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= Blue Wing Blitz = Blue Wing Blitz ( ブルーウィングブリッツ ) is a Japanese @-@ exclusive tactical role @-@ playing game developed and published by Square on July 5 , 2001 for the WonderSwan Color and compatible with the WonderSwan . Unlike standard tactical video games , Blue Wing Blitz focuses on aerial battles , fought with aircraft , which can be customized . The events of the game begins in the Esk Republic , in an unnamed fictional world . Esk is threatened by the militaristic empire of Ordia , and the player 's party is given the mission to repel the invasion . = = Gameplay = = Blue Wing Blitz is a traditional turn @-@ based tactical role @-@ playing game , although it has the particularity of involving mostly aerial warfare units . These are moved on a grid map , and an encounter with an enemy unit opens a separate , close @-@ up combat screen in which up to two ally units and two enemy units engage in a short dogfight ; the player using menu commands to attack , change altitude or take evasive maneuvers . Different parts of each unit can be damaged , and the success of each attack depends on the units ' stats as well as maneuvers . Several ground units are also present on the grid map , and can only be destroyed by bombers . The level of fuel and amount of ammunition of each unit are limited and must be replenished when necessary . After each mission , aircraft can be upgraded , customized or remodeled with various weapons and equipment developed in factory . Which upgrades are available depends on the player 's degree of success in the precedent mission . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = The fictional world of Blue Wing Blitz is composed of floating islands , and usage of aircraft is widespread . Most of the islands are owned and ruled by the expansionist Ordia Empire , which possess superior aircraft . One of the independent states is the Esk Republic , a rich agrarian nation which supplies food to other countries , such as the United Federation of Roggina or the Kingdoms of Mackai and Peag . At the beginning of the game , Trund , the Prime Minister of Esk , assembles a rebel force to reclaim territories menaced by Ordia . = = = Characters = = = The players controls the members of Esk 's rebel force , who each have a distinct aircraft . The main character of the game is a sixteen @-@ year @-@ old pilot trainee named Keid , from Tadaga Village , while the second playable character is Payer , a female senior pilot of the same age . She volunteers to defend Tadaga from enemy armies and meets Keid , who becomes enlisted in the rebel force as an officer . The third playable character , Havilan , is a veteran piloting a flying gunboat . Other playable characters include notably Blore , a strategist and devoted pilot of the royal air force of Mackai ; and Rayetta , his younger sister and bomber pilot . Roster , an ally of Ordia who secretly leads the Roggina Spirit resistance also joins the player 's party ; as does Poty , the fourth prince of Peag and bomber pilot , and his female guard Sersh . = = Development = = Blue Wing Blitz was officially announced on March 8 , 2001 , and was Square 's second original title for Bandai 's Japan @-@ exclusive handheld console WonderSwan Color , after Wild Card . A trailer of the game was featured in the bonus DVD included in the Japanese release of Final Fantasy X. The game was developed by the same team responsible for the Front Mission series , while the characters were designed by Nobuyuki Ikeda . The score for the game , which was never released in album form , was composed by Kumi Tanioka and was the first time that she composed a soundtrack entirely by herself . A 95 @-@ page official strategy guide , titled Blue Wing Blitz Freedom Fighter 's Guide , was published by DigiCube on the same date as the game . The contents include information on the characters and the setting , battle system explanations , map screenshots , and reference and data tables . = = Reception = = Blue Wing Blitz sold poorly , with around 20 @,@ 000 units sold one year after its release . In a preview of the title , the gaming website GIA praised the graphics of the game , stating that Nobuyuki Ikeda 's character designs " add style and charm " to the battles and cutscenes despite simple field graphics and the console 's technical limitations . RPGamer noted that the game 's focus on aircraft was an " interesting new take on a classic concept " . 1UP.com 's Jeremy Parish used Blue Wing Blitz as an example of one of the WonderSwan 's major games .
= Dixie Mission = The United States Army Observation Group , commonly known as the Dixie Mission , was the first U.S. effort to establish official relations with the Communist Party of China and the People 's Liberation Army , then headquartered in the mountainous city of Yan 'an . This mission was launched on 22 July 1944 during World War II , and lasted until 11 March 1947 . In addition to establishing relations , the goal was to investigate the Communist Party politically and militarily , and determine if the U.S. would benefit from establishing liaison . John S. Service , of the United States Department of State , was responsible for political analysis , and Colonel David D. Barrett of the United States Army performed the military analysis . Initially , they reported that the Chinese Communists might be useful wartime and post @-@ war ally , and that the atmosphere in Yan 'an was more energetic and less corrupt than in Nationalist areas . After the war , the Dixie Mission 's reports , and Service and Barrett , were condemned by pro @-@ Chinese Nationalist factions in the American government and fell victim to McCarthyism . Service was fired from his position at the State Department , and Barrett was denied a promotion to brigadier general . The Dixie Mission hosted the Patrick Hurley and George Marshall diplomatic missions to negotiate a unification of the Chinese Communists and Nationalists . Both diplomatic efforts failed . Later , the brief existence of the Dixie Mission served as a positive memory between the People 's Republic of China and the United States during the administration of President Richard M. Nixon when official relations between the two countries were re @-@ established . Veterans of the Dixie Mission , like John Service and Koji Ariyoshi , were among the first Americans invited to visit the People 's Republic of China . = = Origin = = Prior to the Dixie Mission , the U.S considered military interventions into CPC held China , such as an unimplemented idea by the Office of Strategic Services to send agents into north China . The Dixie Mission began , according to John Paton Davies , Jr . ' s memo , on January 15 , 1944 . Davies , a Foreign Service Officer serving in the China Burma India Theater ( CBI ) , called for the establishment of an observers ' mission in Chinese Communist territory . Davies argued that the communists offered attractive strategic benefits in the fight against Japan and that the more the U.S. ignored the communists , the closer Yan 'an - the ' capital ' of CPC held China - would move to Moscow . With the support of Davies ' superior , General Joseph Stilwell , this memorandum successfully convinced the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt to put the plan into motion . The Roosevelt Administration asked Chinese Nationalist president Chiang Kai @-@ shek 's permission to send U.S. observers to visit the CPC . Initially , Chiang was hostile to the proposal and delayed action . The Generalissimo consented after foreign correspondents that he had permitted to visit Yan 'an reported on the CPC to U.S. readers . Chiang agreed after American Vice @-@ President Henry Wallace made a state visit to Chungking , the nationalists ' capital , in late June 1944 . John Carter Vincent , an experienced State Department China expert , assisted Wallace in persuading Chiang to allow the U.S. to visit the CPC in Yan 'an without Nationalist supervision . In exchange , the U.S. promised to replace the American commander of the Burma India Theater , General Stilwell . He was removed from command in October 1944 . = = Mission arrives in Yan 'an = = = = = First arrivals = = = The first members of the Dixie Mission arrived in Yan 'an on July 22 , 1944 , on an Army C @-@ 47 . This team consisted of : Colonel David D. Barrett , John S. Service , Major Melvin A. Casberg , Major Ray Cromley , Captain John G. Colling , Captain Charles G. Stelle , Captain Paul C. Domke , 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Whittlesey , and Staff Sergeant Anton H Remenih . . The second half of the team arrived on August 7 , and consisted of : Raymond P. Ludden , Lieutenant Colonel Reginald E. Foss , Major Wilbur J. Peterkin , Major Charles E. Dole , Captain Brooke Dolan , Lieutenant Simon H. Hitch , 1st Lieutenant Louis M. Jones , Sergeant Walter Gress , and Technician 4th Class George I. Nakamura . Later , other members , including Koji Ariyoshi , joined the mission . = = = At work in Yan 'an = = = John Service , while under Stilwell 's command , served as a diplomatic observer for both Stilwell and the American Embassy in Chungking . Over the next three months , he sent a series of reports to Chungking , and sparked controversy immediately . Service praised the CPC and compared them to European socialists , rather than the feared U.S.S.R. Service credited the CPC for a clean and superior society in stark contrast to the corruption and chaos he saw in the Nationalist areas controlled by Chiang Kai @-@ shek . He was found bias . After visiting Yan 'an , Service advocated that the United States should work with the forces opposed to the Nationalists , such as the Communists , though he did not advocate abandoning Chiang . This opinion was shared by John Paton Davies , and this position ruined both careers . Colonel David Barrett evaluated the communists ' military potential by observing war games between CPC troops and visiting war schools set up to train the Chinese officer corps . Barrett felt the CPC emphasized indoctrinating their soldiers over military training , but he believed that American advisors could train the CPC soldiers to become excellent fighters . The Americans were impressed by the CPC 's attacks on the Japanese , often in guerilla raids . However , the last significant CPC military campaign against the Japanese had occurred four years earlier in the Hundred Regiments Campaign by the Chinese Communist 8th Route Army . After disastrous results , the CPC avoided large campaigns against the Japanese , but maintained an illusion as active fighters . = = Diplomacy at Dixie = = = = = Hurley Mission = = = On 7 November 1944 , General Patrick Hurley arrived in Yan 'an . Hurley had been in the CBI theater since August , as part of an agreement between Wallace and Chiang to provide a liaison for Chiang to communicate directly with Roosevelt and circumvent Stilwell . Successful in negotiating in the private sector , Hurley was sent to China to improve operations in the China theater , which he extended to uniting the Nationalists and CPC in a unified government . Hurley approached the CPC and the KMT without knowledge of either political group , and believed that their differences were no greater than those between the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States . He failed at reconciling the Nationalists and Chinese Communists and blamed Dixie Mission staff , John Service and John Paton Davies , and others . = = = Marshall and Wedemeyer Missions = = = Following the Japanese surrender , the KMT and the CPC resumed the Chinese Civil War which they had set aside in the United Front to fight the Japanese in 1937 . In December 1945 , President Harry S. Truman sent General George C. Marshall to China to negotiate a ceasefire and to form a unified government between the CPC and the KMT . While Marshall spent most of his time in Chungking , the Dixie Mission hosted Marshall in Yan 'an so he could speak with the CPC leadership . Like Hurley , Marshall failed to develop a lasting compromise , and the Civil War resumed . Truman then sent another representative to China , General Albert Wedemeyer , who had commanded U.S. troops in China during the war , on a fact finding mission . Again , the Dixie Mission in Yan 'an hosted the presidential mission . Wedemeyer reported that U.S. interests were best served by continued support for the Nationalist government , but Truman suppressed the report because he was waiting to see who would win and refused to expand aid the Nationalists so as to avoid involvement in the Chinese Civil War . After Wedemeyer 's visit , the U.S. packed up operations in Yan 'an and liquidated everything that could not be transported aboard a C @-@ 47 . On 11 March 1947 , the last members of the Dixie Mission left Yan 'an . = = Question of Communist subterfuge = = Dixie Mission participants such as John Service were criticized for viewing the CPC leadership as socialist agrarian reformers , who claimed that China under their rule would not follow the violent path of Russia under the Bolsheviks . Instead , socialism would come to China only after economic reforms that preserved capitalism , so as to mature the society to a point where it would be prepared for a peaceful transition to a communist society . This belief was disseminated to the American people prior to and during the war by the popular authors Edgar Snow and Agnes Smedley . In his August 3 , 1944 , report , " The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang , " Service underlined his opinion of the Communists as such and stated : " And the impressive personal qualities of the Communist leaders , their seeming sincerity , and the coherence and logical nature of their program leads me , at least , toward general acceptance of the first explanation -- that the Communists base their policy toward the Kuomintang on a real desire for democracy in China under which there can be orderly economic growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual socialism without the need of violent social upheaval and revolution . " After the Dixie Mission , Colonel Barrett reflected upon this position and wrote in his memoir : " In addition , I had fallen to some extent , not as much perhaps as did some other foreigners , for the " agrarian reformer " guff . I should have known better than this , particularly since the Chinese Communists themselves never at any time made claim to being anything but revolutionaries - period . " The history of China after the revolution is that the CPC did not pursue a slow gradual change in the economy as some believed in 1944 . Regardless , 25 years later Service believed that American cooperation with the CPC might have prevented the excesses that occurred under Mao Zedong 's leadership after the war . After the same number of years , John Davies , in his memoir , Dragon by the Tail , defended his belief that the CPC would have been a better Chinese ally for the U.S. than the Kuomintang . Davies believes that the U.S. interests would have been better served allying with the CPC based on Realpolitik practical considerations . Allying with the CPC would have prevented it from allying with the Soviet Union , and lessened the risk and anxiety that the U.S. and the world experienced in the Cold War . In the " Lost Chance " theory , the United States missed the opportunity to build a friendly relationship with the CPC and prevent their later alignment with the Soviet Union . Service and Davies reported in good faith what they saw at the time . = = Lasting impact = = The Dixie Mission had consequences for individuals , and for the nation . Many participants were accused of being communists , such as John Davies and John Service . Both were subjected to multiple Congressional investigations that consistently found that they were not Communist Party members , agents of foreign powers , or disloyal to the United States . This did not spare Service from termination at the State Department . He appealed this decision and ultimately the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in his favor . Davies was exiled from China , his field of expertise , by Hurley . Then he was hounded from a position in Russia to an inconsequential post in South America . Davies resigned that position and began manufacturing furniture . Hurley accused Colonel David Barrett of sabotaging his diplomacy with the KMT and the CPC . He succeeded in preventing Barrett from promotion to brigadier general , even though Barrett 's promotion was endorsed by the theater commander , General Albert C. Wedemeyer . Barrett was retained in the China Theater , but placed in an inferior position . Misperceptions of the Dixie Mission contributed to the nationwide Red Scare in the 1950s and 1960s . Thawing relations between the People 's Republic of China and the United States in the 1970s opened a new chapter for the mission . For the first time , the mission and its participants became the subject of serious scholarship , and many of the mission participants were among the first Americans invited to visit China in twenty years . In China , the Dixie Mission is remembered as a positive time between the two nations , and a symbol of Sino @-@ American cooperation . In 2013 , the story of the Dixie Mission served as the historical basis for a new WWII novel called Two Sons of China , by Andrew Lam ( author ) . It was released by Bondfire Books in December 2013 . = = Nickname = = While fondly referred to as " Dixie " or the Dixie Mission , the true name of the mission was the United States Army Observation Group to Yan 'an . One war scholar attributes the name to the number of Southerners amongst the mission 's personnel . John Davies declared in his memoir , Dragon by the Tail ' , ' that the mission was called ' Dixie ' , as a reference to its location within " rebel " CPC held territory , by himself and his peers , a glib comparison to the territory of the Confederate States of America . = = Notable members = = Colonel David D. Barrett ( 1892 – 1977 ) , first commanding officer of the Dixie Mission . John S. Service ( 1909 – 1999 ) , first State Department representative to arrive and operate as part of the Dixie Mission . John P. Davies ( 1908 – 1999 ) , State Department official instrumental in the creation of the mission . Koji Ariyoshi ( 1914 – 1976 ) , Hawaii labor editor and later a leader of the U.S.-China People 's Friendship Association . Raymond P. Ludden ( 1909 – 1970 ) , State Department officer who undertook dangerous mission into Japanese occupied China . Henry C. Whittlesey , a writer Colonel Raymond Allen Cromley ( = = = Dixie Mission Commanding Officers = = = Colonel David D. Barrett Colonel Morris DePass Colonel Wilbur J. Peterkin Major Clifford F. Young Colonel John Sells Colonel Raymond Allen Cromley = = Resources = =
= SMS Blücher = SMS Blücher was the last armored cruiser built by the German Empire . She was designed to match what German intelligence incorrectly believed to be the specifications of the British Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers . Blücher was larger than preceding armored cruisers and carried more heavy guns , but was unable to match the size and armament of the battlecruisers which replaced armored cruisers in the British Royal Navy and German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . The ship was named after the Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher , the commander of Prussian forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . Blücher was built at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel between 1907 and 1909 , and commissioned on 1 October 1909 . The ship served in the I Scouting Group for most of her career , including the early portion of World War I. She took part in the operation to bombard Yarmouth and the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in 1914 . At the Battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915 , Blücher was slowed significantly after being hit by gunfire from the British battlecruiser squadron under the command of Vice Admiral David Beatty . Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper , the commander of the German squadron , decided to abandon Blücher to the pursuing enemy ships in order to save his more valuable battlecruisers . Under heavy fire from the British ships , she was sunk , and British destroyers began recovering the survivors . However , the destroyers withdrew when a German zeppelin began bombing them , mistaking the sinking Blücher for a British battlecruiser . The number of casualties is unknown , with figures ranging from 747 to around 1 @,@ 000 . Blücher was the only warship lost during the battle . = = Design = = German armored cruisers — referred to as Große Kreuzer ( large cruisers ) — were designed for several tasks . The ships were designed to engage the reconnaissance forces of rival navies , as well as fight in the line of battle . The earliest armored cruiser — Fürst Bismarck — was rushed through production specifically to be deployed to China to assist in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 . Subsequent armored cruisers — with the exception of the two Scharnhorst @-@ class ships — served with the fleet in the reconnaissance force . On 26 May 1906 , the Reichstag authorized funds for Blücher , along with the first two Nassau @-@ class battleships . Though the ship would be much larger and more powerful than previous armored cruisers , Blücher retained that designation in an attempt to conceal its more powerful nature . The ship was ordered under the provisional name " E " . Her design was influenced by the need to match the armored cruisers which Britain was known to be building at the time . The Germans expected these new British ships to be armed with six or eight 9 @.@ 2 in ( 23 cm ) guns . In response , the German navy approved a design with twelve 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns in six twin turrets . This was significantly more firepower than that of the previous Scharnhorst @-@ class of German armored cruisers , which only carried eight 21 cm guns . One week after the final decision was made to authorize construction of Blücher , the German naval attache obtained the actual details of the new British ships , called the Invincible class . In fact , HMS Invincible carried eight 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns of the same type mounted on battleships . It was soon recognized that these ships were a new type of warship , which eventually came to be classified as the battlecruiser . When the details of the Invincible class came to light , it was too late to redesign Blücher , and there were no funds for a redesign , so work proceeded as scheduled . Blücher was therefore arguably obsolete even before her construction started , and was rapidly surpassed by the German Navy 's battlecruisers , of which the first ( Von der Tann ) was ordered in 1907 . Despite this , Blücher was typically deployed with the German battlecruiser squadron . The ship ultimately cost the German government 28 @,@ 532 @,@ 000 Goldmarks . = = = General characteristics = = = Blücher was 161 @.@ 1 m ( 528 ft 7 in ) long at the waterline and 161 @.@ 8 m ( 530 ft 10 in ) long overall . The ship had a beam of 24 @.@ 5 m ( 80 ft 5 in ) , and with the anti @-@ torpedo nets mounted along the sides of the ship , the beam increased to 25 @.@ 62 m ( 84 ft 1 in ) . Blücher had a draft of 8 @.@ 84 m ( 29 @.@ 0 ft ) forward , but slightly less aft , at 8 @.@ 56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) . The ship displaced 15 @,@ 842 t ( 15 @,@ 592 long tons ) at her designed weight , and up to 17 @,@ 500 t ( 17 @,@ 200 long tons ) at maximum displacement . Her hull was constructed with both transverse and longitudinal steel frames , and she had 13 watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for approximately 65 % of the length of the hull . Documents from the German naval archives generally indicate satisfaction with Blücher 's minor pitch and gentle motion at sea . However , she suffered from severe roll , and with the rudder hard over , she heeled over up to 10 ° from the vertical and lost up to 55 % of her speed . Blücher 's metacentric height was 1 @.@ 63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) . The ship had a standard crew of 41 officers and 812 enlisted men , with an additional 14 officers and 62 sailors when she served as a squadron flagship . She carried a number of smaller vessels , including two picket boats , three barges , two launches , two yawls , and one dinghy . = = = Propulsion = = = Blücher was equipped with three vertical 4 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Each engine drove a propeller , the center screw being 5 @.@ 3 m ( 17 ft 5 in ) in diameter , while the outer two screws were slightly larger , at 5 @.@ 6 m ( 18 ft 4 in ) in diameter . The ship had a single rudder with which to steer . The three engines were segregated in individual engine rooms . With six marine @-@ type double boilers per room , the ship contained a total of 18 coal @-@ fired boilers . The ship had a designed maximum speed of 24 @.@ 5 knots ( 45 @.@ 4 km / h ; 28 @.@ 2 mph ) , but during her trials , she achieved 25 @.@ 4 knots ( 47 @.@ 0 km / h ; 29 @.@ 2 mph ) . At a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) , Blücher could steam for 6 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 200 km ; 7 @,@ 600 mi ) . At a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , her range was cut down to 3 @,@ 250 nmi ( 6 @,@ 020 km ; 3 @,@ 740 mi ) . The ship was designed to carry 900 t ( 890 long tons ) of coal , though voids in the hull could be used to expand the fuel supply to up to 2 @,@ 510 t ( 2 @,@ 470 long tons ) of coal . Electrical power for the ship was supplied by six turbo @-@ generators that provided up to 1 @,@ 000 kilowatts , rated at 225 volts . The highest power ever achieved by a reciprocating engine warship was the 37 @,@ 799 indicated horsepower ( 28 @,@ 187 kW ) produced by Blücher on her trials in 1909 . = = = Armament = = = Blücher was equipped with twelve 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 27 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns in six twin turrets , one pair fore and one pair aft , and two pairs in wing turrets on either side of the superstructure . The guns were supplied with a total of 1 @,@ 020 shells , or 85 rounds per gun . Each shell weighed 108 kg ( 238 lb ) , and was 61 cm ( 24 in ) in length . The guns could be depressed to − 5 ° and elevated to 30 ° , providing a maximum range of 19 @,@ 100 m ( 20 @,@ 900 yd ) . Their rate of fire was 4 – 5 rounds per minute . The ship had a secondary battery of eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 91 in ) quick @-@ firing guns mounted in MPL C / 06 casemates , four centered amidships on either side of the vessel . These guns could engage targets out to 13 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 yd ) . They were supplied with 1320 rounds , for 165 shells per gun , and had a sustained rate of fire of 5 – 7 rounds per minute . The shells were 45 @.@ 3 kg ( 99 @.@ 9 lb ) , and were loaded with a 13 @.@ 7 kg ( 30 @.@ 2 lb ) RPC / 12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge . The guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 835 m ( 2 @,@ 740 ft ) per second , and were expected to fire around 1 @,@ 400 shells before they needed to be replaced . Blücher was also armed with sixteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 46 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns , placed in both casemates and pivot mounts . Four of these guns were mounted in casemates near the bridge , four in casemates in the bow , another four in casemates at the stern , and the remaining four were mounted in pivot mounts in the rear superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 3 @,@ 200 rounds , or 200 shells per gun , and could fire at a rate of 15 shells per minute . Their high explosive shells weighed 10 kg ( 22 lb ) , and were loaded with a 3 kg ( 6 @.@ 6 lb ) RPC / 12 propellant charge . These guns had a life expectancy of around 7 @,@ 000 rounds . The guns had a maximum range of 10 @,@ 700 m ( 11 @,@ 700 yd ) . Blücher was also equipped with four 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . One was placed in the bow , one in the stern , and the other two were placed on the broadside , all below the waterline . The ship carried a total of 11 torpedoes . The torpedoes carried a 110 kg ( 240 lb ) warhead and had two speed settings , which affected the range . At 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , the weapon had a range of 2 @,@ 000 m ( 2 @,@ 200 yd ) and at 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , the range was reduced to 1 @,@ 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) . = = = Armor = = = As with other German capital ships of the period , Blücher was equipped with Krupp cemented armor . The armored deck was between 5 – 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) in thickness ; more important areas of the ship were protected with thicker armor , while less critical portions of the deck used the thinner armor . The armored belt was 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) thick in the central portion of the ship where machinery , ammunition magazines , and other vitals were located , and tapered to 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in less important areas of the hull . The belt tapered down to zero at either end of the ship . Behind the entire length of the belt armor was an additional 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) of teak . The armored belt was supplemented by a 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) torpedo bulkhead , though this only ran between the forward and rear centerline gun turrets . The forward conning tower was the most heavily armored part of the ship . Its sides were 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) thick and it had a roof that was 8 cm thick . The rear conning tower was significantly less well armored , with a roof that was 3 cm thick and sides that were only 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) thick . The central citadel of the ship was protected by 16 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) armor . The main battery turrets were 8 cm thick in their roofs , and had 18 cm sides . The 15 cm turret casemates were protected by 14 cm of armor . = = Service history = = Blücher was launched on 11 April 1908 and commissioned into the fleet on 1 October 1909 . She served as a training ship for naval gunners starting in 1911 . In 1914 , she was transferred to the I Scouting Group along with the newer battlecruisers Von der Tann , Moltke , and the flagship Seydlitz . The first operation in which Blücher took part was an inconclusive sweep into the Baltic Sea against Russian forces . On 3 September 1914 , Blücher , along with seven pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the IV Squadron , five cruisers , and 24 destroyers sailed into the Baltic in an attempt to draw out a portion of the Russian fleet and destroy it . The light cruiser Augsburg encountered the armored cruisers Bayan and Pallada north of Dagö ( now Hiiumaa ) island . The German cruiser attempted to lure the Russian ships back towards Blücher so that she could destroy them , but the Russians refused to take the bait and instead withdrew to the Gulf of Finland . On 9 September , the operation was terminated without any major engagements between the two fleets . On 2 November 1914 , Blücher — along with the battlecruisers Moltke , Von der Tann , and Seydlitz , and accompanied by four light cruisers , left the Jade Bight and steamed towards the English coast . The flotilla arrived off Great Yarmouth at daybreak the following morning and bombarded the port , while the light cruiser Stralsund laid a minefield . The British submarine HMS D5 responded to the bombardment , but struck one of the mines laid by Stralsund and sank . Shortly thereafter , Hipper ordered his ships to turn back to German waters . On the way , a heavy fog covered the Heligoland Bight , so the ships were ordered to halt until visibility improved and they could safely navigate the defensive minefields . The armored cruiser Yorck made a navigational error that led her into one of the German minefields . She struck two mines and quickly sank ; only 127 men out of the crew of 629 were rescued . = = = Bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool , and Whitby = = = Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , commander of the German High Seas Fleet , decided that another raid on the English coast should be carried out in the hopes of luring a portion of the Grand Fleet into combat where it could be destroyed . At 03 : 20 , CET on 15 December 1914 , Blücher , Moltke , Von der Tann , the new battlecruiser Derfflinger , and Seydlitz , along with the light cruisers Kolberg , Strassburg , Stralsund , Graudenz , and two squadrons of torpedo boats left the Jade estuary . The ships sailed north past the island of Heligoland , until they reached the Horns Reef lighthouse , at which point the ships turned west towards Scarborough . Twelve hours after Hipper left the Jade , the High Seas Fleet , consisting of 14 dreadnoughts and eight pre @-@ dreadnoughts and a screening force of two armored cruisers , seven light cruisers , and 54 torpedo boats , departed to provide distant cover for the bombardment force . On 26 August 1914 , the German light cruiser Magdeburg had run aground in the Gulf of Finland ; the wreck was captured by the Russian navy , which found code books used by the German navy , along with navigational charts for the North Sea . These documents were then passed on to the Royal Navy . Room 40 began decrypting German signals , and on 14 December , intercepted messages relating to the plan to bombard Scarborough . The exact details of the plan were unknown , and it was assumed that the High Seas Fleet would remain safely in port , as in the previous bombardment . Vice Admiral Beatty 's four battlecruisers , supported by the 3rd Cruiser Squadron and the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron , along with the 2nd Battle Squadron 's six dreadnoughts , were to ambush Hipper 's battlecruisers . On the night of 15 / 16 December , the main body of the High Seas Fleet encountered British destroyers . Fearing the prospect of a nighttime torpedo attack , Admiral Ingenohl ordered the ships to retreat . Hipper was unaware of Ingenohl 's reversal , and so he continued with the bombardment . Upon reaching the British coast , Hipper 's battlecruisers split into two groups . Seydlitz , Moltke , and Blücher went north to shell Hartlepool , while Von der Tann and Derfflinger went south to shell Scarborough and Whitby . Of the three towns , only Hartlepool was defended by coastal artillery batteries . During the bombardment of Hartlepool , Seydlitz was hit three times and Blücher was hit six times by the coastal battery . Blücher suffered minimal damage , but nine men were killed and another three were wounded . By 09 : 45 on the 16th , the two groups had reassembled , and they began to retreat eastward . By this time , Beatty 's battlecruisers were in position to block Hipper 's chosen egress route , while other forces were en route to complete the encirclement . At 12 : 25 , the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass through the British forces searching for Hipper . One of the cruisers in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron spotted Stralsund and signaled a report to Beatty . At 12 : 30 , Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships . Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper 's ships , but the battlecruisers were some 50 km ( 27 nmi ; 31 mi ) ahead . The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron , which had been screening for Beatty 's ships , detached to pursue the German cruisers , but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions . This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers . The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape . Both the British and the Germans were disappointed that they failed to effectively engage their opponents . Admiral Ingenohl 's reputation suffered greatly as a result of his timidity . The captain of Moltke was furious ; he stated that Ingenohl had turned back " because he was afraid of eleven British destroyers which could have been eliminated ... Under the present leadership we will accomplish nothing . " The official German history criticized Ingenohl for failing to use his light forces to determine the size of the British fleet , stating : " He decided on a measure which not only seriously jeopardized his advance forces off the English coast but also deprived the German Fleet of a signal and certain victory . " = = = Battle of Dogger Bank = = = In early January 1915 the German naval command found out that British ships were conducting reconnaissance in the Dogger Bank area . Admiral Ingenohl was initially reluctant to attempt to destroy these forces , because the I Scouting Group was temporarily weakened while Von der Tann was in drydock for periodic maintenance . Konteradmiral ( counter admiral ) Richard Eckermann — the Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet — insisted on the operation , and so Ingenohl relented and ordered Hipper to take his battlecruisers to the Dogger Bank . On 23 January , Hipper sortied , with Seydlitz in the lead , followed by Moltke , Derfflinger , and Blücher , along with the light cruisers Graudenz , Rostock , Stralsund , and Kolberg and 19 torpedo boats from V Flotilla and II and XVIII Half @-@ Flotillas . Graudenz and Stralsund were assigned to the forward screen , while Kolberg and Rostock were assigned to the starboard and port , respectively . Each light cruiser had a half @-@ flotilla of torpedo boats attached . Again , interception and decryption of German wireless signals played an important role . Although they were unaware of the exact plans , the cryptographers of Room 40 were able to deduce that Hipper would be conducting an operation in the Dogger Bank area . To counter it , Beatty 's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron , Rear Admiral Gordon Moore 's 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron and Commodore William Goodenough 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron were to rendezvous with Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt 's Harwich Force at 08 : 00 on 24 January , approximately 30 nmi ( 56 km ; 35 mi ) north of the Dogger Bank . At 08 : 14 , Kolberg spotted the light cruiser Aurora and several destroyers from the Harwich Force . Aurora challenged Kolberg with a searchlight , at which point Kolberg attacked Aurora and scored two hits . Aurora returned fire and scored two hits on Kolberg in retaliation . Hipper immediately turned his battlecruisers towards the gunfire , when , almost simultaneously , Stralsund spotted a large amount of smoke to the northwest of her position . This was identified as a number of large British warships steaming toward Hipper 's ships . Hipper later remarked : The presence of such a large force indicated the proximity of further sections of the British Fleet , especially as wireless intercepts revealed the approach of 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ... They were also reported by Blücher at the rear of the German line , which had opened fire on a light cruiser and several destroyers coming up from astern ... The battlecruisers under my command found themselves , in view of the prevailing [ East @-@ North @-@ East ] wind , in the windward position and so in an unfavourable situation from the outset ... Hipper turned south to flee , but was limited to 23 kn ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) , which was Blücher 's maximum speed at the time . The pursuing British battlecruisers were steaming at 27 kn ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , and quickly caught up to the German ships . At 09 : 52 , Lion opened fire on Blücher from a range of approximately 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) ; shortly after , Princess Royal and Tiger began firing as well . At 10 : 09 , the British guns made their first hit on Blücher . Two minutes later , the German ships began returning fire , primarily concentrating on Lion , from a range of 18 @,@ 000 yd ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . At 10 : 28 , Lion was struck on the waterline , which tore a hole in the side of the ship and flooded a coal bunker . At around this time , Blücher scored a hit with a 21 cm shell on Lion 's forward turret . The shell failed to penetrate the armor , but had concussion effect and temporarily disabled the left gun . At 10 : 30 , New Zealand — the fourth ship in Beatty 's line — came within range of Blücher and opened fire . By 10 : 35 , the range had closed to 17 @,@ 500 yd ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) , at which point the entire German line was within the effective range of the British ships . Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to engage their German counterparts . By 11 : 00 , Blücher had been severely damaged after having been pounded by numerous heavy shells from the British battlecruisers . However , the three leading German battlecruisers , Seydlitz , Derfflinger , and Moltke , had concentrated their fire on Lion and scored several hits ; two of her three dynamos were disabled and the port side engine room had been flooded . At 11 : 48 , Indomitable arrived on the scene , and was directed by Beatty to destroy the battered Blücher , which was already on fire and listing heavily to port . One of the ship 's survivors recounted the destruction that was being wrought : The shells ... bore their way even to the stokehold . The coal in the bunkers was set on fire . Since the bunkers were half empty , the fire burned merrily . In the engine room a shell licked up the oil and sprayed it around in flames of blue and green ... The terrific air pressure resulting from [ an ] explosion in a confined space ... roar [ ed ] through every opening and [ tore ] its way through every weak spot ... Men were picked up by that terrific air pressure and tossed to a horrible death among the machinery . The British attack was interrupted due to reports of U @-@ boats ahead of the British ships . Beatty quickly ordered evasive maneuvers , which allowed the German ships to increase the distance from their pursuers . At this time , Lion 's last operational dynamo failed , which reduced her speed to 15 kn ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Beatty , in the stricken Lion , ordered the remaining battlecruisers to " Engage the enemy 's rear " , but signal confusion caused the ships to target Blücher alone . She continued to resist stubbornly ; Blücher repulsed attacks by the four cruisers of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron and four destroyers . However , the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron flagship , Aurora , hit Blücher twice with torpedoes . By this time , every main battery gun turret except the rear mount had been silenced . A volley of seven more torpedoes was launched at point @-@ blank range ; these hits caused the ship to capsize at 13 : 13 . In the course of the engagement , Blücher had been hit by 70 – 100 large @-@ caliber shells and several torpedoes . As the ship was sinking , British destroyers steamed towards her in an attempt to rescue survivors from the water . However , the German zeppelin L5 mistook the sinking Blücher for a British battlecruiser , and tried to bomb the destroyers , which withdrew . Figures vary on the number of casualties ; Paul Schmalenbach reported 6 officers of a total of 29 and 275 enlisted men of a complement of 999 were pulled from the water , for a total of 747 men killed . The official German sources examined by Erich Gröner stated that 792 men died when Blücher sank , while James Goldrick referred to British documents , which reported only 234 men survived from a crew of at least 1 @,@ 200 . Among those who had been rescued was Kapitan zur See ( captain at sea ) Erdmann , the commanding officer of Blücher . He later died of pneumonia while in British captivity . A further twenty men would also die as prisoners of war . The concentration on Blücher allowed Moltke , Seydlitz , and Derfflinger to escape . Admiral Hipper had originally intended to use his three battlecruisers to turn about and flank the British ships , in order to relieve the battered Blücher , but when he learned of the severe damage to his flagship , he decided to abandon the armored cruiser . Hipper later recounted his decision : In order to help the Blücher it was decided to try for a flanking move ... But as I was informed that in my flagship turrets C and D were out of action , we were full of water aft , and that she had only 200 rounds of heavy shell left , I dismissed any further thought of supporting the Blücher . Any such course , now that no intervention from our Main Fleet was to be counted on , was likely to lead to further heavy losses . The support of the Blücher by the flanking move would have brought my formation between the British battlecruisers and the battle squadrons which were probably behind . By the time Beatty regained control over his ships , after having boarded HMS Princess Royal , the German ships had too great a lead for the British to catch them ; at 13 : 50 , he broke off the chase . Kaiser Wilhelm II was enraged by the destruction of Blücher and the near sinking of Seydlitz , and ordered the High Seas Fleet to remain in harbor . Rear Admiral Eckermann was removed from his post and Admiral Ingenohl was forced to resign . He was replaced by Admiral Hugo von Pohl .
