuching is one of the main industrial and commercial centre for Sarawak . Many state @-@ level , national @-@ level and international commercial banks , as well as some insurance companies establish their headquarters and branches here . The economy is dominated by the primary sector and currently by the tertiary @-@ based industry as the state government want to aim Sarawak to be transform into a developed state by 2020 . There are 3 industrial areas in Kuching , namely Pending Industrial Estate ( Mixed and Light Industries ) , Demak Laut Industrial Park ( Mixed , Light , and Medium Industries ) , and Sama Jaya Free Industrial Zone ( Hi @-@ Tech and electronics industry ) . This is intended to boost the city 's commercial and industrial activity to making it a major growth centre in East Malaysia , as well for the BIMP @-@ EAGA ( Brunei @-@ Indonesia @-@ Malaysia @-@ Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area ) . Kuching hosted numerous national , regional and international conferences , congress and trade fairs , such as the Malaysia Global Business Forum , Tomorrow ’ s Leaders Summit , International Hydropower Association ( IHA ) World Congress , ASEAN Tourism Forum , and Routes Asia Conference . Besides , Kuching was chosen as a permanent host for the biennial Asean International Film Festival and Awards ( AIFFA ) . These events are normally held at the Borneo Convention Centre . Kuching Port Authority ( KPA ) , established in 1961 , started its operation at Tanah Puteh Port ( Sim Kheng Hong Port ) in 1975 with annual capacity of 350 @,@ 000 tonnes . Its operations has since been shifted to Pending and Senari terminals with annual capacity of 2 @.@ 9 million tonnes and 7 million tonnes respectively . KPA also controls Biawak Oil Jetty that handles petroleum products . Historically , the Chinese have contributed to the city economy since their migration during the Brunei Sultanate period after the discovery of antimony ore and also during the Charles Vyner Brooke administration who encouraging the migration of the overseas Chinese to planting black pepper . = = Transportation = = = = = Land = = = Roads in the city are under the jurisdiction and maintenance of either the two local councils , i.e. DBKU ( Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara ) and MBKS ( Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan ) , or the state 's Public Works Department . Roads of the latter category are either state roads or federal roads . Most major internal roads are dual @-@ carriageways and the city is linked by highways to other towns in Sarawak . These highways are mainly federal roads maintained by the national Public Works Department . The city also famous for a number of roundabouts including the oldest and largest one , known as Datuk Abang Kipali Bin Abang Akip Roundabout . The roundabout are usually landscaped and were efficient to handling traffic congestion . However , traffic lights are more commonly used now as the city traffic continues to rise . As the city is located near the equator , potholes have the tendency to develop on the roads during the monsoon season , usually at the end of the year due to coinciding with winter in the northern hemisphere . Roads leading outside of the city to the interior are of a slightly lower quality but are now being upgraded . Highway routes from Kuching include : 1 – 15 Kuching – Serian Highway Kuching Bypass Kuching – Kota Samarahan Expressway Tun Salahuddin Bridge Matang Highway = = = = Public transportation = = = = There are two types of taxi operating in the city , the main taxi is the red and yellow while the larger is painted in blue , which is more comfortable but expensive known as the " executive taxis " . In 2014 , a smartphone taxi booking application named " GrabTaxi " was launched and making the city as the fifth area after Klang Valley , Cyberjaya , Putrajaya and Johor Bahru that have the applications . The main bus terminal is the Kuching Sentral , which just launched in 2012 . It is located in the south of the city , about 5 minutes away from the Kuching International Airport and 20 minutes from the city centre . The terminal serves a long @-@ distance destination to Brunei , Sabah and West Kalimantan in Indonesia . Another bus terminal is the Old Kuching Bus Terminal , it is still operating as some of the bus companies that supposed to use the new terminal are unwilling to use the facilities due to some ongoing disagreement . Other minibuses or vans services also available in the city . = = = Water = = = Kuching , like most towns in Sarawak , has connections to other urban centres and settlements by water transportation . Between the banks of Sarawak River , near the city centre , many ' tambang ' ( traditional roofed wooden sampan ) can be seen carrying passengers from one riverbank to another . For those staying along the river banks , it is a short way to getting to the city @-@ proper . The wharf for express boats servicing transport to further areas such as Sibu and Bintulu , is located in the east of the city at the Sim Kheng Hong Port ( formerly known as the Tanah Puteh Port ) in Pending . = = = Air = = = Kuching International Airport ( KCH ) ( ICAO Code : WBGG ) is the main gateway for air passengers . The airport 's history dates back to the 1940s and today the airport has undergoing many major redevelopment . The airport terminal is listed as the fourth busiest airport in Malaysia according to total passenger movements in 2013 . Since 2009 , the airport has grown rapidly with an increasing number of passengers and aircraft movement . It is the secondary hub for Malaysia Airlines and AirAsia while became the third hub for MASWings , which serves flights to smaller towns and rural areas in East Malaysia . = = Other utilities = = = = = Courts of law and legal enforcement = = = The current court complex is located in Petra Jaya . It contains the High Court , Sessions Court , and the Magistrate Court . Another courts of Syariah and native were also located in the city . The Sarawak Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Badruddin Street . There is only one district headquarters in the city , which is the Kuching District police headquarters located in Simpang Tiga Road . Kuching Prison Complex is located in Puncak Borneo Street . Temporary lock @-@ ups or prison cells are found in most police stations around the city . = = = Healthcare = = = There are many types of health services in the city , such as the main public hospitals , public health clinics , other type of health clinics , mobile clinic , flying doctor service , village clinics and 1Malaysia clinic . The main hospital is the Sarawak General Hospital which is the oldest hospital since 1923 . Another hospital is Rajah Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital . Hospital Sentosa ( Sentosa Mental Hospital ) , which built with a half @-@ funded from the British Government was opened in 1958 , it provides psychiatric services for the entire state and known as the second oldest hospital in Sarawak after the main hospital . Normah Medical Specialist Centre in Petra Jaya is the largest private hospital with ( 130 beds ) in Sarawak . In addition , three other large private health facilities are Borneo Medical Centre with ( 120 beds ) , Timberland Medical Centre with ( 100 beds ) , and KPJ Healthcare with ( 75 beds ) . = = = Education = = = In the city , all schools under the National Education System ( government education institution category ) , are managed by the Kuching Combined Education Office ( Pejabat Pelajaran Gabungan Kuching ) . There are many government or state schools in and around the city . Like other Malaysian schools , schools in the city are divided into four levels of education — pre @-@ school , primary , secondary ( lower and upper ) and post @-@ secondary ( excluding tertiary ) . Among the well @-@ established and prestigious boarding schools in the city is Sekolah Menengah Sains Kuching , which is located at Batu Kawa . Other secondary schools including some of the oldest and well known are St.Joseph , St.Thomas , St.Teresa and St.Mary as well as others like Sekolah Menengah Kai Chung , SMK Batu Lintang , and SMK Padungan . Kuching has 4 out of 14 Chinese independent schools in Sarawak . These are Chung Hua Middle School No. 1 ( 古晋中华第一中学 ) , Chung Hua Middle School No. 3 ( 古晋中华第三中学 ) , Chung Hua Middle School No. 4 ( 古晋中华第四中学 ) and Batu Kawa Min Lit secondary school ( 石角民立中学 ) . There are also two international schools in Kuching namely Tunku Putra International School and Lodge International School . Other private schools in Kuching are Sunny Hill School and St Joseph Private Schools . There are currently no public university campuses in Kuching , apart from the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS ) Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences building situated next to the Sarawak General Hospital . The Sarawak state government moved the last remaining public university campus ( Universiti Teknologi MARA ) from Kuching to Kota Samarahan in 1997 in a long @-@ term initiative to transform Kota Samarahan into an education hub . Kuching is home to two full @-@ fledged private university campuses : the Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus , the only branch campus of Swinburne University of Technology outside Australia ; and UCSI University , Sarawak Campus which houses the Faculty of Hospitality and Management . A polytechnic and community college , both known as Politeknik Kuching Sarawak and Kolej Komuniti Kuching are also located in the city . Other private colleges can be found through the city with most of the colleges are subsidiaries from universities and university colleges established in West Malaysia , such as SEGi College , Sarawak , Sunway College Kuching , Limkokwing Borneo , PTPL Sarawak , Wawasan Open University , Open University Malaysia , and Twintech College Sarawak . There are private institutions conducting franchised programmes from full @-@ fledged universities ( apart from running their own courses ) such as SATT College ( conducting franchised programmes from Universiti Teknologi MARA ) and the Institute of Dynamic Management , Sarawak ( conducting franchised programmes from Universiti Tun Abdul Razak ) . The International College of Advanced Technology Sarawak or ICATS is an institution created as the state government 's initiative to enhance technical and vocational training education among school leavers . The college was established from the former INTI College Sarawak facilities . Operated by a state @-@ owned subsidiary , ICATS focuses on producing human capital for the hi @-@ tech sector , especially for the development of the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy . = = = Libraries = = = The Sarawak State Library is the major information resource centre and provides information services for the public and private sectors . The library serves Kuching and its outskirts as the main depository of public records . In addition , it administers , monitors and facilitates the operations of 36 village libraries in the state funded by the National Library of Malaysia . Other public libraries in Kuching include the DBKU City Library and village libraries such as in Bandar Baru Samariang , Kampung Samariang Lama and Taman Sepakat Jaya . = = Culture and leisure = = = = = Attractions and recreation spots = = = = = = = Cultural = = = = Kuching maintains several museums showcasing its culture and history . The Sarawak State Museum , is one of the finest museum in Asia and known as Kuching 's oldest and most historical building , which exhibits collections of the indigenous races in Sarawak . Directly opposite the Sarawak Museum is the Tun Abdul Razak Hall which serves as an exhibition venue and the office of the Sarawak Museum Department . While located right behind the hall is the Sarawak Islamic Museum . Other museums in Kuching include the Chinese History Museum , the Kuching Cat Museum , the Sarawak Timber Museum and the Sarawak Textile Museum . Kuching is also home to the first ever planetarium in Malaysia , the Sultan Iskandar Planetarium which adjacent to the Kuching Civic Centre . = = = = Historical = = = = Interesting historical landmarks and sites of Kuching include The Astana ( the former palace of the White Rajahs and currently the official residence of the Yang di @-@ Pertua Negeri of Sarawak ) , and Fort Margherita . The oldest street of Kuching is the Main Bazaar , a row of 19th @-@ century Chinese shophouses located along the Kuching Waterfront overlooking the Sarawak River . It offers the city 's best concentration of antique and handicraft shops . The Main Bazaar is part of Kuching 's old town , which also includes the Carpenter Street and India Street . The old Courthouse building , which sits in between Carpenter Street and India Street , has undergone major renovation and now houses the Sarawak Tourism Board complex . Some other interesting areas around the central business district include Padungan Street , which is the Chinatown of Kuching . = = = = Leisure and conservation areas = = = = A numbers of leisure spots and conserved areas can be found in Kuching . The Talang @-@ Satang National Park was established with the primary aim of conserving Sarawak 's marine turtle population . It covers a total area of approximately 19 @,@ 400 hectares ( 47 @,@ 938 acres ) , and comprises all lands below the high tide marks on the respective islands . The park also comprises the coastline and sea surrounding four islands of the southwest coast of Sarawak ; Talang Besar , Talang Kecil off Sematan , and Satang Besar and Satang Kecil off Santubong , near Kuching . All these four " Turtle Islands " are responsible for 95 % of all the turtle landings in Sarawak and the park also includes the Tukong Ara @-@ Banun Island Wildlife Sanctuary , two tiny islets which are important nesting sites for colonies of bridled terns and black @-@ naped terns . Damai , one of Sarawak 's main beach resort area , is located on the Santubong Peninsula , about 35 minutes drive from Kuching . The area has sandy beaches at the foot of an imposing jungle @-@ covered mountain . Damai features three world @-@ class resort hotels such as the Damai Beach Resort , Damai Puri Resort and Spa and One Hotel Santubong . Each resort has their own private beach , swimming pool and offers jet @-@ skiing , waterskiing , windsurfing , mountain biking , tennis , squash and fitness centres . There is also an international standard 18 @-@ hole golf course designed by the legendary Arnold Palmer located nearby . Other attractions include the Damai Central , Permai Rainforest Resort , Sarawak Cultural Village and the sleepy fishing villages of Santubong and Buntal with their excellent seafood restaurants . While for visitors who like adventurous activities , there is a trekking activity on Mount Santubong . Aside from that , Damai is also one of the perfect places in Sarawak to see the Irrawaddy dolphin as the mammals can be spotted along the Salak River , Santubong estuary and at the Bako @-@ Buntal Bay . The Santubong Peninsula offers a few sites for bird watching with the BirdLife International Organisation has registered the whole area on Bako @-@ Buntal Bay as an ' Important Bird Area ' . Between October and March , the Buntal River become an important wintering ground for bird migration . A numbers of birds that have been spotted by the Malaysian Nature Society ( Kuching Branch ) at Buntal including a variety of plobers , sandpipers , egrets , terns and other rare migrants , while resident birds including collared kingfisher , the white @-@ bellied sea eagle and brahminy kite . Numerous natural attractions including National Parks , notably the Bako National Park and the Kuching Wetlands National Park as well as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre which operates an orangutan orphanage and rehabilitation program . Also , available near Kuching are the Gunung Gading National Park and the Kubah National Park . Located about 40 @-@ minutes drive from Kuching is Santubong , a prominent beach resort area home to numerous world @-@ class beach resorts . Other beaches accessible nearby Kuching are the Lundu Beach and the Sematan Beach . The Borneo Highlands Resort is also nearby Kuching and offers a fresh and chilly highlands resort experience located 1000 @-@ metres above sea level . = = = = Other sights = = = = The Kuching Waterfront is a 2 kilometre long riverside esplanade stretching from the main hotel and commercial heartland of the city to downtown Kuching . Designed by Sydney architects , the waterfront landscaped is served with food stalls , restaurants , benches and offers an excellent views of The Astana , Fort Margherita and the New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building . The waterfront also features an observation tower , an open @-@ air theatre and musical fountains . The Kuching Orangutan Murals are vital images of a wheelbarrow filled with eight young orangutans and another baby orangutan swinging from a pipe . It was painted by Ernest Zacharevic along Power Street in the city on 27 April 2014 . This latest mural is painted in Zacharevic 's usual interactive style , with an actual wheelbarrow sliced into half and secured to the wall to enable the public to take selfies while holding onto the handle . On the other hand , the baby orangutan was painted over a nail on the wall , where people can ' place ' items in its hand . = = = = Shopping = = = = Kuching features a number of shopping malls . These include VivaCity Megamall , The Spring , Boulevard Shopping Mall , Plaza Merdeka , CityONE Megamall , Kuching Sentral , Emart Lee Ling , Emart Batu Kawa , EG Mall , Giant Petra Jaya Mall , Giant Tabuan Jaya Mall , Giant Kota Padawan Mall , Sarawak Plaza , Tun Jugah , Riverside Shopping Complex , Genesis Parade , Green Heights Mall , Wisma Saberkas and many more . More shopping malls are set to open in the city as construction continues . The Satok Weekend Market is located at Medan Niaga Satok and operated in Saturdays and Sundays . A varieties of vegetables and fruits can be found there including other handicrafts , forest produce ( such as wild honey ) , orchid plants and a whole range of local snacks and delicacies . = = = = Entertainment = = = = There are four cinemas located around the city with most of its located inside shopping malls buildings . Most of the cinemas are owned by either Golden Screen Cinemas , MBO Cinemas , Lotus Five Star , Star Cineplex and TGV Cinemas . = = = Music = = = Since 1997 , Kuching has been host to the Rainforest World Music Festival ( RWMF ) , an annual music festival which brings performers and spectators to the region from all over the world . Hosted by the Sarawak Cultural Village near the Mount Santubong , the festival is now one of the largest musical events in Malaysia . RWMF had been voted as Top 25 Best International Festivals by the British @-@ based magazine Songlines . = = = Radio stations = = = Several national radio stations have their office in the city , this include [ RedFM ( 9 @.@ 19 MHz ) ] Hitz FM Sarawak ( 95 @.@ 3 ) , Era FM Sarawak ( 96 @.@ 1 ) , TEA FM ( 102 @.@ 7 ) and MY FM Sarawak ( 96 @.@ 9 ) . = = International relations = = Several countries have set up their consulates in Kuching , including Australia , Brunei , China , Denmark , France , Indonesia , Poland and the United Kingdom . = = = Sister cities = = = Kuching currently has eight sister cities :
= NSB El 9 = NSB El 9 is a retired class of three electric locomotives built by Thune for the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) , with electrical equipment from Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri ( NEBB ) and Per Kure . The locomotives were delivered in 1947 after a three @-@ year delay caused by wartime sabotage in response to the German occupation of Norway . They were used nearly exclusively on the Flåm Line and Hardanger Line , two steep branch lines . The units were used on the Flåm Line until 1983 , when they were replaced by El 11 . They were then used as shunters until being retired in 1988 . Two of the locomotives have been preserved . The class was custom @-@ made for steep hills and slow speeds ; it featured a low 48 tonnes ( 47 long tons ; 53 short tons ) weight which , with a Bo 'Bo ' wheel arrangement , allows for a 12 @-@ tonne ( 12 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 13 @-@ short @-@ ton ) axle load . This made the locomotives only 10 @.@ 2 meters ( 33 ft ) long . They had a power output of 712 kilowatts ( 955 hp ) , a tractive effort of 108 kilonewtons ( 24 @,@ 000 lbf ) and a maximum speed of 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ) . They were given road numbers 2062 though 2064 . = = History = = With the construction of the Bergen Line , which was completed in 1909 , it was decided that there would be built branch lines to two fjords , the Hardanger Line to Hardangerfjord and the Flåm Line to Sognefjord . Both branches were steep and curvy , which set high demands on the locomotives . The Hardanger Line was 27 @.@ 45 kilometers ( 17 @.@ 06 mi ) long , had a maximum gradient of 4 @.@ 5 percent , a minimum curve radius of 180 meters ( 590 ft ) , and a maximum speed of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . The Flåm Line is 20 @.@ 20 kilometers ( 12 @.@ 55 mi ) long , had a maximum gradient of 5 @.@ 5 @.@ percent , a minimum curve radius of 130 meters ( 430 ft ) and a maximum speed of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) uphill and 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) downhill . Both lines had a maximum permitted axle load of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) , standard gauge and a 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC electrification system . The Hardanger Line opened in 1935 and the Flåm Line in 1940 , although the latter did not receive electric traction until 1944 . Originally , the Hardanger Line used Class 64 electric multiple units . On 28 March 1940 , NSB sent an invitation to tender for two multiple units which would be similar to Class 64 . The company asked both for aluminum and steel bids . However , NSB abandoned the plans and instead signed an agreement on 4 October 1940 for delivery of three electric locomotives . The units were intended to be delivered in 1942 . The mechanical components and assembly was done by Thune , and electrical parts were delivered by NEBB , except the transformer and electric controllers , which were built by Per Kure . By 1944 , by which time Norway was occupied by Germany as part of the Second World War , overhead wire had been installed on the Flåm Line . The locomotives at Thune and nearly completed , except for the transformers , which were at Per Kure . This was during the height of resistance sabotage , and workers at Per Kure had joined the communist resistance group Osvald . Because of the Allied bombing of Germany , Per Kure was thought to become part of a decentralized production chain and would be set to assemble aircraft engines . Osvald considered the plant a legitimate target and on 30 May 1944 , the factory was blown up and the transformers severely damaged . Reconstruction of them took considerable time , in part because of the general lack of materials , and in part because the head engineer for the project disappeared during late 1944 . In 1945 , all three locomotives were sent to Myrdal Station for storage until the transformers were finished . The locomotives received transformers in 1947 , which were installed in Oslo , and 2064 was delivered on 24 May . The cost of the three locomotives was 1 @,@ 297 @,@ 905 million Norwegian krone . At first , only one unit was transferred to Flåm . The other two remained in Eastern Norway ; one was stationed as a shunter at Oslo West Station , the other in Skien . The units operating in Oslo and Skien had problems with the rheostatic brake operating differently depending on the direction the train was running , something which was not observed in Flåm . The issue was fixed by marginally changing the excitation voltage . The unit stationed in Flåm was periodically sent for service in Oslo , and when this happened , a new unit would be stationed in Flåm . From 21 January 1949 , 2064 was returned to Flåm without the other unit being sent back . From 17 February 1955 , all three were stationed in Flåm . During the late 1950s , one of the units was stationed as Voss Station for shunting duty . Starting in the late 1950s , the class was also used on the Hardanger Line . In the 1970s , NSB started to consider replacement of the class . In 1971 and 1973 , El 11 and El 13 were test @-@ run on the line , and it was concluded that El 11 would be suitable with minor adjustments . However , the 1960s replacement of steam locomotives had caused a shortage of electric locomotives . Not until 1980 did NSB start the upgrade process of two El 11s . From 1980s , only a single El 9 was stationed on the Flåm Line during winter , and the other two were used for local trains on the Bergen Line in Hallingdal . If the unit stationed in Flåm was out of order , it was replaced by a Class 64 unit . Lack of spare parts and limited reliability accelerated the need to replace the units in scheduled trains . The first unit was taken into use on the Flåm Line in 1983 and the second in 1984 . Two El 9s were transferred to Ål Station and Voss Station where they hauled work trains . Unit 2062 was taken out of service in 1983 . The other two remained in regular service until 1988 . Unit 2063 has been painted green and is on display at Flåm Station , while 2064 has retained the red color scheme and is stored at Tinnoset Station , belonging to the Norwegian Railway Museum . = = Specifications = = The locomotives each have four NEBB EDTM423 motors , giving a combined power output of 712 kilowatts ( 955 hp ) . The main transformer is capable of feeding each motor with 765 kilovolt @-@ ampere ( kVA ) , 115 kVA to heating and 40 kVA for axillary equipment . The power output is regulated with through 28 steps in the voltage regulator which is integrated with the main transformer . The locomotives have a maximum speed of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) and a tractive effort of 108 kilonewtons ( 24 @,@ 000 lbf ) . Because of the limited roof space , only one pantograph was installed . The limit on axle load makes the locomotives small and compact . They weigh 48 tonnes ( 47 long tons ; 53 short tons ) , and the total train weight is limited to 85 tonnes ( 84 long tons ; 94 short tons ) . This also gives the trains a short length of 10 @.@ 2 meters ( 33 ft ) . The trains had a Bo 'Bo ' wheel arrangement . In addition to air brakes for the whole train , the locomotives are equipped with rheostatic brakes which is sufficiently powerful to allow for the 5 @.@ 5 percent gradient . When braking , three of the motors are connected to the air @-@ cooled resistance on the roof , while the last motor is connected to deliver magnetization current to the other three motors . The braking is regulated with 22 steps . As a backup , the units are equipped with a carborundum track brake on each side of the bogies .
= The Boat Race 1961 = The 107th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1961 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race which was delayed , the lead changed hands several times and an Oxford rower slumped and nearly fell out of the boat . It was won by Cambridge by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 19 minutes 22 seconds . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1960 race by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , while Cambridge led overall with 58 victories to Oxford 's 47 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge had not lost three consecutive races since the 1913 race . Cambridge 's coaches included J. R. F. Best , James Crowden ( who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1951 and 1952 races ) , Derek Mays @-@ Smith ( who rowed in the 1955 and 1956 races ) , J. R. Owen ( 1959 and 1960 races ) and J. J. Vernon ( who rowed in the 1955 race ) . Oxford 's coaching team comprised Jumbo Edwards ( who rowed for Oxford in 1926 and 1930 ) , J. L. Fage ( an Oxford Blue in 1958 and 1959 ) and L. A. F. Stokes ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1951 and 1952 races ) . Oxford opted to row with 13 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) long oars , 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) longer than Cambridge 's . Cambridge arrived at Putney with a reputation for speed over short distances and " potentially dangerous challengers " . Meanwhile Oxford were anticipated to be " exceptionally strong " yet on occasion their rowing appeared to be " laborious " , with some commentators blaming the longer oars . The race was umpired by George Douglas " Jock " Clapperton who had coxed Oxford in the 1923 and 1924 races as well as umpiring in the 1959 boat race . He was accompanied in the umpire 's boat by Antony Armstrong @-@ Jones , husband of Princess Margaret , who had coxed Cambridge to victory in the 1950 race . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 12 lb ( 81 @.@ 4 kg ) , 1 pound ( 0 @.@ 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained two former Blues , cox Roger Weston and rower John Beveridge who was making his third appearance in the event . Oxford saw five members of the previous year 's race return . There were three non @-@ British participants registered in the race : Oxford 's number three , John Sewell and Cambridge 's Mike Christian and Mark Hoffman were all from the United States . The latter pair had both captained the boat club at Harvard University . = = Race = = Oxford , the pre @-@ race favourites , won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The race commenced at 2.35pm , delayed by more than 20 minutes as a result of a drifting stake boat , with Cambridge taking an early but brief lead . After the first minute , Oxford led by a few feet and increased their advantage to half a length by Craven Steps . At Craven Cottage , Cambridge spurted and retook the lead , but Oxford counterattacked and edged ahead . With the advantage of the bend in the river , Cambridge drew level by the Mile Post . The Dark Blues once again took the lead , and by Hammersmith Bridge were four seconds ahead and held a clear water advantage . Rowing into a headwind , Oxford began to lose their shape and by Chiswick Eyot , Cambridge had reduced the deficit enough to overlap the Dark Blue boat , although Oxford still led by a length at Chiswick Steps . Twelve minutes into the race , the Oxford number six , Graham Cooper , " turned pale and slumped " , disrupting the Oxford rhythm . Although he appeared to recover , " the cohesion had gone " . Cambridge overtook the Dark Blue boat and were three lengths ahead by Barnes Bridge , and passed the finishing post with a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half length advantage in a time of 19 minutes 22 seconds , the slowest since the 1954 race . It was Cambridge 's first victory in three years and their largest winning margin since the 1955 race . The rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that " for Oxford it was a sad day , and for Cooper a tragedy " , while for Cambridge it was " a splendid victory " . Cambridge 's stroke Hoffman said " it was a tough race ... but when I saw that one of the Oxford crew was in distress , I knew we could not help winning . " It was the third time since the war that Oxford had lost the event as a result of a crew member collapsing mid @-@ race . Oxford 's bow Richard Bate confessed that he " didn 't even know anything had been wrong until after the race . I only knew we were not at our best . "
= Age of Empires ( video game ) = Age of Empires ( AoE ) is a history @-@ based real @-@ time strategy video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft . The game uses the Genie , a 2D sprite @-@ based game engine . The game allows the user to act as the leader of an ancient civilization by advancing it through four ages ( the Stone , Tool , Bronze , and Iron Ages ) , gaining access to new and improved units with each advance . It was later ported to Pocket PCs with Windows , resulting in a version very similar to the PC game . Originally touted as Civilization meets Warcraft , some reviewers felt that the game failed to live up to these expectations when it was released . Despite this , it received generally good reviews , and an expansion pack , titled The Rise of Rome , was released in 1998 . Both the original Age of Empires and the expansion pack were later released as " The Gold Edition " . A sequel , Age of Empires II , was released in 1999 . = = Gameplay = = Age of Empires requires the player to develop a civilization from a handful of hunter @-@ gatherers to an expansive Iron Age Empire . To assure victory , the player must gather resources in order to pay for new units , buildings and more advanced technology . Resources must also be preserved , as no new resources become available as the game progresses , for example , trees that are cut down will not grow back . Twelve civilizations are available . Each with individual sets of attributes , including a varying number of available technologies and units . Each civilization has technologies unique to them , so that no civilization possesses all the technologies possible within the game . A major component of the game is the advancement through four ages . These are the Stone Age ( Mesolithic / Nomad / Paleolithic ) , the Tool Age ( Neolithic / Chalcolithic ) , the Bronze Age and the Iron Age . Advancement between ages is researched at the Town Center , and each advancement brings the player new technologies , weapons , and units . = = = Modes = = = The game features four single @-@ player campaigns in which the player is required to complete specific objectives . Campaigns are a collection of scenarios which are completed in a linear fashion . The campaigns follow the history of the Egyptian , Greek , Babylonian and Yamato civilizations ; there 's also a complete campaign specially made for the demo version that takes place in the Hittite Empire . Aside from the campaigns , there is a game mode called " random map " , in which a different map is generated for each new game . Variations of random map , such as the resource @-@ heavy " death match " , are also available . Age of Empires also facilitated online and network play with up to 8 people simultaneously . Because the network play is less sophisticated than that of modern games , lag and disconnections often occur . Until June 19 , 2006 , multiplayer gameplay was supported by Microsoft Gaming Zone . At that point , the Zone abandoned support of most CD @-@ ROM games , including Age of Empires and Age of Empires II : The Age of Kings . The creation of user @-@ made scenarios or series of scenarios ( campaigns ) for the game was made possible using the Scenario Builder . This tool is simpler and easier to learn than comparable editors used in more modern games , but it has fewer capabilities as a result . Ensemble Studios used the Scenario Builder to make the single @-@ player campaigns which shipped with the retail game . Various unofficial sites exist where custom scenarios can be submitted and downloaded . In late 2005 , it was discovered that by modifying various data files , units present in the beta versions of the game could be made available in the editor . Some obscure units include a spaceship and a hero that changes ownership when units move near it . Through data editing , the rules of unit placement can also be modified . This allows units to be placed on any terrain and on top of other units , which creates new possibilities for design . Other significant discoveries include new terrain templates , a mode to triple each unit 's hitpoints and a tool to edit map sizes . = = = Civilizations = = = Players choose to play as one of 12 civilizations . The civilizations are sorted into four distinct architectural styles , based on East Asian , Mesopotamian , Egyptian and Greek architecture , which determine their in @-@ game appearance . = = = Technology = = = Technology is researched at specific buildings , to which they are generally related ; for example , religious research is done in temples and improved armor is researched in the storage pit . Technological advances come in many categories , such as military upgrades ( better arms and armor for units ) , economic upgrades ( increasing the efficiency of resource gathering ) , religious upgrades ( faster conversion rates and more abilities for priests ) and infrastructure upgrades ( stronger fortifications and more resilient buildings ) . As basic technology research is completed , more advanced technologies may become available . Some technologies are not available to certain civilizations . Technology plays a very important role in the strategy of the game . As a civilization progresses through the ages , technology becomes more and more expensive , which makes collecting the necessary resources to research them difficult . As a consequence , balancing the workforce of villagers across the various resources can make the difference between victory and defeat . = = = = Units = = = = Players control a variety of Civilian and Military units . Most units can be upgraded through research ( e.g. faster gathering for villagers , stronger armor for military units , and longer range for archers ) . Land @-@ based units are the most prevalent in gameplay . Villagers are the most basic units in Age of Empires . Their primary function is to collect resources , cutting down trees for wood , mining for stone and gold , and hunting , foraging , farming , or fishing to acquire food . Villagers can also construct buildings and repair both buildings and naval vessels , and are capable of engaging in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat when necessary . Priests are non @-@ combat units which can heal allied units or " convert " enemy units ( in which case the target unit changes allegiance ) . Infantry units , such as clubmen , swordsmen , and hoplites use melee combat to attack at short range . Mounted units include chariots , cavalry , and war elephants . Archers , mounted or on foot , attack at range . Siege units are of two types : catapults and ballista . Catapults hurl stones which generate blast damage , affecting all units in a small area , and are especially effective against buildings and groups of units . The ballista is less damaging against buildings and units , but it fires faster and is cheaper than the catapult . Nautical units often play a secondary role , but can be essential to victory . Fishing boats are similar to villagers in that they can gather fish . Merchant ships trade resources from the stockpile and exchange it for gold at another player 's dock , with the amount of gold earned being relative to the distance between both docks . Transport ships carry land units from one area of land to another . As well as attacking enemy ships , warships can be very effective in attacking land @-@ based units close to the shoreline ( because melee units cannot fight back ) . Warships come either as galleys which fire arrows or triremes which launch bolts or boulders ( very effective against buildings near the shoreline ) . Unit types are identical , regardless of civilization ( though certain civilizations may have improved variations of these units ) . So , for example , a Korean Choson broad swordsman is identical to a Persian or Phoenician one , as are bowmen , axemen , short swordsmen , cavalry , and so forth . Some armors and clothes are historically inaccurate , with the long swordsman bearing more resemblance to a Roman praetorian . Some units were also available in the game to civilizations that never , historically , had them ; hoplites can be trained by every civilization except Persia , and some middle @-@ Asian civilizations can train Legions and Centurions , while Japanese Yamato can build triremes . = = = = Buildings = = = = The Town Center is one of the most important buildings in the game . Here villagers are created , and age advancement is researched . Most scenarios have each player begin with a single Town Center ; the ability to build multiple Town Centers is unlocked by the construction of the Government Center during the Bronze Age . The Town Center provides population support for four units . In order to build more units , houses must be constructed . Each house supports four units , and although any number of houses can be built ( a concept which was not maintained in later games like Age of Mythology ) , they can only support a maximum of fifty units . Military units are produced at specific buildings relevant to their area . All sea units are created at the docks . Walls and towers are defensive fortifications ( Age of Empires was one of the first real @-@ time strategy games to include walls strong enough to form a feasible means of defense ) . Farms are used to produce food . Granaries , storage pits , and the Town Center are used to store resources deposited by the villagers . Wonders are enormous monuments representing the architectural achievements of the time , such as the Egyptian Pyramids . They require huge amounts of resources to build and are constructed very slowly . Wonders can neither produce units nor conduct research . In scenarios with Standard Victory conditions , a player can win by constructing a wonder and keeping it from being destroyed for 2 @,@ 000 years ( about 10 minutes in the real world ) . Building a wonder also greatly increases a player 's score , which is beneficial in " score " games . Players typically make it their top priority to destroy enemy wonders , especially under Standard Victory conditions . For this reason and because a wonder is relatively easy to destroy , a wonder must be well @-@ guarded at all times . = = Development = = Age of Empires ( under the working title Dawn of Man ) was the first game developed by Ensemble Studios . Its historical setting was chosen to be more plausible and accessible , particularly to casual gamers , than existing games . At the time , other real @-@ time strategy games had science fiction and fantasy settings , so the historical setting of Age of Empires enabled it to stand out . The designers received much of their inspiration from the game Civilization , with its proven historical setting ; this was noted among reviewers as something positive . Age of Empires was designed by Bruce Shelley , Tony Goodman ( in charge of the game 's artwork ) , and Dave Pottinger ( in charge of the game 's artificial intelligence ) . Stephen Rippy was the music director ( a role he kept through the series ) , with occasional help from his brother , David Rippy , as well as Kevin McMullan . He created the original music in Age of Empires using sounds from actual instruments from the periods in the game , as well as their digital samples . The tunes were the result of extensive research on the cultures , styles , and instruments used . = = Reception = = Although not as acclaimed as the later games in the series , the first Age of Empires was generally well received by critics , and scored highly on review aggregator websites including an 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 on Metacritic , an 87 % on Game Rankings , an 85 out of 100 on MobyGames . Game Informer ranked it the 81st best game ever made in its 100th issue in 2001 . They called it a cross between Warcraft and SimCity and praised its multi @-@ player and its popularity among gamers . Game Revolution categorized the game as " a cross between Civilization II and Warcraft II : Tides of Darkness " , while GameSpot lamented that it was " a simple combat game rather than a glorious empire @-@ builder " , describing it as " Warcraft with a hint of Civilization . " While Computer Gaming World 's Elliott Chin compared the game extensively to WarCraft II , he said that it has " great depth , and when compared to its real @-@ time brethren , it has to be the most sophisticated of the bunch " . GameVortex wanted less of a combat @-@ oriented gameplay , but praised the modes of play , commenting that " the random map generation [ ... ] really keeps the game spiced up . " GameSpot decried the level of micromanagement necessary to control the game ( which was due to absence of production queues and low AI of the player 's units ) calling it " a poor idea " , which " seriously diminishes AOE 's enjoyability . " GameVortex echoed this criticism , while PC Gameworld pointed out the subsequently released patches improving some of the faulty AI programming . Elliott Chin criticized the game 's population limit , which he thought to be its " most serious grievance " . While noting the similarities with Warcraft II , PC Gameworld praised the uniqueness of each playable civilization , and noted that the " graphics are extremely detailed and have a hand @-@ painted feel to them . It 's rare to see a game this beautiful with such detailed unit movements . " Game Revolution was impressed by the amount of different units of the game , and noted that the developers " obviously did [ their ] research here , and the result is a well rounded , historically accurate product ( at least for a game ) " . The soundscape of the game was also criticized , with GameVortex stating that " the oral clues just aren 't enough to let you differentiate just what 's going on . " With a view to the future of the game , Game @-@ Revolution emphasized the scenario editor , which " allows you total control in the design of scenarios and campaigns " , a " tool at your disposal to create a scenario exactly to your liking . " The game won numerous awards , including Gamecenter 's 1997 Game of the Year and the 1998 AIAS Computer Strategy Game of the Year award .
= Hepatic encephalopathy = Hepatic encephalopathy ( HE ) is the occurrence of confusion , altered level of consciousness , and coma as a result of liver failure . In the advanced stages it is called hepatic coma or coma hepaticum . It may ultimately lead to death . It is caused by accumulation in the bloodstream of toxic substances that are normally removed by the liver . The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy requires the presence of impaired liver function and the exclusion of an alternative explanation for the symptoms . Blood tests ( ammonia levels ) may assist in the diagnosis . Attacks are often caused by another problem , such as infection or constipation . Hepatic encephalopathy is reversible with treatment . This relies on suppressing the production of the toxic substances in the intestine and is most commonly done with the laxative lactulose or with non @-@ absorbable antibiotics . In addition , the treatment of any underlying condition may improve the symptoms . In particular settings , such as acute liver failure , the onset of encephalopathy may indicate the need for a liver transplant . = = Signs and symptoms = = The mildest form of hepatic encephalopathy is difficult to detect clinically , but may be demonstrated on neuropsychological testing . It is experienced as forgetfulness , mild confusion , and irritability . The first stage of hepatic encephalopathy is characterised by an inverted sleep @-@ wake pattern ( sleeping by day , being awake at night ) . The second stage is marked by lethargy and personality changes . The third stage is marked by worsened confusion . The fourth stage is marked by a progression to coma . More severe forms of hepatic encephalopathy lead to a worsening level of consciousness , from lethargy to somnolence and eventually coma . In the intermediate stages , a characteristic jerking movement of the limbs is observed ( asterixis , " liver flap " due to its flapping character ) ; this disappears as the somnolence worsens . There is disorientation and amnesia , and uninhibited behaviour may occur . In the third stage , neurological examination may reveal clonus and positive Babinski sign . Coma and seizures represent the most advanced stage ; cerebral oedema ( swelling of the brain tissue ) leads to death . Encephalopathy often occurs together with other symptoms and signs of liver failure . These may include jaundice ( yellow discolouration of the skin and the whites of the eyes ) , ascites ( fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity ) , and peripheral edema ( swelling of the legs due to fluid build @-@ up in the skin ) . The tendon reflexes may be exaggerated , and the plantar reflex may be abnormal , namely extending rather than flexing ( Babinski 's sign ) in severe encephalopathy . A particular smell ( foetor hepaticus ) may be detected . = = Causes = = In a small proportion of cases , the encephalopathy is caused directly by liver failure ; this is more likely in acute liver failure . More commonly , especially in chronic liver disease , hepatic encephalopathy is caused or aggravated by an additional cause , and identifying these causes can be important to treat the episode effectively . Hepatic encephalopathy may also occur after the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPSS ) . This is used in the treatment of refractory ascites , bleeding from oesophageal varices and hepatorenal syndrome . TIPSS @-@ related encephalopathy occurs in about 30 % of cases , with the risk being higher in those with previous episodes of encephalopathy , higher age , female sex and liver disease due to causes other than alcohol . = = Pathogenesis = = There are various explanations why liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting might lead to encephalopathy . In healthy subjects , nitrogen @-@ containing compounds from the intestine , generated by gut bacteria from food , are transported by the portal vein to the liver , where 80 – 90 % are metabolised through the urea cycle and / or excreted immediately . This process is impaired in all subtypes of hepatic encephalopathy , either because the hepatocytes ( liver cells ) are incapable of metabolising the waste products or because portal venous blood bypasses the liver through collateral circulation or a medically constructed shunt . Nitrogenous waste products accumulate in the systemic circulation ( hence the older term " portosystemic encephalopathy " ) . The most important waste product is ammonia ( NH3 ) . This small molecule crosses the blood – brain barrier and is absorbed and metabolised by the astrocytes , a population of cells in the brain that constitutes 30 % of the cerebral cortex . Astrocytes use ammonia when synthesising glutamine from glutamate . The increased levels of glutamine lead to an increase in osmotic pressure in the astrocytes , which become swollen . There is increased activity of the inhibitory γ @-@ aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) system , and the energy supply to other brain cells is decreased . This can be thought of as an example of brain oedema of the " cytotoxic " type . Despite numerous studies demonstrating the central role of ammonia , ammonia levels don 't always correlate with the severity of the encephalopathy ; it is suspected that this means that more ammonia has already been absorbed into the brain in those with severe symptoms whose serum levels are relatively low . Other waste products implicated in hepatic encephalopathy include mercaptans ( substances containing a thiol group ) , short @-@ chain fatty acids and phenol . Numerous other abnormalities have been described in hepatic encephalopathy , although their relative contribution to the disease state is uncertain . Loss of glutamate transporter gene expression ( especially EAAT 2 ) has been attributed to acute liver failure . Benzodiazepine @-@ like compounds have been detected at increased levels as well as abnormalities in the GABA neurotransmission system . An imbalance between aromatic amino acids ( phenylalanine , tryptophan and tyrosine ) and branched @-@ chain amino acids ( leucine , isoleucine and valine ) has been described ; this would lead to the generation of false neurotransmitters ( such octopamine and 2 @-@ hydroxyphenethylamine ) . Dysregulation of the serotonin system , too , has been reported . Depletion of zinc and accumulation of manganese may play a role . Inflammation elsewhere in the body may precipitate encephalopathy through the action of cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on astrocytes . = = Diagnosis = = = = = Investigations = = = The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy can only be made in the presence of confirmed liver disease ( types A and C ) or a portosystemic shunt ( type B ) , as its symptoms are similar to those encountered in other encephalopathies . To make the distinction , abnormal liver function tests and / or ultrasound suggesting liver disease are required , and ideally liver biopsy . The symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy may also arise from other conditions , such as cerebral haemorrhage and seizures ( both of which are more common in chronic liver disease ) . A CT scan of the brain may be required to exclude haemorrhage , and if seizure activity is suspected an electroencephalograph ( EEG ) study may be performed . Rarer mimics of encephalopathy are meningitis , encephalitis , Wernicke 's encephalopathy and Wilson 's disease ; these may be suspected on clinical grounds and confirmed with investigations . The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is a clinical one , once other causes for confusion or coma have been excluded ; no test fully diagnoses or excludes it . Serum ammonia levels are elevated in 90 % of patients , but not all hyperammonaemia ( high ammonia levels ) is associated with encephalopathy . A CT scan of the brain usually shows no abnormality except in stage IV encephalopathy , when cerebral oedema may be visible . Other neuroimaging modalities , such as magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , are not currently regarded as useful , although they may show abnormalities . Electroencephalography shows no clear abnormalities in stage 0 , even if minimal HE is present ; in stages I , II and III there are triphasic waves over the frontal lobes that oscillate at 5 Hz , and in stage IV there is slow delta wave activity . However , the changes in EEG are not typical enough to be useful in distinguishing hepatic encephalopathy from other conditions . Once the diagnosis of encephalopathy has been made , efforts are made to exclude underlying causes ( such as listed above in " causes " ) . This requires blood tests ( urea and electrolytes , full blood count , liver function tests ) , usually a chest X @-@ ray , and urinalysis . If there is ascites , diagnostic paracentesis ( removal of a fluid sample with a needle ) may be required to identify spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ( SBP ) . = = = Classification = = = = = = = West Haven criteria = = = = The severity of hepatic encephalopathy is graded with the West Haven Criteria ; this is based on the level of impairment of autonomy , changes in consciousness , intellectual function , behavior , and the dependence on therapy . Grade 1 - Trivial lack of awareness ; euphoria or anxiety ; shortened attention span ; impaired performance of addition or subtraction Grade 2 - Lethargy or apathy ; minimal disorientation for time or place ; subtle personality change ; inappropriate behaviour Grade 3 - Somnolence to semistupor , but responsive to verbal stimuli ; confusion ; gross disorientation Grade 4 - Coma = = = = Types = = = = A classification of hepatic encephalopathy was introduced at the World Congress of Gastroenterology 1998 in Vienna . According to this classification , hepatic encephalopathy is subdivided in type A , B and C depending on the underlying cause . Type A ( = acute ) describes hepatic encephalopathy associated with acute liver failure , typically associated with cerebral oedema Type B ( = bypass ) is caused by portal @-@ systemic shunting without associated intrinsic liver disease Type C ( = cirrhosis ) occurs in patients with cirrhosis - this type is subdivided in episodic , persistent and minimal encephalopathy The term minimal encephalopathy ( MHE ) is defined as encephalopathy that does not lead to clinically overt cognitive dysfunction , but can be demonstrated with neuropsychological studies . This is still an important finding , as minimal encephalopathy has been demonstrated to impair quality of life and increase the risk of involvement in road traffic accidents . = = = = Minimal HE = = = = The diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy requires neuropsychological testing by definition . Older tests include the " numbers connecting test " A and B ( measuring the speed at which one could connect randomly dispersed numbers 1 – 20 ) , the " block design test " and the " digit @-@ symbol test " . In 2009 an expert panel concluded that neuropsychological test batteries aimed at measuring multiple domains of cognitive function are generally more reliable than single tests , and tend to be more strongly correlated with functional status . Both the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status ( RBANS ) and PSE @-@ Syndrom @-@ Test may be used for this purpose . The PSE @-@ Syndrom @-@ Test , developed in Germany and validated in several other European countries , incorporates older assessment tools such as the number connection test . = = Treatment = = Those with severe encephalopathy ( stages 3 and 4 ) are at risk of obstructing their airway due to decreased protective reflexes such as the gag reflex . This can lead to respiratory arrest . Transferring the patient to a higher level of nursing care , such as an intensive care unit , is required and intubation of the airway is often necessary to prevent life @-@ threatening complications ( e.g. , aspiration or respiratory failure ) . Placement of a nasogastric tube permits the safe administration of nutrients and medication . The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy depends on the suspected underlying cause ( types A , B or C ) and the presence or absence of underlying causes . If encephalopathy develops in acute liver failure ( type A ) , even in a mild form ( grade 1 – 2 ) , it indicates that a liver transplant may be required , and transfer to a specialist centre is advised . Hepatic encephalopathy type B may arise in those who have undergone a TIPSS procedure ; in most cases this resolves spontaneously or with the medical treatments discussed below , but in a small proportion of about 5 % , occlusion of the shunt is required to address the symptoms . In hepatic encephalopathy type C , the identification and treatment of alternative or underlying causes is central to the initial management . Given the frequency of infection as the underlying cause , antibiotics are often administered empirically ( without knowledge of the exact source and nature of the infection ) . Once an episode of encephalopathy has been effectively treated , a decision may need to be made on whether to prepare for a liver transplant . = = = Diet = = = In the past , it was thought that consumption of protein even at normal levels increased the risk of hepatic encephalopathy . This has been shown to be incorrect . Furthermore , many people with chronic liver disease are malnourished and require adequate protein to maintain a stable body weight . A diet with adequate protein and energy is therefore recommended . Dietary supplementation with Branched @-@ chain amino acids has shown improvement of encephalopathy and other complications of cirrhosis . Some studies have shown benefit of administration of probiotics ( " healthy bacteria " ) . = = = Lactulose / lactitol = = = Lactulose and lactitol are disaccharides that are not absorbed from the digestive tract . They are thought to decrease the generation of ammonia by bacteria , render the ammonia inabsorbable by converting it to ammonium ( NH4 + ) ions , and increase transit of bowel content through the gut . Doses of 15 @-@ 30 ml are administered three times a day ; the result is aimed to be 3 – 5 soft stools a day , or ( in some settings ) a stool pH of < 6 @.@ 0 . Lactulose may also be given by enema , especially if encephalopathy is severe . More commonly , phosphate enemas are used . This may relieve constipation , one of the causes of encephalopathy , and increase bowel transit . A 2004 review by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine whether lactulose and lactitol are of benefit for hepatic encephalopathy , but it remains the first @-@ line treatment for type C hepatic encephalopathy . In acute liver failure , it is unclear whether lactulose is beneficial . Furthermore , it may lead to bloating and as such interfere with a liver transplant procedure if required . = = = Antibiotics = = = The antibiotic rifaximin is typically recommended . It is a nonabsorbable antibiotic from the rifamycin class . This is thought to work in a similar way to other antibiotics , but without the complications attached to neomycin and metronidazole . The use of rifaximin is supported by better evidence than lactulose . Due to the long history and lower cost of lactulose use , rifaximin is only used as a second @-@ line treatment if lactulose is poorly tolerated or not effective . When rifaximin is added to lactulose , the combination of the two may be more effective than each component separately . Rifaximin is more expensive than lactulose , but the cost may be offset by reduced hospital admissions for encephalopathy . The antibiotics neomycin and metronidazole were previously used as a treatment for hepatic encephalopathy . The rationale of their use was the fact that ammonia and other waste products are generated and converted by intestinal bacteria , and killing these bacteria would reduce the generation of these waste products . Neomycin was chosen because of its low intestinal absorption , as neomycin and similar aminoglycoside antibiotics may cause hearing loss and renal failure if used parenterally . Later studies showed that neomycin was indeed absorbed enterally , with resultant complications . Metronidazole , similarly , was abandoned because prolonged use could cause peripheral neuropathy ( nerve damage ) , in addition to gastrointestinal side effects . = = = LOLA = = = A preparation of L @-@ ornithine and L @-@ aspartate ( LOLA ) is used to increase the generation of urea through the urea cycle , a metabolic pathway that removes ammonia by turning it into the neutral substance urea . It may be combined with lactulose and / or rifaximin if these alone are ineffective at controlling symptoms . = = Epidemiology and prognosis = = In those with cirrhosis , the risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy is 20 % per year , and at any time about 30 – 45 % of people with cirrhosis exhibit evidence of overt encephalopathy . The prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy detectable on formal neuropsychological testing is 60 – 80 % ; this increases the likelihood of developing overt encephalopathy in the future . Once hepatic encephalopathy has developed , the prognosis is determined largely by other markers of liver failure , such as the levels of albumin ( a protein produced by the liver ) , the prothrombin time ( a test of coagulation , which relies on proteins produced in the liver ) , the presence of ascites and the level of bilirubin ( a breakdown product of hemoglobin which is conjugated and excreted by the liver ) . Together with the severity of encephalopathy , these markers have been incorporated into the Child @-@ Pugh score ; this score determines the one- and two @-@ year survival and may assist in a decision to offer liver transplantation . In acute liver failure , the development of severe encephalopathy strongly predicts short @-@ term mortality , and is almost as important as the nature of the underlying cause of the liver failure in determining the prognosis . Historically , widely used criteria for offering liver transplantation , such as King 's College Criteria , are of limited use and recent guidelines discourage excessive reliance on these criteria . The occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with Wilson 's disease ( hereditary copper accumulation ) and mushroom poisoning indicates an urgent need for a liver transplant . = = History = = The occurrence of disturbed behaviour in people with jaundice may have been described in antiquity by Hippocrates of Cos ( ca . 460 – 370 BCE ) . Celsus and Galen ( first and third century respectively ) both recognised the condition . Many modern descriptions of the link between liver disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms were made in the eighteenth and nineteenth century ; for instance , Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( 1682 – 1771 ) reported in 1761 that it was a progressive condition . In the 1950s , several reports enumerated the numerous abnormalities reported previously , and confirmed the previously enunciated theory that metabolic impairment and portosystemic shunting are the underlying mechanism behind hepatic encephalopathy , and that the nitrogen @-@ rich compounds originate from the intestine . Many of these studies were done by Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock ( 1918 – 2001 ) , then at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in London and subsequently at the Royal Free Hospital . The same group investigated protein restriction and neomycin . The West Haven classification was formulated by Prof Harold Conn ( 1925 – 2011 ) and colleagues at Yale University while investigating the therapeutic efficacy of lactulose .
= Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class battleship = Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class battleships were a class of pre – World War I , pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the German Kaiserliche Marine . The class was made up of five ships , all of which were named for German emperors . The Kaiser Friedrich III class saw the introduction of the traditional armament layout for German battleships — four large @-@ caliber guns , but of comparatively smaller caliber compared to contemporary battleships , in two gun turrets — prior to the advent of the dreadnought type of battleship in the early 1900s . They also standardized the use of three screws for battleships . Kaiser Friedrich III was laid down at Wilhelmshaven Navy Dockyard in March , 1895 , followed by Kaiser Wilhelm II in October , 1896 , also in Wilhelmshaven . Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was laid down at Germania , Kiel in January , 1898 , followed by Kaiser Barbarossa at Schichau , Danzig in August of that year , and Kaiser Karl der Grosse , a month later in September , at Blohm & Voss , Hamburg . Work on all five vessels was completed by 1901 . The five Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class battleships were assigned to the I Squadron of the Home Fleet ( Heimatflotte ) after commissioning . Here they conducted extensive annual training maneuvers with the rest of the fleet . After ten years of fleet service , they were replaced with newer ships . They were transferred to the III Squadron of the fleet , which had by then been reorganized as the High Seas Fleet , and placed in reserve . The ships were recalled to active service at the outbreak of World War I , but saw limited duty during the war . They initially served in V Squadron , until 1915 , when the ships were relegated to auxiliary roles , primarily as prison ships . After the war , all five of the ships were sold and scrapped by 1922 . = = Design = = Design work on the class began in 1892 and lasted until 1894 . The ships of the Kaiser Friedrich III class marked a significant departure from the previous Brandenburg @-@ class battleships . Influenced by the Japanese cruisers ' victory over a heavier @-@ armed Chinese fleet at the Battle of Yalu , heavy @-@ caliber guns designed to penetrate armor were abandoned and replaced with smaller quick @-@ firing guns . These guns were intended to raze the superstructure of enemy battleships and demoralize the crew . The propulsion system was improved and reorganized to incorporate a third propeller shaft . The armor system , however , remained similar to that employed on the Brandenburgs . = = = General characteristics = = = The Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class ships were 120 @.@ 9 meters ( 396 ft 8 in ) long at the waterline and 125 @.@ 3 m ( 411 ft 1 in ) overall . They had a beam of 20 @.@ 4 m ( 66 ft 11 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 89 m ( 25 ft 11 in ) forward and 8 @.@ 25 m ( 27 ft 1 in ) aft . The ships displaced 11 @,@ 785 metric tons ( 11 @,@ 599 long tons ) at full load . Transverse and longitudinal steel frames were used to build the hulls for the Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class ships . Steel hull plates were riveted to the frame . The hull contained twelve watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 70 percent of the hull . The German navy regarded them as excellent sea vessels . They had a tight turning circle and were very responsive . The ships rolled up to 15 ° and had a roll period of 12 seconds . They suffered only minor speed loss in heavy seas , but up to 40 percent with the rudder hard over . Their metacentric height was between .917 to 1 @.@ 18 m ( 3 ft 0 @.@ 1 in to 3 ft 10 @.@ 5 in ) . The ships carried a number of smaller boats , including two picket boats , two launches , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and two dinghies . The crew numbered 39 officers and 612 enlisted men . When serving as a squadron flagship , a ship had its crew augmented by another 12 officers and between 51 to 63 enlisted men . = = = Machinery = = = The Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class battleships were powered by three 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines that drove three screws . Kaiser Friedrich III , Kaiser Barbarossa , and Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse were equipped with three 3 @-@ bladed screws that were 4 @.@ 5 m ( 14 ft 9 in ) in diameter . Kaiser Karl der Grosse and Kaiser Wilhelm II were equipped with two of the 3 @-@ bladed screws on the outer shafts and a four @-@ bladed screw that was 4 @.@ 2 m ( 13 ft 9 in ) in diameter on the center shaft . Kaiser Friedrich III had four Thornycroft and eight cylindrical boilers ; Kaiser Wilhelm II had a similar arrangement , except the Thornycroft boilers were replaced by Marine @-@ type boilers . Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was equipped with four Marine and six cylindrical boilers , while Kaiser Barbarossa had four Thornycroft and six cylindrical boilers . Kaiser Karl der Grosse had two Marine boilers , two Marine double boilers , and six cylindrical boilers . The powerplants were rated at 13 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 12 @,@ 822 ihp ; 9 @,@ 561 kW ) , but on trials could produce up to 13 @,@ 950 PS ( 13 @,@ 760 ihp ; 10 @,@ 260 kW ) . This generated a top speed of 17 @.@ 5 knots ( 32 @.@ 4 km / h ; 20 @.@ 1 mph ) . The ships carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ; 720 short tons ) of coal , although the use of additional spaces within the ships increased fuel capacity to 1 @,@ 070 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 050 long tons ; 1 @,@ 180 short tons ) . This provided a maximum range of 3 @,@ 420 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 330 km ; 3 @,@ 940 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Electrical power was supplied by five 320 kW 74 Volt generators in Kaiser Friedrich III and Kaiser Wilhelm II , and four 240 kW 74 V generators in the other three ships . = = = Armament = = = The ships ' armament consisted of a main battery of four 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) SK L / 40 guns in twin gun turrets , one fore and one aft of the central superstructure . The guns were mounted in Drh.L. C / 98 turrets , which allowed elevation to 30 ° and depression to − 5 ° . At maximum elevation , the guns could hit targets out to 16 @,@ 900 meters ( 18 @,@ 500 yd ) . The guns fired 140 @-@ kilogram ( 310 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 690 m / s ( 2 @,@ 263 ft / s ) . They had a rate of fire of three to four shots per minute . Each gun was supplied with 75 shells , for a total of 300 . Secondary armament included eighteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 inch ) SK L / 40 guns ; six were emplaced in single turrets amidships and twelve were mounted in MPL casemates . These guns fired armor @-@ piercing shells at a rate of 4 – 5 per minute . The ships carried 120 shells per gun , for a total of 2 @,@ 160 rounds total . The guns could depress to − 7 degrees and elevate to 20 degrees , for a maximum range of 13 @,@ 700 m ( 14 @,@ 990 yd ) . They were manually elevated and trained . The ships also carried twelve 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 45 in ) SK L / 30 quick @-@ firing guns , also mounted in casemates . These guns were supplied with between 170 and 250 shells per gun . These guns fired 13 @.@ 8 kg ( 30 @.@ 4 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of 590 m / s ( 1 @,@ 936 ft / s ) . Their rate of fire was approximately 15 shells per minute ; the guns could engage targets out to 10 @,@ 500 m ( 11 @,@ 480 yd ) . The gun mounts were manually operated . The ships ' gun armament was rounded out by twelve machine guns . The ships were also armed with six 45 cm torpedo tubes , all in above @-@ water swivel mounts . Four tubes were mounted on the sides of the ship , another in the bow , and the last in the stern . These weapons were 5 @.@ 1 m ( 16 ft 9 in ) long and carried an 87 @.@ 5 kg ( 193 lb ) TNT warhead . They could be set at two speeds for different ranges . At 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) , the torpedoes had a range of 800 m ( 870 yd ) . At an increased speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , the range was reduced to 500 m ( 550 yb ) . = = = Armor = = = The Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class ships were armored with steel produced by Krupp . They had an armor belt that was 300 millimeters ( 12 in ) thick in the central portion of the hull at the waterline . It tapered to 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in the forward section and 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) in the rear , although the belt did not extend fully aft . The lower portion of the belt ranged in thickness from 100 to 180 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 1 in ) . The entire belt was backed with 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of teak . The armored deck was 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The conning tower was protected by armored sides that were 250 mm thick and a roof that was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . Each main @-@ battery turret had a 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick roof and 250 mm thick sides . The 15 cm guns mounted in turrets were protected by 150 mm thick sides and 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick gun shields . Those in the casemates also had 150 mm worth of armor protection . = = Construction = = Kaiser Friedrich III , the first ship of the class , was ordered from the Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven as Ersatz Preussen . She was intended to replace the old armored frigate Preussen . She was laid down in 1895 under construction number 22 . She was launched on 1 July 1896 , after which fitting out commenced ; this included the installation of the ship 's armament and the completion of the superstructure . The ship was completed and commissioned into the German fleet on 7 October 1898 . Kaiser Wilhelm II 's keel was laid in Wilhelmshaven in 1896 , also at the Kaiserliche Werft , under construction number 24 . She was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Friedrich der Grosse , to replace the armored frigate Friedrich der Grosse . Kaiser Wilhelm II was launched on 14 September 1897 and commissioned on 13 February 1900 . Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was ordered under the contract name Ersatz König Wilhelm as a replacement for the obsolete König Wilhelm . Her keel was laid at the Germaniawerft dockyard under construction number 79 in 1898 . The ship was launched on 1 June 1899 and commissioned into the fleet on 5 May 1901 . The keel for Kaiser Barbarossa — ordered as " B " , an addition to the fleet — was laid down at the Schichau @-@ Werke in Danzig in 1898 . Her construction number was 640 . She was launched on 21 April 1900 and commissioned into the German navy on 10 June 1901 . Also in 1898 , Kaiser Karl der Grosse was laid down at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 136 . She was ordered as an addition to the fleet , and so was assigned the contract name " A " . The last ship of the class to be completed , Kaiser Karl der Grosse was launched on 18 October 1899 and commissioned into the fleet on 4 February 1902 . = = = Ships = = = = = Service history = = When Kaiser Wilhelm II was commissioned into the fleet , she assumed the position of fleet flagship ; she held this position until 1906 . The other four ships joined her in the I Squadron of the Heimatflotte ( Home Fleet ) , where they remained for ten years . The five ships took part in extensive training maneuvers in September 1902 with the rest of the fleet . Throughout the maneuvers the Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class ships operated as the opposing force , with the exception of Kaiser Wilhelm II . As the fleet flagship , Kaiser Wilhelm II hosted Wilhelm II during several of the mock engagements and served as the observation point for the senior staff . Between 1907 and 1910 , the ships of the class were heavily rebuilt , with the exception of Kaiser Karl der Grosse . During the modernization , the ships had their superstructures cut down . Four 15 cm guns and one torpedo tube were also removed . The ships ' 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were repositioned to the upper decks where the 15 cm guns had been located . Also , the smoke stacks were lengthened . By 1911 , the fleet was reorganized as the Hochseeflotte ( High Seas Fleet ) , and new dreadnought battleships were beginning to enter service . As a result , the Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class ships were transferred to the III Squadron and then placed into reserve . In 1914 , with the outbreak of World War I , the five ships were recalled to active duty and placed in the V Squadron of the fleet . In February 1915 , the ships were withdrawn from active service for a second time . The ships were disarmed by 1916 and transferred to secondary roles . Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse became a torpedo training ship and Kaiser Wilhelm II became the headquarters ship for the commander of the High Seas Fleet in Wilhelmshaven . The other three ships were used as floating prisons . In 1917 , Kaiser Friedrich III was transferred to barracks ship duties in Flensburg . All of the ships , with the exception of Kaiser Wilhelm II , were stricken from the navy register on 6 December 1919 and sold for scrapping . Kaiser Wilhelm II followed on 17 March 1921 . By 1922 , all five ships had been broken up for scrap metal . The bow ornaments from Kaiser Friedrich III and Kaiser Wilhelm II are preserved at the Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr in Dresden .
= 1955 MacArthur Airport United Airlines crash = On April 4 , 1955 , a United Airlines Douglas DC @-@ 6 named Mainliner Idaho crashed shortly after taking off from Long Island MacArthur Airport , in Ronkonkoma , Islip , New York , United States . The flight was operated for the purpose of maintaining the currency of the instrument rating of two of the airline 's pilots . Shortly after takeoff and only seconds after climbing through 150 feet ( 46 m ) , the plane began banking to the right . It continued to roll through 90 degrees ; the nose then dropped suddenly and moments later it struck the ground . All three members of the flight crew were killed upon impact . A subsequent investigation found a simulated engine failure procedure was being conducted , which involved a member of the crew pulling back the throttle lever for engine No. 4 prior to taking off . Investigators found that if the throttle lever was pulled back too far , it would cause the propeller to reverse — a feature designed to slow the aircraft upon landing . Once the landing gear was raised , the crew would have to raise a metal flag in the cockpit to bring the propeller blades back into the correct position , since a safety device prevented electric power from operating the rotating mechanism at the roots of the blades unless the aircraft was on the ground or the flag was manually raised . The Civil Aeronautics Board ( CAB ) concluded one of the flight crew applied full power to No. 4 engine , thinking this would bring the aircraft out of the increasing bank . Because the blades were reversed and the flag was not raised , that increased the reverse thrust from No. 4 engine , causing the DC @-@ 6 to spiral out of control . Since the plane was so close to the ground , the suddenness of the bank and dive meant the flight crew had no chance to recover the aircraft before impact . In the aftermath of the accident , the Civil Aeronautics Administration ( CAA ) issued an Airworthiness Directive ordering all DC @-@ 6 and DC @-@ 6B aircraft to be fitted with a manual device which could prevent the inadvertent reversal of the propeller blades . United Airlines also stated they had begun installing reverse thrust indicator lights in the cockpits of their DC @-@ 6 aircraft , which would warn pilots when a propeller had reversed . = = History = = On April 4 , 1955 , a United Airlines check captain , Stanley C. Hoyt , age 45 , was carrying out instrument rating checks on two of the airline 's pilots . Hoyt had been employed by United Airlines since 1937 , and had 9 @,@ 763 flying hours experience , 549 of which were in a DC @-@ 6 . He was training the two pilots , Henry M. Dozier , age 40 , and Vernis H. Webb , age 35 , so they would be able to retain an instrument rating qualification , allowing them to fly under instrument flight rules . The aircraft was a Douglas DC @-@ 6 , registration N37512 , serial number 43001 . The airframe had flown 22 @,@ 068 flying hours , and had undergone an inspection 105 hours before the accident . The aircraft was powered by four Pratt & Whitney R2800 @-@ CB16 engines , fitted with Hamilton Standard 43E60 @-@ 317 propellers . The weather on the day of the accident was clear , although there was a strong wind of about 20 knots ( 37 km / h ) hitting the airfield from the southwest , with occasional gusts of wind as fast as 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) . The aircraft made several circuits , taking off and landing again , before eyewitnesses observed the aircraft standing at the end of the runway and then taking off at about 15 : 50 Eastern Standard Time . Loaded with around 61 @,@ 000 pounds ( 28 @,@ 000 kg ) , the aircraft was far below its maximum permissible weight and the center of gravity was within the prescribed limits for the model of aircraft . Between 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) and 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) down the runway , the aircraft reached take @-@ off speed , lifted off the ground , and began climbing normally as the crew retracted the landing gear . Upon climbing through 50 feet ( 15 m ) , the aircraft began banking to the right . The climbing bank continued to increase at a rate which alarmed witnesses , and soon after the aircraft rolled through 90 ° ( at which point the wings were vertical to the ground ) . At a height of around 150 feet ( 46 m ) , with all four engines producing take @-@ off thrust , the nose began to fall . Moments later the right wing and nose impacted the ground , causing the fuselage to cartwheel over , before the aircraft came to rest , with the correct side up . It was immediately engulfed in flames . All three members of the flight crew were instantly killed . Although emergency services at Long Island MacArthur promptly responded to the crash , the aircraft was destroyed by the post @-@ crash fire . = = Investigation = = = = = Wreckage examination = = = The Civil Aeronautics Board ( CAB ) , charged with investigating the accident , examined the wreckage at Long Island MacArthur Airport . Reports from witnesses of the crash indicated the aircraft appeared to have made a normal takeoff and began climbing normally . But , moments later it began banking sharply to the right . Investigators examined the four charred engines and concluded all were producing power at the point of impact . They could not conclusively determine the amount of power being produced , but stated there was no evidence found in the wreckage that suggested the engines might have suffered an operational failure . They were also able to determine all of the flight control surfaces , including the elevators , ailerons and rudder , were functioning properly at the point of the crash , and there were no faults in the flight control system . The flaps were extended to between 15 ° and 20 ° , the standard setting for take @-@ off . The propeller blades of No. 4 engine — on the far right side of the aircraft — were reversed — minus 8 ° , while the blades of Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 engines were at 34 ° positive pitch ( also standard for take @-@ off ) . = = = Reversed thrust = = = The propellers of a DC @-@ 6 are designed to provide reverse thrust after the aircraft touches down . The pilot then retards the throttle levers to a point below idle speed and that directs the electric mechanisms in the propeller hub to rotate the blades to a position in which they will provide reverse thrust . Should the pilot need to perform a go @-@ around , he moves the thrust levers forward to a positive position again and that will produce forward thrust , enabling the pilot to execute a go @-@ around maneuver . The Douglas Aircraft Company designed a system that would prevent the accidental reversal of propeller blades in @-@ flight . During development of the DC @-@ 6 , the company installed a system that cut electrical power to the mechanisms which rotated the blades while the airplane was in the air . When there was enough weight on the landing gear ( which would only be the case when the aircraft was on the ground ) , a switch which supplied electrical power to the mechanisms was closed — meaning that when the aircraft touched down the blades could be reversed and thus the airplane could be slowed . When the switch was closed , a red flag would swing into view in the cockpit of the aircraft , warning the crew that the blades could be reversed . Should the switch fail to close upon landing , the flag could be raised manually and electrical power to the mechanisms would be restored . When the aircraft took off , electrical power would be cut to the mechanisms so that the propeller blades could not be inadvertently reversed , and the red flag swung out of sight . Reverse thrust warning lamps , which would have warned the crew if the propellers were reversed , were not fitted on Mainliner Idaho . = = = Flight tests = = = The CAB carried out flight tests using a DC @-@ 6 . They found that if the propellers were reversed prior to take @-@ off they would not , if the flag was not raised , be rotated automatically again in the air to produce forward thrust if full power was applied . Tests performed by United Airlines showed that , if the propellers of just one engine were reversed and full power was applied to all four engines , then the aircraft would spiral into a dive . If METO ( maximum except take @-@ off ) power was applied to Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 engines , and full reverse thrust was applied to engine No. 4 , then the aircraft would become uncontrollable . If full left aileron was applied , the aircraft could be recovered for a short period of time , but a violent turn to the right would continue , and the competing forces would cause the aircraft to stall , and violently roll and pitch down . Flight tests , investigators said , accurately reproduced what happened to Mainliner Idaho during the accident sequence . The tests performed by United and by the investigators showed that if , after the aircraft became airborne , full power was applied to an engine whose propellers were reversed , the propellers would produce not positive thrust , but increased reverse thrust . One aviation author wrote of the crash , " The flight tests showed conclusively that , at take @-@ off configuration , a DC @-@ 6 becomes uncontrollable with an outboard engine at full power with its propeller in reverse pitch . Control is lost so quickly that there is little the crew can do at low altitude . In the case of this accident , it was doubtful if there would have been time for forward thrust to be restored before control was lost . " = = = Conclusions = = = While the wreckage was being examined , investigators found that all four engines were producing thrust at the time of impact . There were only two ways that the propeller could be reversed during the take @-@ off sequence . Investigators ruled out electrical malfunction since , after detailed examination of the engine hub , there was no evidence found of this happening . Therefore , it was concluded that the only way the propeller could have been reversed was through an unintentional crew action . Although there was no formal evidence that a simulated engine failure was being performed , statements submitted by witnesses suggested that it was likely this was the case . United Airlines procedure calls for No. 4 engine to be shut down in a simulated engine failure — the same engine which was found at the crash site with its propellers reversed . The investigation concluded the accident sequence began when the check pilot , while the aircraft was on the ground , retarded the throttle lever for No. 4 engine past the idle position , and therefore reversed the propellers of that engine . Once the airplane took off and started banking to the right , it would have been a natural reaction for one of the flight crew to increase power to No. 4 engine , thinking that by doing so the engine would start producing positive thrust and the aircraft could be recovered . However , since the metal flag was not raised , there was no electrical power to the rotating mechanisms — and increasing power to No. 4 engine would only have created more reverse thrust . The final accident report concluded there wasn 't sufficient time for the crew to react , since the dive began suddenly while the plane was so close to the ground . " Control will be lost so quickly that there is little , if anything , that the pilot can do if it occurs at low altitude , " the report stated . " He must recognize what is occurring , analyze it , and take action to unreverse in a very limited amount of time . It is doubtful that unreversing could have been accomplished in this instance before control was lost . " On October 4 , 1955 , the CAB released the final accident report , which concluded the reversal of the propellers and subsequent increase in power of the No. 4 engine had caused the accident . " The Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was unintentional movement of No. 4 throttle into the reverse range just before breaking ground , with the other three engines operating at high power output , which resulted in the aircraft very quickly becoming uncontrollable once airborne . " = = Aftermath = = = = = Technological advances = = = Following the accident , the Civil Aeronautics Administration ( CAA ) issued an Airworthiness Directive ordering all DC @-@ 6 and DC @-@ 6B aircraft to be fitted with a sequence gate latch , known as a Martin bar . The device is a metal bar which a crew would manually swing in front of the thrust levers over the idle line , physically preventing the thrust levers from being retarded into the reverse position . According to the CAB report , a United Airlines engineer told investigators the Martin bar should make propeller reversal " a more reliable and safer device [ than the system fitted to Mainliner Idaho ] ... with its numerous switches , relays , and automatic operation . " United Airlines issued a statement saying it had begun installing the device on its fleet of DC @-@ 6 and DC @-@ 6B aircraft one week before the accident , having used it successfully in service on their fleet of Douglas DC @-@ 7 aircraft . A Martin bar had not yet been fitted on Mainliner Idaho . United Airlines also said a program had begun to install reverse thrust indicator lights on all their DC @-@ 6 and DC @-@ 6B aircraft . The signals , fitted in the cockpit of the aircraft , would have warned the flight crew that the thrust lever had been pulled back too far , and the propellers had been reversed . = = = Similar accidents = = = Since the crash , there have been several other accidents involving reverse thrust . A Douglas DC @-@ 8 operating United Airlines Flight 859 crashed in 1961 when the first officer attempted to reverse all four engines during the landing roll . The left engines remained in forward thrust , while the right engines went into reverse , causing the aircraft to veer rapidly to the right and collide with airport construction vehicles , killing 17 of the 122 people aboard and 1 person on the ground . Japan Airlines Flight 350 , a DC @-@ 8 , crashed in 1982 short of the runway in Tokyo , after the mentally ill captain attempted suicide during the final approach phase of the flight , by putting the inboard engines into reverse thrust . Of the 174 people aboard , 24 died . In 1991 , Lauda Air Flight 004 , operated by a Boeing 767 , crashed after the left engine thrust reverser deployed in @-@ flight for reasons that could not be determined . The crash of a TAM Airlines Fokker 100 in 1996 was attributed to the deployment of the thrust reverser on No. 2 engine . The aircraft rolled to the right and crashed in a populated area of São Paulo , Brazil .