= John Adams ( drummer ) = John Adams ( born 1951 ) is a dedicated fan of the Cleveland Indians , a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . Adams has played his bass drum in the bleacher seats during nearly every Indians home game since 1973 , which has brought him notoriety and recognition from the Indians and other organizations . The Indians now pay for two season tickets for Adams and his drum , he has been involved in two ceremonial first pitches , and he is the only fan for whom the Indians have dedicated a bobblehead day . = = Drumming = = Adams first drummed at an Indians game on August 24 , 1973 , at Cleveland Stadium , at a game in which the Indians beat the Texas Rangers , 11 – 5 . Adams , who was 21 years old at the time , has stated that he brought his bass drum to that first game because he wanted to add to the noise of " seat banging " , a tradition at Cleveland Stadium in which fans would bang the swivel seat of their chairs against the chair 's base during tense moments in the game . But Adams preferred to sit in the bleachers , where there were no seats to bang . During the game , Bob Sudyk , a reporter for the Cleveland Press , interviewed Adams and asked if he was going to drum again at the following game . Adams said no , but Sudyk wrote in his article that he would . According to Adams , " not to make a liar out of Bob , I showed up with my drum , and then I came to the next game and the next game and the next game . " The Indians ' promotions director at the time , Jackie York , also approached Adams and asked him to play at every game . Adams formally declined but continued to attend games with his drum . Ever since , Adams has sat in the highest bleacher seat in left @-@ center field with his bass drum ; as of August 2013 he has missed only 38 home games in more than 40 seasons . Adams played at Cleveland Stadium until October 1993 , when the Indians played their last game there . Next spring he moved with the team to its new ballpark , Jacobs Field ( renamed Progressive Field in 2008 ) . Adams played the drum at his 3,000th game on April 27 , 2011 . During his tenure , he has witnessed Indians pitcher Len Barker pitch a perfect game on May 15 , 1981 , and witnessed the Indians play in the 1995 and 1997 World Series . Adams still uses the same 26 @-@ inch @-@ wide bass drum he began with in 1973 . He has stated that he bought it as part of a set for $ 25 at a garage sale . It has the same head on the side of the drum that Adams does not beat , but Adams has stated that he replaces the other side about twice a year and also goes through about three sets of mallets each year . During games , Adams tends to drum at particular moments : when the Indians take the field at the beginning of the game , if the Indians have runners in scoring position , if the Indians are tied or trailing near the end of the game , or if they are winning at the top of the ninth inning . Because of his drumming , Adams became a celebrity and his drum was soon nicknamed Big Chief Boom @-@ Boom , by Indians radio announcer Herb Score . It has also helped him meet politicians , including U.S. senators and a Pakistani government official . = = = Recognition = = = Adams has been recognized by the Cleveland Indians and other organizations for his long commitment to the team . On October 4 , 2007 , he threw out the ceremonial first pitch for the Indians ' first game in the 2007 American League Division Series , against the New York Yankees . After Adams drummed at his 3,000th game on April 27 , 2011 , the Indians celebrated it the following Saturday , on April 30 , 2011 , by incorporating Adams in the ceremonial first pitch and putting on a pregame parade featuring Adams ' fellow Indians fans carrying bongos , snares and plastic toy drums . For the ceremonial first pitch , Adams swung at the ball with his drum from home plate after it was thrown by former Indians player Joe Charboneau . Soon after the move to Jacobs Field , Cleveland began a record @-@ breaking run of sellouts , which ended at 455 games in April 2001 . Soon after , the Indians retired the number 455 in honor of their fans and Adams helped unveil the commemorative sign . Adams once paid for his tickets ( one for himself , and one for his drum ) , but the Indians now pay for two of his season tickets in honor of the contributions he has made to the ballpark atmosphere . Adams buys an additional two season tickets . In 2006 , the Indians gave out bobblehead dolls depicting Adams , making him the only fan for whom the team has dedicated a bobble head day . In 2008 , he won the Hilda Award , which is awarded annually by The Baseball Reliquary " to recognize distinguished service to the game by a baseball fan " and is named in memory of Hilda Chester , a dedicated fan of the Brooklyn Dodgers . In April 2012 , Great Lakes Brewing Company , a Cleveland @-@ based brewery and brewpub , released a product called Rally Drum Red Ale in honor of Adams and Opening Day . In April 2015 , The Plain Dealer columnist Tim Warsinskey wrote a column suggesting that a statue of Adams be built in Cleveland in his honor . Adams also has a plaque located by his seat just under the left field scoreboard commemorating his tenure as the Indians ' " # 1 Fan " . = = Personal life = = Adams lives in Brecksville , Ohio , a suburb of Cleveland . He attended both Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland and Parma Senior High School in Parma , Ohio , where he played bass drum in band before graduating high school in 1969 . Adams works on computer systems for AT & T and teaches classes , without pay , at Cleveland State University . Adams has also volunteered his time as a member of the Kiwanis service club and the community emergency response team in his hometown and has taught CPR and water safety .
= Paulos Faraj Rahho = Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho ( Arabic : بولس فرج رحو , Būlus Farağ Raḥū ; Syriac : ܦܘܠܘܣ ܦ ̮ ܪܔ ܪܚܘ , Paulōs Farağ Raḥō ; 20 November 1942 – February or March 2008 ) was the Chaldean Catholic Archeparch of Mosul , in the northern part of Iraq . Also known as Paul Faraj Rahho and Paulos Faradsch Raho , he was an ethnic Assyrian , born in Mosul , where he lived almost his entire life . The city of Mosul has a long established community of Chaldean Catholics . Rahho came to worldwide attention in 2008 when he was kidnapped by gunmen and subsequently found dead in Mosul , an event that drew condemnation from the Vatican and foreign governments . = = Biography = = Paulos Faraj Rahho was born to an Assyrian Catholic family in 1942 . He spent nearly all his life in Mosul , a city with one of the largest and oldest Christian populations in Iraq . In 1954 , he entered the St. Peter 's junior and major seminary in Baghdad in order to become a priest . After his ordination on June 10 , 1965 he briefly worked in Baghdad before being appointed to St. Isiah 's Church in Mosul . Between 1974 and 1976 , Rahho completed his religious studies with a Licentiate in Theology from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum in Rome . Rahho later founded the church of the Sacred Heart in Tel Keppe , a town some 12 miles ( 20 km ) north of Mosul . He also opened an orphanage for handicapped children . = = = Archbishop of Mosul = = = On January 12 , 2001 , the Synod of Bishops of the Chaldean Catholic Church elected him archbishop of the Archeparchy of Mosul . On February 16 , 2001 , he was ordained Chaldean Archbishop of Mosul , giving him responsibility for around 20 @,@ 000 Catholics in ten parishes . He was ordained by Mar Raphael I Bidawid , the Patriarch of Babylon . His church is known in Mosul as Safina ( The Ship ) , but parishioners called it the Holy Spirit Church . = = = Unease with Sharia = = = Rahho expressed disquiet at the moves to incorporate Sharia law more fundamentally into the Iraqi constitution , and continued throughout his life to lead worship in difficult situations . During his 2007 trip to Rome , with the patriarch of Babylon Emmanuel III Delly who was then appointed cardinal , Rahho confided that he had been threatened by gunmen in his native town . Following the start of the Iraq war , persecution of Christians in Iraq increased dramatically . Rahho commented on the precarious situation of Chaldean Christians in an interview with Asia News shortly before his kidnapping . = = Kidnapping and death = = Late on February 29 , 2008 , according to a report given by the Catholic News Service , Archbishop Rahho was kidnapped from his car in the Al @-@ Nur district of the city ; his bodyguards and driver were killed . According to church officials , " gunmen sprayed the Archbishop 's car with bullets , killed two bodyguards and shoved the bishop into the trunk of a car . In the darkness , he managed to pull out his cellphone and call the church , telling officials not to pay a ransom for his release " they said . " He believed that this money would not be paid for good works and would be used for killing and more evil actions , " the officials said . Other reports stated that also investigators believed the archbishop may have been shot at the time of the kidnapping . The kidnappers demanded Christians contribute to the jihad , through jizya . The captors also demanded the release of Arab ( non @-@ Iraqi ) detainees and that they be paid $ 3 million for Rahho 's release . The kidnappers also demanded that Iraqi Christians form a militia to fight the US forces . On March 13 , 2008 , it was reported that the Archbishop 's body had been found buried in a shallow grave near Mosul . Officials of the Chaldean Church in Iraq said they had received a call telling them where the body was buried . Reports over the cause of death were contradictory . An official of the morgue in Mosul said the archbishop , who had health problems , including high blood pressure and diabetes , might have died of natural causes . Police at the Mosul morgue said the Archbishop " appeared to have been dead a week and his body bore no bullet wounds " . Nineveh Deputy Governor Khasro Goran stated that when relatives and authorities went to the location specified by the kidnappers and found the body , it had " gunshot wounds " . The identity of those behind his murder is disputed . Some Assyrians within the community believe Al @-@ Qaida and other Sunni Arab factions were behind the murder . Other Christians in Mosul , including the archbishop ’ s family , believe that it was the Kurds who ordered his assassination . Kurdish authorities ordered an investigation and subsequently made several arrests , though their reports have failed to convince the family . Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho is believed to be the highest @-@ ranking Chaldean Catholic clergyman to have been killed in the Iraq war . The funeral services were held in the town of Karamlesh , with Chaldean Catholic Cardinal Emmanuel Delly in presence . = = = International reactions = = = Vatican City : Pope Benedict XVI stated the murder was " an act of inhuman violence that offends the dignity of the human being . " " The pope also denounced the 5 @-@ year @-@ long Iraq war , saying it had provoked the complete breakup of Iraqi civilian life . ' Enough with the slaughters . Enough with the violence . Enough with the hatred in Iraq ! ' Benedict said to applause at the end of his Palm Sunday Mass in St. Peter 's Square . " Iraq : Prime Minister Nouri al @-@ Maliki said " the attack was the work of a criminal gang intent on provoking religious strife . " United Kingdom : British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said " His [ Archbishop Rahho 's ] kidnapping was a cowardly act perpetrated by individuals who have rejected dialogue and peaceful politics . His killing represents an appalling act of premeditated violence . My thoughts are with the Archbishop 's family . " United States : President Bush was quoted as saying " I send my condolences to the Chaldean community and the people of Iraq . The terrorists will continue to lose in Iraq because they are savage and cruel . " The Arab American Institute said " This despicable act against a peaceful leader of a vulnerable ( Chaldean ) minority community violates every moral code . " Chaldean Catholic Church : Patriarch Emmanuel III Delly , who broke down and wept during funeral services in Karamles , urged Christians on Friday not to seek revenge for the death of the archbishop . = = = Aftermath = = = One of the killers , named Ahmed Ali Ahmed , was found and arrested . Ahmed was an Al @-@ Qaida in Iraq cell leader in Mosul . On 19 May 2008 , the Iraqi Central Criminal Court sentenced Ahmed to death . However , high representatives of the Chaldean Catholic Church opposed the death sentence . In his will , Rahho called upon the Iraqi Assyrian Christian community to work with Muslim and Yazidi Iraqis to develop ties across religious divisions within Iraq .
= The Sinking of the Lusitania = The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) is a silent animated short film by American cartoonist Winsor McCay . It is a work of propaganda re @-@ creating the never @-@ photographed 1915 sinking of the British liner RMS Lusitania . At twelve minutes it has been called the longest work of animation at the time of its release . The film is the earliest surviving animated documentary and serious , dramatic work of animation . In 1915 a German submarine torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania ; 128 Americans were among the 1 @,@ 198 dead . The event outraged McCay , but the newspapers of his employer William Randolph Hearst downplayed the event , as Hearst was opposed to the US joining World War I. McCay was required to illustrate anti @-@ war and anti @-@ British editorial cartoons for Hearst 's papers . In 1916 , McCay rebelled against his employer 's stance and began work on the patriotic Sinking of the Lusitania on his own time with his own money . The film followed McCay 's earlier successes in animation : Little Nemo ( 1911 ) , How a Mosquito Operates ( 1912 ) , and Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . McCay drew these earlier films on rice paper , onto which backgrounds had to be laboriously traced ; The Sinking of the Lusitania was the first film McCay made using the new , more efficient cel technology . McCay and his assistants spent twenty @-@ two months making the film . His subsequent animation output suffered setbacks , as the film was not as commercially successful as his earlier efforts , and Hearst put increased pressure on McCay to devote his time to editorial drawings . = = Synopsis = = The film opens with a live @-@ action prologue in which McCay busies himself studying a picture of the Lusitania as a model for his film @-@ in @-@ progress . Intertitles boast of McCay as " the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons " , and of the 25 @,@ 000 drawings needed to complete the film . McCay is shown working with a group of anonymous assistants on " the first record of the sinking of the Lusitania " . The liner passes the Statue of Liberty and leaves New York Harbor . After some time , a German submarine cuts through the waters and fires a torpedo at the Lusitania , which billows smoke that builds until it envelops the screen . Passengers scramble to lower lifeboats , some of which capsize in the confusion . The liner tilts from one side to the other and passengers are tossed into the ocean . A second blast rocks the Lusitania , which sinks slowly into the deep as more passengers fall off its edges , and the ship submerges amid scenes of drowning bodies . The liner vanishes from sight , and the film closes with a mother struggling to keep her baby above the waves . An intertitle declares : " The man who fired the shot was decorated for it by the Kaiser ! And yet they tell us not to hate the Hun . " = = Background = = Winsor McCay ( c . 1869 – 1934 ) produced prodigiously detailed and accurate drawings since early in life . He earned a living as a young man drawing portraits and posters in dime museums , and attracted large crowds with his ability to draw quickly in public . He began working as a newspaper illustrator full @-@ time in 1898 , and in 1903 began drawing comic strips . His greatest comic strip success was the children 's fantasy comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland , which he began in 1905 . In 1906 , McCay began performing on the vaudeville circuit , doing chalk talks — performances during which he drew in front of a live audience . Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay said he " came to see the possibility of making moving pictures " of his cartoons . His first animated film , Little Nemo ( 1911 ) , was composed of four thousand drawings on rice paper . His next film , How a Mosquito Operates ( 1912 ) , naturalistically shows a giant mosquito draw blood from a sleeping man until it burst . McCay followed this with a film that became an interactive part of his vaudeville shows : in Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) , McCay commanded his animated dinosaur with a whip on stage . The British liner RMS Lusitania briefly held the record for largest passenger ship upon its completion in 1906 . McCay displayed a fondness for it , and featured it in the episode for September 28 , 1907 , of his comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , and again in the episode for November 10 , 1908 , of A Pilgrim 's Progress by Mister Bunion , where Bunion declares it " the monster boat that has smashed the record " . The Germans employed submarines in the North Atlantic during World War I , and in April 1915 the German government issued a warning that it would target British civilian ships . The Lusitania was torpedoed on May 7 , 1915 , during a voyage from New York ; 128 Americans were among the 1 @,@ 198 who lost their lives . Newspapers owned by McCay 's employer William Randolph Hearst downplayed the tragedy , as Hearst was opposed to the US entering the war . His own papers ' readers were increasingly pro @-@ war in the aftermath of the Lusitania . McCay was as well , but was required to illustrate anti @-@ war and anti @-@ British editorials by editor Arthur Brisbane . In 1916 , McCay rebelled against his employer 's stance and began to make the patriotic Sinking of the Lusitania in his own time . The sinking itself was never photographed . McCay said that he gathered background details on the Lusitania from Hearst 's Berlin correspondent August F. Beach , who was in London at the time of the disaster and was the first reporter at the scene . The film was the first attempt at a serious , dramatic work of animation . = = Production history = = The Sinking of the Lusitania took twenty @-@ two months to complete . McCay had assistance from his neighbor , artist John Fitzsimmons , and from Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp " Ap " Adams , who took care of layering the cels in proper sequence for shooting . Fitzsimmons was responsible for a sequence of waves , sixteen frames to be cycled over McCay 's drawings . McCay provided illustrations during the day for the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst , and spent his off hours at home drawing the cels for the film , which he took to Vitagraph Studios to be photographed . McCay 's working methods were laborious . On Gertie the Dinosaur an assistant painstakingly traced and retraced the backgrounds thousands of times . Rival animators developed a number of methods to reduce the workload and speed production to meet the increasing demand for animated films . Within a few years of Nemo 's release , it became near @-@ universal practice in animation studios to use American Earl Hurd 's cel technology , combined with Canadian Raoul Barré 's registration pegs , used to keep cels aligned when photographed . Hurd had patented the cel method in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be drawn on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay adopted the cel method beginning with The Sinking of the Lusitania . As with all his films , McCay financed Lusitania himself . The cels were an added expense , but greatly reduced the amount of drawing necessary in contrast to McCay 's earlier methods . The cels used were thicker than those that later became industry standard , and had a " tooth " , or rough surface , that could hold pencil , wash , and crayon , as well as ink lines . The amount of rendering caused the cels to buckle , which made it difficult to keep them aligned for photographing ; Fitzsimmons addressed this problem using a modified loose @-@ leaf binder . McCay said it took him about eight weeks to produce eight seconds worth of film . The claimed 25 @,@ 000 drawings filled 900 feet of film . Lusitania was registered for copyright on July 19 , 1918 , and was released by Jewel Productions who were reported to have acquired it for the highest price paid for a one @-@ reel film up to that time . It was included as part of a Universal Studios Weekly newsreel and featured on the cover of an issue of Universal 's in @-@ house publication The Moving Picture Weekly . Its première in England followed in May 1919 . Advertisements called it " [ t ] he world 's only record of the crime that shocked humanity " . = = Style = = The animation combines editorial cartooning techniques with live @-@ action @-@ like sequences , and is considered McCay 's most realistic effort ; the intertitles emphasized that the film was a " historical record " of the event . McCay animated the action in what animation historian Donald Crafton describes as a " realistic graphic style " . The film has a dark mood and strong propagandist feel . It depicts the terrifying fates of the passengers , such as the drowning of children and human chains of passengers jumping to their deaths . The artwork is highly detailed , the animation fluid and naturalistic . McCay used alternating shots to simulate the feel of a newsreel , which reinforced the film 's realistic feel . McCay made stylistic choices to add emotion to the " historical record " , as in the anxiety @-@ inducing shots of the submarines lurking beneath the surface , and abstract styling of the white sheets of sky and sea , vast voids which engorge themselves on the drowning bodies . Animation historian Paul Wells suggested the negative space in the frames filled viewers with anxiety through psychological projection or introjection , Freudian ideas that had begun circulating in the years before the film 's release . Scholar Ulrich Merkl suggests that as a newspaperman , McCay was likely aware of Freud 's widely reported work , though McCay never publicly acknowledged such an influence . = = Reception and legacy = = The Sinking of the Lusitania was noted as a work of war propaganda , and is often called the longest work of animation of its time . The film is likely the earliest animated documentary . McCay 's biographer , animator John Canemaker , called The Sinking of the Lusitania " a monumental work in the history of the animated film " . Admired by his animation contemporaries , Canemaker wrote that it " did not revolutionize the film cartoons of its time " as McCay 's skills were beyond what his contemporaries were able to follow . In the era that followed , animation studios made occasional non @-@ fiction films , but most were comedic shorts lasting no more than seven minutes . Animation continued in its role of supporting feature films rather than as the main attraction , and rarely received reviews . Lusitania was not a commercial success ; after a few years in theaters , Lusitania brought McCay about $ 80 @,@ 000 . McCay made at least seven further films , only three of which are known to have seen commercial release . After 1921 , when Hearst learned McCay devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations , Hearst required McCay to give up animation . He had plans for several animation projects that never came to fruition , including a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans ' role in World War I. Later in life , McCay at times publicly expressed his dissatisfaction with the animation industry as it had become — he had envisioned animation as an art , and lamented how it had become a trade . According to Canemaker , it was not until Disney 's feature films in the 1930s that the animation industry caught up with McCay 's level of technique . Animation historian Paul Wells described Lusitania as " a seminal moment in the development of the animated film " for its combination of documentary style with propagandist elements , and considered it an example of animation as a form of Modernism . Steve Bottomore called the film " [ t ] he most significant cinematic version of the [ Lusitania ] disaster " . A review in The Cinema praised the film , especially the scene in which the first torpedo explodes , which it called " more than reality " . = = = = Books = = = = = = = = Journals = = = = = = = = Other sources = = = =
= Split Loyalties = " Split Loyalties " is the second episode of series seven of the British espionage television series Spooks , and the 58th episode overall . It was originally broadcast on BBC Three on 27 October 2008 , and repeated on frontline channel BBC One the following day . The episode was written by head writer Neil Cross ; with additional writing by Ben Richards ; and directed by Colm McCarthy . The episode is considered the second of a two @-@ part story , following preceding episode " New Allegiances " . In the episode , Sir Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) is determined to carry out his revenge on London 's FSB head of operations Arkady Kachimov ( Stuart Wilson ) , who in the previous episode purposely withheld intelligence that caused the death of Adam Carter . However , the MI5 team discover he is overseeing a cyber attack in progress , and returned officer Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) may be involved . In the end , MI5 stop the attack , and Harry kills Kachimov . " Split Loyalties " include four deleted scenes , which were not included in the final episode , but placed in the series ' official website . The episode attracted over five million viewers after its broadcast , as well as receiving generally positive reviews from television critics . = = Plot = = Eight hours following the death of Adam Carter , Ros Myers ( Hermione Norris ) and Sir Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) discuss how they are to get back at FSB head of operations in London Arkady Kachimov ( Stuart Wilson ) . Afterwards , Ros returns to her hotel room , and destroys it in a fit of rage . The next morning , Harry asks Richard Dolby ( Robert East ) to go after Kachimov , but is refused . However , Harry decides to disobey and go after Kachimov anyway , and promotes Ros to chief of Section D , a position previously held by Adam . Harry calls Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) to meet with him for information on Kachimov . Before Lucas arrives , he calls Kachimov to warn him Harry is coming after him . Later , Lucas is appointed a handler from the FSB , and is shocked to find it is his ex @-@ wife , Elizabeta Starkova ( Paloma Baeza ) . Meanwhile , Malcolm Wynn @-@ Jones ( Hugh Simon ) discovers a communication burst coming from the North Sea , believing a Russian submarine is entering British waters unannounced to carry out a mission . After learning that Alexander Beletsky ( Georg Nikoloff ) , a man with connections to Kachimov , is going to shut down his company 's servers , Malcolm confirms his suspicions ; the Russians are planning a cyber attack against Britain by breaking into a submarine communications cable and shutting down every computer system in the country . Harry urges Dolby to temporarily shut down the Internet , but is once again denied . Later , Ros breaks into Lucas ' flat while he is away , and discovers Lucas is a double agent , feeding the Russians news that MI5 know about their planned attack . Ros tasers Lucas and brings him back to Thames House . Lucas admits he is spying for the Russians because Kachimov promised he would be released from prison sooner if he would , but also reveals he intends to bring Kachimov down by making him trust Lucas . Although sceptical , Harry sends Lucas to Kachimov to learn which cable the submarine will attack so Malcolm can launch a counterattack . Lucas is able to turn Kachimov by forging evidence that he is an MI5 mole . They both go to the Russian embassy and find the submarine 's location , after which Malcolm launches the counterattack with seconds to spare . Kachimov is later arrested . Lucas visits Elizabeta at her home , which was also their married home and he asks her to become an asset to MI5 to save her from arrest because of her association with Kachimov . In the end , Kachimov is with Harry and Ros in a field . Kachimov states his admiration for Adam 's sacrifice , but then callously says he was a replaceable resource . In the final moments , Ros hands Harry a gun and Harry kills Kachimov with a shot to the chest . = = Production = = The episode was written by head writer Neil Cross . It was also additionally written by Ben Richards . The plot of the episode was influenced by the resurgence of power in Russia following the end of the Cold War , which the producers felt in subtle ways is threatening the security of the West . The producers also included scenes that would show Lucas adjusting to the outside world following eight years of imprisonment , to show how emotionally damaged the character is , and make the audience realise he is struggling . One of the scenes include Lucas struggling to sleep on a bed , and soon resorts to lying on the floor instead . The episode includes four deleted scenes , which feature more on Adam 's past . In the scenes Harry tells Ros that he was looking for Adam 's mother , but could not find her because before his death , Adam altered her records on where she lived . Harry visits a wealthy estate where she worked and is told she is currently in Blackpool . In the last scene , Harry and Ros toast to Adam . Those scenes have been included on BBC iPlayer on the Spooks website . = = Broadcast and reception = = The episode was originally broadcast on digital channel BBC Three from 10 : 30 pm on Monday , 27 October 2008 , the same day as the BBC One viewing of the first episode . The episode would be repeated on the frontline BBC One a day later , during the 9 pm to 10 pm time slot . The BBC Three broadcast was viewed by 827 @,@ 000 and a 7 @.@ 3 % audience share . It was the second most seen multichannel of the night , beaten by the first episode of Dead Set from E4 . The BBC One repeat was seen by 5 @.@ 06 million viewers with a 22 @.@ 2 per cent ; though it was down by 450 @,@ 000 from the previous episode , it still won its time slot ; and both broadcasts achieved a total reach of 5 @.@ 89 million . According to the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board , the episode received final viewing figures of 0 @.@ 93 million on BBC Three , and 5 @.@ 63 million on BBC One ; together they add up to 6 @.@ 56 million . The Daily Telegraph stated " after yesterday 's shock demise of series pin @-@ up Rupert Penry @-@ Jones as Adam , fans of the spy drama may be forgiven for approaching the second episode of the new series with trepidation . Fear not , though , there are no star deaths [ ... ] only one rather welcome one [ Lucas ] . " John Beresford of TV Scoop praised the entire episode , stating " the pace didn 't let up from start to finish , the whole thing looked awesome , the acting was pitch perfect , " and the dialogue " never drops into the realms of trite , or hyperbole , or parody . Each phrase is like a diamond . Tight , bright and sparkling . And able to cut deep , " adding " this series is already shaping up to be a classic . " Beresford also noted Armitage 's performance , although this was only his second appearance , " Armitage looks and sounds like he 's been here all along . " Greg O 'Keefe of the Liverpool Echo , who also reviewed the first episode , as both episodes are considered a two @-@ part story , stated it was " packed with great action sequences , razor @-@ sharp writing and the usual quota of twists and turns . We were also treated to some excellent scenes , shot in Moscow , as the pesky Russians were established as the villains of the series . "
= You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives = " You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives " is the 25th episode of the fourth season of Family Guy . The episode originally aired on April 30 , 2006 on Fox . In the episode , Brian 's gay cousin Jasper comes to Quahog with his boyfriend Ricardo to get married . Mayor West tries to ban same @-@ sex marriage to divert attention from a bad investment he made with the taxpayers ' money . Brian fights for gay marriage and ends up taking Mayor West hostage to get his view across . The episode was written by David A. Goodman and directed by Dominic Polcino . The episode received polarized reviews from critics . The week it aired , the episode had an estimated 7 @.@ 8 million viewers . The episode features guest performances from Michael Clarke Duncan , Ralph Garman , Rachael MacFarlane , Chad Morgan , Charles Reid , Craig Reid , Kevin Michael Richardson , and Stark Sands , as well as several recurring voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Brian ’ s gay cousin Jasper comes to Quahog with his Filipino boyfriend Ricardo , and announces that they are going to get married . Everyone is delighted — except for Lois , who is against same @-@ sex marriage . Later , Mayor Adam West reveals in the city center a solid gold statue of the Honey Smacks mascot Dig ’ Em , and dedicates the statue to the servicemen who died in what he refers to as the " recent Gulf conflict " . The cost of the statue puts the city in debt . In order to distract the townspeople , he proposes a bill outlawing same sex marriage . Meanwhile , Chris falls for Alyssa , a beautiful girl who belongs to the Young Republicans , and joins the group to impress her . Brian vows to make West change his mind , getting 10 @,@ 000 people to sign a petition to oppose the bill . Lois refuses to sign and takes Stewie to visit her parents . Before Brian can present the petition to the mayor , Chris burns it because Alyssa has agreed he may touch her breasts if he destroys the document , much to Brian 's anger . Brian manages to get 10 @,@ 000 more signatures on a new petition to show it to Mayor West , but West still won 't change his mind . Out of desperation , Brian takes a security guard ’ s gun , and holds the mayor hostage . Lois hears about Brian on TV , and then discovers that her parents do not love each other , and even raised her to believe that a heterosexual couple who hate each other have more of a right to marry than a homosexual couple who love each other . Horrified , Lois changes her mind on same @-@ sex marriage , deciding that gay couples who love each other have the right to be together . She returns to Quahog to convince Brian to free the mayor , saying that if he pursues this any further , he will be hurting his own cause . Brian agrees , and ends the hostage situation . Since it has distracted the town from the Dig ' Em scandal , Mayor West agrees to drop the ban on gay marriage . Brian gives him a key for a Volkswagen Scirocco , and West drops the hostage charges . Jasper and Ricardo get married in the backyard of the Griffin house . = = Production = = Written by David A. Goodman , and directed by Dominic Polcino , series creator Seth MacFarlane came up with the idea for the episode while writing a pilot episode featuring two gay men . MacFarlane describes himself as " incredibly passionate about [ his ] support for the gay community " , and finds it to be " infuriating and idiotic " that two gay partners " have to go through this fucking dog and pony act when they stop at a hotel and the guy behind the counter says , ' You want one room or two ? ' " . In addition to the regular cast , actor Michael Clarke Duncan , voice actor Ralph Garman , actress Rachael MacFarlane , actress Chad Morgan , actor Charles Reid , actor Craig Reid , voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson , and voice actor Stark Sands guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voices include Lori Alan , Alex Breckenridge , Johnny Brennan , writer Mike Henry , writer Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer John Viener , and actor Adam West , who portrays an exaggerated version of himself . Actor Patrick Warburton has a guest appearance as well . Censor issues required multiple changes to the episode . The line when Peter says , " It 's not like we 're going to have a gay sex orgy in the living room , " was originally , " Come on Lois , we 're not going to drill glory holes in the living room . " The show received a broadcast standards request that the anti @-@ gay video the priest shows Lois say " Pat Robertson Industries , " so as not to make it look like FOX had an opinion about homosexuals . The writers had a problem with Lois being against gay marriage , as they felt they were not portraying her in a way that is consistent with other episodes as she expressed a more liberal viewpoint on many past issues on the show and even expressed a generally more accepting view of gays in the episode Brian Sings and Swings . The DVD version has a deleted scene during the backyard wedding ending where Ricardo ( who doesn 't speak English ) asks Stewie what 's going on and Stewie ( who speaks Tagalog ) tells Ricardo that he 'll find out on his wedding night . = = Cultural references = = Mayor West builds a statue of Dig ' Em , the Sugar Smacks mascot , which causes controversy and causes West to ban gay marriage . Stewie takes over air traffic control , and causes Matthew McConaughey 's private plane to crash into the ocean . The film , The Sound of Music , is also referenced in the episode . West also swallowed a Stratego board game and an older issue of People magazine which features the actor Paul Hogan . A cutaway gag involves Peter in the band The Proclaimers , in a recording for the song I 'm Gonna Be ( 500 Miles ) . = = Reception = = " You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives " had an average of 7 @.@ 8 million viewers and was the eighty @-@ first most watched show of the week . Bob Sassone from TV Squad wrote that he could not stop laughing throughout the episode , feeling that there is " just something really funny about gay dogs getting married and a giant gold statue of Dig ' Em , the Sugar Smacks mascot " . While reviewing the Family Guy Volume 4 DVD , Nancy Basile of About.com called the episode " sharp " .
= Send It On ( Disney 's Friends for Change song ) = " Send It On " is a song performed by American recording artists Demi Lovato , the Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez . The group , billed as Disney 's Friends for Change , stems from Disney 's environmental initiative of the same name . " Send It On " was written by Adam Anders , Nikki Hassman , and Peer Åström and produced by Anders and Åström . The song was released on August 11 , 2009 by Walt Disney and Hollywood Records as a promotional charity single in order to benefit international environmental associations . In regard to the song and the campaign , the six singers noted that it is a good cause and that it is one dear to them . The ballad is lyrically about passing on an environmentalist message . The song garnered mixed to average reviews from critics , who noted that the lyrics make no mention of the environment . The song received airplay only on Radio Disney and peaked at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 . The corresponding music video has all four acts singing into microphones on top of a brightly lit stage and running across a park setting where many children are following them . Demi Lovato , The Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez all showed great vocal performance for the song . = = Background = = Initially known as " Pass It On " , the song was written by Adam Anders and Nikki Hassman in collaboration with Peer Åström . The four artists went through several recording sessions in early April 2009 . Each person shared their opinion in regards to the song and Disney 's Friends for Change in an interview with Access Hollywood . Joe Jonas said that the song is one with a " great message . " He added that the song is about helping the Earth in whichever way possible and that it is mainly about letting " everyone know . " Joe Jonas said the song even reminds oneself to be more eco @-@ friendly . Gomez stated , " If I could describe the feeling of performing ' Send It On , ' it would have to be very empowering . It 's more of a power you can 't control . It 's very sweet and it 's got a message behind it . And I think that 's what makes it really beautiful , because it 's not just about us wearing cute clothes and performing on the stage , it 's about us giving this message . " Cyrus mentioned that her favorite part to record was the line " One spark starts a fire . " Cyrus said she " loved " the line because it was true for her and that if children send on the message , everyone will know . She also believed that they were " encouraging kids to do it " , which she found inspirational . Lovato stated : " It 's very important to us to be good to the environment " and that the song is a part of a " big movement " that they are attempting to achieve . Kevin Jonas said it was a " big honor " and that " the vibe [ ... ] is great " because they have " all known each other for years now . " Nick Jonas said that the song is just about " taking those tiny steps " that could make the Earth better . = = Music , vocal arrangements and lyrics = = The song is set in common time with a ballad tempo of 90 beats per minute . It is written in a key of A major . The group 's vocals span three octaves , from F # 3 to E5 . The song has the following chord progression , A – F # m – C # m – E5 . The song is sung from a first person viewpoint , allowing an audience to " internalize " the message — which involves everybody — by singing the word " we " together . " Send It On " commences with acoustic guitars and then transitioning to violins . Miley Cyrus and Nick Jonas together sing the first verse , " A word ’ s just a word till you mean what you say . " Then the two sing the first chorus together . Demi Lovato and Joe Jonas then sing main lines of the second verse with the other group ( Miley Cyrus and Nick Jonas ) singing , " If we take the chances to change circumstances . " Then , Selena Gomez and Kevin Jonas also join in the second chorus and sing the third verse . For the rest of the song the six of them sing . The overall theme and message of the song is to encourage to pass on the environmental pledge ; this can be heavily interpreted from the lines : " Just one spark starts a fire . " = = Release = = Snippets of the song was first heard as the opening theme for commercials that aired on Disney Channel in regards to Disney 's Friends for Change . " Send It On " later debuted on Radio Disney on August 7 , 2009 . Later on August 11 , the song was released digitally , via iTunes Store . Disney will direct 100 % of the proceeds from " Send it On " to environmental charities through the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund ( DWCF ) . The music video premiered on Disney Channel on August 14 and the day later to Disney.com and ABC . On August 15 , a digital extended play was released to the iTunes Store , featuring the song , its music video , two commercials in regards to the project that aired on Disney Channel and a digital booklet . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = " Send It On " received average critical reviews . Bill Lamb of About.com stated : " The song may sound a bit tedious . It 's not likely to be much more enduring than the typical American Idol winner 's finale song . However , the purchase of this song is for a very good cause . " Gina Sepre and Whitney English of E ! said that the song was Disney 's take on " We are the World " by a super @-@ group billed as USA for Africa , a group which included successful acts such as Michael Jackson and Diana Ross . Leo Hickman of The Guardian criticized the artists as hypocritical and the song 's lyrics as ineffective , noting that " there are no references at all to the environment to be found within the song , " as opposed to Cyrus 's song " Wake Up America " from her second album which he mentioned was more influential . = = = Chart performance = = = The song received mediocre airplay due to it not being released for mainstream radio and only Radio Disney . However , the song debuted at number nine on Hot Digital Songs which led to it making into the Billboard Hot 100 , issue dated August 29 , 2009 . " Send It On " debuted and peaked at number twenty in the Hot 100 . It then fell to number twenty @-@ one , and stayed on for three more weeks before falling off . = = Music video = = On June 6 , 2009 , Lovato confirmed to be on set of the corresponding music video to the song , via her official Twitter account . The music video to " Send It On " was first seen on Disney Channel on August 14 , 2009 , and on ABC Family on April 22 , 2010 . The music video begins with Miley Cyrus and Nick Jonas sitting on the edge of a dark stage where Nick , also playing the acoustic guitar , and Miley singing the first verse . The video then changes to the two walking onto the brightly lighted stage , singing the chorus , and then being joined by Demi Lovato and Joe Jonas who sing the second verse . The entire group is then shown on the stage as they sing the chorus . Kevin and Joe Jonas then remove a curtain covering the background of stage to reveal a sky @-@ painted backdrop in which Selena Gomez and Kevin Jonas proceed to sing the third verse . The ending of the video follows the entire group running out of a large stage door and through a " park @-@ like " setting while finishing the song . A crowd of minors also begin running behind the group . The video ends with the group jumping onto and sitting on a couch in the middle of the park with the crowd stopping in the background . = = Track listings = = U.S. Digital Download " Send It On " - 3 : 26 U.S. Digital EP " Send It On " - 3 : 26 " Send It On " ( Music Video ) - 3 : 25 " Join Disney 's Friends for Change " ( Video ) - 0 : 45 " Register and Pledge " ( Video ) - 1 : 31 = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Come Back to Me ( Vanessa Hudgens song ) = " Come Back to Me " is the debut single by American actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens . The song was written and produced by Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released on September 12 , 2006 , through Hollywood Records as the lead single from Hudgens ' debut studio album , V ( 2006 ) . The song is built around a sample of " Baby Come Back " ( 1977 ) by American band Player . Due to the inclusion of the sample , the original song 's writers , Peter Beckett and J.C. Crowley , obtained writing credits . Musically , " Come Back to Me " is a pop and R & B song with an urban beat , string instruments and hand claps . Critical reception of " Come Back to Me " was generally positive ; some critics praised the inclusion of the Player sample and named the song one of the album 's best tracks . However , it was criticized for holding a manufactured and overproduced sound . It performed moderately in the United States , where it peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 18 on the Pop Songs chart . It fared better internationally as it peaked in the top 20 in several countries , including France , Italy , New Zealand and Spain . The accompanying music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and features Hudgens dancing in front of colorful backdrops and hanging out with her friends . = = Background and composition = = " Come Back to Me " was written and produced by Antonina Armato and Tim James , who are known for numerous Disney music projects . The strings were arranged by Nicky Scappa and Read , and played by the latter . Hudgens performs backing vocals alongside singer @-@ songwriter Char Licera . The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia and mastered by Steven Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering in Los Angeles , California . " Come Back to Me " was released as Hudgens ' debut single on September 12 , 2006 , through digital distribution . On October 10 , 2006 , it was serviced for contemporary hit radio airplay in the United States . It was first released physically on December 15 , 2006 , in Germany , alongside the b @-@ side track " Don 't Talk " . The single was later released via digital download in European countries on December 18 , 2006 . A CD single was released in Germany on February 2 , 2007 , featuring the song 's music video , the album track " Too Emotional " and a photo gallery . Musically , " Come Back to Me " is an R & B and pop song with an instrumentation consisting of urban beats , strings and hand claps . In an interview with Madison Chapman from Time for Kids , Hudgens acknowledged the variety of musical styles present on her debut album , calling it a " fun mixture of everything " . She used " Come Back to Me " as an example of the multiple genres on the album and described it as " pop and R & B " . The song opens with a string @-@ laden intro . Bill Lamb of About.com noted Hudgens ' vocals as " loose " and " friendly " on the track . The song samples American rock band Player 's single " Baby Come Back " ( 1977 ) , written by Peter Beckett and J.C. Crowley , who both received writing credits on the song . = = Critical reception = = The song received generally positive reviews from music critics . About.com writer Bill Lamb rated " Come Back to Me " three and a half stars out of five ; he praised its pop sound and Hudgens ' " engaging personality " , but criticized it for having a manufactured sound from the " Disney pop factory " . Moreover , Lamb wrote : " ' Come Back to Me ' is unlikely to linger too long in your memory , but it also fails to generate any annoying after taste . Program it into your listening when you need a contemporary , breezy , light pop confection ... Sure , you are being manipulated by the corporate music establishment , but the song is fun . " He also noted that the " Baby Come Back " sample was possibly added to " trigger pleasant deja vu in parents listening along with their kids " . In an editorial review for Rhapsody , Nick Cavalieri named the song one of the best tracks on V. Kyle Anderson of MTV Newsroom deemed " Come Back to Me " a song with " a clever sample and a particularly infectious hook " . Entertainment Weekly writer Leah Greenblatt considered the song the album 's standout and said that it " excellently jacks a sample from soft @-@ rock smash ' Baby Come Back ' . " In a more mixed review , Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music rated " Come Back to Me " three stars out of five and commented that the song sounded unoriginal and said that several other songs appeared to have been " mashed together " to create it . Furthermore , McAlpine said : " Vanessa acquits herself well on the vocals ... but it 's a bit overproduced and slightly soulless in that kind of relentlessly @-@ perky way that graduates of the school of Disney stardom sometimes have . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Come Back to Me " made its debut at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue dated September 30 , 2006 . The song ascended and descended on the chart for several weeks before reaching its peak position of number 55 , in the issue dated December 9 , 2006 . It also peaked at number 18 on the Pop Songs chart , number 22 on Pop 100 Airplay , number 57 on the Pop 100 and number 63 on Radio Songs . Across Europe , " Come Back to Me " fared better on the charts and peaked at number 43 on European Hot 100 Singles . In France , it peaked at number 12 and remained on the chart for a total of 25 weeks before falling off . In Italy , it debuted at number eight , which became its peak position , and stayed on the chart for two weeks . The song achieved its highest peak position in New Zealand , where it reached number six and spent five weeks in the top ten . In total , it appeared on the chart for 17 weeks . The song also peaked at number 36 in Australia , number 58 in Germany and number 100 on the UK Singles Chart . = = Music video and live performances = = The music video for " Come Back to Me " was directed by Chris Applebaum . The video was first shown on Disney Channel on August 25 , 2006 , following the premiere of The Cheetah Girls 2 . Hudgens walks onto the set of a music video , applies her makeup and changes her shoes . She then performs while dancing against a brightly lit backdrop . Next , she is shown performing and dancing in a black room with numerous chandeliers flickering on and off . She later appears on a red stage with circles flickering in various colors . Afterwards , more shots of the black room is shown , including one in which she is swinging on a chandelier . In the last scene , she sings and dances in front of a colorful background . Black @-@ and @-@ white shots of her and her friends are interspersed throughout the video , and Hudgens ' friend , actress Alexa Nikolas , makes an appearance . The Arizona Republic writer Bill Goodykoontz wrote that Hudgens shows a somewhat mature side in the video : " [ W ] hen your only context for ever having seen Hudgens is starring as Gabriella , the sweet little brainiac in High School Musical , it 's certainly different to see her flouncing around in spaghetti @-@ strap tops , rolling her shoulders and whatnot . " A director 's cut version of the video appears on the physical release of the single . As part of promotion , Hudgens performed " Come Back to Me " on several occasions . She first performed it while serving as the opening act for The Cheetah Girls during the The Party 's Just Begun Tour in the fall of 2006 . On September 28 , 2006 , she performed it on an episode of Good Morning America , and on Live with Regis & Kelly later the same day . She also performed the song at the nationwide tour High School Musical : The Concert , which she toured alongside her High School Musical cast mates . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Antonia Armato , Tim James , Peter Beckett , J.C. Crowley Production – Antonia Armato , Tim James Engineering – Nigel Lundemo , Read Programming – Nicky Scappa , Nigel Lundemo Associate production – The Honor Role String arrangement – Nicky Scappa , Read Strings – Read Lead vocals - Vanessa Hudgens Background vocals – Char Licera , Vanessa Hudgens Credits are adapted from the V album liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Radio dates and release history = =
= Battle of Midway = The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II . Between 4 and 7 June 1942 , only six months after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea , the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz , Frank Jack Fletcher , and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto , Chuichi Nagumo , and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll , inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable . Military historian John Keegan called it " the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare . " The operation , like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor , sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific , thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co @-@ Prosperity Sphere . The Japanese hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific . Luring the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall " barrier " strategy to extend Japan 's defensive perimeter , in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo . This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji , Samoa , and Hawaii itself . The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions . Most significantly , American codebreakers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack , enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush . All four of Japan 's large aircraft carriers — Akagi , Kaga , Soryu and Hiryu , part of the six @-@ carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier — and a heavy cruiser were sunk , while the U.S. lost only the carrier Yorktown and a destroyer . After Midway and the exhausting attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign , Japan 's capacity to replace its losses in materiel ( particularly aircraft carriers ) and men ( especially well @-@ trained pilots and maintenance crewmen ) rapidly became insufficient to cope with mounting casualties , while the United States ' massive industrial and training capabilities made losses far easier to replace . The Battle of Midway is considered a turning point in the Pacific War . = = Background = = After expanding the war in the Pacific to include Western outposts , the Japanese Empire had attained its initial strategic goals quickly , taking the Philippines , Malaya , Singapore , and the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) ; the latter , with its vital oil resources , was particularly important to Japan . Because of this , preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942 . There were strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army ( IJA ) and Imperial Navy ( IJN ) , and infighting between the Navy 's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto 's Combined Fleet , and a follow @-@ up strategy was not formed until April 1942 . Admiral Yamamoto finally succeeded in winning the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign , after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted . Yamamoto 's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America 's carrier forces , which he regarded as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign . This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942 , in which 16 U.S. Army Air Forces B @-@ 25 Mitchell bombers launched from USS Hornet bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities . The raid , while militarily insignificant , was a shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the accessibility of Japanese territory to American bombers . This , and other successful hit @-@ and @-@ run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific , showed that they were still a threat , although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all @-@ out battle . Yamamoto reasoned that another air attack on the main U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight , including the carriers . However , due to the increased strength of American land @-@ based air power on the Hawaiian Islands since the December 7 attack the previous year , he judged that it was now too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly . Instead , Yamamoto selected Midway , a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain , approximately 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 nautical miles ; 2 @,@ 100 kilometres ) from Oahu . This meant that Midway was outside the effective range of almost all of the American aircraft stationed on the main Hawaiian islands . Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan 's intentions , but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously . The U.S. did consider Midway vital ; after the battle , establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and re @-@ provision , extending their radius of operations by 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 900 km ) . In addition to serving as a seaplane base , Midway 's airstrips also served as a forward staging point for bomber attacks on Wake Island . = = = Yamamoto 's plan : Operation MI = = = Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II , Yamamoto 's battle plan was exceedingly complex , requiring the careful and timely coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea . His design was predicated on optimistic intelligence suggesting that USS Enterprise and USS Hornet , forming Task Force 16 , were the only carriers available to the U.S. Pacific Fleet . During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier , USS Lexington had been sunk and USS Yorktown damaged so severely that the Japanese believed she too had been lost . Yorktown deployed , after being hastily repaired at Pearl Harbor , and played a critical role in the discovery and eventual destruction of the Japanese fleet carriers at Midway . Much of Yamamoto 's planning , coinciding with the general feeling among the Japanese leadership at the time , was based on a gross misjudgement of American morale , which was believed to be debilitated from the string of Japanese victories in the preceding months . Yamamoto felt deception would be required to lure the U.S. fleet into a fatally compromised situation . To this end , he dispersed his forces so that their full extent ( particularly his battleships ) would be unlikely to be discovered by the Americans prior to battle . Critically , Yamamoto 's supporting battleships and cruisers trailed Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo 's carrier force by several hundred miles . Japan 's heavy surface forces were intended to destroy whatever elements of the U.S. fleet might come to Midway 's defense once Nagumo 's carriers had weakened them sufficiently for a daylight gun duel ; this was typical of the battle doctrine of most major navies at the time . What Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had broken the main Japanese naval code ( dubbed JN @-@ 25 by the Americans ) . His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support each other . For instance , despite the fact Nagumo 's carriers were expected to carry out strikes against Midway and bear the brunt of American counterattacks , the only warships in his fleet larger than the screening force of twelve destroyers were two battleships , two heavy cruisers , and one light cruiser . By contrast , Yamamoto and Kondo had between them two light carriers , five battleships , four heavy cruisers , and two light cruisers , none of which saw action at Midway . The battleships and the small carriers of the trailing force were unable to keep pace with the carriers of the Kido Butai and so could not have sailed in company with them , while the distance between Yamamoto and Kondo 's forces and Nagumo 's carriers had grave implications during the battle : the invaluable reconnaissance capability of the scout planes carried by the cruisers and carriers , as well as the additional antiaircraft capability of the cruisers in the trailing force , was denied to Nagumo . = = = Aleutian invasion = = = In order to obtain support from the Imperial Japanese Army for the Midway operation , the Imperial Japanese Navy agreed to support their invasion of the Aleutian Islands . The IJA wished to occupy the western Aleutians to place the Japanese home islands out of range of U.S. land @-@ based bombers based in Alaska . The Japanese operations in the Aleutian Islands ( Operation AL ) removed yet more ships that could otherwise have augmented the force striking Midway . Whereas many earlier historical accounts considered the Aleutians operation as a feint to draw American forces away , early twenty @-@ first century research has suggested that AL was intended to be launched simultaneously with the attack on Midway . A one @-@ day delay in the sailing of Nagumo 's task force resulted in Operation AL beginning a day before the Midway attack . = = Prelude = = = = = American reinforcements = = = To do battle with an enemy expected to muster four or five carriers , Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , Commander in Chief , Pacific Ocean Areas , needed every available U.S. flight deck . He already had Vice Admiral William Halsey 's two @-@ carrier ( Enterprise and Hornet ) task force at hand , though Halsey was stricken with severe dermatitis and had to be replaced by Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance , Halsey 's escort commander . Nimitz also hurriedly recalled Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher 's task force , including the carrier Yorktown , from the South West Pacific Area . Despite estimates that Yorktown , damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea , would require several months of repairs at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , her elevators were intact and her flight deck largely so . The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard worked around the clock , and in 72 hours she was restored to a battle @-@ ready state , judged good enough for two or three weeks of operations , as Nimitz required . Her flight deck was patched , whole sections of internal frames were cut out and replaced . Repairs continued even as she sortied , with work crews from the repair ship USS Vestal , herself damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor six months earlier , still aboard . Yorktown 's partially depleted air group was rebuilt using whatever planes and pilots could be found . The dive and torpedo squadrons were replaced with those from USS Saratoga , with Yorktown 's own dive bomber squadron remaining in the scout bomber role . The fighter squadron was reformed with replacement F4F @-@ 4 Wildcat aircraft and aircrew drawn from Saratoga . In addition , surviving pilots from USS Lexington , under the command of Lexington 's Lieutenant Commander John S. " Jimmy " Thach , were also assigned to Yorktown . Some of the aircrew were inexperienced , which may have contributed to an accident in which Thach 's executive officer was killed . Despite efforts to get Saratoga ( which had been undergoing repairs on the American West Coast ) ready for the coming engagement , the need to resupply and assemble sufficient escorts meant that she was not able to reach Midway until after the battle . On Midway , by 4 June the USN had stationed four squadrons of PBYs — 31 aircraft in total — for long @-@ range reconnaissance duties , and 6 brand @-@ new TBF @-@ 1 Avengers , the latter a detachment from Hornet 's VT @-@ 8 . The Marine Corps stationed 19 SBD Dauntlesses , 7 F4F @-@ 3 Wildcats , 17 SB2U @-@ 3 Vindicators , and 21 F2A @-@ 3s . The USAAF contributed a squadron of 17 B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses and 8 B @-@ 26 Marauders equipped with torpedoes : in total 126 aircraft . Although the F2As and SB2Us were already obsolete , they were the only aircraft available to the Marine Corps at the time . = = = Japanese shortcomings = = = During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier , the Japanese light carrier Shōhō had been sunk and the fleet carrier Shōkaku had sustained three bomb hits , and was in drydock undergoing repairs . Although the carrier Zuikaku escaped the battle undamaged , she had lost almost half her air group , and was in port in Kure awaiting replacement planes and pilots . That there were none immediately available is attributable to the failure of the IJN crew training program , which already showed signs of being unable to replace losses . Instructors from the Yokosuka Air Corps were employed in an effort to make up the shortfall . Historians Parshall and Tully believe that by combining the surviving aircraft and pilots from Shōkaku and Zuikaku , it is likely that Zuikaku could have been equipped with almost a full composite air group . They also note that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine , which stressed that carriers and their pilots must train as a single unit ( in contrast , American training was only conducted at the squadron level ) . In any case , the Japanese apparently made no serious attempt to get Zuikaku ready for the forthcoming battle . Thus , Carrier Division 5 , consisting of the two most advanced aircraft carriers of the Kido Butai would not be available , which meant that Admiral Nagumo had to rely on four fleet carriers : Kaga and Akagi forming Carrier Division 1 and Hiryū and Sōryū as Carrier Division 2 . At least part of this was due to fatigue ; Japanese carriers had been constantly on operations since 7 December 1941 , including raids on Darwin and Colombo . The main Japanese carrier @-@ borne strike aircraft were the D3A1 " Val " dive bomber and the B5N2 " Kate " , which was used either as a torpedo bomber or as a level bomber . The main carrier fighter was the fast and highly maneuverable A6M " Zero " . For a variety of reasons , production of the " Val " had been drastically reduced , while that of the " Kate " had been stopped completely and , as a consequence , there were none available to replace losses . In addition , many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operational since late November 1941 and , although they were well @-@ maintained , many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable . These factors meant all carriers of the Kido Butai had fewer aircraft than their normal complement , with few spare aircraft or parts stored in the carriers ' hangars . Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle were also in disarray . A picket line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position ( partly because of Yamamoto 's haste ) , which let the American carriers reach their assembly point northeast of Midway ( known as " Point Luck " ) without being detected . A second attempt at reconnaissance , using four @-@ engine H8K " Emily " flying boats to scout Pearl Harbor prior to the battle and detect whether the American carriers were present , part of Operation K , was thwarted when Japanese submarines assigned to refuel the search aircraft discovered that the intended refueling point — a hitherto deserted bay off French Frigate Shoals — was now occupied by American warships , because the Japanese had carried out an identical mission in March . Thus , Japan was deprived of any knowledge concerning the movements of the American carriers immediately before the battle . Japanese radio intercepts did notice an increase in both American submarine activity and message traffic . This information was in Yamamoto 's hands prior to the battle . Japanese plans were not changed ; Yamamoto , at sea in Yamato , assumed Nagumo had received the same signal from Tokyo , and did not communicate with him by radio , so as not to reveal his position . These messages were , contrary to earlier historical accounts , also received by Nagumo before the battle began . For reasons which remain unclear , Nagumo did not alter his plans or take additional precautions . = = = Allied code @-@ breaking = = = Admiral Nimitz had one priceless advantage : US cryptanalysts had partially broken the Japanese Navy 's JN @-@ 25b code . Since early 1942 , the US had been decoding messages stating that there would soon be an operation at objective " AF " . It was not known where " AF " was , but Commander Joseph Rochefort and his team at Station HYPO were able to confirm that it was Midway ; Captain Wilfred Holmes devised a ruse of telling the base at Midway ( by secure undersea cable ) to broadcast an uncoded radio message stating that Midway 's water purification system had broken down . Within 24 hours , the code breakers picked up a Japanese message that " AF was short on water . " No Japanese radio operators who intercepted the message seemed concerned that the Americans were broadcasting uncoded that a major naval installation close to the Japanese threat ring was having a water shortage , which could have tipped off Japanese intelligence officers that it was a deliberate attempt at deception . HYPO was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June , and to provide Nimitz with a complete IJN order of battle . Japan had a new codebook , but its introduction had been delayed , enabling HYPO to read messages for several crucial days ; the new code , which had not yet been cracked , came into use on 24 May , but the important breaks had already been made . As a result , the Americans entered the battle with a very good picture of where , when , and in what strength the Japanese would appear . Nimitz knew that the Japanese had negated their numerical advantage by dividing their ships into four separate task groups , all too widely separated to be able to support each other . This dispersal resulted in few fast ships being available to escort the Carrier Striking Force , reducing the number of anti @-@ aircraft guns protecting the carriers . Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers , plus those on Midway Island , gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto 's four carriers , mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones . The Japanese , by contrast , remained almost totally unaware of their opponent 's true strength and dispositions even after the battle began . = = Battle = = = = = Order of battle = = = = = = Initial air attacks = = = At about 09 : 00 on 3 June , Ensign Jack Reid , piloting a PBY from U.S. Navy patrol squadron VP @-@ 44 , spotted the Japanese Occupation Force 500 nautical miles ( 580 miles ; 930 kilometres ) to the west @-@ southwest of Midway . He mistakenly reported this group as the Main Force . Nine B @-@ 17s took off from Midway at 12 : 30 for the first air attack . Three hours later , they found Tanaka 's transport group 570 nautical miles ( 660 miles ; 1 @,@ 060 kilometres ) to the west . Under heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire , they dropped their bombs . Although their crews reported hitting 4 ships , none of the bombs actually hit and no significant damage was inflicted . Early the following morning Japanese oil tanker Akebono Maru sustained the first hit when a torpedo from an attacking PBY struck her around 01 : 00 . This was the only successful air @-@ launched torpedo attack by the U.S. during the entire battle . At 04 : 30 on 4 June , Nagumo launched his initial attack on Midway itself , consisting of 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers and 36 Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers , escorted by 36 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters . At the same time he launched his 8 search aircraft ( one from the heavy cruiser Tone launched 30 minutes late ) . Japanese reconnaissance arrangements were flimsy , with too few aircraft to adequately cover the assigned search areas , laboring under poor weather conditions to the northeast and east of the task force . As Nagumo 's bombers and fighters were taking off , 11 PBYs were leaving Midway to run their search patterns . At 05 : 34 , a PBY reported sighting 2 Japanese carriers and another spotted the inbound airstrike 10 minutes later . American radar picked up the enemy at a distance of several miles , and interceptors were scrambled . Unescorted bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carriers , their fighter escorts remaining behind to defend Midway . At 06 : 20 , Japanese carrier aircraft bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base . Midway @-@ based Marine fighters , which included 7 F4Fs and 21 F2As , intercepted the Japanese and suffered heavy losses , though they managed to destroy 4 B5Ns and at least 3 A6Ms . Within the first few minutes , 3 F4Fs and 13 F2As were destroyed , while most of the surviving U.S. planes were damaged , with only 2 remaining airworthy . American anti @-@ aircraft fire was intense and accurate , destroying 4 additional Japanese aircraft and damaging many more . Of the 108 Japanese aircraft involved in this attack , 11 were destroyed , 14 were heavily damaged , and 29 were damaged to some degree . The initial Japanese attack did not succeed in neutralizing Midway : American bombers could still use the airbase to refuel and attack the Japanese invasion force , and most of Midway 's land @-@ based defenses were intact . Japanese pilots reported to Nagumo that a second aerial attack on Midway 's defenses would be necessary if troops were to go ashore by 7 June . Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack , American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force . These included 6 Grumman Avengers , detached to Midway from the USS Hornet 's VT @-@ 8 ( Midway was the first combat mission for the VT @-@ 8 airmen , and the combat debut of the TBF ) , Marine Scout @-@ Bombing Squadron 241 ( VMSB @-@ 241 ) , consisting of 11 SB2U @-@ 3s and 16 SBDs , plus 4 USAAF B @-@ 26s , armed with torpedoes , and 15 B @-@ 17s . The Japanese repelled these attacks , losing 2 fighters while destroying 5 TBFs , 2 SB2Us , 8 SBDs , and 2 B @-@ 26s . The first Marine aviator to perish in the battle , Major Lofton R. Henderson of VMSB @-@ 241 , was killed while leading his inexperienced Dauntless squadron into action . The main airfield at Guadalcanal was named after him in August 1942 . One B @-@ 26 , after being seriously damaged by anti @-@ aircraft fire , veered into a steep dive straight toward Akagi . Making no attempt to pull out of its run , the aircraft narrowly missed crashing directly into the carrier 's bridge , which could have killed Nagumo and his command staff . This experience may well have contributed to Nagumo 's determination to launch another attack on Midway , in direct violation of Yamamoto 's order to keep the reserve strike force armed for anti @-@ ship operations . = = = Nagumo 's dilemma = = = In accordance with Japanese carrier doctrine at the time , Admiral Nagumo had kept half of his aircraft in reserve . These comprised two squadrons each of dive bombers and torpedo bombers . The dive bombers were as yet unarmed . The torpedo bombers were armed with torpedoes should any American warships be located . At 07 : 15 , Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re @-@ armed with contact @-@ fused general purpose bombs for use against land targets . This was a result of the attacks from Midway , as well as of the morning flight leader 's recommendation of a second strike . This had been under way for about 30 minutes when , at 07 : 40 , the delayed scout plane from Tone signaled that it had sighted a sizable American naval force to the east , but neglected to describe its composition . Later evidence suggests Nagumo did not receive the sighting report until 08 : 00 . Nagumo quickly reversed his order to re @-@ arm the bombers with general purpose bombs and demanded that the scout plane ascertain the composition of the American force . Another 20 – 40 minutes elapsed before Tone 's scout finally radioed the presence of a single carrier in the American force . This was one of the carriers from Task Force 16 . The other carrier was not sighted . Nagumo was now in a quandary . Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi , leading Carrier Division 2 ( Hiryū and Sōryū ) , recommended that Nagumo strike immediately with the forces at hand : 18 Aichi D3A1 dive bombers each on Sōryū and Hiryū , and half the ready cover patrol aircraft . Nagumo 's opportunity to hit the American ships was now limited by the imminent return of his Midway strike force . The returning strike force needed to land promptly or it would have to ditch into the sea . Because of the constant flight deck activity associated with combat air patrol operations during the preceding hour , the Japanese never had an opportunity to position ( " spot " ) their reserve planes on the flight deck for launch . The few aircraft on the Japanese flight decks at the time of the attack were either defensive fighters or , in the case of Sōryū , fighters being spotted to augment the Combat Air Patrol . Spotting his flight decks and launching aircraft would have required at least 30 to 45 minutes . Furthermore , by spotting and launching immediately , Nagumo would be committing some of his reserve to battle without proper anti @-@ ship armament ; he had just witnessed how easily unescorted American bombers had been shot down . Poor discipline caused many of the Japanese bombers to ditch their bombs and attempt to dogfight intercepting F4Fs . Japanese carrier doctrine preferred the launching of fully constituted strikes rather than piecemeal attacks . Without confirmation of whether the American force included carriers ( not received until 08 : 20 ) , Nagumo 's reaction was doctrinaire . In addition , the arrival of another land based American air strike at 07 : 53 gave weight to the need to attack the island again . In the end , Nagumo decided to wait for his first strike force to land , then launch the reserve , which would by then be properly armed with torpedoes . In the final analysis , it made no difference ; Fletcher 's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07 : 00 , so the aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on their way . Even if Nagumo had not strictly followed carrier doctrine , he could not have prevented the launch of the American attack . = = = Attacks on the Japanese fleet = = = The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese . Fletcher , in overall command aboard Yorktown , and benefiting from PBY sighting reports from the early morning , ordered Spruance to launch against the Japanese as soon as was practical , while initially holding Yorktown in reserve in case any other Japanese carriers were found . Spruance judged that , though the range was extreme , a strike could succeed and gave the order to launch the attack . He then left Halsey 's Chief of Staff , Captain Miles Browning , to work out the details and oversee the launch . The carriers had to launch into the wind , so the light southeasterly breeze would require them to steam away from the Japanese at high speed . Browning therefore suggested a launch time of 07 : 00 , giving the carriers an hour to close on the Japanese at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . This would place them at about 155 nautical miles ( 287 km ; 178 mi ) from the Japanese fleet , assuming it did not change course . The first plane took off from Spruance 's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07 : 00 . Fletcher , upon completing his own scouting flights , followed suit at 08 : 00 from Yorktown . Fletcher , along with Yorktown 's commanding officer , Captain Elliott Buckmaster , and their staffs , had acquired first @-@ hand experience in organizing and launching a full strike against an enemy force in the Coral Sea , but there was no time to pass these lessons on to Enterprise and Hornet which were tasked with launching the first strike . Spruance ordered the striking aircraft to proceed to target immediately , rather than waste time waiting for the strike force to assemble , since neutralizing enemy carriers was the key to the survival of his own task force . While the Japanese were able to launch 108 aircraft in just seven minutes , it took Enterprise and Hornet over an hour to launch 117 . Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds ( fighters , bombers , and torpedo bombers ) . Accordingly , American squadrons were launched piecemeal and proceeded to the target in several different groups . It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties , but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile , since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike ( Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks ) , and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable . American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target , despite the positions they had been given . The strike from Hornet , led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring , followed an incorrect heading of 265 degrees rather than the 240 degrees indicated by the contact report . As a result , Air Group Eight 's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers . Torpedo Squadron 8 ( VT @-@ 8 , from Hornet ) , led by Lieutenant Commander John C. Waldron , broke formation from Ring and followed the correct heading . The 10 F4Fs from Hornet had run out of fuel and had to ditch . Waldron 's squadron sighted the enemy carriers and began attacking at 09 : 20 , followed by Torpedo Squadron 6 ( VT @-@ 6 , from Enterprise ) whose Wildcat fighter escorts also ran low on fuel and had to turn back at 09 : 40 . Without fighter escort , all 15 TBD Devastators of VT @-@ 8 were shot down without being able to inflict any damage , with Ensign George H. Gay , Jr . , the only survivor . VT @-@ 6 lost 10 of their 14 Devastators , and 10 of Yorktown 's VT @-@ 3 's 12 Devastators were shot down with no hits to show for their effort , thanks in part to the abysmal performance of their Mark 13 torpedoes . Midway was the last time the TBD Devastator was used in combat . Senior Navy and Bureau of Ordnance officers never questioned why half a dozen torpedoes , released so close to the Japanese carriers , produced no results . The Japanese combat air patrol , flying Mitsubishi A6M2 Zeros made short work of the unescorted , slow , under @-@ armed TBDs . A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship @-@ lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes — close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers — but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode . The abysmal performance of American torpedoes in the early months of the war became a scandal . Torpedo after torpedo either missed by running directly under the target , prematurely exploded , or struck targets with textbook right angle hits ( sometimes with an audible clang ) and failed to explode . Despite their failure to score any hits , the American torpedo attacks indirectly achieved three important results . First , they kept the Japanese carriers off balance and unable to prepare and launch their own counterstrike . Second , they pulled the Japanese combat air patrol ( CAP ) out of position . Third , many of the Zeros ran low on ammunition and fuel . The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the southeast by Torpedo Squadron 3 ( VT @-@ 3 from Yorktown ) at 10 : 00 very quickly drew the majority of the Japanese CAP to the southeast quadrant of the fleet . Better discipline , and the employment of a greater number of Zeroes for the CAP might have enabled Nagumo to prevent ( or at least mitigate the damage caused by ) the coming American attacks . By chance , at the same time VT @-@ 3 was sighted by the Japanese , three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown ( VB @-@ 6 , VS @-@ 6 and VB @-@ 3 , respectively ) were approaching from the southwest and northeast . The Yorktown squadron ( VB @-@ 3 ) had flown just behind VT @-@ 3 but elected to attack from a different course . The two squadrons from Enterprise were running low on fuel because of the time spent looking for the enemy . Squadron commander C. Wade McClusky , Jr. decided to continue the search , and by good fortune spotted the wake of the Japanese destroyer Arashi , steaming at full speed to rejoin Nagumo 's carriers after having unsuccessfully depth @-@ charged U.S. submarine Nautilus , which had unsuccessfully attacked the battleship Kirishima . Some bombers were lost from fuel exhaustion before the attack commenced . McClusky 's decision to continue the search and his judgment , in the opinion of Admiral Chester Nimitz , " decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway ... " All three American dive @-@ bomber squadrons ( VB @-@ 6 , VS @-@ 6 and VB @-@ 3 ) arrived almost simultaneously at the perfect time , locations and altitudes to attack . Most of the Japanese CAP was focusing on the torpedo planes of VT @-@ 3 and were out of position , armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks , fuel hoses snaked across the decks as refueling operations were hastily being completed , and the repeated change of ordnance meant that bombs and torpedoes were stacked around the hangars , rather than stowed safely in the magazines , making the Japanese carriers extraordinarily vulnerable . Beginning at 10 : 22 , the two squadrons of Enterprise 's air group split up with the intention of sending one squadron each to attack Kaga and Akagi . A miscommunication caused both of the squadrons to dive at the Kaga . Recognizing the error , Lieutenant Commander Richard Halsey Best and his two wingmen were able to pull out of their dive and , after judging that Kaga was doomed , headed north to attack Akagi . Coming under an onslaught of bombs from almost two full squadrons , Kaga sustained four or five direct hits , which caused heavy damage and started multiple fires . One of the bombs landed near the bridge , killing Captain Jisaku Okada and most of the ship 's senior officers . Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson , part of McClusky 's group , dove on the Kaga : We were coming down in all directions on the port side of the carrier ... I recognized her as the Kaga ; and she was enormous ... The target was utterly satisfying ... I saw a bomb hit just behind where I was aiming ... I saw the deck rippling and curling back in all directions exposing a great section of the hangar below ... I saw [ my ] 500 @-@ pound bomb hit right abreast of the [ carrier 's ] island . The two 100 @-@ pound bombs struck in the forward area of the parked planes ... Several minutes later , Best and his two wingmen dived on the Akagi . Mitsuo Fuchida , the Japanese aviator who led the attack on Pearl Harbor , was on the Akagi when it was hit , and described the attack : A look @-@ out screamed : " Hell @-@ Divers ! " I looked up to see three black enemy planes plummeting towards our ship . Some of our machineguns managed to fire a few frantic bursts at them , but it was too late . The plump silhouettes of the American Dauntless dive @-@ bombers quickly grew larger , and then a number of black objects suddenly floated eerily from their wings . Although Akagi sustained only one direct hit ( almost certainly dropped by Lieutenant Commander Best ) , it proved to be a fatal blow ; the bomb struck the edge of the mid @-@ ship deck elevator and penetrated to the upper hangar deck , where it exploded among the armed and fueled aircraft in the vicinity . Nagumo 's chief of staff , Ryūnosuke Kusaka , recorded " a terrific fire ... bodies all over the place ... Planes stood tail up , belching livid flames and jet @-@ black smoke , making it impossible to bring the fires under control . " Another bomb exploded under water very close astern ; the resulting geyser bent the flight deck upward " in grotesque configurations " and caused crucial rudder damage . Simultaneously , Yorktown 's VB @-@ 3 , commanded by Max Leslie , went for Sōryū , scoring at least three hits and causing extensive damage . Some of Leslie 's bombers did not have bombs as they were accidentally released when the pilots attempted to use electrical arming switches . Nevertheless , Leslie and others still dive @-@ bombed , strafing carrier decks and providing covers for those with bombs . Gasoline ignited , creating an " inferno , " while stacked bombs and ammunition detonated . VT @-@ 3 targeted Hiryū , which was hemmed in by Sōryū , Kaga , and Akagi , but achieved no hits . Within six minutes , Sōryū and Kaga were ablaze from stem to stern , as fires continued to spread through the ships . Akagi , having been struck by only one bomb , took longer to burn , but the resulting fires quickly expanded and soon proved impossible to extinguish ; she too was eventually consumed by the flames and had to be abandoned . All remained temporarily afloat , as none had suffered damage below the waterline , other than the rudder damage to Akagi caused by the near miss close astern . Despite initial hopes that Akagi could be saved or at least towed back to Japan , all three carriers were eventually abandoned and scuttled . = = = Japanese counterattacks = = = Hiryū , the sole surviving Japanese aircraft carrier , wasted little time in counterattacking . Hiryū 's first attack wave , consisting of 18 D3As and 6 fighter escorts , followed the retreating American aircraft and attacked the first carrier they encountered , Yorktown , hitting her with three bombs , which blew a hole in the deck , snuffed out her boilers , and destroyed one anti @-@ aircraft mount . The damage also forced Admiral Fletcher to move his command staff to the heavy cruiser Astoria . Repair teams were able to temporarily patch the flight deck and restore power to several boilers within an hour , giving her a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and enabling her to resume air operations . Thirteen dive bombers and three escorting fighters were lost in this attack ( two escorting fighters turned back early after they were damaged attacking some of Enterprise 's SBDs returning from their attack on the Japanese carriers ) . Approximately one hour later , Hiryū 's second attack wave , consisting of ten B5Ns and six escorting A6Ms , arrived over the Yorktown ; the repair efforts had been so effective that the Japanese pilots assumed that Yorktown must be a different , undamaged carrier . They attacked , crippling Yorktown with two torpedoes ; she lost all power and developed a 23 @-@ degree list to port . Five torpedo bombers and two fighters were shot down in this attack . News of the two strikes , with the reports each had sunk an American carrier ( actually both strikes had damaged , but not sunk , Yorktown ) , greatly improved morale in the Japanese carrier task force . Its few surviving aircraft were all recovered aboard Hiryū . Despite the heavy losses , the Japanese believed that they could scrape together enough aircraft for one more strike against what was believed to be the only remaining American carrier . = = = American counterattack = = = Late in the afternoon , a Yorktown scout aircraft located Hiryū , prompting Enterprise to launch a final strike of 24 dive bombers ( including 6 SBDs from VS @-@ 6 , 4 SBDs from VB @-@ 6 , and 14 SBDs from Yorktown 's VB @-@ 3 ) . Despite Hiryū being defended by a strong cover of more than a dozen Zero fighters , the attack by Enterprise and orphaned Yorktown aircraft launched from Enterprise was successful : four , possibly five bombs hit Hiryū , leaving her ablaze and unable to operate aircraft . Hornet 's strike , launched late because of a communications error , concentrated on the remaining escort ships but failed to score any hits . After futile attempts at controlling the blaze , most of the crew remaining on Hiryū were evacuated and the remainder of the fleet continued sailing northeast in an attempt to intercept the American carriers . Despite a scuttling attempt by a Japanese destroyer that hit her with a torpedo and then departed quickly , Hiryū stayed afloat for several more hours , being discovered early the next morning by an aircraft from the escort carrier Hōshō and prompting hopes she could be saved , or at least towed back to Japan . Soon after being spotted , Hiryū sank . Rear @-@ Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi , together with the ship 's captain Tomeo Kaku , chose to go down with the ship , costing Japan perhaps her best carrier officer . As darkness fell , both sides took stock and made tentative plans for continuing the action . Admiral Fletcher , obliged to abandon the derelict Yorktown and feeling he could not adequately command from a cruiser , ceded operational command to Spruance . Spruance knew the United States had won a great victory , but he was still unsure of what Japanese forces remained and was determined to safeguard both Midway and his carriers . To aid his aviators , who had launched at extreme range , he had continued to close with Nagumo during the day and persisted as night fell . Finally , fearing a possible night encounter with Japanese surface forces , and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade , based in part on a misleading contact report from Tambor , Spruance changed course and withdrew to the east , turning back west towards the enemy at midnight . For his part , Yamamoto initially decided to continue the engagement and sent his remaining surface forces searching eastward for the American carriers . Simultaneously , he detached a cruiser raiding force to bombard the island . The Japanese surface forces failed to make contact with the Americans due to Spruance 's decision to briefly withdraw eastward , and Yamamoto ordered a general withdrawal to the west . It was fortunate Spruance did not pursue , for had he come in contact with Yamamoto 's heavy ships , including Yamato , in the dark and considering the Japanese Navy 's superiority in night @-@ attack tactics at the time , his cruisers would have been overwhelmed and his carriers sunk . Spruance failed to regain contact with Yamamoto 's forces on 5 June despite extensive searches . Towards the end of the day he launched a search @-@ and @-@ destroy mission to seek out any remnants of Nagumo 's carrier force . This late afternoon strike narrowly missed detecting Yamamoto 's main body and failed to score hits on a straggling Japanese destroyer . The strike planes returned to the carriers after nightfall , prompting Spruance to order Enterprise and Hornet to turn on their lights to aid the landings . At 02 : 15 on the night of 5 / 6 June , Commander John Murphy 's Tambor , lying 90 nautical miles ( 170 km ; 100 mi ) west of Midway , made the second of the submarine force 's two major contributions to the battle 's outcome , although its impact was heavily blunted by Murphy himself . Sighting several ships , neither Murphy nor his executive officer , Ray Spruance , Jr . , could identify them . Uncertain of whether they were friendly or not and unwilling to approach any closer to verify their heading or type , Murphy decided to send a vague report of " four large ships " to Admiral Robert English , Commander , Submarine Force , Pacific Fleet ( COMSUBPAC ) . This report was passed on by English to Nimitz , who then sent it to Spruance . Spruance , a former submarine commander , was " understandably furious " at the vagueness of Murphy 's report , as it provided him with little more than suspicion and no concrete information on which to make his preparations . Unaware of the exact location of Yamamoto 's " Main Body " ( a persistent problem since the time PBYs had first sighted the Japanese ) , Spruance was forced to assume the " four large ships " reported by Tambor represented the main invasion force and so he moved to block it , while staying 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) northeast of Midway . In reality , the ships sighted by Tambor were the detachment of four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bombard Midway . At 02 : 55 these ships received Yamamoto 's order to retire and changed course to comply . At about the same time as this change of course , Tambor was sighted and during maneuvers designed to avoid a submarine attack , Mogami and Mikuma collided , inflicting serious damage on Mogami 's bow . The less severely damaged Mikuma slowed to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) to keep pace . Only at 04 : 12 did the sky brighten enough for Murphy to be certain the ships were Japanese , by which time staying surfaced was hazardous and he dived to approach for an attack . The attack was unsuccessful and at around 06 : 00 he finally reported two westbound Mogami @-@ class cruisers , before diving again and playing no further role in the battle . Limping along on a straight course at 12 knots — roughly one @-@ third their top speed and only 1 knot faster than Tambor while submerged — Mogami and Mikuma had been almost perfect targets for a submarine attack . As soon as Tambor returned to port , Spruance had Murphy relieved of duty and reassigned to a shore station , citing his confusing contact report , poor torpedo shooting during his attack run and general lack of aggression , especially as compared to Nautilus , the oldest of the 12 boats at Midway and the only one which had successfully placed a torpedo on target ( albeit a dud ) . This was in the context as referenced above , of mistaken criticism of submariner performance for severe ineffectiveness of navy torpedoes , already reported as technical by submariners , but unaddressed until 1943 . Over the following two days , first Midway and then Spruance 's carriers launched several strikes against the stragglers . Mikuma was eventually sunk by Dauntlesses , while Mogami survived further severe damage to return home for repairs . The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks . Captain Richard E. Fleming , a U.S. Marine Corps aviator , was killed while executing a glide bomb run on Mikuma and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . Meanwhile , salvage efforts on Yorktown were encouraging , and she was taken in tow by USS Vireo . In the late afternoon of 6 June , the Japanese submarine I @-@ 168 , which had managed to slip through the cordon of destroyers ( possibly due to the large amount of debris in the water ) , fired a salvo of torpedoes , two of which struck Yorktown . There were few casualties aboard , since most of the crew had already been evacuated , but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USS Hammann , which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown . Hammann broke in two and sank with the loss of 80 lives , mostly due to her own depth charges exploding . With further salvage efforts deemed hopeless , the remaining repair crews were evacuated from Yorktown , which sank just after 05 : 00 on 7 June . = = Japanese casualties = = By the time the battle ended , 3 @,@ 057 Japanese had died . Casualties aboard the four carriers were : Akagi : 267 ; Kaga : 811 ; Hiryu : 392 ; Soryu : 711 ; a total of 2 @,@ 181 . The heavy cruisers Mikuma ( sunk ; 700 casualties ) and Mogami ( badly damaged ; 92 ) accounted for another 792 deaths . In addition , the destroyers Arashio ( bombed ; 35 ) and Asashio ( strafed by aircraft ; 21 ) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami . Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers Chikuma ( 3 ) and Tone ( 2 ) . Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze ( 11 ) , Arashi ( 1 ) , Kazagumo ( 1 ) and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru ( 10 ) made up the remaining 23 casualties . = = Aftermath = = After winning a clear victory , and as pursuit became too hazardous near Wake , American forces retired . Spruance once again withdrew to the east to refuel his destroyers and rendezvous with the carrier Saratoga , which was ferrying much @-@ needed replacement aircraft . Fletcher transferred his flag to Saratoga on the afternoon of 8 June and resumed command of the carrier force . For the remainder of that day and then 9 June , Fletcher continued to launch search missions from the three carriers to ensure the Japanese was no longer advancing on Midway . Late on 10 June a decision was made to leave the area and the American carriers eventually returned to Pearl Harbor . Historian Samuel E. Morison noted in 1949 that Spruance was subjected to much criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese , thus allowing their surface fleet to escape . Clay Blair argued in 1975 that had Spruance pressed on , he would have been unable to launch his aircraft after nightfall , and his cruisers would have been overwhelmed by Yamamoto 's powerful surface units , including Yamato . Furthermore , the American air groups had suffered considerable losses , including most of their torpedo bombers . This made it unlikely that they would be effective in an airstrike against the Japanese battleships , even if they had managed to catch them during daytime . Also , by this time Spruance 's destroyers were critically low on fuel . On 10 June , the Imperial Japanese Navy conveyed to the military liaison conference an incomplete picture of the results of the battle . Chūichi Nagumo 's detailed battle report was submitted to the high command on 15 June . It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government , and was guarded closely throughout the war . In it , one of the more striking revelations is the comment on the Mobile Force Commander 's ( Nagumo 's ) estimates : " The enemy is not aware of our plans ( we were not discovered until early in the morning of the 5th at the earliest ) . " In reality , the whole operation had been compromised from the beginning due to Allied code @-@ breaking efforts . The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat : Japanese news announced a great victory . Only Emperor Hirohito and the highest Navy command personnel were accurately informed of the carrier and pilot losses . Consequently , even the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) continued to believe , for at least a short time , that the fleet was in good condition . On the return of the Japanese fleet to Hashirajima on 14 June the wounded were immediately transferred to naval hospitals ; most were classified as " secret patients " , placed in isolation wards and quarantined from other patients and their own families to keep this major defeat secret . The remaining officers and men were quickly dispersed to other units of the fleet and , without being allowed to see family or friends , were shipped to units in the South Pacific , where the majority died in battle . None of the flag officers or staff of the Combined Fleet was penalized , with Nagumo later being placed in command of the rebuilt carrier force . As a result of the defeat , new procedures were adopted whereby more Japanese aircraft were refueled and re @-@ armed on the flight deck , rather than in the hangars , and the practice of draining all unused fuel lines was adopted . The new carriers being built were redesigned to incorporate only two flight deck elevators and new firefighting equipment . More carrier crew members were trained in damage @-@ control and firefighting techniques , although the losses later in the war of Shōkaku , Hiyō , and especially Taihō suggest that there were still problems in this area . Replacement pilots were pushed through an abbreviated training regimen in order to meet the short @-@ term needs of the fleet . This led to a sharp decline in the quality of the aviators produced . These inexperienced pilots were fed into front @-@ line units , while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate , with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands . As a result , Japanese naval air groups as a whole progressively deteriorated during the war while their American adversaries continued to improve . = = = American prisoners = = = Three U.S. airmen , Ensign Wesley Osmus , a pilot from Yorktown , Ensign Frank O 'Flaherty , a pilot from Enterprise and Aviation Machinist 's Mate B. F. ( or B. P. ) Bruno Gaido , the radioman @-@ gunner of O 'Flaherty 's SBD , were captured by the Japanese during the battle . Osmus was held on Arashi ; O 'Flaherty and Gaido on the cruiser Nagara ( or destroyer Makigumo , sources vary ) ; all three were interrogated , and then killed by being tied to water @-@ filled kerosene cans and thrown overboard to drown . The report filed by Nagumo tersely states of Ensign Osmus , " He died on 6 June and was buried at sea " ; O 'Flaherty and Gaido 's fates were not mentioned in Nagumo 's report . The execution of Ensign Wesley Osmus in this manner was apparently ordered by Arashi 's captain , Watanabe Yasumasa . Had Watanabe survived the war ( he died in December 1943 ) , he would have likely been tried as a war criminal . = = = Japanese prisoners = = = Two enlisted men from Mikuma were rescued from a life raft on 9 June by USS Trout and brought to Pearl Harbor . After receiving medical care , at least one of these sailors cooperated during interrogation and provided intelligence . Another 35 crewmen from Hiryu were taken from a lifeboat by USS Ballard on 19 June after being spotted by an American search plane . They were brought to Midway and then transferred to Pearl Harbor on USS Sirius . = = Impact = = The Battle of Midway has often been called " the turning point of the Pacific " . It was the Allies ' first major naval victory against the Japanese . Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory , and the U.S. did not move from a state of naval parity to one of supremacy until after several more months of hard combat , Midway allowed the Allies to switch to the strategic initiative , paving the way for the landings on Guadalcanal and the prolonged attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign . Midway allowed this to occur before the first of the new Essex @-@ class fleet carriers became available at the end of 1942 . Some authors have stated heavy losses in carriers and veteran aircrews at Midway permanently weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy . Parshall and Tully have stated that the heavy losses in veteran aircrew ( 110 , just under 25 % of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers ) , were not crippling to the Japanese naval air corps as a whole ; the Japanese navy had 2 @,@ 000 carrier @-@ qualified aircrew at the start of the Pacific war . The loss of four large fleet carriers and over 40 % of the carriers ' highly trained aircraft mechanics and technicians , plus the essential flight @-@ deck crews and armorers , and the loss of organizational knowledge embodied in such highly trained crew , were still heavy blows to the Japanese carrier fleet . A few months after Midway , the JNAF sustained similar casualty rates in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and Battle of Santa Cruz , and it was these battles , combined with the constant attrition of veterans during the Solomons campaign , which were the catalyst for the sharp downward spiral in operational capability . After the battle Shōkaku and Zuikaku were the only large carriers of the original Pearl Harbor strike force left for offensive actions . Of Japan 's other carriers , Taihō , which was not commissioned until early 1944 , would be the only fleet carrier worth teaming with Shōkaku and Zuikaku ; Ryūjō and Zuihō were light carriers , while Jun 'yō and Hiyō , although technically classified as fleet carriers , were second @-@ rate ships of comparatively limited effectiveness . In the time it took Japan to build three carriers , the U.S. Navy commissioned more than two dozen fleet and light fleet carriers , and numerous escort carriers . By 1942 the United States was already three years into a shipbuilding program mandated by the Second Vinson Act , intended to make the navy larger than all the Axis navies combined , plus the British and French navies , which it was feared might fall into Axis hands . Both the United States and Japan stepped up the training of aircrew , but the United States had a more effective pilot rotation system , which meant that more veterans survived and went on to training or command billets , where they were able to pass on lessons they had learned in training rather than in combat , where errors were more likely to be fatal . By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 , the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers , but their planes , many of which were obsolescent , were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots . Midway showed the worth of pre @-@ war naval cryptanalysis and intelligence @-@ gathering . These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters . Successes were numerous and significant . For instance , cryptanalysis made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto 's airplane in 1943 . = = Discovery of sunken vessels = = Because of the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle ( more than 17 @,@ 000 ft or 5 @,@ 200 m ) , researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties . On 19 May 1998 , Robert Ballard and a team of scientists and Midway veterans from both sides located and photographed Yorktown . The ship was remarkably intact for a vessel that had sunk in 1942 ; much of the original equipment and even the original paint scheme were still visible . Ballard 's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful . In September 1999 , a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office searched for the Japanese aircraft carriers . Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship 's log of the submarine USS Nautilus , the expedition located a large piece of wreckage , subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of Kaga . The main wreck of Kaga has yet to be located . = = Remembrances = = Chicago Municipal Airport , important to the war effort in World War II , was renamed Chicago Midway International Airport ( or simply Midway Airport ) in 1949 in honor of the battle . Waldron Field , an outlying training landing strip , at Corpus Christi NAS as well Waldron Road leading to the strip , was named in honor of the commander of USS Hornet 's Torpedo Squadron 8 . Yorktown Boulevard leading away from the strip was named for the U.S. carrier sunk in the battle . Henderson Field ( Guadalcanal ) was named in honor of United States Marine Corps Major Lofton Henderson , who was the first Marine aviator to perish during the battle . An escort carrier , USS Midway ( CVE @-@ 63 ) was commissioned on 17 August 1943 . She was renamed St. Lo on 10 October 1944 to clear the name Midway for a large fleet aircraft carrier , USS Midway ( CV @-@ 41 ) , which was commissioned on 10 September 1945 , eight days after the Japanese surrender , and is now docked in San Diego , California , as the USS Midway Museum . On 13 September 2000 , Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt designated the lands and waters of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge as the Battle of Midway National Memorial .