= 2015 Tour of Flanders = The 2015 Tour of Flanders ( in Dutch , Ronde van Vlaanderen ) was the 99th edition of the Tour of Flanders one @-@ day cycling race . It took place on 5 April and was the eighth race of the 2015 UCI World Tour . The race is one of the cobbled classics and is the second of the cycling monuments on the 2015 calendar . The 2014 champion was Fabian Cancellara ; he was not able to defend his title after breaking two vertebrae in a crash at E3 Harelbeke . The race was initially dominated by a breakaway group of up to seven riders before the favourites in the chasing group started to attack on the climb of the Taaienberg , 36 km ( 22 mi ) from the finish . Eventually , Alexander Kristoff and Niki Terpstra broke free and contested the victory in a two @-@ man sprint , won by Kristoff , who became the first Norwegian to win the race . Greg Van Avermaet finished third . = = Route = = The route of the 2015 edition of the race was only slightly adjusted from that of the 2014 edition , with two climbs added to the route in the first 100 km ( 62 mi ) , the Tiegemberg and the Berendries . It was 264 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 164 @.@ 6 mi ) in length , 5 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 6 mi ) longer than in the previous year and featured 19 small climbs , some of them cobbled . The race started in the Belgian city of Bruges , in the Grote Markt , with a 9 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 7 mi ) neutral zone . The racing began after the riders passed through Loppen , on the outskirts of Brugge . The first part of the route was a 43 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 27 @.@ 1 mi ) route south to the city of Kortrijk , passing through Zwevezele , Ardooie and Izegem . This part of the route was almost entirely flat . After Kortrijk , the route turned east towards the region known as the Flemish Ardennes . The final 150 km ( 93 mi ) were kept from the 2014 edition , with the toughest part of the race starting at the steep Koppenberg . In the last 45 km ( 28 mi ) , five climbs were set to prove decisive : the Steenbeekdries ( at 39 km ( 24 mi ) remaining ) , the Taaienberg ( 37 km ( 23 mi ) ) , the Kruisberg ( 28 km ( 17 mi ) ) , the Oude Kwaremont ( 17 km ( 11 mi ) ) and finally the Paterberg ( 13 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) ) . Several climbs needed to be tackled more than once , as the route took two laps of a circuit . These included the Oude Kwaremont , which was ridden three times , first after 112 km ( 70 mi ) as the second climb of the day and the Paterberg , which was featured twice . = = Teams = = As the Tour of Flanders is a UCI World Tour event , all 17 UCI WorldTeams were invited automatically and were obliged to send a squad . Eight Professional Continental teams received wildcard invitations . = = Pre @-@ race favourites = = The field of the race was marked by the absence of defending champion Fabian Cancellara ( Trek Factory Racing ) and former winner Tom Boonen ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , both ruled out by crashes earlier in the season . Several riders were named as potential favourites for the victory , among them Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , who came into the race after a victory at the E3 Harelbeke and a third @-@ place finish at Gent – Wevelgem just a few days before . In the absence of Cancellara , Trek Factory Racing 's squad was led by Stijn Devolder , the only former winner in the peloton , although he was not considered to have the best chances . Etixx – Quick @-@ Step 's squad featured Niki Terpstra , Zdeněk Štybar , and Stijn Vandenbergh , all of which were considered serious contenders . Team Katusha was led by Alexander Kristoff and Luca Paolini , the latter of which had proven his good form by winning Gent – Wevelgem earlier in the week , but had declared to work for Kristoff for this race . Other possible contenders included Milan – San Remo winner John Degenkolb ( Giant – Alpecin ) and Peter Sagan ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , although the Slovaks form had been called into question prior to the race . In addition , commentators named Greg van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) , Sep Vanmarcke ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Lars Boom ( Astana ) , Filippo Pozzato ( Lampre – Merida ) , Jürgen Roelandts , Jens Debusschere ( both Lotto – Soudal ) , and Sylvain Chavanel ( IAM Cycling ) among the high number of possible contenders . Barry Ryan on cyclingnews.com declared the race " wide open and [ ... ] a nightmare to predict " . = = Race report = = The race started with a small delay caused by a farmers ' strike . When racing got under way , five riders broke free of the pack after 20 km ( 12 mi ) : Jesse Sergent ( Trek Factory Racing ) , Damien Gaudin ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Ralf Matzka ( Bora – Argon 18 ) , Matthew Brammeier ( MTN – Qhubeka ) , and Dylan Groenewegen ( Team Roompot ) , while Clément Venturini ( Cofidis ) was briefly in the front group as well before dropping back . At Sint @-@ Eloois @-@ Winkel , there was a bonus sprint , in which Brammeier won his body weight of 73 kg ( 161 lb ) in local beer . Lars Bak ( Lotto – Soudal ) and Marco Frapporti ( Androni Giocattoli ) were able to bridge the gap to the leaders , creating a group of seven at the front . After 60 km ( 37 mi ) of racing , the leaders were about seven minutes clear of the peloton , but the gap started to come down once the riders reached the first climbs . There were several attacks from the main group when it navigated the area around Oudenaarde , with André Greipel ( Lotto – Soudal ) featuring in all of them , to no avail . Just before the cobble section of the Haaghoek , a neutral car by supplier Shimano tried to overtake the leading group and hit Sergent , who fell and had to retire with a broken collarbone , which later required surgery . With the lead group now down to six riders , they led the main field by three minutes , with Team Sky leading the chase , after their rider Bradley Wiggins had recovered from an earlier crash . Another incident involving a car by Shimano occurred a little later when it crashed into the back of a FDJ team car , which in turn brought down rider Sébastien Chavanel , forcing him to abandon as well . On the Kaperij , the tenth climb , Bak and Gaudin were able to break free from their group . On the second ascent of the Oude Kwaremont , Greipel again unsuccessfully attacked , before the main field reached the breakaway at the top of the climb . On the Koppenberg , Greipel again attacked and an increase in tempo caused Bradley Wiggins and other riders to lose contact . At the front , Geraint Thomas and Stijn Devolder ( Trek Factory Racing ) led the chase to bring back Greipel . Once they reached him , Alexey Lutsenko ( Astana ) was on the attack after the climb , leading at a maximum of half a minute . At the climb of the Taaienberg , 36 km ( 22 mi ) from the finish , the favourites came into play . Niki Terpstra was the first to move , with Greg van Avermaet following after crossing the top , soon followed by a larger group . On the third and final lap of the course , Lutsenko attacked the 26 @-@ rider strong group again , joined by van Avermaet and Nelson Oliveira ( Lampre – Merida ) . They were caught before the Kruisberg , soon followed by an attack by Terpstra and Kristoff . The two created a thirty @-@ second lead and held it to the finish , even with a counter @-@ attack from van Avermaet and Peter Sagan late on . Terpstra did not contribute to the pace making over the last kilometre , trying to use Kristoff 's slipstream to win a sprint . This proved unsuccessful however , as Kristoff took the second monuments victory of his career , outsprinting Terpstra to the line . He became the first Norwegian to win the race . = = Post @-@ race = = Kristoff was delighted with his win , saying : " I 'm really happy to win , it 's a really good feeling [ ... ] My family is here today , and it was a big dream and my big goal this season and I managed to do it . " On his run @-@ in to the finish line with Terpstra , he commented : " At the end , I came with Niki , and he didn 't really want to work with me , but I understand that . In the end I could still beat him . " Geraint Thomas was disappointed with his performance , tweeting after the race that he " just lacked the legs of last weekend " , referring to his E3 Harelbeke victory . The magazine Cycling Weekly commented on the race by criticising the route as " more attritional [ ... ] than it is tactical " , citing the lack of attacks and the teams ' reluctance to send riders into break @-@ aways . Reporter Stephen Puddicombe also criticised Niki Terpstra for not attacking Kristoff before the finish , writing : " Did Terpstra really believe he had any hope of winning the two @-@ man sprint against one of the quickest finishers in the world ? " = = Results = =
= Maroon 5 = Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles , California . Before the current group was established , the original four members , Adam Levine ( lead vocals , lead guitar ) , Jesse Carmichael ( rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) Mickey Madden ( bass guitar ) and Ryan Dusick ( drums ) , formed a band known as Kara 's Flowers in 1994 , while they were still in high school . The band , which self @-@ released an album called We Like Digging ? , then signed to Reprise Records and released the album The Fourth World in 1997 . After the album garnered a tepid response , the band parted ways with the record label and the members attended college . In 2001 , the band changed its image by adding guitarist James Valentine and pursuing a new direction under the name Maroon 5 . At this point , Carmichael switched to playing keyboards , which has since become his main instrument in the band . After these changes , Maroon 5 signed with a subsidiary of J Records , Octone Records , and released their debut album , Songs About Jane , in June 2002 . The album 's lead single , " Harder to Breathe " , received heavy airplay , which helped the album to debut at number six on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2004 , the album went platinum and has been dubbed " the sleeper hit of the millennium " . The band won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2005 . For the next few years , Maroon 5 toured extensively worldwide in support of Songs About Jane and produced two live recordings : 2004 's 1.22.03.Acoustic and 2005 's Live – Friday the 13th . In 2006 , Dusick officially left Maroon 5 after suffering from serious wrist and shoulder injuries and was replaced by Matt Flynn . The band then recorded their second album , It Won 't Be Soon Before Long and released it in May 2007 . The album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and the lead single , " Makes Me Wonder " , became the band 's first number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . In September 2010 , Maroon 5 released their third studio album Hands All Over , which was re @-@ released in 2011 to include the single " Moves like Jagger " featuring Christina Aguilera . While the original version of the album received mixed reviews , " Moves like Jagger " reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 . The band released their fourth album , Overexposed , on June 26 , 2012 . All four singles of the album were highly successful on the Billboard Hot 100 , including second single " One More Night " , which reached number one for 4 weeks straight . Keyboardist PJ Morton became an official member of the band in 2012 , after gaining little success with his previous albums as an R & B vocalist . The addition of PJ Morton meant that for the first time , Maroon 5 had six official members . The same year , the bass player of Phantom Planet , Sam Farrar , became an official touring member , playing many different instruments ( including guitars , percussion and additional keyboards ) , singing backing vocals and also providing samples on other popular bands . In 2014 , the band signed with Interscope Records and released their fifth studio album , V. Maroon 5 has sold more than 20 million albums and 70 million singles worldwide . In June 25 , 2016 , Maroon 5 was recognized as # Maroon5Day to celebrate the release of the band 's debut studio album , Songs About Jane , and support children in need of health care with UNICEF . = = History = = = = = 1994 – 2002 : Kara 's Flowers and the formation of Maroon 5 = = = Adam Levine was introduced to Ryan Dusick by a mutual friend and guitarist , Adam Salzman . Levine was 15 years old and Dusick was 16 . Three of the five members of the band started playing together at age 12 . The four original members of the band met while attending Brentwood EMH School in Los Angeles . While attending Brentwood EMH School , Adam Levine and Jesse Carmichael joined up with Mickey Madden and Ryan Dusick to form Kara 's Flowers , a rock band . The name was taken from a girl that went to their high school that the band had a " collective crush " on . In 1997 , when the band was playing at a beach party in Malibu , independent producer Tommy Allen heard them play and offered to manage them and record a complete record with his partner , songwriter John DeNicola , who is known for his work on Dirty Dancing – including " ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life " . Producer Rob Cavallo 's management team heard the record Allen and DeNicola produced , which eventually led Cavallo to offer them a deal with Reprise Records . However , after the release of The Fourth World , during Levine and Madden 's senior year of high school in 1997 , it had morphed into a band with a style reminiscent of 1960s Britpop . Despite high expectations from the band and record company , the album failed to catch on and their lead single , " Soap Disco " , was a failure . According to Levine , the failure of the album was " a huge disappointment " that nearly led them to break up in 1998 . The album sold around 5 @,@ 000 copies and the band was dropped after one month . Dusick and Madden attended college locally at UCLA , while Levine and Carmichael relocated to the East coast to attend Five Towns College , in Dix Hills , Long Island , New York . While Levine and Carmichael were in New York , they began to take notice of the urban music surrounding them and later let the style influence the songs they wrote . The band returned to the music industry again in 2000 . Producer Tim Sommer signed them to a demo deal with MCA Records and produced three tracks with them in Los Angeles in the middle of 2000 with Mark Dearnley engineering . Against Sommer 's advice , MCA declined to pick up the band , and these tracks were never released . The band put together a demo that was rejected by several labels , before falling into the hands of Octone Records executives James Diener , Ben Berkman and David Boxenbaum . While looking for talent for the new Octone label , Berkman was given a bunch of demos by the brother of a former colleague at Columbia Records and the song that caught his attention was " ' Sunday Morning ' " which he referred it as a " genius song " . Berkman was surprised the song was credited to Kara 's Flowers because the band sounded completely different from the one he had heard while at Warner Brothers . Berkman encouraged Diener and Boxenbaum to fly out to Los Angeles to watch a showcase gig at The Viper Room for the four @-@ piece Kara 's Flowers . After watching Levine onstage , they were convinced . Berkman told HitQuarters he believed what the band needed was a " fifth member to play the guitar and free up the singer , so he could be the star I perceived him to be . " Octone immediately insisted that the band change its name to break with its pop past . Also , the label began looking for a full @-@ time guitarist to enable Levine to focus on performing as the frontman . James Valentine ( from the L.A. band Square ) was recruited for the job . On his joining the band , Valentine commented : " I became friends with them and we sort of started jamming together , it was very much like I was cheating on my band , we were having sort of an affair and I eventually quit my other band to join up with them . " = = = 2002 – 06 : Songs About Jane and Dusick 's departure = = = James Valentine attended Berklee College of Music with John Mayer in 1996 , where they developed a rapport . In 2002 , the two reconnected at a Mayer radio appearance . After Mayer heard their album , he was so impressed ( particularly by " This Love " , which became the most successful release off the album and propelled the band to superstardom ) that he invited them to open for him during his early 2003 tour . The first single , " Harder to Breathe " , slowly started to pick up airplay which helped spur sales of the album . By March 2004 , Songs About Jane had reached the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 and " Harder to Breathe " had made the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts . The album peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard 200 in September 2004 , 26 months after its release ; this was the longest period between an album 's release and its initial Top 10 appearance since SoundScan results were included in the Billboard 200 in 1991 . The album went on to sell over 10 million copies worldwide . This had all happened after the band " abandoned its post @-@ grunge roots for a radio @-@ friendly pop @-@ soul sound , even while dabbling in hard rock . " Mayer invited the band to open for him again in 2004 . Over the next three years , the band toured virtually non @-@ stop , including visits to seventeen countries . During this time , the band toured with Michelle Branch , Graham Colton , and the Rolling Stones . Other acts the band toured alongside with included Gavin DeGraw , Matchbox Twenty , Sugar Ray , Counting Crows , Phantom Planet , the Hives , Dashboard Confessional , Simon Dawes , the Thrills , Thirsty Merc , Marc Broussard , the Donnas , the RedWest , Michael Tolcher , and Guster . Sam Farrar says the Aaliyah song " Are You That Somebody ? " affected the band and influenced the song " Not Coming Home . " Songs About Jane eventually reached No. 1 on the Australian albums ( ARIA ) , while " Harder to Breathe " made the Top 20 singles charts in the US and UK , and Top 40 in Australia and New Zealand . The album also eventually climbed to No. 1 in the UK . The second single , " This Love " , reached No. 5 in the US , No. 3 in the UK , and No. 8 in Australia . The third single , " She Will Be Loved , " reached the Top 5 in both the US and the UK , and went to No. 1 in Australia . The fourth single , " Sunday Morning , " reached the Top 40 in the US , UK , and Australia . Maroon 5 also played Live 8 , in Philadelphia in 2005 . Their set included a cover of Neil Young 's " Rockin ' In The Free World " and frontman Levine performed with one of his heroes , and the closing act , Stevie Wonder . On May 13 , 2005 , in Santa Barbara , California , the band wrapped up the Honda Civic Tour , which it headlined . On June 9 , 2005 , the band performed at the American Film Institute 's tribute to filmmaker George Lucas . Lucas himself had selected Maroon 5 for the event , as it was his children 's favorite band at the time . Over the years of touring with the band their drummer , percussionist and backing vocalist Ryan Dusick had been suffering from the touring life . The strains of non @-@ stop touring aggravated an old sports injury . After several absences from the tour with Ryland Steen and Josh Day taking his place , Dusick officially left Maroon 5 in September 2006 . Matt Flynn , the former drummer of Gavin DeGraw and the B @-@ 52 's , joined the band as Dusick 's replacement . = = = 2006 – 08 : It Won 't Be Soon Before Long = = = After recording for 8 months in 2006 , Maroon 5 's second album , It Won 't Be Soon Before Long , was released worldwide in May 2007 by A & M Octone Records . According to Levine , the follow @-@ up to Songs About Jane is " sexier and stronger " , gaining inspiration from iconic 80s artists such as Prince , Shabba Ranks , Michael Jackson and Talking Heads . Ann Powers writing for Los Angeles Times said It Won 't Be Soon Long is " An icy @-@ hot blend of electro @-@ funk and blue @-@ eyed soul that works its cruel streak with the confidence of Daniel Craig 's James Bond " . Before its release , " Makes Me Wonder " was the No. 1 selling single and video on iTunes . It was also the No. 1 selling album , with more than 50 @,@ 000 digital pre @-@ sales . After its release , the album broke iTunes sales records its week of release , selling over 101 @,@ 000 albums . The first single , " Makes Me Wonder , " was released to radio March 27 , 2007 . The song debuted at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the lowest debuting single of the group 's five chart entries . In the first week of May , the single skyrocketed from a lowly position of No. 64 to No. 1 , the biggest jump in Billboard history at the time . " Makes Me Wonder " has also achieved No. 1 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs , Pop 100 , and Hot Dance Club Play charts . To support the album , the band performed on a " six @-@ date club tour " in which it visited small venues in Boston , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Minneapolis , Miami , and New York City in early June 2007 . The band followed with a concert that streamed live via MSN Music in mid @-@ June . On July 10 , it opened for The Police , in Miami , and followed with an acoustic performance at the Miami club , Studio A , the next day . Their It Won 't Be Soon Before Long world tour took place in 2007 , where the band toured 28 cities in North America . The tour began September 29 in Detroit touring in 28 cities in North America and concluded November 10 in Las Vegas. the Hives , as the tour 's special guest , performed on all of the dates while Sara Bareilles , Kevin Michael , and Phantom Planet each performed in a portion of the tour . It toured with Dashboard Confessional in their world tour and on March 28 , 2008 , it began touring with OneRepublic , Brandi Carlile and Ry Cuming . The band has also performed " Makes Me Wonder " on season 6 and " If I Never See Your Face Again " on season 7 of American Idol . The re @-@ release of the album featured a new duet version of " If I Never See Your Face Again " with Rihanna ; the new version of the song also appeared on the re @-@ release of Rihanna 's album Good Girl Gone Bad . The band also released as the fifth single " Goodnight Goodnight " , which appeared in the opening of the CSI : NY episode " Page Turner " in 2008 . = = = 2008 – 11 : Hands All Over = = = Levine stated that he believed the band was reaching its peak and may make one more album before disbanding . He explained , " Eventually I want to focus on being a completely different person because I don ’ t know if I want to do this into my 40s and 50s and beyond , like the Rolling Stones " . The band 's third studio album was recorded in 2009 in Switzerland , where the band was joined by record producer Robert John " Mutt " Lange . The album , titled Hands All Over , was released on September 21 , 2010 . On the Billboard 200 , the album debuted at number two behind Zac Brown Band 's album You Get What You Give . Despite the high placement on the Billboard 200 only 142 @,@ 000 copies were sold , which was relatively weak compared to their previous album It Won 't Be Soon Before Long , which debuted at number one with 429 @,@ 000 copies . The album received mixed reviews from music critics , though many of them praised it for its production . Many critics assumed that the low numbers were caused by illegal internet downloading , also known as piracy , and ignored it . The first single from the album , " Misery " , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The band toured with Train for the summer of 2011 , from July 22 to September 24 . On June 12 , 2011 , the band re @-@ released the album Hands All Over just to include their summer hit " Moves like Jagger " , featuring Christina Aguilera . The song premiered live on The Voice on June 21 , 2011 and reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 2011 . Frontman Levine was also featured in the Gym Class Heroes ' song " Stereo Hearts " , which peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . On September 8 , 2011 , Jesse Carmichael stated the band was likely to begin recording its next album within the year . On October 1 , 2011 , the band performed live at the Rock in Rio concert in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Maroon 5 was a last hour addition , chosen to fill the vacant spot left by Jay @-@ Z after he cancelled his appearance for personal reasons . The band launched a Snapple flavor named " Tea Will Be Loved " in support of Feeding America in September 2011 . Maroon 5 performed " Moves Like Jagger " and " Stereo Hearts " with Travie McCoy on November 5 , 2011 on Saturday Night Live . The band also performed " Moves Like Jagger " and " Stereo Hearts " with Christina Aguilera and Gym Class Heroes on November 20 , 2011 on the American Music Awards , where it won its first AMA for Favorite Pop Band / Duo / Group . The band also performed " Moves Like Jagger " at the 2011 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show . During a promotion by Coca @-@ Cola in the March 2011 , the band participated in a special studio session during which , with the help of musician PJ Morton , they only had 24 hours to write a completely original song . After their time was up , the song " Is Anybody Out There " was released on the Coca @-@ Cola website for free download . In 2012 , the band recorded a song for The Hunger Games soundtrack , called " Come Away to the Water " featuring Rozzi Crane . At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards , on February 12 , 2012 , the group performed alongside Foster the People and the Beach Boys in a medley of the Beach Boys songs to celebrate their fiftieth anniversary . = = = 2012 – 14 : Carmichael 's hiatus and Overexposed = = = On March 9 , 2012 , Maroon 5 announced that Jesse Carmichael would take a break from performing with the group for an undetermined amount of time to focus more on his studies of " music and the healing arts " . The band continued to work on their fourth studio album Overexposed , which was eventually released on June 26 , 2012 , with the help of keyboardist and background vocalist PJ Morton , who had been touring with them since 2010 and became a full @-@ time band member as a Keyboardist and backup vocalist after the announcement , as Morton gained little success as an R & B vocalist . Levine stated that Overexposed is their " most diverse and poppiest album yet " . On April 16 , 2012 , the band premiered the first single from the album " Payphone " , featuring Wiz Khalifa , on the reality competition television show The Voice , in which Levine is one of the coaches . The song debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , eventually peaking at number two . The second single , " One More Night " , was released on June 19 , 2012 . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , blocking Psy 's monster hit " Gangnam Style " from the top spot on the chart for nine consecutive weeks and tied with Carly Rae Jepsen 's hit single " Call Me Maybe " for most number of weeks in the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 2012 . At the start of their Overexposed World Tour in South America , Maroon 5 introduced the newest addition in the band to the audience : their old and close friend Sam Farrar on guitars , occasionally on the bass guitar , percussion , additional keyboards , backing vocals , turntables and providing samples and other special effects ( using the MPC ) . Farrar co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced a few of the band 's songs on almost all of their studio albums and also remixed their song " Woman " ( from the Spider @-@ Man 2 ) on Call and Response : The Remix Album , released in 2008 . On November 27 , 2012 , the band released " Daylight " , the third single from the album . To promote the song , the band launched a video project called " The Daylight Project " . The project encouraged fans to film their own segments for inclusion in the official music video for " Daylight " , that would be directed by Jonas Åkerlund . " Daylight " was performed for the first time as a single on November 8 , 2012 , during an episode of the American version of The Voice and the official video was released on December 10 , 2012 . On April 1 , 2013 , the band announced it would headline the 12th Annual Honda Civic Tour with special guest , Kelly Clarkson . The tour began on August 1 , 2013 , at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater in St. Louis , Missouri and ended on October 6 , 2013 , with a concert at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles . On May 14 , 2013 , Maroon 5 released the fourth and final single from the album , " Love Somebody " . The band first performed the song on The Voice on May 20 , 2013 , while the official music video , directed by Rich Lee , was released the day after . In February 2014 , the band performed " All My Loving " and " Ticket to Ride " at a tribute concert titled The Night That Changed America , to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of The Beatles ' arrival in the United States . = = = 2014 – present : Return of Carmichael , V , Singles and upcoming sixth studio album = = = In April 2013 , James Valentine said the band was in the studio recording songs for the upcoming fifth studio album : " The stuff we 're working on now , it definitely has gone maybe a little darker in its sound , maybe back a little bit more to what we kind of did on Songs About Jane , but at this point we do have all kinds of different songs and it is early " . On April 15 , 2014 , Jesse Carmichael confirmed that his hiatus from the band was complete and he reunited with the band in time to record for V. On April 29 , 2014 , the band performed on the Today Show at the Rockefeller Plaza in New York City on September 1 , 2014 , as part of the Toyota concert series . On May 18 , 2014 , it was announced that the band would release their fifth album , V , on September 2 , 2014 , through Interscope Records . The first single , " Maps " , was released on June 16 , 2014 . The single peaked number 6 on the Hot 100 chart . After releasing the album V on September 2 , 2014 it reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart on September 20 , 2014 . The album was also released on a limited @-@ edition ZinePak . V received mixed reviews from critics . Brad Wete , writing for Billboard , said : " Levine 's hummingbird vocals and passionate delivery are as earnest as they were on their 2002 debut Songs About Jane . " On August 10 , 2014 , the band headlined the Hyundai Card City Break , a rock festival in South Korea . Maroon 5 also performed during the 2014 iTunes Festival at the Roundhouse in London , England , on September 11 , 2014 ( all of the concerts played as part of the festival were filmed and webcast live , around the world ) . The second single from V , " Animals " , was first featured in a Kia Soul commercial and made available for free download on the official Kia website for a limited time after the advert premiered on August 21 , 2014 . The song has so far peaked on number 3 on the Hot 100 chart . Maroon 5 performed at the Grammy Awards ' Christmas special , entitled " A Very Grammy Christmas , " on November 18 , 2014 and at Z100 's Jingle Ball on December 12 , 2014 . " Sugar " was released as the third single from the album on January 14 2015 . This reached number 9 in the Vodafone BigTop40 Charts and peaked at Number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 . A video of the group was released of them traveling around L.A. and performing at random weddings . The song is also featured in a Nissan commercial . Maroon 5 started their new worldwide tour in February 2015 . It is scheduled to take place in North America , Europe , Africa , Asia and Oceania and last until September 2015 . MAGIC ! , Rozzi Crane , Nick Gardner and Dirty Loops will serve as opening acts . The band released their first greatest hits album , Singles , on September 25 , 2015 , through Interscope and 222 Records . It contains 12 singles taken from their previous studio albums . On November 6 , 2015 , the band announced that it will embark on its 2016 North American tour in September and October with supporting acts Tove Lo , R. City , and PHASES . Guitarist James Valentine spoke about the band 's strategy moving onto its sixth studio album , saying the group wanted " to make a more traditional record next ... like the way we made Songs About Jane , just sitting in a room with our instruments and slugging it out . It ’ s been fun to experiment on the last couple of records with the more electronic sounds , but maybe we ’ ve gone as far as we can with that for now . " = = Musical style and influences = = Adam Levine has stated : " [ E ] verything that 's written and performed and put together pretty much comes from us . I just think people would be surprised to know that we ’ re a self @-@ contained unit . We ’ re a band that does their own thing . There ’ s no puppet master . " However , in an article about the songwriter and producer Benny Blanco , it is revealed that at least some of the band 's songs , such as " Moves like Jagger , " are the product of efforts by , or collaborations with , professional songwriters and producers . In the same article , Levine says , " It 's almost as if [ Benny Blanco ] has the Midas touch in putting the right people together at the right time to create a musical moment . He 's about the collaboration . And he 's so good at nailing down who does everything best . " The band has cited Elita 5 , Michael Jackson , The Police , the Bee Gees , Justin Timberlake , Stevie Wonder , Tonic , Prince , Tupac Shakur and Marvin Gaye as influences . Adam Levine has also cited Billy Joel as an influence . Furthermore , guitarist James Valentine said he was influenced by guitarists like Pat Metheny , Bill Frisell and John Scofield , as well as the rock band Queens of the Stone Age . The band 's songs tend to be very guitar @-@ heavy , often accompanied by piano or synthesizer . The theme in most of their songs is love , frequently lost love ; songs like " This Love " , " Makes Me Wonder " and " Misery " have a very cynical tone , often expressing dissatisfaction with a relationship , while their more heartfelt and emotional songs such as " She Will Be Loved " and " Never Gonna Leave This Bed " express a longing for a romantic relationship . " Makes Me Wonder " has a secondary theme , in which Levine expresses his disillusionment and frustration with the state of American politics and the Iraq War . The band 's style changes from album to album . Songs About Jane consists of songs about Levine 's ex @-@ girlfriend Jane . On It Won 't Be Soon Before Long , however , the songs are less personal and are more electric with more use of synthesizers , creating a retro feel . Hands All Over continues the band 's lost love theme , along with songs about infatuation and was re @-@ released in 2011 , with the hit single " Moves like Jagger " , an electropop song which represents a drastic change in the band 's sound , with more of a dance feel to it . " It was one of those songs that was definitely a risk , " Levine said . " It 's a bold statement . We 've never really released a song like that . But it 's exciting to do something different , do something new . I 'm just glad that everyone likes it . " James Valentine called Overexposed " our most ' pop ' record ever and we weren ’ t shy about really going for it . " They also have experimented with new wave and disco sounds on several albums . = = Band members = = Current members Adam Levine – lead vocals , guitar ( 1994 – present ) Jesse Carmichael – keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1994 – 2012 , 2014 – present ) Mickey Madden – bass guitar ( 1994 – present ) James Valentine – lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 – present ) Matt Flynn – drums , percussion ( 2006 – present ; 2004 – 06 touring member ) PJ Morton – keyboards , backing vocals ( 2012 – present ; 2010 – 12 touring member ) Former members Ryan Dusick – drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1994 – 2006 ) Touring members Sam Farrar ( from Phantom Planet ) – guitars , bass guitar ( occasionally ) , percussion , additional keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals , turntables , samples and other special effects ( MPC ) ( 2012 – present ) = = = Timeline = = = = = Discography = = Studio albums Songs About Jane ( 2002 ) It Won 't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) Hands All Over ( 2010 ) Overexposed ( 2012 ) V ( 2014 ) TBA ( 2017 ) as Kara 's Flowers We Like Digging ? ( 1995 ) The Fourth World ( 1997 ) = = Achievements = = Maroon 5 have been the recipients of three Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and four Teen Choice Awards . In 2004 World Music Awards , it won the award for " World 's Best New Group " . In 2012 , Maroon 5 won the People 's Choice award for Favorite Band . Hands All Over , the band 's third studio album , which was released in September 2010 , peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2011 , the album was re @-@ released and supported by the single " Moves like Jagger " , a song featuring American singer Christina Aguilera . The song became the band 's second single to reach number one on the Hot 100 chart ; it has sold over 14 @.@ 4 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling singles worldwide . The band released their fourth studio album , Overexposed , in June 2012 . The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart . The first two singles from the album " Payphone " and " One More Night " , were both international hits and peaked at two and one on the Hot 100 chart respectively . " One More Night " , managed to beat Psy 's " Gangnam Style " by reaching number one on Billboard Hot 100 and stayed tied with Carly Rae Jepsen 's hit single " Call Me Maybe " for most number of weeks . Adam Levine also gained popularity as one of the judges on NBC 's talent competition The Voice . Maroon 5 ranked 15 on Recording Industry Association of America 's ( RIAA ) " Top Artists – Digital Singles " list , with certified sales of 15 million in the United States . In 2013 , Maroon 5 became the third most @-@ played artist on Top 40 Mainstream radio , based on Clear Channel owned Mediabase , becoming one of the most successful acts of Interscope Records . On September 10 , 2014 , their fifth studio album , V , debuted at top of the weekly Billboard 200 chart with 164 @,@ 000 copies sold within the first week . In 2013 , Maroon 5 ranked as the 94th best artist of all time based on Top 100 Artists of All Time at Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary . In November 2015 , the band was ranked 44th on Billboard Hot 100 57th Anniversary Greatest of All Time — Hot 100 . = = Tours = = Songs About Jane Tour ( 2002 – 04 ) 5th Annual Honda Civic Tour ( 2005 ) It Won 't Be Soon Before Long Tour ( 2007 – 2008 ) Back to School Tour ( 2009 ) Palm Trees and Power Lines Tour ( 2010 ) Hands All Over Tour ( 2010 – 2012 ) Overexposed Tour ( 2012 – 2014 ) 12th Annual Honda Civic Tour ( 2013 ) Maroon V Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) = = Charities = = Since 2008 , Maroon 5 has partnered with environmental non @-@ profit REVERB to green their tours and engage fans to take action for the environment . Maroon 5 has been a longtime supporter of Aid Still Required ( ASR ) . After contributing the live version of " She Will Be Loved " to ASR 's All Star CD in support of the survivors of the 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami , Maroon 5 went on to record a public service announcement for ASR about work that still needed to be done in Haiti . Maroon 5 has participated in various ASR social media campaigns and Levine has donated a meet and greet on the set of The Voice to raise funds for various ASR programs . Maroon 5 supports the Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation . In 2006 , Maroon 5 has been awarded Environmental Media Awards , due to donating their 2005 North American tour income to a global environment organization , called " Global Cool " . In 2011 , Maroon 5 ( along with PJ Morton , who was the band 's touring member at the time ) took part in a project named " 24 Hour Session " with Coca @-@ Cola . The band wrote and recorded the song " Is Anybody Out There ? " in 24 hours . After the project ended , the track was made available on the Coca @-@ Cola website . It was also announced that if the song would be downloaded more than 100 @,@ 000 times , the band will donate to Africa for clean water . Later that year , the group stopped by Johns Hopkins Children 's Hospital for a surprise visit as a part of Get Well Soon Tour . Adam Levine , whose brother is openly gay , is an outspoken supporter of same sex marriage and LGBT rights . In 2011 , he made a video on Maroon 5 's official YouTube account in support of the It Gets Better Project . In January 2012 , he announced that Maroon 5 had changed the location of their post @-@ Grammy Awards show because of the " unnamed Los Angeles restaurant 's backing of Proposition 8 " . Supports UNICEF .
= Florence Nagle = Florence Nagle ( 26 October 1894 – 30 October 1988 ) was a trainer and breeder of racehorses , a breeder of pedigree dogs , and an active feminist . Nagle purchased her first Irish Wolfhound in 1913 , and went on to own or breed twenty @-@ one United Kingdom Champions . Best in Show at Crufts in 1960 was awarded to Sulhamstead Merman , who was bred , owned and exhibited by Nagle . She also competed successfully in field trials with Irish Setters , from the 1920s until the mid @-@ 1960s resulting in eighteen Field Trial Champions . The male dog who was a linchpin in the 1970s revival of the Irish Red and White Setter breed was descended from one of Nagle 's Irish Setters . Described as " the Mrs Pankhurst of British horse racing " , Nagle trained her first racehorse in 1920 , the Irish @-@ bred colt Fernley . At that time women were forced to employ men to hold a Jockey Club trainers licence on their behalf , or to have licences in their husbands ' names . Nagle worked peacefully to redress such injustices to her sex . She successfully challenged the well @-@ established leading gentlemen 's clubs of the racing and canine worlds over their gender inequality , and in 1966 became one of the first two women in the United Kingdom licensed to train racehorses . The first racehorse officially trained in Nagle 's name was Mahwa , registered as being owned by her friend Miss Newton Deakin , with whom she jointly owned some of her dogs . Dissatisfied with the lack of opportunities for women jockeys , Nagle sponsored the Florence Nagle Girl Apprentices ' Handicap first run in 1986 at Kempton Park . She died at her home in West Chiltington , Sussex , two years later at the age of 94 , leaving funds in her will for the continuation of the race . = = Background and early life = = Born in Fallowfield , Manchester , Nagle was the daughter of Sir William George Watson , 1st Baronet of Sulhamstead ( 1861 – 1930 ) and his second wife Bessie ( née Atkinson ) ; she was also the elder sister of art connoisseur Peter Watson . Nagle was educated at Wycombe Abbey before studying domestic economy at Evendine Court , from which she was expelled after visiting Worcester Cathedral without permission . Accompanied by the daughter of a canon , Nagle had hired a car for the excursion – she was one of the first women in Berkshire to hold a driving licence , gaining it when she was fifteen years old . Her education was completed at a finishing school after which she spent some time in Paris , where she became friends with Megan Lloyd George . Sulhamstead Abbots , Nagle 's family home in Berkshire , was used as a hospital during the First World War . There she met James Nagle , a native of Ireland who had emigrated to Canada but returned to serve with the King 's Royal Rifle Corps and then had been sent to Sulhamstead Abbots to recuperate . Against her parents ' wishes the couple were married on 1 July 1916 , resulting in them threatening to disinherit her . The early days of Nagle 's marriage were hard ; she was used to a wealthy lifestyle – her family money came from her father 's successful business , Maypole Dairies – but her parents offered the couple no financial assistance . Nagle always worked hard and subsidised their income by making cream teas , cleaning windows and scrubbing toilets . The couple had two children , a son , David , and a daughter , Patricia . The marriage was not a success , and her husband ran off with one of the kennel maids . Obtaining a divorce was not easy in the 1920s ; when asked in court for the reason James left , Nagle answered " He must have got bored with me . " The divorce took place in 1928 , five years before her husband 's death . At the time of the divorce she was living on a smallholding near Headley , but returned to Sulhamstead in 1932 after inheriting land and money from Sir William . Ten years later , in 1942 , she purchased Westerlands , a farm in Petworth , so she could personally oversee the stables . Working in Folkestone during the Second World War , Nagle managed a canteen for the ARP . She also donated the full cost of £ 5 @,@ 000 to purchase a Spitfire named Sulhamstead for the Royal Air Force . = = Dog breeding = = As a child , Nagle had a Pomeranian and a Bulldog , but was promised she could have a larger dog once her schooling was completed . In 1913 her dream came to fruition with the purchase of her first Irish Wolfhound , Manin Michael , for £ 5 . James Nagle subsequently registered the dog with the Kennel Club , before it was transferred to the ownership of Mr and Mrs Nagle , and its name changed to Sir Michael of Sheppey in May 1917 . Food shortages during the First World War resulted in an official prohibition on dog breeding , but Nagle ignored it and bred her first litter from a bitch called Lady Alma of Sheppey . During her marriage , while residing in Concara , Sulhamstead , near Reading , she began breeding dogs and served as a judge of Irish Wolfhounds and Setters ; Great Danes and Deerhounds were other breeds she judged at championship show level . Her dogs were exhibited at shows by her husband , who was also a judge of Wolfhounds , and they were entered in his name until the couple divorced . A bitch puppy , the runt of the litter , was purchased for £ 48 in 1923 and she became Nagle 's first dog to gain the title of Champion . Named Sulhamstead Thelma , she was declared the best Irish Wolfhound bitch and awarded the Challenge Certificate at three consecutive Crufts , in 1925 , 1926 and 1927 . Her next Champion was Sulhamstead Conncara , a male dog , born in 1925 . Conncara was blind , possibly owing to an accident as a young puppy , but Nagle kept that secret until three years after his death , believing that his qualities would have been overlooked by other breeders if they had known . According to Nagle 's biographer , Ferelith Somerfield , this dog was " one of the great sires of all time in the breed " and an " outstanding show dog " . A prepotent sire , he produced several Champions and other top @-@ class show specimens . Nagle owned or bred forty @-@ five Wolfhounds who were awarded Challenge Certificates , twenty @-@ one of them Champions . She believed dogs should be capable of carrying out the work the breed was developed to do , and she promoted coursing . Irish Wolfhounds bred by Nagle were also successful in America ; she began exporting dogs there in 1933 . Best of breed awards at the Irish Wolfhound Club of America speciality shows were secured by Champion Sulhamstead Matador of Killybracken in 1960 and by Sulhamstead Mars of Riverlawn in 1963 . She also judged the national speciality there twice and judged Irish Setters and Irish Wolfhounds at Westminster in 1937 . Other countries she exported Wolfhounds to included Sweden , Italy and Uruguay . As late as 1960 , Sulhamstead Merman , a 150 @-@ pound Irish Wolfhound bred , owned and shown by Nagle at " London 's big dog show " , Crufts , won the Hound Group and went on to be declared Best in Show or " supreme champion " ; the judges were H. S. Lloyd and Fred Cross . She judged the breed twice at Crufts : in 1961 , the only time in a nine @-@ year period her dogs were not best of breed there ; and in 1970 . Nagle acquired her first Irish Setter , whom she named Sulhamstead D 'Or , in 1924 to keep a wolfhound puppy company . In April 1930 she entered him into the All @-@ Aged Stakes at the Kennel Club field trials . In August 1932 she entered a dog named Sulhamstead Token D 'Or into the Scottish Field Trials in the same category . At the Kennel Club field trials of April 1933 , Nagle entered Sulhamstead Bob D 'Or into the All @-@ Aged Stakes and the judge awarded her the prize presented by the Irish Setter Association of England . In September 1934 , she entered her Irish Setter Sulhamstead Snip D 'Or into the Novice Stake of the Devon and Cornwall Pointer and Setter Society 's 12th working trials at Pynes , near Exeter . In July 1935 Nagle entered the field trials of the Irish Setter Association near Ruabon in North Wales , competing in the Open Stake for Irish Setters and the Puppy Stake for Irish Setters , for puppies which were born the previous year . At the 35th International Gun Dog League trials held at Douglas Castle in August 1935 , she was awarded a diploma in the Champion Stakes for Pointers and Setters . The following month , Nagle took the silver perpetual challenge trophy in the Open Stake of the field trials of the Devon and Cornwall Pointer and Setter Society at Newlyn , near Newquay , competing with her Irish Setter Sulhamstead Baffle D 'Or . At the Kennel Club field trials for pointers and setters in April 1936 , she entered Sulhamstead Bluff D 'Or into the All @-@ Aged Stake and was awarded the Penheale Challenge Cup by Captain N. R. Colville for the " best constitutioned dog or bitch , displaying the greatest game @-@ finding ability " . At the 18th annual Scottish Field Trial Association 's field trials for pointers and setters at Yester estate in Gifford , East Lothian , Scotland in August 1936 , Nagle won first prize in the Brace Stake with Sulhamstead Bluff D 'Or . The Kennel Club own a pastel painting by Cecil Aldin of two of Nagle 's Irish Setters , the Field Trial Champions Sulhamstead Sheilin D 'Or and Sulhamstead Valla D 'Or . Field trials saw a general downturn in popularity of Irish Setters competing in the 1930s ; during the following decade the breed was principally represented by Nagle 's dogs . Nagle had eighteen Irish Setter field trial champions during the period she was active in the breed from the 1920s to the mid @-@ 1960s . The male dog Harlequin of Knockalla was pivotal in the revival of the Irish Red and White Setter breed in the 1970s ; he was a descendant of Nagle 's Irish Setter Sulhamstead Natty D 'Or , so the Sulhamstead bloodline is behind most modern day red and whites . Nagle withdrew from the field @-@ trial scene in the mid @-@ 1960s following the retirement of her handler , George Abbott . Other breeds she owned included Golden Retrievers and Pointers . Nagle 's activities were not confined to dogs and horses . A Berkshire boar named Pamber Ugly Duckling was champion at the Royal Show in 1921 . Later he was exported to Argentina , after the purchaser paid what at the time was a record price of £ 750 . During the 1930s she owned Prince Everett of Auchterarder , a prize @-@ winning Aberdeen Angus . = = Racehorse training and breeding = = According to the Encyclopedia of British Horseracing , Nagle trained her first racehorse in 1920 , the Irish @-@ bred colt Fernley . Her fascination with the sport stemmed from a much earlier time pre @-@ dating her decision to concentrate on breeding dogs but it was particularly the breeding aspect of racehorses she was drawn to . Nagle owned the winner of the Newport Nursery Handicap in 1932 , a horse named Solano , and a reporter recorded that " While Solano is not Mrs Nagle 's first winner , it is some years since the ' rifle green , red cross @-@ belts ' caught the judge 's eye " . On 5 July 1935 , she entered her racehorse Comanche at Newmarket . Nagle entered the Epsom Derby in 1937 ; that horse , Sandsprite , ridden by John Crouch at odds of 100 – 1 , finished second to Mid @-@ day Sun , owned by Mrs Lettice Miller , the first woman owner ever to win the Derby . This was the first horse Nagle bred herself and reactions from commentators were mixed . One report described the horse as a " commanding individual " , whereas another reporter 's opposing opinion was revealed by Nagle when after Sandsprite 's success at Epsom she stated " Not bad for a horse which one newspaper said was only good enough to give rides at the seaside " . Sandsprite 's dam was Wood Nymph , a mare purchased by Nagle for 240 guineas . She wanted to have her mated by the stallion Sansovino but had to settle for using his son , Sandwich , as she could not afford his stud fee . Sandsprite had several other outings in which he gained second or third placings , but was put down at the onset of his stud career after breaking a leg . One of Nagle 's early equine purchases was 15 @-@ year @-@ old Rose of England , the winner of the 1930 Oaks , for 3 @,@ 500 guineas . The mare had already produced the 1937 St. Leger winner , Chulmleigh , and the 1939 top winning two @-@ year @-@ old , British Empire . In Nagle 's ownership she foaled Westerlands Rose , by the stallion Colombo who produced several winners . These included Westerlands Chalice , by Chamossaire , who won three races in 1957 ; and Game Rose , by Big Game , another winner during the 1950s . Other winning progeny from Westerlands Rose were Westerlands Champagne , Westerlands Prince and Westerlands Rosebud . These five horses accounted for ten race wins between them . At the December Newmarket sales in 1944 Nagle bought the two @-@ year old Carpatica , by the Epsom Derby winner , Hyperion out of Campanula , the 1 @,@ 000 Guineas Stakes winner , for a record 15 @,@ 000 guineas with the intention of looking after the filly 's training at her stables in Petworth . She also bought a five @-@ year @-@ old mare in foal , Hay Harvest , for 5 @,@ 500 guineas . When bred to Sayajirao , Carpatica produced the 1950s winner , Cavina . One of the main winners in the Nagle stables in the early 1960s was Gelert , trained by Nagle and owned by Miss Newton Deakin . Sired by Owen Tudor out of Westerlands Rosebud , he won a race at Ascot . His dam had been successfully raced in the early 1950s and then proved herself as a useful brood . In the first half of the 20th century women trainers were not unknown – Norah Wilmot was training horses for The Queen . But women trained in an unofficial capacity , and were forced to employ men to hold the training licence on their behalf , or to have licences in their husbands ' names . Thus , beginning in 1932 , the divorced Nagle employed Alfred Stickley , a licensed trainer , to work at her stables in the capacity of head lad . Mahwa , by Match III out of Media , was owned by Newton Deakin and was the first winning horse to be officially listed as trained by Nagle . As late as 1975 , she trained twelve horses and recommended feeding them some seaweed to provide iodine . She was also a great believer in the beneficial effects of fresh air , insisting that her horses ' top stable doors were permanently left open . She was vehemently opposed to the vaccination of horses against equine influenza , and challenged a Jockey Club decision to make vaccination compulsory . She thought the hardest part of animal breeding was " to breed for ' guts ' . You can produce lovely looking animals that go well – till they are on a race course with a stiff race to win . " = = Activism = = For twenty years Nagle worked to end the Jockey Club 's ban on licensing women as race horse trainers , which she saw as an injustice : eventually , frustrated by the Jockey Club 's persistent refusal to grant training licences to women , Nagle sought legal redress . It has been suggested that the club used its considerable influence within the Establishment to have her claim blocked twice . Her fight finally reached the Court of Appeal in 1966 . Following her third appearance in court , Nagle emerged victorious . The verdict of the three presiding judges , Lord Denning , Lord Justice Dankwerts and Lord Justice Salmon , was , in the words of Lord Denning , that " If she is to carry on her trade without stooping to subterfuge she has to have a licence . " Lord Denning went on to describe the refusal to grant Nagle a training licence as " arbitrary and capricious " , and Lord Justice Danckwerts called it " restrictive and nonsensical " . Of the Jockey Club itself , Lord Justice Danckwerts went on to pronounce that " The courts have the right to protect the right of a person to work when it is being prevented by the dictatorial powers of a body which holds a monopoly . " All three judges also referred to the Sex Disqualification ( Removal ) Act 1919 . Faced with the court 's damning and embarrassing decision , the Jockey Club capitulated , and on 3 August 1966 Florence Nagle and Norah Wilmot became the first women in Britain to receive licences to train racehorses . Nagle credited herself with " dragging the Jockey Club into the twentieth century " . She said : " This was a matter of principle . I am a feminist . I believe in equal rights for women . Things should be decided by ability , not sex " . At odds with Nagle 's view , in her court case Lord Justice Salmon commented that " No doubt there are occupations , such as boxing , which may be reasonably regarded inherently unsuitable for women " , and Lord Denning had gone on to say that " It is not as if the training of horses could be regarded as an unsuitable occupation for a woman , like that of a jockey or speedway @-@ rider " ; it was another eight years before Jockey Club rules permitted women jockeys in 1972 . When asked by a journalist in the late 1970s if she thought women could ever match men on the racecourse , Nagle replied : " My dear man , it used to be said women couldn 't stand up to three @-@ day @-@ eventing . Now they 're beating the men regularly – and the same will happen in racing . Give them time . " Her endeavours led to her being described as " the Mrs Pankhurst of British horse racing " in Stud & Stable Magazine and " Racing 's Emily Pankhurst " . At the age of 83 Nagle was still pursuing gender equality , accusing the Kennel Club of sexual discrimination in their insistence on male @-@ only membership and taking them to court over the matter . After the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 was enacted , Nagle was proposed as a member of the Kennel Club at the end of September 1977 ; the nomination was refused in January 1978 because the Kennel Club 's constitution restricted membership to men only . Nagle referred the matter to an Industrial Tribunal five months later . She was Chairwoman of the Ladies Joint Committee , a group set up in 1975 as a part of the Kennel Club hierarchy , but the committee was not allowed any input into general club decisions . Her actions against the club were fully supported by the other members of the Ladies Committee . Legal technicalities caused the tribunal to reject the case , but it recommended that the Equal Opportunities Commission should be approached as discrimination was clearly demonstrated . Nagle was determined and stated her intention to appeal the decision . Leonard Pagliero was Chairman of the Kennel Club at the time , and before Nagle was able to complete the appeal he contacted the canine press , Dog World and Our Dogs , on 8 September 1978 announcing that the Club 's General Committee was recommending that the club 's constitution be changed to allow women members . The proposal was carried unanimously at a meeting held on 23 November 1978 . The result was that Nagle and many other ladies were accepted as members of the Kennel Club at a formal meeting held on 10 April 1979 . The total number of women approved for membership at the landmark meeting was 80 ; the costs of the campaign were funded by Nagle . = = Later life = = In the 1980s , still dissatisfied with the lack of opportunities for women jockeys , Nagle sponsored a race at Kempton Park , The Florence Nagle Girl Apprentices ' Handicap . The first event took place in 1986 ; after the race John Oaksey wrote in the Daily Telegraph that Nagle was no doubt looking down from her celestial cloud with approval . She subsequently wrote to inform him that she was still alive , but that when the time came she expected to end up in a hotter place – " and there to meet most of her racing friends " . Nagle left a bequest in her will to ensure the race 's survival . Nagle died at her home , Little Mayfield in West Chiltington , Sussex , at the age of 94 .
= West Pennard Court Barn = West Pennard Court Barn ( which is also known as the Court Barn , West Bradley ) is a late 14th or early 15th century tithe barn which was built for Glastonbury Abbey . The Grade I listed building is between West Pennard and West Bradley in the English county of Somerset . The barn was restored by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in the 1930s following the collapse of the roof and then given to the National Trust . At 50 feet ( 15 m ) long and 20 feet 6 inches ( 6 @.@ 25 m ) wide it is the smallest of the barns associated with the abbey . It has a cruck braced timber framed roof and is supported by two @-@ stage buttresses . = = History = = The barn which was originally known as Parson 's Barn , was built on the orders of the Abott of Glastonbury Abbey in the late 14th or early 15th century . There is no written record of the exact date and there is some debate about the likely age of the building based on the architectural features . Along with several others barns it was used to collect the tithes or dues to the abbey , often one tenth of a farm 's produce . It fell within the hundred of Glaston Twelve Hides which was named after the hides who gave food rent to Glastonbury Abbey . The West Pennart Court Barn is the smallest of those which survive . A survey in 1932 found that the roof was cracked and it eventually collapsed in 1935 . In 1936 the roof structure was straightened , preserving the medieval trusses where possible , and covered with clay tiles . The restoration was undertaken by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings , with the work being funded by Roger Clark of the local shoemakers C. & J. Clark who bought the derelict barn for £ 5 . It has been owned by the National Trust since 1938 . Designation as a Grade I listed building first took place in 1961 . A survey in 2002 found minor repairs were needed to the doors and wall plate . = = Architecture = = The rectangular five bay barn is 50 feet ( 15 m ) long and 20 feet 6 inches ( 6 @.@ 25 m ) wide , although it was previously larger . The middle bay is slightly longer than the others because of the central porches . The barn is built of local Blue Lias stone with some better quality oolitic ashlar used for the quoins on the corners and the porches which provided cover for gfoods being loaded and unloaded at the doors . It is supported by two @-@ stage buttresses reaching to three quarters of the height of the walls . Each of the side walls has ventilation slits , or breathers , with those in the end walls being in the shape of a cross pommee . The barn originally had an attached dovecote on the western end , and still has niches for birds inside the barn and on the east gable wall . The dovecote was adapted into a calf shed . The roof was originally thatched but now is tiled , and is supported by cruck bracing to the timber frame of six principal trusses . The design of the roof is similar to that in the other tithe barns of Glastonbury Abbey at Pilton , Manor Farm , Doulting and Glastonbury itself , which is now part of the Somerset Rural Life Museum . The carriage porch where wagons would have been unloaded is covered by the sloping roof .
= Helmut Wick = Major Helmut Paul Emil Wick ( 5 August 1915 – 28 November 1940 ) was a German Luftwaffe ace and the fourth recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade , the Oak Leaves , was awarded by the Third Reich to recognise extreme bravery in battle or successful military leadership . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Helmut Wick . Born in Mannheim , Wick joined the Luftwaffe in 1936 and was trained as a fighter pilot . He was assigned to Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen " ( JG 2 — 2nd Fighter Wing ) , and saw combat in the Battles of France and Britain . Promoted to Major in October 1940 , he was given the position of Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of JG 2 — the youngest in the Luftwaffe to hold this rank and position . He was shot down in the vicinity of the Isle of Wight on 28 November 1940 , very likely by the British ace John Dundas , who was subsequently shot down by Wick 's wingman . Helmut Wick was posted as missing in action , presumed dead . By then he had been credited with destroying 56 enemy aircraft in aerial combat , making him the leading German fighter pilot at the time . Flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109 , he claimed all of his victories against the Western Allies . = = Early life and pre @-@ war service = = Helmut Paul Emil Wick was born on 5 August 1915 in Mannheim , Germany , the youngest of three children of a civil engineer , Karl Wick and Berta Wick , née Schenck . Helmut 's eldest brother Walter was born in Swakopmund , at the time in the German protectorate in South @-@ West Africa . The outbreak of World War I forced the family to return to Germany and Helmut 's sister , Doris , was born in Rohrbach , near Heidelberg . Owing to the demand for his father 's skills and expertise building roads and bridges , Helmut spent most of his childhood traveling throughout the German Reich . The Wick family moved to Hanover in 1919 ; Helmut 's mother died there in February 1922 . His father then took the family to Oliva , near Danzig and Königsberg in East Prussia , finally settling in Berlin in 1935 . Upon graduating from Gymnasium ( high school ) in 1935 , Wick , who initially considered a career as a forester , applied to the officer candidate course of the new German Air Force . Scoring well on the suitability tests , he was accepted into the German military on 6 April 1936 at the Luftwaffe officer candidate school in Dresden , after completing compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst ( Reich Labour Service ) . He swore the oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler on 16 April . After passing officer training courses , Wick was assessed as " well suited to become an officer " on 13 July . He then started flight training and shortly later soloed in a Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 44 " Stieglitz " . Wick was considered an average pilot and had difficulties with his theoretical training , especially those topics that were of little or no interest to him . In early May 1937 , he was briefly transferred to the 6 . Staffel ( 6th squadron ) of Kampfgeschwader 254 ( 254th Bomber Wing ) . A month later he returned to Dresden to complete his officer training . Wick failed to pass the third course of his training but was given a second chance and on 1 April 1938 reported to the officer candidate school at the Luftkriegsschule III ( 3rd air war school ) , Wildpark @-@ West near Werder . He successfully completed the course and in mid @-@ 1938 started special pilot training at the Fighter Training facility at Werneuchen . Upon graduation , he was assigned to II.Gruppe Jagdgeschwader 135 ( 135th Fighter Wing ) which on 1 November 1938 became Jagdgeschwader 333 ( 333rd Fighter Wing ) under Oberstleutnant ( Lieutenant Colonel ) Max Ibel at Herzogenaurach , flying obsolete Arado Ar 68 biplane fighters . On 8 November 1938 , Oberfähnrich ( senior ensign ) Wick was promoted to Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) and on 1 January 1939 was transferred to 1 . Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 133 ( 133rd Fighter Wing ) , which was later renamed Jagdgeschwader 53 ( JG 53 — 53rd Fighter Wing ) . It was there that Wick began flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109 monoplane fighter under the tutelage of Werner Mölders , a Spanish Civil War flying ace credited with 14 aerial victories . Under Mölders ' guidance , Wick became a Schwarmführer ( flight leader ) . = = World War II = = = = = Phoney War and Battle of France = = = On 31 August 1939 Wick was given orders to transfer to " Jagdgeschwader Richthofen Nr. I " . At the time there was no such unit ; the intention was to send him to Jagdgeschwader 1 ( JG 1 − 1st Fighter Wing ) , based in Döberitz , near Berlin . During World War I the " Richthofen Geschwader " name had been attached to the World War I era Jagdgeschwader 1 . The " Richthofen " name had been incorrectly put on Wick 's order . Only Wick noticed the mistake , realizing that he could now choose between JG 1 or the famous Jagdgeschwader 2 ( JG 2 — 2nd Fighter Wing ) which currently bore the " Richthofen " name . He chose the Richthofen Geschwader , commanded by Oberst ( Colonel ) Gerd von Massow , the unit was equipped with the Bf 109 E @-@ 3 and used the tactical code Yellow 3 . On 1 September , Wick joined its 3 . Staffel , serving in the air defence of Berlin during the Polish Campaign . Following the German victory in Poland , JG 2 was transferred to Frankfurt @-@ Rebstock and tasked with protection of Germany 's Western border during the Phoney War — the phase between Britain and France 's declaration of war on Germany in September 1939 , and the Battle of France in May 1940 . Flying his sixth combat mission , Leutnant Wick claimed his first , and the Geschwader 's second victory on 22 November 1939 . Near Nancy , he shot down a French Curtiss Hawk 75 fighter piloted by Sergent Saillard of the Groupe de Chasse II / 4 Armée de l ’ Air , who was killed . For this feat , Wick received the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 2 . Klasse ) . Wick was allowed to take home leave from his Geschwader and spent Christmas with his wife Ursel , his baby son Walter , and his parents , before returning to his Gruppe at Frankfurt @-@ Rebstock . From 10 to 17 February 1940 , Wick and six other members from JG 2 spent a week in the Black Forest on the Feldberg , skiing and relaxing . On 10 May 1940 , German forces launched an offensive in Western Europe , but Wick remained on the ground while his aircraft , Bf 109 Yellow 2 , underwent an engine change . Seven days later , he was back in the air , recording three victories over French LeO 45 bombers in one mission . By 6 June , Wick had 10 confirmed and two unconfirmed victories , including four French Bloch 151 / 152 fighters that he shot down on 5 June to record his fifth through eighth victories . The two unconfirmed victories were Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers claimed on 19 May and for which he had no witnesses . On 6 June , Wick became the first pilot of the I. Gruppe to complete 100 combat missions , claiming his ninth and tenth victory the same day . For this achievement he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 1 . Klasse ) by Oberstleutnant Harry von Bülow @-@ Bothkamp . By the end of the French Campaign , Wick 's total stood at 14 confirmed victories , trailing only Hauptmann ( Captain ) Mölders of JG 53 with 25 victories and Hauptmann Wilhelm Balthasar of JG 27 with 23 victories as the Luftwaffe 's top scorer . At the end of the French campaign , 3 . Staffel headquarters moved into the house of Louis Aston Knight , an artist who had fled a few days before the Germans arrived . = = = Battle of Britain = = = During the Battle of Britain against the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in mid @-@ 1940 , Wick rose quickly in rank and in profile , both in the battle zone and as a public figure back in Germany . On 21 July 1940 , the just promoted Oberleutnant ( first lieutenant ) also became leader of 3 . Staffel , succeeding Major Henning Stümpell . Although the fighting in the air grew increasingly difficult , Wick kept adding victories to his tally . He recorded his 20th victory on 24 August and added two more fighters a day later . This achievement earned Wick a reference in the Wehrmachtbericht ( his first of five in total ) , an information bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht . To be singled out individually in the Wehrmachtbericht was an honour and was entered in the Orders and Decorations ' section of a soldier 's Service Record Book . Twenty aerial victories also made Wick eligible for the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) , a higher grade of the Iron Cross . Wick was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 August 1940 at Karinhall by Reichsmarschall ( Empire 's Marshal ) Hermann Göring . He was also interviewed by an Adler ( Eagle — the Luftwaffe weekly magazine ) journalist prior to the presentation . Several articles about Wick appeared at the time . Wick was granted four days of leave , which he spent with his family in Berlin . Upon his return to France Wick was promoted to Hauptmann and on 9 September was named Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) of I. Gruppe JG 2 . During September he continued adding to his score , and on 5 October gained his 41st combat victory on his way to overtake his two closest rivals , Major Adolf Galland and Oberstleutnant Mölders . The 41st victory earned him his second reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 6 October 1940 . He also became the fourth member of the armed forces to receive the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) directly from Hitler at Berghof in Bavaria on 8 September 1940 . Wick received orders in the late afternoon of 6 October to report to Reichsmarschall Göring in Berlin by 3 p.m. the following day . Due to bad weather , he chose to drive from Normandy to Berlin by car . Together with his wingman and friend , Rudolf Pflanz , Wick travelled all night and arrived at the Reich Air Ministry right on time to meet with Göring , Generalfeldmarschall ( Field Marshal ) Erhard Milch , Generaloberst ( Colonel General ) Ernst Udet , General der Flieger ( General of the Flyers ) Kurt Student and General der Flieger Karl Bodenschatz . After the meeting in Berlin , Wick and Göring drove to Berchtesgaden in the Reichsmarschall 's personal train , where they arrived at 5 p.m. on 8 October for the official Oak Leaves presentation . Wick was then exposed by Otto Dietrich , the Third Reich 's Press Chief , to the international public at a press conference and presented as a " hero " . His performance left a predominantly negative impression , since Wick presented himself as a " busybody " ( Life Magazine ) , and made fun of his victims . On 19 October 1940 , Wick was promoted to Major and appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of Jagdgeschwader 27 ( JG 27 — 27th Fighter Wing ) . He had no ambition to leave his Gruppe in JG 2 " Richthofen " and , after giving the matter some thought , asked Göring to let him remain with his Gruppe instead . The next day Göring revoked his decision and gave Wick command of JG 2 " Richthofen " . At 25 years of age , he thus became the youngest Major and Geschwaderkommodore in the Luftwaffe . Major Wolfgang Schellmann , who had commanded JG 2 since the beginning of September 1940 , was placed in command of JG 27 instead of Wick . JG 2 " Richthofen " claimed its 500th aerial victory on 16 November 1940 , earning Wick another reference in the Wehrmachtbericht . To celebrate the 500th victory , Wick , the Gruppenkommandeure , all of the headquarters personnel , and the Staffelkapitäne went to Paris on 22 November — exactly one year after JG 2 's first aerial victory . They visited the show at " Casino de Paris " and dined at the " Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild " . = = = Death = = = Helmut Wick , accompanied by his Stabsschwarm — including Oberleutnant Rudolf Pflanz , Leutnant Franz Fiby and Oberleutnant Erich Leie — claimed his 55th aerial victory when he shot down a Spitfire on the afternoon of 28 November 1940 . His opponent could have been No. 602 Squadron 's Pilot Officer Archibald Lyall , who was reported killed in the engagement . This made Wick the highest @-@ scoring fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe , surpassing Mölders , whose score at the time stood at 54 victories . Returning from this mission to Cherbourg- Querqueville , Wick ordered the aircraft refueled and re @-@ armed . Together with Erich Leie as his wingman , Wick took off at 4 : 10 p.m. and returned to the vicinity of the Isle of Wight . Spotting a flight of Spitfires he climbed to intercept from a more favourable attack position . In a diving attack Wick shot down and killed Pilot Officer Paul A. Baillon , of No. 609 Squadron , flying Spitfire R6631 . Shortly afterwards , around 5 p.m. , Wick 's Bf 109 E @-@ 4 ( Werknummer 5344 — factory number ) was shot down , probably by twelve – victory ace Flight Lieutenant John Dundas of No. 609 Squadron , though it is also possible that Wick fell victim to Pilot Officer Eric Marrs ; Polish pilot Zygmunt Klein of 234 Squadron may have also scored hits on Wick 's aircraft ; he was also shot down and killed during the battle . Rudolf Pflanz saw a Spitfire shoot down a Bf 109 , whose pilot bailed out . Pflanz then shot down the Spitfire , which he observed to crash in the sea with its pilot still inside . Only later did Pflanz find out that it was Wick he saw bailing out . Göring had ordered Kriegsmarine torpedo boats on a night @-@ long search @-@ and @-@ rescue mission for Wick . The next day , other naval vessels and the Seenotdienst ( air @-@ sea rescue ) service , escorted by fighters of JG 2 , continued in vain to search for him . He was never found , however , and the Luftwaffe declared him missing in action , presumed dead , on 4 December 1940 , earning him his last reference in the daily Wehrmachtbericht . Wick , on his 168th combat mission , was the first Oak Leaves recipient to lose his life in combat . = = Family = = On 5 August 1939 , Wick married Ursel Rolfs ( 1916 – 1968 ) in Berlin . The marriage produced two children , Walter ( born in October 1939 ) and a girl , Sabine , born after Wick 's death , in February 1941 . On 23 January 1941 , Wick 's father received a telephone call from Karl Bodenschatz at the Führer Headquarters that Helmut Wick had been rescued and taken prisoner of war . Apparently an official Reuters report had indicated that a 25 @-@ year @-@ old Luftwaffe Major , credited with 56 aerial victories , had been interned in a prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp in Canada . Both Hitler and Göring initiated steps to get confirmation of the report . On 5 February 1941 , a telegram from Ottawa informed Ursel that Wick was not interned in Canada . Ursel married the military doctor , Stabsarzt ( equivalent to captain ) Dr. Gerhard Tausch , later in the war . = = Awards = = Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 21 December 1939 ) 1st Class ( 6 June 1940 ) Pilot / Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight 's Cross on 27 August 1940 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 3 . / Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen " 4th Oak Leaves on 6 October 1940 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the I. / Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen "
= Torreón massacre = The Torreón massacre was a racially motivated massacre that took place on 13 – 15 May 1911 in the Mexican city of Torreón , Coahuila . Over 300 Chinese residents were killed by the revolutionary forces of Francisco I. Madero . A large number of Chinese homes and establishments were looted and destroyed . Torreón was the last major city to be taken by the Maderistas during the Mexican Revolution . When the government forces withdrew , the rebels entered the city in the early morning and began a ten @-@ hour massacre of the Chinese community . The event touched off a diplomatic crisis between China and Mexico , with the former demanding 30 million pesos in reparation . At one point it was rumored that China had even dispatched a warship to Mexican waters ( the cruiser Hai Chi , which was anchored in Cuba at the time ) . An investigation into the massacre concluded that it was an unprovoked act of racial hatred . = = Background = = Chinese immigration to Mexico began as early as the 17th century , with a number settling in Mexico City . Immigration increased when Mexican president Porfirio Díaz attempted to encourage foreign investment and tourism to boost the country 's economy . The two countries signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1899 ; over time , the Chinese expatriates began to establish profitable businesses such as wholesale and retail groceries . By 1910 , there were 13 @,@ 200 Chinese immigrants in the country , many living in Baja California , Chihuahua , Coahuila , Sinaloa , Sonora , and Yucatán . Torreón was an attractive destination for immigrants at the turn of the nineteenth century . It was located at the intersection of two major railroads ( the Mexican Central Railway and the Mexican International Railroad ) and was proximate to the Nazas River , which irrigated the surrounding area , making it a suitable location for growing cotton . Chinese probably began to arrive in Torreón during the 1880s or 1890s , at the same time that other immigrants were first recorded as coming to the city . By about 1900 , 500 of the city 's 14 @,@ 000 residents were Chinese . The Chinese community was easily the largest and most notable group of immigrants in the city . By 1903 , it had formed the largest branch of the Baohuanghui ( Protect the Emperor Society ) in Mexico . Mexico was one of the countries visited by Kang Youwei after his exile from China . He had recently founded the China Reform Association to restore the Guangxu Emperor to power , and was visiting Chinese colonies worldwide to fund the Association . He arrived in 1906 , and purchased a few blocks of real estate in Torreón for 1 @,@ 700 pesos , later reselling it to Chinese immigrants for a profit of 3 @,@ 400 pesos . This investment spurred Kang to have the Association establish a bank in Torreón , which began selling stock and real estate to Chinese businessmen . The bank also built the city 's first tram line . Kang visited Torreón again in 1907 . It has been suggested that the city served as a test case for Chinese immigration to Mexico and Brazil , which Kang believed might solve overpopulation problems in the Chinese Pearl River Delta . Soon there were 600 Chinese living in the city . In 1907 , a number of Mexican businessman gathered to form a chamber of commerce to protect their businesses from the foreigners . Instead of targeting Chinese specifically , they wrote : We cannot compete against the foreigners in commercial ventures . The sad and lamentable fact is that the prostration of our national commerce has created a situation in which Mexicans are replaced by foreign individuals and companies , which monopolize our commerce and behave in the manner of conquerors in a conquered land . Tensions and resentment of the Chinese ran high among the Mexican populace of Torreón , stemming from the immigrants ' prosperity and monopoly over the grocery trade . Nationwide resentment of the Chinese has also , conversely , been attributed to the fact that the Chinese represented a source of cheap @-@ labor which was central to the Porfirian economic program . Therefore , opposing the Chinese was an indirect way to oppose the dictatorship . Anti @-@ Chinese sentiments were apparent in the Independence Day speeches and demonstrations of 16 September 1910 . Over the next several weeks a number of Chinese establishments were vandalized . = = Events = = = = = Events leading to the massacre = = = On 5 May 1911 ( Cinco de Mayo ) , a revolutionary leader , a bricklayer or stonemason named Jesús C. Flores , made a public speech in nearby Gómez Palacio , Durango , in which he claimed that the Chinese were putting Mexican women out of jobs , had monopolized the gardening and grocery businesses , were accumulating vast amounts of money to send back to China , and were " vying for the affection and companionship of local women . " He concluded by demanding that all people of Chinese origin be expelled from Mexico . One witness recalled him stating " that , therefore , it was necessary ... even a patriotic duty , to finish with them . " The branch of the reform association in Torreón heard of Flores speech , and on 12 May the society 's secretary , Woo Lam Po ( also the manager of the bank ) circulated a letter in Chinese among the leaders of the community warning that there could be violence : Brothers , attention ! Attention ! This is serious . Many unjust acts have happened during the revolution . Notice have [ sic ] been received that before 10 o 'clock today the revolutionists will unite their forces and attack the city . It is very probable that during the battle a mob will spring up and sack the stores . For this reason , we advise all our people , when the crowds assemble , to close your door and hide yourself and under no circumstances open your places for business or go outside to see the fighting . And if any of your stores are broken into , offer no resistance but allow them to take what they please , since otherwise you might endanger your lives . THIS IS IMPORTANT . After the trouble is over we will try to arrange a settlement . = = = Siege of Torreón = = = On the morning of Saturday , 13 May , the forces of the Mexican Revolution led by Francisco I. Madero 's brother Emilio Madero attacked the city . Its railroads made it a key strategic point necessary to seizing complete control of the surrounding region : it was also the last major city to be targeted by the rebels . Madero and 4 @,@ 500 Maderistas surrounded the city , hemming in General Emiliano Lojero and his 670 Federales . They overran the Chinese gardens surrounding the city , killing 112 of the people working there . Chinese houses were used as fortifications for the advancing rebels , and the people living there were forced to prepare them food . The fighting continued until the Federales began to run low on munitions on Sunday evening . Lojero ordered a retreat , and his forces abandoned the city under cover of darkness between two and four in the morning on Monday , 15 May , during a heavy rainstorm . The retreat was so sudden that some troops were left behind during the evacuation . Before the rebels entered the city , witnesses reported that xenophobic speeches had been made to incense the accompanying mob against foreigners . Jesús Flores was present , and made a speech calling the Chinese " dangerous competitors " and concluded " that it would be best to exterminate them . " = = = Massacre = = = The rebel forces entered the city at six o 'clock , accompanied by a mob of over 4 @,@ 000 men , women , and children from Gómez Palacio Municipality , Viesca Municipality , San Pedro Municipality , Lerdo Municipality , and Matamoros Municipality . They were joined by citizens of Torreón and began the sacking of the business district . The mob released prisoners from jail , looted stores , and attacked people on the street . They soon moved to the Chinese district . Men on horses drove Chinese from the gardens back into town , dragging them by their queues and shooting or trampling those who fell . Men , women , and children were killed indiscriminately when they fell in the way of the mob , and their bodies were robbed and mutilated . It was reported that " [ i ] n one instance the head of a Chinaman was severed from his body and thrown from the window into the street . In another instance a soldier took a little boy by the heels and battered his brains out against a lamp post . In many instances ropes were tied to the bodies of the Chinamen and they were dragged through the streets by men on horseback . In another instance a Chinaman was pulled to pieces in the street by horses hitched to his arms and legs . " The mob finally reached the bank , where they killed the employees and hurled their severed body parts into the streets . A contemporary newspaper reported that " heads of the murdered Chinese were rolled along the streets , and their bodies were tied to the tails of horses . " A number of residents made attempts to save the Chinese from the mob . Seventy immigrants were saved by a tailor who stood atop the roof of a building where they were hiding and misdirected the mob that was hunting for them . Eleven were saved by Hermina Almaráz , the daughter of a Maderista leader , who told soldiers who wanted to take them from her home " that they could only enter the house over her dead body . " Another eight were saved by a second tailor , who stood in the rain in front of the laundry they worked at and lied to the rebels about their presence . Ten hours after the massacre had begun , at around four o 'clock , Emilio Madero arrived in Torreón on horseback and issued a proclamation decreeing the death penalty for anyone who killed a Chinese . This ended the massacre . = = = After the massacre = = = Madero collected the surviving Chinese in a building and posted a hand @-@ picked group of soldiers to protect them . Dead Mexicans were buried in the city 's cemetery , but the bodies of the slain Chinese were stripped naked and buried together in a trench . The same day as the massacre , Madero convened a military tribunal to hear testimony about the killings . The tribunal came to the conclusion that the Maderistas had " committed atrocities " , but the soldiers defended themselves by asserting that the Chinese had been armed and the massacre was an act of self @-@ defense . Both the United States Consulate and the local Relief Committee began collecting donations from locals to support the Chinese . Between 17 May and 1 June , Dr. J. Lim and the Relief Committee collected over $ 6 @,@ 000 dollars which they distributed at a rate of $ 30 per day to provide food and shelter for the survivors . = = Aftermath = = = = = Events following the massacre = = = After the massacre , large numbers of Chinese fled Torreón , with El Imparcial , a daily newspaper in Mexico City , reporting that over 1 @,@ 000 people were on the move . Chinese began to arrive in Guadalajara seeking passage back to China . Property stolen from Torreón continued to appear on the black market in San Pedro for several months following the massacre and looting . = = = Casualties = = = 308 Asians were killed in the massacre ; 303 Chinese and 5 Japanese . According to the British Vice Consul in Gómez Palacio , the Japanese were killed " owing to the similarity of features " with the Chinese . It is estimated that the dead made up nearly one @-@ half of the Chinese population . Among the dead were 50 employees of Sam Wah , both from his estate and his restaurant ; Wong Foon @-@ chuck lost 45 employees : 32 from his estate , nine from a railroad hotel that he operated , and four from his laundry ; and Ma Due lost 38 out of the 40 workers from his gardens . 25 employees of the bank were also killed . Rebels , Federales , and bystanders were also killed ; according to contemporary reports , these included 25 Federales , 34 bystanders ( including 12 Spaniards and a German ) , and 26 Maderistas . Among the dead was Jesús Flores , apparently killed while attempting to free a machine gun abandoned by the government forces . = = = Property damage = = = One estimate put the total damage at around US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 25 @,@ 396 @,@ 429 in 2015 ) . Chinese properties were dealt US $ 849 @,@ 928 @.@ 69 ( $ 21 @,@ 585 @,@ 153 ) in damage . Among the businesses destroyed were the bank , the Chinese Club , 40 groceries , five restaurants , four laundries , 10 vegetable stands and 23 other food stands . Almost 100 Chinese homes and businesses were destroyed in total . Also destroyed were a number of the Chinese @-@ owned gardens outside of town . In addition to businesses and commercial establishments , an unknown number of residential buildings were robbed and destroyed . An American consular agent named G. C. Carothers described the destruction in a June 7 report on the massacre : Next we went to the Chinese Laundry were four had been killed , and the laundry practically demolished . Bombs had been thrown on the roof , the windows and doors either destroyed or stolen , the machinery broken to pieces and everything that could be carted away , stolen .... The Puerto de Shanghai building was next visited . All of the doors and windows of the building were destroyed . The Chinese Bank , which had been moved into this building a few months before , was demolished , safes blown open and contents taken , furniture destroyed , all papers and valuables stolen . American , Arabian , German , Spanish , and Turkish establishments were also damaged and destroyed , but in contrast to the Chinese , U.S. properties were only dealt US $ 22 @,@ 000 ( $ 558 @,@ 721 today ) in damage . Other properties destroyed included a casino , the city courthouse , the jail , the police headquarters , the Inferior Court , the Court of Letters , and the Municipal Treasury . = = = Response = = = A month afterward , the Chinese government hired American attorney Lebbeus Wilfley to conduct an investigation into the massacre . Wilfley owned a law firm in Mexico City , and had previously served as the United States Attorney General to the Philippines and as Judge of the United States Court in China . In June he dispatched his partner , Arthur Bassett , to carry out the investigation . The same month , China demanded reparation from Mexico , seeking a payment 100 @,@ 000 pesos ( in 1911 money ) for each Chinese killed during the massacre , a total of over thirty million . The country also demanded an official apology from the Mexican government . This was followed by a diplomatic crisis , when a rumor began to circulate that China had dispatched a gunboat carrying investigators to Mexican waters . The U.S. Ambassador to Mexico , Henry Lane Wilson , sent a telegram to Philander C. Knox , the Secretary of State , claiming that the Chinese gunboat Korea was en route for Mexico . Yuan Kwai , a Chinese diplomat in Washington , D.C. , sought the support of the United States Department of State . He was told that the U.S. would not approve the act , but would not make an attempt to halt it , either . Failing to get support from the U.S. , China announced that the rumor was false . Yuan Kwai stated that the cruiser Hai Chi might dock in Mexico after attending the coronation of George V in London . In the event , the Hai Chi docked in Cuba after visiting the United States and halted there while the diplomatic crisis played out , and did not go on to Mexico . In July , U.S. consul George Carothers reported that a number of foreigners in Torreón had received letters telling them to leave the city . Madero had ordered that the soldiers culpable for the killings be arrested and put on trial , and by 9 July 20 of the 35 under suspicion of connection with the massacre had been captured . Arthur Bassett made his report to Chang Yin Tang , the Chinese Minister to Mexico , on 13 July , after conducting interviews with a number of Chinese and Mexican witnesses to the massacre . He concluded that the Maderistas ' claims ( that they had been fired on by the Chinese ) were false , citing the 12 May circular by the reform society . He also dismissed the claim that the immigrants had been armed by General Lojero and his retreating Federales , pointing out that the reason for the evacuation was a dearth of ammunition . Furthermore , no witnesses reported any form of resistance by the Chinese . In his report , he called the incident " an unprovoked massacre ... conceived in malice and race hatred " and concluded that it was a clear violation of the 1899 treaty between the two countries . Bassett , in collaboration with Owang King ( a representative for China ) and Antonio Ramos Pedrueza ( representing Mexican President Francisco León de la Barra ) , tendered a second report to Chang on 28 August , once again attempting to assess whether the Chinese themselves had prompted the massacre by resisting the Madistera troops . The editor of Diogenes , a local paper , stated that Lojero had " authorized him to deny all allegations " that he may have armed the Chinese . Upon further inquiry , the owners of local stores testified that they had not sold weapons to Chinese patrons before the massacre . The report concluded : The contention that the Chinese offered resistance is pure fabrication , invented by the officers of the revolutionary army for the sole purpose of escaping the punishment which the commission of such a heinous crime would naturally entail upon them . After failing to gain support from the United States , China reduced the demanded indemnity from thirty million to six million . However , it continued to demand an official apology , a guarantee of the safety of Chinese citizens in Mexico , and the punishment of the soldiers responsible for the massacre . As the 1911 Mexican Independence Day approached , the foreign community in Torreón became restless , remembering the violence that had broken out at that time the previous year . To prevent another outbreak of violence , Francisco Madero sent 1 @,@ 000 troops to the city . China and Mexico came to an agreement in November 1912 , and a treaty was signed wherein Mexico granted 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 pesos in damages to China and extended an official apology . The deadline for payment was later extended to 15 February 1913 . However , after the February 1913 assassination of Francisco Madero , Mexico entered a period of economic collapse . They proposed to pay China in bonds . The Dutch ambassador warned against it , believing that Mexico would be unable to obtain the foreign loans necessary for payment . The Mexican Senate debated a number of ways to pay the indemnity through 1912 and 1913 , including considering payment in silver . However , the bonds were never approved , and reparation was never made . = = = Further unrest = = = The massacre in Torreón was not the only instance of race violence against the Chinese during the revolution . In the first year alone , rebels and other Mexican citizens contributed to the deaths of some 324 Chinese . By 1919 , another 129 had been killed in Mexico City , and 373 in Piedras Negras . The persecution and violence against the Chinese in Mexico finally culminated in 1931 , with the expulsion of the remaining Chinese from Sonora .