= Birthday ( Katy Perry song ) = " Birthday " is a disco song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album , Prism ( 2013 ) . It was written by Perry , Bonnie McKee and producers Dr. Luke , Max Martin , and Cirkut . Critics , as well as Perry herself , have compared the track to works by Prince and Mariah Carey . Through double entendres in the lyrics of " Birthday " , Perry makes sexual references while celebrating a partner 's birthday . The song was sent by Capitol to mainstream and rhythmic radio on April 21 , 2014 as the fourth single from Prism . Following the release of Prism , " Birthday " entered the single charts of South Korea and France . After being released as an official single , it reached the top 30 in Australia , UK , and Netherlands , number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Canadian Hot 100 . A music video for the track was released on April 24 , 2014 . Primarily recorded with hidden cameras , it features Perry disguised as five different characters in birthday parties and other celebrations . The makeup effects disguises for Perry were designed and created by Tony Gardner . Jess Glynne covered the song on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . = = Production and release = = " Birthday " was written by Perry , Bonnie McKee , Cirkut , Dr. Luke , and Max Martin . The latter three produced the song and contributed to the instrumentation and programmed their respective instruments . The drums were played by Steven Wolf , while the horns were played by the Saturday Night Live Band , arranged by Lenny Pickett and engineered by Dave O 'Donnell . Its audio engineering was done by Peter Carlsson , Clint Gibbs , Sam Holland , and Michael Illbert . The track was finally mixed by Serban Ghenea at the MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia , accompanied by the mixing engineer , John Hanes . The song itself was recorded at various studios , including Luke 's in the Boo in Malibu , California , Conway Recording Studios in Hollywood , California , Playback Recording Studio in Santa Barbara , California , MXM Studios in Stockholm , Sweden and Secret Garden Studios in Montecito , California . The song surfaced online on October 16 , 2013 — two days prior to the official release of Prism . On April 3 , 2014 , the singer announced on her Twitter account that " Birthday " would be released as the album 's fourth single , posting its cover art as well . The art is based on a photograph , taken during a birthday party circa 1990 , in which a blonde Perry and her sister Angela Hudson smile toward the camera ; " puffy " letter balloons were " photoshopped " onto the cover to spell out Perry 's name . The song title appears in candles over a floral cake . To promote the single , a lyric video for " Birthday " was uploaded onto Perry 's Vevo account on April 10 , 2014 . It depicts a variety of cakes and sweets — among other confections — decorated with the song 's lyrics and concludes with Perry lighting the last candle of a cake . = = Composition = = At the length of three minutes and thirty @-@ five seconds ( 3 : 35 ) , " Birthday " is primarily styled in the genre of disco . " Birthday " is composed in the key of B major and follows a progression of Emaj9 – C ♯ m7 – Emaj9 – C ♯ m7 – B with a tempo of 126 beats per minute . Perry 's vocals range from B3 to F ♯ 5 . During a preview event for Prism , held in New York City , Perry described " Birthday " as her " attempt at writing " a song that American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey would have included in her eponymous debut album . Since its release , its musical composition has been strongly compared to that of other works of Prince and duo Wendy and Lisa . " Birthday " contains elements of funk @-@ pop , synthpop , and disco house . The song is backed by a " busy but buoyant " instrumentation featuring a " deeply rhythmic impulse " . Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times felt " Birthday " was a musically updated version of disco , achieved by replacing " cheesy strings " with " jerky breaks and synth washes " . Its " joyful " lyrics present the commemoration of her partner 's birthday as a metaphor for sexual intercourse . The bridge section of " Birthday " , which sees Perry singing " Let me get you in your birthday suit / It 's time to bring out the big balloons " , was found by Ben Rattliff to resemble French duo Daft Punk 's works . = = Critical reception = = AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Kitty Empire from The Guardian called " Birthday " one of the best tracks from Prism : Erlewine described it as a " glorious retro @-@ disco explosion " and Empire found a " girly simpatico " in the song that sustains it . Marah Eakin from The A.V. Club felt the track was " pure fun " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called it a " stone @-@ cold stunner " , going on to say the song " serves as pop music 's ( superior ) answer to Swizz Beatz 's " Everyday Birthday " . He also felt it was the song with the " most smash potential " included in Prism . Chris Bosman of Consequence of Sound wrote that the song was a " irrepressible disco jam " and found it superior to Carly Rae Jepsen 's album Kiss ( 2012 ) . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone noted that the " sunny effervescence " from Teenage Dream was present on the song . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that the " sexy and playful " song was " offset by brackish fare " . Alexis Petridis from The Guardian considered that the song resembled a four to the floor remix of a Mariah Carey song , but complimented its melodies for being " significantly stronger " than those of Jessie J 's album , Alive ( 2013 ) . Rob Harvilla from Spin criticized the song 's " sensuality " , which he described as being of " an off @-@ kilter , grade @-@ school goofy , beanie @-@ propeller sort of sensuality " . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters deemed " Birthday " the " catchiest thing " on Prism , but he also thought it was a " rewrite " of Jessie J 's hit " Domino " and Perry 's former song " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " . Lewis Corner from Digital Spy classified it as a " flirty pop @-@ gem " , while HitFix 's Melinda Newman awarded it a B + grade , calling it a " delectable pop confection " . James Reed from The Boston Globe called the song 's double entendre lyrics " hilarious " . = = Commercial performance = = Upon the release of Prism , due to strong digital download sales , " Birthday " charted on the singles charts in France and South Korea . It debuted on the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique singles chart at number 160 where it stayed for one week . In South Korea , it peaked at number 51 on the Gaon International Chart with digital downloads of 3 @,@ 089 copies . Before being released as a single , the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of April 16 , 2014 , at number 91 . One week later , the song jumped to number 83 . The following week , it went from 83 to 37 . It peaked at 17 on the Hot 100 , becoming Perry 's third single to miss the top ten after " Thinking of You " and " Unconditionally " . The song has peaked at the top of Hot Dance Club Songs chart extending her record for most consecutive dance club no.1 songs to 14 . In Germany , " Birthday " became the lowest charting single , peaking at number 69 . = = Music video = = = = = Development and filming = = = The official music video for " Birthday " was directed by Marc Klasfeld and Danny Lockwood ; Dawn Rose served as a producer , while Nicole Acacio served as executive producer , Richard Alarcon sereved as the editor , Tony Gardner as the make @-@ up artist , and Joseph Robbins was the director of photography . For the video , which was filmed in April 2014 , Perry played the characters of five party entertainers , appearing in five parties . They consisted of a burlesque @-@ like elderly woman named Goldie , a Jewish master of ceremonies named Yosef Shulem , a clown named Kriss , an animal trainer named Ace , and a face @-@ painter named Princess Mandee . In order to transform Perry physically to each character , she spent up to seven hours getting prosthetic makeup applied by Tony Gardner . The parties that Perry attended were real , and its participants were unaware of Perry 's presence ; the organizers believed they had signed up to star in a reality show called " Birthday Blowouts " . Similarly , the majority of events that took place during the visual were staged without the knowledge of the celebrations ' organizers and guests . For example , the car crash that occurs in the video left several children who observed it frightened and crying . Perry deemed the video " very intricate to make and shoot " and her " most insane " to date . A teaser for the video which introduced the characters was released on April 22 , 2014 whereas the complete video was revealed two days later . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video begins with short introductions to the characters Goldie , Yosef , Kriss , Ace , and Mandee . Perry is then shown entering all of the parties as " five of the world ’ s worst birthday entertainers " in disguise . At a man 's 90th birthday , Goldie emerges from a large birthday cake and begins to give the man a lap dance . At a child 's birthday party , Kriss the Clown attempts to create balloon animals , while Ace the Animal Trainer introduces a group of children to a box of mice before appearing to eat one , which makes a child cry . At another child 's party , Princess Mandee paints a girl 's face incompetently ; Goldie begins to suffer from respiratory problems , and Yosef does the worm at a boy 's Bar Mitzvah . Goldie pulls a man 's prosthetic leg off and proceeds to play air guitar with it , and Kriss crashes into a table before drinking alcohol behind a tree . At the elderly man 's party , Goldie collapses and a woman tries to use a defibrillator on her . While attempting to hit a piñata , Kriss walks onto the road to cause a car crash which shocks the party attendees . At the petting cage , Ace lets a goat run wild which defecates and urinates on the ground ; meanwhile Goldie drops a birthday cake on the 90 @-@ year @-@ old man , Yosef is then shown beatboxing at the Bar Mitzvah to the disapproval of the guests . Princess Mandee takes off her hat , wig and mask and reveals herself to be Perry , to which the children scream in pleasure . Goldie eats cake with the elderly man , before straddling him on his wheelchair . At the end of the song , Princess Mandee and the children say " happy birthday " to the camera . During the credits , the characters dance and lip sync to a remixed version of the song . = = = Reception = = = Christina Garibaldi of MTV News wrote that Perry " continues to top herself " with the video and billed the video 's " approach " as " creative , fun and pretty hysterical " . Salon 's Daniel D 'Addario was critical of character Yosef Shulem , denouncing it as a " Jewish stereotype " . He noted that Perry had already been the center of controversy due to being dressed as a geisha for a 2013 performance of " Unconditionally " , and questioned her decision to portray Yosef . Writing for Time , Nolan Feeman quipped , " Jewish people aren 't costumes " and found the video distracting from the song . Ariana Bacle from Entertainment Weekly dubbed the character " anti @-@ Semitic " and suggested that Perry should stop impersonating members of other cultures . For Consequence of Sound , Chris Coplan called the visual " incredible " and described it as a " less grating and tiresome " version of The Master of Disguise . Complex writer Zach Frydenlund positively remarked that the video " deliver [ ed ] " and regarded the Goldie character look as " quite nice " . = = Live performance = = At the 2014 Billboard Music Awards via a pre @-@ recorded performance , the single was promoted for the first time . = = Track listings = = Digital download ( remix ) " Birthday " ( Cash Cash Remix ) – 4 : 25 = = Credits and personnel = = = = = Song = = = Song credits adapted from the liner notes of Prism , Capitol Records . = = = Music video = = = Credits of the video production adapted from the visual . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Tucker @-@ class destroyer = The Tucker class of destroyers was a ship class of six ships designed by and built for the United States Navy shortly before the United States entered World War I. The Tucker class was the fourth of five classes of destroyers that were known as the " thousand tonners " , because they were the first U.S. destroyers over 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 016 t ) displacement . The design of what became the Tucker class was the result of compromises between the General Board of the United States Navy and the U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair . The General Board , tasked with creating an integrated battle fleet , wanted a larger ship that could serve in a scouting role and proposed a ship larger than the unique British destroyer HMS Swift of 1907 , and more than twice the displacement of any previous U.S. destroyer . Input from Construction and Repair resulted in a design that was an incremental development of the O 'Brien class , which itself was similar to the first of the thousand tonners , the Cassin class ( which displaced about a third more than the preceding Paulding class ) . The ships were built by four private American shipyards — Bath Iron Works , Fore River Shipbuilding Company , New York Shipbuilding Corporation , and William Cramp and Sons — and were laid down between February and November 1914 ; launched between April and July 1915 ; and commissioned into the U.S. Navy between July 1915 and May 1916 . The ships had a median displacement of 1 @,@ 060 long tons ( 1 @,@ 080 t ) , were just over 315 feet ( 96 m ) in length , and had a beam of about 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) . Most of the ships had two direct @-@ drive steam turbines and a single geared cruising turbine ; Wadsworth was equipped with two geared steam turbines only and , as the first U.S. destroyer so equipped , greatly influenced later U.S. Navy destroyer designs . All of the ships were designed for a maximum speed of 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) and a range of 2 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 600 km ) at more economical speeds . As built , they were armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 10 cm ) guns and had four twin 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes with a load of eight torpedoes , but all were later equipped with depth charges . All six ships operated in the Atlantic or Caribbean until the U.S. entrance into World War I in April 1917 , when all six were sent overseas to Queenstown , Ireland , for convoy escort duties . Several of the ships rescued passengers and crew from ships sunk by U @-@ boats , and several had encounters with U @-@ boats themselves ; Jacob Jones was torpedoed and sunk by U @-@ 58 in December 1917 . All five surviving members of the class had returned to the United States by early 1919 and been decommissioned by June 1922 . Between 1924 and 1926 , four of the five ( all but Wadsworth ) were commissioned into the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . They were returned to U.S. Navy custody between 1934 and 1936 , and had all been sold for scrapping by 1936 . = = Background = = In September 1912 , the General Board of the United States Navy asked the Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair ( C & R ) to develop plans for the next class of destroyers . The General Board asked for a design with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns , six twin 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , and twenty floating mines , that could travel at up to 35 knots ( 65 km / h ) with steaming radius of 2 @,@ 500 nautical miles at 20 knots ( 4 @,@ 600 km at 37 km / h ) . C & R came back with a design for a 385 @-@ foot ( 117 m ) long , 2 @,@ 160 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 2 @,@ 190 t ) displacement , triple @-@ screw " super @-@ destroyer " requiring 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) to make the design speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ) . The C & R design was similar to , but larger than the unique British destroyer HMS Swift of 1907 , and more than twice the displacement of the largest U.S. destroyers . The General Board , whose main concern was the integrated operation of the United States battle fleet , pushed for the design to provide more scouting capabilities for fleet operations . But the high cost of the design — $ 1 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 for hull and machinery vs. $ 790 @,@ 000 for the O 'Brien @-@ class ships — and the lack of operating experience with the Cassin class — the first of the " thousand tonners " ( destroyers exceeding 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 020 t ) displacement ) which were just beginning to be launched — caused C & R to resist the much larger design . The Chief Constructor of the Navy , the head of C & R , pointed out that the British had not repeated the Swift design in the five years since her introduction , and noted that " a destroyer that gets too large loses many of the desirable features of the type " . In November 1912 , the General Board offered several alternatives to reduce the size of the destroyer , and was convinced by C & R that the most practical solution was a design that shared much with the O 'Brien class : matching that class ' main battery and torpedo load but with a design speed of 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) and the desired 2 @,@ 500 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 4 @,@ 600 km ) steaming radius . The General Board also specified that the ships be equipped with " two aeroplane guns , if they can be developed and installed " , have provisions for laying thirty @-@ six mines , and a strengthened bow for ramming . The C & R design for the Tucker class , DD @-@ 57 through DD @-@ 62 , was approved by the Secretary of the Navy in December 1912 , and authorized by Congress in 1913 . = = Design = = As built , the Tucker @-@ class ships were 315 feet 3 inches ( 96 @.@ 09 m ) in length ( overall ) , were between 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 07 m ) and 30 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 30 m ) abeam , and had a median draft of 9 feet 4 inches ( 2 @.@ 84 m ) . The hull shape featured the distinctive high forecastle typical of U.S. destroyer classes since the 1908 – 09 Smith class , the first destroyers designed to be truly ocean @-@ going vessels . The ships displaced between 1 @,@ 060 and 1 @,@ 150 long tons ( 1 @,@ 080 and 1 @,@ 170 t ) with a median of 1 @,@ 060 long tons ( 1 @,@ 080 t ) . The ships were equipped with two propeller shafts and two Curtis steam turbines fed by four Yarrow boilers , providing a minimum of 17 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) to achieve the design speed of 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) . For all of the ships except Wadsworth , the pair of main turbines was supplemented with a cruising turbine geared to one of the shafts . Wadsworth had no cruising turbines , but instead had her twin turbines geared directly to the propeller shafts — the first American destroyer so outfitted . She served as a testbed , and had a considerable effect on U.S. destroyer design after her trials in July 1915 . The main battery of the Tucker class consisted of four 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) / 50 Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 pounds ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 @-@ pound ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 feet per second ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yards ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) . The Tucker class was also equipped with four twin 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , for a total load of eight Mark 8 torpedoes . Although the General Board had called for two anti @-@ aircraft guns for the Tucker class , they were not originally outfitted with the weapons ; the Sampson class was the first American destroyer class so armed . Likewise , there is no record of any of the Tucker ships being outfitted with mine @-@ laying apparatus . During World War I , most American destroyers were used in anti @-@ submarine warfare roles , and were equipped with depth charges and delivery systems , such as Y @-@ guns and depth charge racks . Tucker @-@ class ships were equipped with depth charges during the war , but no specific mentions of the types of depth charges used or delivery system are recorded in available sources . = = = Comparisons with other " thousand tonners " = = = The " thousand tonners " were the 26 United States Navy destroyers of five classes — Cassin , Aylwin , O 'Brien , Tucker , and Sampson — so named because they were the first U.S. Navy destroyers to have displacements greater than 1 @,@ 000 long tons . The Cassin class , the first of the thousand tonners , displaced about a third more than the preceding Paulding class . The introduction of the thousand tonners led to the Pauldings and other older , smaller displacement destroyers of previous classes to be dismissively called " flivvers " , a nickname also commonly applied to the Ford Model T. The Tucker class was the fourth of the five classes of " thousand tonners " . The earlier Cassin- ( DD @-@ 43 to DD @-@ 46 ) , Aylwin- ( DD @-@ 47 to DD @-@ 50 ) and O 'Brien @-@ class ( DD @-@ 51 to DD @-@ 56 ) ships were about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) shorter than the Tucker ships and had a lower displacement , between 40 and 80 long tons ( 41 and 81 t ) less than the median displacement of the Tuckers ; the later Sampson @-@ class ( DD @-@ 63 to DD @-@ 68 ) ships were the same length and displaced 10 long tons ( 10 t ) more . All five classes were armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns , but the torpedo size and complement varied . All were equipped with four twin torpedo tubes loaded with eight torpedoes except for the Sampsons ( which had four triple tubes carrying twelve torpedoes ) , but the Cassin and Aylwin classes were armed with 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedoes ; the rest with 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . The Sampsons were the only group originally equipped with anti @-@ aircraft guns , a pair of 1 @-@ pounder ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) guns with a caliber of 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) . = = Construction = = The construction of the six Tucker @-@ class ships was allocated to four U.S. shipbuilders . The Fore River Shipbuilding Company and Bath Iron Works built one ship each , while William Cramp and New York Shipbuilding each constructed a pair of Tucker destroyers . The keels for all six ships were laid down between February and November 1914 , with Wadsworth being the first and Tucker the last . All were launched between April and July 1915 , with Wadsworth again being the first and Porter being the last . Wadsworth was commissioned in July 1915 , three months after her launch ; the rest were commissioned between January and May 1916 , with Wainwright the final ship to enter service . = = Ships in class = = All six members of the class served in the Atlantic throughout their U.S. Navy careers , and all were sent overseas to Queenstown , Ireland , for convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine duties after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 . Conyngham , Porter , Wadsworth , and Wainwright were in the first group of six American destroyers , arriving at Queenstown on 4 May ; Tucker and Jacob Jones followed as part of the second group , which arrived thirteen days later . Several of the ships had encounters with U @-@ boats during the war : Conyngham 's commander was commended for what was thought a probable " kill " of one U @-@ boat ; Jacob Jones was sunk by U @-@ 53 in December 1917 . All surviving ships of the class had returned to the United States by early 1919 and served in various roles over the next two years . Tucker was decommissioned in May 1921 , followed by Wainwright in May 1922 , and the remaining three in June 1922 . Between 1924 and 1926 , four of the five ships — Conyngham and Porter in 1924 , Tucker and Wainwright in 1926 — were reactivated for service with the United States Coast Guard 's " Rum Patrol " . All were returned to the U.S. Navy in 1933 with the exception of Tucker , which followed in 1934 . Conyngham , Porter , and Wainwright were sold for scrapping in 1934 ; the other two in 1936 . = = = USS Tucker ( DD @-@ 57 ) = = = USS Tucker ( DD @-@ 57 ) , the lead ship of the class , was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy , Massachusetts , in November 1914 and launched in May 1915 . She was the first U.S. Navy vessel named for Samuel Tucker . After her April 1916 commissioning , Tucker sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Tucker was part of the second U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Tucker made several rescues of passengers and crew from ships sunk by U @-@ boats . For her part in rescuing crewmen from the Dupetit @-@ Thouars in August 1918 , Tucker received a commendation from the Préfet Maritime . In June , Tucker was transferred to Brest , France , and spent the remainder of the war there . Upon returning to the United State near the end of 1918 , Tucker underwent repairs at the Boston Navy Yard . After a New England recruiting tour through October 1919 , she was placed in reduced commission and then decommissioned in May 1921 . In March 1926 , Tucker was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name USCGC Tucker ( CG @-@ 23 ) until 1933 ; during her Coast Guard service , she was the first American ship to arrive at the crash site of Navy airship Akron . After her transfer back to the Navy later in 1933 , the ship was renamed DD @-@ 57 to free the name Tucker for another destroyer . She was sold for scrap and hulked in December 1936 . = = = USS Conyngham ( DD @-@ 58 ) = = = USS Conyngham ( DD @-@ 58 ) was laid down by the William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in July 1914 and launched in July of the following year . She was the first U.S. Navy vessel named for Gustavus Conyngham . After her January 1916 commissioning , Conyngham sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Conyngham was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Conyngham made several rescues of passengers and crew from ships sunk by U @-@ boats . Conyngham 's commander was commended for actions related to what was thought at the time to be a " probable " kill of a German submarine . Upon returning to the United State in December 1918 , Conyngham underwent repairs at the Boston Navy Yard . She remained there in reduced commission through 1921 , with only brief episodes of activity . After returning to active service for about a year , she was decommissioned in June 1922 . In June 1924 , Conyngham was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name USCGC Conyngham ( CG @-@ 2 ) until 1933 , when she was returned to the Navy . Later that year , the ship was renamed DD @-@ 58 to free the name Conyngham for another destroyer . She was sold for scrap in August 1934 . = = = USS Porter ( DD @-@ 59 ) = = = USS Porter ( DD @-@ 59 ) was laid down by the William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in August 1914 and launched in August of the following year . She was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of both David Porter and his son David Dixon Porter . After her April 1916 commissioning , Porter conducted her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Porter was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Porter severely damaged the German submarine U @-@ 108 in April 1918 . Upon returning to the United States after the war , Porter operated off the east coast until she was decommissioned in June 1922 . In June 1924 , Porter was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name USCGC Porter ( CG @-@ 7 ) until 1933 , when she was returned to the Navy . Later that year , the ship was renamed DD @-@ 59 to free the name Porter for another destroyer . She was sold for scrap in August 1934 . = = = USS Wadsworth ( DD @-@ 60 ) = = = USS Wadsworth ( DD @-@ 60 ) was laid down by the Bath Iron Works of Bath , Maine , in February 1914 and launched in April 1915 . She was the first U.S. Navy vessel named for Alexander Scammel Wadsworth . Wadsworth 's geared steam turbine power plant was a successful prototype that greatly influenced U.S. destroyer designs after 1915 . After her July 1915 commissioning , Wadsworth served on the neutrality patrol off the east coast and in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Wadsworth was the flagship of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Wadsworth reported several encounters with U @-@ boats in the first months overseas . She was transferred to Brest , France , in March 1918 , and spent the remainder of the war there . Upon returning to the United State at the end of 1918 , Wadsworth underwent a five @-@ month overhaul . She served as a plane guard for the Navy 's transatlantic flight attempt by four Navy @-@ Curtiss flying boats in May . After two years in reduced commission in August , Wadsworth was reactivated in May 1921 . She was decommissioned in June 1922 , and spent nearly 14 years in reserve at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 , sold in June , and scrapped in August . = = = USS Jacob Jones ( DD @-@ 61 ) = = = USS Jacob Jones ( DD @-@ 61 ) was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , in August 1914 and launched in May of the following year . She was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jacob Jones . After her February 1916 commissioning , Jacob Jones conducted patrols off the New England coast . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Jacob Jones was sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Jacob Jones rescued the survivors of several ships , notably picking up over 300 from the sunken armed merchant cruiser Orama . On 6 December , Jacob Jones was steaming independently from Brest , France , for Queenstown , when she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U @-@ 53 with the loss of 66 officers and men , becoming the first United States destroyer to ever be sunk by enemy action , and the only destroyer lost to the enemy by the US Navy in World War I. Jacob Jones sank in eight minutes without issuing a distress call ; the German submarine commander , Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose , after rescuing two badly injured Jacob Jones crewmen , radioed the American base at Queenstown with the coordinates for the survivors before leaving the area . = = = USS Wainwright ( DD @-@ 62 ) = = = USS Wainwright ( DD @-@ 62 ) was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , in September 1914 and launched in June of the following year . She was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of U.S. Navy officers Jonathan Wainwright and Jonathan Wainwright , Jr . ( father and son ) , and Commander Richard Wainwright ( cousin of the elder Jonathan ) . After her May 1916 commissioning , Wainwright sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Wainwright was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Wainwright made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats , and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft . Upon returning to the United State after the war , Wainwright resumed operations with the destroyers of the Atlantic Fleet until May 1922 , when she was decommissioned . In April 1926 , Wainwright was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name USCGC Wainwright ( CG @-@ 24 ) until April 1934 , when she was returned to the Navy . She was sold for scrap in August 1934 .