= Lactarius blennius = Lactarius blennius ( commonly known as the Slimy Milkcap or Beech Milkcap ) is a medium @-@ sized mushroom of the genus Lactarius found commonly in beech forests in Europe , where it is mycorrhizal , favouring the European Beech ( though associations with other trees are known ) . It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries . Though its colour and size vary , it is distinctive because it is slimy when wet and exudes copious amounts of milk . It has been the subject of some chemical research , and it can be used to produce pigments and blennins . Blennins , some of which have shown potential medical application , are derived from lactarane , a chemical so named because of their association with Lactarius . The edibility of L. blennius is uncertain , with different mycologists suggesting that it is edible ( though not recommended ) , inedible or even poisonous . = = Taxonomy and naming = = Lactarius blennius was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus blennius in 1815 , before being given its current binomial name by the same author in 1838 . Within the genus Lactarius , it is closely related to Lactarius cinereus , another Lactarius species that also favours beech . It has been suggested that the two species ( forming a group ) could have a coevolutionary pathway with beech . The specific epithet is derived from a Latin adjective blennius , meaning " slimy " . Lactarius mushrooms are commonly known as milkcaps , and L. blennius is known as the Slimy Milkcap or the Beech Milkcap . Lactarius blennius is synonymous with Agaricus blennius ( the name under which Fries first described the species in 1815 ) and Agaricus viridis , a name given earlier by Heinrich Schrader , in 1794 . Galorrheus blennius ( a name proposed in 1871 by Paul Kummer ) , Lactarius viridis ( proposed in 1888 by Lucien Quélet ) and Lactifluus blennius ( proposed by Otto Kuntze in 1891 ) are also now recognised as synonyms . Lactarius albidopallens was originally described as a form of L. blennius as Lactarius blennius f. albidopallens by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928 , before being classified as a separate species by J. Blum . Lange also described Lactarius blennius f. virescens , which is now recognised as nomen invalidum ( an invalid name ) . Lactarius fluens is another species that has been included in L. blennius ; originally described in 1899 by Jean Louis Émile Boudier , in 1999 , German Joseph Krieglsteiner suggested that it is actually a variety of L. blennius , naming it Lactarius blennius var. fluens . The situation with Lactarius viridis is similar ; first described as a separate species by Quélet in 1888 , A. Marchand proposed that it is in fact a variety of L. blennius , naming it Lactarius blennius var. viridis . = = Description = = Lactarius blennius has a flattened convex cap that is 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 4 in ) across that later becomes depressed in the centre . In colour , it is pale olive to a greenish grey , sometimes a dull green or pale grey @-@ sepia , and has blotches of darker colouration in concentric bands , though the colour can vary greatly . Heavily spotted specimens are also known , and a very brown specimen similar to Lactarius circellatus was recorded in Scotland . The cap is very slimy when moist and has a margin that is curved inwards . The stem is a paler colour than the cap , but also very slimy , and measures from 4 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 in ) tall by 1 – 1 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 7 in ) thick , tapering a little towards the bottom . The flesh is whitish , similar in colour to the gills , which later become a creamy or pale buff colour . The gills turn a brownish @-@ grey colour when wounded , and are crowded . In shape , they are slightly decurrent or adnate , meaning that they run a small way down the stem in attachment , or that they are attached to the stem by the whole depth of the gills . The milk is white and dries grey , and is very plentiful . L. blennius spores leave a creamy print , and are elliptic with low warts joined by ridges with a small number of cross @-@ connections , measuring from 6 – 9 by 5 @.@ 5 – 7 µm . = = Distribution , habitat and ecology = = Lactarius blennius is very common and is found in broad @-@ leaved woodland , favouring beech ; it is most associated with Fagus sylvatica , the European Beech , though it has also been observed growing in association with species of oak . It forms an ectomycorrhizal association with trees , and can grow on a wide variety of subsoil types , but is more typical of acidic soil . It is found between late summer and late autumn , and is native to Europe . The distribution of the mushroom coincides with the distribution of beech . In the British Isles , the species is one of the one hundred most common mushrooms . Other areas in which it has been recorded include Sweden , France , Italy , and Poland . = = Uses = = Mycologist Roger Phillips claims that L. blennius is edible when cooked , but not recommended , while others describe it as inedible or even poisonous . The milk tastes very hot and acrid . L. blennius has been the subject of some research in chemistry . Lactarane derivatives ( known as " blennins " ) have been acquired from the mushroom , including the lactone blennin D , and blennin A , which was first isolated from this species . Lactaranes are chemicals so named because of their occurrence in Lactarius species . Blennins have been shown to be potentially useful- blennin A , for instance ( a lactarane @-@ type sesquiterpene ) has been shown to be an anti @-@ inflammatory , having a strong inhibitative affect against leukotriene C4 biosynthesis . L. blennius can also be refined to create a green pigment , known as blennione .
= Warwick Castle = Warwick Castle ( / ˈwɒrɪk / WORR @-@ ik ) is a medieval castle developed from an original built by William the Conqueror in 1068 . Warwick is the county town of Warwickshire , England , situated on a bend of the River Avon . The original wooden motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century . During the Hundred Years War , the facade opposite the town was refortified , resulting in one of the most recognisable examples of 14th century military architecture . It was used as a stronghold until the early 17th century , when it was granted to Sir Fulke Greville by James I in 1604 . Greville converted it to a country house and it was owned by the Greville family , who became Earls of Warwick in 1759 , until 1978 when it was bought by the Tussauds Group . In 2007 , the Tussauds Group merged with Merlin Entertainments , which is the current owner of Warwick Castle . = = Location = = Warwick Castle is situated in the town of Warwick , on a sandstone bluff at a bend of the River Avon . The river , which runs below the castle on the east side , has eroded the rock the castle stands on , forming a cliff . The river and cliff form natural defences . When construction began in 1068 , four houses belonging to the Abbot of Coventry were demolished to provide room . The castle 's position made it strategically important in safeguarding the Midlands against rebellion . During the 12th century , King Henry I was suspicious of Roger de Beaumont , 2nd Earl of Warwick . To counter the earl 's influence , Henry bestowed Geoffrey de Clinton with a position of power rivalling that of the earl . The lands he was given included Kenilworth – a castle of comparable size , cost , and importance , founded by Clinton – which is about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) to the north . Warwick Castle is about 1 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 mi ) from Warwick railway station and less than 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) from junction 15 of the M40 motorway ; it is also close to Birmingham Airport . = = History = = = = = Antecedent = = = An Anglo @-@ Saxon burh was established on the site in 914 ; with fortifications instigated by Ethelfleda , daughter of Alfred the Great . The burh she established was one of ten which defended Mercia against the marauding Danes . Its position allowed it to dominate the Fosse Way , as well as the river valley and the crossing over the River Avon . Though the motte to the south @-@ west of the present castle is now called " Ethelfleda 's Mound " , it is in fact part of the later Norman fortifications , and not of Anglo @-@ Saxon origin . = = = Middle Ages = = = After the Norman conquest of England , William the Conqueror established a motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle at Warwick in 1068 to maintain control of the Midlands as he advanced northwards . Building a castle in a pre @-@ existing settlement could require demolishing properties on the intended site . In the case of Warwick , the least recorded of the 11 urban castles in the 1086 survey , four houses were torn down to make way for the castle . A motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle consists of a mound – on which usually stands a keep or tower – and a bailey , which is an enclosed courtyard . William appointed Henry de Beaumont , the son of a powerful Norman family , as constable of the castle . In 1088 , Henry de Beaumont was made the first Earl of Warwick . He founded the Church of All Saints within the castle walls by 1119 ; the Bishop of Worcester , believing that a castle was an inappropriate location for a church , removed it in 1127 – 28 . In 1153 , the wife of Roger de Beaumont , 2nd Earl of Warwick , was tricked into believing that her husband was dead , and surrendered control of the castle to the invading army of Henry of Anjou , later King Henry II . According to the Gesta Regis Stephani , a 12th @-@ century historical text , Roger de Beaumont died on hearing the news that his wife had handed over the castle . Henry later returned the castle to the Earls of Warwick as they had been supporters of his mother , Empress Matilda , in The Anarchy of 1135 – 54 . During the reign of King Henry II ( 1154 – 89 ) , the motte @-@ and @-@ bailey was replaced with a stone castle . This new phase took the form of a shell keep with all the buildings constructed against the curtain wall . During the barons ' rebellion of 1173 – 74 , the Earl of Warwick remained loyal to King Henry II , and the castle was used to store provisions . The castle and the lands associated with the earldom passed down in the Beaumont family until 1242 . When Thomas de Beaumont , 6th Earl of Warwick died , the castle and lands passed to his sister , Lady Margery , Countess of Warwick in her own right . Her husband died soon after , and while she looked for a suitable husband , the castle was in the ownership of King Henry III . When she married John du Plessis in December 1242 , the castle was returned to her . During the Second Barons ' War of 1264 – 67 , William Maudit , 8th Earl of Warwick , was a supporter of King Henry III . The castle was taken in a surprise attack by the forces of Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester , from Kenilworth Castle in 1264 . According to 15th @-@ century chronicler John Rous , the walls along the northeastern side of Warwick Castle were slighted , so " that it should be no strength to the king " . Maudit and his countess were taken to Kenilworth Castle and held until a ransom was paid . After the death of William Maudit in 1267 , the title and castle passed to his nephew William de Beauchamp , 9th Earl of Warwick . Following William 's death , Warwick Castle passed through seven generations of the Beauchamp family , who over the next 180 years were responsible for most of the additions made to the castle . In 1312 , Piers Gaveston , 1st Earl of Cornwall , was captured by Guy de Beauchamp , 10th Earl of Warwick , and imprisoned in Warwick Castle until his execution on 9 June 1312 . A group of magnates led by the Earl of Warwick and Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster , accused Gaveston of stealing the royal treasure . Under Thomas de Beauchamp , 11th Earl , the castle defences were significantly enhanced in 1330 – 60 on the north eastern side by the addition of a gatehouse , a barbican ( a form of fortified gateway ) , and a tower on either side of the reconstructed wall , named Caesar 's Tower and Guy 's Tower . The Watergate Tower also dates from this period . Caesar 's and Guy 's Towers are residential and may have been inspired by French models ( for example Bricquebec ) . Both towers are machicolated and Caesar 's Tower features a unique double parapet . The two towers are also vaulted in stone on every storey . Caesar 's Tower contained a " grim " basement dungeon ; according to local legend dating back to at least 1644 it is also known as Poitiers Tower , either because prisoners from the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 may have been imprisoned there , or because the ransoms raised from the battle helped to pay for its construction . The gatehouse features murder holes , two drawbridges , a gate , and portcullises – gates made from wood or metal . The towers of the gatehouse were machicolated . The facade overlooking the river was designed as a symbol of the power and wealth of the Beauchamp earls and would have been " of minimal defensive value " ; this followed a trend of 14th @-@ century castles being more statements of power than designed exclusively for military use . = = = 15th and 16th centuries = = = The line of Beauchamps Earls ended in 1449 when Anne de Beauchamp , 15th Countess of Warwick , died . Richard Neville became the next Earl of Warwick through his wife 's inheritance of the title . During the summer of 1469 , Neville rebelled against King Edward IV and imprisoned him in Warwick Castle . Neville attempted to rule in the king 's name ; however , constant protests by the king 's supporters forced the Earl to release the king . Neville was subsequently killed in the Battle of Barnet , fighting against King Edward IV in 1471 during the Wars of the Roses . Warwick Castle then passed from Neville to his son @-@ in @-@ law , George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence . George Plantagenet was executed in 1478 and his lands passed onto Edward Plantagenet , 17th Earl of Warwick ; however , Edward Plantagenet was only two when his father died so his lands were taken in the custody of The Crown . He was placed under attainder , and so could not inherit the throne , by Henry VII , being held by Henry for fourteen years in the Tower of London until he was executed for high treason in 1499 , supposedly for conspiring to escape with the ' pretender ' Perkin Warbeck . Edward was the last Earl of Warwick of the title 's first creation . In the early 1480s King Richard III instigated the construction of two gun towers , Bear and Clarence Towers , which were left unfinished on his death in 1485 ; with their own well and ovens , the towers were an independent stronghold from the rest of the castle , possibly in case of mutiny by the garrison . With the advent of gunpowder the position of Keeper of the Artillery was created in 1486 . When antiquary John Leland visited the castle some time between 1535 and 1543 , he noted that : ... the dungeon now in ruin standeth in the west @-@ north @-@ west part of the castle . There is also a tower west @-@ north @-@ west , and through it a postern @-@ gate of iron . All the principal lodgings of the castle with the hall and chapel lie on the south side of the castle , and here the king doth much cost in making foundations in the rocks to sustain that side of the castle , for great pieces fell out of the rocks that sustain it . While in the care of The Crown , Warwick Castle underwent repairs and renovations using about 500 loads of stone . The castle , as well as lands associated with the earldom , was in Crown care from 1478 until 1547 , when they were granted to John Dudley with the second creation of the title the Earl of Warwick . When making his appeal for ownership of the castle Dudley said of the castle 's condition : " ... the castle of its self is not able to lodge a good baron with his train , for all the one side of the said castle with also the dungeon tower is clearly ruinated and down to the ground " . Warwick Castle had fallen into decay due to its age and neglect , and despite his remarks Dudley did not initiate any repairs to the castle . Queen Elizabeth I visited the castle in 1566 during a tour of the country , and again in 1572 for four nights . A timber building was erected in the castle for her to stay in , and Ambrose Dudley , 3rd Earl of Warwick , left the castle to the Queen during her visits . When Ambrose Dudley died in 1590 the title of Earl of Warwick became extinct for the second time . A survey from 1590 recorded that the castle was still in a state of disrepair , noting that lead had been stolen from the roofs of some of the castle 's buildings , including the chapel . In 1601 Sir Fulke Greville remarked that " the little stone building there was , mightily in decay ... so as in very short time there will be nothing left but a name of Warwick " . Greville was granted Warwick Castle by King James I in 1604 . In the 17th century the grounds were turned into a garden . The castle 's defences were enhanced in the 1640s to prepare the castle for action in the English Civil War . Robert Greville , 2nd Baron Brooke , was a Parliamentarian , and Royalist forces laid siege to the castle . Warwick Castle withstood the siege and was later used to hold prisoners taken by the Parliamentarians . = = = 17th @-@ century country house = = = The conversion of the castle coincided with a period of decline in the use of castles during the 15th and 16th centuries ; many were either being abandoned or converted into comfortable residences for the gentry . In the early 17th century , Robert Smythson was commissioned to draw a plan of the castle before any changes were made . In 1604 , the ruinous castle was given to Sir Fulke Greville by King James I and was converted into a country house . Whilst the castle was undergoing repairs , it was peripherally involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 . The conspirators involved awaited news of their plot in Dunchurch in Warwickshire . When they discovered the plot had failed they stole cavalry horses from the stables at Warwick Castle to help in their escape . When the title of Earl of Warwick was created for the third time in 1618 , the Greville family were still in possession of Warwick Castle . Fulke Greville spent over £ 20 @,@ 000 ( £ 3 million as of 2016 ) . renovating the castle ; according to William Dugdale , a 17th @-@ century antiquary , this made it " a place not only of great strength but extraordinary delight , with most pleasant gardens , walks and thickets , such as this part of England can hardly parallel " . On 1 September 1628 Fulke Greville was murdered in Holborn by his manservant : Ralph Haywood — a " gentleman " — who stabbed the baron twice after discovering he had been left only £ 8 @,@ 000 in Greville 's will . Greville died from his wounds four weeks later . Under Robert Greville , 2nd Baron Brooke , Warwick Castle 's defences were enhanced from January to May 1642 in preparation for attack during the First English Civil War . The garden walls were raised , bulwarks — barricades of beams and soil to mount artillery — were constructed and gunpowder and wheels for two cannons were obtained . Robert Greville was a Parliamentarian , and on 7 August 1642 a Royalist force laid siege to the castle . Greville was not in the castle at the time and the garrison was under the command of Sir Edward Peyto . Spencer Compton , 2nd Earl of Northampton , Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire commanded the Royalist force . William Dugdale , acting as a herald , called for the garrison commander to surrender the castle , but he was refused . The besieging army opened fire on the castle , to little effect . According to Richard Bulstrode : ... our endeavours for taking it were to little purpose , for we had only two small pieces of cannon which were brought from Compton House , belonging to the Earl of Northampton , and those were drawn up to the top of the church steeple , and were discharged at the castle , to which they could do no hurt , but only frightened them within the castle , who shot into the street , and killed several of our men . The siege was lifted on 23 August 1642 when the garrison was relieved by the forces of Robert Devereux , 3rd Earl of Essex , and the Royalists were forced to retreat to Worcester . After the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 – the first pitched battle of the English Civil War – prisoners were held in Caesar 's and Guy 's Towers . During the Second English Civil War prisoners were again held at the castle , including those from the Battle of Worcester in 1651 . A garrison was maintained in the castle complete with artillery and supplies from 1643 to 1660 , at its strongest it numbered 302 soldiers . In 1660 the English Council of State ordered the castle governor to disband the garrison and hand over the castle to Robert Greville , 4th Baron Brooke . The state apartments were found to be outmoded and in poor repair . Under Roger and William Hurlbutt , master carpenters of Warwick , extensive modernization of the interiors was undertaken , 1669 – 78 . To ensure that they would be in the latest taste , William was sent down to Dorset to make careful notes of the interiors recently finished at Kingston Lacy for Sir Ralph Bankes to designs by Sir Roger Pratt . On 4 November 1695 the castle was in sufficient state to host a visit by King William III . Francis Greville , 8th Baron Brooke , undertook a renewed programme of improvements to Warwick Castle and its grounds . The 8th Baron Brooke was also bestowed with the title Earl of Warwick in 1759 , the fourth creation of the title . With the recreation of the title , the castle was back in the ownership of the earls of Warwick . Daniel Garrett 's work at Warwick is documented in 1748 ; Howard Colvin attributed to him the Gothick interior of the Chapel . Lancelot " Capability " Brown had been on hand since 1749 . Brown , who was still head gardener at Stowe at the time and had yet to make his reputation as the main exponent of the English landscape garden , was called in by Lord Brooke to give Warwick Castle a more " natural " connection to its river . Brown simplified the long narrow stretch by sweeping it into a lawn that dropped right to the riverbank , stopped at each end by bold clumps of native trees . A serpentine drive gave an impression of greater distance between the front gates and the castle entrance . Horace Walpole saw Brown 's maturing scheme in 1751 and remarked in a letter : " The castle is enchanting . The view pleased me more than I can express ; the river Avon tumbled down a cascade at the foot of it . It is well laid out by one Brown who has set up on a few ideas of Kent and Mr Southcote . " In 1754 the poet Thomas Gray , a member of Walpole 's Gothicising circle , commented disdainfully on the activity at the castle : ... he [ Francis Greville ] has sash 'd the great apartment ... and being since told , that square sash windows were not Gothic , he has put certain whimwams withinside the glass , which appearing through are to look like fretwork . Then he has scooped out a little burrough in the massy walls of the place for his little self and his children , which is hung with paper and printed linnen , and carved chimney @-@ pieces , in the exact manner of Berkley @-@ square or Argyle Buildings . Gray 's mention of Argyle Buildings , Westminster , London , elicited a connotation of an inappropriately modern Georgian urban development , for the buildings in Argyll Street were a speculation to designs of James Gibbs , 1736 – 40 . Greville commissioned Italian painter Antonio Canaletto to paint Warwick Castle in 1747 , while the castle grounds and gardens were undergoing landscaping by Brown . Five paintings and three drawings of the castle by Canaletto are known , making it the artist 's most often represented building in Britain . Canaletto 's work on Warwick Castle has been described as " unique in the history of art as a series of views of an English house by a major continental master " . As well as the gardens , Greville commissioned Brown to rebuild the exterior entrance porch and stairway to the Great Hall . Brown also contributed Gothick designs for a wooden bridge over the Avon ( 1758 ) . He was still at work on Warwick Castle in 1760 . Timothy Lightoler was responsible for the porch being extended and extra rooms added adjacent to it in 1763 – 69 @.@ and during the same years William Lindley provided a new Dining Room and other interior alterations . In 1786 – 88 the local builder William Eboral was commissioned to build the new greenhouse conservatory , with as its principal ornament the Warwick Vase , recently purchased in Rome . In 1802 George Greville , 2nd Earl of Warwick of the new creation , had debts amounting to £ 115 @,@ 000 ( £ 9 million as of 2016 ) . The earl 's estates , including Warwick Castle , were given to the Earl of Galloway and John FitzPatrick , 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory , in 1806 , but the castle was returned to the earls of Warwick in 1813 . The Great Hall was reroofed and repaired in Gothic taste in 1830 – 31 by Ambrose Poynter . Anthony Salvin was responsible for restoring the Watergate Tower in 1861 – 63 . The castle was extensively damaged by a fire in 1871 that started to the east of the Great Hall . Although the Great Hall was gutted , the overall structure was unharmed . Restoration and reparations carried out by Salvin during 1872 – 75 were subsidised by donations from the public , which raised a total of £ 9 @,@ 651 ( £ 820 thousand as of 2016 ) . = = Advent of tourism = = Individuals had been visiting the castle since the end of the 17th century and this grew in importance through the 19th century . In 1858 Queen Victoria visited the 4th earl with great local celebrations . However , by 1885 it would appear the visitors were becoming a nuisance as the earl closed the castle to visitors , causing consternation in the town . A local report stated , ' One day last week eight American visitors who were staying at one of the principal hotels left somewhat hurriedly in consequence of their being unable to gain admission to the castle ' . It soon re @-@ opened again and by 1900 had a ticket office and was employing a permanent guide . By 1936 Arthur Mee was enthusing not just that " these walls have seen something of the splendour of every generation of our [ English ] story " , with rooms " rich in treasure beyond the dreams of avarice " but also that " their rooms are open to all who will " . The collection of armoury on display at Warwick Castle is regarded as second only to that of the Tower of London . Through the 20th century successive earls expanded its tourism potential until , in 1978 , after 374 years in the Greville family , it was sold to a media and entertainment company , the Tussauds Group for £ 1 @.@ 3 million , who opened it as a tourist attraction . Tussauds performed extensive restorations to the castle and grounds . In 2001 , Warwick Castle was named one of Britain 's " Top 10 historic houses and monuments " by the British Tourist Authority ; the list included Tower of London , Stonehenge , and Edinburgh Castle . Warwick Castle was recognised as Britain 's best castle by the Good Britain Guide 2003 . Around this time it was getting in excess of half a million visitors a year . = = = Heritage protection = = = The castle is protected against unauthorised change as a Scheduled Ancient Monument in recognition of its status as a " nationally important " archaeological site or historic building , and is a Grade I listed building together with its boundary walls , stables , conservatory , mill and lodge . In May 2007 Tussauds was purchased by Merlin Entertainments who continue to operate the castle on a lease , having sold the freehold to Nick Leslau 's Prestbury Group on 17 July 2007 . On 23 June 2006 , a £ 20 @,@ 000 stained glass window was damaged by teenage vandals and a ceremonial sword stolen , recovered soon after . = = = The Warwick trebuchet = = = In June 2005 , Warwick Castle became home to one of the world 's largest working siege engines . The trebuchet is 18 metres ( 59 ft ) tall , made from over 300 pieces of oak and weighs 22 tonnes ( 24 short tons ) . The machine was built with drawings from the Danish museum Middelaldercentret , who were the first to recreate a fully functioning trebuchet in 1989 . It was built in Wiltshire with expertise from the Danish Museum and is now situated on the riverbank below the castle . The trebuchet takes eight men half an hour to load and release , the process involves four men running in 4 metres ( 13 ft ) tall wheels to lift the counterweight , weighing 6 tonnes ( 7 short tons ) into the air . It is designed to be capable of hurling projectiles distances of up to 300 metres ( 980 ft ) and as high as 25 metres ( 82 ft ) and can throw projectiles weighing up to 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) . On 21 August 2006 , the trebuchet claimed the record as the most powerful siege engine of its type when it sent a projectile weighing 13 kilograms ( 29 lb ) a distance of 249 metres ( 817 ft ) at a speed of 260 kilometres per hour ( 160 mph ) , beating the previous record held by the trebuchet at Middelaldercentret in Denmark . On 10 April 2015 a thatched boathouse caught fire shortly after a burning cannonball was fired by the trebuchet . It was reported that a spark from the cannonball had started the blaze although a castle spokeswoman said the cause had not yet been established . Hundreds of tourists were evacuated from the castle , but the spokeswoman said they were not at any risk . The Daily Telegraph described the boathouse as " historic " , " medieval " and dating to 1896 , when the 5th Earl had it built to house an electric boat . = = = Seasonal exhibits = = = Other tourist attractions include " Flight of the Eagles ' " ( a bird show , featuring bald eagles , vultures , and sea eagles ) , archery displays , Jousting , " The Trebuchet Show " and " The Sword in the Stone Show " . The Castle is also home to " The Castle Dungeon " , a live actor experience similar to that of " London Dungeons " . Warwick Castle is the subject of many ghost stories . One such instance is that of Fulke Greville who is said to haunt the Watergate Tower despite having been murdered in Holborn . The castle 's reputation for being haunted is used as a tourist attraction with events such as " Warwick Ghosts Alive " , a live @-@ action show telling the story of Fulke Greville 's murder . Musical events at the castle have included carolling , with performances by bands such as the Royal Spa Brass . = = Layout = = The current castle , built in stone during the reign of King Henry II , is on the same site as the earlier Norman motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle . A keep used to stand on the motte which is on the south west of the site , although most of the structure now dates from the post @-@ medieval period . In the 17th century the motte was landscaped with the addition of a path . The bailey was incorporated into the new castle and is surrounded by stone curtain walls . When Warwick Castle was rebuilt in the reign of King Henry II it had a new layout with the buildings against the curtain walls . The castle is surrounded by a dry moat on the northern side where there is no protection from the river or the old motte ; the perimeter of the walls is 130 metres ( 140 yd ) long by 82 metres ( 90 yd ) wide . The two entrances to castle are in the north and west walls . There was originally a drawbridge over the moat in the north east . In the centre of the north west wall is a gateway with Clarence and Bears towers on either side ; this is a 15th @-@ century addition to the fortifications of the castle . The residential buildings line the eastern side of the castle , facing the River Avon . These buildings include the great hall , the library , bedrooms , and the chapel . = = Owners = = Over its 950 years of history Warwick Castle has been owned by 36 different individuals , plus four periods as crown property under seven different monarchs . It was the family seat of three separate creations of the Earls of Warwick , and has been a family home for members of the Beaumont , Beauchamp , Neville , Plantagenet , Dudley and Greville families . The first creation of the Earldom specifically included the right of inheritance through the female line , so the castle three times had a woman ( or girl ) as the owner . Eleven of the owners were under 20 when they inherited , including a girl aged two and a boy aged three . At least three owners died in battle , two were executed and one murdered . Every century except the 21st has seen major building work or adaptations at the castle . = = Grounds and park = = Formal gardens belonging to Warwick Castle were first recorded in 1534 . Landscaping in the 17th century added spiral paths to the castle motte during Fulke Greville 's programme of restoration . Francis Greville commissioned Lancelot Brown to re @-@ landscape the castle grounds ; he began working on the grounds and park in 1749 and had completed his work by 1757 , having spent about £ 2 @,@ 293 ( £ 280 thousand as of 2016 ) . on the project . The gardens cover 2 @.@ 8 square kilometres ( 690 acres ) . Robert Marnock created formal gardens in the castle 's grounds in 1868 – 69 . Started in 1743 and originally known as Temple Park , Castle Park is located to the south of the castle . Its original name derived from the Knights Templar , who used to own a manor in Warwick . Houses around the perimeter of the park were demolished and the land they stood on incorporated into the park . Attempts to make profits from the park in the late 18th century included leasing it for grazing , growing wheat , and keeping sheep . A water @-@ powered mill in the castle grounds was probably built under Henry de Beaumont , 1st Earl of Warwick . By 1398 the mill had been relocated to just outside the eastern castle walls , on the west bank of the River Avon . Both mills were subject to flooding . By 1644 , an engine house had been added to the mill . The mill was reused as an electricity generating plant after it had stopped being used to grind , but once Warwick Castle was fitted with mains electricity in 1940 , the mill was no longer required and was dismantled in 1954 . Adjacent to the mill is The Mill Garden which is privately owned but open to the public . Interesting views of the castle can be seen from this garden .
= De Iniusta Vexacione Willelmi Episcopi Primi = De Iniusta Vexacione Willelmi Episcopi Primi or Of the Unjust Persecution of the Bishop William I ( sometimes translated as The Unjust Harassment of the First Bishop William ) is a late 11th @-@ century historical work detailing the trial of William de St @-@ Calais , a medieval Norman Bishop of Durham from 1081 to 1096 . It is the first surviving detailed account of an English trial before the king , and as such is an important source for historians . The work consists of three sections , an introduction , a central section that details the trial itself , and a conclusion . The introduction and conclusion summarise St @-@ Calais ' career before and after the trial . Although the authenticity of the main account has been challenged in the past , most historians consider it a contemporary record of the trial . Six manuscripts containing the work survive , and it was first printed in 1655 , with other editions , including translations , appearing after that . = = Background = = The trial De Iniusta details took place at Salisbury in November 1088 , and concerned St @-@ Calais ' equivocal actions in the revolt against King William II 's rule that had taken place earlier in the year . The work is one of the primary sources for the early part of King William II 's reign , and was probably compiled from notes taken by the bishop 's subordinates and then worked into a tractate that was designed to present the bishop 's case in the best light . It was probably composed during the 1090s when St @-@ Calais was engaged in an effort to regain the favour of King William after his return from the sentence of exile he received at the trial . This work is the earliest surviving detailed contemporary report of an English state @-@ trial . As such , it is an important source for how the English kings ' curia regis , or king 's court , functioned when it dealt with legal cases . = = Trial = = De Iniusta states that St @-@ Calais was brought before the king and royal court for trial on 2 November 1088 , at Salisbury , the king having confiscated the bishop 's lands before the trial . At the trial St @-@ Calais held that as a bishop he could not be tried in a secular court , and he refused to answer the accusations . Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , presented the king 's case , declaring that the confiscated lands had been held as fiefs , and thus St @-@ Calais could be tried as a vassal , not as a bishop . St @-@ Calais objected , and continued to refuse to answer the allegations . After numerous conferences and discussions , the court held that St @-@ Calais could be tried as a vassal in a feudal court . St @-@ Calais then appealed to Rome , but his request was rejected by the king and the judges . Those judging the case held that because St @-@ Calais never answered the formal accusation , and because he appealed to Rome , his fief , or the lands he held as a bishop , was forfeit . During the course of the trial , Lanfranc is said to have stated that the court was " trying you not in your capacity as bishop , but in regard to your fief ; and in this way we judged the bishop of Bayeux in regard to his fief before the present king 's father , and that king did not summon him to that plea as bishop but as brother and earl . " Unlike the later case of Thomas Becket , St @-@ Calais received little sympathy from his fellow bishops . Most of the bishops and barons that judged the case seem to have felt that the appeal to Rome was made to avoid having to answer an accusation that St @-@ Calais knew was true . The final judgement was only reached after the king lost his temper and exclaimed : " Believe me , bishop , you 're not going back to Durham , and your men aren 't going to stay at Durham , and you 're not going to go free , until you release the castle . " = = Contents and authenticity = = De Iniusta is actually a composite work . The account of the trial itself , often termed the Libellus , is the central part of the work , and is probably the original account . To the Libellus was added an introduction which summarises St @-@ Calais ' career prior to the trial . A conclusion which relates the bishop 's life after the trial is appended to the end of the work . The introduction and conclusion are often referred to as the Vita , or Life . The historian H. S. Offler in 1951 felt that the Libellus was not a contemporary account of the trial , and instead dated from the second quarter of the 12th century and was produced at Durham . More recent scholars , including W. M. Aird , Frank Barlow , and Emma Mason have concluded that the work is indeed a contemporary record of the trial . Barlow bases his belief in the authenticity on the level of detail and the fact that the account lacks all knowledge of events outside the court , and explains that Offler 's concerns can be explained by the late date for all the manuscripts , which allowed scribal errors to creep in . One of the reasons the account 's authenticity has been questioned is the fact that it claims St @-@ Calais was knowledgeable in canon law . Offler doubted that canon law had penetrated to England to any great degree in 1088 . The historian Mark Philpott , however , argues that St @-@ Calais was knowledgeable in canon law , since he owned a copy of one of the basis of canon law , the False Decretals . The bishop 's manuscript of the Decretals still survives . Historians are agreed that the introduction and conclusion were added by a different author than that of the Libellus . Who that was , however , is open to debate . The historian C. W. David felt that it was based on the work of the chronicler Symeon of Durham , which thus made a credible date for the creation sometime between 1109 and 1129 . David also felt that the Vita was used by a later work of Symeon 's , the Historia Regum . Offler , however , felt that although Symeon knew of the Libellus , there was no evidence that he used the Vita , which would leave the author of the Vita unclear . = = Manuscripts and printed editions = = In manuscripts , the De Iniusta normally appears alongside Symeon of Durham 's Historiae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis . There are at least six manuscripts of the De Iniusta , with the earliest being Bodleian MS Fairfax 6 , probably dating from about 1375 . The others are Bodleian MS Laud misc . 700 folios 66 – 74v , Hales MS 114 folios 63 – 75v ( although this is missing the introduction and part of the conclusion ) , Cotton MS Claudius D IV folios 48 – 54 ( likewise missing the introduction and parts of the conclusion ) , Harleian MS 4843 folios 224 – 231 , and Durham Bishop Cosins Library MS V ii 6 folio 88 – 98 . The first printed edition of the De Iniusta appeared in the first volume of William Dugdale 's Monasticon Anglicanum published between 1655 . It has also been published as part of the collected works of Symeon of Durham , edited by Thomas Arnold in two volumes of the Rolls Series published in 1882 – 1885 . A translation of the work appeared in Joseph Stevenson 's The Church Historians of England , published between 1853 and 1858 ; specifically in volume iii , part ii . A more recent translation appeared in the English Historical Documents series , volume ii .
= Saints Row 2 ( mobile ) = Saints Row 2 is a mobile tie @-@ in action game developed by G5 Entertainment and published by THQ Wireless to accompany the Saints Row 2 console game . It was released in October 2008 . The game follows the story of the series where the player returns from jail and fights to protect and expand his gang 's territory . The player can steal , carjack , mug , shoot , stab , and kill computer players . There are special minigames for robbing , stealing , and carjacking . Completing missions earns money to be spent towards replenished supplies and player upgrades . Reviewers contended that the game was too large for the small screen , which exacerbated difficult driving controls . = = Gameplay = = The game 's story mimics that of the console game : the player @-@ character returns to the city of Stilwater following a bid in prison and must restore the atrophied influence of their gang , the Saints . The player can kill , threaten , rob , carjack , and otherwise force other gangs out of Saints territory . For example , player objectives in the tutorial mission include hijacking a car , killing a policeman , driving to a " Forgive & Forget " location to lose the police pursuit , and mugging a pedestrian . Locations throughout the city help the player , such as fast food restaurants that restore health , gun stores for firepower , and spray paint shops to decoy the player when pursued by the police . An on @-@ screen minimap displays nearby locations , and there is a larger citywide map on the pause screen that does not show detailed locations . The city is split into zones , and the game 's mission objectives largely consist of driving to locations and shooting things . Mission examples include assassinations , bomb @-@ planting , and robbery . The player can fight with a knife received early in the game and later with firearms that feature auto @-@ aim . There are also sequences where the player can snipe enemies with a sniper rifle . Enemies do not hide due to a lack of a cover system . The player can earn money by finishing missions and robbing pedestrians , which can then be used to buy food , weaponry , spray paint , and accessories for the character 's home . The mobile game features minigames for robbing pedestrians , stealing , and hijacking vehicles . While robbing , the player taps happy and angry face icons to terrorize the victim into giving more money . When stealing , a Tetris clone lets the player fit more items into the truck , and the carjacking minigame lets the player earn more money for scaring the captive passenger by driving at high speeds . When driving , control options include " directional steering " where " left " and " right " controls the vehicle in that direction ( like a steering wheel ) and " up " accelerates , and another option where the player presses a button corresponding to the desired direction . The player targets enemies by pressing the pound key and then pressing " 5 " repeatedly , which also leaves the character vulnerable . Players can run faster than the cars can drive . = = Development = = Saints Row 2 is a mobile tie @-@ in action game modeled after the Saints Row 2 console game . It was developed by G5 Entertainment , where it was known as " Project Sienna " in development , and published by THQ Wireless on the Java 2 Micro Edition ( J2ME ) platform . The game was built on their proprietary Talisman engine , which G5 Senior Producer Mike Zakharov said in 2008 enabled the game to have a big environment with many things to do as " one of the most complex modern mobile games " . As compared with its preceding mobile tie @-@ in game ( associated with the original Saints Row ) , the Saints Row 2 mobile game fixed issues of small sprites and too much traffic . Additionally , the developers changed the camera perspective from directly overhead to a slight angle . Saints Row 2 for mobile devices was first announced in June 2008 and released in October . It is compatible with the Nokia N95 and Nokia N81 . = = Reception = = IGN 's Levi Buchanan described the game as somewhere between a traditional tie @-@ in game and a cash grab , and " ambitious " but limited by the confines of the mobile platform . He added the game appeared forced onto the platform despite its inability to support open world gameplay . Keith Andrew of Pocket Gamer felt similarly , and Rob Hearn of the same outlet also complained of how the large sprites restricted screen space and made driving slower . IGN 's Buchanan felt that the screen was too small to fit so much action , especially due to the size of the minimap , and though the city " looks alive " , it became " a painful obstacle course " . He found driving difficult between its controls and his inability to plan for the offscreen unknown . Pocket Gamer 's Andrew also found both driving controls complicated and found himself accidentally killing pedestrians and thus getting into police chases . On the other hand , Andrew Podolsky of 1UP.com enjoyed driving through the destructible environments . IGN 's Buchanan found the enemy artificial intelligence weak . Since no one takes cover , " they just stand there to be shot . " He added that the game was sufficiently long past the player 's interest to continue , and that the game 's sound was " unimpressive " . 1UP.com 's Podolsky called the game a " worthwhile download " and while noting that violent mobile games were rare , said the game looked " nearly identical " to the 2007 mobile tie @-@ in game for American Gangster , though Saints Row was more violent . He added that the game 's story was not interesting . Keith Andrew of Pocket Gamer wrote that the mobile game was " like ... no other " since the player could " watch life flow by " without providing input . He added that the game 's primary task was staying alive since almost everyone other than the pedestrians and teammates are against the Saints . Andrew acknowledged the limitations of the top @-@ down view on mobile and thought that the developers did the best job possible considering their platform 's limitations , but asked , " Is a game like Saints Row really made for your mobile ? "
= Grandaddy = Grandaddy is an American indie rock band from Modesto , California , formed in 1992 . The band consists of Jason Lytle ( vocals , guitar , keyboards ) , Kevin Garcia ( bass guitar ) , Aaron Burtch ( drums ) , Jim Fairchild ( guitar ) and Tim Dryden ( keyboards ) . After several self @-@ released records and cassettes , the band signed to Will Records in the US and later the V2 subsidiary Big Cat Records in the UK , going on to sign an exclusive deal with V2 . The bulk of the band 's recorded output was the work of Lytle , who worked primarily in home studios . The band released four studio albums before splitting in 2006 , with band members going on to solo careers and other projects . Grandaddy reformed in 2012 and have since made a number of live appearances . = = History = = = = = Formation and early releases = = = Grandaddy was formed in 1992 by singer , guitarist and keyboardist Jason Lytle , bassist Kevin Garcia and drummer Aaron Burtch . The group was initially influenced by US punk bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Bad Brains . Lytle was a former professional skateboarder , who had turned to music after a knee injury forced him to stop skating , working at a sewage treatment works to fund the purchase of equipment , and several of the band 's early live performances were at skateboarding competitions . The band members constructed a studio at the Lytle family home , and the band 's first release was the self @-@ produced cassette Complex Party Come Along Theories in April 1994 . Singles " Could This Be Love " and " Taster " followed later that year . In 1995 , guitarist Jim Fairchild ( another ex @-@ pro @-@ skater who had guested with the band before ) and keyboardist Tim Dryden joined the band . A second cassette , Don 't Sock the Tryer was withdrawn , with the band instead releasing debut mini @-@ album A Pretty Mess by This One Band in April 1996 on the Seattle @-@ based Will label . In 1997 they released their debut full @-@ length album Under the Western Freeway , and with the help of Howe Gelb , signed a UK deal with Big Cat Records ( by then a subsidiary of V2 ) , who reissued the album the following year . The album included the single " A.M. 180 " , which was featured during a sequence in the 2002 British film 28 Days Later , and is also used as the theme song for the BBC Four television series Charlie Brooker 's Screenwipe , and for an advertisement for Colin Murray 's BBC Radio 1 show . " A.M. 180 " was also used in television commercials for the Dodge Journey automobile . One of the album 's singles , " Summer Here Kids " , was awarded ' Single of the Week ' by the NME . " Summer Here Kids " is also used as the theme music for another Charlie Brooker @-@ fronted show , BBC Radio 4 's So Wrong It 's Right . The album led to an increase in the band 's popularity in Europe , and a main stage performance at the Reading Festival in 1998 , although it was only a success in the US when later reissued by V2 . With the band busy touring in 1999 , their next release was the compilation The Broken Down Comforter Collection . = = = V2 record deal = = = Unhappy with the efforts of Will Records , the band signed a worldwide deal with Richard Branson 's V2 Records in 1999 , their first release on the label being the Signal to Snow Ratio EP in September that year . In May 2000 , they released their second album , The Sophtware Slump , to critical acclaim , with popular British music magazine NME later placing it number 34 in their " Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade " list , and The Independent describing it as " easily the equal of OK Computer " . The album reached number 36 on the UK Albums Chart , and the band 's fanbase increased , including celebrities such as David Bowie , Kate Moss and Liv Tyler . By early 2001 the album had sold 80 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . " The Crystal Lake " , although not a hit when released as the first single from the album , gave the band their first UK top 40 single when reissued in 2001 . Around the time that The Sophtware Slump was released , Grandaddy was invited to open for Elliott Smith on his tour for Figure 8 . On some nights , Smith would join Grandaddy onstage and sing lead vocals on portions of " He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot " . The band later opened for Coldplay on their US tour in mid @-@ 2001 . Also in 2001 , the band 's version of The Beatles ' " Revolution " was used in the film I Am Sam . Their third album , Sumday , recorded in Lytle 's home studio , was released in 2003 . The band promoted it with a pre @-@ release US tour with Pete Yorn followed by a three @-@ week European tour ( including a performance at the Glastonbury Festival ) and a larger US tour . Lytle described the album as " Grandaddy influenced by Grandaddy ... the ultimate Grandaddy record " . In 2004 and 2005 , Lytle recorded what would be the last Grandaddy album , Just Like the Fambly Cat , although by the time of its release the band had decided to split up . The title is a reference to Lytle 's desire to leave Modesto , a town which he complained " sucks out people 's souls " . The album was largely the work of Lytle , who created the album over a year and a half in his home studio in Modesto , fuelled by alcohol , painkillers and recreational drugs , with only Burtch from the remainder of the band playing on it . It was preceded by the band 's final release while together , the Excerpts From the Diary of Todd Zilla EP . = = = Split and post @-@ Grandaddy activities ( 2006 – 2012 ) = = = In January 2006 , after a meeting the previous month , Lytle announced that the band had decided to split up , citing the lack of financial income from being in the group as a reason . Just Like the Fambly Cat was released later that year as a farewell album . Lytle spoke to the NME : It was inevitable ... On one hand our stubbornness has paid off , but on the other hand refusing to buy into the way things are traditionally supposed to be done has made things worse for us ... The realistic part is it hasn 't proved to be a huge money @-@ making venture for a lot of guys in the band . Lytle had called the meeting in a hotel in Modesto , the first time the band had been in a room together for two years . The feeling at the meeting was described by Lytle as the result of a breakdown in communication among the band members . According to Lytle the decision was not a surprise : Everybody knew , but we needed to make it formal , we needed to make it official . We needed to pay some respects to what we 've done , just make it real . Lytle also stated that he was " burnt out on touring " and cited his fears over his drug and alcohol problems as a factor in the band 's split , and in 2009 he expressed his preference for being solo , saying that he was " a bit of a loner " , and , referring to his former bandmates , stated : " The main thing is not having four girlfriends to lug around with me all the time . " The band did not tour after the release of Just Like the Fambly Cat , though Lytle continued to make music , embarking on a couple of small solo tours , and working with M. Ward on Hold Time . In 2009 Lytle moved from Modesto to Montana , and released his first solo album Yours Truly , the Commuter . In late 2009 Lytle formed the band Admiral Radley with former Grandaddy drummer Aaron Burtch , alongside Aaron Espinoza and Ariana Murray of Earlimart . Admiral Radley 's debut album I Heart California was released on July 13 , 2010 via Espinoza 's label The Ship . In June 2011 , Burtch was also reported as being a member of a band called The Good Luck Thrift Store Outfit . Lytle 's second solo album , Dept. of Disappearance , was released in 2012 . Jim Fairchild 's first solo album , Ten Readings of a Warning , was released in April 2007 on Dangerbird Records , under the name All Smiles . A second All Smiles album , Oh for the Getting and Not Letting Go , was released on June 30 , 2009 . In 2010 , he was selected to lead a project at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , and in 2011 he released his third All Smiles album , Staylow and Mighty . Fairchild has also played for the bands Giant Sand , Great Northern , Lackthereof and Modest Mouse , having first played guitar with the latter in 2005 . He currently lives and works in San Francisco , California . = = = Reunion and new album in the works ( 2012 – present ) = = = In March 2012 , it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows , including London on September 4 , and headlining the End of the Road Festival in the UK . Grandaddy also played San Francisco 's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival and Paris 's Rock en Seine Festival in August 2012 . On August 7 , 2012 , to kick off their reunion tour , they played two small , " secret " shows to a crowd of roughly 250 friends , family and fans at the Partisan in Merced , California . They were billed as " Arm of Roger " . Regarding the band 's reunion , Jason Lytle noted , " The bargain I made myself regarding the ' brief reunion and couple of shows ' situation was that I wasn 't gonna talk too much about it . I was just gonna stew on it , and then do it . That 's the good thing about festivals . No need for me to sell anything here . Get in , rock out , get paid , get out . There are just going to be a few shows . Festival @-@ type thingies . Perhaps the odd ' warm up gig ' in someone 's hair salon or something . Money was a motivating factor ( resurfacing my indoor tennis court , oil change for my 4 × 4 Ferrari ) but the idea of playing and hanging out with each other is something all of the guys are pretty stoked about . " Lytle later noted , " It was actually Jim [ Fairchild ] ' s fault . He suggested that we consider playing some shows , and I went , ' no ' , [ but ] he convinced me it might be a good idea . We talked about it for a little while . I didn 't think anyone else in the band would be into it , [ and ] he checked around and it turns out they were all enthusiastic . I think I was the last one to say yes . [ ... ] I was actually blown away that they even wanted to . Once I found that out , I said ' OK , let 's start doing the work , figure out how to play the songs . ' The weird moment was when he had the first rehearsal ; I had no idea how it was going to turn out . After five days of playing together it actually sounded really good . It was too easy , and we were actually really having a good time together . " Lytle also noted that he is likely to record a new Grandaddy album , stating , " It 's probably going to happen . [ ... ] If anyone knows anything about Grandaddy , they realise that my [ solo ] music and Grandaddy 's music is slightly interchangeable . I think if I were to focus on making a Grandaddy record [ it would be ] a full @-@ blown Grandaddy record , and I like the idea of that . I 'd like to give it a shot . " In early 2013 , Lytle elaborated : " I love the idea of making another Grandaddy record , but I wouldn 't want it hanging over my head like ' Okay , you made this record , now are you guys going to get out there and tour in support of it ? ' [ ... ] I 'm hoping for this dream scenario where I can make Grandaddy records every so often and not have all this messy stuff that goes along with it . I already did that and it 's just not appealing to me anymore . " In 2014 Grandaddy collaborated with Band of Horses for the single " Hang an Ornament " . In September 2015 Lytle tweeted that the band is working on a " new GD LP " , which was interpreted by the media and fans as confirmation that a new Grandaddy album is being recorded . = = Musical style and influences = = Much of the band 's music is characterized by Lytle 's analog synthesizer and the fuzzy guitar , bass and drums of the rest of the band . The band has variously been described as " bittersweet indie space rock " , " neo @-@ psychedelic , blissed @-@ out indie rock " , " dreamy , spacey psychedelic pop " , and " an uneasy combination of warm , tactile guitars and affectless electronics " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times described the band 's songs as " stately anthems orchestrated with full late @-@ psychedelic pomp : fuzz @-@ toned guitar strumming , rippling keyboards , brawny drumbeats " . While the band have sometimes been described as ' alt country ' , in Lytle 's view it is the sentiment of country music that the band embraced rather than the musical style . In their early days , the band 's lo @-@ fi sound was compared to Pavement . The band has also been compared to Radiohead ( even described as " the next Radiohead " in 2001 ) , Weezer , The Flaming Lips and Elliott Smith . With Sumday , the band were compared to the Electric Light Orchestra and The Alan Parsons Project . Lytle has cited both The Beatles and E.L.O. as influences , stating in 2003 : " I 'm completely in tune with E.L.O. and Jeff Lynne – I know that guy like the back of my hand . " He stated in 2009 : " I think the majority of my musical influences were set in stone when I was five or six years old . " Lytle 's vocals have drawn comparisons with Neil Young . = = = Lyrical themes = = = Common lyrical themes include technology and a resistance to change . Adrien Begrand , writing for PopMatters , described the lyrics on The Sophtware Slump as " one 's attempt to transcend the glut of technology in today 's urban lifestyle , in search of something more real , more natural , more pastoral " . Ben Sisario of The New York Times stated that the band " provided the soundtrack to dot @-@ com @-@ era alienation , singing in a cracked yet still innocent voice of life spent staring into a computer screen " . Ross Raihala , reviewing Sumday for Spin , identified what he called Lytle 's " geeky identification with technology " . On The Sophtware Slump , CMJ writer Richard A. Martin commented on Lytle 's " sympathy for the lost souls and machines of the high @-@ tech dot @-@ com landscape " . Lytle described his empathy with machines in 2003 , stating " I find it easier dealing with certain things by living through inanimate objects " and how the song " I 'm on Standby " is about Lytle relating to a mobile phone : " I was spending so much time learning the art of turning off , while still being ' on ' " . Lytle said of the tracks on Excerpts from the Diary of Todd Zilla : " For some reason , they are tied together by the idea of being fed up with your environment . " He stated in 2001 : " I have a growing appreciation for that which is simple and natural . I get that from the outdoors , and seeing the accumulation of clutter and waste and not being too happy about it . " There is also much humor in Lytle 's songwriting , including the band 's promotional Christmas single released in 2000 , " Alan Parsons in a Winter Wonderland " , which was also included on the charity compilation It 's a Cool Cool Christmas , described by AllMusic 's Tim DiGravina as possibly " the funniest song from 2000 " . = = Recording techniques = = The band 's releases were generally recorded and mixed in makeshift studios based in homes , garages and warehouses , although the last two albums were mixed in a dedicated facility . Although live performances used a full band , much of the recordings were done by Lytle alone using analog recorders and Pro Tools . He recorded basic drum tracks in a soundproofed room and overdubbed cymbals and tom toms . He recorded his vocals close to the strings of a piano for what he described as a " ghostly effect " . Lytle described how the Grandaddy recordings became more of a solo effort and the right conditions for recording : Earlier on I tried to include people as much as possible . Then I realised the magic is me really prying stuff out of my head and getting it on to tape , and that stuff doesn 't happen unless I 'm completely alone . Sometimes it 's about the right amount of blood sugar , just slightly hungover . And I 'm really affected by the weather . If it 's too nice outside it 's insane for me , the concept of being inside . Everybody talks about this whole technology versus nature thing and if it 's anything that is it : look who my best friends are , a bunch of plastic and circuitry and electricity , when I should be running around getting chased by bumblebees . = = Discography = = Studio albums Under the Western Freeway ( 1997 ) The Sophtware Slump ( 2000 ) Sumday ( 2003 ) Just Like the Fambly Cat ( 2006 )
= The Hungry Saw = The Hungry Saw is the seventh studio album by British alternative band Tindersticks , released on 28 April 2008 by Beggars Banquet Records . Following the release of the band 's sixth album , Waiting for the Moon in 2003 , Tindersticks had entered an extended hiatus before reconvening to perform at the Don 't Look Back event in September 2006 . This concert marked the final performance of the original line @-@ up of the band , and three members left the group shortly afterwards . The remaining members of Tindersticks felt reinvigorated by the performance , and relocated to France to begin working on new material in the summer of 2007 , recording and producing the album at their own Le Chien Chanceaux studio in Limousin . The Hungry Saw was the first new Tindersticks material in five years . Two songs from the album , " The Hungry Saw " and " Boobar Come Back to Me " , were released as singles . Critics noted that the album stayed close to the soul @-@ influenced sound that Tindersticks had been exploring since their 1999 album Simple Pleasure , and praised the band for their consistency . The Hungry Saw was met with generally positive reviews . = = Background and recording = = Musical differences had come to a head during the recording of Tindersticks ' previous album Waiting for the Moon in 2003 , and the band entered an extended hiatus . Island Records issued remastered and expanded versions of the band 's first four studio albums and the Nénette et Boni soundtrack , along with a compilation album that documented Tindersticks time with Island entitled Working for the Man , in 2004 . Singer Stuart Staples started the Lucky Dog record label and released his debut solo album , Lucky Dog Recordings 03 – 04 , in 2005 and the Leaving Songs album in 2006 , while violinist Dickon Hinchcliffe recorded the score to the 2005 Ira Sachs film Forty Shades of Blue . The original six members of Tindersticks reconvened for one final time in September 2006 to play their second album Tindersticks in its entirety for the Don 't Look Back series of concerts , after which three band members left the group . The remaining three members , Staples , guitarist Neil Fraser , and multi @-@ instrumentalist David Boulter , felt reinvigorated by the concert and were keen to continue as Tindersticks . In 2006 Staples and his family had relocated to Limousin in France , and during the first half of 2007 the band built their own studio , Le Chien Chanceaux , in a barn in his garden . Most of the recording for The Hungry Saw , the first new Tindersticks material in five years , took place over an eight @-@ day period in June 2007 in the new studio . Dan McKinna and Thomas Belhom , who later became full @-@ time members of the group , were recruited to play bass and drums respectively , and long @-@ time collaborators Ian Caple , Terry Edwards , Lucy Wilkins and Calina de la Mare helped with the recording and the arrangements . Following further recording sessions at Eastcote Studios and Olympic Studios in London , the album was produced and mixed at Le Chien Chanceaux by Stuart Staples . = = Musical content = = The Hungry Saw contains twelve tracks with a total running time of forty @-@ six minutes . Critics noted that the music on the album was a continuation of the sound that Tindersticks had been exploring since 1999 's soul @-@ influenced Simple Pleasure , with PopMatters stating that " the revamped band sound ( s ) much like it has since 1999 , when they gave up on grandiosity ... the paired @-@ down sound of The Hungry Saw is really nothing new . " Reviews for The Hungry Saw described the album as containing " foreboding , compelling soul " , and " blue @-@ eyed / black @-@ lung balladry with classic soul touches-- warm Hammond organ tones , tambourine @-@ rattled rhythms , female back @-@ up singers " that were " remarkably in tune with contemporary British pop music 's neo @-@ soul slant " . Tiny Mix Tapes described the album as " a quiet , subtle record " , while the BBC noticed that the simple sound of the record resulted in a " stripped @-@ bare , unfussy take on proceedings . " PopMatters remarked that " ornamental instrumentation is used quite sparingly " , while other critics noted the " smoky , solitary atmosphere and muted string arrangements " and " restrained " brass accompaniment . AllMusic said that Tindersticks " retain every last aspect of what made the band special ( the inventive arrangements , the cinematic sweep of the songs , Stuart Staples ' distinctive vocals ) " and noted that " the arrangements ... are given extra care " , describing the horns as " superb " and remarking that " the strings sound rich and suitably dramatic on the heavy ballads and breezy on the light ones . " Dusted magazine also commended the arrangements , remarking that they carried " poignant depth , cinematic sweep and enviable perfectionism " , while Drowned in Sound described them as " immaculate . " The pace of The Hungry Saw 's music was described by Uncut as " funereal " , while Tiny Mix Tapes remarked upon the album 's " low @-@ down grooves " and " slow tempos " . Magnet magazine stated that the band 's " grand balladry is more stately and slow @-@ boiled than ever " , and Dusted described the album 's ballads as " fragile " , saying that they " linger like half @-@ forgotten dreams , deeply romantic yet always tinged with regret . " Pitchfork noted that " with their smoky , solitary atmosphere and muted string arrangements , " The Other Side of the World " and " All the Love " are textbook Tindersticks ballads " . " All the Love " was also described as " typically downbeat " , " lovely and harrowing " and " uncommonly spare , even for a T @-@ sticks ballad " , but it was mentioned that Suzanne Osbourne 's backing vocals provided " a welcome touch of sunshine " to the track . Despite the " heavily maudlin " sound of the album , " The Flicker of a Little Girl " was described as a " sprightly " , " breezy piano @-@ rolled folk lullaby " that " owes a debt to Lee Hazlewood . " The influence of Hazlewood on the record was also noted by other critics . The " almost poppy " song " Boobar Come Back to Me " , which employs a call and response vocal pattern , was described as " one of The Hungry Saw 's undisputed highlights " that " suggests another solitary Staples serenade about lost love , before slowly blossoming into a wonderful Spectorized finale . " = = Artwork and release = = The album features artwork by Stuart Staples and his artist wife , Suzanne Osborne . The front cover is a photograph of a carving of heart and a saw , and the back cover photograph shows the album track listing , also carved . Staples had used a screwdriver to make the carvings into the wall of his kitchen at home in Limousin , " to make it stay there . To properly mark our new start . " Tindersticks announced The Hungry Saw in February 2008 , with " The Flicker of a Little Girl " being made available as a free digital download from the band 's myspace page . Prior to the release of the album , title track " The Hungry Saw " was released as a single available as a digital download and on seven @-@ inch vinyl . The Hungry Saw album was released on vinyl and CD formats on 28 April 2008 by Beggars Banquet Records in the UK & Europe , and the band played a series of live dates in Copenhagen , Brussels , London and Paris to promote the album 's release . A second single , " Boobar Come Back to Me " , was released on seven @-@ inch in September 2008 on the band 's own Lucky Dog label , and The Hungry Saw received a North American release on 16 September 2008 by Constellation Records . After performing at some music festivals in the summer of 2008 , more European dates followed in November and December , before Tindersticks undertook a tour of North America in February and March 2009 . = = Reception = = The Hungry Saw was met with some critical acclaim . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from mainstream critics , the album received a metascore of 79 , based on 20 reviews , indicating " generally favourable reviews . " In his review for AllMusic , Tim Sendra described the album as " classic Tindersticks " , remarking that " the band retain every last aspect of what made [ them ] special " , but also that the band managed to sound " rejuvenated and fresh at the same time " . Reviewing The Hungry Saw for The A.V. Club , Vadim Rizov noted that while the " strings and brass remain constant " and " Tindersticks remains a champion at feel @-@ bad soul strings , " the music on the album was " pared down " and represented " a new sound . " Drowned in Sound 's Billy Hamilton offered the opinion that while " there ’ s very little here that couldn ’ t slot seamlessly into any of the group ’ s output " , The Hungry Saw was " something that can be unequivocally relied upon to produce the goods . " This consistency was also noticed by Campbell Stevenson of The Observer , who opined that " it 's an eternal 3am in their songs , and they haven 't messed with the losers ' formula . " Pitchfork writer Stuart Berman stated that " The Hungry Saw 's temperate approach feels like the work of a band who are grateful for a new lease on life , but not sure exactly what to do with it , " noting how " the record turns increasingly more restrained , as it reconciles the band 's well @-@ established soul affinities with a more pastoral presentation " while praising its " beautifully rendered " ballads . In his review for PopMatters , Michael Keefe opined that while " all of The Hungry Saw finds Tindersticks trekking through fairly familiar territory ... they find new diversions along the way . " Writing for Record Collector , Jake Kennedy said that " The Hungry Saw marks a wonderful coming of age for Tindersticks ... this is the sound of pure rejuvenation . " In a less complementary review , Shannon Zimmerman of Spin found that " the first half of Tindersticks ' latest is a can 't @-@ miss proposition " but that " the disc 's second half descends into a morass of half @-@ finished , melancholic curios that mostly go nowhere slowly . " Uncut critic Sam Richards was similarly unimpressed , offering that " Tindersticks have returned refreshed , but some of the old dissolute glamour is gone . " This opinion was not shared by Tiny Mix Tapes , whose reviewing writer said that " ultimately , it ’ s another Tindersticks record , and they ’ re still good after all these years . It ’ s not an incredibly remarkable record , but when a band is this consistent for this long , it ’ s hard to fault it . " = = Track listing = = " Introduction " ( David Boulter ) – 3 : 32 " Yesterdays Tomorrows " ( Boulter / Stuart Staples ) – 3 : 49 " The Flicker of a Little Girl " ( Staples ) – 3 : 30 " Come Feel the Sun " ( Boulter / Staples ) – 2 : 28 " E @-@ Type " ( Boulter ) – 2 : 54 " The Other Side of the World " ( Staples ) – 4 : 12 " The Organist Entertains " ( Boulter ) – 2 : 33 " The Hungry Saw " ( Staples ) – 3 : 46 " Mother Dear " ( Staples ) – 4 : 19 " Boobar Come Back to Me " ( Staples ) – 3 : 58 " All the Love " ( Staples ) – 4 : 53 " The Turns We Took " ( Boulter / Staples ) – 5 : 29 = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Chart performance = =
= Thomas E. Bramlette = Thomas Elliott Bramlette ( January 3 , 1817 – January 12 , 1875 ) was the 23rd Governor of Kentucky . He was elected in 1863 and guided the state through the latter part of the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction . At the outbreak of the war , Bramlette put his promising political career on hold and enlisted in the Union Army , raising and commanding the 3rd Kentucky Infantry . In 1862 , President Abraham Lincoln appointed him district attorney for Kentucky . A year later , he was the Union Democrats ' nominee for governor . Election interference by the Union Army gave him a landslide victory over his opponent , Charles A. Wickliffe . Within a year , however , federal policies such as recruiting Kentucky Negroes for the Union Army and suspending the writ of habeas corpus for Kentucky citizens caused Bramlette to abandon his support of the Lincoln administration and declare that he would " bloodily baptize the state into the Confederacy " . After the war , Bramlette issued a general pardon for most ex @-@ Confederates in the state . He opposed ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the establishment of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Kentucky . Among his accomplishments not related to the war and its aftermath were the reduction of the state 's debt and the establishment of the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical College ( now the University of Kentucky ) . Following his term as governor , Bramlette returned to his legal practice in Louisville . He died January 12 , 1875 and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery . = = Early life = = Thomas E. Bramlette was born on January 3 , 1817 , at Elliott 's Cross Roads in Cumberland ( now Clinton ) County , Kentucky . He was the son of Colonel Ambrose S. and Sarah ( Elliott ) Bramlette . His father served two terms in the Kentucky Senate and several terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives . Bramlette studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1837 at the age of 20 , and began practicing in Louisville , Kentucky . In September of that year , Bramlette married Sallie Travis , the first of his two wives . The couple had two children , Thomas and Corinne . Bramlette 's political career began in 1841 , when he was elected to represent Clinton County in the General Assembly . In 1848 , Governor John J. Crittenden appointed Bramlette Commonwealth 's Attorney . He resigned the position in 1850 to continue his legal practice , relocating to Columbia , Kentucky in 1852 . He was the Whig nominee for his district 's seat in the House of Representatives in 1853 , but was defeated by Democrat James Chrisman . In 1856 , he was elected as a judge in Kentucky 's 6th Judicial District , serving with distinction for five years . = = Military service = = Bramlette resigned his judgeship and accepted a commission as a colonel in the Union Army on August 7 , 1861 . In violation of Kentucky 's agreement to remain neutral in the Civil War , he raised and commanded the 3rd Kentucky Infantry . On September 19 , the 3rd Kentucky marched on Lexington to forestall a peace conference scheduled there on September 21 and to arrest the state 's junior Senator , John C. Breckinridge . A delay allowed Breckinridge to escape before the arrest was made , and he enlisted in the Confederate Army shortly thereafter . Bramlette resigned his military commission on July 13 , 1862 at Decherd , Tennessee . He returned to Louisville to accept President Abraham Lincoln 's offer to become United States District Attorney for Kentucky . During his tenure in this position , he vigorously enforced Kentucky 's wartime laws against Confederates and Confederate sympathizers . = = Governor of Kentucky = = Union Democrats chose Joshua Fry Bell as their candidate for governor of Kentucky in 1863 , but Bell was skeptical of Kentucky 's future with the Union and withdrew his name from consideration . The party 's central committee chose Bramlette to replace Bell , and Bramlette declined a commission as a brigadier general in the Union Army to make the race . During the election , Union forces intimidated and jailed supporters of Bramlette 's opponent , former governor Charles A. Wickliffe . As a result , Bramlette carried the election by a margin of nearly 4 @-@ to @-@ 1 . During his term , he turned down an offered seat in the U.S. House of Representatives as well as a nomination to become the Democratic candidate for Vice @-@ President in 1864 . = = = Civil War = = = In December 1863 , Bramlette addressed the General Assembly , declaring that the state had fulfilled its quota of soldiers for the Union army . January 4 of the following year , he proclaimed that rebel sympathizers would be held responsible for all guerrilla raids in the state , and specified stiff fines and imprisonment for anyone found to be aiding the guerrillas . Although Bramlette assumed the governorship as a staunch supporter of the Union cause , within a year he issued a proclamation that he would " bloodily baptize the state into the Confederacy " . The reasons for Bramlette 's reversal were many . He took issue with General Stephen Burbridge 's decision to enlist Negroes from Kentucky for military service , asking that this measure only be taken if Kentucky failed to meet her quota . The situation worsened when on July 5 , 1864 , President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus for citizens of the Commonwealth . Burbridge continually menaced Kentucky 's citizens , interfering with the presidential election of 1864 , and banishing Lieutenant Governor Richard T. Jacob from the state . When the General Assembly re @-@ convened in January 1865 , Bramlette continued to voice his opposition to the Union 's tactics . Nevertheless , he urged passage of the Thirteenth Amendment , maintaining that the institution of slavery was " irrevocably doomed " . = = = Reconstruction era = = = Despite his disagreements with the Lincoln administration , Bramlette proclaimed a day of fasting and prayer upon receiving news of Lincoln 's assassination . The General Assembly petitioned new president Andrew Johnson to call an end to martial law in the state . The tension between the state and federal governments remained , however . Bramlette announced that every " white male citizen " twenty @-@ one years of age who had resided in the Commonwealth for at least two years would be eligible to vote . Spurred on by the Democratic governor 's actions , Kentucky gave control of both houses of the General Assembly and five of its nine congressional seats to Democrats . President Johnson received the message , ending martial law and restoring habeas corpus in Kentucky . When the General Assembly convened in December 1865 , Bramlette sought to restore harmony in the state by issuing pardons to most ex @-@ Confederates . He and the majority of the General Assembly opposed passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments , and Bramlette protested the establishment of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the Commonwealth . Bramlette was very proud of those of his accomplishments not related to the Civil War , including the reduction of the state 's debt and the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College ( later , the University of Kentucky ) . He supported the construction of turnpikes financed by government bonds , the development of natural resources , and encouraged immigration to obtain adequate labor to support reconstruction efforts . = = Later life and death = = Following his term as governor , Bramlette conducted a failed campaign to become a U.S. Senator . He married Mary E. Graham Adams in 1874 , two years after the death of his first wife . He returned to his law practice in Louisville , and became a patron of many charitable organizations . Bramlette died in Louisville on January 12 , 1875 following a brief illness . He is buried at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville .
= Hurricane Bob ( 1985 ) = Hurricane Bob was a hurricane that affected the southeast United States in July 1985 . The second tropical storm and first hurricane of the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season , the system developed from a tropical wave on July 21 in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Bob began moving east , striking southwestern Florida as a weak tropical storm . The storm then turned to the north and quickly intensified to hurricane status on July 24 . The next day , it made landfall near Beaufort , South Carolina , becoming one of a record @-@ tying six hurricanes to hit the United States during a single season . Bob quickly weakened over land , and was absorbed by a frontal trough over eastern West Virginia on July 26 . Bob caused $ 20 million in damage as well as five indirect deaths . In Florida , the storm produced heavy rainfall , peaking at over 20 inches ( 508 mm ) in Everglades City . In most areas , the rainfall was beneficial due to dry conditions that had persisted throughout the year . Damage was minimal in South Carolina , where the hurricane made its final landfall . In Virginia , the storm spawned three tornadoes , one of which destroyed two houses . = = Meteorological history = = The remnants of a tropical wave entered the eastern Gulf of Mexico on July 20 . An area of low pressure formed and developed into a tropical depression on July 21 . Under weak steering currents , the tropical depression drifted southeast , then turned northeast and later east . Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters , the system intensified into Tropical Storm Bob late on July 22 . Bob failed to organize significantly as it tracked east through the Gulf , and made landfall between Naples and Fort Myers , Florida on July 23 as a 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) tropical storm . At the time , most of the convection was concentrated south and east of the center . While moving across Florida , Bob turned to the northeast , then to the north . It subsequently left the peninsula , entering the Atlantic Ocean near Vero Beach early on July 24 . As it moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream , it quickly organized and intensified into a Category 1 hurricane while 70 mi ( 115 km ) east of Jacksonville , Florida . Because it was embedded within the western extension of the subtropical ridge , Bob retained higher @-@ than @-@ average atmospheric pressures throughout its lifespan . The hurricane continued north , and made landfall near Beaufort , South Carolina early on July 25 while maintaining winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Bob quickly weakened over land , decaying into a tropical storm three hours after landfall . About 12 hours later , it degenerated into a tropical depression near the North Carolina – Virginia border . Bob 's remnants turned north @-@ northeast , and were absorbed by a frontal trough over eastern West Virginia on July 26 . An associated area of disturbed weather remained separate from the trough , and continued northeast through the Mid @-@ Atlantic and New England . = = Preparations = = When Bob was designated a tropical storm , the National Hurricane Center issued gale warnings for the Florida Keys west of Craig Key , and from Flamingo to Venice . Gale warnings were later posted for the Atlantic coast of Florida northward through St. Augustine . Small craft south of St. Augustine were advised to remain in port . While the storm was situated off the east @-@ central coast of Florida , the National Hurricane Center issued a gale warning and a hurricane watch from Savannah , Georgia to Little River , South Carolina . The hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning after Bob 's intensification to Category 1 status . Thousands of residents evacuated coastal areas of South Carolina , many of whom stayed at inland hotels ; 850 people sought protection in shelters , including 500 at an elementary school in Horry County and 240 in a shelter in the Grand Strand . In Beaufort County , city and county offices were closed early and businesses were advised to send their workers home prematurely . Officials in Chatham County , Georgia evacuated nursing homes on Tybee Island , and encouraged others to leave due to the potential for high tides to isolate the island by cutting off U.S. Route 80 . = = Impact = = Hurricane Bob inflicted $ 20 million in damages and caused five indirect deaths . Damage from the storm was not severe enough to justify retirement of the name " Bob " , and as such it was re @-@ used during the 1991 season . = = = Florida = = = In southern Florida , the heaviest rainfall remained to the south and east of the storm 's center ; 21 @.@ 5 inches ( 546 mm ) of precipitation was recorded in Everglades City . Northern parts of the state reported trace amounts to several inches of precipitation . At Naples , sustained winds reached 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , with a peak gust of 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) . Rough surf and above @-@ average tides caused moderate to severe beach erosion in portions of coastal Manatee , Sarasota , and Charlotte counties . Before landfall , Tropical Storm Bob spawned an F0 tornado in Brevard County that caused $ 2 @,@ 500 in damage ( 1985 USD , $ 4 @,@ 700 2006 USD ) along its 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) path . Tropical Storm Bob flooded roads and downed trees in Florida . Rough seas broke over sea walls in southwestern parts of the state , and the combination of high tides and heavy rain caused forced the closure of causeways to Sanibel Island and Marco Island , leaving the islands temporarily isolated . They were re @-@ opened when the waters receded , though the causeway to Sanibel Island sustained some damage . Florida Power & Light Co. reported that 1 @,@ 200 to 1 @,@ 500 residences were without power on July 23 . In Palm Beach County , rainfall from the storm caused agricultural damage . Overall damage was minimal and primarily confined to minor property near the coast . The storm 's rainfall was beneficial in areas that had suffered dry conditions . In northeastern Florida and Georgia , beach erosion occurred along the coast . Bob was one of four July tropical cyclones to affect Palm Beach County since 1878 . = = = Carolinas = = = The strongest winds from Hurricane Bob were confined to areas east of its center when it came ashore around 1 am Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) . Along the barrier islands off the coast of Charleston , windows were broken and power lines knocked down . Further inland , the lack of damage in spite of high winds was described as " almost unbelievable " . Georgetown , South Carolina , 105 miles ( 170 km ) northeast of where the storm made landfall , recorded sustained winds of 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) , and a spiral rainband produced a peak wind gust of 83 mph ( 134 km / h ) in Holden Beach . Upon moving ashore , the hurricane produced an estimated storm tide of 2 @.@ 6 feet ( 0 @.@ 79 m ) in Edisto Beach . Rainfall in the Carolinas was moderate ; portions of coastal South Carolina received over 5 inches ( 127 mm ) of precipitation . Myrtle Beach reported a statewide peak of 7 @.@ 79 inches ( 198 mm ) . Hurricane @-@ force wind gusts downed trees and power lines , leaving over 32 @,@ 000 people without power , including more than 25 @,@ 000 in the Charleston area . Near the coast , high winds shattered windows . Strong waves broke over sea walls in Charleston , spilling floodwaters onto coastal streets and homes . Damage in the state was relatively light , and no serious injuries were reported . However , a gas station in Folly Beach was torn apart by the winds , and some structures along the coast sustained roof damage . In the Charleston Harbor , an empty tanker was forced aground on a sandbar by the winds . Throughout most areas , the storm was insignificant ; a police sergeant in Summerville commented , " All we 've had were some trees blown over , hardly enough to make it worth staying up so late . " Much of North Carolina received over 1 inch ( 25 @.@ 4 mm ) of rain ; as much as 7 inches ( 178 mm ) fell in Beaufort County . The storm caused one traffic @-@ related fatality in the state . = = = Mid @-@ Atlantic and New England = = = In Virginia , a large band of thunderstorms associated with the hurricane brought strong winds and spawned three tornadoes . A funnel cloud formed in Albemarle County evolved into an F3 tornado after crossing into Greene County . It destroyed two houses and uprooted several trees , inflicting $ 250 @,@ 000 in damage ( 1985 USD , $ 470 @,@ 000 2006 USD ) . F0 tornadoes were also generated in Goochland County and Hanover County ; the two tornadoes damaged a total of ten houses . Funnel clouds were sighted throughout the Baltimore @-@ Washington Metropolitan Area . Heavy precipitation and high winds disrupted the 1985 Boy Scouts of America National Scout Jamboree at Fort A. P. Hill near Fredericksburg , Virginia , knocking over hundreds of tents and fifty portable toilets . One scout was struck by a falling gateway and several others sustained minor cuts and bruises . The storm produced winds of 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) at the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport , and about 30 @,@ 000 people near Washington , D.C. and 125 @,@ 000 in Baltimore were left without power . Moderate winds downed a sea plane near Hains Point in the Washington Channel . Rough seas capsized a few boats along the Potomac River , and rainfall from Bob 's remnants forced the cancellation of a Richmond Braves game. and collapsed a house under construction in Great Falls , Maryland . A dam in Northeastern Virginia sustained storm @-@ related damage . Slick roads led to several traffic accidents ; one person in Washington , D.C. and three in Maryland were killed . High winds in the Washington , DC area also flipped over a pontoon @-@ equipped Cessna 210 airplane near Hains Point , holding a five @-@ man television crew . The crew , who worked for the television series Lime Street had been preparing to film a chase scene for the television drama . All five escaped the plane safely with the aid of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia harbor patrol . Rainfall in the Mid @-@ Atlantic and New England states was around 1 inch ( 25 @.@ 4 mm ) , with isolated reports of over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . About 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) of precipitation fell in Atlantic City , New Jersey within a period of 10 minutes . In Maryland , the rainfall helped to relieve persistent dry conditions .
= Ambrosden = Ambrosden is a village and civil parish in Cherwell , Oxfordshire , England , 3 miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Bicester to which it is linked by the A41 road , and 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Oxford . The 2011 Census recorded the parish 's population as 2 @,@ 248 . The parish is bounded by the River Ray to the south , its tributary the River Bure to the west , the outskirts of Bicester to the north and field boundaries to the east . The village is 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of Alchester Roman Town . Ambrosden has a Church of England parish church and a public house . Since the Second World War Ambrosden has housed British Army personnel stationed at St. George 's Barracks , which is at Arncott about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) south of Ambrosden . The Ministry of Defence had many new houses built at Ambrosden in the early 1950s . = = Geography = = Ambrosden is about 3 miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Bicester ( the nearest railway station ) , connected by the A41 road . The site of Alchester Roman Town is about 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of the village , and the village of Arncott is about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to the south . In 1932 Langford , Wretchwick , and Middle Wretchwick Farms , which were formerly part of the Bicester Market End township , were added to Ambrosden . The townships of Blackthorn and Arncott were part of Arncott but in the 20th century were detached to form separate parishes . The present Ambrosden parish is about 2 miles ( 3 km ) wide both north – south and east – west . Two bridges cross the River Ray in the parish : Heath Bridge and Arncott Bridge , and Blackthorn Bridge . Arncott Bridge is on the road between Arncott and Ambrosden and is a five @-@ arched bridge built in the 18th century . The land is relatively level , about 200 feet ( 61 m ) above sea level , apart from Graven Hill north @-@ west of the village , which is 372 feet ( 113 m ) high . = = Toponym = = In the 19th century it was believed that the toponym " Ambrosden " came from a diminutive derivative of the name Ambrosius Aurelianus , a 5th @-@ century British commander of Roman descent , and that the commander had encamped close the present site of Ambrosden to help the neighbouring military garrison at Alchester in conflicts with the Anglo @-@ Saxons . The word don or den , an Old English word meaning " a place on a hill or ascent " , was added as a suffix . Thus , a Roman name and a British syllable may have been combined as " Ambrosden " . This interpretation , however , has been rejected by historians who believe the toponym was derived not from Ambrosius , but from the Old English for " Ambre 's hill " . The forms Ambresdone , Ambresden , or Aumbresden were all recorded in the Middle Ages . = = Archaeology = = The course of Akeman Street Roman road , which linked Watling Street with the Fosse Way , passes through the parish less than 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 800 m ) north of the village . Roman pottery has been found in the area . When the scholar and antiquarian White Kennett was Vicar of Ambrosden ( from 1685 to 1708 ) , ancient Danish remains were found in the parish . = = Manor = = During the reign of King Edward the Confessor a lady called Elviva ( probably a Latin rendering of the Old English name Ælfgifu ) , held the manor of Ambrosden . The Domesday Book records that by 1086 she had been replaced by Hugh d 'Ivry , butler of William the Conqueror and brother of Roger d 'Ivry , who owned several manors in Oxfordshire . Hugh 's nephew Roger II d 'Ivry inherited Ambrosden and by 1194 it was part of the Honour of St. Valery . Ambrosden thus passed to Edmund , 2nd Earl of Cornwall , who in 1288 gave the manor to Ashridge Priory of the Augustinian order of the Brothers of Penitence . Ashridge Priory retained Ambrosden until the priory was dissolved in 1539 in the Dissolution of the Monasteries . In 1542 , the Crown granted Ambrosden to John Denton of Blackthorn , who was lord of the manor of one of the manors of Bicester . Ambrosden remained in the hands of the Denton family until 1604 , when Edward Denton and his son @-@ in @-@ law Edward Smyth of Stoke Prior , Worcestershire sold the manor to Margaret Whethill of London . Margaret married Sir Thomas Mildmay of Chelmsford , whose family were recusants . Their grandson Francis Mildmay was a Royalist in the English Civil War , so in 1648 Parliament sequestered his estates . During the Commonwealth of England , the Treason Trustees twice sold Ambrosden to wealthy Londoners : to John Warre in 1653 and to William Drax and Alexander Jackson in 1657 . Francis Mildmay recovered Ambrosden but in 1658 mortgaged it to Sir James Drax , also of London and in 1660 sold 100 acres ( 40 hectares ) of the estate to various yeoman farmers . In 1673 , Francis Mildmay 's widow Mary and son , Walter Mildmay , sold the remainder of the manor to Sir William Glynne , 1st Baronet , of Bicester . Sir William rebuilt the manor house shortly afterwards . Ambrosden remained with the Glynne family until Sir Stephen Glynne , 3rd Baronet sold it in 1729 . During the English Civil War , the area was occupied in June 1643 , when part of the King 's forces were at Bicester and guarded Blackthorn Bridge . = = = Page @-@ Turner baronets = = = In 1729 the manor was bought by Edward Turner , who had already bought one of the manors of Bicester from Sir Stephen in 1728 . In 1733 , Turner was made the first of the Turner and Page @-@ Turner baronets of Ambrosden . In around 1740 , Sir Edward Turner , 2nd Baronet replaced the Glynnes ' manor house with a large square house of eleven bays . In its construction , the house reused stone from the manor house , mixed with local limestone from the Stone Pitts quarry at Blackthorn , Oxfordshire and Cotswold stone from Bibury in Gloucestershire . The architect was Sanderson Miller , who also designed ornamental buildings in the grounds . A landscaped park with lakes and statues was laid out around the house , and the drive to the house was along a semicircular avenue of trees . Sir Edward died in 1766 . Sir Gregory Page @-@ Turner , 3rd Baronet considered the house too large , so in 1767 he sought to demolish part of it to create a smaller house . This proved impossible so in 1768 he had the entire house demolished . Ambrosden remained with the Turner ( later Page @-@ Turner ) baronets until 1874 when Sir Edward Henry Page @-@ Turner , 6th Baronet died childless . The 6th Baronet left all his estates to his nephew , Frederick Augustus Blaydes . The Blaydes took the Page @-@ Turner name and coat of arms in 1903 , but sold the estate in 1930 . = = Parish church = = The earliest part of the Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin is the 12th @-@ century Norman north doorway . The Early English Gothic west tower was built slightly later . The south aisle was added in the 14th century and the chancel was rebuilt in the 15th century with Perpendicular Gothic traceried windows . The church plan , as existed and as chronicled in 1823 records , and in possession of John Wayland , esq. of Woodeaton , had a large courtyard entered through two elegant gates with a cross fixed at the northern part . The southern end of courtyard also had a cemetery . The main church building comprised : ... an embattled tower of two stories , with a vane at each angle ; a nave , a chancel , and a south aisle ; the latter crowned with a parapet , pierced with trefoils and supported by three handsome buttresses , ornamented with niches , once containing statues of saints . — ( John Dunkin , 1823 ) The south porch leads to an aisle that is lit by four two @-@ light windows . Between the aisle and the nave is a four @-@ bay arcade . The nave has three clerestory windows similar to those in the north wall of the church . The nave pews are 17th @-@ century . The pulpit and reading desk are late 17th @-@ century , added in the reign of James II . The pulpit was refurbished in 1819 with cushion and cloth given by Lady Turner , bearing insignia of the Turner family . The nave had a west gallery where there was a painting of the Resurrection of Jesus . According to inscriptions it was given by the parishioners . The church is a Grade II * listed building . The bell tower has a ring of eight bells . The third bell was cast by Richard Keene of Woodstock in 1697 . The fourth was cast by Henry III Bagley of Chacombe , Northamptonshire in 1716 . Bagley had more than one bell @-@ foundry , but the nearest was at Witney . The fifth was cast by Edward Hemins of Bicester in 1743 . St Mary 's has a bell cast by W. & J. Taylor in 1840 , presumably at their then Oxford foundry . In 1928 Taylors cast the treble , second and tenor bells , but at their Loughborough foundry St Mary 's also has a small Sanctus bell cast by Peter de Weston of London in about 1336 . The ecclesiastical parish of Ambrosden is now part of the Benefice of the Ray Valley , and St Mary 's also serves as the British Army garrison chapel . The nearby vicarage dates from 1638 . The Reverend White Kennett ( 1660 – 1728 ) was vicar of Ambrosden from 1685 until 1708 . During his incumbency , Kennett became tutor and vice @-@ principal at St Edmund Hall , Oxford and published a number of scholarly works . Kennett was also Rector of St Botolph 's Aldgate in London from 1700 , Archdeacon of Huntingdon from 1701 and Dean of Peterborough from 1707 . It therefore seems likely that Kennett may have been largely absent from Ambrosden in the latter years of his tenure . He relinquished the living of Ambrosden in 1708 . Kennett was consecrated Bishop of Peterborough in 1718 . = = Economic and social history = = There is a record of a windmill at Ambrosden in 1300 . A document of 1633 records a Windmill Field and Windmill Way . Ambrosden was farmed by an open field system until at least the 17th century . By 1623 there had been several small Enclosures of agricultural land in the parish and by 1685 some common lands were reported to have been enclosed , with further enclosures reported between 1702 and 1785 . By 1809 Ambrosden 's field system was described as being completely enclosed . In 1741 Sir Edward Turner , 2nd Baronet constructed a new road between Ambrosden and Merton . He intended the road to eventually connect to Oxford , but the remainder of the project was never completed . The road was reputed to cost a guinea a yard . The road includes a completely straight stretch of about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) and generally runs across level ground , although its course undulates at regular intervals , intended to use gravity to help draught animals pull vehicles . In January 1764 one barge experimentally carried one load of coal from the Thames at Oxford up the River Cherwell to Islip and thence up the old course of the River Ray to Arncott . The coal was landed at Arncott Bridge and delivered thence by wheelbarrows to Sir Edward Turner , 2nd Baronet at Ambrosden House . However , the experiment seems not to have been repeated and did not establish a regular freight trade on the river . In 1811 the village had only 140 inhabitants and in 1815 the annual estate value was assessed as £ 1 @,@ 240 . The parish then included three townships : Ambrosden , Arncott and Blackthorn . Ambrosden Old Park , where Ambrosden House had been demolished , was sometimes used for horse @-@ racing . In 1829 Jackson 's Oxford Journal complained that a race meeting in the park attracted a thousand " idlers " characterized by " dullness and stupidity " and was marred by " brutal and disgraceful fighting " despite the presence of several members of the gentry . A parish school was opened in Ambrosden in 1818 but seems to have ceased operating by 1854 . A temporary school existed in the village in 1868 and a permanent parish school building in a Gothic Revival style was completed and opened in 1876 . In 1952 the primary school had an attendance of 194 pupils , including children from the War Department housing estate . In the latter part of the 20th century the school was moved to new premises and was renamed Five Acres Primary School . The 1876 school building is now the village hall . The Buckinghamshire Railway 's Oxford and Bletchley line was built through the northwest corner of the parish and opened in 1851 . Its nearest station to Ambrosden is Bicester Town , 2 miles ( 3 km ) north of the village . The London and North Western Railway worked the Buckinghamshire Railway from its opening and absorbed the company in 1879 . This part of the Buckinghamshire Railway is now the Oxford to Bicester Line , currently operated by Chiltern Railways . Mains electricity was introduced to Ambrosden in 1935 . The Bicester Military Railway between Bicester and Piddington was built through Ambrosden in 1941 and remains in use to this day . In 1951 – 52 the Ministry of Defence and the Central Ordnance Depot had a new housing estate of some 200 houses built in the village . The Government bought a significant area of land from most of the farms in the parish . There are three types of house , all designed by the architect R. Potter of Salisbury , all built of brick and roofed with tiles , and many sited around a green . The British Army , which has personnel at St. George 's Barracks in nearby Arncott , has been in the village since the Second World War . Also , the military depot ( considered an industrial installation related to support of military operations ) was sited in Bicester during the war . This affected Ambrosden village , which adjoins the northern side of the garrison . In Ambrosden village , extensive buildings as housing accommodation and amenities were built for the military . = = Amenities = = Ambrosden 's amenities include the parish church , the Turner Arms pub , a post office , a village hall ( the former school ) and the current primary school . The village has also a hair salon , a car dealer and garage and a craft shop . The Army provides its personnel and their families with a community centre that includes a library , a gymnasium , a careers centre and an indoor swimming pool .
= Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff = " Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff " is the 20th episode of the fourth season of Chuck , and the 74th overall episode of the series . The episode was directed by Robert Duncan McNeill and written by Nicholas Wootton and Amanda Kate Shuman . It originally aired April 11 , 2011 . The episode has several unrelated sub @-@ plots . In the episode , Sarah Walker ( Yvonne Strahovski ) throws Chuck Bartowski ( Zachary Levi ) a surprising relationship curveball as the CIA orders Vivian Volkoff ( Lauren Cohan ) assassinated . In order to prove Vivian 's innocence , Chuck must put his trust in a dangerous ally – Vivian 's father Alexei ( Timothy Dalton ) . Meanwhile , Ellie Bartowski @-@ Woodcomb ( Sarah Lancaster ) suspects that her mother Mary ( Linda Hamilton ) is interfering with the search into her father Stephen 's past . " Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff " received positive reviews from critics . However , the episode continued Chuck 's steady decline in viewership , drawing 4 @.@ 03 million viewers , a series low . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it had a 2 @.@ 5 / 4 share among all households and 1 @.@ 3 / 4 share among those aged 18 – 49 . = = Plot = = After Ellie Bartowski @-@ Woodcomb ( Sarah Lancaster ) unlocks files about " Agent X " on her father 's laptop , she begins reading about the Intersect . Ellie later discovers that her mother Mary ( Linda Hamilton ) has deleted a file . Ellie and Devon Woodcomb ( Ryan McPartlin ) spy on Mary and witness her deleting more files . It is then revealed that Mary has extracted the files for General Diane Beckman ( Bonita Friedericy ) . Mary urges Chuck to stop lying to Ellie and tell her the truth about his place in the CIA . Meanwhile , Sarah Walker presents Chuck with a prenuptial agreement . Advised by John Casey ( Adam Baldwin ) and Morgan Grimes ( Joshua Gomez ) to " be cool " , Chuck signs the agreement , worrying Sarah , who had expected an emotional reaction . Morgan receives an invitation to go to Alex McHugh 's ( Mekenna Melvin ) graduation . To hide the fact that Casey is still alive from her mother , Alex arranges to meet Casey between the ceremony and dinner with her mother . In the episode 's main plot , the CIA orders Vivian Volkoff ( Lauren Cohan ) assassinated for the murders in " Chuck Versus the Muuurder " , but Chuck negotiates a meet to determine if Vivian is really guilty . As a sign of good faith , Vivian gives them a weapon from the Volkoff Industries arsenal . Suddenly , a sniper shoots Vivian in the arm , causing her to flee . Chuck and Sarah meet Vivian 's father Alexei Volkoff ( Timothy Dalton ) in prison , and he confirms that the weapon is one of three components of the " Norseman " , a DNA tracker that could instantly kill a target . Volkoff asserts that he is a changed man . In exchange for a meeting with his daughter , Volkoff agrees to lead the team to the missing components . The team travels to Mogadishu , Somalia , and acquires the targeting device from pirate Ellyas Abshir ( Kevin Daniels ) . They then travel to the Swiss Alps to obtain the killing agent , thorium . Volkoff manages to access the vault by winning a game of computer chess before a timer expires and triggers several turrets . Outside , Sarah and Casey detect Russian chatter and rush to Chuck 's aid , only to become trapped by Vivian , who is not injured . When Volkoff asks his daughter to release him , she refuses , feeling deceived and abandoned by him . She takes the thorium and leaves everyone in the vault with armed plasma bombs which Volkoff deactivates with a portable EMP generator . At Castle , Volkoff says goodbye to Mary before being returned to custody . As Casey grows increasingly uncomfortable with Alex lying to her mother , he considers revealing himself to her mother . It is revealed that Sarah has money saved up in case her father is arrested again , and she tears the prenuptial agreement . Chuck later brings his own document , requiring that Sarah never suggest divorce , which she gladly signs . Chuck takes Mary 's advice to tell Ellie the truth about his place in the CIA . However , when he goes to confess and first mentions their father 's computer , Ellie lies to his face . At Volkoff Industries , Vivian is determined to find and kill " Agent X " , the only person her father ever feared . = = Production = = " Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff " was directed by producer Robert Duncan McNeill , and was written by Nicholas Wootton and Amanda Kate Shuman . The episode is Shuman 's first writing credit , as she had previously been only a writer 's assistant . It originally aired in the United States on April 11 , 2011 , on NBC as the twentieth episode of Chuck 's fourth season and the 74th episode overall . In the episode , guest stars Linda Hamilton , Timothy Dalton , Lauren Cohan , and Mekenna Melvin reprise their recurring roles of Alexei Volkoff , Mary Elizabeth Bartowski , Vivian Volkoff , and Alex McHugh , respectively . The episode also features Kevin Daniels as Ellyas Abshir . In their respective reviews of the episode , HitFix Senior Editor Alan Sepinwall and Ryan McGee of The A.V. Club wrote of various ideas the episode 's writers introduced . Sepinwall noted several developments in the relationships between characters of the series . Sepinwall wrote that after becoming roommates , Casey and Morgan have become " an old married couple " , drinking orange juice in unison and bickering with mouths full of cereal . In an " emotional role reversal " from previous points in their relationship , Chuck tries to be " cool " about Sarah 's prenuptial agreement , while Sarah panics at Chuck 's lack of an emotional reaction . Casey 's relationship with his daughter also develops to the point that he considers revealing himself to her mother . Both Sepinwall and McGee wrote that Vivian was designed to be Chuck 's counterpart . The episode also marks the beginning of Alexei 's path to redemption . IGN writer Eric Goldman criticized the scene where Chuck and Sarah meet with Vivian for its frequent use of quick zooms to increase tension , writing that it " just didn 't feel like it was natural to this show 's style . " = = = Cultural references = = = This episodes maintains the series ' tendency to reference popular culture . While reading a volume of A Song of Ice and Fire , Chuck notes , " Eddard , you don 't let your kids keep a direwolf . That 's a terrible idea . " This episode aired the same week as Game of Thrones first premiered on HBO . Chuck and Ellyas later play Uno for the thorium . Volkoff jokes that to mine said thorium , he had to wage war with natives and destroy their Hometree , only to reveal that he and the other prisoners had recently watched Avatar . = = Reception = = " Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff " continued Chuck 's steady decline in viewership , drawing 4 @.@ 028 million viewers , a series low . It also had a 2 @.@ 5 / 4 share among all households and 1 @.@ 3 / 4 share among those aged 18 – 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics . HitFix Senior Editor Alan Sepinwall wrote that " Timothy Dalton was everything we had come to expect from him in the part : scary and dangerous and then so much the funnier for the way he kept trying to work the steps and turn over a new leaf . The episode left [ Alexei ] ' s sincerity up in the air for most of the hour - was he really serious about making amends , or just trying to distract Chuck from his latest evil plan ? - but Volkoff is such a well @-@ drawn character , and Dalton so talented and versatile , that the comedy worked either way ... Vivian , on the other hand ? I 'd been iffy on her in her most recent appearance , and putting her on camera with [ Alexei ] , even briefly , was just a reminder of how much less she brings to the table . " Ryan McGee of The A.V. Club gave the episode a A- . Though he praised Dalton 's performance , McGee wrote , " The direct parallels between Chuck and Vivian haven 't really panned out in the way the show initially envisioned it . Let 's face it : These two aren 't exactly Buffy and Faith in terms of being foils for one another . The show has never painted Chuck as ever potentially going to the dark side . It has used Casey and occasionally Sarah to serve that function at times , but never Chuck . At this point , he 's as set in his moral code as possible . Had the Vivian storyline happened at the outset of his Intersect 2 @.@ 0 days , perhaps the taste of power could have gone to his head , with Vivian as an example of the road not taken . As such , Vivian 's existence largely serves to connect her to the larger spy world of the show , not draw a direct parallel to the support system that helped Chuck overcome any potential temptations . " Eric Goldman of IGN gave this episode a score of 8 out of 10 , writing , " This Chuck got off to a shaky start . I don 't know how to put my finger on it exactly , but the pacing felt off in the first third or so of the episode ... Thankfully , things picked up considerably as the episode went along – I 'd say the turning point was the scene in which Chuck was sent in to meet with the pirates . The way Chuck 's big announcement that he worked for Alexei Volkoff immediately led to a bunch of guns pulled on him was funny , as was not only Chuck asking to play Uno ( for his life ) , but that the pirate did indeed have the game . " Carl Cortez of Assignment X , however , gave the episode a negative review , calling it " a painfully nonsense driven episode that 's now grasping at straws in an attempt to round out the last part of the season with an adequate storyline . "
= Pennsylvania Route 73 = Pennsylvania Route 73 ( PA 73 ) is a 62 @.@ 32 @-@ mile ( 100 @.@ 29 km ) long east – west state highway in southeastern Pennsylvania . It runs from PA 61 in Leesport southeast to the New Jersey state line on the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge over the Delaware River in Philadelphia , where it continues as New Jersey Route 73 . The route passes through rural areas of Berks County , crossing U.S. Route 222 ( US 222 ) in Maiden Creek before continuing southeast through Oley and Boyertown . PA 73 continues into Montgomery County and intersects PA 100 in Gilbertsville and PA 29 in Schwenksville before it continues into the northwest suburbs of Philadelphia . The route passes through Skippack and intersects US 202 in Center Square , PA 309 in Springfield Township , and PA 611 near Jenkintown . PA 73 continues through Northeast Philadelphia on Cottman Avenue , crossing US 1 ( Roosevelt Boulevard ) and US 13 ( Frankford Avenue ) before coming to an interchange with Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) near the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge . Predating the Interstate and U.S. Highway Systems , the Skippack Pike , a modern section of the route , served as the primary connector between Philadelphia and the northwest suburbs . The Skippack Pike dates back to 1713 and was completed as a turnpike in 1855 . Legislative Route 197 connected Reading to Philadelphia along the PA 73 corridor in 1911 . PA 73 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 23 near Blue Ball to US 1 in Philadelphia , heading north to Reading and northeast to Oley before heading southeast to Philadelphia . The route was extended east to the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge after it opened in 1929 . The portion of route between Leesport and Maiden Creek became the eastern part of PA 383 by 1930 . PA 73 was shifted to its current alignment in eastern Montgomery County in the 1950s . The western terminus of PA 73 was realigned to Leesport by 1966 , with the route between Blue Ball and Reading becoming PA 625 with most of the remainder between Reading and Oley now unnumbered . PA 73 was realigned to its current routing to Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge in the 1960s , having previously followed Frankford Avenue and Robbins and Levick streets on a one @-@ way pair . = = Route description = = = = = Berks County = = = PA 73 begins at an intersection with PA 61 in Ontelaunee Township , Berks County to the north of Reading and the southeast of Leesport . From this intersection , the route heads northeast on two @-@ lane undivided Lake Shore Drive past a mix of farm fields and development . The road heads east into wooded areas and runs along the south shore of Lake Ontelaunee , where it crosses Maiden Creek . Past the lake , PA 73 crosses into Maidencreek Township and comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southern 's Evansville Industrial Track as it enters agricultural areas with some homes . The route heads east @-@ southeast and crosses US 222 in the community of Maiden Creek . PA 73 continues along Main Street and runs through residential areas in the community of Blandon , where it crosses Norfolk Southern 's Reading Line at @-@ grade . Past Blandon , the road curves south into forested mountain areas and enters Ruscombmanor Township as Blandon Road . The route turns southeast through wooded areas with some residential and commercial development and intersects PA 12 in Breezy Corner . PA 73 continues east through rural land to Oley Township , where it reaches a junction with PA 662 . At this point , PA 662 joins PA 73 for a concurrency , and the two routes follow Memorial Highway through farms and woods before running past a few businesses in the community of Oley . At the east end of Oley , PA 662 splits to the southeast and PA 73 continues east on West Philadelphia Avenue past residential development . The route heads into a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes , curving southeast and passing through the community of Pleasantville . The road enters Earl Township and runs through forested areas with some fields and residences , passing through Shanesville . PA 73 heads east and crosses into Colebrookdale Township , where it makes a turn to the south . The route runs through more rural areas with some homes and curves southeast near Gablesville . The road continues east into the borough of Boyertown and becomes lined with homes . PA 73 heads southeast into the commercial downtown and intersec ts the eastern terminus of PA 562 , at which point it becomes East Philadelphia Avenue . The route crosses the Colebrookdale Railroad and continues past more residences in the eastern part of Boyertown . = = = Montgomery County = = = PA 73 crosses into Douglass Township in Montgomery County and continues along East Philadelphia Avenue into commercial areas , widening into a four @-@ lane divided highway as it reaches an interchange with PA 100 . Past this interchange , the route becomes a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane and passes a mix of homes and businesses in the community of Gilbertsville . PA 73 narrows to two lanes and continues to an intersection with Swamp Pike , at which point it turns east onto Big Road and runs past residential subdivisions . The road enters New Hanover Township and passes through a mix of fields and woods with some development . In the community of Layfield , the route intersects PA 663 , with that route joining for a short concurrency before it heads northeast . Following this , PA 73 runs southeast through farmland with some trees and homes , passing through New Hanover Square . The road heads into Upper Frederick Township , where it heads through rural land with residences and runs through Frederick and Obelisk . The route continues into Lower Frederick Township and passes through farmland with some development before it reaches a roundabout at PA 29 in the community of Zieglerville . Here , PA 73 turns southeast to join PA 29 on Gravel Pike , running through wooded areas with some homes and crossing Swamp Creek . The road becomes Main Street and heads south on the border between the borough of Schwenksville to the west and Lower Frederick Township to the east , running between wooded neighborhoods to the west and the Perkiomen Creek and Perkiomen Trail to the east . PA 29 / PA 73 fully enters Schwenksville and runs past homes and businesses , turning to the southeast . At the south end of the borough , PA 73 splits from PA 29 by turning northeast onto Skippack Pike and immediately crossing the Perkiomen Creek into Perkiomen Township . The road turns southeast through wooded areas on the east bank of the creek and crosses the East Branch Perkiomen Creek into Skippack Township . The route curves east away from the Perkiomen Creek and runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes to the north of Graterford Prison , curving southeast . PA 73 comes to an intersection with PA 113 in a commercial area and continues through the community of Skippack , where it is lined with homes and businesses . The road passes through wooded areas and fields within Evansburg State Park , where it crosses Skippack Creek . The route continues past suburban residential development with some woods and fields as it enters Worcester Township and comes to an intersection with PA 363 in the community of Worcester . Past this intersection , PA 73 runs through a mix of fields , woods , and homes and comes to a bridge under I @-@ 476 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension ) immediately before it crosses North Wales Road into Whitpain Township in the community of Belfry . The road crosses CSX 's Stony Creek Branch and passes residential neighborhoods as it comes to a junction with US 202 in the community of Center Square . The route continues through suburban residential areas with some businesses and runs through Blue Bell . PA 73 crosses into Whitemarsh Township at the Butler Pike intersection and runs through a mix of fields and woods with some homes , passing under the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) . The road crosses the Wissahickon Creek in Fort Washington State Park before it comes to Bethlehem Pike in the community of Whitemarsh . PA 73 follows Bethlehem Pike south under Norfolk Southern 's Morrisville Line and widens to a four @-@ lane road . The route splits from Bethlehem Pike by heading southeast onto two @-@ lane undivided Church Road , passing suburban neighborhoods and entering Springfield Township . The road widens into a divided highway briefly as it has an interchange with the PA 309 freeway . PA 73 continues past homes as a two @-@ lane undivided road and enters Cheltenham Township , where it runs to the northeast of Westminster Theological Seminary and a cemetery . The route passes to the northeast of Arcadia University before it comes to an intersection with PA 152 and passes under Easton Road near Glenside . The route continues southeast through wooded residential neighborhoods in Wyncote and comes to an intersection with Washington Lane . At this point , PA 73 turns northeast onto four @-@ lane Washington Lane and passes near more homes before coming to a bridge over SEPTA 's Main Line . At the southern tip of the borough of Jenkintown , the route turns southeast onto four @-@ lane Township Line Road and forms the border between Abington Township to the northeast and Cheltenham Township to the southwest , passing multifamily residential development as it comes to an intersection with PA 611 ( Old York Road ) . The road narrows to two lanes and continues past wooded residential development in Elkins Park . PA 73 passes some businesses before it runs near more homes . The route gains a center left @-@ turn lane and runs past residential and commercial development , passing to the northeast of Einstein Medical Center Elkins Park . = = = Philadelphia = = = At the Laurel Avenue intersection , PA 73 becomes Cottman Avenue and becomes a three @-@ lane road with one eastbound lane and two westbound lane that forms the border between the city of Philadelphia to the northeast and Cheltenham Township , Montgomery County to the southwest . The route passes between Burholme Park in Philadelphia and homes in Cheltenham Township . The road passes more homes and fully enters Philadelphia upon passing under SEPTA 's Fox Chase Line near the Ryers station in the Ryers neighborhood . PA 73 heads into Northeast Philadelphia and becomes a four @-@ lane road as it runs through commercial areas , reaching a bridge over CSX 's Trenton Subdivision . The route intersects PA 232 ( Oxford Avenue ) at an intersection locally known as Five Points . The road heads past a mix of homes and businesses , running between the Burholme neighborhood to the northeast and the Lawncrest neighborhood to the southwest . PA 73 gains a center left @-@ turn lane and crosses Castor Avenue near the Rhawnhurst neighborhood . The route continues past several shopping centers and intersects Bustleton Avenue , at which point it passes southwest of Roosevelt Mall . PA 73 comes to an interchange with US 1 ( Roosevelt Boulevard ) , intersecting the local lanes at @-@ grade and passing over the express lanes . Following this , the road continues into the residential Mayfair neighborhood as a four @-@ lane undivided road . The route enters business areas and comes to an intersection with US 13 ( Frankford Avenue ) . Past this , PA 73 continues southeast past more dense residential areas to the southwest of the Holmesburg neighborhood . The road heads into the Tacony neighborhood and passes more homes and businesses . At the Torresdale Avenue intersection , the route narrows to three lanes , with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes . PA 73 enters industrial areas and crosses under Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor . The route splits from Cottman Avenue by turning southwest onto State Road , which has two eastbound lanes and one westbound lanes . At this intersection , Cottman Avenue has access from a ramp leading from northbound I @-@ 95 . PA 73 passes near urban homes and commercial development and comes to a ramp to northbound I @-@ 95 at the Princeton Avenue intersection . The route turns south onto New State Road , with State Road continuing southwest to provide access to I @-@ 95 , and passes under I @-@ 95 before it curves southwest to parallel the interstate as a four @-@ lane road through industrial areas . PA 73 reaches an interchange at Levick Street and the approach to the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge , at which point the route heads southeast onto the bridge over the Delaware River . PA 73 ends on the bridge at the New Jersey border , at which point Route 73 continues into Palmyra , New Jersey . = = History = = The Skippack Pike , a portion of PA 73 between Skippack and Bethlehem Pike in Whitemarsh , dates back to 1713 , when settlers in Skippack petitioned Philadelphia officials for a road to their community for purposes of hauling grain to the mill in Whitemarsh . During the American Revolutionary War , George Washington 's army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Germantown on October 4 , 1777 and had to encamp along the Skippack Pike until October 8 . The Americans later marched east on the road while preparing for a counterattack at the Battle of White Marsh . The Skippack Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1845 to construct a turnpike from Whitemarsh to Skippack but the project was abandoned after several efforts . In 1853 , a second charter was granted and the turnpike was completed in 1855 near Worcester Township . When the state began maintenance over roads via the Sproul Road Bill that was signed on May 31 , 1911 , the system did not include the direct Reading – Philadelphia routes that PA 73 and US 422 are today . PA 73 was adopted as Legislative Route 197 , the main route that connected Philadelphia and its northwest suburbs . Legislative Routes paved the way for Pennsylvania 's first Traffic Routes in 1924 and a new set of routes , including PA 73 , that were added in the late 1920s . In the original 1928 routing , PA 73 ran between PA 23 near Blue Ball and US 1 ( Roosevelt Boulevard ) in Philadelphia . The route followed the New Holland Road north through Bowmansville and Knauers to Reading , where it passed through the city along US 222 ( Lancaster Avenue ) , Bingaman Street , Chestnut Street , and US 422 ( Perkiomen Avenue ) . From Reading , PA 73 split from US 422 in Mount Penn and followed Carsonia Avenue and Friedensburg Road to Oley , where it picked up its current routing to Cheltenham Township . Here , PA 73 continued east along Church Road , Township Line Road , and Cottman Avenue to US 1 . Upon being designated , PA 73 was paved between south of Reading and Schwenksville and between Skippack and Philadelphia . After the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge was built in 1929 , the eastern terminus was moved to its current location on the bridge at the New Jersey state line . It followed Cottman Avenue , US 13 ( Frankford Avenue ) , and US 422 ( Levick Street ) to the bridge . By 1930 , PA 73 was paved in the Bowmansville area and from south of Reading to south of Angelica ; the remainder of the route between Blue Ball and Reading was under construction at this time . The route was also paved between Schwenksville and Skippack . Also , the current route between US 120 ( now PA 61 ) in Leesport and US 22 ( now US 222 ) in Maiden Creek became a paved extension of PA 383 , which continued west from Leesport to PA 83 ( now PA 183 ) near Leinbachs . In the 1930s , PA 383 was realigned off the present @-@ day route west of Ontelanuee Drive , having been rerouted to head north on Ontelaunee Drive . By 1940 , the entire length of PA 73 was paved . The route was realigned to follow Greenwood Avenue from Church Road to Jenkintown , where it turned southeast onto Township Line Road . Also in the 1930s , US 422 / PA 73 was shifted to follow Mineral Spring Road between Reading and Mount Penn . In 1950 , PA 73 was moved to a straighter alignment to the east of Oley . In the 1950s , PA 73 was routed onto the one @-@ way pair of Robbins Street eastbound and Levick Street westbound between US 13 ( Frankford Avenue ) and the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge ; the US 422 concurrency was removed as well . Also , the route was realigned to use Washington Lane between Church Road and Township Line Road . Between Reading and Mount Penn , US 422 / PA 73 was shifted to the one @-@ way pair of Perkiomen Avenue eastbound and Mineral Spring Road westbound while PA 73 was designated concurrent with westbound US 422 Alt. on Chestnut Street between Bingaman Street and US 422 in Reading . By 1966 , PA 73 was realigned at Oley to follow its current alignment west to PA 61 in Leesport , replacing a portion of PA 383 between east of Leesport and Maiden Creek . The former alignment of PA 73 became PA 625 between PA 23 in Blue Ball and US 222 ( now US 222 Bus . ) in Reading with most of the remainder between Reading and Oley becoming unnumbered except along the concurrencies with US 222 and US 422 Bus . In the 1960s , PA 73 was rerouted at US 13 ( Frankford Avenue ) to follow Cottman Avenue , the one @-@ way pair of Princeton Avenue eastbound and Cottman Avenue westbound past Torresdale Avenue , State Road , and New State Road to the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge . = = Major intersections = = = = PA 73 Alternate Truck = = Pennsylvania Route 73 Alternate Truck are truck routes of PA 73 that bypass a weight @-@ restricted bridge over a branch of the Wissahickon Creek at the PA 309 interchange in Oreland , on which trucks over 36 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited . The eastbound alternate truck route follows PA 309 and Paper Mill Road . The westbound alternate truck route follows Paper Mill Road and Bethlehem Pike . There is also a PA 73 Alt . Truck for traffic from northbound PA 309 to access westbound PA 73 , following PA 309 north from PA 73 to the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) interchange , where it utilizes the cloverleaf ramps to return to southbound PA 309 and head south to the PA 73 exit . PA 73 Alt . Truck was signed in 2013 .
= Hurricane Elida ( 2002 ) = Hurricane Elida was the first hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season to reach Category 5 strength on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Forming on July 23 from a tropical wave , the storm rapidly intensified from a tropical depression into a Category 5 in two days and lasted for only six hours at that intensity before weakening . It was one of only sixteen known hurricanes in the East Pacific east of the International Date Line to have reached such an intensity . Although heavy waves were able to reach the Mexican coastline , no damages or casualties were reported in relation to the hurricane . The hurricane moved westward due to a high pressure ridge while undergoing two eyewall replacement cycles : the first was around peak intensity and was completed when the hurricane moved over cooler waters , and the second was a brief cycle shortly after the hurricane began to weaken . The last advisory was issued while the hurricane was west of Mexico , but it was not until the remnants were west of Los Angeles , California that they finally dissipated . Elida 's rapid intensification and unsteady weakening after reaching its peak intensity caused large errors in the intensity forecasting of the hurricane . Although the intensity forecasts were off , the track forecasts were better than usual compared to the ten @-@ year period prior to that year . = = Meteorological history = = Elida formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on July 13 . The wave moved uneventfully through the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , emerging over the Pacific Ocean on July 21 . The wave began organizing the next day , becoming Tropical Depression Six @-@ E on July 23 while 350 mi ( 560 km ) south @-@ southeast of Puerto Escondido , Mexico . The depression was predicted to move westward due to the presence of a ridge of high pressure which was also controlling the movement of Hurricane Douglas . Due to low shear and warm ocean waters , it was predicted that the depression would reach hurricane strength in 48 hours . The depression began rapid intensification while moving westward , and only six hours after being recognized as a depression , the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elida while displaying banding features and a central dense overcast . The forecast was revised , now predicting the storm to attain hurricane strength the next day . The storm continued to rapidly intensify and gradually developed a banding eye feature and infrared satellite images showed a possible eyewall in the central dense overcast . After six more hours , a small eye had formed and Elida was upgraded to a high @-@ end Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale with 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) winds on July 24 , only eighteen hours after having first been initiated as a 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) tropical depression . Elida continued to rapidly strengthen , breaking the Dvorak estimates and reaching 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) six hours afterward , making it a Category 4 hurricane and resulting in a rare forecast for the hurricane to reach Category 5 . The hurricane , moving at 16 mph ( 26 km / h ) , proceeded to make a west @-@ northwestward turn while displaying an eye with an estimated diameter of 11 mi ( 18 km ) . On July 25 , Elida reached the highest winds of a Category 4 at 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) , though the possibility that Elida was briefly a Category 5 just prior to the advisory issuance was indicated . Even though a later discussion mentioned that Elida had Category 5 status , it was not until the Tropical Cyclone Report that it was finally analyzed that Elida had Category 5 strength for only six hours . At this time , Elida was observed to have formed concentric eyewalls , but it was not until the hurricane moved over cooler waters that the eyewall replacement cycle was completed . Afterward , the hurricane began to weaken in an irregular fashion . After the inner eyewall dissolved , the intensity of the hurricane decreased to a low @-@ level Category 3 with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . By this time , Elida had reached the edge of the ridge that kept the cyclone from turning northwest , and a turn to the northwest was beginning . The hurricane proceeded to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle , lowering its intensity to Category 2 . Late on July 26 , the eye disappeared from satellite . The weakening trend continued , and Elida weakened to a tropical storm on July 27 . At this time , a weakness in the subtropical ridge allowed the storm to make a turn towards the north . Early on July 28 , Elida began redeveloping , regaining moderate convection and possibly reintensifying , but eventually , the storm weakened back into a depression early on July 29 , and the last advisory was issued while an area of convection was north of the center with 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) seas in the area . The center was 805 mi ( 1 @,@ 296 km ) from Punta Eugenia , Mexico when the last advisory was issued . The remnant low from Elida moved northeast and eventually dissipated 535 mi ( 861 km ) west of Los Angeles , California . = = Impact = = Although the winds and rains associated with the storm remained far offshore , the Tropical Cyclone Report issued by the National Hurricane Center mentioned the likeliness that Elida caused swells and waves to hit the Mexican shore , but no reports of damage or casualties linked to Elida were ever received and no land advisories were ever needed for the hurricane . The only report anywhere near the storm came from the " New Century 1 " vehicle carrier ship ( call sign " H9LA " ) , which was 230 mi ( 370 km ) from the center of the hurricane . The ship reported winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) and a pressure of 1008 @.@ 5 . While the track errors associated with forecasting the hurricane were lower than the errors in the period between 1992 and 2001 , Elida 's intensity proved to be hard to predict , leading to large errors in NHC forecasts . The errors in the forecast period except for the 72 ‑ hour period were worse than the long @-@ term average . The large errors in intensity forecasts were blamed on the rapid intensification of the hurricane to 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) winds and the unsteady weakening after reaching peak intensity . When the MERIS sensor aboard the European Space Agency 's satellite Envisat observed and recorded Hurricane Elida at peak intensity , it was the first time that the sensor had observed a hurricane . The sensor was originally designed primarily for recording oceanic biology and water quality as well as land vegetation , clouds , and water vapor .
= William de Blois ( bishop of Lincoln ) = William de Blois ( or William of Blois ; died 1206 ) was a medieval Bishop of Lincoln . He first served in the household of Hugh du Puiset , the Bishop of Durham , then later served the household of Hugh of Avalon , Bishop of Lincoln . After Hugh 's death and a two @-@ year vacancy in the see , or bishopric , Blois was elected to succeed Hugh in 1203 . Little is known about his episcopate , although 86 of his documents survive from that time period . He died in 1206 and was buried in his cathedral . = = Early life = = Possibly related to Hugh de Puiset the bishop of Durham , who he went on to serve later in life , Blois probably came from Blois in France . His relationship with Puiset reinforces the likelihood of his origins being in Blois , as Puiset was a nephew of King Stephen of England and Stephen 's brother Henry of Blois , the Bishop of Winchester , both of whom came from Blois . Nothing else is known of Blois ' origins . He was titled magister , implying that he attended a university and was well @-@ educated . He taught at the school of Paris for a while , where at one point a townswoman tried to seduce him , resulting in the medieval writer Gerald of Wales later recounting the humorous story of how Blois resisted the lady 's advances . Blois was frequently a witness to Puiset 's charters , and was named as rector of a parish church in the city of Durham , appointed by Puiset . By the late 1180s , Blois had moved to the household of Hugh of Avalon , the Bishop of Lincoln . Blois was a subdean , an ecclesiastical official , of the diocese of Lincoln by 22 March 1194 , probably from about 1189 . He was a frequent witness to Hugh 's charters in the late 1180s . Although he was now serving Hugh , Blois did not entirely quit the service of Puiset , and was present at Puiset 's deathbed in 1195 . He was named precentor of Lincoln in 1197 , in succession to the medieval writer Walter Map . Besides Hugh and Puiset , he also served Pope Innocent III . He may be the Master William of Blois who is a witness to some Scottish charters . = = Bishop of Lincoln = = Hugh of Avalon died on 16 November 1200 , but no new bishop was elected for over two years . King John first tried to impose his own appointee , but was unable to force his choice on the cathedral chapter , who were responsible for electing a new bishop . John then left the see vacant , and some contemporaries accused the king of doing so to secure the revenues of the see for himself because of the regalian right English kings had to receive all the income from a vacant bishopric . Eventually the cathedral chapter was allowed to perform an election , and Blois was elected about 6 July 1203 and consecrated on 24 August 1203 at Canterbury . The consecration was performed by William of Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Eglise , the Bishop of London , because Hubert Walter , the Archbishop of Canterbury was ill and unable to perform the service which would normally have been his right . Most of what is known about Blois ' episcopate comes from his acta , or records ; 86 of them survive . There is an early 14th century reference to Blois ' matricula , which can mean register , list , or list of students , but given the distance in time from when it was recorded to Blois ' episcopate , it is unclear what exactly was meant by this . Nor has any such document survived . Blois ' acta show him to have been an active and diligent administrator , especially concerned with the establishment of vicarages and with parish care . He also spent time mediating disputes , including one in 1204 over a church at Eynesbury that was disputed between Saer de Quincy , the canons of Newnham Priory and monks of St Neot 's Priory . Most of his clerks and household members appear to have been non @-@ relatives , with only another William de Blois , appointed Archdeacon of Buckingham by the bishop before becoming Bishop of Worcester in 1218 , being a relative . Blois died on 10 May 1206 , and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral . In the early fourteenth century , he was still remembered well by the cathedral chapter and was described as learned and kindly by the 14th century writer John Schalby , who wrote a work on the lives of the bishops of Lincoln . Besides his kinsman William de Blois , another known relative was a nephew , William de Marum . Marum succeeded his uncle as rector in Durham . He was once identified with another William of Blois , who was a poet and the brother of Peter of Blois , but there is no evidence supports that identification .
= G3 battlecruiser = The G3 battlecruisers were a class of battlecruisers planned by the Royal Navy after the end of World War I in response to naval expansion programs by the United States and Japan . The four ships of this class would have been larger , faster and more heavily armed than any existing battleship ( although several projected foreign ships would be larger ) . The G3s have been considered to be proper " fast battleships " since they were well @-@ balanced designs with adequate protection . Nonetheless the class was officially designated as a " battlecruiser " due to their higher speed and lesser firepower and armour relative to the planned N3 class battleship design . The G3s carried nine 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns and were expected to achieve 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , while the N3s would carry nine 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) guns on the same displacement at the expense of a slower speed . The G3 design was approved by the Board of Admiralty on 12 August 1921 . Orders were placed in October — November , but were suspended later in November with the beginning of the Washington Naval Conference which limited battleship numbers . The orders were cancelled in February 1922 with the ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited construction to ships of no more than 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) displacement . = = Background = = In 1916 the US had declared its intention to create a Navy " second to none " ; the United States Congress had authorized the building of a large number of battleships and battlecruisers . In the aftermath of the First World War , the Japanese government were also embarking on a large programme of warship building . Meanwhile , in Great Britain , the needs of the First World War had led to the pre @-@ war Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships being followed by the slower and cheaper Revenge class . Two improved Revenge @-@ class hulls were converted during construction into the two Renown @-@ class battlecruisers as emergency builds during the war . The only new capital ships laid down in the war were the Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers . Their design had been called into question after the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . Three of this class were cancelled , leaving only Hood to be completed to an altered design . The US plan had been delayed by the wartime need to build smaller vessels . Nevertheless , estimates by the Admiralty were that by the early 1920s the UK would be behind in ships . The British did have access to German technology through ships such as the battleship Baden which had been saved from the scuttling of the interned German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow and the experiences of the war . A committee concluded that any new ship should be able to match the speed of the new US Lexington @-@ class battlecruisers , expected to make 32 knots . Consequently , a series of designs was prepared of ships with displacements ranging from 53 @,@ 100 to 44 @,@ 500 long tons ( 54 @,@ 000 to 45 @,@ 200 t ) , the only limitations being the ability to use British dockyards and passage through the Suez Canal . These designs were given letters of the alphabet running backwards from K to G. The related battleship designs under consideration at the same time had design letters from L upwards . The first two design proposals , ' K2 ' and ' K3 ' , had a general layout similar to Hood , but were armed with either eight or nine 18 @-@ inch guns , in four twin or three triple gun turrets , respectively . The numeral in the designation came from the number of guns in each turret . These ships were very large , displacing 52 @,@ 000 to 53 @,@ 100 long tons ( 52 @,@ 800 to 54 @,@ 000 t ) , could only reach 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) , and could only be docked in a single ex @-@ German floating dock and one dock , Gladstone Dock , in Liverpool . ' J3 ' , the next proposal , saved nearly 10 @,@ 000 long tons ( 10 @,@ 000 t ) by reducing the main armament to nine 50 @-@ calibre 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) guns and the main deck armour to 4 inches ( 102 mm ) . This reduction in size allowed the ship to dock anywhere that Hood could dock and to pass through the Suez and Panama Canals . ' I3 ' took another route in saving weight and concentrated the main armament amidships with ' X ' turret placed between the forward superstructure and the funnels . The consequent weight savings were negated by additional hull and machinery weights and the ship displaced only slightly less than ' K3 ' . It had the advantage , however , that it could be docked in Rosyth and Portsmouth and pass through both canals , once the Suez Canal had been deepened . The primary drawback was that the main armament had a blind spot towards the rear of the ship of no less than 40 ° . Several variations were evaluated of the ' H3 ' design with the number of turrets reduced . In ' H3a ' both turrets were forward of the superstructure while in ' H3b ' one was forward and the other was aft of the forward superstructure . ' H3c ' retained the layout of ' H3b ' , but lowered the turrets by one deck and saved 1 @,@ 250 long tons ( 1 @,@ 270 t ) over the 45 @,@ 000 long tons ( 46 @,@ 000 t ) of ' H3b ' . All three ' H3 ' designs had a maximum speed of 33 knots ( 61 km / h ; 38 mph ) , but the reduced number of main guns was disliked so the ' G3 ' was proposed with the three triple turrets , armed with 16 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 419 mm ) guns to save weight . This design was accepted at the end of 1920 , but changes were made as the design was finalized in early 1921 , including the reduction of the ship 's horsepower from 180 @,@ 000 to 160 @,@ 000 and the reduction of the main armament from 16 @.@ 5 inches to 16 inches ( 406 mm ) . = = Design and description = = The G3s incorporated several novel features for dreadnought @-@ era capital ships , or at least for British designs of this type . Most immediately noticeable was the concentration of the main battery forward of the bridge and engineering spaces , giving the ships a tanker @-@ like appearance . Since the G3s were to use existing dockyard facilities , this layout allowed designers to keep the length of the ships , as well as the weight of armour , to a minimum . The resulting loss of heavy fire astern was considered justifiable since the ships were intended to fight on the broadside . A related feature of the G3 and N3 designs was their tower bridge structure behind the first two gun turrets . This provided a better and more stable foundation for fire @-@ control equipment , greatly improved accommodation and protection from the weather . = = = General characteristics = = = The G3 battlecruisers were significantly larger than their predecessors of the Admiral class . They had an overall length of 856 feet ( 260 @.@ 9 m ) , a beam of 106 feet ( 32 @.@ 3 m ) , and a draught of 36 feet ( 11 @.@ 0 m ) at deep load . They would have displaced 48 @,@ 400 long tons ( 49 @,@ 200 t ) normally and 53 @,@ 909 long tons ( 54 @,@ 774 t ) at deep load , over 8 @,@ 000 long tons ( 8 @,@ 100 t ) more than the older ships . They had a metacentric height of 7 @.@ 786 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) at deep load as well as a complete double bottom . = = = Propulsion = = = The G3 battlecruisers would have had four geared steam turbine sets , each of which drove one propeller shaft . They were arranged in three engine rooms . The forward engine room held the two turbines for the wing shafts , the middle compartment housed the turbine for the port inner shaft and the aft engine room contained the turbine for the starboard inner shaft . The turbines were powered by 20 Yarrow small @-@ tube boilers divided between nine boiler rooms . They were designed to produce a total of 160 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 120 @,@ 000 kW ) at a working pressure of 200 psi ( 1 @,@ 379 kPa ) and temperature of 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) with superheat . Maximum speed would have been 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) . The ships had a maximum capacity of 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) of fuel oil . Using the 22 @,@ 000 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 16 @,@ 000 kW ) cruising turbines , they had an estimated maximum range of 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . They had six turbo @-@ driven 250 @-@ kilowatt ( 335 hp ) dynamos and two 300 @-@ kilowatt ( 402 hp ) Diesel generators . = = = Armament = = = Housing the main armament in triple turrets was new to the Royal Navy though British companies had been involved in the production of triple gun turret designs for other navies . The choice of a high muzzle velocity with a relatively lighter shell was taken from the German practice ; it ran counter to previous British guns such as the BL 15 @-@ inch Mark I gun of 42 @-@ calibre length which were lower @-@ muzzle @-@ velocity weapons firing heavy shells . The G3 design mounted nine BL 16 @-@ inch Mark I 45 @-@ calibre guns in three triple hydraulically powered Mark I gun turrets , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , and ' X ' from front to rear . The guns could be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to 40 ° . The ships ' maximum stowage was 116 shells per gun . They fired 2 @,@ 048 @-@ pound ( 929 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 670 ft / s ( 810 m / s ) . Their maximum range was about 38 @,@ 000 yards ( 35 @,@ 000 m ) at maximum elevation . The G3s carried a secondary armament of sixteen BL 6 @-@ inch Mark XXII guns in superfiring twin turrets instead of casemates — the first time in a British capital ship since the Lord Nelson class of 1904 . Four turrets were sited around the forward superstructure and four at the stern . The forward turrets were provided with 150 rounds per gun and the rear turrets with 110 rounds per gun . The guns could elevate between – 5 ° and + 60 ° . They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 945 ft / s ( 898 m / s ) . Their maximum range was 25 @,@ 800 yd ( 23 @,@ 600 m ) at 45 ° elevation . Their rate of fire was five rounds per minute . An anti @-@ aircraft battery of six QF 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mark VIII guns was included . They had a maximum depression of -5 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . They fired a 50 @-@ pound ( 23 kg ) high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 457 ft / s ( 749 m / s ) at a rate of eight to twelve rounds per minute . The guns had a maximum ceiling of 32 @,@ 000 ft ( 9 @,@ 800 m ) , but an effective range of much less . A maximum of 256 rounds per gun could be carried . The ships were intended to carry four 8 @-@ barreled mountings for the 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mark VIII gun ( commonly known as a pom @-@ pom ) , two abaft the funnels and two at the stern . Each barrel was provided with 1300 rounds of ammunition . The gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 2 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 91 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 920 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) to a distance of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute . Like previous classes of British battlecruisers , a pair of submerged , broadside @-@ firing torpedo tubes were planned for these ships . Their compartment was located just forward of the ' A ' shell room on the platform deck . Six 24 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 620 mm ) torpedoes per tube were to be carried in peace @-@ time , but this would increase to eight in wartime . These Mark I torpedoes had a warhead of 743 pounds ( 337 kg ) of TNT and were powered by oxygen @-@ enriched air . They had two speed settings which governed their range : either 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 13 @,@ 716 m ) at 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) , or 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 288 m ) at 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) . = = = Fire @-@ control = = = The main guns of the G3 battlecruisers could be controlled from any of the three director @-@ control towers ( DCT ) . The primary DCT was mounted at the top of the forward superstructure . Another was mounted on the roof of the conning tower in an armoured hood and the third was aft . Each main gun turret was provided with a 41 @-@ foot ( 12 @.@ 5 m ) coincidence rangefinder in an armoured housing on the turret roof . The secondary armament was primarily controlled by three DCTs . Two mounted on each side of the bridge and the third was aft . The anti @-@ aircraft guns were controlled by a high @-@ angle control system mounted on the very top of the forward superstructure . Each pom @-@ pom mount had its own director and there was also a height @-@ finder aft . Two 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) torpedo rangefinders were located on the sides of the funnels . = = = Armour = = = A first for any British dreadnought was the use of the all or nothing protection scheme in the G3s . Medium @-@ thickness armour had proven to be useless in stopping heavy @-@ calibre shells during World War I so the vital areas of the ship were protected by the thickest possible armour and the rest of the ship was left unarmoured . Use of this system was pioneered by contemporary U.S. Navy battleship designs starting with the Nevada class . However , this system of protection required that the armoured citadel should have enough reserve buoyancy to keep the ship stable even if the rest of the hull was riddled by gunfire . The waterline belt of the G3 had a maximum thickness of 14 inches ( 356 mm ) with the top of the armour angled 18 ° outwards . This angle increased the armor 's relative thickness to horizontal , close @-@ range fire , albeit at the cost of reducing its relative height which increased the chance of plunging shellfire going over or under it . It ran some 522 feet ( 159 @.@ 1 m ) , from the forward edge of ' A ' barbette to the rear of the after 6 @-@ inch magazine . The belt had a height of 14 feet 3 inches ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) , of which 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) was below the designed waterline . Only the forward 259 feet ( 78 @.@ 9 m ) of the belt had the maximum thickness , it thinned to 12 inches ( 305 mm ) for the rest of its length . The lower edge of the belt abreast the magazines was continued down another 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) by a 4 inches ( 100 mm ) thickness of high @-@ tensile steel inclined at 36 ° to prevent a shell from reaching the magazines via a wave trough at high speed . The forward and rear ends of the belt terminated in 12 @-@ inch and 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) transverse bulkheads respectively . The waterline belt extended forward 46 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 m ) at a thickness of 6 inches that reduced to 2 @.@ 25 inches ( 57 mm ) in two steps . The funnel and boiler room ventilation shafts were surrounded by an armoured box 116 feet ( 35 @.@ 4 m ) long intended to prevent shells fired from behind the ship reaching ' X ' magazine . The box narrowed at an angle of 21 ° as it rose and had a maximum thickness of 12 inches nearest to the magazine . Aft it reduced in a series of steps to 9 inches ( 229 mm ) , 6 inches , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) and 4 inches ( 102 mm ) . The armoured deck matched the length of the waterline belt and sloped down 2 @.@ 5 ° to meet the upper edge of the belt . It had a maximum thickness of 8 inches ( 203 mm ) from the ' A ' barbette to partway over the mid @-@ boiler rooms and thinned to a minimum of 4 inches over the rear engine and boiler rooms . The deck 's thickness increased to 7 inches ( 180 mm ) partway over the rear engine room and covered the aft 6 @-@ inch magazines . The armoured deck extended forward 46 feet over the torpedo compartment with a maximum thickness of 8 inches , thinning to 6 inches . The armoured deck 's rear extension was 106 feet 9 inches ( 32 @.@ 5 m ) long and was 5 inches thick until the last 27 feet 4 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) when it thinned to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . The turret faces were 17 @.@ 5 inches ( 444 mm ) thick while their sides ranged from 9 to 13 inches ( 229 to 330 mm ) in thickness , and the roof was 8 inches thick . The armour of the barbettes ranged from 11 to 14 inches ( 279 to 356 mm ) in thickness and it was carefully arranged to minimize the likely risk . The conning tower armour was 9 to 12 inches thick and its communications tube to the upper deck was 8 inches thick . The fire @-@ control director atop the conning tower was protected by an armoured hood 3 to 5 inches thick . The anti @-@ torpedo bulges of the G3 battlecruisers were intended to withstand the explosion of a 750 @-@ pound ( 340 kg ) torpedo warhead . They consisted of an outer air space , an inner buoyancy space and the torpedo bulkhead that consisted of two layers of .875 @-@ inch ( 22 mm ) high @-@ tensile steel . The bulkhead was situated some 13 @.@ 5 feet ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) inboard from the side of the ship . Postwar tests done on a replica of this system showed that filling the buoyancy space with water rather than the sealed steel crushing tubes as used in Hood was just as effective and weighed less . A compressed air system was fitted to blow the water out of the buoyancy spaces and bring the ship upright in 15 minutes after two torpedo hits . The ship 's double bottom ranged from 5 – 7 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 1 m ) in depth . = = Orders and cancellation = = The four G3 battlecruisers were ordered in October – November 1921 , without names , from Swan Hunter , William Beardmore , Fairfield , and John Brown . The Washington Naval Treaty , an arms limitation treaty under negotiation at the time , however , led to the suspension of building on 18 November 1921 and outright cancellation in February 1922 because the treaty forbade construction of any ship larger than 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) . Although the ships were ordered , none were actually laid down . Many of the aspects of their design ultimately were incorporated into the two Nelson class , and they are often described as being a cut @-@ down G3 . Indeed , the Nelsons received the design designation ' O3 ' , marking them as next in the design sequence from the ' N3 ' battleship design although they used the guns intended for the G3 class for cost reasons and to comply with the Treaty 's 16 @-@ inch limitation on main armament .
= Mitch Daniels = Mitchell Elias " Mitch " Daniels , Jr . ( born April 7 , 1949 ) is an academic administrator and former politician who was Governor of Indiana from 2005 to 2013 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Since 2013 , Daniels has been president of Purdue University . Born in Monongahela , Pennsylvania , Daniels is a graduate of Princeton University , and received his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center after studying briefly at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law . Daniels began his career working as an assistant to Richard Lugar , working as his chief of staff in the Senate from 1977 to 1982 , and was appointed executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee when Lugar was chairman from 1983 to 1984 . He worked as a chief political adviser and as a liaison to President Ronald Reagan in 1985 , before he was appointed president of the conservative think tank , the Hudson Institute . Daniels moved back to Indiana , joining Eli Lilly and Company , working as president of North American Pharmaceutical Operations from 1993 to 1997 , and senior vice president of corporate strategy and policy from 1997 to 2001 . In January 2001 , Daniels was appointed by President George W. Bush as the director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , where he served until June 2003 . Daniels announced his intention to run in Indiana 's 2004 gubernatorial election after leaving the Bush administration . He won the Republican primary with 67 % of the vote , and defeated Democratic incumbent Governor Joe Kernan in the general election . Daniels was reelected to a second term , defeating former U.S. Representative and US Department of Agriculture undersecretary Jill Long Thompson , on November 4 , 2008 . During his tenure as governor , Daniels cut the state government workforce by 18 % , cut and capped state property taxes , and balanced the state budget through budget austerity measures and increasing spending by less than the inflation rate . In his second term , Daniels saw protest by labor unions and Democrats in the state legislature over his policies regarding Indiana 's school voucher program and the Indiana House of Representatives attempt to pass right to work legislation , leading to the 2011 Indiana legislative walkouts . During the legislature 's last session under Daniels , he signed the right @-@ to @-@ work law ; with Indiana becoming the 23rd state in the nation to do so . It was widely speculated that Daniels would be a candidate in the 2012 presidential election , but he chose not to run . He is the author of the best selling book Keeping the Republic : Saving America by Trusting Americans . Daniels was selected to be president of Purdue University after his term as governor ended on January 14 , 2013 . = = Early life = = = = = Family and education = = = Mitchell Elias Daniels , Jr . , was born on April 7 , 1949 in Monongahela , Pennsylvania , the son of Dorothy Mae ( née Wilkes ) and Mitchell Elias Daniels , Sr. His father 's parents were immigrants from Syria , of Antiochian Greek Orthodox descent . Daniels has been honored by the Arab @-@ American Institute with the 2011 Najeeb Halaby Award for Public Service . His mother 's ancestry was mostly English ( where three of his great @-@ grandparents were born ) . Daniels spent his early childhood years in Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Georgia . The Daniels family moved to Indiana from Pennsylvania in 1959 when his father accepted a job at the Indianapolis headquarters of the pharmaceutical company Pittman @-@ Moore . Then 11 @-@ year @-@ old Daniels was accustomed to the mountains , and he at first disliked the flatland of central Indiana . He was still in grade school at the time of the move and first attended Delaware Trail Elementary , Westlane Junior High School , and North Central High School . In high school he was student body president . After graduation in 1967 , Daniels was named one of Indiana 's Presidential Scholars — the state 's top male high school graduate that year — by President Lyndon B. Johnson . In 1971 , Daniels earned a Bachelor 's degree from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University . While there , he was a member of the American Whig – Cliosophic Society , where he overlapped with future Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito , who was a year below . He initially studied law at the Indiana McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis . After accepting a job with newly elected Senator Richard Lugar , he transferred to the Georgetown University Law Center , from which he earned a Juris Doctor . In 1970 , while an undergraduate student at Princeton , a grand jury indicted Daniels for marijuana possession and for maintaining a common nuisance . The charges were eventually dropped and Daniels pleaded guilty to " a disorderly person charge " based on a confession that he had used marijuana . He spent two nights in jail and paid a $ 350 fine . According to Daniels ' roommate at the time , police obtained a warrant to search the room based on the activity of another student who used to live in the room . The roommate told the Daily Princetonian that " Unbeknownst to [ Daniels and the other current roommates ] … [ the former roommate ] was coming back there and using the room when we 're not there and was involved with drugs much worse than pot . " Daniels told The Daily Princetonian in 2011 that " justice was served , " and has disclosed the arrest on job applications , and spoken about the incident in columns in The Indianapolis Star and The Washington Post . In February 2013 , Princeton honored Daniels with the Woodrow Wilson Award , which recognizes an alumnus whose career embodies the call to duty in Wilson 's famous speech , " Princeton in the Nation 's Service . " The award was presented during Alumni Day activities on February 23 , 2013 . = = = Early political career = = = Daniels had his first experience in politics while still a teenager when , in 1968 , he worked on the unsuccessful campaign of fellow Hoosier and Princeton alumnus William Ruckelshaus , who was running for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Democrat Birch Bayh . After the campaign Ruckelshaus helped Daniels secure an internship in the office of then @-@ Indianapolis mayor Richard Lugar . Daniels worked on Lugar 's re @-@ election campaign in 1971 , and later , in 1974 , he worked on Lugar 's first campaign for Senate via L. Keith Bulen 's Campaign Communicators , Inc , a political consultancy where Daniels served as vice president . Daniels joined Lugar 's mayoral staff in December , 1974 . Within three years , he became Lugar 's principal assistant . After Lugar was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 , Daniels followed him to Washington , D.C. as his Chief of Staff . Daniels served as Chief of Staff during Lugar 's first term ( 1977 – 82 ) ; and , during this time , he met Cheri Herman , who was working for the National Park Service . The two married in 1978 and had four daughters . They divorced in 1993 and Cheri married again ; Cheri later divorced her second husband and remarried Daniels in 1997 . In 1983 , when Lugar was elected chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee , Daniels was appointed its executive director . Serving in that position ( 1983 – 84 ) , he played a major role in keeping the GOP in control of the Senate . Daniels was also manager of three successful re @-@ election campaigns for Lugar . In August 1985 , Daniels became chief political advisor and liaison to President Ronald Reagan . In 1987 , Daniels returned to Indiana as president and CEO of the Hudson Institute , a conservative think tank . In 1988 , Dan Quayle was elected Vice President of the United States , and Governor of Indiana Robert D. Orr offered to appoint Daniels to Quayle 's vacant Senate seat . Daniels declined the offer , saying it would force him to spend too much time away from his family . = = = Eli Lilly = = = In 1990 , Daniels left the Hudson Institute to accept a position at Eli Lilly and Company , the largest corporation headquartered in Indiana at that time . He was first promoted to President of North American Operations ( 1993 – 97 ) and then to Senior Vice President for Corporate Strategy and Policy ( 1997 – 2001 ) . During his time at Lilly , Daniels managed a successful strategy to deflect attacks on Lilly 's Prozac product by a public relations campaign against the drug being waged by the Church of Scientology . In one interview in 1992 , Daniels said of the organization that " it is no church , " and that people on Prozac were less likely to become victims of the organization . The Church of Scientology responded by suing Daniels in a libel suit for $ 20 million . A judge dismissed the case . Eli Lilly experienced dramatic growth during Daniels ' tenure at the company . Prozac sales made up 30 – 40 % of Lilly 's income during the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1990s , and Lilly doubled its assets to $ 12 @.@ 8 billion and doubled its revenue to $ 10 billion during the same period . When Daniels later became Governor of Indiana , he drew heavily on his former Lilly colleagues to serve as advisers and agency managers . During the same period , Daniels also served on the board of directors of the Indianapolis Power & Light ( IPL ) . He resigned from the IPL Board in 2001 to join the federal government , and sold his IPL stock for $ 1 @.@ 45 million . Later that year the value declined when Virginia @-@ based AES Corporation bought IPL . The Indiana Securities Division subsequently investigated the sale and found no wrongdoing , but opponents brought up the sale and questioned it during his later election campaign . Daniels has said his time in the private sector at Eli Lilly was the experience that most helped him to serve as an effective governor . " I probably learned more there , " Daniels said in 2015 . " I ’ ll say this , I ’ ve enjoyed each opportunity , but frequently I was asked later , ' What previous experiences helped most to be an effective governor ? , ' that sort of thing . People would always expect me to name something from public life , but probably the experience in business , trying to manage for results , trying to get large numbers of people aligned and headed in a common direction , these were probably the most valuable days I spent . " = = Office of Management and Budget = = In January 2001 , Daniels accepted President George W. Bush 's invitation to serve as director of the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . He served as Director from January 2001 through June 2003 . In this role he was also a member of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council . During his time as the director of the OMB , Bush referred to him as " the Blade , " for his noted acumen at budget cutting . The $ 2 @.@ 13 trillion budget Daniels submitted to Congress in 2001 would have made deep cuts in many agencies to accommodate the tax cuts being made , but few of the spending cuts were actually approved by Congress . During Daniels ' 29 @-@ month tenure in the position , the projected federal budget surplus of $ 236 billion declined to a $ 400 billion deficit , due to an economic downturn , and failure to enact spending cuts to offset the tax reductions . Shortly after the invasion of Afghanistan , Daniels gave a speech to the National Press Club in which he challenged the view of those who wanted to continue typical spending while the nation was at war . “ The idea of reallocating assets from less important to more important things , especially in a time of genuine emergency , makes common sense and is applied everywhere else in life , ” he said . Conservative columnist Ross Douthat stated in a column about Daniels time at OMB that Daniels " carried water , as director of the Office of Management and Budget , for some of the Bush administration ’ s more egregious budgets . " But Douthat , while calling Daniels “ America ’ s Best Governor , ” defended Daniels against accusations that Daniels inaccurately assessed the costs of the Iraq war . In the final days of 2002 , when an invasion of Iraq was still a hypothetical question , Daniels told the New York Times that the cost of war with Iraq “ could be ” in the range of $ 50 to $ 60 billion . It was not clear whether Daniels was referring to the cost of a short invasion or a longer war , but he did indicate the administration was budgeting for both . He also described the “ back @-@ of @-@ the @-@ envelope ” estimate by Bush Economic Advisor Lawrence B. Lindsey that it would cost $ 100 to $ 200 billion as much too high . Two days later , after the New Years Holiday , an OMB spokesperson clarified Daniels ’ remarks , adding that the $ 50 to $ 60 billion figure was not a hard White House estimate and “ it is impossible to know what any military campaign would ultimately cost . The only cost estimate we know of in this arena is the Persian Gulf War and that was a $ 60 billion event " . Three months later , on March 25 , 2003 , five days after the start of the invasion , President Bush requested $ 53 billion through an emergency supplemental appropriation to cover operational expenses in Iraq until September 30 of that year . According to the Congressional Budget Office , Military operations in Iraq for 2003 cost $ 46 Billion , less than the amount projected by Daniels and OMB . Douthat and other Daniel ’ s defenders accuse Daniels ' critics of mischaracterizing the six @-@ month supplemental appropriation as a request to fund the entire war . Between September 2001 and October 2012 , lawmakers appropriated about $ 1 @.@ 4 trillion for operations in both the war in Iraq and Afghanistan . = = Governor = = = = = Election campaign = = = Daniels ' decision to run for Governor of Indiana led to most of the rest of Republican field of candidates to drop out of the race . The only challenger who did not do so was conservative activist and lobbyist Eric Miller . Miller worked for the Phoenix Group , a Christian rights defense group . Daniels ' campaign platform centered on cutting the state budget and privatizing public agencies . He won the primary with 67 % of the vote . While campaigning in the general election , Daniels visited all 92 counties at least three times . He traveled in a donated white RV nicknamed " RV @-@ 1 " and covered with signatures of supporters and his campaign slogan , " My Man Mitch . " " My Man Mitch " was a reference to a phrase once used by President George W. Bush to refer to Daniels . Bush campaigned with Daniels on two occasions , as Daniels hoped that Bush 's popularity would help him secure a win . In his many public stops , he frequently used the phrase " every garden needs weeding every sixteen years or so " ; it had been 16 years since Indiana had had a Republican governor . His opponent in the general election was the incumbent , Joe Kernan , who had succeeded to the office upon the death of Frank O 'Bannon . Campaign ads by Kernan and the Democratic Party attempted to tie Daniels to number of issues — his jail time for marijuana use ; a stock sale leading to speculations of insider trading ; and , because of his role at Eli Lilly , the high cost of prescription drugs . The 2004 election was the costliest in Indiana history , up until that time , with the candidates spending a combined US $ 23 million . Daniels won the election , garnering about 53 % of the vote compared to Kernan 's 46 % . Kernan was the first incumbent governor to lose an election in Indiana since 1892 . = = = First term = = = On his first day in office , Daniels created Indiana 's first Office of Management and Budget to look for inefficiencies and cost savings throughout state government . The same day , he decertified all government employee unions by executive order , removing the requirement that state employees pay union dues by rescinding a mandate created by Governor Evan Bayh in a 1989 executive order . Dues @-@ paying union membership subsequently dropped 90 % among state employees . = = = = Budgetary measures = = = = In his first State of the State address on January 18 , 2005 , Daniels put forward his agenda to improve the State 's fiscal situation . Indiana has a biennial budget , and had a projected two @-@ year deficit of $ 800 million . Daniels called for strict controls on all spending increases , and reducing the annual growth rate of the budget . He also proposed a one @-@ year 1 % tax increase on all individuals and entities earning over $ 100 @,@ 000 . The taxing proposal was controversial and the Republican Speaker of the House , Brian Bosma , criticized Daniels and refused to allow the proposal to be debated . The General Assembly approved $ 250 million in spending cuts and Daniels renegotiated 30 different state contracts for a savings of $ 190 million , resulting in a budget of $ 23 billion . Annual spending growth for future budgets was cut to 2 @.@ 8 % from the 5 @.@ 9 % that had been standard for many years . Increase in revenues , coupled with the spending reductions , led to a $ 300 million budget surplus . Indiana is not permitted to take loans , as borrowing was prohibited in its constitution following the 1837 state bankruptcy . The state , therefore , had financed its deficit spending by reallocating $ 760 million in revenue that belonged to local government and school districts over the course of many years . The funds were gradually and fully restored to the municipal governments using the surplus money , and the state reserve fund was grown to $ 1 @.@ 3 billion . Two of Daniels ' other tax proposals were approved : a tax on liquor and beverages to fund the construction of the Lucas Oil Stadium and a tax on rental cars to expand the Indiana Convention Center . The new source of funding resulted in a state take @-@ over of a project initially started by the City of Indianapolis and led to a bitter feud between Daniels and the city leadership over who should have ownership of the project . The state ultimately won and took ownership of the facilities from the city . In 2006 , Daniels continued his effort to reduce state operating costs by signing into law a bill privatizing the enrollment service for the state 's welfare programs . Indiana 's welfare enrollment facilities were replaced with call centers operated by IBM . In mid @-@ 2009 , after complaints of poor service , Daniels canceled the contract and returned the enrollment service to the public sector . = = = = Daylight Saving Time = = = = One of the most controversial measures Daniels successfully pushed through was the state adoption of Daylight Saving Time , which Daniels argued would save the state money on energy costs . Although the state is in the Eastern Time Zone , Indiana 's counties had adopted their own time zone practices , and in practice the state effectively observed two different times , and the central part of the state maintained a single time — Eastern Standard — year round . Interests for both EST and CST time zones had prevented the official adoption of daylight saving since the 1930s , and had led to decades of debate . Daniels pressed for the entire state to switch to Central Time , but the General Assembly could not come to terms . Ultimately after a long debate , they adopted Eastern Daylight Saving Time in April 2005 , the measure passing by one vote , putting all but northwestern and southwestern Indiana on the same time for the first time . = = = = Highways = = = = A controversial plan , known as the Major Moves plan , was passed in 2006 . The Indiana Toll Road was leased to Statewide Mobility Partners , a joint venture company owned by Spanish firm Cintra and Australia 's Macquarie Infrastructure Group for 75 years in exchange for a one time payment of $ 3 @.@ 85 billion . The measure was opposed by most Democrats , who began an advertising campaign accusing Daniels of selling the road to foreign nations . The income from the lease was used to finance a backlog of public transportation projects and create a $ 500 million trust fund to generate revenue for the maintenance of the highway system . Daniels ' support for such controversial legislation led to a rapid drop in his approval rating ; in May 2005 , a poll showed an 18 @-@ point drop in support and that only 42 % of Hoosiers approved of the way he was doing his job . In the following months , many of his reforms began to have a positive effect ; and his ratings began to improve , and his approval rebounded . = = = = Economic development = = = = When Daniels was elected , he stated his number one priority was job creation . To achieve that goal , he created the public @-@ private Indiana Economic Development Corporation ( IEDC ) , became chairman of its board , and ordered it to “ act at the speed of business , not the speed of government , ” to attract new jobs . During its first year , the IEDC closed more transactions than similar efforts had during the previous two years combined . Between 2005 and 2008 , 485 businesses committed to creating more than 60 @,@ 000 new jobs and invest $ 14 @.@ 5 billion into the Indiana economy . By the end of the administration , IEDC claimed to have closed on almost 1 @,@ 500 deals to create a projected 169 @,@ 000 new jobs since 2005 . During a 12 @-@ day trade mission in Asia , Daniels visited Indiana soldiers serving on the border of the Korean Demilitarized Zone . On the 56th anniversary of the start of the Korean War , he laid a bouquet of white flowers at the base of a plaque listing 900 soldiers from Indiana who died in the war . During the visit he met with Asian auto executives and successfully promoted the expansion of facilities in Indiana . In 2006 , the IEDC topped its 2005 results . It landed three high @-@ profile automotive investments from Toyota , Honda , and Cummins . In 2007 , the IEDC announced its third consecutive record @-@ breaking year for new investment and job commitments in Indiana with its largest deal being made with BP to construct $ 3 @.@ 2 billion in facilities to assist in recovery of fuel from the Canadian tar sands . In March 2010 , WTHR Indianapolis News published a story claiming that as of that date , up to 40 % of the jobs the corporation reported to have helped create had not come to fruition . The IEDC revised the numbers in response to the report , claiming that just 13 % of the job commitments they had received had not come to fruition as of 2010 . = = = = Healthy Indiana Plan = = = = In 2007 , Daniels signed the Healthy Indiana Plan , which provided 132 @,@ 000 uninsured Indiana workers with coverage . The program works by helping its beneficiaries purchase a private health insurance policy with a subsidy from the state . The plan promotes health screenings , early prevention services , and smoking cessation . It also provides tax credits for small businesses that create qualified wellness and Section 125 plans . The plan was paid for by an increase in the state ’ s tax on cigarettes and the reallocation of federal medicaid funds through a special wavier granted by the federal government . In a September 15 , 2007 Wall Street Journal column , Daniels was quoted as saying about the Healthy Indiana Plan and cigarette tax increase saying , “ A consumption tax on a product you 'd just as soon have less of doesn 't violate the rules I learned under Ronald Reagan . " The plan allows low to moderate income households where the members have no access to employer provided healthcare to apply for coverage . The fee for coverage is calculated using a formula that results in a charge between 2 % – 5 % of a person 's income . A $ 1 @,@ 100 annual deductible is standard on all policies and allows applicants to qualify for a health savings account . The plan pays a maximum of $ 300 @,@ 000 in annual benefits . = = = = WGU Indiana = = = = Western Governors University of Indiana is the eighth university in Indiana and was formed with the support of Gov. Mitch Daniels in 2010 . The purpose of the new on @-@ line university is to increase education opportunities for working adults across Indiana . In December 2012 WGU Indiana celebrated its 500th graduate . = = = = Property tax reform = = = = In 2008 , Daniels proposed a property tax ceiling of one percent on residential properties , two percent for rental properties and three percent for businesses . The plan was approved by the Indiana General Assembly on March 14 , 2008 and signed by Daniels on March 19 , 2008 . In 2008 , Indiana homeowners had an average property tax cut of more than 30 percent ; a total of $ 870 million in tax cuts . Most money collected through property taxes funds local schools and county government . To offset the loss in revenues to the municipal bodies , the state raised the sales tax from 6 % to 7 % effective April 1 , 2008 . Fearing a future government may overturn the statute enforcing property tax rate caps , Daniels and other state Republican leaders pressed for an amendment to add the new tax limits to the state constitution . The proposed amendment was placed on the 2010 General election ballot and was a major focus of Daniels ' reelection campaign . In November 2010 , voters elected to adopt the tax caps into the Indiana Constitution . Daniels ' successes at balancing the state budget began to be recognized nationally near the end of his first term . Daniels was named on the 2008 " Public Officials of the Year " by the Governing magazine . The same year , he received the 2008 Urban Innovator Award from the Manhattan Institute for his ideas for dealing with the state 's fiscal and urban problems . = = = = Voter registration = = = = In the 2005 session of the General Assembly , Daniels and Republicans , with some Democratic support , successfully enacted a voter registration law that required voters to show a government issued photo ID before they could be permitted to vote . The law was the first of its kind in the United States , and many civil rights organizations , like the ACLU , opposed the bill saying it would unfairly impact minorities , poor , and elderly voters who may be unable to afford an ID or may be physically unable to apply for an ID . To partially address those concerns , the state passed another law authorizing state license branches to offer free state photo ID cards to individuals who did not already possess another type of state ID . A coalition of civil rights groups began a court challenge of the bill in Indiana state courts , and the Daniels ' administration defended the government in the case . The Indiana Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state in late 2007 . The petitioners appealed the bill to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , and that body upheld the State Supreme Court decision in the case of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board . Upon appeal the United States Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the state in April 2008 , setting a legal precedent . Several other states subsequently enacted similar laws in the years following . = = = Reelection campaign = = = Daniels entered the 2008 election year with a 51 % approval rate , and 28 % disapproval rate . Daniels ' reelection campaign focused on the states unemployment rate , which had lowered during his time in office , the proposed property tax reform amendment , and the successful balancing of the state budget during his first term . On November 4 , 2008 , Daniels defeated Democratic candidate Jill Long Thompson and was elected to a second term as governor with 57 @.@ 8 % of votes . He was reinaugurated on January 12 , 2009 . Washington Post blogger Chris Cillizza named the Daniels reelection campaign " The Best Gubernatorial Campaign of 2008 " and noted that some Republicans were already bandying about his name for the 2012 presidential election . Daniels garnered 20 percent of the African American vote and 37 percent of Latinos in his 2008 re @-@ election campaign . He won with more votes than any candidate in the state 's history . On July 14 , 2010 at the Indianapolis Museum of Art , Daniels was on hand to help announce the return of IndyCar Series chassis manufacturing to the state of Indiana . Dallara Automobili will build a new technology center in Speedway , Indiana and the state of Indiana will subsidize the sale of the first 28 IndyCar chassis with a $ 150 @,@ 000 discount . Daniels has been recognized for his commitment to fiscal discipline . He is a recent recipient of the Herman Kahn Award from the conservative think tank the Hudson Institute , of which he is a former president and CEO , and was one of the first to receive the Fiscy award for fiscal discipline . A November 2010 poll gave Daniels a 75 % approval rate . = = = Second term = = = Democrats won a majority in the Indiana House of Representatives in the 2006 and 2008 elections . This caused Indiana to have a divided government , with Democrats controlling the Indiana House of Representatives and the Republicans controlling the governor 's office and the Indiana Senate . This also lead to a stalemate in the budget debate , which caused Mitch Daniels call a special session of the Indiana General Assembly . The state was faced with a $ 1 billion shortfall in revenue for the 2009 – 11 budget years . Daniels proposed a range of spending cuts and cost @-@ saving measures in his budget proposal . The General Assembly approved some of his proposals , but relied heavily on the state 's reserve funds to pay for the budget shortfall . Daniels signed the $ 27 billion two @-@ year budget into law . = = = = 2011 legislative walkout = = = = In the 2010 mid @-@ term elections , Republican super @-@ majorities regained control of the House , and took control of the Senate , giving the party full control of General Assembly for the first time in Daniels ' tenure as governor . The 2011 Indiana General Assembly 's regular legislative session began in January and the large Republicans majorities attempted to implement a wide @-@ ranging conservative agenda largely backed by Daniels . Most of the agenda had been " dormant " since Daniels ' election due to divided control of the assembly . In February , Republican legislators attempted to pass a right to work bill in the Indiana House of Representatives . The bill would have made it illegal for employees to be required to join a workers ' union . Republicans argued that it would help the state attract new employers . Unable to prevent the measure from passing , Democratic legislators fled the state to deny the body quorum while several hundred protesters staged demonstrations at the capital . Minority walkouts are somewhat common in the state , occurring as recently as 2005 . While Daniels supported the legislation , he believed the Republican lawmakers should drop the bill because it was not part of their election platform and deserved a period of public debate . Republicans subsequently dropped the bill , but the Democratic lawmakers still refused to return to the capital , demanding additional bills be tabled , including a bill to create a statewide school voucher program . Their refusal to return left the Indiana General Assembly unable to pass any legislation , until three of the twelve bills they objected to were dropped from the agenda on March 28 . The minority subsequently returned to the statehouse to resume their duties . Daniels was interviewed in February 2011 about the similar 2011 Wisconsin budget protests in Madison . While supporting the Wisconsin Republicans , he said that in Indiana " we 're not in quite the same position or advocating quite the same things they are up in Madison . " = = = = Education = = = = Following the legislative walkouts , the assembly began passing most of the agenda and Daniels signed the bills into law . Written in collaboration with Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Bennett , a series of education reform laws made a variety of major changes to statewide public schools . A statewide school voucher program was enacted . Children in homes with an income under $ 41 @,@ 000 could receive vouchers equal to 90 % of the cost of their public school tuition and use that money to attend a private school . It provides lesser benefits to households with income over $ 41 @,@ 000 . The program will be gradually phased in over a three @-@ year period and would be available to all state residents by 2014 . Other funds were redirected to creating and expanding charter schools , and expanding college scholarship programs . The law also created a merit pay system to give better performing teachers higher wages , and gave broader authority to school superintendents to terminate the employment of teachers and restricts the collective bargaining rights of teachers . WGU Indiana was established through an executive order on June 14 , 2010 by Daniels , as a partnership between the state and Western Governors University in an effort to expand access to higher education for Indiana residents and increase the percentage of the state ’ s adult population with education beyond high school . = = = = = Curriculum and funding = = = = = In July 2013 , the Associated Press obtained emails under Indiana open record laws in which Daniels asked for assurances that a textbook , " The People 's History of the United States , " written by historian Howard Zinn " is not in use anywhere in Indiana . " Daniels wrote in 2010 , " This crap should not be accepted for any credit by the state . " Daniels ' e @-@ mails were addressed to Scott Jenkins , his education adviser , and David Shane , a top fundraiser and state school board member . Daniels and his aides came to agreement and the governor wrote to them , “ Go for it . Disqualify propaganda .... " Part of Shane 's input was that a statewide review “ would force to daylight a lot of excrement . ” Though Teresa Lubbers , the state commissioner of higher education , was mentioned in the e @-@ mails regarding the statewide review of courses , she later said that she " was never asked to conduct the survey of courses described in the e @-@ mail exchanges , and that her office did not conduct such a survey " . In one of the emails , Daniels expressed contempt for Zinn upon his death : This terrible anti @-@ American academic has finally passed away ... The obits and commentaries mentioned his book , ‘ A People ’ s History of the United States , ’ is the ‘ textbook of choice in high schools and colleges around the country . ’ It is a truly execrable , anti @-@ factual piece of disinformation that misstates American history on every page . Can someone assure me that it is not in use anywhere in Indiana ? If it is , how do we get rid of it before more young people are force @-@ fed a totally false version of our history ? Three years later , in the wake of the revelations , 90 of Purdue 's roughly 1 @,@ 800 professors issued an open letter expressing their concern over Daniels ' commitment to academic freedom . Daniels responded by saying that if Zinn were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty , he would defend his free speech rights and right to publish . In a letter responding to the professors , Daniels wrote , " In truth , my emails infringed on no one 's academic freedom and proposed absolutely no censorship of any person or viewpoint . " In a separate and unrelated round of emails composed in 2009 , Indiana Education officials shared concerns with Daniels about the lobbying resources and activities of the Indiana Urban Schools Association . Daniels asked that the administration " examine cutting them out , at least of the [ funding ] ' surge ' we are planning for the next couple yrs . " The executive director of IUSA is Charles Little , an Indiana University @-@ Purdue University Indianapolis professor of education , who had criticized him . It wasn ’ t immediately clear if the audit went through . Daniels said he had never heard of Charles Little . = = = = Abortion = = = = On April 27 , 2011 , the Indiana legislature passed a bill authored by State Rep. Eric Turner that prohibited taxpayer dollars from supporting organizations that performed abortions . The legislation also prohibited abortions for women more than 20 weeks pregnant , four weeks sooner than the previous law . Although Daniels would later say he supported the bill from the outset , it was not part of his legislative agenda and he did not indicate whether he would sign or veto the law until after it passed the General Assembly . Daniels signed the bill on May 10 , 2011 . Planned Parenthood and the ACLU subsequently brought a lawsuit against the state alleging it was being targeted unfairly , that the state law violated federal medicaid laws , and that their Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated . A May 11 ruling allowing the case to move forward , but denied the request from the petitioners to grant a temporary injunction to restore the funding ; however , a June 24 ruling prohibited the state from enforcing the law . = = = = Immigration = = = = On May 10 Daniels signed into law two immigration bills ; one denying in @-@ state tuition prices to illegal immigrants and another creating fines for employers that employed illegal immigrants . Several protestors , at least five of whom were illegal immigrants , were arrested while protesting the law at the statehouse when they broke into Daniels ' office after being denied a meeting . Student leaders called for their release , while some state legislators called for their deportation . State Democratic Party leaders accused Daniels and the Republicans of passing controversial legislation only to enhance Daniels ' image so he could seek the presidency . Daniels , however , denied the charges , saying he would have enacted the same agenda years earlier had the then @-@ Democratic majority permitted him to do so . = = = = Budget cuts = = = = The state forecast continued revenue declines in 2010 that would result in a $ 1 @.@ 7 billion budget shortfall if the state budget grew at its normal rate . Daniels submitted a two @-@ year $ 27 @.@ 5 billion spending plan to the General Assembly which would result in a $ 500 million surplus that would be used to rebuild the state reserve funds to $ 1 billion . He proposed a wide range of budget austerity measures , including employee furloughing , spending reductions , freezing state hiring , freezing state employee wages , and a host of administrative changes for state agencies . The state had already been gradually reducing its workforce by similar freezes , and by 2011 , Indiana had the fewest state employees per capita than any other state — a figure Daniels touted to say Indiana had the nation 's smallest government . Daniels backed the creation of additional toll roads , expanding on his 2006 overhaul of the Indiana Toll Road system ( known as " Major Moves " ) , in an attempt to secure an additional source of revenue for the state . But opposition from within his own party led to the bill being withdrawn by its Republican sponsor , Sen. Tom Wyss , which resulted in Daniels 's only significant legislative defeat during the 2011 session . The legislative walkouts delayed progress on the budget passage for nearly two months , but the House of Representatives was able to begin working on it in committee in April . The body made several alterations to the bill , including a reapportionment of education funding based more heavily on the number of students at a school , and removing some public school funding to finance the new voucher system and charter schools . = = = = Energy = = = = Daniels announced in October 2006 that a substitute natural gas company intended to build a facility in southern Indiana that would produce pipeline quality substitute natural gas ( SNG ) . The lead investor was Leucadia National , which proposed a $ 2 @.@ 6 billion plant in Rockport , Indiana . Under the terms of the deal endorsed by Daniels , the state would buy almost all the Rockport gas and resell it on the open market throughout the country . If the plant made money from the sale , excess profits would be split between Leucadia National 's Indiana subsidiary , Indiana Gassification , and the state . If it lost money from the sale , then 100 % of the losses would be passed onto Indiana consumers . Leucadia agreed to reimburse the state for any losses , up to $ 150 million over 30 years . Gas from the plant would make up about 17 percent of the state 's supply . Critics feared that if gas prices fell over the next 30 years , the costs of the lost profits would be passed onto the bills of residents once the $ 150 million guarantee by Leucadia was used up . The deal also received criticism due to government intrusion in the energy markets . Questions were also raised due to Leucadia National hiring Mark Lubbers to promote the deal . Lubbers is a former aide and close friend of Daniels . The Daniels administration maintained that the plant would create jobs in an economically depressed part of the state and offer environmental benefits through an in @-@ state energy source . The project was ultimately panned by the state legislature in 2013 . = = = = Right to Work = = = = Indiana became the first state in a decade to adopt Right to Work legislation . Indiana is home to many manufacturing jobs . The Indiana Economic Development Corp. has reported that 90 firms said the new law was an important factor in deciding to move to Indiana . Gov. Daniels signed the legislation on Feb 1 , 2012 without much fanfare in the hopes of dispersing labor protesters before the Super Bowl in Indianapolis . = = 2012 presidential speculation = = Although Daniels had claimed to be reluctant to seek higher office , many media outlets , including Politico , The Weekly Standard , Forbes , The Washington Post , CNN , The Economist , and The Indianapolis Star began to speculate that Daniels may intend to seek the Republican nomination for president in 2012 after he joined the national debate on cap and trade legislation by penning a response in The Wall Street Journal to policies espoused by the Democratic @-@ majority Congress and the White House in August 2010 . The speculation has included Daniels ' record of reforming government , reducing taxes , balancing the budget , and connecting with voters in Indiana . Despite his signing into law of bills that toughened drug enforcement , regulated abortion , and a defense of marriage act , he has angered some conservatives because of his call for a " truce " on social issues so the party can focus on fiscal issues . His " willingness to consider tax increases to rectify a budget deficit " has been another source of contention . In August 2010 , The Economist praised Daniels ' " reverence for restraint and efficacy " and concluded that " he is , in short , just the kind of man to relish fixing a broken state — or country . " Nick Gillespie of Reason called Daniels " a smart and effective leader who is a serious thinker about history , politics , and policy , " and wrote that " Daniels , like former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson , is a Republican who knows how to govern and can do it well . " In February 2011 , David Brooks of The New York Times described Daniels as the " Party 's strongest [ would be ] candidate " , predicting that he " couldn 't match Obama in grace and elegance , but he could on substance . " On December 12 , 2010 , Daniels suggested in a local interview that he would decide on a White House run before May 2011 . Different groups and individuals pressured Daniels to run for office . In response to early speculation , Daniels dismissed a presidential run in June 2009 , saying " I 've only ever run for or held one office . It 's the last one I 'm going to hold . " However , in February 2010 he told a Washington Post reporter that he was open to the idea of running in 2012 . On March 6 , 2011 , Daniels was the winner of an Oregon ( Republican Party ) straw poll . Daniels drew 29 @.@ 33 % of the vote , besting second place finisher Mitt Romney ( 22 @.@ 66 % ) and third place finisher Sarah Palin ( 18 @.@ 22 % ) , and was the winner of a similar straw poll in the state of Washington . On May 5 , 2011 , Daniels told an interviewer that he would announce " within weeks " his decision of whether or not to run for the Republican presidential nomination . He said he felt he was not prepared to debate on all the national issues , like foreign policy , and needed time to better understand the issues and put together formal positions . Later in May , as the Republican field began to resolve with announcements and withdrawals of other candidates , Time said , " Even setting aside his somewhat unusual family situation , Daniels would need to hurry to put together an organization " and raise enough money if he intended to run . Daniels announced he would not seek the Republican nomination for the presidency on the night of May 21 , 2011 , via an email to the press , citing family constraints and the loss of privacy the family would experience should he become a candidate . = = 2016 presidential speculation = = In January 2014 , the Republican National Committee sent an email to subscribers , asking them to pick their top three presidential choices . The poll included thirty two potential candidates including Daniels . In March 2015 , Fortune Magazine named Daniels No. 41 on its list of the world 's 50 greatest leaders , generating a new round of calls for Daniels to consider his options in 2016 . Daniels was the only American university president and the only national political figure ( excluding Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan , ) to make the global list . = = Purdue University = = = = = Selection = = = The Purdue University Board of Trustees unanimously elected Mitch Daniels president of Purdue University on June 21 , 2012 . As governor , Daniels had appointed 8 of the 10 Board members and had reappointed the other two , which critics claimed was a conflict of interest . A state investigation released in October 2012 found that the circumstances did not violate the Indiana Code of Ethics . Other critics of his selection pointed out that unlike previous Purdue presidents , he lacked a background in academia . His term as president began upon completion of his term as governor in January 2013 . In preparation for his term as President of Purdue University , Daniels stopped participating in partisan political activity during the 2012 election cycle and focused instead on issues related to higher education and fiscal matters . In order to avoid the financial cost of a formal inauguration , Daniels instead wrote an " Open Letter to the People of Purdue " in which he documented the challenges facing higher education and outlined his initial priorities such as affordability , academic excellence and academic freedom . Daniels has continued this practice , opting to send Open Letters to the Purdue community instead of giving a formal State of the University speech , as is more common in higher education . = = = Student interactions = = = Daniels works out daily at the student gym and eats frequently with students in student dining facilities . In March 2013 , he joined forces with a group of engineering students to create a viral music video promoting engineering and Purdue University . Within 24 hours , the video had received over 50 @,@ 000 views . Purdue home football games feature a segment entitled " Where 's Mitch ? " , in which , the stadium video board shows the camera panning the crowd and eventually finding Daniels sitting among the fans , sometimes in the student section . Former Purdue presidents rarely left their suite in the press @-@ box structure . = = = Tuition freezes and cost reductions = = = The total cost of attending Purdue has fallen since Daniels assumed Purdue ’ s presidency , despite a trend at Big Ten institutions of rising costs . Total loan debt among the student body has also fallen 23 % or $ 50 million . Tuition at Purdue , prior to Daniels ’ arrival had increased every year since 1976 . Two months after Daniels assumed his role as president , Purdue announced it would freeze tuition for two years , eventually extending the freeze for four years . As a result , four @-@ year graduates from the class of 2016 will become the first in at least 40 years to leave Purdue having never experienced a tuition increase . Daniels committed to freezing tuition before the state had determined Purdue 's funding for the next biennium . Amidst questions about the timing , Daniels argued that he didn 't need to wait because " it doesn 't matter what the General Assembly does . This is the right thing to do and we are going to do it ... the same way families do ; the same way some governments do and all businesses do . We are going to adjust our spending to what we believe is the available and in this case the fair amount of revenue . I know often with good reason there has been an opportunity in higher education to adjust tuition to match what the place wanted to spend , and I just think we 've reached the point where we ought to break that pattern . " The first tuition freeze required the university to find $ 40 million in savings or new revenue . In order to make up for the lost revenue from tuition freezes , Daniels and the Purdue Board of Trustees focused on finding operating efficiencies such as consolidating information technology data centers , investing cash reserves and switching to a consumer @-@ driven health plan for employees . Daniels also reduced meal plan rates for students by 10 percent , froze housing costs and cut the university 's cooperative education fees which had increased every year prior on record . In fall 2014 , Daniels announced a deal with Amazon to save students on textbooks and provide students , faculty and staff with free one day shipping to locations on campus . Daniels has stated that the Amazon partnership saves students more than $ 550 @,@ 000 a semester and has provided Purdue with $ 400 @,@ 000 in new scholarship funds . = = = Agenda = = = In September 2013 , Daniels announced the major priorities of his administration , known as " Purdue Moves . " The plan continued Daniels ’ focus on affordability but also called for new investments such as the hiring of 165 new faculty in STEM , disciplines , expansion of flipped classrooms , growing summer enrollment , investments in plant science and drug discovery research , and the creation of Competency @-@ based degree programs and some 3 @-@ year degree options . Daniels also has emphasized commercialization of research . Under Daniels leadership , Purdue increased the number of affiliated start @-@ up companies by more than 400 percent and broke the university record for patents . In 2015 , Daniels announced plans to start the Purdue Polytechnic Indianapolis high school , designed to be a bridge for inner @-@ city students to Purdue by admitting graduates directly to Purdue . Daniels described the high school as an attempt to increase the number of low @-@ income , first @-@ generation and minority students who are prepared for Purdue . The high school will not open until 2017 , but Purdue reported record levels of minority and underrepresented students in the Fall 2015 semester . = = = Compensation = = = When Daniels was hired by Purdue he requested that his salary be less than his predecessors maximum salary and that 30 percent of his take home be based on the results of biannual performance reviews . Daniel ’ s base salary of $ 420 @,@ 000 is $ 135 @,@ 000 less than the prior president ’ s salary . Under the contract , his salary can grow to a maximum of $ 546 @,@ 000 based on the results of a performance @-@ bonus system — still less than his predecessor and the 3rd lowest in the 12 @-@ member Big Ten . In November 2014 , Daniels earned 88 percent of his at risk pay , receiving the grade of a B + from the Trustees . = = Board service = = In February 2013 , Daniels was asked to co @-@ chair a National Research Council committee to review and make recommendations on the future of the U.S. human spaceflight program . Daniels also co @-@ chairs a Council on Foreign Relations Task Force on NonCommunicable diseases . In March 2013 , Daniels was elected to the board of Energy Systems Network ( ESN ) , Indiana ’ s industry @-@ driven clean technology initiative . In June 2015 , Daniels was elected to serve on the board of directors for Indiana Software company Interactive Intelligence ( ININ ) . = = Electoral history = = = = Authorship = = Daniels , Mitch ( 2012 ) , Aiming Higher : Words That Changed a State , IBJ Book Publishing , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 934922 @-@ 86 @-@ 6 Daniels , Mitch ( 2011 ) , Keeping the Republic : Saving America by Trusting Americans , Sentinel , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 59523 @-@ 080 @-@ 5 Daniels , Mitch ( 2004 ) , Notes from the Road : 16 months of towns , tales and tenderloins , Mitch Daniels Transition Team , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 9766026 @-@ 0 @-@ 6
= Gabriel Fauré = Gabriel Urbain Fauré ( French : [ ɡabʁiɛl yʁbɛ ̃ fɔʁe ] ; 12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924 ) was a French composer , organist , pianist and teacher . He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation , and his musical style influenced many 20th @-@ century composers . Among his best @-@ known works are his Pavane , Requiem , nocturnes for piano and the songs " Après un rêve " and " Clair de lune " . Although his best @-@ known and most accessible compositions are generally his earlier ones , Fauré composed many of his most highly regarded works in his later years , in a more harmonically and melodically complex style . Fauré was born into a cultured but not especially musical family . His talent became clear when he was a small boy . At the age of nine , he was sent to a music college in Paris , where he was trained to be a church organist and choirmaster . Among his teachers was Camille Saint @-@ Saëns , who became a lifelong friend . After graduating from the college in 1865 , Fauré earned a modest living as an organist and teacher , leaving him little time for composition . When he became successful in his middle age , holding the important posts of organist of the Église de la Madeleine and director of the Paris Conservatoire , he still lacked time for composing ; he retreated to the countryside in the summer holidays to concentrate on composition . By his last years , Fauré was recognised in France as the leading French composer of his day . An unprecedented national musical tribute was held for him in Paris in 1922 , headed by the president of the French Republic . Outside France , Fauré 's music took decades to become widely accepted , except in Britain , where he had many admirers during his lifetime . Fauré 's music has been described as linking the end of Romanticism with the modernism of the second quarter of the 20th century . When he was born , Chopin was still composing , and by the time of Fauré 's death , jazz and the atonal music of the Second Viennese School were being heard . The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , which describes him as the most advanced composer of his generation in France , notes that his harmonic and melodic innovations influenced the teaching of harmony for later generations . During the last twenty years of his life , he suffered from increasing deafness . In contrast with the charm of his earlier music , his works from this period are sometimes elusive and withdrawn in character , and at other times turbulent and impassioned . = = Biography = = = = = Early years = = = Fauré was born in Pamiers , Ariège , Midi @-@ Pyrénées , in the south of France , the fifth son and youngest of six children of Toussaint @-@ Honoré Fauré ( 1810 – 85 ) and Marie @-@ Antoinette @-@ Hélène Lalène @-@ Laprade ( 1809 – 87 ) . According to the biographer Jean @-@ Michel Nectoux , the Fauré family ( pronounced " Faoure " in the occitan local dialect ) dates to the 13th century in that part of France . The family had at one time been substantial landowners , but by the 19th century its means were reduced . The composer 's paternal grandfather , Gabriel , was a butcher whose son became a schoolmaster . In 1829 Fauré 's parents married . His mother was the daughter of a minor member of the nobility . He was the only one of the six children to display musical talent ; his four brothers pursued careers in journalism , politics , the army and the civil service , and his sister had a traditional life as the wife of a public servant . The young Fauré was sent to live with a foster mother until he was four years old . When his father was appointed director of the École Normale d 'Instituteurs , a teacher training college , at Montgauzy , near Foix , in 1849 , Fauré returned to live with his family . There was a chapel attached to the school , which Fauré recalled in the last year of his life : I grew up , a rather quiet well @-@ behaved child , in an area of great beauty . ... But the only thing I remember really clearly is the harmonium in that little chapel . Every time I could get away I ran there – and I regaled myself . ... I played atrociously ... no method at all , quite without technique , but I do remember that I was happy ; and if that is what it means to have a vocation , then it is a very pleasant thing . An old blind woman , who came to listen and give the boy advice , told his father of Fauré 's gift for music . In 1853 Simon @-@ Lucien Dufaur de Saubiac , of the National Assembly , heard Fauré play and advised Toussaint @-@ Honoré to send him to the École de Musique Classique et Religieuse ( School of Classical and Religious Music ) , which Louis Niedermeyer was setting up in Paris . After reflecting for a year , Fauré 's father agreed and took the nine @-@ year @-@ old boy to Paris in October 1854 . Helped by a scholarship from the bishop of his home diocese , Fauré boarded at the school for 11 years . The régime was austere , the rooms gloomy , the food mediocre , and the required uniform elaborate . The musical tuition , however , was excellent . Niedermeyer , whose goal was to produce qualified organists and choirmasters , focused on church music . Fauré 's tutors were Clément Loret for organ , Louis Dietsch for harmony , Xavier Wackenthaler for counterpoint and fugue , and Niedermeyer for piano , plainsong and composition . When Niedermeyer died in March 1861 , Camille Saint @-@ Saëns took charge of piano studies and introduced contemporary music , including that of Schumann , Liszt and Wagner . Fauré recalled in old age , " After allowing the lessons to run over , he would go to the piano and reveal to us those works of the masters from which the rigorous classical nature of our programme of study kept us at a distance and who , moreover , in those far @-@ off years , were scarcely known . ... At the time I was 15 or 16 , and from this time dates the almost filial attachment ... the immense admiration , the unceasing gratitude I [ have ] had for him , throughout my life . " Saint @-@ Saëns took great pleasure in his pupil 's progress , which he helped whenever he could ; Nectoux comments that at each step in Fauré 's career " Saint @-@ Saëns 's shadow can effectively be taken for granted . " The close friendship between them lasted until Saint @-@ Saëns died sixty years later . Fauré won many prizes while at the school , including a premier prix in composition for the Cantique de Jean Racine , Op. 11 , the earliest of his choral works to enter the regular repertory . He left the school in July 1865 , as a Laureat in organ , piano , harmony and composition , with a Maître de Chapelle diploma . = = = Organist and composer = = = On leaving the École Niedermeyer , Fauré was appointed organist at the Church of Saint @-@ Sauveur , at Rennes in Brittany . He took up the post in January 1866 . During his four years at Rennes he supplemented his income by taking private pupils , giving " countless piano lessons " . At Saint @-@ Saëns 's regular prompting he continued to compose , but none of his works from this period survive . He was bored at Rennes and had an uneasy relationship with the parish priest , who correctly doubted Fauré 's religious conviction . Fauré was regularly seen stealing out during the sermon for a cigarette , and in early 1870 , when he turned up to play at Mass one Sunday still in his evening clothes , having been out all night at a ball , he was asked to resign . Almost immediately , with the discreet aid of Saint @-@ Saëns , he secured the post of assistant organist at the church of Notre @-@ Dame de Clignancourt , in the north of Paris . He remained there for only a few months . On the outbreak of the Franco @-@ Prussian War in 1870 he volunteered for military service . He took part in the action to raise the Siege of Paris , and saw action at Le Bourget , Champigny and Créteil . He was awarded a Croix de Guerre . After France 's defeat by Prussia , there was a brief , bloody conflict within Paris from March to May 1871 during the Commune . Fauré escaped to Rambouillet where one of his brothers lived , and then travelled to Switzerland , where he took up a teaching post at the École Niedermeyer , which had temporarily relocated there to avoid the violence in Paris . His first pupil at the school was André Messager , who became a lifelong friend and occasional collaborator . Fauré 's compositions from this period did not overtly reflect the turmoil and bloodshed . Some of his colleagues , including Saint @-@ Saëns , Gounod and Franck produced elegies and patriotic odes . Fauré did not , but according to his biographer Jessica Duchen , his music acquired " a new sombreness , a dark @-@ hued sense of tragedy ... evident mainly in his songs of this period including L 'Absent , Seule ! and La Chanson du pêcheur . " When Fauré returned to Paris in October 1871 , he was appointed choirmaster at the Église Saint @-@ Sulpice under the composer and organist Charles @-@ Marie Widor . In the course of his duties , he wrote several canticles and motets , few of which have survived . During some services , Widor and Fauré improvised simultaneously at the church 's two organs , trying to catch each other out with sudden changes of key . Fauré regularly attended Saint @-@ Saëns 's musical salons and those of Pauline Viardot , to whom Saint @-@ Saëns introduced him . Fauré was a founding member of the Société Nationale de Musique , formed in February 1871 under the joint chairmanship of Romain Bussine and Saint @-@ Saëns , to promote new French music . Other members included Georges Bizet , Emmanuel Chabrier , Vincent d 'Indy , Henri Duparc , César Franck , Édouard Lalo and Jules Massenet . Fauré became secretary of the society in 1874 . Many of his works were first presented at the society 's concerts . In 1874 Fauré moved from Saint @-@ Sulpice to the Église de la Madeleine , acting as deputy for the principal organist , Saint @-@ Saëns , during the latter 's many absences on tour . Some admirers of Fauré 's music have expressed regret that although he played the organ professionally for four decades , he left no solo compositions for the instrument . He was renowned for his improvisations , and Saint @-@ Saëns said of him that he was " a first class organist when he wanted to be " . Fauré preferred the piano to the organ , which he played only because it gave him a regular income . Duchen speculates that he positively disliked the organ , possibly because " for a composer of such delicacy of nuance , and such sensuality , the organ was simply not subtle enough . " The year 1877 was significant for Fauré , both professionally and personally . In January his first violin sonata was performed at a Société Nationale concert with great success , marking a turning @-@ point in his composing career at the age of 31 . Nectoux counts the work as the composer 's first great masterpiece . In March , Saint @-@ Saëns retired from the Madeleine , succeeded as organist by Théodore Dubois , his choirmaster ; Fauré was appointed to take over from Dubois . In July Fauré became engaged to Pauline Viardot 's daughter Marianne , with whom he was deeply in love . To his great sorrow , she broke off the engagement in November 1877 , for reasons that are not clear . To distract Fauré , Saint @-@ Saëns took him to Weimar and introduced him to Franz Liszt . This visit gave Fauré a liking for foreign travel , which he indulged for the rest of his life . From 1878 , he and Messager made trips abroad to see Wagner operas . They saw Das Rheingold and Die Walküre at the Cologne Opera ; the complete Ring cycle at the Hofoper in Munich and at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London ; and Die Meistersinger in Munich and at Bayreuth , where they also saw Parsifal . They frequently performed as a party piece their joint composition , the irreverent Souvenirs de Bayreuth . This short , up @-@ tempo piano work for four hands sends up themes from The Ring . Fauré admired Wagner and had a detailed knowledge of his music , but he was one of the few composers of his generation not to come under Wagner 's musical influence . = = = Middle years = = = In 1883 Fauré married Marie Fremiet , the daughter of a leading sculptor , Emmanuel Fremiet . The marriage was affectionate , but Marie became resentful of Fauré 's frequent absences , his dislike of domestic life – " horreur du domicile " – and his love affairs , while she remained at home . Though Fauré valued Marie as a friend and confidante , writing to her often – sometimes daily – when away from home , she did not share his passionate nature , which found fulfilment elsewhere . Fauré and his wife had two sons . The first , born in 1883 , Emmanuel Fauré @-@ Fremiet ( Marie insisted on combining her family name with Fauré 's ) , became a biologist of international reputation . The second son , Philippe , born in 1889 , became a writer ; his works included histories , plays , and biographies of his father and grandfather . Contemporary accounts agree that Fauré was extremely attractive to women ; in Duchen 's phrase , " his conquests were legion in the Paris salons . " After a romantic attachment to the singer Emma Bardac from around 1892 , followed by another to the composer Adela Maddison , in 1900 , Fauré met the pianist Marguerite Hasselmans , the daughter of Alphonse Hasselmans . This led to a relationship which lasted for the rest of Fauré 's life . He maintained her in a Paris apartment , and she acted openly as his companion . To support his family , Fauré spent most of his time in running the daily services at the Madeleine and giving piano and harmony lessons . His compositions earned him a negligible amount , because his publisher bought them outright , paying him an average of 60 francs for a song , and Fauré received no royalties . During this period , he wrote several large @-@ scale works , in addition to many piano pieces and songs , but he destroyed most of them after a few performances , only retaining a few movements in order to re @-@ use motifs . Among the works surviving from this period is the Requiem , begun in 1887 and revised and expanded , over the years , until its final version dating from 1901 . After its first performance , in 1888 , the priest in charge told the composer , " We don 't need these novelties : the Madeleine 's repertoire is quite rich enough . " As a young man Fauré had been very cheerful ; a friend wrote of his " youthful , even somewhat child @-@ like , mirth . " From his thirties he suffered bouts of depression , which he described as " spleen " , possibly first caused by his broken engagement and his lack of success as a composer . In 1890 a prestigious and remunerative commission to write an opera with lyrics by Paul Verlaine was aborted by the poet 's drunken inability to deliver a libretto . Fauré was plunged into so deep a depression that his friends were seriously concerned about his health . Winnaretta de Scey @-@ Montbéliard , always a good friend to Fauré , invited him to Venice , where she had a palazzo on the Grand Canal . He recovered his spirits and began to compose again , writing the first of his five Mélodies de Venise , to words by Verlaine , whose poetry he continued to admire despite the operatic debacle . About this time , or shortly afterwards , Fauré 's liaison with Emma Bardac began ; in Duchen 's words , " for the first time , in his late forties , he experienced a fulfilling , passionate relationship which extended over several years " . His principal biographers all agree that this affair inspired a burst of creativity and a new originality in his music , exemplified in the song cycle La bonne chanson . Fauré wrote the Dolly Suite for piano duet between 1894 and 1897 and dedicated it to Bardac 's daughter Hélène , known as " Dolly " . Some people suspected that Fauré was Dolly 's father , but biographers including Nectoux and Duchen think it unlikely . Fauré 's affair with Emma Bardac is thought to have begun after Dolly was born , though there is no conclusive evidence either way . During the 1890s Fauré 's fortunes improved . When Ernest Guiraud , professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire , died in 1892 , Saint @-@ Saëns encouraged Fauré to apply for the vacant post . The faculty of the Conservatoire regarded Fauré as dangerously modern , and its head , Ambroise Thomas , blocked the appointment , declaring , " Fauré ? Never ! If he 's appointed , I resign . " However , Fauré was appointed to another of Guiraud 's posts , inspector of the music conservatories in the French provinces . He disliked the prolonged travelling around the country that the work entailed , but the post gave him a steady income and enabled him to give up teaching amateur pupils . In 1896 Ambroise Thomas died , and Théodore Dubois took over as head of the Conservatoire . Fauré succeeded Dubois as chief organist of the Madeleine . Dubois ' move had further repercussions : Massenet , professor of composition at the Conservatoire , had expected to succeed Thomas , but had overplayed his hand by insisting on being appointed for life . He was turned down , and when Dubois was appointed instead , Massenet resigned his professorship in fury . Fauré was appointed in his place . He taught many young composers , including Maurice Ravel , Florent Schmitt , Charles Koechlin , Louis Aubert , Jean Roger @-@ Ducasse , George Enescu , Paul Ladmirault , Alfredo Casella and Nadia Boulanger . In Fauré 's view , his students needed a firm grounding in the basic skills , which he was happy to delegate to his capable assistant André Gedalge . His own part came in helping them make use of these skills in the way that suited each student 's talents . Roger @-@ Ducasse later wrote , " Taking up whatever the pupils were working on , he would evoke the rules of the form at hand ... and refer to examples , always drawn from the masters . " Ravel always remembered Fauré 's open @-@ mindedness as a teacher . Having received Ravel 's String Quartet with less than his usual enthusiasm , Fauré asked to see the manuscript again a few days later , saying , " I could have been wrong " . The musicologist Henry Prunières wrote , " What Fauré developed among his pupils was taste , harmonic sensibility , the love of pure lines , of unexpected and colorful modulations ; but he never gave them [ recipes ] for composing according to his style and that is why they all sought and found their own paths in many different , and often opposed , directions . " Fauré 's works of the last years of the century include incidental music for the English premiere of Maurice Maeterlinck 's Pelléas et Mélisande ( 1898 ) and Prométhée , a lyric tragedy composed for the amphitheatre at Béziers . Written for outdoor performance , the work is scored for huge instrumental and vocal forces . Its premiere in August 1900 was a great success , and it was revived at Béziers the following year and in Paris in 1907 . A version with orchestration for normal opera house @-@ sized forces was given at the Paris Opéra in May 1917 and received more than forty performances in Paris thereafter . From 1903 to 1921 , Fauré regularly wrote music criticism for Le Figaro , a role in which he was not at ease . Nectoux writes that Fauré 's natural kindness and broad @-@ mindedness predisposed him to emphasise the positive aspects of a work . = = = Head of Paris Conservatoire = = = In 1905 a scandal erupted in French musical circles over the country 's top musical prize , the Prix de Rome . Fauré 's pupil Ravel had been eliminated prematurely in his sixth attempt for this award , and many believed that reactionary elements within the Conservatoire had played a part in it . Dubois , who became the subject of much censure , brought forward his retirement and stepped down at once . Appointed in his place , and with the support of the French government , Fauré radically changed the administration and curriculum . He appointed independent external judges to decide on admissions , examinations and competitions , a move which enraged faculty members who had given preferential treatment to their private pupils ; feeling themselves deprived of a considerable extra income , many of them resigned . Fauré was dubbed " Robespierre " by disaffected members of the old guard as he modernised and broadened the range of music taught at the Conservatoire . As Nectoux puts it , " where Auber , Halévy and especially Meyerbeer had reigned supreme ... it was now possible to sing an aria by Rameau or even some Wagner – up to now a forbidden name within the Conservatoire 's walls " . The curriculum was broadened to range from Renaissance polyphony to the works of Debussy . Fauré 's new position left him better off financially . However , while he also became much more widely known as a composer , running the Conservatoire left him with no more time for composition than when he was struggling to earn a living as an organist and piano teacher . As soon as the working year was over , in the last days of July , he would leave Paris and spend the two months until early October in a hotel , usually by one of the Swiss lakes , to concentrate on composition . His works from this period include his lyric opera , Pénélope ( 1913 ) , and some of his most characteristic later songs ( e.g. , the cycle La chanson d 'Ève , Op. 95 , completed in 1910 ) and piano pieces ( Nocturnes Nos. 9 – 11 ; Barcarolles Nos. 7 – 11 , written between 1906 and 1914 ) . Fauré was elected to the Institut de France in 1909 , after his father @-@ in @-@ law and Saint @-@ Saëns , both long @-@ established members , had canvassed strongly on his behalf . He won the ballot by a narrow margin , with 18 votes against 16 for the other candidate , Widor . In the same year a group of young composers led by Ravel and Koechlin broke with the Société Nationale de Musique , which under the presidency of Vincent d 'Indy had become a reactionary organisation , and formed a new group , the Société Musicale Indépendante . While Fauré accepted the presidency of this society , he also remained a member of the older one and continued on the best of terms with d 'Indy ; his sole concern was the fostering of new music . In 1911 he oversaw the Conservatoire 's move to new premises in the rue de Madrid . During this time , Fauré developed serious problems with his hearing . Not only did he start to go deaf , but sounds became distorted , so that high and low notes sounded painfully out of tune to him . The turn of the 20th century saw a rise in the popularity of Fauré 's music in Britain , and to a lesser extent in Germany , Spain and Russia . He visited England frequently , and an invitation to play at Buckingham Palace in 1908 opened many other doors in London and beyond . He attended the London premiere of Elgar 's First Symphony , in 1908 , and dined with the composer afterwards . Elgar later wrote to their mutual friend Frank Schuster that Fauré " was such a real gentleman – the highest kind of Frenchman and I admired him greatly . " Elgar tried to get Fauré 's Requiem put on at the Three Choirs Festival , but it did not finally have its English premiere until 1937 , nearly fifty years after its first performance in France . Composers from other countries also loved and admired Fauré . In the 1880s Tchaikovsky had thought him " adorable " ; Albéniz and Fauré were friends and correspondents until the former 's early death in 1909 ; Richard Strauss sought his advice ; and in Fauré 's last years , the young American , Aaron Copland was a devoted admirer . The outbreak of the First World War almost stranded Fauré in Germany , where he had gone for his annual composing retreat . He managed to get from Germany into Switzerland , and thence to Paris . He remained in France for the duration of the war . When a group of French musicians led by Saint @-@ Saëns tried to organise a boycott of German music , Fauré and Messager dissociated themselves from the idea , though the disagreement did not affect their friendship with Saint @-@ Saëns . Fauré did not recognise nationalism in music , seeing in his art " a language belonging to a country so far above all others that it is dragged down when it has to express feelings or individual traits that belong to any particular nation . " Nonetheless , he was aware that his own music was respected rather than loved in Germany . In January 1905 , visiting Frankfurt and Cologne for concerts of his music , he had written , " The criticisms of my music have been that it 's a bit cold and too well brought up ! There 's no question about it , French and German are two different things . " = = = Last years and legacy = = = In 1920 , at the age of 75 , Fauré retired from the Conservatoire because of his increasing deafness and frailty . In that year he received the Grand @-@ Croix of the Légion d 'honneur , an honour rare for a musician . In 1922 the president of the republic , Alexandre Millerand , led a public tribute to Fauré , a national hommage , described in The Musical Times as " a splendid celebration at the Sorbonne , in which the most illustrious French artists participated , [ which ] brought him great joy . It was a poignant spectacle , indeed : that of a man present at a concert of his own works and able to hear not a single note . He sat gazing before him pensively , and , in spite of everything , grateful and content . " Fauré suffered from poor health in his later years , brought on in part by heavy smoking . Despite this , he remained available to young composers , including members of Les Six , most of whom were devoted to him . Nectoux writes , " In old age he attained a kind of serenity , without losing any of his remarkable spiritual vitality , but rather removed from the sensualism and the passion of the works he wrote between 1875 and 1895 . " In his last months , Fauré struggled to complete a string quartet . Twenty years earlier he had been the dedicatee of Ravel 's String Quartet . Ravel and others urged Fauré to compose one of his own . He refused for many years , on the grounds that it was too difficult . When he finally decided to write it , he did so in trepidation , telling his wife , " I 've started a Quartet for strings , without piano . This is a genre which Beethoven in particular made famous , and causes all those who are not Beethoven to be terrified of it . " He worked on the piece for a year , finishing it on 11 September 1924 , less than two months before he died , working long hours towards the end to complete it . The quartet was premiered after his death ; he declined an offer to have it performed privately for him in his last days , as his hearing had deteriorated to the point where musical sounds were horribly distorted in his ear . Fauré died in Paris from pneumonia on 4 November 1924 at the age of 79 . He was given a state funeral at the Église de la Madeleine and is buried in the Passy Cemetery in Paris . After Fauré 's death , the Conservatoire abandoned his radicalism and became resistant to new trends in music , with Fauré 's own harmonic practice being held up as the farthest limit of modernity , beyond which students should not go . His successor , Henri Rabaud , director of the Conservatoire from 1922 to 1941 , declared " modernism is the enemy " . The generation of students born between the wars rejected this outdated premise , turning for inspiration to Bartók , the Second Viennese School , and the latest works of Stravinsky . In a centenary tribute in 1945 , the musicologist Leslie Orrey wrote in The Musical Times , " ' More profound than Saint @-@ Saëns , more varied than Lalo , more spontaneous than d 'Indy , more classic than Debussy , Gabriel Fauré is the master par excellence of French music , the perfect mirror of our musical genius . ' Perhaps , when English musicians get to know his work better , these words of Roger @-@ Ducasse will seem , not over @-@ praise , but no more than his due . " = = Music = = Aaron Copland wrote that although Fauré 's works can be divided into the usual " early " , " middle " and " late " periods , there is no such radical difference between his first and last manners as is evident with many other composers . Copland found premonitions of late Fauré in even the earliest works , and traces of the early Fauré in the works of his old age : " The themes , harmonies , form , have remained essentially the same , but with each new work they have all become more fresh , more personal , more profound . " When Fauré was born , Berlioz and Chopin were still composing ; the latter was among his early influences . In his later years Fauré developed compositional techniques that foreshadowed the atonal music of Schoenberg , and , later still , drew discreetly on the techniques of jazz . Duchen writes that early works such as the Cantique de Jean Racine are in the tradition of French nineteenth @-@ century romanticism , yet his late works are as modern as any of the works of his pupils . Influences on Fauré , particularly in his early work , included not only Chopin but Mozart and Schumann . The authors of The Record Guide ( 1955 ) , Sackville @-@ West and Shawe @-@ Taylor , wrote that Fauré learnt restraint and beauty of surface from Mozart , tonal freedom and long melodic lines from Chopin , " and from Schumann , the sudden felicities in which his development sections abound , and those codas in which whole movements are briefly but magically illuminated . " His work was based on the strong understanding of harmonic structures that he gained at the École Niedermeyer from Niedermeyer 's successor Gustave Lefèvre . Lefèvre wrote the book Traité d 'harmonie ( Paris , 1889 ) , in which he sets out a harmonic theory that differs significantly from the classical theory of Rameau , no longer outlawing certain chords as " dissonant " . By using unresolved mild discords and colouristic effects , Fauré anticipated the techniques of Impressionist composers . In contrast with his harmonic and melodic style , which pushed the bounds for his time , Fauré 's rhythmic motives tended to be subtle and repetitive , with little to break the flow of the line , although he used discreet syncopations , similar to those found in Brahms 's works . Copland referred to him as " the Brahms of France " . The music critic Jerry Dubins suggests that Fauré " represents the link between the late German Romanticism of Brahms ... and the French Impressionism of Debussy . " To Sackville @-@ West and Shawe @-@ Taylor , Fauré 's later works do not display the easy charm of his earlier music : " the luscious romantic harmony which had always been firmly supported by a single tonality , later gave way to a severely monochrome style , full of enharmonic shifts , and creating the impression of several tonal centres simultaneously employed . " = = = Vocal music = = = Fauré is regarded as one of the masters of the French art song , or mélodie . Ravel wrote in 1922 that Fauré had saved French music from the dominance of the German Lied . Two years later the critic Samuel Langford wrote of Fauré , " More surely almost than any writer in the world he commanded the faculty to create a song all of a piece , and with a sustained intensity of mood which made it like a single thought " . In a 2011 article the pianist and writer Roy Howat and the musicologist Emily Kilpatrick wrote : His devotion to the mélodie spans his career , from the ever @-@ fresh " Le papillon et la fleur " of 1861 to the masterly cycle L 'horizon chimérique , composed sixty years and more than a hundred songs later . Fauré 's songs are now core repertoire for students and professionals , sung in conservatories and recital halls throughout the world . In Copland 's view the early songs were written in the 1860s and 1870s under the influence of Gounod , and except for isolated songs such as " Après un rêve " or " Au bord de l 'eau " there is little sign of the artist to come . With the second volume of the sixty collected songs written during the next two decades , Copland judged , came the first mature examples of " the real Fauré " . He instanced " Les berceaux " , " Les roses d 'Ispahan " and especially " Clair de lune " as " so beautiful , so perfect , that they have even penetrated to America " , and drew attention to less well known mélodies such as " Le secret " , " Nocturne " , and " Les présents " . Fauré also composed a number of song cycles . Cinq mélodies " de Venise " , Op. 58 ( 1891 ) , was described by Fauré as a novel kind of song suite , in its use of musical themes recurring over the cycle . For the later cycle La bonne chanson , Op. 61 ( 1894 ) , there were five such themes , according to Fauré . He also wrote that La bonne chanson was his most spontaneous composition , with Emma Bardac singing back to him each day 's newly written material . The Requiem , Op. 48 , was not composed to the memory of a specific person but , in Fauré 's words , " for the pleasure of it . " It was first performed in 1888 . It has been described as " a lullaby of death " because of its predominantly gentle tone . Fauré omitted the Dies Irae , though reference to the day of judgment appears in the Libera me , which , like Verdi , he added to the normal liturgical text . Fauré revised the Requiem over the years , and a number of different performing versions are now in use , from the earliest , for small forces , to the final revision with full orchestra . Fauré 's operas have not found a place in the regular repertoire . Prométhée is the more neglected of the two , with only a handful of performances in more than a century . Copland considered Pénélope ( 1913 ) a fascinating work , and one of the best operas written since Wagner ; he noted , however , that the music is , as a whole , " distinctly non @-@ theatrical . " The work uses leitmotifs , and the two main roles call for voices of heroic quality , but these are the only ways in which the work is Wagnerian . In Fauré 's late style , " tonality is stretched hard , without breaking . " On the rare occasions when the piece has been staged , critical opinion has generally praised the musical quality of the score , but has varied as to the dramatic effectiveness of the work . When the opera was first presented in London in 1970 , in a student production by the Royal Academy of Music , Peter Heyworth wrote , " A score that offers rich rewards to an attentive ear can none the less fail to cut much ice in the theatre . ... Most of the music is too recessive to be theatrically effective . " However , after a 2006 production at the Wexford Festival , Ian Fox wrote , " Fauré 's Pénélope is a true rarity , and , although some lovely music was anticipated , it was a surprise how sure the composer 's theatrical touch was . " = = = Piano works = = = Fauré 's major sets of piano works are thirteen nocturnes , thirteen barcarolles , six impromptus , and four valses @-@ caprices . These sets were composed across the decades of his career , and display the change in his style from uncomplicated youthful charm to a final enigmatic , but sometimes fiery introspection , by way of a turbulent period in his middle years . His other notable piano pieces , including shorter works , or collections composed or published as a set , are Romances sans paroles , Ballade in F ♯ major , Mazurka in B ♭ major , Thème et variations in C ♯ major , and Huit pièces brèves . For piano duet , Fauré composed the Dolly Suite and , together with his friend and former pupil André Messager , an exuberant parody of Wagner in the short suite Souvenirs de Bayreuth . The piano works often use arpeggiated figures , with the melody interspersed between the two hands , and include finger substitutions natural for organists . These aspects make them daunting for some pianists . Even a virtuoso like Liszt said that he found Fauré 's music hard to play . The early piano works are clearly influenced by Chopin . An even greater influence was Schumann , whose piano music Fauré loved more than any other . In Copland 's view , it was with the sixth Nocturne that Fauré fully emerged from any predecessor 's shadow . The pianist Alfred Cortot said , " There are few pages in all music comparable to these . " The critic Bryce Morrison has noted that pianists frequently prefer to play the charming earlier piano works , such as the Impromptu No. 2 , rather than the later piano works , which express " such private passion and isolation , such alternating anger and resignation " that listeners are left uneasy . In his piano music , as in most of his works , Fauré shunned virtuosity in favour of the classical lucidity often associated with the French . He was unimpressed by purely virtuoso pianists , saying , " the greater they are , the worse they play me . " = = = Orchestral and chamber works = = = Fauré was not greatly interested in orchestration , and on occasion asked his former students such as Jean Roger @-@ Ducasse and Charles Koechlin to orchestrate his concert and theatre works . In Nectoux 's words , Fauré 's generally sober orchestral style reflects " a definite aesthetic attitude ... The idea of timbre was not a determining one in Fauré 's musical thinking " . He was not attracted by flamboyant combinations of tone @-@ colours , which he thought either self @-@ indulgent or a disguise for lack of real musical invention . He told his students that it should be possible to produce an orchestration without resorting to glockenspiels , celestas , xylophones , bells or electrical instruments . Debussy admired the spareness of Fauré 's orchestration , finding in it the transparency he strove for in his own 1913 ballet Jeux ; Poulenc , by contrast , described Fauré 's orchestration as " a leaden overcoat ... instrumental mud " . Fauré 's best @-@ known orchestral works are the suites Masques et bergamasques ( based on music for a dramatic entertainment , or divertissement comique ) , which he orchestrated himself , Dolly , orchestrated by Henri Rabaud , and Pelléas et Mélisande drawing on incidental music for Maeterlinck 's play ; the stage version was orchestrated by Koechlin , but Fauré himself reworked the orchestration for the published suite . In the chamber repertoire , his two piano quartets , particularly the first , are among Fauré 's better @-@ known works . His other chamber music includes two piano quintets , two cello sonatas , two violin sonatas , a piano trio and a string quartet . Copland ( writing in 1924 before the string quartet was finished ) held the second quintet to be Fauré 's masterpiece : " ... a pure well of spirituality ... extremely classic , as far removed as possible from the romantic temperament . " Other critics have taken a less favourable view : The Record Guide commented , " The ceaseless flow and restricted colour scheme of Fauré 's last manner , as exemplified in this Quintet , need very careful management , if they are not to become tedious . " Fauré 's last work , the String Quartet , has been described by critics in Gramophone magazine as an intimate meditation on the last things , and " an extraordinary work by any standards , ethereal and other @-@ worldly with themes that seem constantly to be drawn skywards . " = = = Recordings = = = Fauré made piano rolls of his music for several companies between 1905 and 1913 . Well over a hundred recordings of Fauré 's music were made between 1898 and 1905 , mostly of songs , with a few short chamber works , by performers including the singers Jean Noté and Pol Plançon and players such as Jacques Thibaud and Alfred Cortot . By the 1920s a range of Fauré 's more popular songs were on record , including " Après un rêve " sung by Olga Haley , and " Automne " and " Clair de lune " sung by Ninon Vallin . In the 1930s better @-@ known performers recorded Fauré pieces , including Georges Thill ( " En prière " ) , and Jacques Thibaud and Alfred Cortot ( Violin Sonata No. 1 and Berceuse ) . The Sicilienne from Pelléas et Mélisande was recorded in 1938 . By the 1940s there were a few more Fauré works in the catalogues . A survey by John Culshaw in December 1945 singled out recordings of piano works played by Kathleen Long ( including the Nocturne No. 6 , Barcarolle No. 2 , the Thème et Variations , Op. 73 , and the Ballade Op. 19 in its orchestral version conducted by Boyd Neel ) , the Requiem conducted by Ernest Bourmauck , and seven songs sung by Maggie Teyte . Fauré 's music began to appear more frequently in the record companies ' releases in the 1950s . The Record Guide , 1955 , listed the Piano Quartet No. 1 , Piano Quintet No. 2 , the String Quartet , both Violin Sonatas , the Cello Sonata No. 2 , two new recordings of the Requiem , and the complete song cycles La bonne chanson and La chanson d 'Ève . In the LP and particularly the CD era , the record companies have built up a substantial catalogue of Fauré 's music , performed by French and non @-@ French musicians . Several modern recordings of Fauré 's music have come to public notice as prize @-@ winners in annual awards organised by Gramophone and the BBC . Sets of his major orchestral works have been recorded under conductors including Michel Plasson ( 1981 ) and Yan Pascal Tortelier ( 1996 ) . Fauré 's main chamber works have all been recorded , with players including the Ysaÿe Quartet , Domus , Paul Tortelier , Arthur Grumiaux , and Joshua Bell . The complete piano works have been recorded by Kathryn Stott ( 1995 ) , and Paul Crossley ( 1984 – 85 ) , with substantial sets of the major piano works from Jean @-@ Philippe Collard ( 1982 – 84 ) , Pascal Rogé ( 1990 ) , and Kun @-@ Woo Paik ( 2002 ) . Fauré 's songs have all been recorded for CD , including a complete set ( 2005 ) , anchored by the accompanist Graham Johnson , with soloists Jean @-@ Paul Fouchécourt , Felicity Lott , John Mark Ainsley and Jennifer Smith , among others . The Requiem and the shorter choral works are also well represented on disc . Pénélope has been recorded twice , with casts headed by Régine Crespin in 1956 , and Jessye Norman in 1981 , conducted respectively by Désiré @-@ Émile Inghelbrecht and Charles Dutoit . Prométhée has not been recorded in full , but extensive excerpts were recorded under Roger Norrington ( 1980 ) . = = = Modern assessment = = = A 2001 article on Fauré in Baker 's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians concludes thus : Fauré 's stature as a composer is undiminished by the passage of time . He developed a musical idiom all his own ; by subtle application of old modes , he evoked the aura of eternally fresh art ; by using unresolved mild discords and special coloristic effects , he anticipated procedures of Impressionism ; in his piano works , he shunned virtuosity in favor of the Classical lucidity of the French masters of the clavecin ; the precisely articulated melodic line of his songs is in the finest tradition of French vocal music . His great Requiem and his Élégie for Cello and Piano have entered the general repertoire . Fauré 's biographer Nectoux writes in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians that Fauré is widely regarded as the greatest master of French song , and that alongside the mélodies , the chamber works rank as " Fauré 's most important contribution to music " . The critic Robert Orledge writes , " His genius was one of synthesis : he reconciled such opposing elements as modality and tonality , anguish and serenity , seduction and force within a single non @-@ eclectic style , as in the Pelléas et Mélisande suite , his symphonic masterpiece . The quality of constant renewal within an apparently limited range ... is a remarkable facet of his genius , and the spare , elliptical style of his single String Quartet suggests that his intensely self @-@ disciplined style was still developing at the time of his death " .