= Love . Angel . Music . Baby . = Love . Angel . Music . Baby. is the debut solo album by American singer Gwen Stefani . It was released on November 12 , 2004 , by Interscope Records . Stefani , who had previously released five albums as rock band No Doubt 's lead singer , began recording solo material in early 2003 . She began working on Love . Angel . Music . Baby. as a side project that would become a full album after No Doubt went on hiatus . Stefani co @-@ wrote every song on the album , collaborating with various songwriters and producers including André 3000 , Dallas Austin , Dr. Dre , the Neptunes and Linda Perry . Designed to sound like a 1980s record , Love . Angel . Music . Baby. was influenced by artists such as the Cure , Depeche Mode , Cyndi Lauper and Madonna . The album incorporates a diverse range of genres , including electropop , dance @-@ rock , new wave , R & B , hip hop , soul , and disco . Most of its songs are about fashion and wealth . Promotion of the album included the release of six commercially successful singles and the North American Harajuku Lovers concert tour . While promoting , Stefani was often accompanied by back @-@ up dancers called the Harajuku Girls . Love . Angel . Music . Baby. received generally positive reviews from music critics , and the album and its songs were nominated for a total of six Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year , winning none . It peaked at number five on the American record charts , received multi @-@ platinum sales certifications in several countries and sold over seven million copies worldwide . = = Background = = During her time with the band No Doubt , Stefani began making solo appearances on albums by artists ; including Eve and Moby . In the production of its fifth studio album , Rock Steady ( 2001 ) , No Doubt collaborated with Prince , the Neptunes and David A. Stewart and had Mark " Spike " Stent mixing the album . While the band was on tour to promote the album , Stefani listened to Club Nouveau 's 1987 's single " Why You Treat Me So Bad " and considered recording material that modernized 1980s music . No Doubt 's bassist and her former boyfriend , Tony Kanal , introduced her to music by Prince , Lisa and Cult Jam , and Debbie Deb , and they talked about producing songs from Kanal 's bedroom . In 2003 , Stefani began recording solo material . She stated she was considering recording singles to be used on soundtracks , continuing her collaborations or releasing an album under the pseudonym " GS " . Jimmy Iovine ( chairman and co @-@ founder of Interscope ) convinced Stefani to work on this album . On the second day of her sessions with Linda Perry , the two wrote a song about Stefani 's writer 's block and fears about the solo album . This became the track " What You Waiting For ? " . which was released as the lead single for the album . When the two began working on a song that Stefani stated was too personal , she left to visit Kanal . He played her a track on which he had been working and which became " Crash " , the album 's final single . The two tried to write new material , but gave up after two weeks . They did not return to work until six months later , when Stefani began collaborating with other artists , commenting , " If I were to write the chorus of ' Yesterday ' by the Beatles , and that 's all I wrote , that would be good enough to be part of that history . " Stefani resumed work with Linda Perry , who invited Dallas Austin , and many other artists , including Outkast 's André 3000 , the Neptunes , and Dr. Dre . Stefani announced the album 's release in early 2004 , marketing it as a " dance record " and a " guilty pleasure " . = = Composition = = = = = Music and lyrics = = = Love . Angel . Music . Baby. takes influence from a variety of 1980s genres to the extent that one reviewer commented , " The only significant ' 80s radio style skipped is the ska punk revival that No Doubt rode to success " . Several songs employ synthesizer sounds characteristic of music from the 1980s . The album combines music genres such as electropop , dance @-@ rock , soul hip hop , R & B , and disco . New wave , present in some of No Doubt 's later work , continues to be incorporated into Love . Angel . Music . Baby . , drawing comparisons to The Go @-@ Go 's and Cyndi Lauper . Stefani cited Club Nouveau , Depeche Mode , Lisa Lisa , Prince , New Order , The Cure , and early Madonna as major influences for the album . Like pop albums of the 1980s , Love . Angel . Music . Baby. focuses primarily on money , with songs such as " Rich Girl " and " Luxurious " that feature descriptions of riches and wealth . The album contains several references to Stefani 's clothing line , L.A.M.B. , and alludes to contemporary fashion designers such as John Galliano , Rei Kawakubo , and Vivienne Westwood . Stefani also released a series of dolls named the " Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Fashion Dolls " , designed after the costumes from her tour . Although Stefani intended for the album to be a light dance record , she stated that " no matter what you do , things just come out . " The album 's opening track " What You Waiting For ? " discusses her desire to be a mother and in 2006 , she and her husband , Bush singer Gavin Rossdale , had a son named Kingston Rossdale . The fourth track " Cool " discusses Stefani 's friendship with Kanal after he ended a romantic relationship with her in 1995 . Love . Angel . Music . Baby. introduced the Harajuku Girls , an entourage of four Japanese women whom Stefani referred to as a figment of her imagination . The Harajuku Girls are discussed in several of the songs , including one named after and entirely dedicated to them . They appear in most of the music videos produced for the album and those for Stefani 's second album The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) . Love . Angel . Music . Baby. includes various styles of music . Many songs are influenced by electro beats designed for club play . Producers Austin and Kanal incorporated R & B into the song " Luxurious " which contains a sample of The Isley Brothers ' 1983 single " Between the Sheets " . Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporate new jack swing , a fusion genre of R & B that the pair had developed and popularized during the mid @-@ 1980s . = = = Songs = = = The album opens with " What You Waiting For ? " , an electropop , new wave , dance @-@ rock , and funk song . Lyrically , the song discusses Stefani 's fears of beginning a solo career . " Rich Girl " , a collaboration with rapper Eve , is a dancehall and reggae reworking of the English duo Louchie Lou & Michie One 's 1994 song " If I Was a Rich Girl " , which itself interpolates the song " If I Were a Rich Man " from the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof . The Neptunes @-@ produced track " Hollaback Girl " combines 1980s hip hop with dance music . It was written as a response to a derogatory comment that grunge musician Courtney Love made , referring to Stefani as a cheerleader . The fourth track " Cool " chronicles Stefani 's previous relationship with Tony Kanal , featuring a new wave and synthpop production . The song was compared to Cyndi Lauper and Madonna songs from the 1980s . " Bubble Pop Electric " , the fifth track , is an electro song featuring André 3000 's alias Johnny Vulture . It tells of the two having sex at a drive @-@ in movie , and it was generally well received by critics , who drew comparisons to the 1978 film Grease and its 1982 sequel Grease 2 . " Luxurious " is a 1990s @-@ inspired R & B song that lyrically talks about the desire to be rich in love , simultaneously comparing Stefani 's lover with luxuries . The seventh track , " Harajuku Girls " , is a synthpop song that was described as a tribute to Tokyo 's street culture , produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . " Crash " is an electroclash song that uses automobile metaphors to describe a relationship . " The Real Thing " was described as a vintage Europop song , and features guest appearances from New Order vocalist Bernard Sumner and bassist Peter Hook . The next track , the synthpop song " Serious " , drew comparisons to Madonna 's work during the early 1980s . A music video was produced for the song , but it was never officially released , although a snippet of the video surfaced on YouTube in October 2006 . " Danger Zone " , an electro @-@ rock song , was widely interpreted to be about Stefani 's husband Gavin Rossdale having an illegitimate daughter ; however , the song had been written before the discovery . The closing track " Long Way to Go " is an outtake from André 3000 's album The Love Below ( 2003 ) . The song discusses interracial dating and uses a sample of Martin Luther King 's " I Have a Dream " speech . = = Promotion = = Stefani embarked on the Harajuku Lovers Tour on October 16 , 2005 to promote Love . Angel . Music . Baby . The tour consisted of only one leg , running for 42 dates across North America , ending on December 21 , 2005 . The hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas , rapper M.I.A. , and singer Ciara accompanied Stefani as opening acts for her tour . The tour was met with varying responses from contemporary critics , who despite praising Stefani 's vocals , were critical of other aspects of the show such as its musical material . According to Billboard , the tour grossed $ 22 million from 37 shows , 20 of which sold out . A video album of the concert titled Harajuku Lovers Live was released on DVD on December 4 , 2006 . = = = Singles = = = " What You Waiting For ? " was released as the lead single from Love . Angel . Music . Baby. on September 28 , 2004 . The single peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was commercially successful overseas , topping the chart in Australia and reaching the top 10 in several countries including France , Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . " Rich Girl " , featuring Eve , was released as the album 's second single on December 14 , 2004 , becoming Stefani 's first top @-@ 10 hit as a solo artist in the US when it peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . Elsewhere , the song performed equally as successfully as " What You Waiting For ? " . " Hollaback Girl " was released as the third single on March 15 , 2005 . It became the album 's best @-@ selling and most popular single , while also becoming the first single to sell one million digital downloads in the US . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 within six weeks of its release , earning Stefani her first number @-@ one single on the chart . " Cool " was released as the fourth single from the album on July 5 , 2005 . The song fared moderately on the charts , reaching the top 10 in Australia and New Zealand , as well as the top 20 in Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Norway , the UK and the US . " Luxurious " was released as the fifth single in October 2005 . The single version features rapper Slim Thug . The song was less successful than the previous singles from the album , peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Crash " was not originally planned as a single , but due to Stefani 's pregnancy , her second solo album was delayed , and the song was released as the sixth and final single from the album on January 24 , 2006 . = = Critical reception = = Love . Angel . Music . Baby. received generally positive reviews from contemporary pop music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 71 , based on 22 reviews . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the album " intermittently exciting and embarrassing " , concluding that it is " stranger and often more entertaining than nearly any other mainstream pop album of 2004 . " Jennifer Nine of Yahoo ! Music praised the album as " the hottest , coolest , best @-@ dressed pop album of the year " and found it to be " sleek , shimmery , and dripping with all @-@ killer @-@ no @-@ filler musical bling " . Stylus Magazine 's Charles Merwin opined that Stefani was a contender to fill Madonna 's role , " [ b ] ut not enough to get seriously excited about her as the next great solo female careerist . " Lisa Haines of BBC Music was more emphatic , stating that Stefani rivaled Madonna and Kelis , while dubbing the album a " stunning and stylish effort that showcases Gwen 's credentials as a bonafide pop goddess . " Despite stating that Stefani " shamelessly plunders " 1980s music , Krissi Murison of the NME referred to the album as " one of the most frivolously brilliant slabs of shiny retro @-@ pop anyone 's had the chuzpah to release all year . " John Murphy of musicOMH found the album " enjoyable , if patchy " , but commented that it was too long . Rolling Stone 's Rob Sheffield described the album as " an irresistible party : trashy , hedonistic and deeply weird . " The magazine later placed the album at number 39 on its list of the top 50 albums of 2004 . Robert Christgau gave the album a three @-@ star honorable mention ( ) and wrote , " Turns out the problem wasn 't ska per se — it was No Doubt . " Edna Gundersen of USA Today called the album " [ f ] un , fizzy , frivolous " , while noting that Stefani 's " caffeinated electro @-@ pop amounts to little more than sly channeling of Lisa Lisa at a disco revival . " Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times viewed it as a " clever and sometimes enticing solo debut that doesn 't quite add up . " The album was generally criticized for its large number of collaborations and producers . The Guardian 's Caroline Sullivan argued that although " others lend a hand [ ... ] it 's very much Stefani 's show " ; however , most others disagreed . Jason Damas of PopMatters compared the album to a second No Doubt greatest hits album , and Pitchfork Media 's Nick Sylvester felt that the large number of collaborators result in sacrificing Stefani 's identity on the album . Anthony Carew of Neumu expressed that the album 's fragmentation kept it from being " a bright @-@ and @-@ shiny pop @-@ music tour @-@ de @-@ force " . Most reviewers held that the collaborations prevented the album from having a solidified sound . Eric Greenwood wrote for Drawer B that " Stefani tries to be all things to all people here " , but that the result " comes off as manipulative and contrived . " Entertainment Weekly 's David Browne shared this opinion , stating that the album " is like one of those au courant retail magazines that resembles a catalog more than an old @-@ fashioned collection of , say , articles . " Many reviewers focused on the album 's light lyrical themes . Entertainment Weekly called the references to Stefani 's clothing line " shameless " and stated that " each song becomes akin to a pricey retro fashion blurb " , and Pitchfork Media quipped that " the Joker 's free @-@ money parade through Gotham City was a much more entertaining display of wealth , and he had Prince , not just Wendy & Lisa . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that the album 's " fashion fetish [ ... ] gives the album a sense of thematic cohesiveness " but that the " obsession with Harajuku girls borders on maniacal " . The Guardian disagreed with this perspective , arguing that " her affinity with Japanese pop culture [ ... ] yields a synthetic sheen [ ... ] that works well with the other point of reference , hip @-@ hop . " = = = Accolades = = = At the Billboard Music Awards , Stefani won the Digital Song of the Year award for " Hollaback Girl " and the New Artist of the Year Award , and she performed " Luxurious " with Slim Thug at the event . At the 2005 Grammy Awards , Stefani received a nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for " What You Waiting For ? " and performed " Rich Girl " with Eve . At the next year 's awards , Stefani received five nominations for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , Best Pop Vocal Album , and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . = = Commercial performance = = Love . Angel . Music . Baby. debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 , selling 309 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . On the issue dated June 18 , 2005 , the album climbed to a new peak position of number five with 83 @,@ 000 copies sold . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album triple platinum that December , and had sold four million copies by May 2009 . The album had similar success in Europe . After entering the UK Albums Chart at number 14 with sales of 45 @,@ 484 copies , Love . Angel . Music . Baby. peaked at number four in its 25th week on the chart , on May 15 , 2005 , selling 21 @,@ 271 copies . The album was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on September 16 , 2005 , and has sold 1 @,@ 068 @,@ 242 copies in the United Kingdom as of March 2016 . The album was listed as the 20th best @-@ selling album of 2005 in the UK . It also reached the top 10 in Denmark , Finland , Ireland , Norway , and Sweden , and the top 20 in Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Netherlands , and Switzerland . The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) certified the album platinum in May 2005 , denoting sales in excess of one million copies across Europe . In Australia , Love . Angel . Music . Baby. topped the ARIA Albums Chart for two consecutive weeks in February 2005 and spent 56 weeks on the chart . It ended 2005 as the fourth best @-@ selling album , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 280 @,@ 000 copies . The album peaked at number three for two non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Canadian Albums Chart , and was certified five @-@ times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in April 2006 for sales of over half a million copies . Love . Angel . Music . Baby. had sold seven million copies worldwide as of November 2006 , and became the 12th best @-@ selling album globally of 2005 . = = Impact = = The success of the album 's urban contemporary @-@ oriented songs in the adult contemporary market allowed for the success of other artists while Stefani was pregnant and later recording The Sweet Escape . Nelly Furtado 's third album Loose was released in June 2006 and was primarily produced by and written with hip hop producers Timbaland and Danja . Furtado 's reinvention from a worldbeat singer @-@ songwriter was to Stefani 's previous forays into urban contemporary music . In his review of Loose , Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone stated that Timbaland aimed to " produce an omnipop multiformat blockbuster in the style of [ Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ] — but without Gwen . " The Black Eyed Peas member Fergie released her solo debut album The Dutchess in September 2006 . The cholas that accompanied Fergie in some of her music videos were viewed as derivatives of the Harajuku Girls and Stefani 's " Luxurious " music video . The album 's lead single " London Bridge " was paralleled to " Hollaback Girl " and the third single " Glamorous " to " Luxurious " . Fergie refuted accusations of piggybacking on Stefani 's music , stating that " this is all so ridiculous [ ... ] The Peas and I make music we love , and for others to speculate is their problem . " = = Track listing = = Notes ^ a signifies an additional producer = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Rochester Castle = Rochester Castle stands on the east bank of the River Medway in Rochester , Kent , South East England . The 12th @-@ century keep or stone tower , which is the castle 's most prominent feature , is one of the best preserved in England or France . Situated on the River Medway and Watling Street , Rochester served as a strategically important royal castle . During the late medieval period it helped protect England 's south @-@ east coast from invasion . The first castle at Rochester was founded in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest . It was given to Bishop Odo , probably by his half @-@ brother William the Conqueror . During the Rebellion of 1088 over the succession to the English throne , Odo supported Robert Curthose , the Conqueror 's eldest son , against William Rufus . It was during this conflict that the castle first saw military action ; the city and castle were besieged after Odo made Rochester a headquarters for the rebellion . After the garrison capitulated , this first castle was abandoned . Between 1087 and 1089 , Rufus asked Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , to build a new stone castle at Rochester . He established the current extent of the castle . Though much altered through the centuries , some parts of Gundulf 's work survive . In 1127 King Henry I granted the castle to the Archbishop of Canterbury in perpetuity . William de Corbeil built the massive keep that still dominates the castle today . Throughout the 12th century the castle remained in the custody of the archbishops . During the First Barons ' War ( 1215 – 1217 ) in King John 's reign , baronial forces captured the castle from Archbishop Stephen Langton and held it against the king , who then besieged it . The Barnwell chronicler remarked " Our age has not known a siege so hard pressed nor so strongly resisted " . After resisting for just over seven weeks , the garrison surrendered . Although the castle had been greatly damaged , with breaches in the outer walls and one corner of the keep collapsed , it was hunger that eventually forced the defenders ' hand . The castle did not stay under John 's control for long : in 1216 it was captured by the French Prince Louis , who was the new leader of the baronial faction . John died and was succeeded by his son King Henry III in 1216 ; the next year , the war ended and the castle was taken under direct royal control . Rochester was besieged for the third time in 1264 during the Second Barons ' War ( 1264 – 1267 ) . The castle 's royal constable , Roger de Leybourne , held Rochester in support of Henry III . Rebel armies led by Simon de Montfort and Gilbert de Clare entered the city and set about trying to capture the castle . Again the castle 's defenders resisted , though this time with a different outcome . After a week , the rebel armies raised the siege in the face of relief from Henry himself . Although the garrison did not surrender , the castle suffered extensive damage that was not repaired until the following century . The castle saw military action for the last time in 1381 when it was captured and ransacked during the Peasants ' Revolt . As Rochester Castle fell out of use its materials were reused elsewhere and custodianship relinquished by the Crown . The castle and its grounds were opened to the public in the 1870s as a park . At various points during the 19th and 20th centuries repairs were carried out . The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument . Today the ruins are in the guardianship of English Heritage and open to the public . = = Early history = = Castles were introduced to England by the Normans in the 11th century and their construction , in the wake of the conquest of 1066 , helped the Normans secure their new territory . Rochester was an important city , built on the site of a Roman town at the junction of the River Medway and Watling Street , a Roman road . It has long been assumed that the first castle was located next to the river , just outside the south @-@ west corner of the town walls . The conjectural site of the early castle later became known as " Boley Hill " . Archaeologist Tom McNeill has suggested that these earliest castles in England may have been purely military in character , built to contain a large number of troops in hostile territory . According to the Domesday Book of 1086 , the Bishop of Rochester was given land valued at 17s 4d in Aylesford , Kent , in compensation for land that became the site of Rochester Castle . Of the 48 castles mentioned in the survey , Rochester is the only one for which property @-@ owners were reimbursed when their land was taken to build the castle . From the 11th century the castle @-@ guard was a feudal obligation in England . This often took the form of knights garrisoning castles for their lords for a set period . There is no comprehensive list of which castles were owed service in this form , but military historian Cathcart King notes that they seem to have been predominantly high @-@ status castles . Rochester 's castle @-@ guard consisted of 60 knights ' fees , marking it as a particularly important fortification . It was probably William the Conqueror who gave the city and its castle to Bishop Odo of Bayeux , the king 's half brother . On William 's death in September 1087 his territories were divided between his two sons . Robert , the elder , inherited the title of Duke of Normandy and William Rufus became King of England . A significant number of Norman barons objected to dividing Normandy and England , and Bishop Odo supported Robert 's claim to the English throne . Several others , including the earls of Northumberland and Shrewsbury and the Bishop of Coutances came out in support of Robert . Odo prepared Rochester Castle for war and it became one of the headquarters of the rebellion . Its position in Kent made it a suitable base for raids on London and its garrison could harry William 's forces in the county . William set off from London and marched towards Rochester to deal with the threat . Before he arrived , news reached the king that Odo had gone to Pevensey Castle , which was under the control of Robert , Count of Mortain . William turned away from Rochester and seized Pevensey . The captured Odo was forced to swear to hand over Rochester to William 's men . The king despatched a force with Odo in tow to demand Rochester 's surrender . Instead of yielding , the garrison sallied and captured the entire party . In response William laid siege to the city and castle . Contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis recorded that the siege began in May 1088 . Two siege @-@ castles were built to cut off the city 's supply lines and to protect the besiegers from sorties . Conditions within the city were dire : disease was rampant , exacerbated by the heat and flies . The garrison ultimately capitulated and terms were agreed . Odo , Eustace , Count of Boulogne , and Robert de Belleme , son of the Earl of Shrewsbury , were allowed to march away with their weapons and horses but their estates in England were confiscated . This marked the end of the castle 's role in the rebellion , and the fortification was probably abandoned shortly afterwards . The siege @-@ castles were abandoned after the conclusion of the siege and have since vanished . After the abandonment of Rochester 's first castle it was replaced by another on the current site , in the south @-@ west corner of the town walls . Founded between 1087 and 1089 , some parts of the castle survive although it has been much altered by use and reuse in subsequent centuries . William the Conqueror had granted Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , the manor of Haddenham in Buckinghamshire – which as of the Domesday Survey had an annual income of £ 40 – for the duration of his life . In turn , the archbishop had granted the manor to Rochester 's monks , so on the Conqueror 's death Lanfranc and Gundulf , who was appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1077 , had to appeal for reconfirmation of the original grant from the new king . William Rufus demanded £ 100 in exchange for confirmation of the grant . The two bishops felt such a sum was beyond their means and sought a compromise . Instead it was agreed that Gundulf would build a new stone castle at Rochester . Initially the two bishops were concerned that the cost would exceed the king 's original request and that they would be responsible for the castle 's upkeep . However Henry , Earl of Warwick , convinced them that a castle suitable for the king could be constructed for £ 40 and that following its completion the castle would be handed over to someone else . The actual cost to Gundulf was £ 60 . The bishop was a skilled architect and supervised the construction of the Tower of London 's eponymous White Tower on behalf of William the Conqueror . Gundulf 's castle was adjacent to Rochester Cathedral . According to archaeologist Oliver Creighton , when castles were positioned close to churches or cathedrals it suggested a link between the two , and in this case both were owned by the Bishop of Rochester . Often the same craftsmen and architects would work on these closely related buildings , leading to similarities in some of their features . Along with Durham and Old Sarum , Rochester is one of the best examples of a closely linked castle and religious building . In 1127 King Henry I granted Rochester Castle to the Archbishop of Canterbury , William de Corbeil , and his successors in perpetuity . He was given permission to build " a fortification or tower within the castle and keep and hold it forever " . Corbeil is responsible for building the great tower or keep that still stands today , albeit in an altered state . The 12th century saw many castles in England rebuilt in stone , an advancement in sophistication of design and technology . Although Rochester had already been given a stone curtain wall by Bishop Gundulf , the Keep dates from this period . It visually dominated the rest of the castle , towering above its outer walls , and acted as a residence containing the castle 's best accommodation . A sturdy fortification , it could also serve as a stronghold in the event of military action . Such was the importance of the keep as a symbol of Rochester it was depicted on the town 's seal in the 13th century . Construction progressed at a rate of about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) per year . It was probably finished before Corbeil died in 1138 and definitely before 1141 , when Robert , Earl of Gloucester , was imprisoned there during the Anarchy of King Stephen 's reign . It is likely that after the keep was built there was no further building activity in the 12th century , although the structure was maintained . Though held by the Archbishops of Canterbury under the king , the monarch was still responsible for financially supporting the castle . Continuous records of royal expenditures known as " Pipe Rolls " began in the reign of Henry II , and included in the rolls are details of expenditure on Rochester Castle 's upkeep . During the 12th century , these were generally small figures , but in 1172 – 1173 more than £ 100 was spent on the castle , coinciding with the rebellion of Henry II 's sons . Following the fall of Normandy in 1204 to the French forces of King Philip II , King John increased his expenditure on the castles in south @-@ east England in preparation for a possible invasion . Amongst these was Rochester and in 1206 John spent £ 115 on the castle 's ditches , keep , and other structures . Under England 's Angevin kings royal castles in south @-@ east England were invested in to protect the country from invasion ; Rochester was one of the most important . = = King John = = Custody of Rochester Castle remained with the Archbishops of Canterbury until the end of the 12th century . Despite ascending to the throne in 1199 King John did not confirm Hubert Walter as the castle 's custodian until July 1202 . John may have wished to regain direct control of what was an important castle . The crisis of John 's rule began in 1212 with the discovery of a plot to overthrow him . Defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 marked the end of John 's ambitions to retake Normandy and exacerbated the situation in England . He returned to England in October and a few months later barons in the north of England were actively challenging his rule . A group of barons renounced their feudal ties to John in May 1215 , and they captured London , Lincoln , and Exeter . John persuaded Stephen Langton , the new Archbishop of Canterbury , to cede control of Rochester Castle to a royal constable , Reginald de Cornhill . Under the terms of the agreement , the castle was to revert to the control of the archbishop at Easter 1215 . This period