= Tropical Storm Emilia ( 2006 ) = Tropical Storm Emilia was a rare tropical cyclone that affected the Baja California peninsula in July 2006 . The sixth tropical depression and fifth tropical storm of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , it developed on July 21 about 400 miles ( 650 km ) off the coast of Mexico . It moved northward toward the coast , reaching peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) before turning westward and encountering unfavorable conditions . Emilia later turned to the north , passing near Baja California as a strong tropical storm . Subsequently the storm moved further away from the coast , and on July 27 it dissipated . The storm brought tropical storm force winds and precipitation to the southwestern Mexican coastline . Later , Emilia produced similar conditions in the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula , where its passage caused minor damage and flooding . Moisture from Emilia reached the southwestern United States , producing thunderstorms and flash flooding in Arizona , as well as beneficial rainfall in southern California . No deaths were reported in association with Emilia . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Emilia can be traced to a tropical wave that crossed northern Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 16 . The system moved westward , developing a well @-@ defined low pressure area about 525 miles ( 850 km ) southwest of Acapulco by July 19 . The next day , its forward motion had shifted to a slow north @-@ northwest track , and with its convection continuing to organize around the low , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) remarked on the potential for tropical cyclogenesis . Early on July 21 , its thunderstorm activity organized enough for the NHC to classify it as Tropical Depression Six @-@ E , located to the southwest of Acapulco . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression existed in an area of weak steering currents , though a general motion to the north @-@ northwest was influenced by a large subtropical ridge over the southwest United States . The circulation was initially located east of the main convection , due to the presence of wind shear . Convection increased near the center despite the shear , and on July 22 the depression attained tropical storm status about 400 mi ( 650 km ) south of Manzanillo , Colima ; it was named Emilia by the NHC . Around the same time , the storm was developing better @-@ defined rainbands , and with favorable conditions expected , Emilia was forecast to attain hurricane status ; the NHC noted the potential for rapid deepening as the storm passed near southwestern Mexico . Early on July 23 , the storm briefly became disorganized , with the low @-@ level circulation becoming ill @-@ defined . Around the same time , Emilia passed about 175 mi ( 280 km ) southwest of Manzanillo , which was its closest approach to southwestern Mexico ; it is believed to have caused tropical storm force wind gusts along the coastline . Later that day , after turning west @-@ northwestward , the convection increased markedly as an eyewall began to form . Operationally , it was estimated to have reached winds of 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) , and it was forecast to continue strengthening to attain Category 2 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . However , the NHC later re @-@ assessed Emilia as reaching peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , since the eye feature was temporary and not well @-@ defined . Shortly after reaching peak intensity , a sharp increase in wind shear caused Emilia to weaken quickly to winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Operationally , the NHC initially continued to assess the storm as with winds of 70 mph ( 115 m / h ) , with hurricane status predicted . However , the decrease in strength became evident on July 24 , when dry air became entrained in the circulation ; at the same time , the convection became limited to the southern semicircle of the storm . On July 25 , the wind shear decreased as the storm turned toward the Baja California peninsula , despite that tropical cyclones affecting the Baja California peninsula in the month of July are rare . Convection increased in coverage , and an eye feature re @-@ appeared early on July 26 as it again attained peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Emilia maintained peak winds for about 18 hours , during which it passed about 60 mi ( 95 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lazaro , which is a cape located southwest of Ciudad Constitución on the southwestern coast of the Baja California peninsula . After brushing the peninsula with its outer rainbands , Emilia turned away from the coast into cooler waters , and subsequently began to weaken rapidly . On July 27 it deteriorated into a tropical depression , and the next day Emilia degenerated into a convective @-@ less remnant low . The low continued westward until turning northward on July 30 , and on July 31 the remnants of Emilia dissipated about 495 mi ( 800 km ) west @-@ southwest of San Diego , California . = = Preparations and impact = = As Emilia first approached the southwest coast of Mexico , officials issued a tropical storm watch from Manzanillo to Cabo Corrientes , Jalisco ; the watch was discontinued 30 hours after it was issued . The storm passed the region on July 22 , and is believed to have produced tropical storm force wind gusts along the coastline . A ship recorded 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds while Emilia was just off the coast . Further up the coast , in Mazatlán , strong waves from the storm caused beaches to close , while the outer fringes of the storm dropped 4 @.@ 68 inches ( 119 mm ) of precipitation . Inland , the interaction between Emilia and a tropical wave brought increased moisture and precipitation to southeastern and central Mexico . When Emilia began turning toward the Baja California peninsula , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch from Buena Vista along the Gulf of California to Bahía Magdalena along the Pacific coast . The watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning about 12 hours prior to the closest approach of the storm , and additional warnings were issued along the Pacific coastline as the storm passed . All watches and warnings were discontinued by July 27 . Officials prepared two schools as emergency shelters in Cabo San Lucas , where 100 people stayed during the storm . In the area , the threat of the storm resulted in the closure of several bars and restaurants . Across the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula , the storm dropped moderate rainfall , with a total of about 5 inches ( 125 mm ) reported in Cabo San Lucas ; the NHC remarked that higher amounts likely occurred in higher elevations . The rainfall caused minor flooding in and around Cabo San Lucas . Along the southern coast of the peninsula , Emilia produced tropical storm force winds ; two stations reported sustained winds of 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) , with one of those reporting wind gusts to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . The storm caused minor damage to buildings and utility lines . Waves from the storm left minor damage at several marinas in the region , with several being closed for two days . The effects of Emilia reached the southwestern United States . In southern Arizona , a surge of moisture from the storm produced scattered thunderstorms , including one severe thunderstorm in Santa Cruz County . The cell dropped heavy rainfall and large hailstones in a short amount of time ; one location reported hail of 1 @.@ 75 inches ( 44 @.@ 5 mm ) in diameter . The rainfall , which totaled several inches in some areas , caused flash flooding , with 8 inches ( 205 mm ) of floodwater reported at one location along Interstate 19 . Thunderstorms in Graham County produced a wind gust of 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) at the airport in Safford . Unsettled conditions persisted across Arizona for about a week . In southern California , the storm dropped light rainfall , which assisted firefighters in containing a wildfire .
= Gus Mancuso = August Rodney ( Gus ) Mancuso ( December 5 , 1905 – October 26 , 1984 ) , nicknamed " Blackie " , was an American professional baseball player , coach , scout and radio sports commentator . He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1928 , 1930 – 32 , 1941 – 42 ) , New York Giants ( 1933 – 38 , 1942 – 44 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1939 ) , Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1940 ) and Philadelphia Phillies ( 1945 ) . Mancuso was known for his capable handling of pitching staffs and for his on @-@ field leadership abilities . He was a member of five National League pennant @-@ winning teams , and played as the catcher for five pitchers who were eventually inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Mancuso was regarded as one of the top defensive catchers of the 1930s . = = Baseball career = = Mancuso was born in Galveston , Texas to the son of a Sicilian immigrant and the daughter of German immigrants . His father died in his forties and his mother continued to support the family by working as a midwife . Mancuso first began to play baseball as a nine @-@ year @-@ old . After graduating from high school , he went to work as a teller at a bank although , he was hired more for his talent as a baseball player than as a teller , playing as a member of the bank 's baseball team . He eventually caught the attention of the President of the Houston Buffaloes of the Texas League , and began his professional baseball career with them in 1925 . In 1927 , he hit for a .372 batting average for the Syracuse Stars in the International League . He made his Major League debut with the St. Louis Cardinals at the age of 22 on April 30 , 1928 , and stayed with them until July , when he was sent to the Minneapolis Millers in the American Association . He spent 1929 with St. Louis 's American Association farm club , the Rochester Red Wings and with Houston . The Cardinals returned Mancuso to the major leagues in 1930 , primarily because of a contract dispute with Branch Rickey that made Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis void Mancuso 's minor league contract . He served as a reserve catcher to Jimmie Wilson who Mancuso considered one of the best catchers of the era . Although they competed for the same job , the veteran Wilson provided Mancuso with valuable help in learning the intricacies of catching in the major leagues . Mancuso became a student of the game , learning to study the daily box scores to learn the strengths and weaknesses of opposing teams . On September 12 , Wilson sprained his ankle and would not play for the rest of the season . Mancuso rose to the occasion , ending the season with a .366 batting average during a hitters ' year when the league average was above .300 for the first and only time . The Cardinals won the National League pennant but , eventually lost to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics in the 1930 World Series . In 1931 Mancuso was once again the reserve catcher to Wilson , leading the league with a 54 @.@ 3 % caught stealing percentage as the Cardinals won their second consecutive National League pennant . The 1931 World Series was a rematch with the Athletics as the Cardinals were victorious in a seven @-@ game series . Mancuso only had one plate appearance during the series as a late @-@ inning pinch hitter . During the 1932 season , Wilson turned 32 years old and shared the catching duties with Mancuso who caught 82 games to Wilson 's 75 and hit for a .284 average . Mancuso was traded to the New York Giants before the 1933 season where new manager Bill Terry was rebuilding the team after the resignation of longtime manager John McGraw . Terry wanted to build his team around speed , defense and pitching . He replaced the slow @-@ footed Shanty Hogan and installed the agile Mancuso as the Giants ' starting catcher . Terry allowed Mancuso to be in charge of the Giants ' pitching staff that included ; Carl Hubbell 's sharp @-@ breaking screwball , Hal Schumacher 's diving sinker ball , Freddie Fitzsimmons ' knuckleball and Roy Parmelee who threw a variety of different pitches . Under Mancuso 's guidance , the Giants ' pitching staff led the National League in earned run average as the team won their first pennant in nine years . Although Mancuso led National League catchers in errors and passed balls , he also led in games played , baserunners caught stealing , putouts and , finished second in assists and in range factor . The Giants went on to defeat the Washington Senators in the 1933 World Series . Terry credited Mancuso as a major factor in moving the Giants from sixth place in 1932 to World Series champions in 1933 . In an Associated Press poll of sportswriters , Mancuso finished second to the Yankees ' Bill Dickey as the majors league 's all @-@ star catcher based on his ability to handle pitchers so skillfully . Mancuso ranked sixth in voting for the 1933 National League Most Valuable Player Award . In 1934 , the Giants finished in second place , two games behind the eventual world champion St. Louis Cardinals , as Mancuso had an off @-@ year with his batting average dropping almost twenty points along with 10 fewer runs batted in . In 1935 Mancuso improved to hit for a .298 batting average with five home runs , and 56 runs batted in . He also earned a spot as a reserve for the National League team in the 1935 All @-@ Star Game . He had his best season in 1936 , hitting for a .301 batting average with career @-@ highs of nine home runs and 63 runs batted in as the Giants once again claimed the National League pennant . He led the league 's catchers in putouts , baserunners caught stealing , finished second in assists and , once again guided the Giants ' pitching staff to the lowest earned run average in the league . The Giants would go down in defeat against the powerful New York Yankees in the 1936 World Series . Mancuso finished the year ranked eighth in voting for the 1936 National League Most Valuable Player Award . In 1937 , Mancuso was hitting for a .283 average at mid @-@ season to earn his second berth as a reserve for the National League team in the 1937 All @-@ Star Game . A few days after the All @-@ Star Game , a foul tip broke the ring finger on Mancuso 's right hand . Harry Danning replaced him and played well enough that , when Mancuso was healthy again , the two shared the catching duties for the rest of the season . The Giants clinched their second consecutive National League pennant and , once again faced the New York Yankees in the 1937 World Series . Mancuso started the first two World Series games but , when he went hitless , Danning took over as the Yankees went on to win the series in five games . Danning took over as the Giants ' starting catcher for the 1938 season with Mancuso hitting a respectable .348 with a .411 on @-@ base percentage in 52 games . The Giants traded Mancuso to the Chicago Cubs before the 1939 season where he shared catching duties with 38 @-@ year @-@ old player @-@ manager Gabby Hartnett . He ended the season with a .231 batting average with only two home runs and 17 runs batted in . With the shortage of major league players due to the Second World War , Mancuso saw his career extended for another four years . He played the 1940 season with the Brooklyn Dodgers before the Cardinals brought him back to St. Louis for the 1941 season . Mancuso helped develop the Cardinals ' rookie catcher and future star , Walker Cooper but , when Cooper was injured , Mancuso caught the majority of the Cardinals ' games in 1941 . He was credited with helping the Cardinals to a second @-@ place finish due to his work with rookie pitchers Ernie White ( 17 @-@ 7 ) and Howie Krist ( 10 @-@ 0 ) , but only managed to post a .229 batting average . Mancuso returned to the Giants in 1942 as a backup catcher and pitching coach . When Harry Danning was drafted into the United States Army , Mancuso became the club 's starting catcher at age 37 , sharing the job with 35 @-@ year @-@ old future Hall of Fame member , Ernie Lombardi for the 1943 and 1944 seasons . At the end of the 1944 season , one month before his 39th birthday , he was released by the Giants . Former teammate Freddie Fitzsimmons was managing the Philadelphia Phillies in 1945 and , convinced Mancuso to play one more season as a catcher and full @-@ time pitching coach . He caught 70 games while sharing catching duties with Andy Seminick but , when Fitzsimmons was fired , Mancuso left the club before the end of the season , playing his final game on September 11 at the age of 40 . = = Career statistics = = In a 17 @-@ year major league career , Mancuso played in 1 @,@ 460 games , accumulating 1 @,@ 194 hits in 4 @,@ 505 at bats for a .265 career batting average along with 53 home runs , 543 runs batted in and an on @-@ base percentage of .328 . He retired with a .977 fielding percentage . A two @-@ time All @-@ Star , he led National League catchers three times in putouts , and twice in baserunners caught stealing and in range factor . His 49 @.@ 33 % career caught stealing percentage ranks 16th all @-@ time among major league catchers . Mancuso was a member of five pennant @-@ winning teams . He caught for five pitchers who were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ( Carl Hubbell , Grover Cleveland Alexander , Dizzy Dean , Burleigh Grimes and Jesse Haines ) . In his book , The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , baseball historian Bill James ranked Mancuso 74th all @-@ time among major league catchers . = = Coaching and broadcasting career = = In 1946 , Mancuso became the player @-@ manager of the minor league Tulsa Oilers and in 1948 he took over as manager of the San Antonio Missions . In 1950 , he was hired as the pitching coach for the Cincinnati Reds . Mancuso began a career as a broadcaster in 1951 with his hometown Houston team in the Texas League . He later moved to St. Louis where he worked with play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Harry Caray on the Cardinals ' radio network until 1954 . He then served as a scout for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Houston Colt .45s. His younger brother , Frank Mancuso , also was a major league catcher in the mid @-@ 1940s . In 1962 Mancuso was seriously injured in a traffic accident which killed his wife , Lorena Mancuso . Mancuso was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1981 and was elected to the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 1984 . Mancuso contracted emphysema and died in 1984 at the age of 78 in Houston , Texas . = = Related links = = List of athletes on Wheaties boxes List of members of the Italian American Sports Hall of Fame
= Atic Atac = Atic Atac is an arcade @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game , released for the ZX Spectrum and the BBC Micro in 1983 . The game takes place within a castle in which the player must seek out the " Golden Key of ACG " through unlocking doors and avoiding enemies . It was Ultimate 's second game to require 48K of RAM ; most of their previous games for the Spectrum ran on unexpanded 16K models . The game was written by Tim Stamper and graphics were designed by Chris Stamper . Atic Atac received praise from critics upon release , mostly for its graphics and isometric gameplay . It was later included in Rare 's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation , Rare Replay . The game served as inspiration for the critically acclaimed adventure game show Knightmare . = = Gameplay = = The game is presented in a top @-@ down perspective and is set inside a labyrinth of a complex castle . The player has been trapped inside and needs to collect three pieces of the " Golden Key of ACG " in order to escape . They can choose from three different characters ; a Wizard , Knight or Serf . Each character has access to a secret passage unique to them , meaning that navigating the castle is different for each one . There are a number of items scattered around the castle , of which the player may carry up to three at a time . Some of these are always in the same place at the start of the game , whereas others are distributed randomly . Items include differently @-@ coloured keys which will unlock their respective doors , the three pieces of the ACG key , and other items that affect certain enemies or are mere red herrings . Common enemies appear in each room upon entering and will attack the player on sight . Collision with these enemies destroys them but drains a portion of the player 's health . There are also stationary poisonous fungi which will drain health constantly if the player is in contact with them , and enemies that require special items in order to either distract , repel or kill them , otherwise they remain invulnerable to conventional attacks . Bosses guard pieces of the ACG key , and contact with them will rapidly drain away the player 's health . The player has a number of lives upon starting the game , and should they die a gravestone will appear at their location and stay in place as long as the player has lives left . Health can be replenished by collecting food scattered throughout the castle , however it will constantly drop the more the player moves , thus the player may eventually die from starvation if they have not escaped the castle in time . = = Development = = Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play The Game , they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . Prior to founding Ultimate , the Stamper brothers had backgrounds in designing arcade machines , but no marketing experience in the video game sector . The operations of Ultimate were secretive and the Stamper brothers rarely gave interviews . Computer and Video Games noted that during development of Atic Atac , staff would work in " separate teams " to ensure quality control ; one team would work on graphics whilst the other would oversee gameplay or sound . The Stamper brothers worked seven days a week with little sleep in order to devote more time into developing video games , and would frequently re @-@ use the same mechanics of their earlier games into newer ZX Spectrum games . = = Reception and legacy = = The game received a positive critical reception upon release . Micro Adventurer mainly praised Ultimate 's capabilities of developing high quality games , saying that Atic Atac was " bound to fix their name firmly into the minds of adventurers " , further recommending the game " without reservation " . Crash enjoyed the game 's colourful graphics , heralding the detail and objects of the game to be " marvellous " . However , they criticised the difficult joystick control and vague instructions , adding that the entire game is a " learning experience " . Computer and Video Games stated that the game was " the best yet from Ultimate " , and later in 1984 described it as " the favourite arcade adventure amongst computer gamesters " . Personal Computer Games wrote that it was " another blockbuster game " , while Sinclair User praised both the depth of plot and the advanced graphics , citing them both as " superb " . In 1991 , Atic Atac was ranked as the 79th best ZX Spectrum game of all time by Your Sinclair , and was voted the 8th best game of all time by the readers of Retro Gamer Magazine for an article that was scheduled to be in a special Your Sinclair Tribute issue . In 2007 , Eurogamer described it as a prime example of " what passion can do when properly digitised " . The game was Ultimate 's third consecutive number one in the UK Spectrum sales chart , following the first two Jetman games . In 2015 , the game was included in Rare Replay , a collection of 30 Rare @-@ designed games released for the Xbox One gaming console . The game was a major inspiration for the critically acclaimed CITV game show Knightmare , with producer Tim Child realising that if a ZX Spectrum could run a compelling adventure game , then a television programme with pre @-@ rendered graphics could revolutionise the genre . Sabre Wulf , which was released for the ZX Spectrum by Ultimate Play The Game later in 1984 , was often criticised for having similar gameplay to Atic Atac , including its similar themes of a continuous maze . In a retrospective interview with Retro Gamer , Rare designer Greg Mayles asserted that their 2003 game Grabbed by the Ghoulies was not inspired by Atic Atac , despite their similar themes of a haunted mansion .
= Otro Día Más Sin Verte = Otro Día Más Sin Verte ( English : Just Another Day ) , also called Sentir in Spain , is the Spanish @-@ language debut album by Cuban singer Jon Secada . It was released on October 6 , 1992 by EMI Latin to coincide with his English @-@ language self @-@ titled debut album , which was released in April 1992 . The idea to release an all Spanish @-@ language album was pitched by Secada 's music mentor Emilio Estefan , after realizing that SBK Records have yet released such an album . Estefan presented Secada 's proposal for a Spanish @-@ language recording to the head of Capitol EMI Records Charles Koppelman and then president of EMI Latin Jose Behar . Koppelman accepted the proposal after Behar stated that he could see " market potential " for Secada . With the help of Emilio 's wife , Gloria Estefan , Secada translated selected compositions from his English @-@ language debut album for Otro Día Más Sin Verte . The album spawned five singles ; its title track , " Angel " , " Cree En Nuestro Amor " , " Sentir " , and " Tiempo Al Tiempo " . The first four singles peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart , becoming the first Latin artist to do so . Secada held the record for most number ones from a single album , until Spanish Latin pop singer Enrique Iglesias broke the record in 1997 . Secada became the first Hispanic artist of color to have a number one song on the Hot Latin Tracks chart . The album peaked at number four on the US Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart and number eight on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart . Otro Día Más Sin Verte helped Secada to win Male Artist of the Year and New Artist of the Year at the 1993 Premio Lo Nuestro Awards . The album won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 1993 . = = Production = = Jon Secada was a backup vocalist for Cuban singer Gloria Estefan in 1989 . He became close friends with Gloria and her husband , Emilio Estefan who helped guide Secada into the music business . Secada released his self @-@ titled debut album in 1992 with SBK Records . The recording was made up of English @-@ language compositions and two Spanish @-@ language tracks . It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of three million copies . His popularity as a singer grew with the release of his debut album . While on tour for the album , Secada remarked on how Emilio began coining the idea of releasing a full @-@ length Spanish @-@ language recording . Emilio had the idea after realizing that SBK Records never released a Spanish @-@ language album . According to Secada , writing in his autobiography , Emilio pitched his ideas to EMI Latin , a subsidiary of Capitol EMI Records . Secada explained that Emilio went " full throttle " and wanted Secada to be a crossover artist with " major international appeal . " After Secada 's debut album was a commercial success , Emilio met the executives at EMI Records . Emilio explained to the executives about Secada 's background and that an album in Spanish by Secada wouldn 't cost them anything because " he can do it himself . " Jose Behar , then @-@ president of EMI Latin , told Emilio that he quickly " recognized the market potential " for Secada . Behar suggested to the head of EMI Records , Charles Koppelman , that Secada should record his first Spanish @-@ language album ; Koppelman accepted the proposal . During the recording sessions , Secada confirmed that Gloria helped translate his English @-@ language recordings into Spanish . He said that she told him to record songs that he would be comfortable with singing throughout his career as a singer . She later told Secada and Emilio to not " translate everything literally " but to " keep the same theme of the song in play . " Secada wrote in his autobiography that he was " grateful " that he and Gloria grew up in Miami , Florida and spoke two languages . Secada said that recording in Spanish was " instinctively more passionate " when compared to his recordings in English , he also explained that it gave him " a different connection to the music as well . " However , Chris Morris of Billboard , said that Secada lacked the emotional range that was present in his English @-@ language debut album . Two of the songs " Angel " and the title track were originally on the English @-@ language album as Spanish tracks . Four of the songs , including " Como En Un Sueño " , " Tu Amor Es Mi Libertad " , " Cree En Nuestro Amor " , and " Sentir " , were translated into Spanish from Secada 's debut album . = = Release and singles = = Once translation of the selected recordings were complete , Secada recorded them and released the album six months after his debut album Jon Secada was released on October 6 , 1992 . Otro Día Más Sin Verte peaked at number four on the US Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart in 1992 and number eight on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart the following year . The album 's lead single " Otro Dia Mas Sin Verte " peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks on the week ending July 4 , 1992 . The second single released from the album , " Angel " , peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on the week ending October 31 , 1992 . " Angel " was written about a woman Secada met in Amsterdam . He wrote in his autobiography that " writing those songs crystallized for me the fact that I was missing out on a deep emotional connection . " John Lannert of Billboard called " Angel " a " dramatic love ode " , the song remained atop the Hot Latin Tracks chart for two consecutive weeks . " Cree En Nuestro Amor " , released as the third single from the album on August 15 , 1992 , also peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks on February 27 , 1993 . The fourth single released from the recording , " Sentir " , peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on the week ending July 3 , 1993 . By placing four singles atop the Hot Latin Tracks chart , Secada became the first Latin artist to accomplish this feat . Spanish Latin pop singer Enrique Iglesias broke Secada 's record with five number one singles from his self @-@ titled album in 1997 . When the album 's lead single " Otro Día Más Sin Verte " peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart , Secada became the first Hispanic artist of color to do so . Secada released his fifth single from his album , " Tiempo Al Tiempo " , debuted at number 33 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on the week ending August 14 , 1993 , it later peaked at number nine . Otro Día Más Sin Verte was re @-@ released digitally on March 3 , 2003 . It was re @-@ released on compact disc on July 19 , 2005 . = = Legacy and reception = = Cordelia Candelaria wrote in her book Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture ( 2004 ) that Otro Día Más Sin Verte helped Secada " [ infiltrate ] the Latin music culture " . Carlos Bolívar Ramírez called the singles " Otro Día Más Sin Verte " and " Angel " rock ballads in his book La balada : mensaje universal ( 2001 ) . The album was a commercial success in Spain where Secada was named " Best Adult Contemporary Artist of the early 1990s " by Humberto López Morales in his book El español en el mundo : Anuario del Instituto Cervantes ( 2008 ) . Chuck Taylor of Billboard called Secada 's new Spanish offerings as having a " tailored , uptempo Latin vibe . " Taylor called Secada 's transition from recording songs in English to Spanish as " positioning [ Secada ] as more of a romantic Latin idol than his mainstream American image as a passionate pop singer . " Otro Día Más Sin Verte was a commercial and critical success . The album won Best Latin Pop Album at the 35th Grammy Awards in 1993 . The titular single became the fourth best @-@ performing song of 1992 . Secada was nominated for Top New Artist , Top Male Artist , and Best Director at the 1992 Billboard Music Awards . He also won BMI 's Latin Song of the Year for the title track . The title track became the first song by a Latin artist to peak within the top five of the Hot 100 , Hot Adult Contemporary , and the Hot Latin Tracks chart simultaneously , since Gloria 's 1989 single " Don 't Wanna Lose You " / " Si Voy a Perderte " . Secada became the first Cuban @-@ born recording artist to place a single atop the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks since Franco 's 1988 single " María " . Otro Día Más Sin Verte led Secada a nomination at the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) Awards for Songwriter of the Year ( for " Cree En Nuestro Amor " ) and Latin Pop Songs of the year ( for " Sentir " ) in 1993 . The album led Secada to win Male Artist of the Year and New Artist of the Year at the 1993 Lo Nuestro Awards . The recording 's single , " Angel " , was nominated for Pop Song of the Year , while the title track was nominated for Video of the Year at the same event . The album itself was nominated Pop Album of the Year at the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards , but lost to Aries by Luis Miguel . = = Track listing = = = = Credits = = Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes . Jon Secada — vocals , composer , producer Jorge Casas — music producer Emilio Estefan Jr . — producer Clay Ostwald — producer Gloria Estefan — composer Willy Pérez Feria — composer Miguel Morejon — composer Joseph Stefano — composer Maria Teresa Vera — composer Henry Marquez — cover designer , graphic designer Carla Leighton — designer = = Chart performance = = = = = Weekly charts = = =
= Shunzhi Emperor = The Shunzhi Emperor ( 15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661 ) , formerly romanized as the Shun @-@ chih Emperor , was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty and the first Qing emperor to rule over China , from 1644 to 1661 . A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father , Hong Taiji ( 1592 – 1643 ) , in September 1643 , when he was five years old . The princes also appointed two co @-@ regents : Dorgon ( 1612 – 1650 ) , the 14th son of the Qing dynasty 's founder Nurhaci ( 1559 – 1626 ) , and Jirgalang ( 1599 – 1655 ) , one of Nurhaci 's nephews , both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan . From 1643 to 1650 , political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon . Under his leadership , the Qing Empire conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming dynasty ( 1368 – 1644 ) , chased Ming loyalist regimes deep into the southwestern provinces , and established the basis of Qing rule over China despite highly unpopular policies such as the " hair cutting command " of 1645 , which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue resembling that of the Manchus . After Dorgon 's death on the last day of 1650 , the young Shunzhi Emperor started to rule personally . He tried , with mixed success , to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility . In the 1650s , he faced a resurgence of Ming loyalist resistance , but by 1661 his armies had defeated the Qing Empire 's last enemies , seafarer Koxinga ( 1624 – 1662 ) and the Prince of Gui ( 1623 – 1662 ) of the Southern Ming dynasty , both of whom would succumb the following year . The Shunzhi Emperor died at the age of 22 of smallpox , a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China , but against which the Manchus had no immunity . He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye , who had already survived smallpox , and who reigned for sixty years under the era name " Kangxi " ( hence he was known as the Kangxi Emperor ) . Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty , the Shunzhi era is a relatively little @-@ known period of Qing history . " Shunzhi " was the name of this ruler 's reign period in Chinese . This title had equivalents in Manchu and Mongolian because the Qing imperial family was Manchu , and ruled over many Mongol tribes that helped the Qing to conquer China . The emperor 's personal name was Fulin , and the posthumous name by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple was Shizu ( Wade – Giles : Shih @-@ tsu ; Chinese : 世祖 ) . = = Historical background = = In the 1580s , when China was ruled by the Ming dynasty ( 1368 – 1644 ) , a number of Jurchen tribes lived northeast of Ming territory in the region that is now known as China 's Northeast , or " Manchuria . " In a series of campaigns from the 1580s to the 1610s , Nurhaci ( 1559 – 1626 ) , the leader of the Jianzhou Jurchens , unified most Jurchen tribes under his rule . One of his most important reforms was to integrate Jurchen clans under flags of four different colors — yellow , white , red , and blue — each further subdivided into two to form an encompassing social and military system known as the Eight Banners . Nurhaci gave control of these Banners to his sons and grandsons . Around 1612 , Nurhaci renamed his clan Aisin Gioro ( " golden Gioro " ) , both to distinguish his family from other Gioro lines and to allude to an earlier dynasty that had been founded by Jurchens , the Jin ( " golden " ) dynasty that had ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234 . In 1616 Nurhaci formally announced the foundation of the " Later Jin " dynasty , effectively declaring his independence from the Ming . Over the next few years he wrested most major cities in Liaodong from Ming control . His string of victories ended in February 1626 at the siege of Ningyuan , where Ming commander Yuan Chonghuan defeated him with the help of recently acquired Portuguese cannon . Probably hurt during the battle , Nurhaci died a few months later . Nurhaci 's son and successor Hong Taiji ( 1592 – 1643 ) continued his father 's state @-@ building efforts : he concentrated power into his own hands , modeled the Later Jin 's government institutions on Chinese ones , and integrated Mongol allies and surrendered Chinese troops into the Eight Banners . In 1629 he led an incursion to the outskirts of Beijing , during which he captured Chinese craftsmen who knew how to cast Portuguese cannon . In 1635 Hong Taiji renamed the Jurchens the " Manchus , " and in 1636 changed the name of his polity from " Later Jin " to " Qing . " After capturing the last remaining Ming cities in Liaodong , by 1643 the Qing was preparing to seize upon the struggling Ming dynasty , which was crumbling under the combined weight of financial bankruptcy , devastating epidemics , and large @-@ scale bandit uprisings fed by widespread starvation . = = Becoming emperor = = When Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643 without having named a successor , the fledgling Qing state faced a possibly serious crisis . Several contenders — namely Nurhaci 's second and eldest surviving son Daišan , Nurhaci 's fourteenth and fifteenth sons Dorgon and Dodo ( both born to the same mother ) , and Hong Taiji 's eldest son Hooge — started to vie for the throne . With his brothers Dodo and Ajige , Dorgon ( 31 years old ) controlled the Plain and Bordered White Banners , Daišan ( 60 ) was in charge of the two Red Banners , whereas Hooge ( 34 ) had the loyalty of his father 's two Yellow Banners . The decision about who would become the new Qing emperor fell to the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers , which was the Manchus ' main policymaking body until the emergence of the Grand Council in the 1720s . Many Manchu princes advocated that Dorgon , a proven military leader , should become the new emperor , but Dorgon refused and insisted that one of Hong Taiji 's sons should succeed his father . To recognize Dorgon 's authority while keeping the throne in Hong Taiji 's descent line , the members of the council named Hong Taiji 's ninth son , Fulin , as the new Emperor , but decided that Dorgon and Jirgalang ( a nephew of Nurhaci who controlled the Bordered Blue Banner ) would act as the five @-@ year @-@ old child 's regents . Fulin was officially crowned Emperor of the Qing dynasty on 8 October 1643 ; it was decided that he would reign under the era name " Shunzhi . " Because the Shunzhi reign is not well documented , it constitutes a relatively little @-@ known period of Qing history . = = Dorgon 's regency ( 1643 – 1650 ) = = = = = A quasi emperor = = = On 17 February 1644 , Jirgalang , who was a capable military leader but looked uninterested in managing state affairs , willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon . After an alleged plot by Hooge to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year , Hooge was stripped of his title of Imperial Prince and his co @-@ conspirators were executed . Dorgon soon replaced Hooge 's supporters ( mostly from the Yellow Banners ) with his own , thus gaining closer control of two more Banners . By early June 1644 , he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military . In early 1644 , just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the Ming , peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing . On 24 April of that year , rebel leader Li Zicheng breached the walls of the Ming capital , pushing the Chongzhen Emperor to hang himself on a hill behind the Forbidden City . Hearing the news , Dorgon 's Chinese advisors Hong Chengchou and Fan Wencheng ( 范文程 ; 1597 – 1666 ) urged the Manchu prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming and to claim the Mandate of Heaven for the Qing . The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was Ming general Wu Sangui , who was garrisoned at Shanhai Pass at the eastern end of the Great Wall . Himself caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng 's forces , Wu requested Dorgon 's help in ousting the bandits and restoring the Ming . When Dorgon asked Wu to work for the Qing instead , Wu had little choice but to accept . Aided by Wu Sangui 's elite soldiers , who fought the rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry , the Qing won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass on 27 May . Li 's defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until Li left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth he could carry . = = = Settling in the capital = = = After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops , the Beijing population sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June . They were startled when , instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent , they saw Dorgon , a horseriding Manchu with his shaved forehead , present himself as the Prince Regent . In the midst of this upheaval , Dorgon installed himself in the Wuying Palace ( 武英殿 ) , the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the palace complex on 3 June . Banner troops were ordered not to loot ; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule " remarkably smooth . " Yet at the same time as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming , Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne ( including descendants of the last Ming emperor ) should be executed along with their supporters . On June 7 , just two days after entering the city , Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital , assuring them that if the local population accepted to shave their forehead , wear a queue , and surrender , the officials would be allowed to stay at their post . He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing , threatening Qing control over the capital region . Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644 . On 30 October the six @-@ year @-@ old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the Altar of Heaven . The southern cadet branch of Confucius ' descendants who held the title Wujing boshi 五經博士 and the sixty @-@ fifth generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title Duke Yansheng in the northern branch both had their titles reconfirmed on 31 October . A formal ritual of enthronement for Fulin was held on 8 November , during which the young emperor compared Dorgon 's achievements to those of the Duke of Zhou , a revered regent from antiquity . During the ceremony , Dorgon 's official title was raised from " Prince Regent " to " Uncle Prince Regent " ( Shufu shezheng wang 叔父攝政王 ) , in which the Manchu term for " Uncle " ( ecike ) represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince . Three days later Dorgon 's co @-@ regent Jirgalang was demoted from " Prince Regent " to " Assistant Uncle Prince Regent " ( Fu zheng shuwang 輔政叔王 ) . In June 1645 , Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as " Imperial Uncle Prince Regent " ( Huang shufu shezheng wang 皇叔父攝政王 ) , which left him one step short of claiming the throne for himself . One of Dorgon 's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing to give it to Bannermen , including Han Chinese Bannermen . The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace , followed by the White Banners east , the Red Banners west , and the Blue Banners south . This distribution accorded with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which " each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass . " Despite tax remissions and large @-@ scale building programs designed to facilitate the transition , in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups . Agricultural land outside the capital was also marked off ( quan 圈 ) and given to Qing troops . Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords . This transition in land use caused " several decades of disruption and hardship . " In 1646 , Dorgon also ordered that the civil examinations for selecting government officials be reestablished . From then on they were held regularly every three years as under the Ming . In the very first palace examination held under Qing rule in 1646 , candidates , most of whom were northern Chinese , were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could be made to work together for a common purpose . The 1649 examination inquired about " how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division . " Under the Shunzhi Emperor 's reign , the average number of graduates per session of the metropolitan examination was the highest of the Qing dynasty ( " to win more Chinese support " ) , until 1660 when lower quotas were established . To promote ethnic harmony , in 1648 an imperial decree formulated by Dorgon allowed Han Chinese civilians to marry women from the Manchu Banners , with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners , or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners . Only later in the dynasty were these policies allowing intermarriage rescinded . = = = Conquest of China = = = Under the reign of Dorgon — whom historians have variously called " the mastermind of the Qing conquest " and " the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise " — the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist " Southern Ming " resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China . After repressing anti @-@ Qing revolts in Hebei and Shandong in the Summer and Fall of 1644 , Dorgon sent armies to root out Li Zicheng from the important city of Xi 'an ( Shaanxi province ) , where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644 . Under the pressure of Qing armies , Li was forced to leave Xi 'an in February 1645 , and he was killed — either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organized for self @-@ defense in this time of rampant banditry — in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces . From newly captured Xi 'an , in early April 1645 the Qing mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of Jiangnan south of the lower Yangtze River , where in June 1644 a Ming imperial prince had established a regime loyal to the Ming . Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance . Several Qing armies swept south , taking the key city of Xuzhou north of the Huai River in early May 1645 and soon converging on Yangzhou , the main city on the Southern Ming 's northern line of defense . Bravely defended by Shi Kefa , who refused to surrender , Yangzhou fell to Manchu artillery on 20 May after a one @-@ week siege . Dorgon 's brother Prince Dodo then ordered the slaughter of Yangzhou 's entire population . As intended , this massacre terrorized other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing . Indeed , Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders had made Dodo promise he would not hurt the population . The Qing soon captured the Ming emperor ( who died in Beijing the following year ) and seized Jiangnan 's main cities , including Suzhou and Hangzhou ; by early July 1645 , the frontier between the Qing and the Southern Ming had been pushed south to the Qiantang River . On 21 July 1645 , after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified , Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Chinese men to shave their forehead and to braid the rest of their hair into a queue identical to those of the Manchus . The punishment for non @-@ compliance was death . This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus in telling friend from foe . For Han officials and literati , however , the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning ( because it breached a common Confucian directive to preserve one 's body intact ) , whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their virility . Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule , the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest . The defiant population of Jiading and Songjiang was massacred by former Ming general Li Chengdong ( 李成東 ; d . 1649 ) , respectively on August 24 and September 22 . Jiangyin also held out against about 10 @,@ 000 Qing troops for 83 days . When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645 , the Qing army led by Ming defector Liu Liangzuo ( 劉良佐 ; d . 1667 ) massacred the entire population , killing between 74 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 people . These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing in the Lower Yangtze . A few committed loyalists became hermits , hoping that for lack of military success , their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolize their continued defiance against foreign rule . After the fall of Nanjing , two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes : one centered in coastal Fujian around the " Longwu Emperor " Zhu Yujian , Prince of Tang — a ninth @-@ generation descendant of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang — and one in Zhejiang around " Regent " Zhu Yihai , Prince of Lu . But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate , making their chances of success even lower than they already were . In July 1646 , a new Southern Campaign led by Prince Bolo sent Prince Lu 's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian . Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou ( western Fujian ) on 6 October . His adoptive son Koxinga fled to the island of Taiwan with his fleet . Finally in November , the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing . In late 1646 two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of Guangzhou , reigning under the era names of Shaowu ( 紹武 ) and Yongli . Short of official costumes , the Shaowu court had to purchase robes from local theater troops . The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647 , when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou , killed the Shaowu Emperor , and sent the Yongli court fleeing to Nanning in Guangxi . In May 1648 , however , Li mutinied against the Qing , and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped Yongli to retake most of south China . This resurgence of loyalist hopes was short @-@ lived . New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang ( present @-@ day Hubei and Hunan ) , Jiangxi , and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650 . The Yongli emperor had to flee again . Finally on 24 November 1650 , Qing forces led by Shang Kexi captured Guangzhou and massacred the city 's population , killing as many as 70 @,@ 000 people . Meanwhile , in October 1646 , Qing armies led by Hooge ( the son of Hong Taiji who had lost the succession struggle of 1643 ) reached Sichuan , where their mission was to destroy the kingdom of bandit leader Zhang Xianzhong . Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near Xichong in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647 . Also late in 1646 but further north , forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin ( 米喇印 ) revolted against Qing rule in Ganzhou ( Gansu ) . He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong ( 丁國棟 ) . Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming , they occupied a number of towns in Gansu , including the provincial capital Lanzhou . These rebels ' willingness to collaborate with non @-@ Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion . Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by Meng Qiaofang ( 孟喬芳 ; 1595 – 1654 ) in 1648 , and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties . = = Transition and personal rule ( 1651 – 1661 ) = = = = = Purging Dorgon 's clique = = = Dorgon 's unexpected death on 31 December 1650 during a hunting trip triggered a period of fierce factional struggles and opened the way for deep political reforms . Because Dorgon 's supporters were still influential at court , Dorgon was given an imperial funeral and was posthumously elevated to imperial status as the " Righteous Emperor " ( yi huangdi 義皇帝 ) . On the same day of mid @-@ January 1651 , however , several officers of the White Banners led by former Dorgon supporter Ubai arrested Dorgon 's brother Ajige for fear he would proclaim himself as the new regent ; Ubai and his officers then named themselves presidents of several Ministries and prepared to take charge of the government . Meanwhile , Jirgalang , who had been stripped of his title of regent in 1647 , gathered support among Banner officers who had been disgruntled during Dorgon 's rule . In order to consolidate support for the emperor in the two Yellow Banners ( which had belonged to the Qing monarch since Hong Taiji ) and to gain followers in Dorgon 's Plain White Banner , Jirgalang named them the " Upper Three Banners " ( shang san qi 上三旗 ; Manchu : dergi ilan gūsa ) , which from then on were owned and controlled by the emperor . Oboi and Suksaha , who would become regents for the Kangxi Emperor in 1661 , were among the Banner officers who gave Jirgalang their support , and Jirgalang appointed them to the Council of Deliberative Princes to reward them . On 1 February , Jirgalang announced that the Shunzhi Emperor , who was about to turn thirteen , would now assume full imperial authority . The regency was thus officially abolished . Jirgalang then moved to the attack . In late February or early March 1651 he accused Dorgon of usurping imperial prerogatives : Dorgon was found guilty and all his posthumous honors were removed . Jirgalang continued to purge former members of Dorgon 's clique and to bestow high ranks and nobility titles upon a growing number of followers in the Three Imperial Banners , so that by 1652 all of Dorgon 's former supporters had been either killed or effectively removed from government . = = = Factional politics and the fight against corruption = = = On 7 April 1651 , barely two months after he seized the reins of government , the Shunzhi Emperor issued an edict announcing that he would purge corruption from officialdom . This edict triggered factional conflicts among literati that would frustrate him until his death . One of his first gestures was to dismiss grand academician Feng Quan ( 馮銓 ; 1595 – 1672 ) , a northern Chinese who had been impeached in 1645 but was allowed to remain in his post by Prince Regent Dorgon . The Shunzhi Emperor replaced Feng with Chen Mingxia ( 陳名夏 ; ca . 1601 – 1654 ) , an influential southern Chinese with good connections in Jiangnan literary societies . Though later in 1651 Chen was also dismissed on charges of influence peddling , he was reinstated in his post in 1653 and soon became a close personal advisor to the sovereign . He was even allowed to draft imperial edicts just as Ming Grand Secretaries used to . Still in 1653 , the Shunzhi Emperor decided to recall the disgraced Feng Quan , but instead of balancing the influence of northern and southern Chinese officials at court as the emperor had intended , Feng Quan 's return only intensified factional strife . In several controversies at court in 1653 and 1654 , the southerners formed one bloc opposed to the northerners and the Manchus . In April 1654 , when Chen Mingxia spoke to northern official Ning Wanwo ( 寧完我 ; d . 1665 ) about restoring the style of dress of the Ming court , Ning immediately denounced Chen to the emperor and accused him of various crimes including bribe @-@ taking , nepotism , factionalism , and usurping imperial prerogatives . Chen was executed by strangulation on 27 April 1654 . In November 1657 , a major cheating scandal erupted during the Shuntian provincial @-@ level examinations in Beijing . Eight candidates from Jiangnan who were also relatives of Beijing officials had bribed examiners in the hope of being ranked higher in the contest . Seven examination supervisors found guilty of receiving bribes were executed , and several hundred people were sentenced to punishments ranging from demotion to exile and confiscation of property . The scandal , which soon spread to Nanjing examination circles , uncovered the corruption and influence @-@ peddling that was rife in the bureaucracy , and that many moralistic officials from the north attributed to the existence of southern literary clubs and to the decline of classical scholarship . = = = Chinese style of rule = = = During his short reign , the Shunzhi Emperor encouraged Han Chinese to participate in government activities and revived many Chinese @-@ style institutions that had been either abolished or marginalized during Dorgon 's regency . He discussed history , classics , and politics with grand academicians such as Chen Mingxia ( see previous section ) and surrounded himself with new men such as Wang Xi ( 王熙 ; 1628 – 1703 ) , a young northern Chinese who was fluent in Manchu . The " Six Edicts " ( Liu yu 六諭 ) that the Shunzhi Emperor promulgated in 1652 were the predecessors to the Kangxi Emperor 's " Sacred Edicts " ( 1670 ) : " bare bones of Confucian orthodoxy " that instructed the population to behave in a filial and law @-@ abiding fashion . In another move toward Chinese @-@ style government , the sovereign reestablished the Hanlin Academy and the Grand Secretariat in 1658 . These two institutions based on Ming models further eroded the power of the Manchu elite and threatened to revive the extremes of literati politics that had plagued the late Ming , when factions coalesced around rival grand secretaries . To counteract the power of the Imperial Household Department and the Manchu nobility , in July 1653 the Shunzhi Emperor established the Thirteen Offices ( 十三衙門 ) , or Thirteen Eunuch Bureaus , which were supervised by Manchus , but manned by Chinese eunuchs rather than Manchu bondservants . Eunuchs had been kept under tight control during Dorgon 's regency , but the young emperor used them to counter the influence of other power centers such as his mother the Empress Dowager and former regent Jirgalang . By the late 1650s eunuch power became formidable again : they handled key financial and political matters , offered advice on official appointments , and even composed edicts . Because eunuchs isolated the monarch from the bureaucracy , Manchu and Chinese officials feared a return to the abuses of eunuch power that had plagued the late Ming . Despite the emperor 's attempt to impose strictures on eunuch activities , the Shunzhi Emperor 's favorite eunuch Wu Liangfu ( 吳良輔 ; d . 1661 ) , who had helped him defeat the Dorgon faction in the early 1650s , was caught in a corruption scandal in 1658 . The fact that Wu only received a reprimand for his accepting bribes did not reassure the Manchu elite , which saw eunuch power as a degradation of Manchu power . The Thirteen Offices would be eliminated ( and Wu Liangfu executed ) by Oboi and the other regents of the Kangxi Emperor in March 1661 soon after the Shunzhi Emperor 's death . = = = Frontiers , tributaries , and foreign relations = = = In 1646 , when Qing armies led by Bolo had entered the city of Fuzhou , they had found envoys from the Ryūkyū Kingdom , Annam , and the Spanish in Manila . These tributary embassies that had come to see the now fallen Longwu Emperor of the Southern Ming were forwarded to Beijing , and eventually sent home with instructions about submitting to the Qing . The King of the Ryūkyū Islands sent his first tribute mission to the Qing in 1649 , Siam in 1652 , and Annam in 1661 , after the last remnants of Ming resistance had been removed from Yunnan , which bordered Annam . Also in 1646 sultan Abu al @-@ Muhammad Haiji Khan , a Mughal prince who ruled Turfan , had sent an embassy requesting the resumption of trade with China , which had been interrupted by the fall of the Ming dynasty . The mission was sent without solicitation , but the Qing agreed to receive it , allowing it to conduct tribute trade in Beijing and Lanzhou ( Gansu ) . But this agreement was interrupted by a Muslim rebellion that engulfed the northwest in 1646 ( see the last paragraph of the " Conquest of China " section above ) . Tribute and trade with Hami and Turfan , which had aided the rebels , were eventually resumed in 1656 . In 1655 , however , the Qing court announced that tributary missions from Turfan would be accepted only once every five years . In 1651 the young emperor invited to Beijing the Fifth Dalai Lama , the leader of the Yellow Hat Sect of Tibetan Buddhism , who , with the military help of Khoshot Mongol Gushri Khan , had recently unified religious and secular rule in Tibet . Qing emperors had been patrons of Tibetan Buddhism since at least 1621 under the reign of Nurhaci , but there were also political reasons behind the invitation . Namely , Tibet was becoming a powerful polity west of the Qing , and the Dalai Lama held influence over Mongol tribes , many of which had not submitted to the Qing . To prepare for the arrival of this " living Buddha , " the Shunzhi Emperor ordered the building of the White Dagoba ( baita 白塔 ) on an island on one of the imperial lakes northwest of the Forbidden City , at the former site of Qubilai Khan 's palace . After more invitations and diplomatic exchanges to decide where the Tibetan leader would meet the Qing emperor , the Dalai Lama arrived in Beijing in January 1653 . The Dalai Lama later had a scene of this visit carved in the Potala Palace in Lhasa , which he had started building in 1645 . Meanwhile , north of the Manchu homeland , adventurers Vassili Poyarkov ( 1643 – 1646 ) and Yerofei Khabarov ( 1649 – 1653 ) had started to explore the Amur River valley for Tzarist Russia . In 1653 Khabarov was recalled to Moscow and replaced by Onufriy Stepanov , who assumed command of Khabarov 's Cossack troops . Stepanov went south into the Sungari River , along which he exacted " yasak " ( fur tribute ) from native populations such as the Daur and the Duchers , but these groups resisted because they were already paying tribute to the Shunzhi Emperor ( " Shamshakan " in Russian sources ) . In 1654 Stepanov defeated a small Manchu force that had been despatched from Ningguta to investigate Russian advances . In 1655 another Qing commander , the Mongol Minggadari ( d . 1669 ) , defeated Stepanov 's forces at fort Kumarsk on the Amur , but this was not enough to chase the Russians . In 1658 , however , Manchu general Šarhūda ( 1599 – 1659 ) attacked Stepanov with a fleet of 40 or more ships that managed to kill or capture most Russians . This Qing victory temporarily cleared the Amur valley of Cossack bands , but Sino @-@ Russian border conflicts would continue until 1689 , when the signature of the Treaty of Nerchinsk fixed the borders between Russia and the Qing . = = = Continuous campaigns against the Southern Ming = = = Though the Qing under Dorgon 's leadership had successfully pushed the Southern Ming deep into southern China , Ming loyalism was not dead yet . In early August 1652 , Li Dingguo , who had served as general in Sichuan under bandit king Zhang Xianzhong ( d . 1647 ) and was now protecting the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming , retook Guilin ( Guangxi province ) from the Qing . Within a month , most of the commanders who had been supporting the Qing in Guangxi reverted to the Ming side . Despite occasionally successful military campaigns in Huguang and Guangdong in the next two years , Li failed to retake important cities . In 1653 , the Qing court put Hong Chengchou in charge of retaking the southwest . Headquartered in Changsha ( in what is now Hunan province ) , he patiently built up his forces ; only in late 1658 did well @-@ fed and well @-@ supplied Qing troops mount a multipronged campaign to take Guizhou and Yunnan . In late January 1659 , a Qing army led by Manchu prince Doni took the capital of Yunnan , sending the Yongli Emperor fleeing into nearby Burma , which was then ruled by King Pindale Min of the Toungoo dynasty . The last sovereign of the Southern Ming stayed there until 1662 , when he was captured and executed by Wu Sangui , the former Ming general whose surrender to the Manchus in April 1644 had allowed Dorgon to start the Qing conquest of China . Zheng Chenggong ( " Koxinga " ) , who had been adopted by the Longwu Emperor in 1646 and ennobled by Yongli in 1655 , also continued to defend the cause of the Southern Ming . In 1659 , just as the Shunzhi Emperor was preparing to hold a special examination to celebrate the glories of his reign and the success of the southwestern campaigns , Zheng sailed up the Yangtze River with a well @-@ armed fleet , took several cities from Qing hands , and went so far as to threaten Nanjing . When the emperor heard of this sudden attack he is said to have slashed his throne with a sword in anger . But the siege of Nanjing was relieved and Zheng Chenggong repelled , forcing Zheng to take refuge in the southeastern coastal province of Fujian . Pressured by Qing fleets , Zheng fled to Taiwan in April 1661 but died that same summer . His descendants resisted Qing rule until 1683 , when the Kangxi Emperor successfully took the island . = = = Personality and relationships = = = After Fulin came to rule on his own in 1651 , his mother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang arranged for him to marry her niece , but the young monarch deposed his new Empress in 1653 . The following year Xiaozhuang arranged another imperial marriage with her Khorchin Mongol clan , this time matching her son with her own grand @-@ niece . Though Fulin also disliked his second empress ( known posthumously as Empress Xiaohuizhang ) , he was not allowed to demote her . She never bore him children . Starting in 1656 , the Shunzhi Emperor lavished his affection on Consort Donggo , who , according to Jesuit accounts from the time , had first been the wife of another Manchu noble . She gave birth to a son ( the Shunzhi Emperor 's fourth ) in November 1657 . The emperor would have made him his heir apparent , but he died early in 1658 before he was given a name . The Shunzhi Emperor was an open @-@ minded emperor and relied on the advice of Johann Adam Schall von Bell , a Jesuit missionary from Cologne in the Germanic parts of the Holy Roman Empire , for guidance on matters ranging from astronomy and technology to religion and government . In late 1644 , Dorgon had put Schall in charge of preparing a new calendar because his eclipse predictions had proven more reliable than those of the official astronomer . After Dorgon 's death Schall developed a personal relationship with the young emperor , who called him " grandfather " ( mafa in Manchu ) . At the height of his influence in 1656 and 1657 , Schall reports that the Shunzhi Emperor often visited his house and talked to him late into the night . He was excused from prostrating himself in the presence of the emperor , was granted land to build a church in Beijing , and was even given imperial permission to adopt a son ( because Fulin worried that Schall did not have an heir ) , but the Jesuits ' hope of converting the Qing sovereign to Christianity was crushed when the Shunzhi Emperor became a devout follower of Chan Buddhism in 1657 . The emperor developed a good command of Chinese that allowed him to manage matters of state and to appreciate Chinese arts such as calligraphy and drama . One of his favorite texts was " Rhapsody of a Myriad Sorrows " ( Wan chou qu 萬愁曲 ) , by Gui Zhuang ( 歸莊 ; 1613 – 1673 ) , who was a close friend of anti @-@ Qing intellectuals Gu Yanwu and Wan Shouqi ( 萬壽祺 ; 1603 – 1652 ) . " Quite passionate and attach [ ing ] great importance to qing ( love ) , " he could also recite by heart long passages of the popular Romance of the Western Chamber . = = Death and succession = = = = = Smallpox = = = In September 1660 , Consort Donggo , the Shunzhi Emperor 's favourite consort , suddenly died as a result of grief over the loss of a child . Overwhelmed with grief , the emperor fell into dejection for months , until he contracted smallpox on 2 February 1661 . On 4 February 1661 , officials Wang Xi ( 王熙 , 1628 – 1703 ; the emperor 's confidant ) and Margi ( a Manchu ) were called to the emperor 's bedside to record his last will . On the same day , his seven @-@ year @-@ old third son Xuanye was chosen to be his successor , probably because he had already survived smallpox . The emperor died on 5 February 1661 in the Forbidden City at the age of twenty @-@ two . The Manchus feared smallpox more than any other disease because they had no immunity to it and almost always died when they contracted it . By 1622 at the latest , they had already established an agency to investigate smallpox cases and isolate sufferers to avoid contagion . During outbreaks , royal family members were routinely sent to " smallpox avoidance centers " ( bidousuo 避痘所 ) to protect themselves from infection . The Shunzhi Emperor was particularly fearful of the disease , because he was young and lived in a large city , near sources of contagion . Indeed , during his reign at least nine outbreaks of smallpox were recorded in Beijing , each time forcing the emperor to move to a protected area such as the " Southern Park " ( Nanyuan 南苑 ) , a hunting ground south of Beijing where Dorgon had built a " smallpox avoidance center " in the 1640s . Despite this and other precautions — such as rules forcing Chinese residents to move out of the city when they contracted smallpox — the young monarch still succumbed to that illness . = = = The emperor 's forged last will = = = The emperor 's last will , which was made public on the evening of 5 February , appointed four regents for his young son : Oboi , Soni , Suksaha , and Ebilun , who had all helped Jirgalang to purge the court of Dorgon 's supporters after Dorgon 's death on the last day of 1650 . It is difficult to determine whether the Shunzhi Emperor had really named these four Manchu nobles as regents , because they and Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang clearly tampered with the emperor 's testament before promulgating it . The emperor 's will expressed his regret about his Chinese @-@ style ruling ( his reliance on eunuchs and his favoritism toward Chinese officials ) , his neglect of Manchu nobles and traditions , and his headstrong devotion to his consort rather than to his mother . Though the emperor had often issued self @-@ deprecating edicts during his reign , the policies his will rejected had been central to his government since he had assumed personal rule in the early 1650s . The will as it was formulated gave " the mantle of imperial authority " to the four regents , and served to support their pro @-@ Manchu policies during the period known as the Oboi regency , which lasted from 1661 to 1669 . = = = After death = = = Because court statements did not clearly announce the cause of the emperor 's death , rumors soon started to circulate that he had not died but in fact retired to a Buddhist monastery to live anonymously as a monk , either out of grief for the death of his beloved consort , or because of a coup by the Manchu nobles his will had named as regents . These rumors seemed not so incredible because the emperor had become a fervent follower of Chan Buddhism in the late 1650s , even letting monks move into the imperial palace . Modern Chinese historians have considered the Shunzhi Emperor 's possible retirement as one of the three mysterious cases of the early Qing . But much circumstantial evidence — including an account by one of these monks that the emperor 's health greatly deteriorated in early February 1661 because of smallpox , and the fact that a concubine and an Imperial Bodyguard committed suicide to accompany the emperor in burial — suggests that the Shunzhi Emperor 's death was not staged . After being kept in the Forbidden City for 27 days of mourning , on 3 March 1661 the emperor 's corpse was transported in a lavish procession to Jingshan 景山 ( a hillock just north of the Forbidden City ) , after which a large amount of precious goods were burned as funeral offerings . Only two years later , in 1653 , was the body transported to its final resting place . Contrary to Manchu customs at the time , which usually dictated that a deceased person should be cremated , the Shunzhi Emperor was buried . He was interred in what later came to be known as the Eastern Qing Tombs , 125 kilometers ( 75 miles ) northeast of Beijing , one of two Qing imperial cemeteries . His tomb is part of the Xiaoling ( 孝陵 ) mausoleum complex ( known in Manchu as the Hiyoošungga Munggan ) , which was the first mausoleum to be erected on that site . = = Legacy = = The fake will in which the Shunzhi Emperor had supposedly expressed regret for abandoning Manchu traditions gave authority to the nativist policies of the Kangxi Emperor 's four regents . Citing the testament , Oboi and the other regents quickly abolished the Thirteen Eunuch Bureaus . Over the next few years , they enhanced the power of the Imperial Household Department , which was run by Manchus and their bondservants , eliminated the Hanlin Academy , and limited membership in the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers to Manchus and Mongols . The regents also adopted aggressive policies toward the Qing 's Chinese subjects : they executed dozens of people and punished thousands of others in the wealthy Jiangnan region for literary dissent and tax arrears , and forced the coastal population of southeast China to move inland in order to starve the Taiwan @-@ based Kingdom of Tungning run by descendants of Koxinga . After the Kangxi Emperor managed to imprison Oboi in 1669 , he reverted many of the regents ' policies . He restored institutions his father had favored , including a Grand Secretariat in which Chinese officials gained an important voice in government . He also defeated the rebellion of the Three Feudatories , three Chinese military commanders who had played key military roles in the Qing conquest , but had now become entrenched rulers of enormous domains in southern China . The civil war ( 1673 – 1681 ) tested the loyalty of the new Qing subjects , but Qing armies eventually prevailed . Once victory had become certain , a special examination for " eminent scholars of broad learning " ( 博學鴻儒 Boxue hongru ) was held in 1679 to attract Chinese literati who had refused to serve the new dynasty . The successful candidates were assigned to compile the official history of the fallen Ming dynasty . The rebellion was defeated in 1681 , the same year the Kangxi Emperor initiated the use of variolation to inoculate children of the imperial family against smallpox . When the Kingdom of Tungning finally fell in 1683 , the military consolidation of the Qing regime was complete . The institutional foundation laid by Dorgon , and the Shunzhi and Kangxi emperors allowed the Qing to erect an imperial edifice of awesome proportion and to turn it into " one of the most successful imperial states the world has known . " Ironically , however , the prolonged Pax Manchurica that followed the Kangxi consolidation made the Qing fatefully unprepared to face aggressive and well @-@ armed European powers in the nineteenth century . = = Family = = = = = Ancestors = = = The Shunzhi Emperor was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan , the Qing imperial family . Father : Hong Taiji ( 1592 – 1643 ) , emperor of the Qing dynasty , of whom Fulin was the ninth son . Mother : Bumbutai ( 1613 – 1688 ) , daughter of Jaisang ( 寨桑 ) , a Khorchin Mongol prince of the Borjigit clan ; titled " Consort Zhuang " from 1636 to 1643 , she became empress dowager after her son was enthroned in 1643 , and is known posthumously as Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang . Paternal grandfather : Nurhaci ( 1559 – 1626 ) , the retrospectively identified founder of the Qing dynasty . Paternal grandmother : Monggo ( 1573 – 1603 ) , of the Manchu Yehenara clan ; consort of Nurhaci ; posthumously known as Empress Xiaocigao . = = = Empresses and consorts = = = Although only nineteen empresses and consorts are recorded for the Shunzhi Emperor in the Aisin Gioro genealogy made by the Imperial Clan Court , burial records show that he had at least thirty @-@ two of them . Eleven bore him children . There were two empresses in his reign , both relatives of his mother the empress dowager . After the 1644 conquest , imperial consorts and empresses were usually known by their titles and by the name of their patrilineal clan . = = = Children = = = Eleven of the Shunzhi Emperor 's 32 spouses bore him a total of fourteen children , but only four sons ( Fuquan , Xuanye , Changning , and Longxi ) and one daughter ( Princess Gongyi Chang ) lived to be old enough to marry . Unlike later Qing emperors , the names of the Shunzhi Emperor 's sons did not include a generational character . = = = = Sons = = = = = = = = Daughters = = = = Before the Qing court moved to Beijing in 1644 , Manchu women used to have personal names , but after 1644 these names " disappear from the genealogical and archival records . " Only after their betrothal were imperial daughters given a title and rank , by which they then became known . Although five of the Shunzhi Emperor 's six daughters died in infancy or childhood , they all appear in the Aisin Gioro genealogy . = = = = Adopted daughters = = = = The names of the emperor 's adoptive daughters , who were all second daughters of members of the Qing imperial clan , were titles , not personal names .