was later extended to Easter 1216 . Letters Patent dated 25 May 1215 requested that other royal constables would take over from Cornhill . The castle would still be returned to the archbishop when the agreement expired or if peace was restored to the kingdom before Easter 1216 . In the meantime , control reverted to Langton whom John had asked to hold the castle " in such a way that by it no ill or harm shall come to us or our kingdom " . John met the rebel barons at Runnymede , and on 19 June 1215 they renewed their vows of fealty . A peace treaty , which later became known as Magna Carta , was sealed . Shortly after the treaty the agreement between John and Langton to appoint a royal constable in charge of Rochester Castle was dissolved , returning control to the archbishop . The peace did not last and the First Barons ' War broke out . A group of rebels headed to Rochester to hold the city against John . The events surrounding the rebels ' takeover of the castle are unclear , but contemporary chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall recorded that the king demanded Langton hand over the castle to royal control and the archbishop refused . Although Langton held out against the king 's demands , the rebels feared he would eventually cave to pressure from the king and seized control of Rochester Castle for themselves . According to Ralph of Coggeshall , this was done with the consent of the castle 's constable , Reginald de Cornhill , who seems to have switched allegiance from the king to the archbishop after John appointed him as royal constable of the castle . Langton left the country that same month , leaving the castle in the hands of the king 's enemies . In a letter that year to justiciar Hubert de Burgh John expressed his anger towards Langton , calling him " a notorious traitor to us , since he did not render our castle of Rochester to us in our so great need . " After this point , Rochester Castle was no longer considered to be in the perpetual custody of the archbishops of Canterbury . At the time , John was in south @-@ east England recruiting mercenaries in preparation for his war with the barons . Rochester blocked the direct route to London , which was also held by the rebels . According to Roger of Wendover , the rebels at Rochester were led by William d 'Aubigny , lord of Belvoir . Estimates of the size of Rochester 's garrison vary , with the chroniclers ' figures ranging from 95 to 140 knights , supported by crossbowmen , sergeants , and others . Hearing the news that the city was in enemy hands , John immediately rode to Rochester and arrived on 13 October . Royal forces had arrived ahead of John and entered the city on 11 October , taking it by surprise and laying siege to the castle . Rochester bridge was pulled down to prevent the arrival of a relief force from London . The siege that followed was the largest in England up to that point , and would take nearly two months . Boley Hill to the south of the castle may have been used as John 's headquarters during the siege . According to the Barnwell chronicler , five siege engines hurled a barrage of stones at the castle 's wall day and night . These were supported by missiles from smaller bows and crossbows . Though the Barnwell chronicler claimed they smashed a hole in the castle 's outer walls , Roger of Wendover asserted they were ineffective and that John turned to other methods to breach the defences . A letter dated 14 October indicates John was preparing to undermine the castle 's walls . He wrote to Canterbury , asking for the production " by day and night of as many picks as you are able " and that they be sent to Rochester . On 26 October a relief force of 700 horse was sent from London . They turned back before arriving , perhaps because they heard the king was advancing to meet them . When the castle 's outer walls were eventually breached , the defenders retreated to the relative safety of the keep . It too withstood the efforts of the siege engines , and once again John turned to mining to bring down the walls . The mine was dug beneath the south @-@ east corner of the keep . A letter sent from Rochester on 25 November offers insight into the methods of medieval siegecraft . John ordered Hugh de Burgh to " send to us with all speed by day and night forty of the fattest pigs of the sort least good for eating to bring fire beneath the tower " . The wooden props supporting the tunnel dug beneath the keep were set alight to collapse the mine , bringing down one corner of the keep . Still the garrison held out and sought safety behind the stone partition or cross @-@ wall in the keep , abandoning half the building . The Barnwell chronicler remarked that " for such was the structure of the stronghold that a very strong wall separated the half that had fallen from the other " . Conditions within the keep worsened by the day and the garrison were reduced to eating horse flesh . In an attempt to reduce the demand on limited provisions , some members were sent out of the keep , beginning with those least capable of fighting . Some sources record that they had their hands and feet amputated by the besiegers . On 30 November the garrison eventually surrendered and were taken captive . Initially John wanted to execute them all as was the custom of the time when a garrison had forced a long and bloody conflict . Savaric de Mauléon , one of John 's captains , persuaded the king otherwise , concerned that similar treatment would be shown to royal garrisons by the rebels . Only one person was executed : a crossbowman who had previously been in the service of the king since childhood was hanged . Many of the rebels were imprisoned , sent to royal castles such as Corfe for safe @-@ keeping . Of the siege the Barnwell chronicler wrote , " Our age has not known a siege so hard pressed nor so strongly resisted ... Afterwards few cared to put their trust in castles " . Prince Louis of France , son of Philip II , was invited by the barons to become the new leader of the rebellion and become king in the event of their victory . In 1216 he arrived in England and captured Rochester Castle ; it is not known how , however , as no documentary evidence recording the event survives . = = Henry III = = John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his nine @-@ year @-@ old son , Henry , with the support of the barons . With no prospect of becoming King of England , Louis returned to France . Rochester Castle was returned to royal control in 1217 . Given the damage incurred during John 's siege , the castle was in dire need of repairs . Between 1217 and 1237 around £ 680 were spent on repairs , of which £ 530 were taken up by work on the keep . In 1225 and 1226 the town walls were enhanced by the addition of a ditch at the cost of £ 300 . The new ditch enclosed Boley Hill , possibly to deny the position to future aggressors who might attack the castle . Repairs began with the castle 's outer curtain wall . At the same time a chapel was built within the castle . In 1226 the hall , buttery , and dispensary were repaired . Work probably did not begin on the keep until 1226 . It was mostly repaired by 1227 , but work continued on it until 1232 . During 1230 and 1231 a stone wall dividing the castle 's enclosure into two parts was built which no longer survives . While attention was paid to making the castle a working fortification , Henry III also funded construction of residential and other buildings . In 1244 , £ 132 was spent on building a second chapel next to the royal apartments . Stables and an almonry were added in 1248 . The main gatehouse was rebuilt between 1249 and 1250 at a cost of over £ 120 . Further repairs were carried out on the keep in 1256 , this time costing more than £ 120 . Later in the decade further attention was paid to the castle 's defences , possibly in response to Henry III 's worsening relations with his barons . Henry III 's reign was in crisis in 1258 . He had recently suffered defeat in Wales , there were agricultural problems leading to a famine , and relations with the pope were worsening . Discontent amongst England 's magnates led Henry to promise reform , but under continued pressure his authority disintegrated . A royal council of fifteen magnates was formed in June that year , and the rule of the country transferred from the king to the council . With foreign help Henry 's reign was restored in 1261 as the council were reluctant to start a civil war . Simon de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , raised a rebellion . In 1264 civil war broke out between those loyal to the king and the baronial forces led by de Montfort . Rochester 's constable in 1264 , Roger de Leybourne , held the castle in support of Henry . John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey , was the garrison 's co @-@ commander . A baronial army led by Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Hertford , laid siege to the castle on 17 April that year . Having marched from the earl 's castle to Tonbridge the army attacked from the Rochester side of the river , either the south or west . While the army advanced towards the city the royalist garrison set alight the suburbs . The king 's hall within the castle was also burned down , although it is unclear why . An army under Simon de Montfort marched from London with the intention of attacking the city from another direction . The earl 's first two attempts to cross the Medway were fought back , but he was successful on 18 April , Good Friday . The method used is uncertain , although it involved a fire @-@ ship . The smoke may have been used as cover for the rebels , or the ship may have been used to burn the bridge while the army travelled by water . In a co @-@ ordinated attack that had been pre @-@ arranged , the armies of de Montfort and de Clare attacked the city . They entered Rochester in the evening and that night the cathedral was raided . The following day the rebels captured the castle 's outer enclosure and the royal garrison retreated to the keep . Because the next day was Easter Sunday there was no fighting , though hostilities resumed on the Monday . Siege engines were set up and targeted the keep . As in 1215 the keep proved resistant to missiles , and after a week had not succumbed . According to one contemporary source , the besiegers were about to dig a mine beneath the tower , but the siege was abandoned on 26 April when the earls received news of a relief force led by Henry III and his son , Prince Edward . = = Later history = = Though the garrison had held out within the keep , the rest of the castle had incurred severe damage , but no attempt was made to carry out repairs until the reign of Edward III ( 1327 – 1377 ) . It was noted in 1275 that the castle 's constables had not only failed to make any effort to repair the structure but had caused further damage : they stole stone from the castle for reuse elsewhere . In 1281 John of Cobham , the constable , was granted permission to pull down the castle 's hall and chambers which had been left as burnt @-@ out ruins after the 1264 siege . Numerous surveys in the following century bear testament to the castle 's sorry state and follow its steady decline . A survey from 1340 estimated that repairs would cost around £ 600 , however another conducted 23 years later stated that it would cost £ 3 @,@ 333 6s 8d . Natural weathering worsened the condition of the castle , and in 1362 a " great wind " damaged the structure . By 1369 few of the castle 's buildings still stood : the keep , gatehouses , a hall , kitchen , and stable were all that survived , and even then in a state of ruin . Although it too was in desperate need of repair , the keep was still in use and was the centre of the domestic life at the castle . Between May 1367 and September 1370 repairs costing £ 2 @,@ 262 were carried out . Records show that sections of the curtain wall were repaired and two mural towers built , one of them replacing a tower on the same site . The towers were positioned north @-@ east of the keep and still stand . Although more work was undertaken between 1370 and 1377 , the year of Edward 's death , what it consisted of is unknown . The royal apartments built during Henry III 's reign were never repaired ; it has been suggested this was because by the 14th century , when considerable sums were being spent on repairs elsewhere in the castle , Rochester had fallen out of favour as a royal residence . As the castle 's importance as a high @-@ status residence waned , its role as a barracks and administrative centre came to the fore . The reign of Richard II ( 1377 – 1400 ) saw the investment of £ 500 in repairing the castle . This was in part in response to French raids on England 's southern coast during the Hundred Years ' War as England 's fortunes in the conflict worsened . The most significant of these works was the construction of a tower at the north end of the castle , overlooking the bridge over the Medway . Records document the sum of £ 350 spent on a new tower between 1378 and 1383 , and it mostly likely refers to the one guarding the bridge . Rochester Castle saw fighting for the final time during the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 . It was besieged and captured by a group of rebels who plundered the castle and released a prisoner . It has been suggested that the £ 66 10s spent in 1384 – 1388 and the £ 91 13s spent in 1395 – 1397 may have been partially in response to damage incurred during the revolt . During the reigns of Henry IV ( 1399 – 1413 ) and his successor Henry V ( 1413 – 1422 ) , Rochester Castle was in the guardianship of William , Earl of Arundel and his brother Richard . The castle was given to Henry V 's widow , Catherine of Valois , in 1423 as part of her dower to support her financially . She died in 1437 , at which point the castle came under the custodianship of the clerk of the King 's works . Despite this , there are no records of building work during the 15th century and almost nothing is known about Rochester Castle between then and the second half of the 16th century . The decline of the castle 's military significance is marked by the leasing of the surrounding ditch , beginning in 1564 at the latest . Between 1599 and 1601 stone from Rochester Castle was reused to build nearby Upnor Castle , an artillery fort . Diarist Samuel Pepys commented on the condition of Rochester Castle , and as early as the 17th century the castle may have acted as a tourist attraction . By this time many castles were in a state of ruin , and Rochester was amongst those in need of repair , although still in use . In 1610 James I granted Sir Anthony Weldon control of the castle . During the English Civil War , Weldon declared for the Parliamentarian cause . The castle did not see fighting during the war , even though the city was captured by Royalists in 1648 ; this may indicate that the castle was not a serviceable fortification by this point . Weldon 's support for the Parliamentarians may have spared the castle from slighting ( demolition ) in the aftermath , a fate shared by many other castles . Walker Weldon inherited the castle and carried out the destruction of part of the outer wall in the 18th century to sell off the building material ; he had originally intended to dismantle more of the castle , but the plans were abandoned . A drawing from around this time suggests that the cross wall had been removed by this point . While other parts of the castle were dismantled , the two towers in the south @-@ east wall were still being used for accommodation . In 1743 prisoners were held at the castle , probably in huts . Rochester Castle descended through the Weldon family until it was bequeathed to Thomas Blechynden in the 18th century . By 1774 Robert Child was in possession of the castle , and it remained in the possession of his family until 1884 . There were unsuccessful plans in 1780 to reuse Rochester Castle as an army barracks , after the commander of the Royal Engineers for Chatham , Colonel Hugh Debbieg , asked the Child family for permission . The castle ruins inspired a painting by artist J. M. W. Turner in the late 18th century , one of his first oil paintings . Turner was renowned for his love of nature and was at the forefront of the picturesque movement , during which such ruins became fashionable . By the 19th century , gardens were created within the castle 's enclosure . Charles Dickens lived in Rochester and included the castle ruins in The Pickwick Papers and The Mystery of Edwin Drood . Through the words of one of his characters , Dickens described the castle as a " glorious pile – frowning wall – tottering arches – dark nooks – crumbling stones " . Many of England 's historic buildings , particularly ruins , have acquired myths and legends , and some are rumoured to be haunted . Rochester is no exception , and is reportedly haunted by a white lady . Dickens is also said to haunt the moat on Christmas Eve . The 19th century saw efforts to preserve the castle . In 1826 repairs were made to the well in the keep . At the same time a survey was carried out by A. W. N. Pugin and he excavated around the keep , investigating how it was built . He descended into the well in a bucket in an unsuccessful search for treasure . Victor Child Villiers , 7th Earl of Jersey , leased the castle to the Corporation of Rochester in 1870 for use as a public park ; when it opened to the public in 1872 , Rochester Castle was presented as a picturesque ruin , with trees planted in the enclosure and the walls overgrown with ivy . In 1884 the Corporation bought the castle for £ 6 @,@ 572 ( equivalent to £ 3 @.@ 4 million in 2009 terms ) . Between 1896 and 1904 , George Payne carried out repairs . In the first quarter of the century the gardens acquired a German field gun and a tank from the First World War , and a bandstand , though they were removed by 1961 . Ivy was removed from the keep between 1919 and 1931 and the planting in the castles scaled back . In 1960 the origin of Boley Hill was investigated archaeologically , but the excavations failed to provide firm dating evidence . The castle 's state was assessed in 1961 , and the cost of repairs estimated at £ 30 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 1 @.@ 1 million in 2009 terms ) . The Ministry of Public Building and Works took over care of the castle from the Corporation of Rochester in 1965 . Records of the Ministry 's conservation work have gone missing , so precisely what was done is unclear . Between 1962 and 1965 the council removed buildings from the castle 's ditch . Guardianship transferred to English Heritage in 1984 . Since 1995 the City of Rochester has been responsible for daily management of the castle . Descaling at the start of the 21st century contributed to the decay of the keep , and one of the mural towers was in need of maintenance . Due to the decayed state of the keep , public access is restricted and netting has been erected to protect visitors . The possibility of adding floors and a roof to the keep was discussed in the 1970s and 1990s , but there were concerns that a roof would change the climate within the building . The castle is a Scheduled Monument , a " nationally important " historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change . It is also a Grade I listed building , and recognised as an internationally important structure . The castle is open to the public . = = Architecture = = Little is known about the design of the first castle at Rochester as it has since vanished , and even the exact site is uncertain . It most likely took the form of a motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle , with a mound and an outer enclosure defended by a timber palisade and earthen banks . Boley Hill has been suggested as the site of the first castle , an outwork reinforcing the castle 's defences , or an abandoned siege castle like those documented in the 1088 siege . Boley Hill is a natural outcrop of rock , and could have acted as a motte . The castle built by Bishop Gundulf in the late 12th century was enclosed by a stone wall . Situated in the south @-@ west corner of the city , the castle used the remains of the Roman town walls as foundations . The circuit had at least one tower ; it was replaced in the 14th century . The original gateway was radically altered in the 13th or 14th century . From across the River Medway , the twin landmarks of Rochester 's castle and cathedral would have dominated the medieval landscape , symbolic of the authority of the church and nobility in the period . Most castles were built by secular nobles , but the work by Gundulf and his successor Corbeil provide examples of the role of the church in castle building . According to military historian Allen Brown Rochester 's keep is " among the finest and oldest in all England " . Since its construction it underwent limited alteration , aside from the rebuilding of one corner , and although now in a state of ruin it remains significantly intact and is considered one of the most important surviving 12th @-@ century keeps in England and France . The keep was richly decorated with hangings and furnishings . Dating from the second quarter of the 12th century , it is Rochester Castle 's dominant feature . It had a square plan , and measures 70 by 70 feet ( 21 by 21 m ) externally with pilaster buttresses at each corner . The keep was built in the castle 's southern corner , close to the curtain wall . The primary building material was local Kentish Ragstone , although Caen stone used to face the keep was imported from Normandy . The same material was imported for the Tower of London 's White Tower in the 11th century . The tops of the turrets rise 125 feet ( 38 m ) above the ground , 12 ft above the battlements . Below the latter are rectangular holes , marking where wooden hoarding would have been attached . Though 12 ft thick at the base , the walls of the keep taper to 10 ft at the top . It is the tallest keep in England , and only those at Dover , the Tower of London , Colchester , and Norwich are larger . During John 's siege of Rochester in 1215 , the south @-@ east corner collapsed ; during Henry III 's reign it was rebuilt as a cylinder . The windows increase in size higher up the walls , although only the uppermost were decorated . A spiral staircase in the north @-@ east corner provided access to all floors , and another in the south @-@ west corner went from the first floor to the top floor . The north @-@ west corner tower contains small chambers , and the south @-@ east probably had a similar layout before it was rebuilt . Keeps were traditionally built with an entrance at first @-@ floor level , and Rochester 's follows this pattern . A forebuilding attached to the north side guarded the entrance . A stone staircase began on the west side of the keep before turning and meeting the forebuilding , which could be entered by crossing a drawbridge across a gap 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) wide . There was another entrance in the west of the forebuilding , and at some point a new doorway was knocked through to the keep at the bottom of the drawbridge pit . The original door from the forebuilding into the keep was protected by a portcullis . The stone @-@ built keeps of the 11th century generally had simple plans , with few rooms and an uncomplicated layout . Rochester 's keep bears testament to a developing complexity , and provides an early example of a keep divided into separate areas for the lord and his retinue . The thickness of the walls allowed rooms to be built into them , as can also be seen at the Hedingham Castle 's contemporaneous keep , or the slightly later one at Dover . The keep 's interior is divided for its entire height by a cross wall running east – west . The ground floor was used for storage , with the three storeys above providing accommodation . The first floor probably contained a hall and great chamber , divided by the cross wall . This level may have been the accommodation of the castle 's constable who looked after it during the owner 's absence . There is a room called " Gundulf 's Chamber " built into the thickness of the wall in the north @-@ west corner ; it may well have been the constable 's private chamber . The second floor contained the keep 's best accommodation and some of its most elaborate decoration . It is 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) high and surrounded by a gallery in its upper half built into the thickness of the walls . The floor also had a chapel measuring about 28 by 15 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 by 4 @.@ 6 m ) . At some unknown point in the post @-@ medieval period , a fire gutted the keep , leaving it in its present state without floors or a roof . On the second floor , there are openings in the cross wall , broken by a series of Romanesque columns between round @-@ headed arches . The cross wall carried a well shaft , with a well @-@ head at each floor . The third floor had a second chapel and access to the roof , and may have held additional accommodation . The current entrance in the north @-@ east occupies the approximate location of the main gatehouse constructed by Gundulf and then rebuilt during 1249 – 1250 . It was pulled down in the 1870s when the enclosure was converted into a municipal garden . An engraving from 1735 by the Buck brothers gives some indication of the gatehouse 's form : the gate was an archway between two towers projecting from the curtain wall . It was reached by a stone causeway across a ditch , rather than a drawbridge . A tower containing a postern gate was located in the north @-@ west corner of the enclosure , built at the close of the 14th century to guard the bridge over the Medway . The tower and postern no longer stands , but 19th @-@ century antiquary and engineer G. T. Clark made some notes on the structure while it was still standing and commented that it had mechanisms to lift supplies for the castle from the river . The western part of the stone outer wall , a stretch facing the river , dates from when Gundulf built the first wall enclosing the castle . In the 19th century a revetment was added to strengthen the decaying wall . Like the keep , it was constructed using Kentish Ragstone . This part of Gundulf 's wall was 4 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) thick at the base , narrowing to 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) at the top ; it rose to a height of around 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) . Four embrasures were added to this part of the wall in the 13th century , although the builders imitated Norman design . At the northern end of the 12th @-@ century stretch of western wall are the remains of a building , probably a hall , dating from the 13th century . Although no longer standing , it is known it had a vaulted undercroft . In the south Gundulf 's wall survived into the modern period , although has now been dismantled . The current wall is a 19th @-@ century replacement . At the eastern end of this wall , near the southern corner of the castle , is a two @-@ storey rounded tower 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter dating from the early 13th century . It was built to fill the breach in the curtain wall caused when John 's army besieged the castle and to reinforce a weak point in the defences . The section from the tower to the location of the former main gatehouse in the north @-@ east dates from about 1367 to 1370 . Two towers were built along the wall , each two storeys high and again using Kentish Ragstone . The one nearest the keep is relatively plain and the northernmost one more elaborate . The latter was intended for use as a residence and in the modern period was converted into a cottage . The wall between these two towers was reduced in the modern period , possibly to give a better view of the cathedral . Apart from the west side , the castle was surrounded by a ditch , much of which has since been filled in .
= Texas State Highway 168 = State Highway 168 ( SH 168 or TX 168 ) is a short state highway located entirely within the city of Galveston in the U.S. state of Texas . The highway connects SH 87 to Coast Guard Station Galveston , on the eastern portion of Galveston Island . At just under 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) in length , the highway is the second @-@ shortest in the state , and the shortest signed highway ( SH165 , which is shorter , is officially designated but not signed ) . The road travels along the edge of residential area for most of its length before it bends northeast and runs through a small marsh . The route was first proposed in 1933 ; it would have traveled through Atascosia and Wilson counties . Portions of the proposal were replaced by SH 97 by at least 1936 , while the rest was cancelled . State Highway 87 first followed the routing of SH 168 , but was moved by 1961 . A short railroad spur was built along the course of the route , and SH 168 was officially designated in 1986 . = = Route description = = State Highway 168 begins at an at @-@ grade intersection with SH 87 , or Ferry Road , on the eastern portion of Galveston Island . The highway runs eastward for a short distance , being bordered by an apartment complex and a small gas station . After bending northward , the road enters rural areas , while following the course of a small , man @-@ made drainage creek . The roadway continues northwest , bordered by marsh and brushland to the east and several resorts and apartment complexes to the west . It bends northeast and proceeds past a small portion of a U.S. Coast Guard station . The route splits away from the creek and continues past Corps Woods Nature Sanctuary , a major birdwatching destination . The highway intersects a small access road to the Coast Guard station , before continuing northward to its northern terminus , the main entrance gate to the Coast Guard facility . A small road continues inside the station from the gate . The highway is maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) . Part of the TxDOT 's job is to measure traffic along the highway . These counts are taken using a metric called annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles that travel along a portion of the highway . The TxDOT usually measures AADT near an intersection . In 2011 , the highway 's AADT count was 1500 vehicles , taken at a point just after the intersection with SH 87 . This was an increase from the previous year , when the AADT at the same point was approximately 1400 vehicles . This was also an increase from 2009 , when the route 's AADT was just 1100 vehicles , also taken from the same point . No portion of the roadway is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = State Highway 168 was first proposed in 1933 , traveling from Campbellton in Atascosia County northeastward to Floresville in Wilson County before bending further eastward and terminating at SH 81 . The proposal was listed as a conditional designation , meaning that it would not be maintained by the State Highway Commission . However , by 1935 , the portion traveling from Floresville to SH 81 , a distance of approximately 11 miles ( 18 km ) , was designated as a portion of SH 97 , while the rest of the proposed State Highway 168 was cancelled . On September 26 , 1939 , SH 87 was designated to a road that followed the general course of present @-@ day SH 168 . By 1961 , the highway had been shifted westward , but a spur of the Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad had been constructed along the approximate location of the highway 's present route . On October 24 , 1985 , SH 168 was approved for designation by the Texas Transportation Commission ( TTC ) , and on April 18 , 1986 the highway was officially designated by the TxDOT 's Administration Circle . At the time , the road was approximately 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) in length . By 1994 , the highway had been extended to approximately 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) in length , due to an extension of its northern terminus . = = Junction list = = The entire highway is in Galveston , Galveston County .