= Calutron = A calutron is a mass spectrometer originally designed and used for separating the isotopes of uranium . It was developed by Ernest O. Lawrence during the Manhattan Project and was based on his earlier invention , the cyclotron . Its name was derived from California University Cyclotron , in tribute to Lawrence 's institution , the University of California , where it was invented . Calutrons were used in the industrial @-@ scale Y @-@ 12 uranium enrichment plant at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The uranium @-@ 235 produced there was used in the Little Boy atomic bomb that was detonated over Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 . The calutron is a type of sector mass spectrometer , an instrument in which a sample is ionized and then accelerated by electric fields and deflected by magnetic fields . The ions ultimately collide with a plate and produce a measurable electric current . Since the ions of the different isotopes have the same electric charge but different masses , the heavier isotopes are deflected less by the magnetic field , causing the beam of particles to separate out into several beams by mass , striking the plate at different locations . The mass of the ions can be calculated according to the strength of the field and the charge of the ions . During World War II , calutrons were developed to use this principle to obtain substantial quantities of high @-@ purity uranium @-@ 235 , by taking advantage of the small mass difference between uranium isotopes . Electromagnetic separation for uranium enrichment was abandoned in the post @-@ war period in favor of the more complicated , but more efficient , gaseous diffusion method . Although most of the calutrons of the Manhattan Project were dismantled at the end of the war , some remained in use to produce isotopically enriched samples of naturally occurring elements for military , scientific and medical purposes . = = Origins = = News of the discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , was brought to the United States by Niels Bohr . Based on his liquid drop model of the nucleus , he theorized that it was the uranium @-@ 235 isotope and not the more abundant uranium @-@ 238 that was primarily responsible for fission with thermal neutrons . To verify this Alfred O. C. Nier at the University of Minnesota used a mass spectrometer to create a microscopic amount of enriched uranium @-@ 235 in April 1940 . John R. Dunning , Aristid von Grosse and Eugene T. Booth were then able to confirm that Bohr was correct . Leo Szilard and Walter Zinn soon confirmed that more than one neutron was released per fission , which made it almost certain that a nuclear chain reaction could be initiated , and therefore that the development of an atomic bomb was a theoretical possibility . There were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries . At the University of Birmingham in Britain , the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant assigned two refugee physicists — Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls — the task of investigating the feasibility of an atomic bomb , ironically because their status as enemy aliens precluded their working on secret projects like radar . Their March 1940 Frisch – Peierls memorandum indicated that the critical mass of uranium @-@ 235 was within an order of magnitude of 10 kg , which was small enough to be carried by a bomber of the day . The British Maud Committee then unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb . Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research , so the Tizard Mission 's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments . He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British , and not as far advanced . A disappointed Oliphant flew to the United States to speak to the American scientists . These included Ernest O. Lawrence at the University of California 's Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley . The two men had met before the war , and were friends . Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium . Uranium @-@ 235 makes up only about 0 @.@ 72 % of natural uranium , so the separation factor of any uranium enrichment process needs to be higher than 1250 to produce 90 % uranium @-@ 235 from natural uranium . The Maud Committee had recommended that this be done by a process of gaseous diffusion , but Oliphant had pioneered another technique in 1934 : electromagnetic separation . This was the process that Nier had used . The principle of electromagnetic separation was that charged ions are deflected by a magnetic field , and lighter ones are deflected more than heavy ones . The reason the Maud Committee , and later its American counterpart , the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee , had passed over the electromagnetic method was that while the mass spectrometer was capable of separating isotopes , it produced very low yields . The reason for this was the so @-@ called space @-@ charge limitation . Positive ions have positive charge , so they tend to repel each other , which causes the beam to scatter . Drawing on his experience with the precise control of charged @-@ particle beams from his work with his invention , the cyclotron , Lawrence suspected that the air molecules in the vacuum chamber would neutralize the ions , and create a focused beam . Oliphant inspired Lawrence to convert his old 37 @-@ inch ( 94 cm ) cyclotron into a giant mass spectrometer for isotope separation . The 37 @-@ inch cyclotron at Berkeley was dismantled on 24 November 1941 , and its magnet used to create the first calutron . Its name came from California University and cyclotron . The work was initially funded by the Radiation Laboratory from its own resources , with a $ 5 @,@ 000 grant from the Research Corporation . In December Lawrence received a $ 400 @,@ 000 grant from the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee . The calutron consisted of an ion source , in the form of a box with a slit in it and hot filaments inside . Uranium tetrachloride was ionized by the filament , and then passed through a 0 @.@ 04 @-@ by @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 0 by 50 @.@ 8 mm ) slot into a vacuum chamber . The magnet is then used to deflect the ion beam by 180 ° . The enriched and depleted beams went into collectors . When the calutron was first operated on 2 December 1941 , just days before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II , a uranium beam intensity of 5 microamperes ( μA ) was received by the collector . Lawrence 's hunch about the effect of the air molecules in the vacuum chamber was confirmed . A nine @-@ hour run on 14 January 1942 with a 50 μA beam produced 18 micrograms ( μg ) of uranium enriched to 25 % uranium @-@ 235 , about ten times as much as Nier had produced . By February , improvements in the technique allowed it to generate a 1 @,@ 400 μA beam . That month , 75 μg samples enriched to 30 % were shipped to the British and the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . Other researchers also investigated electromagnetic isotope separation . At Princeton University , a group led by Henry D. Smyth and Robert R. Wilson developed a device known as an isotron . Using a klystron , they were able to separate isotopes using high @-@ voltage electricity rather than magnetism . Work continued until February 1943 , when , in view of the greater success of the calutron , work was discontinued and the team was transferred to other duties . At Cornell University a group under Lloyd P. Smith that included William E. Parkins , and A. Theodore Forrester devised a radial magnetic separator . They were surprised that their beams were more precise than expected , and , like Lawrence , deduced that it was a result of stabilization of the beam by air in the vacuum chamber . In February 1942 , their team was consolidated with Lawrence 's in Berkeley . They posted their results to the Physical Review from a railroad station en route to California . Their paper was classified secret , but was published after the war . = = Research = = While the process had been demonstrated to work , considerable effort was still required before a prototype could be tested in the field . Lawrence assembled a team of physicists to tackle the problems , including David Bohm , Edward Condon , Donald Cooksey , A. Theodore Forrester , Irving Langmuir , Kenneth Ross MacKenzie , Frank Oppenheimer , J. Robert Oppenheimer , William E. Parkins , Bernard Peters and Joseph Slepian . In November 1943 they were joined by a British Mission headed by Oliphant that included fellow Australian physicists Harrie Massey and Eric Burhop , and British physicists such as Joan Curran and Thomas Allibone . Lawrence had a much larger cyclotron under construction at Berkeley , one with a 184 @-@ inch ( 470 cm ) magnet . This was converted into a calutron that was switched on for the first time on 26 May 1942 . Like the 37 @-@ inch version , it looked like a giant C when viewed from above . The operator sat in the open end , whence the temperature could be regulated , the position of the electrodes adjusted , and even components replaced through an airlock while it was running . The new , more powerful calutron was not used to produce enriched uranium , but for experiments with multiple ion sources . This meant having more collectors , but it multiplied the throughput . The problem was that the beams interfered with each other , producing a series of oscillations called hash . An arrangement was devised that minimized the interference , resulting in reasonably good beams being produced in September 1942 . Robert Oppenheimer and Stan Frankel invented the magnetic shim , a device used to adjust the homogeneity of a magnetic field . These were sheets of iron about 3 feet ( 1 m ) in width that were bolted to the top and bottom of the vacuum tank . The effect of the shims was to slightly increase the magnetic field in such a way as to help focus the ionic beam . Work would continue on the shims through 1943 . The main calutron patents were Methods of and apparatus for separating materials ( Lawrence ) , Magnetic shims ( Oppenheimer and Frankel ) , and Calutron system ( Lawrence ) . Burhop and Bohm later studied the characteristics of electric discharges in magnetic fields , today known as Bohm diffusion . Their papers on the properties of plasmas under magnetic containment would find utilization in the post @-@ war world in research into controlled nuclear fusion . Other technical problems were more mundane but no less important . Although the beams had low intensity , they could , over many hours of operation , still melt the collectors . A water cooling system was therefore added to the collectors and the tank liner . Procedures were developed for cleaning the " gunk " and " crud " from the inside of the vacuum tank . A particular problem was blockage of the slits , which caused the ionic beams to lose focus , or stop entirely . The chemists had to find a way of producing quantities of uranium tetrachloride ( UCl 4 ) from uranium oxide . ( Nier had used uranium bromide . ) Initially , they produced it by using hydrogen to reduce uranium trioxide ( UO 3 ) to uranium dioxide ( UO 2 ) , which was then reacted with carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ) to produce uranium tetrachloride . Charles A. Kraus proposed a better method for large @-@ scale production that involved reacting the uranium oxide with carbon tetrachloride at high temperature and pressure . This produced uranium pentachloride ( UCl 5 ) and phosgene ( COCl 2 ) . While nowhere near as nasty as the uranium hexafluoride used by the gaseous diffusion process , uranium tetrachloride is hygroscopic , so work with it had to be undertaken in gloveboxes that were kept dry with phosphorus pentoxide ( P 4O 10 ) . The presence of phosgene , a lethal gas , required that the chemists wore gas masks when handling it . Of the $ 19 @.@ 6 million spent on research and development of the electromagnetic process , $ 18 million ( 92 percent ) was spent at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley , and further work conducted at Brown University , Johns Hopkins University and Purdue University , and by the Tennessee Eastman corporation . During 1943 , the emphasis shifted from research to development , engineering , and the training of workers to operate the production facilities at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . By the middle of 1944 , there were nearly 1 @,@ 200 people working at the Radiation Laboratory . = = Design = = Much of the great progress on the electromagnetic process can be attributed to Lawrence 's leadership style . His audacity , optimism and enthusiasm were contagious . His staff put in long hours , and University of California administrators sliced through red tape despite not knowing what the project was about . Government officials began to view the development of atomic bombs in time to affect the outcome of the war as a genuine possibility . Vannevar Bush , the director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , which was overseeing the project , visited Berkeley in February 1942 , and found the atmosphere there " stimulating " and " refreshing " . On 9 March 1942 , he reported to the President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , that it might be possible to produce enough material for a bomb by mid @-@ 1943 , based on new estimates from Robert Oppenheimer that the critical mass of a sphere of pure uranium @-@ 235 was between 2 @.@ 0 and 2 @.@ 5 kilograms . The experiments with the 184 @-@ inch magnet led to the construction of a prototype calutron called the XA . This contained a rectangular , three @-@ coil magnet with a horizontal field in which the calutron tanks could stand side by side , with four vacuum tanks , each with a double source . At the 25 June 1942 meeting of the S @-@ 1 Executive Committee , which had superseded the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee on 19 June , there was a proposal to build the electromagnetic plant at Oak Ridge , where the other Manhattan Project facilities would be located , for reasons of economy and security . Lawrence lodged an objection due to his desire to have the electromagnetic separation plant located much nearer to Berkeley . The Shasta Dam area in California remained under consideration for the electromagnetic plant until September 1942 , by which time Lawrence had dropped his objection . The 25 June meeting also designated Stone & Webster as the primary contractor for the design and engineering . The Army assumed responsibility for the Manhattan Project on 17 September 1942 , with Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , as director , although the Army did not formally take over the contracts with the University of California from the OSRD until 1 May 1943 . Major Thomas T. Crenshaw , Jr . , became California Area Engineer in August 1942 , with Captain Harold A. Fidler , who soon replaced him , as his assistant . Crenshaw established his office in the Donner Laboratory at the University of California . In September 1942 , the S @-@ 1 Executive Committee recommended that a five @-@ tank pilot plant be built along with a 200 @-@ tank section of a production plant . Between October 1942 and November 1943 , Groves paid monthly visits to the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley . Reports indicated that compared to the alternatives of a gaseous diffusion plant or a plutonium @-@ producing nuclear reactor , an electromagnetic plant would take longer and require more scarce materials to build , and need more manpower and more electricity to operate . The cost of a kilogram of fissile material would therefore be much greater . On the other hand , while the alternative processes still faced considerable technical obstacles , the electromagnetic process was proven to work , and could be built in stages that would immediately start producing fissile material . Groves cancelled the pilot plant on 14 November , in favor of proceeding immediately with the production plant . The Radiation Laboratory forwarded the preliminary designs for a production plant to Stone & Webster before the end of the year , but one important issue remained unsettled . Oppenheimer contended that weapons @-@ grade uranium would have to be nearly pure uranium @-@ 235 . Edward Lofgren and Martin Kamen argued that a second stage of enrichment would be required . The two stages became known as Alpha and Beta . In March 1943 , Groves approved the construction of five Alpha and two Beta racetracks . In September , he authorized four more Alpha racetracks , which became known as Alpha II , along with two more Beta racetracks to process their product . = = Construction = = Construction of the electromagnetic plant at Oak Ridge , codenamed Y @-@ 12 , commenced 18 February 1943 . The facility would eventually comprise nine major process buildings and 200 other structures covering almost 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of floor space . The 825 @-@ acre ( 334 ha ) site in Bear Creek Valley southwest of the Oak Ridge township was selected in the hope that the surrounding ridge lines might contain a major explosion or nuclear accident . Problems with the substratum required the excavation crews to perform more blasting and excavation to provide adequate foundations for the heavy machinery in the facilities . Supplies and materials of all kinds poured in : 2 @,@ 157 carloads of electrical equipment , 1 @,@ 219 of heavy equipment , 5 @,@ 389 of lumber , 1 @,@ 407 of pipe and fittings , 1 @,@ 188 of steel , 257 of valves , and 11 of welding electrodes . The racetracks required some 85 @,@ 000 vacuum tubes , the entire national output for 1943 , including that of a plant that was still under construction . Where possible , off @-@ the @-@ shelf components were used , but all too many components of the calutrons were unique . Two purchasing departments were established , one in Boston near Stone & Webster for facility equipment , and the other at Oak Ridge for construction supplies . The Chief Engineer of the Manhattan District , Colonel James C. Marshall , and his deputy , Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth D. Nichols , discovered that the electromagnetic isotope separation process would require 5 @,@ 000 short tons ( 4 @,@ 500 tonnes ) of copper , which was in desperately short supply . However , they realized that silver could be substituted , in an 11 : 10 ratio . On 3 August 1942 , Nichols met with the Under Secretary of the Treasury , Daniel W. Bell , and asked for the transfer of silver bullion from the West Point Bullion Depository . Nichols later recalled the conversation : He explained the procedure for transferring the silver and asked , " How much do you need ? " I replied , " Six thousand tons . " ' How many troy ounces is that ? " he asked . In fact I did not know how to convert tons to troy ounces , and neither did he . A little impatient , I responded , " I don 't know how many troy ounces we need but I know I need six thousand tons – that is a definite quantity . What difference does it make how we express the quantity ? " He replied rather indignantly , " Young man , you may think of silver in tons , but the Treasury will always think of silver in troy ounces . " Eventually , 14 @,@ 700 short tons ( 13 @,@ 300 tonnes ; 430 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 troy ounces ) of silver were used , then worth over $ 1 billion . Nichols had to provide a monthly accounting to the Treasury . The 1 @,@ 000 @-@ troy @-@ ounce ( 31 kg ) silver bars were taken under guard to the Defense Plant Corporation in Carteret , New Jersey , where they were cast into cylindrical billets , and then to Phelps Dodge in Bayway , New Jersey , where they were extruded into strips 0 @.@ 625 inches ( 15 @.@ 9 mm ) thick , 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) wide and 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . Some 258 carloads were shipped under guard by rail to Allis @-@ Chalmers in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where they were wound onto magnetic coils and sealed into welded casings . Finally , they moved by unguarded flatcars to the Clinton Engineer Works . There , special procedures were instituted for handling the silver . When they had to drill holes in it , they did so over paper so that the filings could be collected . After the war , all the machinery was dismantled and cleaned and the floorboards beneath the machinery were ripped up and burned to recover minute amounts of silver . In the end , only 1 / 3,600,000th was lost . In May 1970 , the last 67 short tons ( 61 tonnes ; 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 troy ounces ) of silver was replaced with copper and returned to the Treasury . The XAX racetrack with two tanks and three coils was ready to train workers in August 1943 . Bugs were discovered , but were not aggressively followed up . The first Alpha process building , 9201 @-@ 1 , was completed on 1 November 1943 . When the first racetrack was started up for testing on schedule in November , the 14 @-@ ton vacuum tanks crept out of alignment by as much as 3 inches ( 8 cm ) because of the power of the magnets and had to be fastened more securely . A more serious problem arose when the magnetic coils started shorting out . In December Groves ordered a magnet broken open , and handfuls of rust were found inside . Moisture was also a problem in its own right , as was the winding of the wire , which was too tight . Groves ordered the racetracks to be torn down and the magnets sent back to the factory to be cleaned and rewound . Rigid standards for preparation and cleanliness were instituted to prevent a recurrence of these problems . Training for the Beta tracks shifted from the XAX to the XBX training and development racetrack in November 1943 . A second Alpha I racetrack became operational in January 1944 . The first Beta racetrack and the third and first Alpha racetracks , now repaired , became operational in March 1944 , and the fourth Alpha racetrack in April 1944 . A third building , 9201 @-@ 3 , contained a fifth racetrack that incorporated some modifications , and was known as Alpha I1 ⁄ 2 . This became operational on 3 June 1944 . Work on the Alpha and Beta chemistry buildings , 9202 and 9203 , commenced in February 1943 , and was completed in September . Work on the Beta process building , 9204 @-@ 1 , began in May 1943 , and was ready for operation on 13 March 1944 , but was not completed until September 1944 . Groves authorized Alpha II in September 1943 . This consisted of two new Alpha process buildings , 9201 @-@ 4 and 9201 @-@ 5 , another Beta , 9204 @-@ 2 , an extension to the Alpha chemistry building , and a new Beta chemistry building , 9206 . When 9206 opened , the old Beta chemistry building , 9203 , was converted into a laboratory . Work started on the new Alpha II process buildings on 2 November 1943 ; the first racetrack was completed in July 1944 , and all four were operational by 1 October 1944 . The Alpha II racetracks were configured in a linear layout rather than an oval , although they were still called racetracks . In all , there were 864 Alpha calutrons , arranged in nine racetracks of 96 . There were only 36 calutrons in each Beta racetrack , for a total of 288 calutrons , although only 216 of them were ever operated . Work on the new Beta process building commenced on 20 October 1943 . Equipment installation began on 1 April 1944 , and it was ready for use on 10 September 1944 . A third Beta process building , 9204 @-@ 3 , was authorized in May 1944 to process the output of the K @-@ 25 gaseous diffusion plant . It was completed on 15 May 1945 . A fourth Beta process building , 9204 @-@ 4 , was authorized on 2 April 1945 and was completed by 1 December 1945 . A new group of Alpha chemistry buildings known as the 9207 group was commenced in June 1944 , but work was halted in June 1945 before they were completed . Along with these main buildings , there were offices , workshops , warehouses and other structures . There were two steam plants for heating , and a power plant for electricity . = = Operations = = The Alpha racetracks were a 24 @-@ fold magnification of the XA calutron that could hold 96 calutron Alpha tanks . The calutrons were upright and arrayed facing each other in pairs of inner and outer machines . To minimize magnetic losses , and to economize on steel consumption , the assembly was curved into an oval shape that formed a closed magnetic loop 122 feet ( 37 m ) long , 77 feet ( 23 m ) wide and 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) high , in the shape of a racetrack ; hence the name . The two Alpha I buildings , 9201 @-@ 1 and 9201 @-@ 2 , each contained two racetracks , with only one in the Alpha I1 ⁄ 2 , 9201 @-@ 3 . The Beta racetracks were smaller , linear in shape , and optimized for recovery rather than production , with only 36 instead of 96 process bins . The four Alpha II racetracks were also linear in configuration . They incorporated many improvements , the most important being that they had four sources instead of just two . They also had improved magnets and vacuum systems . Tennessee Eastman was hired to manage Y @-@ 12 on the usual cost plus fixed fee basis , with a fee of $ 22 @,@ 500 per month plus $ 7 @,@ 500 per racetrack for the first seven racetracks and $ 4 @,@ 000 per additional racetrack . Workers were recruited in the Knoxville area . The typical recruit was a young woman , a recent graduate of a local high school . Training was initially conducted at the University of Tennessee . Training switched to Berkeley from April to September 1943 , where it was conducted on the XA calutron and a 1 : 16 scale model of the Alpha racetrack , and then to Oak Ridge when the XAX calutron became available . Some 2 @,@ 500 would be required once all the Alpha II calutrons were available . The Tennessee Eastman payroll at Y @-@ 12 ballooned from 10 @,@ 000 in mid @-@ 1944 to 25 @,@ 000 in mid @-@ 1945 . For security reasons , the trainees were not informed of the purpose of the equipment they were taught to operate . The calutrons were initially operated by scientists from Berkeley to remove bugs and achieve a reasonable operating rate . Then the Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a high school education took over . Nichols compared unit production data , and pointed out to Lawrence that the young " hillbilly " girl operators were outproducing his Ph.Ds. They agreed to a production race and Lawrence lost , a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors . The girls were trained like soldiers not to reason why , while " the scientists could not refrain from time @-@ consuming investigation of the cause of even minor fluctuations of the dials " . For a while , the calutrons suffered from a series of debilitating breakdowns and equipment failures , exacerbated by a shortage of spare parts . Hopes that the Alpha II racetracks would be more reliable soon faded , as they were plagued by insulator failures . These problems were gradually overcome . The first shipments of enriched uranium to the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory were made in March 1944 , consisting of Alpha product enriched to 13 to 15 percent uranium @-@ 235 . While of no use in a bomb , it was urgently required for experiments with enriched uranium . The last shipment of Alpha product was on made 11 May 1944 . On 7 June 1944 , Y @-@ 12 made its first delivery of weapons @-@ grade Beta product , enriched to as high as 89 % uranium @-@ 235 . A major problem was that of loss of feed material and product . Only 1 part in 5 @,@ 825 of the feed material became finished product . About 90 percent was splattered over the feed bottles or vacuum tanks . This problem was particularly acute with the enriched feed of the Beta calutrons . Extraordinary efforts were made to recover product , including burning the carbon receiver liners to recover the uranium in them . Despite everything , some 17 @.@ 4 percent of Alpha product and 5 @.@ 4 percent of Beta product was lost . Frank Spedding from the Manhattan Project 's Ames Laboratory and Philip Baxter from the British Mission were sent to advise on improvements to recovery methods . The death of a worker from exposure to phosgene also prompted a search for a safer production process . In February 1945 , slightly enriched 1 @.@ 4 percent uranium @-@ 235 feed material began arriving from the S @-@ 50 liquid thermal diffusion plant . Shipments of product from S @-@ 50 were discontinued in April . S @-@ 50 product was fed into K @-@ 25 instead . In March 1945 , Y @-@ 12 began receiving feed enriched to 5 percent from K @-@ 25 . The output of these plants was in the form of uranium hexafluoride ( UF 6 ) . This was converted to uranium trioxide , which then went into the usual process for conversion to uranium tetrachloride . On 5 August 1945 , K @-@ 25 started producing feed enriched to 23 percent , enough to be fed straight into the Beta racetracks . The remaining Alpha product was then fed into K @-@ 25 . By September 1945 , the calutrons had produced 88 kilograms of product with an average enrichment of 84 @.@ 5 percent , and the Beta racetracks turned out another 953 kilograms enriched to 95 percent by the end of the year . Enriched uranium from the calutrons provided the fissile component of the Little Boy atomic bomb used in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945 . With the war over , the Alpha tracks began to suspend operations on 4 September 1945 , and ceased operation completely on 22 September . The last two Beta tracks went into full operation in November and December 1945 , processing feed from K @-@ 25 and the new K @-@ 27 gaseous diffusion plant . By May 1946 , studies suggested that the gaseous diffusion plants could fully enrich the uranium by themselves without accidentally creating a critical mass . After a trial demonstrated that this was the case , Groves ordered all but one Beta track shut down in December 1946 . The total cost of the electromagnetic project up to the end of the Manhattan Project on 31 December 1946 was $ 673 million ( equivalent to $ 8 @.@ 16 billion in 2015 ) . = = Postwar years = = The workforce at Y @-@ 12 dropped from a wartime peak of 22 @,@ 482 on 21 August 1945 to less than 1 @,@ 700 in 1949 . All the calutrons were removed and dismantled , except for the XAX and XBX training tracks in Building 9731 , and the Beta 3 racetracks in Building 9204 – 3 . In 1947 , Eugene Wigner , the director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) , asked the Atomic Energy Commission for permission to use the Beta calutrons to produce isotopes for physics experiments . This was granted , and a wide range of isotopes was produced . Lithium @-@ 6 from the Beta calutrons was used for research into thermonuclear weapons . Many other isotopes were used for peaceful scientific and medical purposes . The Beta 3 racetracks were transferred to the ORNL in March 1950 . By the mid @-@ 1950s , the Beta calutrons had produced quantities of all the naturally occurring stable isotopes except those of Osmium , which had to wait until April 1960 . The calutrons continued to produce isotopes until 1998 . As of 2015 , they are still on standby . Like the United States , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) carried out research on multiple enrichment technologies for the Soviet atomic bomb project . A trial electromagnetic process was carried out in 1946 with a calutron using a magnet taken from Germany . A site was chosen for an electromagnetic plant at Sverdlovsk @-@ 45 in 1946 . The pilot plant , known as Plant 418 , was completed in 1948 . A more efficient design was developed in which the particle beams were bent by 225 ° instead of 180 ° as in the American calutron . It was used to complete the uranium process after technical difficulties were encountered with the gaseous diffusion process . Uranium enriched to about 40 percent uranium @-@ 235 was brought to Sverdlovsk @-@ 45 for final enrichment to between 92 and 98 percent . After the problems with the gaseous diffusion process were resolved in 1950 , it was decided not to proceed with a full @-@ scale electromagnetic plant . As of 2009 , it remains operational . In 1969 , a research calutron known as S @-@ 2 was built at Arzamas @-@ 16 for high @-@ efficiency separation of isotopes of heavy elements like plutonium . In 1945 , the British atomic bomb project built a 180 ° calutron , similar in design to an American Beta calutron , at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell , Oxfordshire . Owing to the success of the gaseous diffusion plant at Capenhurst , electromagnetic separation was not pursued by the United Kingdom , and the calutron was used to separate isotopes for research . The 180 ° design was not ideal for this purpose , so Harwell built a 90 ° calutron , HERMES , the " Heavy Elements and Radioactive Material Electromagnetic Separator " . This was inspired by France 's SIDONIE and PARIS separators at the Laboratoire René Bernas of the University of Paris IX in Orsay , and PARSIFAL at the military research laboratory of the Commissariat à l 'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives in Bruyères @-@ le @-@ Châtel . Israel , Japan and France also built some research calutrons , including the SOLIS and MEIRA separators at the Soreq Nuclear Research Center . There is also CERN 's Isotope Separator On @-@ Line Detector ( ISOLDE ) , which was built in 1967 . Four research and production calutrons were built at the China Institute of Atomic Energy in Beijing of identical design to those of the USSR in the early 1960s . A calutron at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics at Bidhan Nagar in India was used to produce plutonium for India 's first nuclear test on 18 May 1974 . After the 1990 – 91 Gulf War , UNSCOM determined that Iraq had been pursuing a calutron program to enrich uranium . Iraq chose to develop the electromagnetic process over more modern , economic , and efficient methods of enrichment because calutrons were easier to build , with fewer technical challenges , and the components required to build them were not subject to export controls . At the time the program was discovered , Iraq was estimated to be two or three years away from producing enough material for nuclear weapons . The program was destroyed in the Gulf War . Consequently , the Nuclear Suppliers Group added the electromagnetic separation equipment to its guidelines for transfers of nuclear @-@ related dual @-@ use equipment , material and technology .
= Jessica Dubroff = Jessica Whitney Dubroff ( May 5 , 1988 – April 11 , 1996 ) was a seven @-@ year @-@ old girl who was killed attempting to become the youngest person to fly a light utility aircraft across the United States . On day two of her quest , her Cessna 177B Cardinal single engine propeller aircraft , flown by her flight instructor , crashed during a rainstorm immediately after takeoff from Cheyenne Regional Airport in Cheyenne , Wyoming , killing Dubroff , her 57 @-@ year @-@ old father , and her flight instructor . Although billed by the media as a " pilot , " Dubroff did not possess a medical certificate or a student pilot certificate , since they require a minimum age of 16 , or a pilot certificate which requires a minimum age of 17 , according to U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) regulations . There was also no record @-@ keeping body at the time of her trip recognizing any feats by under @-@ age pilots . Nevertheless , local , national , and international news media picked up and publicized her story , and closely followed her " record attempt " until its abrupt ending . The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) investigated the crash and concluded it was caused by the flight instructor 's improper decision to take off in poor weather conditions , his overloading the aircraft , and his failure to maintain airspeed , which resulted in a stall . The NTSB also determined that " contributing to the [ instructor 's ] decision to take off was a desire to adhere to an overly ambitious itinerary , in part , because of media commitments . " = = " Sea to Shining Sea " flight = = Dubroff was born in Hercules , California to common @-@ law couple Lisa Blair Hathaway and Lloyd Dubroff . Her parents split and her father married another woman , taking then four @-@ year @-@ old Dubroff with him to live in the San Francisco Bay Area . She began taking flight lessons from flight instructor Joe Reid on her sixth birthday , and became enthusiastic about flying . Her father suggested the idea of a coast @-@ to @-@ coast flight , which Jessica readily accepted , and Reid agreed to provide flight instruction and his aircraft for the endeavor . They decided to name their flight " Sea to Shining Sea " ; Lloyd ordered custom @-@ made caps and T @-@ shirts with that logo to distribute as souvenirs during their stops . Although she had received over 33 hours of flight training , seven @-@ year @-@ old Jessica did not hold an FAA medical certificate , nor any pilot or student certificate . In the U.S. , a person must be at least 16 years of age to be eligible for a student pilot certificate , and 17 for a pilot certificate . Since Dubroff was not certified to fly the plane , a rated pilot ( normally her flight instructor Reid ) had to be at the controls during all flight operations . While the coast @-@ to @-@ coast flight was promoted as a " record " attempt because of Dubroff 's young age , there was no known body recognizing record flights by under @-@ age " pilots " at the time of her flight ( The Guinness Book of Records had officially discontinued its " youngest pilot " categories seven years earlier , because of the risk of accidents ) . The flight would be made in Reid 's Cessna 177B Cardinal , a four @-@ seat single @-@ engine propeller aircraft manufactured in 1975 , registered N35207 , which like most aircraft had dual flight controls in the front . Jessica would sit in the front left seat , Reid in the front right , and Lloyd in the back . It was agreed that Reid would be paid for his services at normal flight instruction rates , plus compensation for the layover time . Reid reportedly told his wife that he considered the flight a " non @-@ event for aviation , " simply " flying cross country with a 7 @-@ year @-@ old sitting next to you and the parents paying for it . " Nevertheless , Jessica became an instant media celebrity . ABC News gave Lloyd a video camera and blank cassettes to tape the flight ; once the journey began , it was vigorously followed by supporters , media outlets , and others who monitored its progress , reporting each time Dubroff landed or took off . Dubroff slept during one of the flight segments en route to Cheyenne , and was assisted by Reid in one of the landings due to high winds . = = Final flight segment = = Dubroff , her father , and her flight instructor arrived in Cheyenne the evening before the accident , after a long day of flying from their Half Moon Bay , California departure point . They were welcomed in Cheyenne by Mayor Leo Pando . After some media interviews they got a ride to their hotel in the car of a local radio station program director , who recalled them discussing the forecast weather conditions for the next day . The weather in the morning of the accident flight , as forecast , consisted of an area of heavy precipitation over and to the north and west of Cheyenne , with better conditions to the east , where the flight was headed . As the group were about to board their aircraft , the program director who had taken them to their hotel the previous evening interviewed Dubroff by telephone . Since it began to rain at the airport and the weather seemed to be deteriorating , the director invited her to stay in Cheyenne , but Dubroff 's father declined , explaining that they wanted to " beat the storm " which was approaching . After a telephone discussion with a Casper weather briefer , Reid decided to take off despite the worsening conditions at the airport , and to try to escape the poor weather by turning immediately eastward . Although he was instrument rated , Reid was not instrument current and could not legally operate under instrument flight rules . He decided to file a visual flight rules ( VFR ) flight plan , and depart under VFR , to be better able to cope with the heavy weather in his immediate takeoff path and the vicinity of the airport . As the aircraft began taxiing to the departure runway , it was raining and visibility at the airport fell below the three mile minimum required for VFR flight . Cheyenne 's control tower advised the Cessna about the reduced visibility and that the " field is IFR . " Reid then requested and received from the control tower a special VFR clearance to allow him to exit the airport 's control zone visually , despite the reduced visibility . = = Crash = = At 8 : 24 a.m. MST , Reid 's aircraft began its takeoff from Cheyenne 's runway 30 to the northwest , in rain , strong gusty crosswinds and turbulence . According to witnesses , the plane lifted off and climbed slowly , with its nose high and its wings wobbling . It began a gradual right turn , and after reaching an altitude of a few hundred feet , the plane rolled out of its turn , then descended rapidly , crashing at a near @-@ vertical angle into Kornegay Court , a street in a residential neighborhood . Dubroff , her father , and Reid were all killed by blunt force trauma sustained from impact forces . Reid , who was legally the pilot in command for all of Dubroff 's flights , was apparently manipulating the controls during this particular flight segment . = = Investigation = = The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident , and published a detailed final report on March 11 , 1997 . From the official point of view , the pilot in command was flight instructor Reid , who was the only one on board rated to fly the aircraft . The investigation focused on his decision @-@ making prior to takeoff and his actions once airborne . Several experienced pilots who were at the airport at the time of the accident testified that they considered the weather at that time unsuitable for flight , as a thunderstorm seemed to be forming or moving over the field . In addition , investigators determined that the weight of the aircraft during its takeoff roll exceeded its maximum allowable takeoff weight by 96 lbs , which would have increased the stall speed by about two percent . Since the aircraft was flying in moderate to heavy rain , the NTSB calculated that the water flowing on the wings would have further increased the stall speed by about 1 @.@ 5 percent . Like most flight instructors giving dual instruction , Reid was seated on the right side , while the aircraft 's primary flight instruments were mounted on the left , in front of Dubroff in this case . Investigators speculated that because of the heavy rain in his immediate climb path , Reid 's forward visibility became greatly restricted . So to maintain control through the climbing right turn , he would have had to turn his head to the left to see the flight instruments ( most critically the attitude and airspeed indicators ) and to the right to see the ground through the side window . Such side @-@ to @-@ side head motion , combined with the worsening flight visibility during the climb and the reduced stall margin , could have led to spatial disorientation and loss of control . = = = Probable cause = = = The NTSB concluded that the probable cause of the accident was Reid 's " improper decision to take off into deteriorating weather conditions ( including turbulence , gusty winds , and an advancing thunderstorm and associated precipitation ) when the airplane was overweight and when the density altitude was higher than he was accustomed to , resulting in a stall caused by failure to maintain airspeed . " The NTSB further determined that " contributing to the pilot in command ’ s decision to take off was a desire to adhere to an overly ambitious itinerary , in part , because of media commitments . " = = Aftermath = = = = = Child Pilot Safety Act = = = The accident and its associated publicity led to federal legislation to prevent similar " record " attempts by under @-@ age pilots from taking place in the future . The legislation passed the House on September 11 , 1996 , and the Senate on September 18 , 1996 . On September 27 , 1996 , differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill were resolved . On October 9 , 1996 , President Bill Clinton signed the Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996 , including the Child Pilot Safety Act , into law . The statute prohibits anyone who does not hold at least a private pilot certificate and a current medical certificate from manipulating the controls of an aircraft , if that individual " is attempting to set a record or engage in an aeronautical competition or aeronautical feat . " Since a medical certificate and a private pilot 's license have a minimum age requirement of 16 and 17 respectively , the new rule prohibits " child pilots " such as Jessica Dubroff and Vicki Van Meter from manipulating the flight controls if they are pursuing a record , and the pilot in command 's pilot certificate may be revoked for allowing such activity . = = = Media responsibility = = = After the crash , there were claims that the media frenzy around the " bogus " record attempt contributed to the accident by helping promote the flight and pressuring its schedule . This was supported by the NTSB , which determined that the pressure induced by the intense media attention was a " contributing factor " in the accident . ABC 's Ted Koppel reflected on the media 's role in the tragedy on Nightline : " We need to begin by acknowledging our own contribution ... We feed one another : those of you looking for publicity and those of us looking for stories . " Koppel ended by asking " whether we in the media ... by our ravenous attention contribute to this phenomenon , " and answered : " We did . " Time featured Jessica 's portrait on its front cover , in which she is seen wearing a gray cap with the inscription , Women Fly . The headline reads , " Who Killed Jessica ? " The child pilot was also featured on the cover of People . = = = Civil litigation = = = Lloyd Dubroff , Jessica 's father , was Lisa Blair Hathaway 's common @-@ law husband when Jessica and her brother were born . In 1990 he separated from Hathaway , and in 1991 he married then 19 @-@ year @-@ old Melinda Anne Hurst , with whom he had a child in 1992 . In December 1992 , Hathaway gave birth to Jessica 's full sister , Jasmine , conceived while she lived for a time with Lloyd and Melinda in California . Before his death in the crash , Lloyd Dubroff bought four separate life insurance policies , each for US $ 750 @,@ 000 . Two of the policies named Hathaway as beneficiary and two named Melinda Dubroff , so that each was to receive $ 1 @.@ 5 million in the event of his death , ensuring adequate child support for his underage children living with the two women . His grown son and daughter ( both in their 30s ) , from a previous marriage , were not addressed by these policies . After the crash , Melinda Dubroff sued Hathaway for Hathaway 's $ 1 @.@ 5 million : Melinda Dubroff 's attorney Roy Litherland said in a San Mateo County court that the $ 1 @.@ 5 million Hathaway was designated was " in excess of any reasonable level of child support . " In December 1996 , Lisa Hathaway filed a counter @-@ suit against Melinda Dubroff and Lloyd Dubroff 's estate for $ 1 @.@ 5 million , the exact amount of money Lloyd Dubroff intended , saying Lloyd Dubroff " gave his word he would care for and support [ her ] for the rest and remainder of her natural life . " On December 18 , 1997 , San Mateo County Superior Court Judge Judith Kozloski ruled that the insurance benefits should be split equally between the two women , $ 1 @.@ 5 million each , and dismissed the other claims . = = = Burial = = = Dubroff was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Pescadero , San Mateo County , California , USA .
= Philip Larkin = Philip Arthur Larkin CH CBE FRSL ( 9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985 ) was an English poet , novelist and librarian . His first book of poetry , The North Ship , was published in 1945 , followed by two novels , Jill ( 1946 ) and A Girl in Winter ( 1947 ) , and he came to prominence in 1955 with the publication of his second collection of poems , The Less Deceived , followed by The Whitsun Weddings ( 1964 ) and High Windows ( 1974 ) . He contributed to The Daily Telegraph as its jazz critic from 1961 to 1971 , articles gathered in All What Jazz : A Record Diary 1961 – 71 ( 1985 ) , and he edited The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse ( 1973 ) . His many honours include the Queen 's Gold Medal for Poetry . He was offered , but declined , the position of Poet Laureate in 1984 , following the death of Sir John Betjeman . After graduating from Oxford in 1943 with a first in English language and literature , Larkin became a librarian . It was during the thirty years he worked with distinction as university librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library at the University of Hull that he produced the greater part of his published work . His poems are marked by what Andrew Motion calls a very English , glum accuracy about emotions , places , and relationships , and what Donald Davie described as lowered sights and diminished expectations . Eric Homberger ( echoing Randall Jarrell ) called him " the saddest heart in the post @-@ war supermarket " — Larkin himself said that deprivation for him was what daffodils were for Wordsworth . Influenced by W. H. Auden , W. B. Yeats , and Thomas Hardy , his poems are highly structured but flexible verse forms . They were described by Jean Hartley , the ex @-@ wife of Larkin 's publisher George Hartley ( the Marvell Press ) , as a " piquant mixture of lyricism and discontent " , though anthologist Keith Tuma writes that there is more to Larkin 's work than its reputation for dour pessimism suggests . Larkin 's public persona was that of the no @-@ nonsense , solitary Englishman who disliked fame and had no patience for the trappings of the public literary life . The posthumous publication by Anthony Thwaite in 1992 of his letters triggered controversy about his personal life and political views , described by John Banville as hair @-@ raising , but also in places hilarious . Lisa Jardine called him a " casual , habitual racist , and an easy misogynist " , but the academic John Osborne argued in 2008 that " the worst that anyone has discovered about Larkin are some crass letters and a taste for porn softer than what passes for mainstream entertainment " . Despite the controversy Larkin was chosen in a 2003 Poetry Book Society survey , almost two decades after his death , as Britain 's best @-@ loved poet of the previous 50 years , and in 2008 The Times named him Britain 's greatest post @-@ war writer . In 1973 a Coventry Evening Telegraph reviewer referred to Larkin as " the bard of Coventry " , but in 2010 , 25 years after his death , it was Larkin 's adopted home city , Kingston upon Hull , that commemorated him with the Larkin 25 Festival which culminated in the unveiling of a statue of Larkin by Martin Jennings on 2 December 2010 , the 25th anniversary of his death . = = Life = = = = = Early life and education = = = Philip Larkin was born on 9 August 1922 at 2 , Poultney Road , Radford , Coventry , the only son and younger child of Sydney Larkin ( 1884 – 1948 ) , who came from Lichfield , and his wife , Eva Emily Day ( 1886 – 1977 ) of Epping . The family lived in the district of Radford , Coventry , until Larkin was five years old , before moving to a large three @-@ storey middle @-@ class house complete with servants quarters near Coventry railway station and King Henry VIII School , in Manor Road . Having survived the bombings of the Second World War their former house in Manor Road was demolished in the 1960s to make way for a road modernisation programme , the construction of an inner ring road . His sister Catherine , known as Kitty , was 10 years older than he was . His father , a self @-@ made man who had risen to be Coventry City Treasurer , was a singular individual , ' nihilistically disillusioned in middle age ' , who combined a love of literature with an enthusiasm for Nazism , and had attended two Nuremberg rallies during the mid- ' 30s . He introduced his son to the works of Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot , James Joyce and above all D. H. Lawrence . His mother was a nervous and passive woman , " a kind of defective mechanism ... Her ideal is ' to collapse ' and to be taken care of " , dominated by her husband . Larkin 's early childhood was in some respects unusual : he was educated at home until the age of eight by his mother and sister , neither friends nor relatives ever visited the family home , and he developed a stammer . Nonetheless , when he joined Coventry 's King Henry VIII Junior School he fitted in immediately and made close , long @-@ standing friendships , such as those with James " Jim " Sutton , Colin Gunner and Noel " Josh " Hughes . Although home life was relatively cold , Larkin enjoyed support from his parents . For example , his deep passion for jazz was supported by the purchase of a drum kit and a saxophone , supplemented by a subscription to Down Beat . From the junior school he progressed to King Henry VIII Senior School . He fared quite poorly when he sat his School Certificate exam at the age of 16 . Despite his results , he was allowed to stay on at school ; two years later he earned distinctions in English and History , and passed the entrance exams for St John 's College , Oxford , to read English . Larkin began at Oxford University in October 1940 , a year after the outbreak of Second World War . The old upper class traditions of university life had , at least for the time being , faded , and most of the male students were studying for highly truncated degrees . Due to his poor eyesight , Larkin failed his military medical examination and was able to study for the usual three years . Through his tutorial partner , Norman Iles , he met Kingsley Amis , who encouraged his taste for ridicule and irreverence and who remained a close friend throughout Larkin 's life . Amis , Larkin and other university friends formed a group they dubbed " The Seven " , meeting to discuss each other 's poetry , listen to jazz , and drink enthusiastically . During this time he had his first real social interaction with the opposite sex , but made no romantic headway . In 1943 he sat his finals , and , having dedicated much of his time to his own writing , was greatly surprised at being awarded a first @-@ class honours degree . = = = Early career and relationships = = = In 1943 Larkin was appointed librarian of the public library in Wellington , Shropshire . It was while working there that in early 1944 he met his first girlfriend , Ruth Bowman , an academically ambitious 16 @-@ year @-@ old schoolgirl . In 1945 , Ruth went to continue her studies at King 's College London ; during one of his visits their friendship developed into a sexual relationship . By June 1946 , Larkin was halfway through qualifying for membership of the Library Association and was appointed assistant librarian at University College , Leicester . It was visiting Larkin in Leicester and witnessing the university 's Senior Common Room that gave Kingsley Amis the inspiration to write Lucky Jim ( 1954 ) , the novel that made Amis famous and to whose long gestation Larkin contributed considerably . Six weeks after his father 's death from cancer in March 1948 , Larkin proposed to Ruth , and that summer the couple spent their annual holiday touring Hardy country . In June 1950 Larkin was appointed sub @-@ librarian at The Queen 's University of Belfast , a post he took up that September . Before his departure he and Ruth split up . At some stage between the appointment to the position at Queen 's and the end of the engagement to Ruth , Larkin 's friendship with Monica Jones , a lecturer in English at Leicester , also developed into a sexual relationship . He spent five years in Belfast , which appear to have been the most contented of his life . While his relationship with Jones developed , he also had " the most satisfyingly erotic [ affair ] of his life " with Patsy Strang , who at the time was in an open marriage with one of his colleagues . At one stage she offered to leave her husband to marry Larkin . From 1951 onwards Larkin holidayed with Jones in various locations around the British Isles . While in Belfast he also had a significant though sexually undeveloped friendship with Winifred Arnott , the subject of " Lines on a Young Lady 's Photograph Album " , which came to an end when she married in 1954 . This was the period in which he gave Kingsley Amis extensive advice on the writing of Lucky Jim . Amis repaid the debt by dedicating the finished book to Larkin . In 1955 Larkin became University Librarian at the University of Hull , a post he held until his death . Professor R.L. Brett who was chairman of the library committee who appointed him and friend until Larkin 's death wrote " At first I was impressed with the time he spent in his office , arriving early and leaving late . It was only later that I realised that his office was also his study where he spent hours on his private writing as well as the work of the library . Then he would return home and on a good many evenings start writing again . " For his first year he lodged in bedsits . In 1956 , at the age of 34 , he rented a self @-@ contained flat on the top @-@ floor of 32 Pearson Park , a three @-@ storey red @-@ brick house overlooking the park , previously the American Consulate . This , it seems , was the vantage point later commemorated in the poem High Windows . Of the city itself Larkin commented : " I never thought about Hull until I was here . Having got here , it suits me in many ways . It is a little on the edge of things , I think even its natives would say that . I rather like being on the edge of things . One doesn 't really go anywhere by design , you know , you put in for jobs and move about , you know , I 've lived in other places . " In the post @-@ war years , Hull University underwent significant expansion , as was typical of British universities during that period . When Larkin took up his appointment there , the plans for a new university library were already far advanced . He made a great effort in just a few months to familiarize himself with them before they were placed before the University Grants Committee ; he suggested a number of emendations , some major and structural , all of which were adopted . It was built in two stages , and in 1967 it was named the Brynmor Jones Library after the university 's vice @-@ chancellor . One of Larkin 's colleagues at Hull said he became a great figure in post @-@ war British librarianship . Ten years after the new library 's completion , Larkin computerized records for the entire library stock , making it the first library in Europe to install a GEAC system , an automated online circulation system . Richard Goodman wrote that Larkin excelled as an administrator , committee man and arbitrator . " He treated his staff decently , and he motivated them " , Goodman said . " He did this with a combination of efficiency , high standards , humour and compassion . " From 1957 until his death , Larkin 's secretary was Betty Mackereth . All access to him by his colleagues was through her , and she came to know as much about Larkin 's compartmentalized life as anyone . During his 30 years there , the library 's stock sextupled , and the budget expanded from £ 4 @,@ 500 to £ 448 @,@ 500 , in real terms a twelvefold increase . = = = Later life = = = In February 1961 Larkin 's friendship with his colleague Maeve Brennan became romantic , despite her strong Roman Catholic beliefs . In early 1963 Brennan persuaded him to go with her to a dance for university staff , despite his preference for smaller gatherings . This seems to have been a pivotal moment in their relationship , and he memorialised it in his longest ( and unfinished ) poem " The Dance " . Around this time , also at her prompting , Larkin learnt to drive and bought a car – his first , a Singer Gazelle . Meanwhile , Monica Jones , whose parents had died in 1959 , bought a holiday cottage in Haydon Bridge , near Hexham , which she and Larkin visited regularly . His poem " Show Saturday " is a description of the 1973 Bellingham show in the North Tyne valley . In 1964 , in the wake of the publication of The Whitsun Weddings , Larkin was the subject of an episode of the arts programme Monitor , directed by Patrick Garland . The programme , which shows him being interviewed by fellow poet John Betjeman in a series of locations in and around Hull , allowed Larkin to play a significant part in the creation of his own public persona ; one he would prefer his readers to imagine . In 1968 , Larkin was offered the OBE , which he declined . Later in life he accepted the offer of being made a Companion of Honour . Larkin 's role in the creation of Hull University 's new Brynmor Jones Library had been important and demanding . Soon after the completion of the second and larger phase of construction in 1969 , he was able to redirect his energies . In October 1970 he started work on compiling a new anthology , The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse ( 1973 ) . He was awarded a Visiting Fellowship at All Souls College , Oxford for two academic terms , allowing him to consult Oxford 's Bodleian Library , a copyright library . Larkin was a major contributor to the re @-@ evaluation of the poetry of Thomas Hardy , which , in comparison to his novels , had been overlooked ; in Larkin 's " idiosyncratic " and " controversial " anthology , Hardy was the poet most generously represented . There were twenty @-@ seven poems by Hardy , compared with only nine by T. S. Eliot ( however , Eliot 's is most famous for long poems ) ; the other poets most extensively represented were W. B. Yeats , W. H. Auden and Rudyard Kipling . Larkin included six of his own poems — the same number as for Rupert Brooke . In the process of compiling the volume he had been disappointed not to find more and better poems as evidence that the clamour over the Modernists had stifled the voices of traditionalists . The most favourable responses to the anthology were those of Auden and John Betjeman , while the most hostile was that of Donald Davie , who accused Larkin of " positive cynicism " and of encouraging " the perverse triumph of philistinism , the cult of the amateur ... [ and ] the weakest kind of Englishry " . After an initial period of anxiety about the anthology 's reception , Larkin enjoyed the clamour . In 1971 Larkin regained contact with his schoolfriend Colin Gunner , who had led a picaresque life . Their subsequent correspondence has gained notoriety as in these letters " Larkin was particularly frank about political and personal opinions " , expressing right @-@ wing views and using racist language . In the period from 1973 to 1974 Larkin became an Honorary Fellow of St John 's College , Oxford and was awarded honorary degrees by Warwick , St Andrews and Sussex universities . In January 1974 Hull University informed Larkin that they were going to dispose of the building on Pearson Park in which he lived . Shortly afterwards he bought a detached two @-@ storey 1950s house in Newland Park which was described by his university colleague John Kenyon as " an entirely middle @-@ class backwater " . Larkin , who moved into the house in June , thought the four @-@ bedroom property " utterly undistinguished " and reflected , " I can 't say it 's the kind of dwelling that is eloquent of the nobility of the human spirit " . Shortly after splitting up with Maeve Brennan in August 1973 , Larkin attended W. H. Auden 's memorial service at Christ Church , Oxford , with Monica Jones as his official partner . In March 1975 the relationship with Brennan restarted , and three weeks after this he initiated a secret affair with Betty Mackereth , who served as his secretary for 28 years , writing the long @-@ undiscovered poem " We met at the end of the party " for her . Despite the logistical difficulties of having three relationships simultaneously , the situation continued until March 1978 . From then on he and Jones were a monogamous couple . In December 2010 , as part of the commemorations of the 25th anniversary of Larkin 's death , the BBC broadcast a programme entitled Philip Larkin and the Third Woman focusing on his affair with Mackereth in which she spoke for the first time about their relationship . It included a reading of a newly discovered secret poem , Dear Jake and revealed that Mackereth was one of the inspirations for his writings . = = = Final years and death = = = In 1982 Larkin turned sixty . This was marked most significantly by a collection of essays entitled Larkin at Sixty , edited by Anthony Thwaite and published by Faber and Faber . There were also two television programmes : an episode of The South Bank Show presented by Melvyn Bragg in which Larkin made off @-@ camera contributions , and a half @-@ hour special on the BBC that was devised and presented by the Labour Shadow Cabinet Minister Roy Hattersley . In 1983 Jones was hospitalised with shingles . The severity of her symptoms , including its effects on her eyes , distressed Larkin . As her health declined , regular care became necessary : within a month she moved into his Newland Park home and remained there for the rest of her life . At the memorial service for John Betjeman , who died in July 1984 , Larkin was asked if he would accept the post of Poet Laureate . He declined , not least because he felt he had long since ceased to be a writer of poetry in a meaningful sense . The following year Larkin began to suffer from oesophageal cancer . On 11 June 1985 he underwent surgery , but his cancer was found to have spread and was inoperable . On 28 November he collapsed and was readmitted to hospital . He died four days later , on 2 December 1985 , at the age of 63 , and was buried at the Cottingham municipal cemetery near Hull . His grave can be found on the left hand side of the cemetery , close to the entrance . Its plain white headstone reads " Philip Larkin 1922 – 1985 Writer " . Larkin had asked on his deathbed that his diaries be destroyed . The request was granted by Jones , the main beneficiary of his will , and Betty Mackereth ; the latter shredded the unread diaries page by page , then had them burned . His will was found to be contradictory regarding his other private papers and unpublished work ; legal advice left the issue to the discretion of his literary executors , who decided the material should not be destroyed . When she died on 15 February 2001 , Jones , in turn , left one million pounds to St Paul 's Cathedral , Hexham Abbey , and Durham Cathedral . = = Creative output = = = = = Juvenilia and early works = = = From his mid @-@ teens Larkin " wrote ceaselessly " , producing both poetry , initially modelled on Eliot and W. H. Auden , and fiction : he wrote five full @-@ length novels , each of which he destroyed shortly after completion . While he was at Oxford University he had a poem published for the first time : " Ultimatum " in The Listener . Around this time he developed a pseudonymous alter ego for his prose , Brunette Coleman . Under this name he wrote two novellas , Trouble at Willow Gables and Michaelmas Term at St Brides ( 2002 ) , as well as a supposed autobiography and an equally fictitious creative manifesto called " What we are writing for " . Richard Bradford has written that these curious works show " three registers : cautious indifference , archly overwritten symbolism with a hint of Lawrence and prose that appears to disclose its writer 's involuntary feelings of sexual excitement " . After these works Larkin started his first published novel Jill ( 1946 ) . This was published by Reginald A. Caton , a publisher of barely legal pornography , who also issued serious fiction as a cover for his core activities . Around the time that Jill was being prepared for publication , Caton inquired of Larkin if he also wrote poetry . This resulted in the publication , three months before Jill , of The North Ship ( 1945 ) , a collection of poems written between 1942 and 1944 which showed the increasing influence of Yeats . Immediately after completing Jill , Larkin started work on the novel A Girl in Winter ( 1947 ) , completing it in 1945 . This was published by Faber and Faber and was well received , The Sunday Times calling it " an exquisite performance and nearly faultless " . Subsequently he made at least three concerted attempts at writing a third novel , but none went further than a solid start . = = = Mature works = = = It was during Larkin 's five years in Belfast that he reached maturity as a poet . The bulk of his next published collection of poems The Less Deceived ( 1955 ) was written there , though eight of the twenty @-@ nine poems included were from the late 1940s . This period also saw Larkin make his final attempts at writing prose fiction , and he gave extensive help to Kingsley Amis with Lucky Jim , which was Amis 's first published novel . In October 1954 an article in The Spectator made the first use of the title The Movement to describe the dominant trend in British post @-@ war literature . Various poems by Larkin were included in a 1953 PEN Anthology that also included poems by Amis and Robert Conquest , and Larkin was seen to be a part of this grouping . In 1951 Larkin compiled a collection called XX Poems which he had privately printed in a run of just 100 copies . Many of the poems in it subsequently appeared in his next published volume . In November 1955 The Less Deceived was published by the Marvell Press , an independent company in Hessle near Hull ( dated October ) . At first the volume attracted little attention , but in December it was included in The Times ' list of Books of the Year . From this point the book 's reputation spread and sales blossomed throughout 1956 and 1957 . During his first five years in Hull the pressures of work slowed Larkin 's output to an average of just two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half poems a year , but this period saw the writing of some of his best @-@ known poems , such as " An Arundel Tomb " , " The Whitsun Weddings " and " Here " . In 1963 Faber and Faber reissued Jill , with the addition of a long introduction by Larkin that included much information about his time at Oxford University and his friendship with Kingsley Amis . This acted as a prelude to the release the following year of The Whitsun Weddings , the volume which cemented his reputation ; almost immediately after its publication he was granted a Fellowship of the Royal Society of Literature . In the years that followed Larkin wrote several of his most famous poems , followed in the 1970s by a series of longer and more sober poems , including " The Building " and " The Old Fools " . All of these appeared in Larkin 's final collection , High Windows , which was published in June 1974 . Its more direct use of language meant that it did not meet with uniform praise ; nonetheless it sold over twenty thousand copies in its first year alone . For some critics it represents a falling @-@ off from his previous two books , yet it contains a number of his much @-@ loved pieces , including " This Be The Verse " and " The Explosion " , as well as the title poem . " Annus Mirabilis " ( Year of Wonder ) , also from that volume , contains the frequently quoted observation that sexual intercourse began in 1963 , which the narrator claims was " rather late for me " : this despite Larkin having started his own sexual career in 1945 . Bradford , prompted by comments in Maeve Brennan 's memoir , suggests that the poem commemorates Larkin 's relationship with Brennan moving from the romantic to the sexual . Later in 1974 he started work on his final major published poem , " Aubade " . It was completed in 1977 and published in the 23 December issue of The Times Literary Supplement . After " Aubade " Larkin wrote only one poem that has attracted close critical attention , the posthumously published and intensely personal " Love Again " . = = = Poetic style = = = Larkin 's poetry has been characterized as combining " an ordinary , colloquial style " , " clarity " , a " quiet , reflective tone " , " ironic understatement " and a " direct " engagement with " commonplace experiences " , while Jean Hartley summed his style up as a " piquant mixture of lyricism and discontent " . Larkin 's earliest work showed the influence of Eliot , Auden and Yeats , and the development of his mature poetic identity in the early 1950s coincided with the growing influence on him of Thomas Hardy . The " mature " Larkin style , first evident in The Less Deceived , is " that of the detached , sometimes lugubrious , sometimes tender observer " , who , in Hartley 's phrase , looks at " ordinary people doing ordinary things " . He disparaged poems that relied on " shared classical and literary allusions - what he called the myth @-@ kitty , and the poems are never cluttered with elaborate imagery . " Larkin 's mature poetic persona is notable for its " plainness and scepticism " . Other recurrent features of his mature work are sudden openings and " highly @-@ structured but flexible verse forms " . Terence Hawkes has argued that while most of the poems in The North Ship are " metaphoric in nature , heavily indebted to Yeats 's symbolist lyrics " , the subsequent development of Larkin 's mature style is " not ... a movement from Yeats to Hardy , but rather a surrounding of the Yeatsian moment ( the metaphor ) within a Hardyesque frame " . In Hawkes 's view , " Larkin 's poetry ... revolves around two losses " : the " loss of modernism " , which manifests itself as " the desire to find a moment of epiphany " , and " the loss of England , or rather the loss of the British Empire , which requires England to define itself in its own terms when previously it could define ' Englishness ' in opposition to something else . " In 1972 Larkin wrote the oft @-@ quoted " Going , Going " , a poem which expresses a romantic fatalism in its view of England that was typical of his later years . In it he prophesies a complete destruction of the countryside , and expresses an idealised sense of national togetherness and identity : " And that will be England gone ... it will linger on in galleries ; but all that remains for us will be concrete and tyres " . The poem ends with the blunt statement , " I just think it will happen , soon . " Larkin 's style is bound up with his recurring themes and subjects , which include death and fatalism , as in his final major poem " Aubade " . Poet Andrew Motion observes of Larkin 's poems that " their rage or contempt is always checked by the ... energy of their language and the satisfactions of their articulate formal control " , and contrasts two aspects of his poetic personality — on the one hand an enthusiasm for " symbolist moments " and " freely imaginative narratives " , and on the other a " remorseless factuality " and " crudity of language " . Motion defines this as a " life @-@ enhancing struggle between opposites " , and concludes that his poetry is typically " ambivalent " : " His three mature collections have developed attitudes and styles of ... imaginative daring : in their prolonged debates with despair , they testify to wide sympathies , contain passages of frequently transcendent beauty , and demonstrate a poetic inclusiveness which is of immense consequence for his literary heirs . " = = = Prose non @-@ fiction = = = Larkin was a notable critic of modernism in contemporary art and literature . His scepticism is at its most nuanced and illuminating in Required Writing , a collection of his book reviews and essays , and at its most inflamed and polemical in his introduction to his collected jazz reviews , All What Jazz , drawn from the 126 record @-@ review columns he wrote for The Daily Telegraph between 1961 and 1971 , which contains an attack on modern jazz that widens into a wholesale critique of modernism in the arts . Despite the reputation Larkin not unwillingly acquired as an enemy of modernism , recent critical assessments of Larkin 's writings have identified them as possessing some modernist characteristics . = = Legacy = = = = = Reception history = = = When first published in 1945 , The North Ship received just one review , in the Coventry Evening Telegraph , which concluded " Mr Larkin has an inner vision that must be sought for with care . His recondite imagery is couched in phrases that make up in a kind of wistful hinted beauty what they lack in lucidity . Mr Larkin 's readers must at present be confined to a small circle . Perhaps his work will gain wider appeal as his genius becomes more mature ? " A few years later , though , the poet and critic Charles Madge came across the book and wrote to Larkin with his compliments . When the collection was reissued in 1966 it was presented as a work of juvenilia , and the reviews were gentle and respectful ; the most forthright praise came from Elizabeth Jennings in The Spectator : " few will question the intrinsic value of The North Ship or the importance of its being reprinted now . It is good to know that Larkin could write so well when still so young . " The Less Deceived was first noticed by The Times , who included it in its List of Books of 1955 . In its wake many other reviews followed ; " most of them concentrated ... on the book 's emotional impact and its sophisticated , witty language . " The Spectator felt the collection was " in the running for the best published in this country since the war " ; G. S. Fraser , referring to Larkin 's perceived association with The Movement felt that Larkin exemplified " everything that is good in this ' new movement ' and none of its faults " . The TLS called him " a poet of quite exceptional importance " , and in June 1956 the Times Educational Supplement was fulsome : " As native as a Whitstable oyster , as sharp an expression of contemporary thought and experience as anything written in our time , as immediate in its appeal as the lyric poetry of an earlier day , it may well be regarded by posterity as a poetic monument that marks the triumph over the formless mystifications of the last twenty years . With Larkin poetry is on its way back to the middlebrow public . " Reviewing the book in America the poet Robert Lowell wrote , " No post @-@ war poetry has so caught the moment , and caught it without straining after its ephemera . It 's a hesitant , groping mumble , resolutely experienced , resolutely perfect in its artistic methods . " In time , there was a counter @-@ reaction : David Wright wrote in Encounter that The Less Deceived suffered from the " palsy of playing safe " ; in April 1957 Charles Tomlinson wrote a piece for the journal Essays in Criticism , " The Middlebrow Muse " , attacking The Movement 's poets for their " middle @-@ cum @-@ lowbrowism " , " suburban mental ratio " and " parochialism " — Larkin had a " tenderly nursed sense of defeat " . In 1962 A. Alvarez , the compiler of an anthology entitled The New Poetry , famously accused Larkin of " gentility , neo @-@ Georgian pastoralism , and a failure to deal with the violent extremes of contemporary life " . When The Whitsun Weddings was released Alvarez continued his attacks in a review in The Observer , complaining of the " drab circumspection " of Larkin 's " commonplace " subject @-@ matter . Praise outweighed criticism ; John Betjeman felt Larkin had " closed the gap between poetry and the public which the experiments and obscurity of the last fifty years have done so much to widen . " In The New York Review of Books Christopher Ricks wrote of the " refinement of self @-@ consciousness , usually flawless in its execution " and Larkin 's summoning up of " the world of all of us , the place where , in the end , we find our happiness , or not at all . " He felt Larkin to be " the best poet England now has . " In his biography Richard Bradford writes that the reviews for High Windows showed " genuine admiration " but notes that they typically encountered problems describing " the individual genius at work " in poems such as " Annus Mirabilis " , " The Explosion " and " The Building " while also explaining why each were " so radically different " from one another . Robert Nye in The Times overcame this problem " by treating the differences as ineffective masks for a consistently nasty presence " . In Larkin at Sixty , amongst the portraits by friends and colleagues such as Kingsley Amis , Noel Hughes and Charles Monteith and dedicatory poems by John Betjeman , Peter Porter and Gavin Ewart , the various strands of Larkin 's output were analysed by critics and fellow poets : Andrew Motion , Christopher Ricks and Seamus Heaney looked at the poems , Alan Brownjohn wrote on the novels , and Donald Mitchell and Clive James looked at his jazz criticism . = = = Critical opinion = = = In 1980 Neil Powell could write that " It is probably fair to say that Philip Larkin is less highly regarded in academic circles than either Thom Gunn or Donald Davie " . But more recently Larkin 's standing has increased . " Philip Larkin is an excellent example of the plain style in modern times , " writes Tijana Stojkovic . Robert Sheppard asserts that " It is by general consent that the work of Philip Larkin is taken to be exemplary " . " Larkin is the most widely celebrated and arguably the finest poet of the Movement , " states Keith Tuma , and his poetry is " more various than its reputation for dour pessimism and anecdotes of a disappointed middle class suggests " . Stephen Cooper 's Philip Larkin : Subversive Writer and John Osborne 's " Larkin , Ideology and Critical Violence " suggest the changing temper of Larkin studies , the latter attacking eminent critics such as James Booth and Anthony Thwaite for their readiness to reduce to poems to works of biography , and stressing instead the genius of Larkin 's universality and deconstructionism . Cooper argues that " The interplay of signs and motifs in the early work orchestrates a subversion of conventional attitudes towards class , gender , authority and sexual relations " . Cooper identifies Larkin as a progressive writer , and perceives in the letters a " plea for alternative constructs of masculinity , femininity and social and political organisation " . Cooper draws on the entire canon of Larkin 's works , as well as on unpublished correspondence , to counter the image of Larkin as merely a racist , misogynist reactionary . Instead he identifies in Larkin what he calls a " subversive imagination " . He highlights in particular " Larkin 's objections to the hypocrisies of conventional sexual politics that hamper the lives of both sexes in equal measure " . In similar vein to Cooper , Stephen Regan notes in an essay entitled " Philip Larkin : a late modern poet " that Larkin frequently embraces devices associated with the experimental practices of Modernism , such as " linguistic strangeness , self @-@ conscious literariness , radical self @-@ questioning , sudden shifts of voice and register , complex viewpoints and perspectives , and symbolist intensity " . A further indication of a new direction in the critical valuation of Larkin is S. K. Chatterjee 's statement that " Larkin is no longer just a name but an institution , a modern British national cultural monument " . Chatterjee 's view of Larkin is grounded in a detailed analysis of his poetic style . He notes a development from Larkin 's early works to his later ones , which sees his style change from " verbal opulence through a recognition of the self @-@ ironising and self @-@ negating potentiality of language to a linguistic domain where the conventionally held conceptual incompatibles – which are traditional binary oppositions between absolutes and relatives , between abstracts and concretes , between fallings and risings and between singleness and multiplicity – are found to be the last stumbling @-@ block for an artist aspiring to rise above the impasse of worldliness " . This contrasts with an older view that Larkin 's style barely changed over the course of his poetic career . Chatterjee identifies this view as being typified by Bernard Bergonzi 's comment that " Larkin 's poetry did not ... develop between 1955 and 1974 " . For Chatterjee , Larkin 's poetry responds strongly to changing " economic , socio @-@ political , literary and cultural factors " . Chatterjee argues that " It is under the defeatist veneer of his poetry that the positive side of Larkin 's vision of life is hidden " . This positivity , suggests Chatterjee , is most apparent in his later works . Over the course of Larkin 's poetic career , " The most notable attitudinal development lay in the zone of his view of life , which from being almost irredeemably bleak and pessimistic in The North Ship , became more and more positive with the passage of time " . The view that Larkin is not a nihilist or pessimist , but actually displays optimism in his works , is certainly not universally endorsed , but Chatterjee 's lengthy study suggests the degree to which old stereotypes of Larkin are now being transcended . Representative of these stereotypes is Bryan Appleyard 's judgement ( quoted by Maeve Brennan ) that of the writers who " have adopted a personal pose of extreme pessimism and loathing of the world ... none has done so with quite such a grinding focus on littleness and triviality as Larkin the man " . Recent criticism of Larkin demonstrates a more complex set of values at work in his poetry and across the totality of his writings . The debate about Larkin is summed up by Matthew Johnson , who observes that in most evaluations of Larkin " one is not really discussing the man , but actually reading a coded and implicit discussion of the supposed values of ' Englishness ' that he is held to represent " . Changing attitudes to Englishness are reflected in changing attitudes to Larkin , and the more sustained intellectual interest in the English national character , as embodied in the works of Peter Mandler for instance , pinpoint one key reason why there is an increased scholarly interest in Larkin . A summative view similar to those of Johnson and Regan is that of Robert Crawford , who argues that " In various ways , Larkin 's work depends on , and develops from , Modernism . " Furthermore , he " demonstrates just how slippery the word ' English ' is " . Despite these recent developments , Larkin and his circle are nonetheless still firmly rejected by modernist critics and poets . For example , the poet Andrew Duncan , writing of The Movement on his pinko.org website , notes that " there now seems to be a very wide consensus that it was a bad thing , and that Movement poems are tedious , shallow , smug , sententious , emotionally dead , etc . Their successors in the mainstream retain most of these characteristics . Wolfgang Gortschacher 's book on Little Magazine Profiles ... shows ... that there was a terrific dearth of magazines during the 50s — an impoverishment of openings which correlates with rigid and conservative poetry , and with the hegemony of a few people determined to exclude dissidents . " Peter Riley , a key player in the British Poetry Revival , which was a reaction against The Movement 's poets , has also criticised Larkin for his uncritical and ideologically narrow position : " What after all were Larkin and The Movement but a denial of the effusive ethics of poetry from 1795 onwards , in favour of ' This is what life is really like ' as if anyone thought for a second of representing observable ' life ' . W.S. Graham and Dylan Thomas knew perfectly well that ' life ' was like that , if you nominated it thus , which is why they went elsewhere . " = = = Posthumous reputation = = = Larkin 's posthumous reputation was deeply affected by the publication in 1992 of Anthony Thwaite 's edition of his letters and , the following year , his official biography , Philip Larkin : A Writer 's Life by Andrew Motion . These revealed his obsession with pornography , his racism , his increasing shift to the political right wing , and his habitual expressions of venom and spleen . In 1990 , even before the publication of these two books , Tom Paulin wrote that Larkin 's " obscenity is informed by prejudices that are not by any means as ordinary , commonplace , or acceptable as the poetic language in which they are so plainly spelled out . " The letters and Motion 's biography fuelled further assessments of this kind , such as Lisa Jardine 's comment in The Guardian that " The Britishness of Larkin 's poetry carries a baggage of attitudes which the Selected Letters now make explicit " . On the other hand , the revelations were dismissed by the novelist Martin Amis in The War Against Cliché , arguing that the letters in particular show nothing more than a tendency for Larkin to tailor his words according to the recipient . A similar argument was made by Richard Bradford in his biography on Larkin from 2005 . Commenting on Letters to Monica ( 2010 ) Graeme Richardson states that the collection went " some way towards the restoration of Larkin 's tarnished image ... reveal ( ing ) Larkin as not quite the sinister , black @-@ hearted near @-@ rapist everyone thought it was OK to abuse in the 90s . " Trying to resolve Larkin 's contradictory opinions on race in his book Such Deliberate Disguises : The Art of Philip Larkin , the writer Richard Palmer quotes a letter Larkin wrote to Betjeman , as if it exposes " all the post @-@ Motion and post @-@ Letters furore about Larkin ’ s ' racism ' as the nonsense it is " : " The American Negro is trying to take a step forward that can be compared only to the ending of slavery in the nineteenth century . And despite the dogs , the hosepipes and the burnings , advances have already been made towards giving the Negro his civil rights that would have been inconceivable when Louis Armstrong was a young man . These advances will doubtless continue . They will end only when the Negro is as well @-@ housed , educated and medically cared for as the white man . " Reviewing Palmer 's book , John G. Rodwan , Jr. wonders " if this does not qualify as the thought of a true racist : ' I find the state of the nation quite terrifying . In 10 years ’ time we shall all be cowering under our beds as hordes of blacks steal anything they can lay their hands on . ' Or this : ' We don ’ t go to cricket Test matches now , too many fucking niggers about . ' " Despite controversy about his personal life and opinions , Larkin remains one of Britain 's most popular poets . In 2003 , almost two decades after his death , Larkin was chosen as " the nation 's best @-@ loved poet " in a survey by the Poetry Book Society , and in 2008 The Times named Larkin as the greatest British post @-@ war writer . Three of his poems , " This Be The Verse " , " The Whitsun Weddings " and " An Arundel Tomb " , featured in the Nation 's Top 100 Poems as voted for by viewers of the BBC 's Bookworm in 1995 . Media interest in Larkin has increased in the twenty @-@ first century . Larkin 's collection The Whitsun Weddings is one of the available poetry texts in the AQA English Literature A Level syllabus , while High Windows is offered by the OCR board . Buses in Hull displayed extracts from his poems in 2010 . = = = Recordings = = = In 1959 , the Marvell Press published Listen presents Philip Larkin reading The Less Deceived ( Listen LPV1 ) , an LP record on which Larkin recites all the poems from The Less Deceived in the order they appear in the printed volume . This was followed , in 1965 , by Philip Larkin reads and comments on The Whitsun Weddings ( Listen LPV6 ) , again on the Marvell Press 's record label ( though the printed volume was published by Faber and Faber ) . Once again the poems are read in the order in which they appear in the printed volume , but with Larkin including introductory remarks to many of the poems . A recording of Larkin reading the poems from his final collection , High Windows , was published in 1975 as British poets of our time . Philip Larkin ; High Windows : poems read by the author ( edited by Peter Orr ) on the Argo record label ( Argo PLP 1202 ) . As with the two previous recordings , the sequencing of the poems is the same as in the printed volume . Larkin also appears on several audio poetry anthologies : The Jupiter Anthology of 20th Century English Poetry – Part III ( JUR 00A8 ) , issued in 1963 and featuring " An Arundel Tomb " and " Mr Bleaney " ( this same recording was issued in the United States in 1967 on the Folkways record label as Anthology of 20th Century English Poetry – Part III ( FL9870 ) ) ; The Poet Speaks record 8 ( Argo PLP 1088 ) , issued in 1967 and featuring " Wants " , " Coming " , " Nothing to be Said " , " Days " and " Dockery and Son " ; On Record ( YA3 ) , issued in 1974 by Yorkshire Arts Association and featuring " Here " , " Days " , " Next , Please " , " Wedding @-@ Wind " , " The Whitsun Weddings " , " XXX " , " XIII " ( these last two poems from The North Ship ) ; and Douglas Dunn and Philip Larkin , issued in 1984 by Faber and Faber ( A Faber Poetry cassette ) , featuring Larkin reading 13 poems including , for the first time on a recording , " Aubade " . Despite the fact that Larkin made audio recordings ( in studio conditions ) of each of his three mature collections , and separate recordings of groups of poems for a number of audio anthologies , he somehow gained a reputation as a poet who was reluctant to make recordings in which he read his own work . While Larkin did express a dislike of the sound of his own voice ( " I come from Coventry , between the sloppiness of Leicester and the whine of Birmingham , you know — and sometimes it comes out " ) , the evidence indicates that this influenced more his preference not to give public readings of his own work , than his willingness to make audio recordings of his poems . In 1980 , Larkin was invited by the Poets ' Audio Center , Washington , to record a selection of poems from the full range of his poetic output for publication on a Watershed Foundation cassette tape . The recording was made in February 1980 ( at Larkin 's own expense ) by John Weeks , a sound engineer colleague from the University of Hull . Although negotiations between Larkin , his publishers and the Watershed Foundation collapsed , the recording ( of Larkin reading 26 poems selected from his four canonical volumes of poetry ) was sold – by Larkin – to Harvard University 's Poetry Room in 1981 . In 2004 , a copy of this recording was uncovered in the Hornsea garage studio of the engineer who had made the recording for Larkin . ( Subsequently , Larkin 's own copy of the recording was found in the Larkin Archive at the University of Hull ) News of the “ newly discovered ” recording made the headlines in 2006 , with extracts being broadcast in a Sky News report . A programme examining the discovery in more depth , The Larkin Tapes , was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in March 2008 . The recordings were issued on CD by Faber and Faber in January 2009 as The Sunday Sessions . In contrast to the number of audio recordings of Larkin reading his own work , there are very few appearances by Larkin on television . The only programme in which he agreed to be filmed taking part is Down Cemetery Road ( 1964 ) , from the BBC Monitor series , in which Larkin was interviewed by John Betjeman . The filming took place in and around Hull ( with some filming in North Lincolnshire ) , and showed Larkin in his natural surroundings : his flat in Pearson Park , the Brynmor Jones Library ; and visiting churches and cemeteries . The film was more recently broadcast on BBC Four . In 1981 , Larkin was part of a group of poets who surprised John Betjeman on his seventy @-@ fifth birthday by turning up on his doorstep with gifts and greetings . This scene was filmed by Jonathan Stedall and later featured in third episode of his 1983 series for BBC2 , Time With Betjeman . In 1982 , as part of celebrations for his sixtieth birthday , Larkin was the subject of The South Bank Show . Although Larkin declined the invitation to appear in the programme , he recorded ( on audio tape ) " a lot of poems " specifically for it . Melvyn Bragg commented , in his introduction to the programme , that the poet had given his full cooperation . The programme , broadcast on 30 May , featured contributions from Kingsley Amis , Andrew Motion and Alan Bennett . Bennett was also filmed reading several Larkin poems a few years later , in an edition of Poetry in Motion , broadcast by Channel 4 in 1990 . = = = Fiction based on Larkin 's life = = = In 1999 , Oliver Ford Davies starred in Ben Brown 's play Larkin With Women at the Stephen Joseph Theatre , Scarborough , reprising his role at the Orange Tree Theatre , London in 2006 . The play was published by Larkin 's usual publishers , Faber and Faber . Set in the three decades after Larkin 's arrival in Hull , it explores his long relationships with Monica Jones , Maeve Brennan and Betty Mackereth . Another Larkin inspired entertainment , devised and starring Sir Tom Courtenay , was given a pre @-@ production performance on the afternoon of Saturday 29 June 2002 at Hull University 's Middleton Hall . Courtenay performed his one @-@ man play Pretending to Be Me as part of the Second Hull International Conference on the Work of Philip Larkin . In November that year , Courtenay debuted the play at the West Yorkshire Playhouse , later transferring the production to the Comedy Theatre in London 's West End . An audio recording of the play , which is based on Larkin 's letters , interviews , diaries and verse , was released in 2005 . In June 2010 , Courtenay returned to the University of Hull to give a performance of a newly revised version of Pretending to Be Me called Larkin Revisited in aid of the Larkin statue appeal as part of the Larkin 25 festival . In July 2003 , BBC Two broadcast a play entitled Love Again — its title also that of one of Larkin 's most painfully personal poems — dealing with the last thirty years of Larkin 's life ( though not shot anywhere near Hull ) . The lead role was played by Hugh Bonneville , and in the same year Channel 4 broadcast the documentary Philip Larkin , Love and Death in Hull . In April 2008 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a play by Chris Harrald entitled Mr Larkin 's Awkward Day , recounting the practical joke played on him in 1957 by his friend Robert Conquest , a fellow poet . = = = Philip Larkin Society = = = The Philip Larkin Society is a Charitable organization dedicated to preserving the memory and works of Philip Larkin . It was formed in 1995 on the tenth anniversary of Larkin 's death in 1985 , and achieved charity status in the United Kingdom in 2000 . Anthony Thwaite , one of Larkin 's literary executors , became the society 's first president . The current Society Chairman is Edwin Dawes . The society carries out various activities , such as lectures . It hosted the Larkin 25 art festival from June to December 2010 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Larkin 's death . = = Memorials = = Memorials to Larkin in Kingston upon Hull , where he worked and wrote much of his poetry , are the Larkin Building at the University of Hull housing teaching facilities and lecture rooms and the Philip Larkin Centre for Poetry and Creative Writing which hosts a regular programme of literary events . In 2010 the city marked the 25th anniversary of his death with the Larkin 25 Festival . A video was commissioned to illustrate Larkin 's poem " Here " , his hymn to Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire . Forty decorated toad sculptures entitled " Larkin with Toads " were displayed in the city in tribute to Larkin 's poem " Toads " on 17 July 2010 . A larger @-@ than @-@ life @-@ size bronze statue of Larkin by sculptor Martin Jennings was unveiled at Hull Paragon Interchange on 2 December 2010 , closing the Larkin 25 events . It is inscribed , " That Whitsun I was late getting away " , from the poem , The Whitsun Weddings . Funding for the £ 100 @,@ 000 statue , designed by Martin Jennings , was raised at charity events and auctions with support from Hull City Council . The unveiling was accompanied by Nathaniel Seaman 's Fanfare for Larkin , composed for the occasion . Five plaques containing Larkin 's poems were added to the floor near the statue in 2011 . In December 2012 a memorial bench was installed around a pillar near the statue . In June 2015 it was announced that Larkin would be honoured with a floor stone memorial at Poets ' Corner in Westminster Abbey . The memorial would be unveiled on 2 December 2016 , the 31st anniversary of his death . = = List of works = = = = = Poetry = = = The North Ship . The Fortune Press . 1945 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 10503 @-@ 8 . XX Poems . Privately Printed . 1951 . The Less Deceived . The Marvell Press . 1955 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 900533 @-@ 06 @-@ 8 . " Church Going " " Toads " " Maiden Name " " Born Yesterday " ( written for the birth of Sally Amis ) " Lines on a Young Lady 's Autograph Album " The Whitsun Weddings . Faber and Faber . 1964 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 09710 @-@ 4 . " The Whitsun Weddings " " An Arundel Tomb " " A Study of Reading Habits " " Home is So Sad " " Mr Bleaney " High Windows . Faber and Faber . 1974 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 11451 @-@ 1 . " This Be The Verse " " Annus Mirabilis " " The Explosion " " The Building " " High Windows " Thwaite , Anthony , ed . ( 1988 ) . Collected Poems . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 15386 @-@ 0 . " Aubade " ( first published 1977 ) " Party Politics " ( last published poem ) " The Dance " ( unfinished & unpublished ) " Love Again " ( unpublished ) Thwaite , Anthony , ed . ( 2003 ) . Collected Poems . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 21654 @-@ 3 . The North Ship The Less Deceived The Whitsun Weddings High Windows Two appendices of all other published poems , including XX Poems Burnett , Archie , ed . ( 2012 ) , The Complete Poems , Faber and Faber , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 24006 @-@ 7 = = = Fiction = = = Jill . The Fortune Press . 1946 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 22582 @-@ 8 . A Girl in Winter . Faber and Faber . 1947 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 22581 @-@ 1 . James Booth , ed . ( 2002 ) . " Trouble at Willow Gables " and Other Fiction 1943 – 1953 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 20347 @-@ 7 . = = = Non @-@ fiction = = = All What Jazz : A Record Diary 1961 – 1971 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 13476 @-@ 2 . Required Writing : Miscellaneous Pieces 1955 – 1982 . Faber and Faber . 1983 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 13120 @-@ 4 . Further Requirements : Interviews , Broadcasts , Statements and Book Reviews 1952 – 1985 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 21614 @-@ 7 . Larkin , Philip ( 1979 ) . " The Brynmor Jones Library 1929 – 1979 " . In Brennan , Maeve . ' A Lifted Study @-@ Storehouse ' : The Brynmor Jones Library 1929 – 1979 , updated to 1985 . Hull University Press ( published 1987 ) . ISBN 0 @-@ 85958 @-@ 561 @-@ 1 . Larkin , Philip , ed . ( 1973 ) . The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 812137 @-@ 4 . Thwaite , Anthony , ed . ( 1992 ) . Selected Letters of Philip Larkin , 1940 – 1985 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 17048 @-@ X. Thwaite , Anthony , ed . ( 2010 ) . Letters to Monica . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 @-@ 571 @-@ 23909 @-@ 9 .
= Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) = " Love Me " is a song by Canadian recording artist , Justin Bieber . The track was written by Bruno Mars , Ari Levine , and Philip Lawrence , and produced by DJ Frank E. It was released exclusively to iTunes as the first promotional single from his debut studio release , My World on October 26 , 2009 . An electropop song which also contains dance @-@ pop and R & B music , the chorus interpolates the 1996 single " Lovefool " by the Swedish band The Cardigans . " Love Me " was one of the most well received tracks on the album , with critics complimenting its electro and club feel , and its usage of the " Lovefool " sample . The song peaked in Canada and in the U.S. at twelve and thirty @-@ seven , respectively . The song also charted in the United Kingdom on its main chart and R & B chart , and in Australia . The music video for the song was released on August 3 , 2010 and serves as a " tribute to his worldwide fans , thanking them for their support " . The dominant scenes are made of up of live performances , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage , and Bieber standing in front of a blue and white backdrop dancing . Bieber opened every show on his My World Tour with the song . = = Background = = The song was produced by DJ Frank E at Side 3 Studios in Denver , Colorado . The song recorded by Bill Malina at Serenity Sound Studio in Cincinnati , Ohio . Mixing was done by Dave Pensado and Jaycen @-@ Joshua Fowler , at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , California . Taylor Graves and Bonnie McKee provided background vocals . Bieber originally stated that the third single from his debut album to be released exclusively on iTunes would be an acoustic remix of his lead single , " One Time " , and that it would be released on October 27 , 2009 . However plans were changed , and a week before the release , Bieber announced that a new song , " Love Me " would be released . It was released a day early on October 26 . Bieber took to Twitter with his shock saying that he was surprised himself . = = Composition = = " Love Me " is a pop song , which makes use of guitars / bass and drums sounds . The chorus interpolates the song " Lovefool " by the Swedish band The Cardigans . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing , Ltd . , " Love Me " is set in common time . The song is composed in the key of C minor with Bieber 's vocals spanning from the low @-@ note of Bb3 to the high @-@ note of Eb5 . The song follows in the chord progression of Cm – A ♭ – E ♭ – B ♭ = = Reception = = The song was one of the most well received on the album . Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly said " Bieber 's better on " Love Me " , where he riffs on the Cardigans ' " Lovefool " atop a killer electro @-@ glam groove . " Mark Hirsh The Boston Globe , which was one of the few reviewers that gave the album a mixed analysis , said that " Love Me " was the essential song on the set . Washington Post also cited the song as one of the album 's best , referring to it as a " modest club track . " The New York Times said the track is " probably the only release in recent memory that owes debts to both the Cardigans . " Mike Diver of BBC Music called the song an " electro @-@ infused reinterpretation of The Cardigans ' Lovefool , where Bieber exhibits the right kind of attitude , playful and endearing . " Diver preferred Bieber in the song and wanted more of " the cheeky chap rightfully having the time of his young life " , rather than the " adolescent playboy " . " Love Me " had debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 and Billboard Hot 100 at twelve and thirty @-@ seven . It spent twelve non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Canadian chart and four in the United States . On the week ending January 10 , 2010 , " Love Me " entered the UK Singles Chart at eighty @-@ two , and later peaked at seventy @-@ one . It also debuted and peaked on the UK R & B chart at twenty @-@ three , remaining on the chart for three weeks . It debuted and peaked in Australia at 100 . = = Promotion = = The music video for " Love Me " was directed by Alfredo Flores with Bieber as co @-@ director . It was released on August 3 , 2010 . Bieber said the video serves as a " tribute to his worldwide fans , thanking them for their support " . The dominant scenes are made of up of live performances . Other scenes of the video feature behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage such as ; rehearsal sessions , fan meet and greets , making radio appearances , jokingly walking around with toilet paper sticking out of his pants , and scenes with friends and family . Bieber 's mentor , Usher , also makes an appearance in the video . The video also incorporates Bieber standing in front of a " simple [ white ] backdrop " dancing and " draw [ ing ] hearts in the air , presumably directed at his loving fanbase " relative to the songs theme , " Love Me " . Bieber performed the song several times including at the new Microsoft Store grand opening in Mission Viejo , California , on the Fearless Tour , on his radio promotion tour and Jingle Ball tour , and CBS ' The Early Show as a part of their Super Bowl programming . He also performed it in an unaired segment of VH1 's Pepsi Super Bowl Fan Jam , and at the 2010 Houston Rodeo with Selena Gomez . Bieber performed the song at a concert at the Hollywood Palladium . In a review of the performance , August Brown of the Los Angeles Times , said commended the song , saying the song " tacks the indie @-@ pop chorus from the Cardigans ’ “ Lovefool ” onto en @-@ vogue trance synthesizers and martial dance beats . " = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Peter Hernandez , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Peter Svensson , Nina Persson Production – DJ Frank E Background vocals – Taylor Graves , Bonnie McKee Vocal production and recording – Bill Malina and DJ Frank E , assisted by Paul Bailey and JP " The Specialist " Negrete Mixing – Jaycen Joshua @-@ Fowler and Dave Pensado , assisted by Giancarlo Lino = = Charts = =
= Full Circle : Carnegie Hall 2000 = Full Circle : Carnegie Hall 2000 is a live album by Indian musician and composer Ravi Shankar , released in 2001 through the record label Angel Records . Recorded at Carnegie Hall in October 2000 as part of a tour with Shankar 's daughter Anoushka , the album contains five tracks and presents two ragas . The concert occurred sixty @-@ two years after Shankar 's first performance at Carnegie Hall and commemorated his eightieth birthday ; the album was his first live recording in nearly twenty years . Full Circle was produced by Hans Wendl , mastered by Scott Hull , and mixed and engineered by Tom Lazarus . Featured are performances by Tanmoy Bose and Bickram Ghosh on tabla , and Anoushka and Ravi on sitar . In 2001 , the album peaked at ninth position on Billboard 's Top World Music Albums chart and earned Shankar the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album . = = Background and composition = = Full Circle was recorded at Carnegie Hall in New York City on October 6 , 2000 , as part of a tour of the same name in which Ravi introduced his nineteen @-@ year @-@ old daughter and student Anoushka Shankar . Anoushka began studying at age nine and is the only musician in the world trained exclusively by Ravi . The concert commemorated Shankar 's eightieth birthday and occurred sixty @-@ two years after his first performance at the venue as a member of his brother Uday Shankar 's Indian dance group . The album also marked Shankar 's first live recording in nearly twenty years . The Carnegie Hall concert was held specifically for the purpose of recording a live album , despite Shankar 's hesitations about using " traditional recording considerations " to capture improvisational music . Full Circle contains two ragas presented in five tracks totaling just over one hour in length . Kaushi Kanhara ( a compound raga that combines Malkauns and Darbari Kanada ) is separated in an alap portion ( an unaccompanied introduction ) which includes jor and jhala ( playing with pulse and fast pulse ) , and a gat portion ( composition with tabla accompaniment ) . Mishra Gara is introduced with an aochar ( a short alap ) , and features two gats , in a single thirty @-@ minute track . Hans Wendl worked as record producer and Scott Hull mastered the album , which was mixed and engineered by Tom Lazarus and features performances by Tanmoy Bose and Bickram Ghosh on tabla , and Anoushka and Ravi on sitar . Shankar said he was successful in reaching his goal of presenting variety on the album by incorporating both " ancient " and " contemporary , semi @-@ classical " styles and reaching a musical climax quickly . Gilbert Heatherwick , an Angel Records executive , said that the label sought to market the album as an " event record " and would position it " upfront in pop departments " . Angel promoted the album through NPR stations and mainstream press outlets as a " human interest story " , focusing on Shankar 's career and how the album exemplifies its title . Full Circle was released in India through the EMI @-@ owned label Virgin India . Anoushka Shankar 's album Live at Carnegie Hall was recorded at Carnegie Hall the same evening . The album was released in December 2001 and earned her a nomination for Best World Music Album at the 45th Grammy Awards ( 2003 ) , making her the youngest musician nominated in the category . = = Reception = = Allmusic 's Sean Westergaard awarded the album three of five stars and called it an " excellent recording " . He complimented Ravi 's musicianship and dexterity , particularly during the fast gat section of Mishra Gara , but suggested that alap and jor might be too long for some Western listeners . Yoga Journal 's Derk Richardson wrote that Shankar 's fast fingering and " ingenious note choices ... conspire to create a mesmerizing swirl " . Richardson complimented all instrumental performers , as well as producer Hans Wendl , for recording the ensemble with " striking clarity " , and called Shankar 's playing " timeless " . Bill Meyer wrote in his 2005 review for the Chicago Reader that Shankar was not as fast as he used to be but that he was still a " thrilling improviser " . = = Chart performance and recognition = = Full Circle reached a peak position of nine on Billboard 's Top World Music Albums chart the week of May 5 , 2001 . At the 44th Grammy Awards in 2002 , the album earned Shankar a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album . This marked Shankar 's third Grammy win , after he was previously recognized along with Yehudi Menuhin for the collaborative album West Meets East , and with George Harrison , et al. at the 15th Grammy Awards in 1973 for The Concert for Bangladesh . Following the 2002 Grammy win , tabla musician Bickram Ghosh said he enjoyed the recognition but insisted the " limelight " would not affect his future playing . When The Times of India questioned whether or not tanpura musicians received adequate praise for their contributions to the album , Ghosh responded that the tanpura is a " drawn instrument and not a performance art . " Of his performances alongside Shankar , Ghosh rated the Carnegie Hall concert an eight on a ten @-@ point scale , saving a nine rating for the Toronto Ford Centre concert in 1997 . According to the Ravi Shankar Foundation , the album also won first place in the Traditional World category at the 5th Annual NAV Music Awards . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Ravi Shankar . " Introduction I " – 1 : 37 " Raga Kaushi Kanhara : Alap @-@ Jor @-@ Jhala " – 19 : 02 " Raga Kaushi Kanhara : Gat in Dhamar " – 10 : 04 " Introduction II " – 1 : 37 " Raga Mishra Gara : Aochar / Slow Gat and Fast Gat in Teental " – 30 : 14 Track listing adapted from Allmusic . = = Personnel = = Tanmoy Bose – tabla Bickram Ghosh – tabla Caroline Greyshock – cover photo Scott Hull – mastering Tom Lazarus – engineer , mixing Jessica Novod – art direction , design Barry Phillips – tanpura Anoushka Shankar – sitar Ravi Shankar – sitar Ajay Sharma – tanpura Marc Stedman – assistant Hans Wendl – producer Timothy White – liner notes Credits adapted from Allmusic .
= Hurricane Carlotta ( 2000 ) = Hurricane Carlotta was the most powerful hurricane of the 2000 Pacific hurricane season . The third tropical cyclone of the season , Carlotta developed from a tropical wave on June 18 about 270 miles ( 470 km ) southeast off the coast of Mexico . With favorable conditions for development , it strengthened steadily at first , followed by a period of rapid deepening to peak winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) on June 22 . Cooler waters caused Carlotta to gradually weaken , and on June 25 it degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure while located about 260 miles ( 420 km ) west @-@ southwest of Cabo San Lucas . The hurricane produced heavy rainfall and rough surf along the southwest coast of Mexico , though no serious damage was reported . A Lithuanian freighter traversing through the peak of the hurricane was lost after experiencing an engine failure ; its crew of 18 was presumed killed . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on June 3 . It tracked westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean , and on June 15 it crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean . The system continued westward , and late on June 16 a low pressure area developed about 300 miles ( 480 km ) southwest of San José , Costa Rica . At around 1200 UTC on June 17 , Dvorak classifications began on the disturbance , though initially its convection was broadly distributed and disorganized . The next day , however , an area of concentrated convection developed just south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . Ships in the vicinity confirmed the development of a surface circulation within the system , while satellite imagery showed the development of a central dense overcast . Based on its organization , it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Three @-@ E late on June 18 while located about 270 miles ( 470 km ) southeast of Puerto Angel , Oaxaca in Mexico . Initially , the convection of the depression was displaced to the west of the circulation due to some easterly wind shear , though as it tracked west @-@ northwestward parallel to the coast of Mexico , it maintained and developed deep convection near and over the center . With favorable conditions , the cyclone strengthened and became Tropical Storm Carlotta early on June 19 . The storm initially maintained a track toward the Mexican coastline , though a mid @-@ level ridge turned it to the west ; its closest point of approach was about 140 miles ( 225 km ) at 1200 UTC on June 19 . Late that day , a ragged banding @-@ eye feature developed on satellite imagery , while at the same time it maintained an area of strong convection and well @-@ defined outflow to its south . The storm continued to intensify , and at 0600 UTC on June 20 Carlotta attained hurricane status while located about 155 miles ( 250 km ) south of Acapulco . Operationally , it was upgraded to hurricane status six hours earlier . With a large anticyclone centered near Mazatlán , Sinaloa , Carlotta turned more to the west . Deep convection increased in coverage and intensity as the system maintained impressive upper @-@ level outflow over its southern semicircle . Late on June 20 , Hurricane Carlotta began a period of rapid deepening , with warm waters and a very favorable upper @-@ level environment , and in a twelve @-@ hour period the pressure dropped 49 mbar to an estimated minimum central pressure of 932 mbar at 0600 UTC on June 21 ; at the same time , Carlotta attained peak winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) while located about 285 miles ( 455 km ) southwest of Acapulco . At the time of its peak intensity , Carlotta maintained a well @-@ defined central dense overcast around an eye of 20 miles ( 36 km ) in diameter . Satellite intensity estimates indicated winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , though through much of its duration there was a sizable discrepancy between the estimated winds and that of winds reported by Hurricane Hunters . Hurricane Carlotta maintained peak winds for about twelve hours before weakening as it curved around the periphery of the mid @-@ level ridge over Mexico . Late on June 21 , the eye had become less distinct while its surrounding ring of convection eroded and warmed . Early on June 22 , northeasterly wind shear increased , and shortly thereafter the weakening trend was temporarily halted with some oscillations in the convective intensity and eye definition . Weakening continued on June 23 as the hurricane tracked over increasingly cooler waters , and shortly after 0000 UTC on June 24 Carlotta weakened to a tropical storm about 260 miles ( 420 km ) west @-@ southwest of Cabo San Lucas . Overall convection continued to diminish , and early on June 25 the winds dropped to tropical depression status . Deep convection ceased to exist by 0600 UTC on June 25 , and Carlotta degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . The low @-@ level circulation of Carlotta persisted for several days as it continued northwestward . = = Impact = = Shortly after first developing , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Salina Cruz to Acapulco , and later was extended to Zihuatanejo . Though the National Hurricane Center never forecast it to make landfall , one computer model predicted Carlotta to move ashore ; due to the threat , the Mexican government also issued a hurricane watch from Puerto Angel to Zihuatanejo . Outer rainbands and rough surf affected the southwestern coast of Mexico for an extended duration ; officials evacuated about 100 families in potentially flooded areas of Acapulco as a precaution . Precipitation and clouds were reported in every Mexican state along the Pacific Ocean , resulting in flooding in some areas . No stations in Mexico reported sustained tropical storm force winds ; however , Bahías de Huatulco International Airport in Oaxaca reported a wind gust of 44 mph ( 71 km / h ) . Heavy rainfall and rough seas were also reported on Socorro Island . Seven ships reported tropical storm force winds in association with Carlotta , peaking at 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) ; the lowest pressure recorded by ship was 1 @,@ 008 mbar . Offshore , waves reached 40 feet ( 12 m ) in height . The Lithuanian freighter Linkuva , en route to Long Beach , California , encountered the waves and strong winds as the hurricane was undergoing its period of rapid intensification . After an engine failure , the freighter was lost about 220 miles ( 355 km ) southwest of Acapulco . A naval vessel from both the United States Navy and the Mexican Navy searched for the freighter for three days , though the crew was lost and presumed killed .
= Special Air Service = The Special Air Service ( SAS ) is a special forces unit of the British Army . The SAS was founded in 1941 as a regiment , and later reconstituted as a corps in 1950 . The unit undertakes a number of roles including covert reconnaissance , counter @-@ terrorism , direct action , hostage rescue and human intelligence gathering . The corps presently comprises 22 Special Air Service Regiment , the regular component , under the operational command of United Kingdom Special Forces , and 21 ( Artists ) Special Air Service Regiment ( Reserve ) and 23 Special Air Service Regiment ( Reserve ) , which are reserve units under the operational command of 1st Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade . The Special Air Service traces its origins to 1941 and the Second World War , and was reformed as part of the Territorial Army in 1947 , named the 21st Special Air Service Regiment ( Artists Rifles ) . 22 Special Air Service Regiment , part of the regular army , later gained fame and recognition worldwide after successfully assaulting the Iranian Embassy in London and rescuing hostages during the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege , lifting the regiment from obscurity outside the military establishment . = = History = = The Special Air Service was a unit of the British Army during the Second World War , formed in July 1941 by David Stirling and originally called " L " Detachment , Special Air Service Brigade — the " L " designation and Air Service name being a tie @-@ in to a British disinformation campaign , trying to deceive the Axis into thinking there was a paratrooper regiment with numerous units operating in the area ( the real SAS would " prove " to the Axis that the fake one existed ) . It was conceived as a commando force to operate behind enemy lines in the North African Campaign and initially consisted of five officers and 60 other ranks . Its first mission , in November 1941 , was a parachute drop in support of the Operation Crusader offensive . Due to German resistance and adverse weather conditions , the mission was a disaster : 22 men , a third of the unit , were killed or captured . Its second mission was a success : transported by the Long Range Desert Group , it attacked three airfields in Libya , destroying 60 aircraft with the loss of 2 men and 3 Willys MB . In September 1942 it was renamed 1st SAS , consisting at that time of four British squadrons , one Free French , one Greek , and the Folboat Section . In January 1943 , Stirling was captured in Tunisia and Paddy Mayne replaced him as commander . In April 1943 , the 1st SAS was reorganised into the Special Raiding Squadron under Mayne 's command and the Special Boat Squadron was placed under the command of George Jellicoe . The Special Raiding Squadron fought in Sicily and Italy along with the 2nd SAS , which had been formed in North Africa in 1943 in part by the renaming of the Small Scale Raiding Force . The Special Boat Squadron fought in the Aegean Islands and Dodecanese until the end of the war . In 1944 the SAS Brigade was formed from the British 1st and 2nd SAS , the French 3rd and 4th SAS and the Belgian 5th SAS . It was tasked with parachute operations behind the German lines in France and carried out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium , the Netherlands ( Operation Pegasus ) , and eventually into Germany ( Operation Archway ) . As a result of Hitler 's issuing of the Commando Order 18 October 1942 , the members of the unit faced the additional danger that they would be summarily executed if ever captured by the Germans . In July 1944 , following Operation Bulbasket , 34 captured SAS commandos were summarily executed by the Germans . In October 1944 , in the aftermath of Operation Loyton 31 captured SAS commandos were summarily executed by the Germans . = = = Post war = = = At the end of the war the British Government , seeing no further need for the force , disbanded it on 8 October 1945 . The following year it was decided there was a need for a long @-@ term deep @-@ penetration commando unit , and a new SAS regiment was to be raised as part of the Territorial Army . Ultimately , the Artists Rifles , raised in 1860 and headquartered at Dukes Road , Euston , took on the SAS mantle as 21st SAS Regiment ( V ) on 1 January 1947 . In 1950 , a 21 SAS squadron was raised to fight in the Korean War . After three months of training in England , it was informed that the squadron would no longer be required in Korea and so it instead volunteered to fight in the Malayan Emergency . Upon arrival in Malaya , it came under the command of Mike Calvert who was forming a new unit called the Malayan Scouts ( SAS ) . Calvert had already formed one squadron from 100 volunteers in the Far East , which became A Squadron — the 21 SAS squadron then became B Squadron ; and after a recruitment visit to Rhodesia by Calvert , C Squadron was formed from 1 @,@ 000 Rhodesian volunteers . The Rhodesians returned home after three years service and were replaced by a New Zealand squadron . By this time , the need for a regular army SAS regiment had been recognised ; 22 SAS Regiment was formally added to the army list in 1952 and has been based at Hereford since 1960 . In 1959 the third regiment , 23 SAS Regiment , was formed by renaming the Reserve Reconnaissance Unit , which had succeeded MI9 and whose members were experts in escape and evasion . = = = 22 SAS Regiment = = = Since serving in Malaya , men from the regular army 22 SAS Regiment have taken part in covert reconnaissance and surveillance by patrols and some larger scale raiding missions in Borneo . An operation against communist guerillas included the Battle of Mirbat in the Oman . They have also taken part in operations in the Aden Emergency , Northern Ireland , and Gambia . Their Special projects team assisted the West German counter @-@ terrorism group GSG 9 at Mogadishu . The SAS counter terrorist wing famously took part in a hostage rescue operation during the Iranian Embassy Siege in London . During the Falklands War B squadron were prepared for Operation Mikado before it was subsequently cancelled whilst D and G squadrons were deployed and participated in the raid on Pebble Island . Operation Flavius was a controversial operation in Gibraltar against the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( PIRA ) . 22 SAS also directed NATO aircraft onto Serb positions and hunted war criminals in Bosnia . They were also involved in the Kosovo War helping KLA guerillas behind Serbian lines . According to Albanian sources one SAS sergeant was killed by Serbian special forces . The Gulf War , in which A , B and D squadrons deployed , was the largest SAS mobilisation since the Second World War , also notable for the failure of the Bravo Two Zero mission . In Sierra Leone it took part in Operation Barras , a hostage rescue operation , to extract members of the Royal Irish Regiment . In the Iraq War , it formed part of Task Force Black and Task Force Knight , with A Squadron 22 SAS being singled out for exceptional service by General Stanley McChrystal , the American commander of NATO forces : during a six @-@ month tour it carried out 175 combat missions . In 2006 , members of the SAS were involved in the operation to free peace activists Norman Kember , James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden . The three men had been held hostage in Iraq for 118 days during the Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis . Operations against the Taliban in Afghanistan involved soldiers from 21 and 23 SAS Regiments . Various British newspapers have speculated on the SAS involvement in Operation Ellamy and the 2011 Libyan civil war , the Daily Telegraph reports that " defence sources have confirmed that the SAS has been in Libya for several weeks , and played a key role in coordinating the fall of Tripoli . " While The Guardian reports " They have been acting as forward air controllers – directing pilots to targets – and communicating with NATO operational commanders . They have also been advising rebels on tactics . " Members of the Special Air Service were deployed to Northern Iraq in late August 2014 , and according to former MI6 chief Richard Barrett would also be sent to Syria , tasked with trying to track down the Islamic State terrorist group that the press labeled the Beatles . In October 2014 , the SAS began executing raids against ISIS supply lines in western Iraq , using helicopters to drop light vehicles manned by sniper squads . It has been claimed that the SAS have killed up to eight ISIS fighters per day since the raids began . In recent years SAS officers have risen to the highest ranks in the British Army . General Peter de la Billière was the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the British forces in the 1990 Gulf War . General Michael Rose became commander of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994 . In 1997 General Charles Guthrie became Chief of the Defence Staff the head of the British Armed Forces . Lieutenant @-@ General Cedric Delves was appointed Commander of the Field Army and Deputy Commander in Chief NATO Regional Headquarters Allied Forces North in 2002 – 2003 . = = = Influence on other special forces = = = Following the post @-@ war reconstitution of the Special Air Service , other countries in the Commonwealth recognised their need for similar units . The Canadian Special Air Service Company was formed in 1947 , being disbanded in 1949 . The New Zealand Special Air Service squadron was formed in 1954 to serve with the British SAS in Malaya . Australia formed the 1st SAS Company in July 1957 , which became a full regiment of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) in August 1964 . On its return from Malaya , the C ( Rhodesian ) Squadron formed the basis for creation of the Rhodesian Special Air Service in 1961 . It retained the name " C Squadron ( Rhodesian ) Special Air Service " within the Rhodesian Security Forces until 1978 , when it became 1 ( Rhodesian ) Special Air Service Regiment . Non @-@ Commonwealth countries have also formed units based on the SAS . The Belgian Army 's Special Forces Group , which wears the same capbadge as the British SAS , traces its ancestry partly from the 5th Special Air Service of the Second World War . The French 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment ( 1er RPIMa ) can trace its origins to the Second World War 3rd and 4th SAS , adopting its " who dares wins " motto . The American unit , 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment @-@ Delta , was formed by Colonel Charles Alvin Beckwith , who served with 22 SAS as an exchange officer , and recognised the need for a similar type of unit in the United States Army . The Israeli Sayeret Matkal has also been modelled after the SAS , sharing its motto . Ireland 's Army Ranger Wing ( ARW ) has also modelled its training on that of the SAS , as well as Delta Force ( who in turn have been influenced by the SAS ) . The Philippine National Police 's Special Action Force was formed along the lines of the SAS . = = Organisation = = Little publicly verifiable information exists on the SAS , as the British government does not usually comment on special forces matters due to the nature of their work . The Special Air Service comprises three units : one Regular and two Army Reserve ( AR ) units . The regular army unit is 22 SAS Regiment and the reserve units are 21 Special Air Service Regiment ( Artists ) ( Reserve ) ( 21 SAS ( R ) ) and 23 Special Air Service Regiment ( 23 SAS ( R ) ) , collectively , the Special Air Service ( Reserve ) ( SAS ( R ) ) . = = = Squadrons = = = 22 SAS normally has a strength of 400 to 600 . The regiment has four operational squadrons : A , B , D and G. Each squadron consists of approximately 65 men commanded by a major , divided into four troops ( each troop being commanded by a captain ) and a small headquarters section . Troops usually consist of 15 men , and each patrol within a troop consists of four men , with each man possessing a particular skill : signals , demolition , medic or linguist in addition to basic skills learned during the course of his training . The four troops specialise in four different areas : Boat troop – are specialists in maritime skills using scuba diving , kayaks ( canoes ) and Rigid @-@ hulled inflatable boats and often train with the Special Boat Service . Air troop – are experts in free fall parachuting , High Altitude @-@ Low Opening ( HALO ) and High Altitude @-@ High Opening ( HAHO ) techniques . Mobility troop – are specialists in using vehicles and are experts in desert warfare ; they are also trained in an advanced level of motor mechanics to field @-@ repair any vehicular breakdown . Mountain troop – are specialists in Arctic combat and survival , using specialist equipment such as skis , snowshoes and mountain climbing techniques . In 1980 R Squadron ( which has since been renamed L Detachment ) was formed ; its members are all ex @-@ regular SAS regiment soldiers who have a commitment to reserve service . Squadron Structure A Squadron : 1 ( Boat ) Troop – 2 ( Air ) Troop – 3 ( Mobility ) Troop – 4 ( Mountain ) Troop B Squadron : 6 ( Boat ) Troop – 7 ( Air ) Troop – 8 ( Mobility ) Troop – 9 ( Mountain ) Troop D Squadron : 16 ( Air ) Troop – 17 ( Boat ) Troop – 18 ( Mobility ) Troop – 19 ( Mountain ) Troop G Squadron : 21 ( Mobility ) Troop – 22 ( Mountain ) Troop – 23 ( Boat ) Troop – 24 ( Air ) Troop = = = Special projects team = = = The special projects team is the official name for the Special Air Service anti – hijacking counter – terrorism team . It is trained in Close Quarter Battle ( CQB ) and sniper techniques and specialises in hostage rescue in buildings or on public transport . The team was formed in the early 1970s after Prime Minister Edward Heath asked the Ministry of Defence to prepare for any possible terrorist attack similar to the massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics and ordered that the SAS Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) wing be raised . Once the wing had been established , each squadron rotated on a continual basis through counter – terrorist training including hostage rescue , siege breaking , and live firing exercises — it has been reported that during CRW training each soldier expends as many as 100 @,@ 000 pistol rounds . Squadrons refresh their training every 16 months , on average . The CRW 's first deployment was during the Balcombe Street Siege . The Metropolitan Police had trapped a PIRA unit ; it surrendered when it heard on the BBC that the SAS were being sent in . The first documented action abroad by the CRW wing was assisting the West German counter @-@ terrorism group GSG 9 at Mogadishu . In 1980 the SAS were involved in a hostage rescue during the Iranian Embassy Siege . = = = Operational command = = = = = = = Regular = = = = 22 Special Air Service is under the operational command of the Director Special Forces ( DSF ) , a major @-@ general grade post . Previously ranked as a brigadier , the DSF was promoted from brigadier to major @-@ general in recognition of the significant expansion of the United Kingdom Special Forces ( UKSF ) . = = = = Reserve = = = = During Operation HERRICK the SAS Reserve were responsible for " mentoring " members of the Afghan National Police . Following a review of the unit 's operational capability they were withdrawn from this tasking and the task handed over to a regular infantry unit . The report found that the SAS reservists lacked a clearly defined role , and also stated that the reservists lacked the military capability and skillset to serve alongside the regular special forces. and , on 1 September 2014 , 21 and 23 SAS left United Kingdom Special Forces and were placed under the command of 1st Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade alongside the HAC . = = Recruitment , selection and training = = The regular elements of United Kingdom Special Forces never recruit directly from the general public . All current members of the UK Armed Forces can apply for special forces selection , but historically the majority of candidates have a Commando or Airborne forces background . Selections are held twice yearly , in summer and winter , in Sennybridge in the Brecon Beacons . Selection lasts for five weeks and normally starts with about 200 potential candidates . On arrival candidates first complete a Personal Fitness Test ( PFT ) and an Annual Fitness Test ( AFT ) . They then march cross country against the clock , increasing the distances covered each day , culminating in what is known as Endurance : a 40 miles ( 64 km ) march with full equipment scaling and descending Pen y Fan in 20 hours . By the end of the hill phase candidates must be able to run 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) in 30 minutes and swim two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) in 90 minutes . Following the hill phase is the jungle phase , taking place in Belize , Brunei , or Malaysia . Candidates are taught navigation , patrol formation and movement , and jungle survival skills . Candidates returning to Hereford finish training in battle plans and foreign weapons and take part in combat survival exercises , the final one being the week @-@ long escape and evasion . Candidates are formed into patrols and , carrying nothing more than a tin can filled with survival equipment , are dressed in old Second World War uniforms and told to head for a point by first light . The final selection test is arguably the most gruelling : resistance to interrogation ( RTI ) , lasting for 36 hours . Typically , 15 – 20 % of candidates make it through the hill phase selection process . From the approximately 200 candidates , most will drop out within the first few days , and by the end about 30 will remain . Those who complete all phases of selection are rewarded with a transfer to an operational squadron . = = Uniform distinctions = = Normal barracks headdress is the sand @-@ coloured beret , its cap badge is a downward pointing Excalibur , wreathed in flames ( often incorrectly referred to as a winged dagger ) worked into the cloth of a Crusader shield with the motto Who Dares Wins . SAS pattern parachute wings , designed by Lieutenant Jock Lewes and based on the stylised sacred Ibis wings of Isis of Egyptian iconography depicted in the décor of Shepheard 's Hotel in Cairo , are worn on the right shoulder . Its ceremonial No 1 dress uniform is distinguished by a light blue stripe on the trousers . Its stable belt is a shade of blue similar to the blue stripe on the No 1 dress uniform . = = Battle honours = = In the British Army , battle honours are awarded to regiments that have seen active service in a significant engagement or campaign , generally with a victorious outcome . The Special Air Service Regiment has been awarded the following battle honours : North @-@ West Europe 1944 – 45 Tobruk 1941 Benghazi Raid North Africa 1940 – 43 Landing in Sicily Sicily 1943 Termoli Valli di Comacchio Italy 1943 – 45 Greece 1944 – 45 Adriatic Middle East 1943 – 44 Falkland Islands 1982 Western Iraq Gulf 1991 = = Order of precedence = = = = Memorials = = The names of those members of the SAS who have died on duty were inscribed on the regimental clock tower at Stirling Lines . Originally funded by contributions of a day 's pay by members of the regiment and a donation from Handley Page in memory of Cpl RK Norry who was killed in a freefall parachuting accident , this was rebuilt at the new barracks at Credenhill . Those whose names are inscribed are said by surviving members to have " failed to beat the clock " . At the suggestion of the then Commanding Officer , Dare Wilson , inscribed on the base of the clock is a verse from The Golden Road to Samarkand by James Elroy Flecker : We are the Pilgrims , master ; we shall go Always a little further : it may be Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow Across that angry or that glimmering sea ... The other main memorial is the SAS and Airborne Forces memorial in the cloisters at Westminster Abbey . The SAS Brigade Memorial at Sennecey @-@ le @-@ Grand in France commemorates the wartime dead of the Belgian , British , and French SAS and recently a memorial plaque was added to the David Stirling Memorial in Scotland . There are other smaller memorials " scattered throughout Europe and in the Far East " . The local church St Martins has part of its graveyard set aside as an SAS memorial , over twenty SAS soldiers are buried there . There is also a wall of remembrance displaying memorial plaques to some who could not be buried , including the 18 SAS men who lost their lives in the Sea King helicopter crash during the Falklands Campaign on 19 May 1982 . = = Alliances = = Australia : Special Air Service Regiment New Zealand : Special Air Service
= Archaeoastronomy = Archaeoastronomy ( also spelled archeoastronomy ) is the study of how people in the past " have understood the phenomena in the sky , how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures . " Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy , as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline , while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures . It is often twinned with ethnoastronomy , the anthropological study of skywatching in contemporary societies . Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with historical astronomy , the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the history of astronomy , which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice . Archaeoastronomy uses a variety of methods to uncover evidence of past practices including archaeology , anthropology , astronomy , statistics and probability , and history . Because these methods are diverse and use data from such different sources , integrating them into a coherent argument has been a long @-@ term difficulty for archaeoastronomers . Archaeoastronomy fills complementary niches in landscape archaeology and cognitive archaeology . Material evidence and its connection to the sky can reveal how a wider landscape can be integrated into beliefs about the cycles of nature , such as Mayan astronomy and its relationship with agriculture . Other examples which have brought together ideas of cognition and landscape include studies of the cosmic order embedded in the roads of settlements . Archaeoastronomy can be applied to all cultures and all time periods . The meanings of the sky vary from culture to culture ; nevertheless there are scientific methods which can be applied across cultures when examining ancient beliefs . It is perhaps the need to balance the social and scientific aspects of archaeoastronomy which led Clive Ruggles to describe it as : " ... [ A ] field with academic work of high quality at one end but uncontrolled speculation bordering on lunacy at the other . " = = History of archaeoastronomy = = In his short history of ' Astro @-@ archaeology ' John Michell argued that the status of research into ancient astronomy had improved over the past two centuries , going ' from lunacy to heresy to interesting notion and finally to the gates of orthodoxy . ' Nearly two decades later , we can still ask the question : Is archaeoastronomy still waiting at the gates of orthodoxy or has it gotten inside the gates ? Two hundred years before Michell wrote the above , there were no archaeoastronomers and there were no professional archaeologists , but there were astronomers and antiquarians . Some of their works are considered precursors of archaeoastronomy ; antiquarians interpreted the astronomical orientation of the ruins that dotted the English countryside as William Stukeley did of Stonehenge in 1740 , while John Aubrey in 1678 and Henry Chauncy in 1700 sought similar astronomical principles underlying the orientation of churches . Late in the nineteenth century astronomers such as Richard Proctor and Charles Piazzi Smyth investigated the astronomical orientations of the pyramids . The term archaeoastronomy was first used by Elizabeth Chesley Baity ( at the suggestion of Euan MacKie ) in 1973 , but as a topic of study it may be much older , depending on how archaeoastronomy is defined . Clive Ruggles says that Heinrich Nissen , working in the mid @-@ nineteenth century was arguably the first archaeoastronomer . Rolf Sinclair says that Norman Lockyer , working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , could be called the ' father of archaeoastronomy . ' Euan MacKie would place the origin even later , stating : " ... the genesis and modern flowering of archaeoastronomy must surely lie in the work of Alexander Thom in Britain between the 1930s and the 1970s . " In the 1960s the work of the engineer Alexander Thom and that of the astronomer Gerald Hawkins , who proposed that Stonehenge was a Neolithic computer , inspired new interest in the astronomical features of ancient sites . The claims of Hawkins were largely dismissed , but this was not the case for Alexander Thom 's work , whose survey results of megalithic sites hypothesized widespread practice of accurate astronomy in the British Isles . Euan MacKie , recognizing that Thom 's theories needed to be tested , excavated at the Kintraw standing stone site in Argyllshire in 1970 and 1971 to check whether the latter 's prediction of an observation platform on the hill slope above the stone was correct . There was an artificial platform there and this apparent verification of Thom 's long alignment hypothesis ( Kintraw was diagnosed as an accurate winter solstice site ) led him to check Thom 's geometrical theories at the Cultoon stone circle in Islay , also with a positive result . MacKie therefore broadly accepted Thom 's conclusions and published new prehistories of Britain . In contrast a re @-@ evaluation of Thom 's fieldwork by Clive Ruggles argued that Thom 's claims of high accuracy astronomy were not fully supported by the evidence . Nevertheless , Thom 's legacy remains strong , Krupp wrote in 1979 , " Almost singlehandedly he has established the standards for archaeo @-@ astronomical fieldwork and interpretation , and his amazing results have stirred controversy during the last three decades . " His influence endures and practice of statistical testing of data remains one of the methods of archaeoastronomy . The approach in the New World , where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in Amerindian civilizations , was markedly different . They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies and the historical records of the early colonizers . Following the pioneering example of Anthony Aveni , this allowed New World archaeoastronomers to make claims for motives which in the Old World would have been mere speculation . The concentration on historical data led to some claims of high accuracy that were comparatively weak when compared to the statistically led investigations in Europe . This came to a head at a meeting sponsored by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) in Oxford in 1981 . The methodologies and research questions of the participants were considered so different that the conference proceedings were published as two volumes . Nevertheless , the conference was considered a success in bringing researchers together and Oxford conferences have continued every four or five years at locations around the world . The subsequent conferences have resulted in a move to more interdisciplinary approaches with researchers aiming to combine the contextuality of archaeological research , which broadly describes the state of archaeoastronomy today , rather than merely establishing the existence of ancient astronomies , archaeoastronomers seek to explain why people would have an interest in the night sky . = = Relations to other disciplines = = ... [ O ] ne of the most endearing characteristics of archaeoastronomy is its capacity to set academics in different disciplines at loggerheads with each other . Archaeoastronomy has long been seen as an interdisciplinary field that uses written and unwritten evidence to study the astronomies of other cultures . As such , it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy : astroarchaeology ( an obsolete term for studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes ) , history of astronomy ( which deals primarily with the written textual evidence ) , and ethnoastronomy ( which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies ) . Reflecting Archaeoastronomy 's development as an interdisciplinary subject , research in the field is conducted by investigators trained in a wide range of disciplines . Authors of recent doctoral dissertations have described their work as concerned with the fields of archaeology and cultural anthropology ; with various fields of history including the history of specific regions and periods , the history of science and the history of religion ; and with the relation of astronomy to art , literature and religion . Only rarely did they describe their work as astronomical , and then only as a secondary category . Both practicing archaeoastronomers and observers of the discipline approach it from different perspectives . George Gummerman and Miranda Warburton view archaeoastronomy as part of an archaeology informed by cultural anthropology and aimed at understanding a " group 's conception of themselves in relation to the heavens ' , in a word , its cosmology . Todd Bostwick argued that " archaeoastronomy is anthropology – the study of human behavior in the past and present . " Paul Bahn has described archaeoastronomy as an area of cognitive archaeology . Other researchers relate archaeoastronomy to the history of science , either as it relates to a culture 's observations of nature and the conceptual framework they devised to impose an order on those observations or as it relates to the political motives which drove particular historical actors to deploy certain astronomical concepts or techniques . Art historian Richard Poss took a more flexible approach , maintaining that the astronomical rock art of the North American Southwest should be read employing " the hermeneutic traditions of western art history and art criticism " Astronomers , however , raise different questions , seeking to provide their students with identifiable precursors of their discipline , and are especially concerned with the important question of how to confirm that specific sites are , indeed , intentionally astronomical . The reactions of professional archaeologists to archaeoastronomy have been decidedly mixed . Some expressed incomprehension or even hostility , varying from a rejection by the archaeological mainstream of what they saw as an archaeoastronomical fringe to an incomprehension between the cultural focus of archaeologists and the quantitative focus of early archaeoastronomers . Yet archaeologists have increasingly come to incorporate many of the insights from archaeoastronomy into archaeology textbooks and , as mentioned above , some students wrote archaeology dissertations on archaeoastronomical topics . Since archaeoastronomers disagree so widely on the characterization of the discipline , they even dispute its name . All three major international scholarly associations relate archaeoastronomy to the study of culture , using the term Astronomy in Culture or a translation . Michael Hoskin sees an important part of the discipline as fact @-@ collecting , rather than theorizing , and proposed to label this aspect of the discipline Archaeotopography . Ruggles and Saunders proposed Cultural Astronomy as a unifying term for the various methods of studying folk astronomies . Others have argued that astronomy is an inaccurate term , what are being studied are cosmologies and people who object to the use of logos have suggested adopting the Spanish cosmovisión . When debates polarise between techniques , the methods are often referred to by a colour code , based on the colours of the bindings of the two volumes from the first Oxford Conference , where the approaches were first distinguished . Green ( Old World ) archaeoastronomers rely heavily on statistics and are sometimes accused of missing the cultural context of what is a social practice . Brown ( New World ) archaeoastronomers in contrast have abundant ethnographic and historical evidence and have been described as ' cavalier ' on matters of measurement and statistical analysis . Finding a way to integrate various approaches has been a subject of much discussion since the early 1990s . = = Methodology = = For a long time I have believed that such diversity requires the invention of some all @-@ embracing theory . I think I was very naïve in thinking that such a thing was ever possible . There is no one way to do Archaeoastronomy . The divisions between archaeoastronomers tend not to be between the physical scientists and the social scientists . Instead it tends to depend on the location of kind of data available to the researcher . In the Old World , there is little data but the sites themselves ; in the New World , the sites were supplemented by ethnographic and historic data . The effects of the isolated development of archaeoastronomy in different places can still often be seen in research today . Research methods can be classified as falling into one of two approaches , though more recent projects often use techniques from both categories . = = = Green archaeoastronomy = = = Green Archaeoastronomy is named after the cover of the book Archaeoastronomy in the Old World . It is based primarily on statistics and is particularly apt for prehistoric sites where the social evidence is relatively scant compared to the historic period . The basic methods were developed by Alexander Thom during his extensive surveys of British megalithic sites . Thom wished to examine whether or not prehistoric peoples used high @-@ accuracy astronomy . He believed that by using horizon astronomy , observers could make estimates of dates in the year to a specific day . The observation required finding a place where on a specific date the sun set into a notch on the horizon . A common theme is a mountain which blocked the Sun , but on the right day would allow the tiniest fraction to re @-@ emerge on the other side for a ' double sunset ' . The animation below shows two sunsets at a hypothetical site , one the day before the summer solstice and one at the summer solstice , which has a double sunset . To test this idea he surveyed hundreds of stone rows and circles . Any individual alignment could indicate a direction by chance , but he planned to show that together the distribution of alignments was non @-@ random , showing that there was an astronomical intent to the orientation of at least some of the alignments . His results indicated the existence of eight , sixteen , or perhaps even thirty @-@ two approximately equal divisions of the year . The two solstices , the two equinoxes and four cross @-@ quarter days , days half @-@ way between a solstice and the equinox were associated with the medieval Celtic calendar . While not all these conclusions have been accepted , it has had an enduring influence on archaeoastronomy , especially in Europe . Euan MacKie has supported Thom 's analysis , to which he added an archaeological context by comparing Neolithic Britain to the Mayan civilization to argue for a stratified society in this period . To test his ideas he conducted a couple of excavations at proposed prehistoric observatories in Scotland . Kintraw is a site notable for its four @-@ meter high standing stone . Thom proposed that this was a foresight to a point on the distant horizon between Beinn Shianaidh and Beinn o 'Chaolias on Jura . This , Thom argued , was a notch on the horizon where a double sunset would occur at midwinter . However , from ground level , this sunset would be obscured by a ridge in the landscape , and the viewer would need to be raised by two meters : another observation platform was needed . This was identified across a gorge where a platform was formed from small stones . The lack of artifacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive , but further research at Maes Howe and on the Bush Barrow Lozenge led MacKie to conclude that while the term ' science ' may be anachronistic , Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high @-@ accuracy alignments . In contrast Clive Ruggles has argued that there are problems with the selection of data in Thom 's surveys . Others have noted that the accuracy of horizon astronomy is limited by variations in refraction near the horizon . A deeper criticism of Green archaeoastronomy is that while it can answer whether there was likely to be an interest in astronomy in past times , its lack of a social element means that it struggles to answer why people would be interested , which makes it of limited use to people asking questions about the society of the past . Keith Kintigh wrote : " To put it bluntly , in many cases it doesn 't matter much to the progress of anthropology whether a particular archaeoastronomical claim is right or wrong because the information doesn ’ t inform the current interpretive questions . " Nonetheless the study of alignments remains a staple of archaeoastronomical research , especially in Europe . = = = Brown archaeoastronomy = = = In contrast to the largely alignment @-@ oriented statistically led methods of Green archaeoastronomy , Brown archaeoastronomy has been identified as being closer to the history of astronomy or to cultural history , insofar as it draws on historical and ethnographic records to enrich its understanding of early astronomies and their relations to calendars and ritual . The many records of native customs and beliefs made by the Spanish chroniclers means that Brown archaeoastronomy is most often associated with studies of astronomy in the Americas . One famous site where historical records have been used to interpret sites is Chichen Itza . Rather than analysing the site and seeing which targets appear popular , archaeoastronomers have instead examined the ethnographic records to see what features of the sky were important to the Mayans and then sought archaeological correlates . One example which could have been overlooked without historical records is the Mayan interest in the planet Venus . This interest is attested to by the Dresden codex which contains tables with information about the Venus 's appearances in the sky . These cycles would have been of astrological and ritual significance as Venus was associated with Quetzalcoatl or Xolotl . Associations of architectural features with settings of Venus can be found in Chichen Itza . The Temple of the Warriors bears iconography depicting feathered serpents associated with Quetzalcoatl or Kukulcan . This means that the building 's alignment towards the place on the horizon where Venus first appears in the evening sky ( when it coincides with the rainy season ) may be meaningful . Aveni claims that another building associated with the planet Venus in the form of Kukulcan , and the rainy season at Chichen Itza is the Caracol . This is a building with circular tower and doors facing the cardinal directions . The base faces the most northerly setting of Venus . Additionally the pillars of a stylobate on the building 's upper platform were painted black and red . These are colours associated with Venus as an evening and morning star . However the windows in the tower seem to have been little more than slots , making them poor at letting light in , but providing a suitable place to view out . Aveni states that one of the strengths of the Brown methodology is that it can explore astronomies invisible to statistical analysis and offers the astronomy of the Incas as another example . The empire of the Incas was conceptually divided using ceques radial routes emanating from the capital at Cusco . Thus there are alignments in all directions which would suggest there is little of astronomical significance , However , ethnohistorical records show that the various directions do have cosmological and astronomical significance with various points in the landscape being significant at different times of the year . In eastern Asia archaeoastronomy has developed from the History of Astronomy and much archaeoastronomy is searching for material correlates of the historical record . This is due to the rich historical record of astronomical phenomena which , in China , stretches back into the Han dynasty , in the second century BC . A criticism of this method is that it can be statistically weak . Schaefer in particular has questioned how robust the claimed alignments in the Caracol are . Because of the wide variety of evidence , which can include artefacts as well as sites , there is no one way to practice archaeoastronomy . Despite this it is accepted that archaeoastronomy is not a discipline that sits in isolation . Because archaeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary field , whatever is being investigated should make sense both archaeologically and astronomically . Studies are more likely to be considered sound if they use theoretical tools found in archaeology like analogy and homology and if they can demonstrate an understanding of accuracy and precision found in astronomy . = = Source materials = = Because archaeoastronomy is about the many and various ways people interacted with the sky , there are a diverse range of sources giving information about astronomical practices . = = = Alignments = = = A common source of data for archaeoastronomy is the study of alignments . This is based on the assumption that the axis of alignment of an archaeological site is meaningfully oriented towards an astronomical target . Brown archaeoastronomers may justify this assumption through reading historical or ethnographic sources , while Green archaeoastronomers tend to prove that alignments are unlikely to be selected by chance , usually by demonstrating common patterns of alignment at multiple sites . An alignment is calculated by measuring the azimuth , the angle from north , of the structure and the altitude of the horizon it faces The azimuth is usually measured using a theodolite or a compass . A compass is easier to use , though the deviation of the Earth 's magnetic field from true north , known as its magnetic declination must be taken into account . Compasses are also unreliable in areas prone to magnetic interference , such as sites being supported by scaffolding . Additionally a compass can only measure the azimuth to a precision of a half a degree . A theodolite can be considerably more accurate if used correctly , but it is also considerably more difficult to use correctly . There is no inherent way to align a theodolite with North and so the scale has to be calibrated using astronomical observation , usually the position of the Sun . Because the position of celestial bodies changes with the time of day due to the Earth 's rotation , the time of these calibration observations must be accurately known , or else there will be a systematic error in the measurements . Horizon altitudes can be measured with a theodolite or a clinometer . = = = Artifacts = = = For artifacts such as the Sky Disc of Nebra , alleged to be a Bronze Age artefact depicting the cosmos , the analysis would be similar to typical post @-@ excavation analysis as used in other sub @-@ disciplines in archaeology . An artefact is examined and attempts are made to draw analogies with historical or ethnographical records of other peoples . The more parallels that can be found , the more likely an explanation is to be accepted by other archaeologists . A more mundane example is the presence of astrological symbols found on some shoes and sandals from the Roman Empire . The use of shoes and sandals is well known , but Carol van Driel @-@ Murray has proposed that astrological symbols etched onto sandals gave the footwear spiritual or medicinal meanings . This is supported through citation of other known uses of astrological symbols and their connection to medical practice and with the historical records of the time . Another well @-@ known artefact with an astronomical use is the Antikythera mechanism . In this case analysis of the artefact , and reference to the description of similar devices described by Cicero , would indicate a plausible use for the device . The argument is bolstered by the presence of symbols on the mechanism , allowing the disc to be read . = = = Art and inscriptions = = = Art and inscriptions may not be confined to artefacts , but also appear painted or inscribed on an archaeological site . Sometimes inscriptions are helpful enough to give instructions to a site 's use . For example , a Greek inscription on a stele ( from Itanos ) has been translated as : " Patron set this up for Zeus Epopsios . Winter solstice . Should anyone wish to know : off ‘ the little pig ’ and the stele the sun turns . " From Mesoamerica come Mayan and Aztec codices . These are folding books made from Amatl , processed tree bark on which are glyphs in Mayan or Aztec script . The Dresden codex contains information regarding the Venus cycle , confirming its importance to the Mayans . More problematic are those cases where the movement of the Sun at different times and seasons causes light and shadow interactions with petroglyphs . A widely known example is the Sun Dagger of Fajada Butte at which a glint of sunlight passes over a spiral petroglyph . The location of a dagger of light on the petroglyph varies throughout the year . At the summer solstice a dagger can be seen through the heart of the spiral ; at the winter solstice two daggers appear to either side of it . It is proposed that this petroglyph was created to mark these events . Recent studies have identified many similar sites in the US Southwest and Northwestern Mexico . It has been argued that the number of solstitial markers at these sites provides statistical evidence that they were intended to mark the solstices . The Sun Dagger site on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon , New Mexico , stands out for its explicit light markings that record all the key events of both the solar and lunar cycles : summer solstice , winter solstice , equinox , and the major and minor lunar standstills of the moon ’ s 18 @.@ 6 year cycle . In addition at two other sites on Fajada Butte , there are five light markings on petroglyphs recording the summer and winter solstices , equinox and solar noon . Numerous buildings and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon and outlying areas are oriented to the same solar and lunar directions that are marked at the Sun Dagger site . If no ethnographic nor historical data are found which can support this assertion then acceptance of the idea relies upon whether or not there are enough petroglyph sites in North America that such a correlation could occur by chance . It is helpful when petroglyphs are associated with existing peoples . This allows ethnoastronomers to question informants as to the meaning of such symbols . = = = Ethnographies = = = As well as the materials left by peoples themselves , there are also the reports of other who have encountered them . The historical records of the Conquistadores are a rich source of information about the pre @-@ Columbian Americans . Ethnographers also provide material about many other peoples . Aveni uses the importance of zenith passages as an example of the importance of ethnography . For peoples living between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn there are two days of the year when the noon Sun passes directly overhead and casts no shadow . In parts of Mesoamerica this was considered a significant day as it would herald the arrival of rains , and so play a part in the cycle of agriculture . This knowledge is still considered important amongst Mayan Indians living in Central America today . The ethnographic records suggested to archaeoastronomers that this day may have been important to the ancient Mayans . There are also shafts known as ' zenith tubes ' which illuminate subterranean rooms when the sun passes overhead found at places like Monte Albán and Xochicalco . It is only through the ethnography that we can speculate that the timing of the illumination was considered important in Mayan society . Alignments to the sunrise and sunset on the day of the zenith passage have been claimed to exist at several sites . However , it has been shown that , since there are very few orientations that can be related to these phenomena , they likely have different explanations . Ethnographies also caution against over @-@ interpretation of sites . At a site in Chaco Canyon can be found a pictograph with a star , crescent and hand . It has been argued by some astronomers that this is a record of the 1054 Supernova . However recent reexaminations of related ' supernova petroglyphs ' raises questions about such sites in general and anthropological evidence suggests other inrepretations . The Zuni people , who claim a strong ancestral affiliation with Chaco , marked their sun @-@ watching station with a crescent , star , hand and sundisc , similar to those found at the Chaco site . Ethnoastronomy is also an important field outside of the Americas . For example , anthropological work with Aboriginal Australians is producing much information about their Indigenous astronomies and about their interaction with the modern world . = = Recreating the ancient sky = = ... [ A ] lthough different ways to do science and different scientific results do arise in different cultures , this provides little support for those who would use such differences to question the sciences ' ability to provide reliable statements about the world in which we live . Once the researcher has data to test , it is often necessary to attempt to recreate ancient sky conditions to place the data in its historical environment . = = = Declination = = = To calculate what astronomical features a structure faced a coordinate system is needed . The stars provide such a system . If you were to go outside on a clear night you would observe the stars spinning around the celestial pole . This point is + 90 ° if you are watching the North Celestial Pole or − 90 ° if you are observing the Southern Celestial Pole . The concentric circles the stars trace out are lines of celestial latitude , known as declination . The arc connecting the points on the horizon due East and due West ( if the horizon is flat ) and all points midway between the Celestial Poles is the Celestial Equator which has a declination of 0 ° . The visible declinations vary depending where you are on the globe . Only an observer on the North Pole of Earth would be unable to see any stars from the Southern Celestial Hemisphere at night ( see diagram below ) . Once a declination has been found for the point on the horizon that a building faces it is then possible to say whether a specific body can be seen in that direction . = = = Solar positioning = = = While the stars are fixed to their declinations the Sun is not . The rising point of the Sun varies throughout the year . It swings between two limits marked by the solstices a bit like a pendulum , slowing as it reaches the extremes , but passing rapidly through the midpoint . If an archaeoastronomer can calculate from the azimuth and horizon height that a site was built to view a declination of + 23 @.@ 5 ° then he or she need not wait until 21 June to confirm the site does indeed face the summer solstice . For more information see History of solar observation . = = = Lunar positioning = = = The Moon 's appearance is considerably more complex . Its motion , like the Sun , is between two limits — known as lunistices rather than solstices . However , its travel between lunistices is considerably faster . It takes a sidereal month to complete its cycle rather than the year @-@ long trek of the Sun . This is further complicated as the lunistices marking the limits of the Moon 's movement move on an 18 @.@ 6 year cycle . For slightly over nine years the extreme limits of the moon are outside the range of sunrise . For the remaining half of the cycle the Moon never exceeds the limits of the range of sunrise . However , much lunar observation was concerned with the phase of the Moon . The cycle from one New Moon to the next runs on an entirely different cycle , the Synodic month . Thus when examining sites for lunar significance the data can appear sparse due the extremely variable nature of the moon . See Moon for more details . = = = Stellar positioning = = = Finally there is often a need to correct for the apparent movement of the stars . On the timescale of human civilisation the stars have largely maintained the same position relative to each other . Each night they appear to rotate around the celestial poles due to the Earth 's rotation about its axis . However , the Earth spins rather like a spinning top . Not only does the Earth rotate , it wobbles . The Earth 's axis takes around 25 @,@ 800 years to complete one full wobble . The effect to the archaeoastronomer is that stars did not rise over the horizon in the past in the same places as they do today . Nor did the stars rotate around Polaris as they do now . In the case of the Egyptian pyramids , it has been shown they were aligned towards Thuban , a faint star in the constellation of Draco . The effect can be substantial over relatively short lengths of time , historically speaking . For instance a person born on 25 December in Roman times would have been born with the sun in the constellation Capricorn . In the modern period a person born on the same date would have the sun in Sagittarius due to the precession of the equinoxes . = = = Transient phenomena = = = Additionally there are often transient phenomena , events which do not happen on an annual cycle . Most predictable are events like eclipses . In the case of solar eclipses these can be used to date events in the past . A solar eclipse mentioned by Herodotus enables us to date a battle between the Medes and the Lydians , which following the eclipse failed to happen , to 28 May , 585 BC . Other easily calculated events are supernovae whose remains are visible to astronomers and therefore their positions and magnitude can be accurately calculated . Some comets are predictable , most famously Halley 's Comet . Yet as a class of object they remain unpredictable and can appear at any time . Some have extremely lengthy orbital periods which means their past appearances and returns cannot be predicted . Others may have only ever passed through the Solar System once and so are inherently unpredictable . Meteor showers should be predictable , but some meteors are cometary debris and so require calculations of orbits which are currently impossible to complete . Other events noted by ancients include aurorae , sun dogs and rainbows all of which are as impossible to predict as the ancient weather , but nevertheless may have been considered important phenomena . = = Major topics of archaeoastronomical research = = What has astronomy brought into the lives of cultural groups throughout history ? The answers are many and varied ... = = = The use of calendars = = = A common justification for the need for astronomy is the need to develop an accurate calendar for agricultural reasons . Ancient texts like Hesiod 's Works and Days , an ancient farming manual , would appear to contradict this . Instead astronomical observations are used in combination with ecological signs , such as bird migrations to determine the seasons . Ethnoastronomical work with the Mursi of Ethiopia shows that haphazard astronomy continued until recent times in some parts of the world . All the same , calendars appear to be an almost universal phenomenon in societies as they provide tools for the regulation of communal activities . An example of a non @-@ agricultural calendar is the Tzolk 'in calendar of the Maya civilization of pre @-@ Columbian Mesoamerica , which is a cycle of 260 days . This count is based on an earlier calendar and is found throughout Mesoamerica . This formed part of a more comprehensive system of Maya calendars which combined a series of astronomical observations and ritual cycles . Other peculiar calendars include ancient Greek calendars . These were nominally lunar , starting with the New Moon . In reality the calendar could pause or skip days with confused citizens inscribing dates by both the civic calendar and ton theoi , by the moon . The lack of any universal calendar for ancient Greece suggests that coordination of panhellenic events such as games or rituals could be difficult and that astronomical symbolism may have been used as a politically neutral form of timekeeping . Orientation measurements in Greek temples and Byzantine churches have been associated to deity 's name day , festivities , and special events . = = = Myth and cosmology = = = Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the universe . In these cultures myth was a tool for achieving this and the explanations , while not reflecting the standards of modern science , are cosmologies . The Incas arranged their empire to demonstrate their cosmology . The capital , Cusco , was at the centre of the empire and connected to it by means of ceques , conceptually straight lines radiating out from the centre . These ceques connected the centre of the empire to the four suyus , which were regions defined by their direction from Cusco . The notion of a quartered cosmos is common across the Andes . Gary Urton , who has conducted fieldwork in the Andean villagers of Misminay , has connected this quartering with the appearance of the Milky Way in the night sky . In one season it will bisect the sky and in another bisect it in a perpendicular fashion . The importance of observing cosmological factors is also seen on the other side of the world . The Forbidden City in Beijing is laid out to follow cosmic order though rather than observing four directions . The Chinese system was composed of five directions : North , South , East , West and Centre . The Forbidden City occupied the centre of ancient Beijing . One approaches the Emperor from the south , thus placing him in front of the circumpolar stars . This creates the situation of the heavens revolving around the person of the Emperor . The Chinese cosmology is now better known through its export as feng shui . There is also much information about how the universe was thought to work stored in the mythology of the constellations . The Barasana of the Amazon plan part of their annual cycle based on observation of the stars . When their constellation of the Caterpillar @-@ Jaguar ( roughly equivalent to the modern Scorpius ) falls they prepare to catch the pupating caterpillars of the forest as they fall from the trees . The caterpillars provide food at a season when other foods are scarce . A more well @-@ known source of constellation myth are the texts of the Greeks and Romans . The origin of their constellations remains a matter of vigorous and occasionally fractious debate . The loss of one of the sisters , Merope , in some Greek myths may reflect an astronomical event wherein one of the stars in the Pleiades disappeared from view by the naked eye . Giorgio de Santillana , professor of the History of Science in the School of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , along with Hertha von Dechend believed that the old mythological stories handed down from antiquity were not random fictitious tales but were accurate depictions of celestial cosmology clothed in tales to aid their oral transmission . The chaos , monsters and violence in ancient myths are representative of the forces that shape each age . They believed that ancient myths are the remains of preliterate astronomy that became lost with the rise of the Greco @-@ Roman civilization . Santillana and von Dechend in their book Hamlet 's Mill , An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time ( 1969 ) clearly state that ancient myths have no historical or factual basis other than a cosmological one encoding astronomical phenomena , especially the precession of the equinoxes . Santillana and von Dechend 's approach is not widely accepted . = = = Displays of power = = = By including celestial motifs in clothing it becomes possible for the wearer to make claims the power on Earth is drawn from above . It has been said that the Shield of Achilles described by Homer is also a catalogue of constellations . In North America shields depicted in Comanche petroglyphs appear to include Venus symbolism . Solsticial alignments also can be seen as displays of power . When viewed from a ceremonial plaza on the Island of the Sun ( the mythical origin place of the Sun ) in Lake Titicaca , the Sun was seen to rise at the June solstice between two towers on a nearby ridge . The sacred part of the island was separated from the remainder of it by a stone wall and ethnographic records indicate that access to the sacred space was restricted to members of the Inca ruling elite . Ordinary pilgrims stood on a platform outside the ceremonial area to see the solstice Sun rise between the towers . In Egypt the temple of Amun @-@ Re at Karnak has been the subject of much study . Evaluation of the site , taking into account the change over time of the obliquity of the ecliptic show that the Great Temple was aligned on the rising of the midwinter sun . The length of the corridor down which sunlight would travel would have limited illumination at other times of the year . In a later period the Serapeum in Alexandria was also said to have contained a solar alignment so that , on a specific sunrise , a shaft of light would pass across the lips of the statue of Serapis thus symbolising the Sun saluting the god . = = Major sites of archaeoastronomical interest = = Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte recently edited a book on heritage sites of astronomy and archaeoastronomy that provides a list of the main sites around the world . At Stonehenge in England and at Carnac in France , in Egypt and Yucatán , across the whole face of the earth , are found mysterious ruins of ancient monuments , monuments with astronomical significance ... They mark the same kind of commitment that transported us to the moon and our spacecraft to the surface of Mars . = = = Newgrange = = = Newgrange is a passage tomb in the Republic of Ireland dating from around 3 @,@ 300 to 2 @,@ 900 BC For a few days around the Winter Solstice light shines along the central passageway into the heart of the tomb . What makes this notable is not that light shines in the passageway , but that it does not do so through the main entrance . Instead it enters via a hollow box above the main doorway discovered by Michael O 'Kelly . It is this roofbox which strongly indicates that the tomb was built with an astronomical aspect in mind . Clive Ruggles notes : ... [ F ] ew people - archaeologists or astronomers- have doubted that a powerful astronomical symbolism was deliberately incorporated into the monument , demonstrating that a connection between astronomy and funerary ritual , at the very least , merits further investigation . = = = Egypt = = = Since the first modern measurements of the precise cardinal orientations of the pyramids by Flinders Petrie , various astronomical methods have been proposed for the original establishment of these orientations . It was recently proposed that this was done by observing the positions of two stars in the Plough / Big Dipper which was known to Egyptians as the thigh . It is thought that a vertical alignment between these two stars checked with a plumb bob was used to ascertain where north lay . The deviations from true north using this model reflect the accepted dates of construction . Some have argued that the pyramids were laid out as a map of the three stars in the belt of Orion , although this theory has been criticized by reputable astronomers . The site was instead probably governed by a spectacular hierophany which occurs at the summer solstice , when the sun , viewed from the Sphinx terrace , forms - together with the two giant pyramids - the symbol Akhet , which was also the name of the Great Pyramid . Further , the south east corners of all the 3 pyramids align towards the temple of Heliopolis , as first discovered by the Egyptologist Mark Lehner . The astronomical ceiling of the tomb of Senenmut ( ca 1470 BC ) contains the Celestial Diagram depicting circumpolar constellations in the form of discs . Each disc is divided into 24 sections suggesting a 24 @-@ hour time period . Constellations are portrayed as sacred deities of Egypt . The observation of lunar cycles is also evident . = = = El Castillo = = = El Castillo , also known as Kukulcán 's Pyramid , is a Mesoamerican step @-@ pyramid built in the centre of Mayan center of Chichen Itza in Mexico . Several architectural features have suggested astronomical elements . Each of the stairways built into the sides of the pyramid has 91 steps . Along with the extra one for the platform at the top , this totals 365 steps , which is possibly one for each day of the year ( 365 @.@ 25 ) or the number of lunar orbits in 10 @,@ 000 rotations ( 365 @.@ 01 ) . A visually striking effect is seen every March and September as an unusual shadow occurs on the equinoxes . A shadow appears to descend the west balustrade of the northern stairway . The visual effect is of a serpent descending the stairway , with its head at the base in light . Additionally the western face points to sunset around 25 May , traditionally the date of transition from the dry to the rainy season . = = = Stonehenge = = = Many astronomical alignments have been claimed for Stonehenge , a complex of megaliths and earthworks in the Salisbury Plain of England . The most famous of these is the midsummer alignment , where the Sun rises over the Heel Stone . However , this interpretation has been challenged by some archaeologists who argue that the midwinter alignment , where the viewer is outside Stonehenge and sees the sun setting in the henge , is the more significant alignment , and the midsummer alignment may be a coincidence due to local topography . As well as solar alignments , there are proposed lunar alignments . The four station stones mark out a rectangle . The short sides point towards the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset . The long sides if viewed towards the south @-@ east , face the most southerly rising of the moon . Aveni notes that these lunar alignments have never gained the acceptance that the solar alignments have received . The Heel Stone azimuth is one @-@ seventh of circumference , matching the latitude of Avebury , while summer solstice sunrise azimuth is no longer equal to the construction era direction . = = = Maeshowe = = = This is an architecturally outstanding Neolithic chambered tomb on the Mainland of Orkney , Scotland – probably dating to the early 3rd millennium BC , and where the setting sun at midwinter shines down the entrance passage into the central chamber ( see Newgrange ) . In the 1990s further investigations were carried out to discover whether this was an accurate or an approximate solar alignment . Several new aspects of the site were discovered . In the first place the entrance passage faces the hills of the island Hoy , about 10 miles away . Secondly , it consists of two straight lengths , angled at a few degrees to each other . Thirdly , the outer part is aligned towards the midwinter sunset position on a level horizon just to the left of Ward Hill on Hoy . Fourthly the inner part points directly at the Barnhouse standing stone about 400m away and then to the right end of the summit of Ward Hill , just before it dips down to the notch between it at Cuilags to the right . This indicated line points to sunset on the first Sixteenths of the solar year ( according to A. Thom ) before and after the winter solstice and the notch at the base of the right slope of the Hill is at the same declination . Fourthly a similar ' double sunset ' phenomenon is seen at the right end of Cuilags , also on Hoy ; here the date is the first Eighth of the year before and after the winter solstice , at the beginning of November and February respectively – the Old Celtic festivals of Samhain and Imbolc . This alignment is not indicated by an artificial structure but gains plausibility from the other two indicated lines . Maeshowe is thus an extremely sophisticated calendar site which must have been positioned carefully in order to use the horizon foresights in the ways described . = = = Uxmal = = = Uxmal is a Mayan city in the Puuc Hills of Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico . The Governor 's Palace at Uxmal is often used as an exemplar of why it is important to combine ethnographic and alignment data . The palace is aligned with an azimuth of 118 ° on the pyramid of Cehtzuc . This alignment corresponds approximately to the southernmost rising and , with a much greater precision , to the northernmost setting of Venus ; both phenomena occur once every eight years . By itself this would not be sufficient to argue for a meaningful connection between the two events . The palace has to be aligned in one direction or another and why should the rising of Venus be any more important than the rising of the Sun , Moon , other planets , Sirius et cetera ? The answer given is that not only does the palace point towards significant points of Venus , it is also covered in glyphs which stand for Venus and Mayan zodiacal constellations . Moreover , the great northerly extremes of Venus always occur in late April or early May , coinciding with the onset of the rainy season . The Venus glyphs placed in the cheeks of the Maya rain god Chac , most likely referring to the concomitance of these phenomena , support the west @-@ working orientation scheme . = = = Chaco Canyon = = = In Chaco Canyon , the center of the ancient Pueblo culture in the American Southwest , numerous solar and lunar light markings and architectural and road alignments have been documented . These findings date to the 1977 discovery of the Sun Dagger site by Anna Sofaer . Three large stone slabs leaning against a cliff channel light and shadow markings onto two spiral petroglyphs on the cliff wall , marking the solstices , equinoxes and the lunar standstills of the 18 @.@ 6 year cycle of the moon . Subsequent research by the Solstice Project and others demonstrated that numerous building and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon are oriented to solar , lunar and cardinal directions . In addition , research shows that the Great North Road , a thirty @-@ five mile engineered “ road ” , was constructed not for utilitarian purposes but rather to connect the ceremonial center of Chaco Canyon with the direction north . = = = Lascaux Cave = = = In recent years , new research has suggested that the Lascaux cave paintings in France may incorporate prehistoric star charts . Michael Rappenglueck of the University of Munich argues that some of the non @-@ figurative dot clusters and dots within some of the figurative images correlate with the constellations of Taurus , the Pleiades and the grouping known as the " Summer Triangle " . Based on her own study of the astronomical significance of Bronze Age petroglyphs in the Vallée des Merveilles and her extensive survey of other prehistoric cave painting sites in the region — most of which appear to have been selected because the interiors are illuminated by the setting sun on the day of the winter solstice — French researcher Chantal Jègues @-@ Wolkiewiez has further proposed that the gallery of figurative images in the Great Hall represents an extensive star map and that key points on major figures in the group correspond to stars in the main constellations as they appeared in the Paleolithic . Appliying phylogenetics to myths of the Cosmic Hunt , Julien d 'Huy suggested that the palaeolithic version of this story could be the following : there is an animal that is a horned herbivore , especially an elk . One human pursues this ungulate . The hunt locates or get to the sky . The animal is alive when it is transformed into a constellation . It forms the Big Dipper . This story may be represented in the famous Lascaux shaft ‘ scene ’ = = Fringe archaeoastronomy = = At least now we have all the archaeological facts to go along with the astronomers , the Druids , the Flat Earthers and all the rest . Archaeoastronomy owes something of this poor reputation among scholars to its occasional misuse to advance a range of pseudo @-@ historical accounts . During the 1930s , Otto S. Reuter compiled a study entitled Germanische Himmelskunde , or " Teutonic Skylore " . The astronomical orientations of ancient monuments claimed by Reuter and his followers would place the ancient Germanic peoples ahead of the Ancient Near East in the field of astronomy , demonstrating the intellectual superiority of the " Aryans " ( Indo @-@ Europeans ) over the Semites . Since the 19th century , numerous scholars have sought to use archaeoastronomical calculations to demonstrate the antiquity of Ancient Indian Vedic culture , computing the dates of astronomical observations ambiguously described in ancient poetry to as early as 4000 BCE . David Pingree , a historian of Indian astronomy , condemned " the scholars who perpetrate wild theories of prehistoric science and call themselves archaeoastronomers . " More recently Gallagher , Pyle , and Fell interpreted inscriptions in West Virginia as a description in Celtic Ogham alphabet of the supposed winter solstitial marker at the site . The controversial translation was supposedly validated by a problematic archaeoastronomical indication in which the winter solstice sun shone on an inscription of the sun at the site . Subsequent analyses criticized its cultural inappropriateness , as well as its linguistic and archeaoastronomical claims , to describe it as an example of " cult archaeology " . Archaeoastronomy is sometimes related to the fringe discipline of Archaeocryptography , when its followers attempt to find underlying mathematical orders beneath the proportions , size , and placement of archaeoastronomical sites such as Stonehenge and the Pyramid of Kukulcán at Chichen Itza . = = Archaeoastronomical organisations and publications = = There are currently three academic organisations for scholars of archaeoastronomy . ISAAC — the International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture — was founded in 1995 and now sponsors the Oxford conferences and Archaeoastronomy — the Journal of Astronomy in Culture . SEAC — La Société Européenne pour l ’ Astronomie dans la Culture — is slightly older ; it was created in 1992 . SEAC holds annual conferences in Europe and publishes refereed conference proceedings on an annual basis . There is also SIAC — La Sociedad Interamericana de Astronomía en la Cultura , primarily a Latin American organisation which was founded in 2003 . Two new organisations focused on regional archaeoastronomy were founded in 2013 : ASIA - the Australian Society for Indigenous Astronomy in Australia and SMART - the Society of Māori Astronomy Research and Traditions in New Zealand . Additionally the Journal for the History of Astronomy publishes many archaeoastronomical papers . For twenty @-@ seven volumes ( from 1979 to 2002 ) it published an annual supplement Archaeoastronomy . The Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage ( National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand ) , Culture & Cosmos ( University of Wales , UK ) and Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry ( University of Aegean , Greece ) also publish papers on archaeoastronomy . Various national archaeoastronomical projects have been undertaken . Among them is the program at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research named " Archaeo Astronomy in Indian Context " that has made interesting findings in this field . = = = Societies = = = ISAAC , The International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture . SEAC La Société Européenne pour l ’ Astronomie dans la Culture . Site in English . SIAC La Sociedad Interamericana de Astronomía en la Cultura . Society for the History of Astronomy = = = Journals = = = Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy News Archaeoastronomy : Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy Archaeoastronomy : The Journal of Astronomy in Culture Culture and Cosmos Journal for the History of Astronomy Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies ( open access )

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