= Alvin M. Weinberg = Alvin Martin Weinberg ( April 20 , 1915 – October 18 , 2006 ) was an American nuclear physicist who was the administrator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) during and after the Manhattan Project . He came to Oak Ridge , Tennessee , in 1945 and remained there until his death in 2006 . He was the first to use the term " Faustian bargain " to describe nuclear energy . A graduate of the University of Chicago , which awarded him his doctorate in mathematical biophysics in 1939 , Weinberg joined the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory in September 1941 . The following year he became part of Eugene Wigner 's Theoretical Group , whose task was to design the nuclear reactors that would convert uranium into plutonium . Weinberg replaced Wigner as Director of Research at ORNL in 1948 , and became director of the laboratory in 1955 . Under his direction it worked on the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program , and pioneered many innovative reactor designs , including the pressurized water reactors ( PWRs ) and boiling water reactors ( BWRs ) , which have since become the dominant reactor types in commercial nuclear power plants , and Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor designs . In 1960 , Weinberg was appointed to the President 's Science Advisory Committee in the Eisenhower administration and later served on it in the Kennedy administration . After leaving the ORNL in 1973 , he was named director of the Office of Energy Research and Development in Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . The following year he founded and became the first director of the Institute for Energy Analysis at Oak Ridge Associated Universities ( ORAU ) . = = Early years in Chicago = = Alvin Martin Weinberg was born April 20 , 1915 in Chicago , Illinois , the son of Jacob Weinberg and Emma Levinson Weinberg , two Russian Jewish emigrants who met in 1905 on board the boat carrying them to the United States . He had an older sister , Fay , who was born on November 30 , 1910 . She later became a sociology professor at the University of the Pacific . He attended Theodore Roosevelt High School in Chicago . Weinberg entered the University of Chicago , from which he received his Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) degree in Physics in 1935 , and his Master of Science ( M.S. ) in Physics the following year . He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in mathematical biophysics in 1939 , writing his thesis on Mathematical foundations for a theory of biophysical periodicity , under the supervision of Carl Eckart . Weinberg later lamented that , in restricting his thesis to linear systems , he had overlooked interesting nonlinear systems that Ilya Prigogine later received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studying . While at Chicago , Weinberg was hired by the family of Margaret Despres , a student at the University of Chicago , to tutor her in mathematics . They were married on June 14 , 1940 . They had two sons , David Robert Weinberg and Richard J. Weinberg . = = Metallurgical Laboratory = = Weinberg taught courses at Wright Junior College . He applied for and received a National Research Council fellowship to study under Kenneth S. Cole at Columbia University , but never took it up , as Cole came to Chicago to work on the Manhattan Project as a radiation biologist . Weinberg was recruited to work at its Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in September 1941 by Eckart and Samuel Allison , who needed someone to work on the latter 's neutron capture calculations . In early 1942 , Arthur Compton concentrated the Manhattan Project 's various teams working on plutonium at the University of Chicago . This brought in many top scientists including Herbert Anderson , Bernard Feld , Enrico Fermi , Leó Szilárd and Walter Zinn from Columbia , and Edward Creutz , Gilbert Plass , Eugene Wigner and John Wheeler from Princeton University . Weinberg became a protégé of Wigner . Wigner led the Theoretical Group at the Metallurgical Laboratory that included Alvin Weinberg , Katharine Way , Gale Young and Edward Creutz . The group 's task was to design the production nuclear reactors that would convert uranium into plutonium . At the time , reactors existed only on paper , and no reactor had yet gone critical . In July 1942 , Wigner chose a conservative 100 MW design , with a graphite neutron moderator and water cooling . The choice of water as a coolant was controversial at the time . Water was known to absorb neutrons , thereby reducing the efficiency of the reactor , but Wigner was confident that his group 's calculations were correct and that water would work , while the technical difficulties involved in using helium or liquid metal as a coolants would delay the project . After the United States Army Corps of Engineers took over the Manhattan Project , it gave responsibility for the detailed design and construction of the reactors to DuPont . There was friction between the company and Wigner and his team . Major differences between Wigner 's reactor design and DuPont 's included increasing the number of process tubes from 1 @,@ 500 in a circular array to 2 @,@ 004 in a square array , and cutting the power from 500 MW to 250 MW . As it turned out , the design decision by DuPont to give the reactor additional tubes came in handy when neutron poisoning became a problem for the B Reactor at the Hanford Site . The extra tubes allowed a greater fuel load to overcome the poisoning . Without them the reactor would have had to be run at low power until enough of the boron impurities in the graphite had been burned up to allow it to reach full power , which would have delayed full operation by up to a year . As the reactors at Hanford came online , the Metallurgical Laboratory turned its attention back to theoretical designs . The discovery of spontaneous fission in reactor @-@ bred plutonium due to contamination by plutonium @-@ 240 led Wigner to propose switching to breeding uranium @-@ 233 from thorium , but the challenge was met by the Los Alamos Laboratory developing an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon design . Wigner was also intrigued by the possibility of doing away with much of the complexities of a reactor by having the uranium in solution or a slurry in heavy water . The Metallurgical Laboratory attempted to find a way of doing this . Amongst the competing designs , Weinberg proposed the pressurized water reactor , which ultimately became the most common design . This was only one of the many possibilities discussed by Weinberg and his colleagues at Chicago and Oak Ridge . Later , he wrote : In these early days we explored all sorts of power reactors , comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each type . The number of possibilities was enormous , since there are many possibilities for each component of a reactor — fuel , coolant , moderator . The fissile material may be 233U , 235U , or 239Pu ; the coolant may be : water , heavy water , gas , or liquid metal ; the moderator may be : water , heavy water , beryllium , graphite — or , in a fast- neutron reactor , no moderator . I have calculated that , if one counted all the combinations of fuel , coolant , and moderator , one could identify about a thousand distinct reactors . Thus , at the very beginning of nuclear power , we had to choose which possibilities to pursue , which to ignore . The ultimate success of the pressurized water reactor , he wrote , was due less to any superior characteristics of water , but rather to the decision to power the prototype of the Mark I submarine thermal reactor with a pressurized version of the Materials Testing Reactor at Oak Ridge . Once pressurized water was established , other possibilities became too expensive to pursue , but Weinberg remained interested in other possibilities . According to Freeman Dyson , he was the only nuclear pioneer who supported the wide universe of reactor designs . = = Work at Oak Ridge = = In 1945 , Wigner accepted a position as the Director of Research at the Clinton Laboratories in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , which then had a staff of about 800 . He took with him his protégés Gale Young , Katherine Way and Weinberg . Weinberg , who was the first to arrive at Oak Ridge in May 1945 , became head of the Physics Division in 1946 . But after the Atomic Energy Commission took over responsibility for the laboratory 's operations from the Manhattan Project at the start of 1947 , Wigner , feeling unsuited to a managerial role in the new environment , left Oak Ridge at the end of summer in 1947 and returned to Princeton University . The administration of the Clinton Laboratories passed from Monsanto to the University of Chicago in May 1947 , and then to Union Carbide in December 1947 . The Atomic Energy Commission 's influential General Advisory Committee , chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer , recommended that all work on reactors be concentrated at the Argonne National Laboratory , the successor to the Metallurgical Laboratory , near Chicago . There was also competition for staff and resources from the newly established Brookhaven National Laboratory near New York . Morale was low , and no one could be found to take on the job of Director of Research at the laboratory , renamed the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) in January 1948 . At least six people turned down the job before Union Carbide 's acting Director , Nelson ( Bunny ) Rucker , asked Weinberg to become Director of Research in March 1948 . Weinberg was subsequently appointed director in 1955 . He often sat in the front row at ORNL division information meetings and he would ask the first , often very penetrating , question after each scientific talk . For young scientists giving their first presentation , the experience could be frightening , but it was also exciting and stimulating . When asked how he found the time to attend every meeting , Weinberg replied jokingly , " We didn 't have a DOE in those days . " = = = Reactor development = = = The Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion ( ANP ) project was ORNL 's biggest program , using 25 % of ORNL 's budget . The ANP project 's military goal was to produce a nuclear @-@ powered aircraft ( a bomber ) to overcome the range limitations of jet @-@ fueled aircraft at that time . That the project had little chance of success was not overlooked , but it provided employment and allowed ORNL to stay in the reactor development business . ORNL successfully built and operated a prototype of an aircraft reactor power plant by creating the world 's first molten salt fueled and cooled reactor called the Aircraft Reactor Experiment ( ARE ) in 1954 , which set a record high temperature of operation of 1 @,@ 600 ° F ( 870 ° C ) . Due to the radiation hazard posed to aircrew , and people on the ground in the event of a crash , new developments in ballistic missile technology , aerial refueling and longer range jet bombers , President Kennedy canceled the program in June 1961 . Weinberg had the Materials Testing Reactor converted into a mock @-@ up of a real reactor called the Low Intensity Test Reactor ( LITR ) or " Poor Man 's Pile " . Experiments at the LITR led to the design of both pressurized water reactors ( PWRs ) and boiling water reactors ( BWRs ) , which have since become the dominant reactor types in commercial nuclear power plants . Weinberg was attracted to the simplicity and self @-@ controlling features of nuclear reactors that used fluid fuels , such as Harold Urey and Eugene Wigner 's proposed Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor . Therefore , to support the Nuclear Aircraft project in the late 1940s , Weinberg asked ORNL 's reactor engineers to design a reactor using liquid instead of solid fuel . This Homogeneous Reactor Experiment ( HRE ) was affectionately dubbed " Alvin 's 3P reactor " because it required a pot , a pipe , and a pump . The HRE went into operation in 1950 and , at the criticality party , Weinberg brought the appropriate spirits : " When piles go critical in Chicago , we celebrate with wine . When piles go critical in Tennessee , we celebrate with Jack Daniel 's . " The HRE operated for 105 days before it was closed down . Despite its leaks and corrosion , valuable information was gained from its operation and it proved a simple and safe reactor to control . During the time the HRE was online , Senators John F. Kennedy and Albert Gore , Sr. visited ORNL and were hosted by Weinberg . = = = Molten salt reactors = = = ORNL shifted its focus to a civilian version of the meltdown @-@ proof Molten Salt Reactor ( MSR ) away from the military 's " daft " idea of nuclear @-@ powered aircraft . The Molten @-@ Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) set a record for continuous operation and was the first to use uranium @-@ 233 as fuel . It also used plutonium @-@ 239 and the standard , naturally @-@ occurring uranium @-@ 235 . The MSR was known as the " chemist 's reactor " because it was proposed mainly by chemists ( ORNL 's Ray Briant and Ed Bettis ( an engineer ) and NEPA 's Vince Calkins ) , and because it used a chemical solution of melted salts containing the actinides ( uranium , thorium , and / or plutonium ) in a carrier salt , most often composed of beryllium ( BeF2 ) and lithium ( LiF ) ( isotopically depleted in Lithium @-@ 6 to prevent excessive neutron capture or tritium production ) – FLiBe . The MSR also afforded the opportunity to change the chemistry of the molten salt while the reactor was operating to remove fission products and add new fuel or change the fuel , all of which is called " online processing " . = = = Biological and environmental studies = = = Under Weinberg 's tenure as director , ORNL 's Biology Division grew to five times the size of the next largest division . This division was charged with understanding how ionizing radiation interacts with living things and to try to find ways to help them survive radiation damage , such as bone marrow transplants . In the 1960s Weinberg also pursued new missions for ORNL , such as using nuclear energy to desalinate seawater . He recruited Philip Hammond from the Los Alamos National Laboratory to further this mission and in 1970 started the first big ecology project in the United States : the National Science Foundation — Research Applied to National Needs Environmental Program . = = = Leadership = = = In 1958 , Weinberg coauthored the first nuclear reactor textbook , The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors , with Wigner . The following year , 1959 , he was elected president of the American Nuclear Society and , in 1960 , began service on the President 's Science Advisory Committee under the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations . Starting in 1945 with Patent # 2 @,@ 736 @,@ 696 , Weinberg , usually with Wigner , filed numerous patents on the light water reactor ( LWR ) technology that has provided the United States ' primary nuclear reactors . The main LWR types are Pressurized Water Reactors ( PWRs ) and Boiling Water Reactors ( BWRs ) , that serve in Naval propulsion and commercial nuclear power . In 1965 he was appointed vice president of Union Carbide 's Nuclear Division . In a 1971 paper , Weinberg first used the term " Faustian bargain " to describe nuclear energy : We nuclear people have made a Faustian bargain with society . On the one hand we offer — in the catalytic nuclear burner ( i.e. , the breeder ) — an inexhaustible source of energy . Even in the short range , when we use ordinary reactors , we offer energy that is cheaper than energy from fossil fuel . Moreover , this source of energy when properly handled is almost nonpolluting . Whereas fossil @-@ fuel burners emit oxides of carbon , nitrogen , and sulfur ... there is no intrinsic reason why nuclear systems must emit any pollutant except heat and traces of radioactivity . But the price that we demand of society for this magical source is both a vigilance from and longevity of our social institutions that we are quite unaccustomed to . Weinberg was fired by the Nixon administration from ORNL in 1973 after 18 years as the laboratory 's director , because he continued to advocate increased nuclear safety and molten salt reactors ( MSRs ) , instead of the Administration 's chosen Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor ( LMFBR ) that the AEC 's Director of Reactor Division , Milton Shaw , was appointed to develop . Weinberg 's firing effectively halted development of the MSR , as it was virtually unknown by other nuclear laboratories and specialists . There was a brief revival of MSR research at ORNL as part of the Carter administration 's nonproliferation interests , culminating in ORNL @-@ TM @-@ 7207 , " Conceptual Design Characteristics of a Denatured Molten @-@ Salt Reactor with Once @-@ Through Fueling " , by Engel , et al . , which is still considered by many to be the " reference design " for commercial molten salt reactors . = = After Oak Ridge = = = = = Washington and ORAU = = = Weinberg was named director of the Office of Energy Research and Development in Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . The following year he founded and became the first director of Institute for Energy Analysis at Oak Ridge Associated Universities ( ORAU ) . This institute focused on evaluating alternatives for meeting future energy requirements . From 1976 to 1984 , the Institute for Energy Analysis was a center for study of diverse issues related to carbon dioxide and global warming . He worked at ORAU until retiring to become an ORAU distinguished fellow in 1985 . In 1972 Weinberg published a landmark article in Minerva entitled Science and Trans @-@ science , in which he focused on the interface between science and policy matters , especially governmental policy decisions : Many of the issues which arise in the course of the interaction between science or technology and society @-@ e.g. , the deleterious side effects of technology , or the attempts to deal with social problems through the procedures of science @-@ hang on the answers to questions which can be asked of science and yet which cannot be answered by science . I propose the term trans @-@ scientific for these questions since , though they are , epistemologically speaking , questions of fact and can be stated in the language of science , they are unanswerable by science ; they transcend science . In so far as public policy involves trans @-@ scientific rather than scientific issues , the role of the scientist in contributing to the promulgation of such policy must be different from his role when the issues can be unambiguously answered by science . = = = Retirement = = = Weinberg remained active in retirement . In 1992 he was named chairman of the International Friendship Bell Committee , which arranged for the installation of a Japanese bell in Oak Ridge . He also called for strengthening of the International Atomic Energy Agency and systems to defend against nuclear weapons . His first wife , Margaret , died in 1969 . He later married a stock broker , Genevieve DePersio , who died in 2004 . His son David died in 2003 . Weinberg died at his home in Oak Ridge on October 18 , 2006 . He was survived by his other son , Richard , and sister Fay Goleman . = = = Legacy = = = The Alvin Weinberg Foundation is named for him . = = Awards = = Outstanding Young American of the Year Award ( 1951 ) Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award ( 1960 ) Atoms for Peace Award ( 1960 ) Enrico Fermi Award ( 1980 ) = = Books = = The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors , Alvin M. Weinberg & Eugene P. Wigner , University of Chicago Press , 1958 . Reflections on Big Science , Cambridge : M.I.T. Press , 1967 . The Second Nuclear Era : A New Start for Nuclear Power , Alvin M. Weinberg ; Russ Manning , editor ; New York : Praeger , 1985 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 030 @-@ 04144 @-@ 9 . Continuing the Nuclear Dialogue : Selected Essays , Alvin M. Weinberg ; selected and with introductory comments by Russell M. Ball ; La Grange Park , IL : American Nuclear Society , c1985 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 8944 @-@ 8552 @-@ 0 . Strategic Defenses and Arms Control , Edited by Alvin M. Weinberg , Jack N. Barkenbus . New York : Paragon House , c1988 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 887 @-@ 02218 @-@ 9 . Stability and Strategic Defenses , Edited by Jack N. Barkenbus and Alvin M. Weinberg , Washington , DC : Washington Institute Press , c1989 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 887 @-@ 02046 @-@ 1 . Nuclear Reactions : Science and Trans @-@ Science , American Institute of Physics , 1992 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 88318 @-@ 861 @-@ 9 . The First Nuclear Era : The Life and Times of a Technological Fixer , New York : AIP Press , 1994 . ISBN 1 @-@ 56396 @-@ 358 @-@ 2 . Weinberg 's autobiography , covering the period from the early 1940s to the early 1990s .
= Louis Laybourne Smith = Louis Laybourne Smith CMG ( 1 April 1880 – 13 September 1965 ) was an architect and educator in South Australia . Born in the Adelaide inner @-@ southern suburb of Unley , he became interested in engineering and architecture while in the goldfields of Western Australia and later studied mechanical engineering at the School of Mines , serving an apprenticeship under architect Edward Davies . After graduating he accepted a position as a lecturer at the school , and was responsible for developing the first formal architecture course in the State in 1904 . Between 1905 and 1914 , he served as registrar at the school before leaving to join his long @-@ time friend , Walter Bagot , at the architectural firm of Woods , Bagot and Jory . He remained with the firm until his death in 1965 , and over the years was involved in a number of significant projects , including the South Australian National War Memorial and the original Australian Mutual Provident building on King William Street . Along with his teaching and professional duties , Laybourne Smith was a member of the South Australian Institute of Architects , the Federal Council of the Australian Institute of Architects , and the Australian Institute of Architects , as well as being on numerous committees and advising the State Government in the formation of both the State Building Act of 1923 and the 1939 Architects Act . During his life Laybourne Smith received a number of awards and honours , including Life Fellowship to the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and the Royal Institute of British Architects , the Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal , and was named a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George . Today , the architectural school which he founded ( now part of the University of South Australia ) bears his name — the Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture . = = Early life and education = = Louis Laybourne Smith was born to Joseph and Annie Laybourne Smith on 1 April 1880 , in Unley , South Australia . His parents had emigrated to Australia so that his father could take up a post as a chemist with F.H. Faulding & Co . However , it appears that Joseph Laybourne Smith found dentistry more to his liking , for he went on to gain qualifications in the field through the Australian College of Dentistry . Both Laybourne Smith 's primary and secondary education were obtained at the nearby Windham and Way colleges ; his education was interrupted in the mid @-@ 1890s when his parents decided to move to the goldfields of Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia . According to Laybourne Smith , he became interested in machinery while in the goldfields . His parents decided to direct him towards architecture , as it " was the nearest thing to white @-@ collar engineering work that they could think of " . He was articled to A. A. E. Dancker for a period before returning to Adelaide in 1898 . Laybourne Smith 's parents had intended for him to study architecture at the University of Adelaide , but there were no courses available at the time . As a result , Laybourne Smith undertook to complete a mechanical engineering course part @-@ time at the School of Mines , and ( in order to pursue his interest in architecture ) he was articled to Edward Davies from 1901 . He proved to be an excellent student , winning scholarships in both his second and third years , and was the first person to finish the course within the proscribed four years . He completed his apprenticeship with Davies in 1904 , and was admitted as an Associate to the South Australian Institute of Architects , although the ongoing impact of the depression made finding work difficult . In spite of this , he found employment as a draftsman , initially with Ernest Bayer and later with John Quinton Bruce . After graduating at the School of Mines , Laybourne Smith continued his studies at the University of Adelaide , completing a Bachelor of Science in 1911 . This was surrendered in 1914 for a Bachelor of Engineering . = = Teaching career = = In 1903 , Laybourne Smith was invited to lecture in mechanical engineering at the School of Mines — a position which Page states that Laybourne Smith was " delighted " to accept . He was thereafter elected as the school 's registrar in 1905 , and continued in that post full @-@ time until 1914 , after which he ran the school part @-@ time until 1951 . Even then , Laybourne Smith 's involvement with the school did not end after Gavin Walkley took over , and he was still associated with the school when he died in 1965 . While working at the school , Laybourne Smith initiated his own classes on architecture , gathering " a group of colleagues who instructed one another " in the field . After being approached in 1906 by the Council of the School of Mines , Laybourne Smith teamed with Walter Bagot to develop a new architecture course . The result was a three @-@ year part @-@ time Associate Diploma , although students were still expected to be articled to professional architects in order to gain more practical experience in the field . By 1916 the course was regarded as of sufficient quality to place its students " in the same rank as architectural students in other parts of the world " . While the School of Mines no longer exists , the school of architecture founded by Laybourne Smith is now part of the University of South Australia , and since 1963 the Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture and Building has borne his name as its founder . = = Architectural career = = Upon leaving his full @-@ time position at the School of Mines , Laybourne Smith acted as a " stand @-@ in " for Walter Bagot at Bagot 's architectural firm , Woods , Bagot and Jory , while Bagot was overseas . Edward Woods died in 1913 , and three years later Laybourne Smith became a full partner in the newly named Woods , Bagot , Jory & Laybourne Smith . Laybourne Smith was to remain with the firm until his death in 1965 . Laybourne Smith 's friendship with Walter Bagot had spanned many years prior to the partnership , but their respective working methods was " so different that they seemed unlikely partners " . While Baggot was " notorious " for the attention he gave to minor details in designs , Laybourne Smith was described as being just as happy to develop a sketch and to pass it on to the draftsmen to " work up " ( although it should be noted that this does not represent a lack of attention , as his designs were " sketched in tiny , neat detail " ) . In spite of these differences , their respective strengths tended to balance one another : Bagot was a traditionalist in design , while Laybourne Smith brought an engineer 's knowledge and " ingenuity " to the partnership . = = = Works = = = Laybourne Smith 's first major work with Woods , Bagot & Jory was the refurbishment of the National Bank building on King William Street , and from there he graduated to work on a number of notable buildings within South Australia and interstate . Both the firm in general and Laybourne Smith in particular were traditionalists in their designs , to the point where Page reports that Laybourne Smith took as a compliment a description of one of his works in 1965 as " striped pants and all " . This traditionalism was particularly evident in their work for the University of Adelaide . Between 1910 and 1945 , the firm served as architects to the University of Adelaide , and Bagot strove towards congruity for the university . The result included a number of buildings that were designed by Laybourne Smith in a " Georgian revival " style , including the original heritage listed Student Union building and the main building of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute , which is also heritage listed and has been described as being " reministent of the great English country houses " . Similarly , Laybourne Smith applied traditional designs to a number of ecclesiastical projects . These include St Cuthbert 's Anglican Church in North Adelaide , which is heritage listed as an example of Gothic Revival architecture ; and the romanesque St. Dominic 's Chapel at the Cabra Dominican College in Cumberland Park . His background in engineering was put to good use on a number of projects . In particular , the John Martins store on Rundle Street ( now Rundle Mall ) , was constructed by raising the top floor of the building on hydraulic jacks , building two new floors underneath while the remainder of the store continued to operate normally . Another of Laybourne Smith 's buildings , the Australian Mutual Provident building on King William Street in Adelaide , was one of the first in the state to feature air conditioning , as this was considered to be quite an " innovative " addition in 1934 . Other works by Laybourne Smith include the facade on the Balfours Cafe in Rundle Mall ( heritage listed in part due to the innovative " building envelope " , which is " independent of the internal structure " ) , the Repatriation General Hospital in Daw Park ( developed by Laybourne Smith from sketch plans produced by Melbourne firm Stephenson & Turner ) , and the South Australian National War Memorial . This last structure represents a collaboration between Laybourne Smith , Walter Bagot , and Sydney @-@ based sculptor Rayner Hoff . Although Walter Bagot produced the original design for the architectural competition in 1924 , his design was , ( along with the other entrants ) , deemed to be " unsuitable " . After the entries were destroyed by fire late that year , Laybourne Smith , working with artist Rayner Hoff , was able to redraw the design largely from memory in order to enter the subsequent 1926 competition . In doing so they built upon Bagot 's work , making the memorial " grander " in its scope — and this proved to be sufficient for the firm to be awarded the commission . = = Professional activities and associations = = Although Laybourne Smith continued to be involved in teaching and architectural design , he was also involved in professional organisations and committees . He was admitted to the South Australian Institute of Architects ( SAIA ) as an associate in 1904 , made a fellow in 1907 , elected to the council in 1909 , and served two terms as President ( 1921 – 1923 and 1935 – 1937 ) . In all , Laybourne Smith served on the SAIA council for 50 years , from 1909 to 1959 . Laybourne Smith played a significant role in the formation of a national body of architects . He was a founding member of the Federal Council of the Australian Institute of Architects , first proposed in 1914 and officially formed in 1915 , which served as a " first step " towards the formation of a national body . Between 1991 and 1922 , he served as president of this body . After the Royal Australian Institute of Architects ( RAIA ) was formed ( now known as the Australian Institute of Architects ) , he served as a councillor for 11 years ( between 1933 and 1944 ) , and as the President of the institute from 1937 to 1938 . In addition to his role on the councils , Laybourne Smith was an adviser during the development of the State Building Act of 1923 , and he was largely responsible for the framing of the 1939 Architects Act , ( which provided for the formal registration of architects in South Australia ) . Because of his work on the State Building act , Laybourne Smith sat on the Board of Referees responsible for adjudicating disputes , and his position on the Architects Board of South Australia was a direct result of his involvement in the creation of the Architects Act . = = Influence and awards = = Louis Laybourne Smith is regarded as being one of the " key practitioners " of architecture in South Australia . In particular , he had a significant influence on the direction of architectural education in South Australia . His career spanned more than half a century , with much of it directly involved in education , and during that time he ( and Walter Bagot ) served as one of the " last links with the distant past of South Australian architecture " — having known ( either directly or indirectly ) most of the architects of the colonial era , while being responsible for the training of many of those who were to follow . Furthermore , he had a substantial impact on the development of architecture as a professional body through his involvement in the Architects Act of 1931 and the formation of a national body for architects . This political work also had a social dimension : his work on the Building Act Advisory Committee helped to highlight the low quality of the housing in the poorer areas of Adelaide , and this led to a change in how the public viewed what was acceptable as low @-@ income housing . The South Australian Housing Trust was a direct result of his actions , and led to the provision of low cost rental housing to working families in the state . As well as having the architectural school named in his honour , in 1961 Laybourne Smith was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects , and prior to that date , in 1948 , he was appointed as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George . Two busts of his likeness have also been commissioned . One was by Rayner Hoff , with whom he had collaborated on the design for the South Australian National War Memorial , and is kept in the offices of Woods Bagot . The second was unveiled in 1961 , and was sculpted by South Australian artist John Dowie . It can be found at the Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture at the University of South Australia . Laybourne Smith was a Life Fellow with both the Royal Australian Institute of Architects , ( awarded in 1944 ) , and a Fellow ( 1939 ) and Life Fellow ( 1944 ) of the Royal Institute of British Architects . = = Personal life = = Described as a " dapper young man with a moustache waxed into long points " , he made for a " dynamic figure with a penetrating voice " , and was noted for riding his Douglas motorcycle through the 1920s and 30s in his khaki overalls as he traveled between his professional practice , teaching duties and home life . On the home front , Louis Laybourne Smith married Frances Maude Davies , the daughter of Edward Davies to whom he had been articled , on 9 April 1903 . They had three daughters and a son , Gordon Laybourne Smith , who ultimately followed his father into architecture . Laybourne Smith " consistently overworked " ; architecture was said to be both his profession and his obsession . When his firm announced a retirement scheme he declared that he had no intention of retiring , and such proved to be the case — he died at his desk on 13 September 1965 at the age of 85 .
= Vatos = " Vatos " is the fourth episode of the first season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series , The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on November 21 , 2010 . The episode was written by Robert Kirkman and directed by Johan Renck . In the episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) , Theodore " T @-@ Dog " Douglas ( IronE Singleton ) , and Glenn Rhee ( Steven Yeun ) return to downtown Atlanta in search of Daryl 's brother , Merle . The group are later targeted by a Latino gang , whose leader threatens to kill them if they do not relinquish their weapons . Meanwhile , Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) ' s relationship begins to crumble . Major events in " Vatos " include the deaths of several recurring characters , including Amy ( Emma Bell ) and Ed Peletier ( Adam Minarovich ) . This episode was filmed in several locations in Atlanta , Georgia , including the Goat Farm Arts Center . " Vatos " was lauded by television commentators , who praised its storyline progression and character development . Upon initial airing , it attained 4 @.@ 75 million viewers and a 2 @.@ 4 / 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode became the highest @-@ rated cable program of the day , as well as the ninth most @-@ watched cable program of the week . = = Plot = = In the opening segment , sisters Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) and Amy ( Emma Bell ) are fishing in a boat . They discuss their childhoods — the two are twelve years apart — and express hope that maybe Florida , where their parents live , was not hit as hard by the zombie epidemic . After getting into a heated argument with Daryl ( Norman Reedus ) , sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) returns to Downtown Atlanta with Daryl , Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) and T @-@ Dog ( IronE Singleton ) . They are searching both for the bag of guns Rick dropped , and for Merle Dixon ( Michael Rooker ) , Daryl 's brother , who was left handcuffed to a pipe on the roof of the department store ; T @-@ Dog and Rick feel guilty for leaving him there . The group ultimately fails to locate Merle , having only found his severed hand , a hacksaw and a blood trail . An enraged Daryl retrieves Merle 's hand and turns his crossbow on T @-@ Dog , but Rick puts his revolver to Daryl 's head and bloodshed is averted . Continuing the search , they follow Merle 's trail of blood through the building ; the group encounter two walkers that Merle had previously dispatched single @-@ handedly and a gas stove where he had cauterized the stump of his hand . Back at camp , Jim ( Andrew Rothenberg ) begins digging holes , refusing to explain why or take a break despite the extreme heat . When the survivors confront him about his abrupt obsessive compulsive behavior , he lashes out with his shovel , which forces Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) to restrain him . Jim has an emotional breakdown and reveals that his family was attacked and eaten by a horde of walkers . When he comes to his senses again , he can no longer remember why he was digging the holes , only that a dream inspired him to do so . He tells Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) to keep her son Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) safe and never let him out of her sight . Glenn devises a plan to retrieve the nearby bag of guns , and urges the other men to hide out in alleys so they can wait for him . While Glenn is getting the bag , Daryl is approached by a young Latino . Frightened , the man calls repeatedly for help . Two other Latinos appear and attack Daryl . Rick and T @-@ Dog arrive to help him , whereupon the men kidnap Glenn and flee in a car leaving the first man , Miguel ( Anthony Guajardo ) behind . The group begins to interrogate their hostage . Daryl retrieves his brother 's severed hand and throws it into the young Latino 's lap , telling him this is what they do to people who cross them . The frightened young man reveals that his companions were after the same bag of guns . The group go to meet the men for a prisoner exchange , but are rebuffed by the supposed gang 's leader , Guillermo ( Neil Brown , Jr . ) , who tells them to come back either ready to hand over the guns , or locked and loaded for a fight . As the two groups prepare for a shootout , an elderly woman emerges looking for her grandson , Felipe ( Noel Gugliemi ) . It is revealed that the group is guarding a hidden nursing home , and Glenn was safe after all . Rick leaves some of the guns and ammunition with the Vatos , and his group begins to return to camp . Their vehicle , however , is nowhere to be seen ; the group suspects Merle stole it . Worried that he may be planning vengeance , they hurriedly race back to the quarry on foot . Meanwhile at camp , the survivors ' dinner is interrupted when a horde of walkers invades the campsite . Several of the survivors are bitten and severely wounded , including Ed Peletier ( Adam Minarovich ) and Amy . Arriving back , Rick and the others finally fend off the remaining walkers . In the aftermath , Amy dies in Andrea 's arms ; Andrea sobs while everybody else watches in terror . Jim suddenly recalls his dream , stating that he now remembers why he dug the holes . = = Production = = " Vatos " was directed by Johan Renck and written by Robert Kirkman ; this episode became Kirkman 's first writing credit for the series . " I was pretty happy that the first death in the show was in an episode that I got to write , " he stated . " That was kind of cool . " The episode 's script was heavily modified by Kirkman and series creator Frank Darabont prior to airing . Neil Brown , Jr. initially collaborated with producers on directing the episode but eventually pulled out of the project . Principal photography for the episode transpired at the Goat Farm Arts Center in the West Midtown neighborhood of Atlanta , Georgia . " Vatos " features a sequence near the conclusion of the episode , in which a horde of walkers invades and attacks the campgrounds . The scene was written by Robert Kirkman , who based it closely on a similar sequence in the comics . Kirkman stated that he was very excited to develop the sequence and added that it was a familiar task for him : It was very exciting . I got to write the attack at the end of the episode — which was very much something that happened in the comic book series — so I knew I would be revisiting something I had already written . But as we were in the writers ' room , when things started shifting which led to all this new stuff that wasn 't in the comic book series , I thought that was great because it wasn 't me writing the same @-@ old same @-@ old or rewriting something I had already done and trying to make it interesting for myself . It was really an entirely new story : getting the gang members in there and getting to write Daryl [ ... ] which is one of my favorite characters on the show , despite the fact that he ’ s not in the comic book . It was a blast . This episode marked the last regular appearance of Emma Bell ( Amy ) , whose character was killed off in the conclusion of the installment . Greg Nicotero , the show 's production designer , enacted the walker who bites Amy . Bell stated that Nicotero placed a skin @-@ colored prosthetic around her neck , which consisted of a layer of red viscous liquid and a hose . Once it was bitten into , the prosthetic exploded and resembled a severe flesh wound . Kirkman expressed that it was difficult for him to remove Bell from the cast but was thankful that she understood she would only be limited to a certain number of episodes ; he stated : It 's something that 's very difficult for me . Because it is lines on paper when I do it in the comic book series . It 's like , ' Oh , okay , Charlie Adlard [ ... ] doesn ’ t have to draw that arrangement of lines anymore , that person is dead . ' But it 's very uncomfortable for me to be on set , because I see these actors that are there and , in the source material , I have killed all but two of them . I walk through the set and I 'm like , ' Yep , killed that one , killed that one , killed that one . ' And it is firing those people . I feel really bad for Emma Bell , just because she was great and I would have liked to have had her in the show . But , you know , this is The Walking Dead , characters have got to die . Thankfully , Emma was brought onto the show with the understanding that she was only going to be in a certain number of episodes and she knew that she was going to die from the very beginning . But it doesn ’ t really make it any easier . When they were shooting those scenes , I had to fly to Comic @-@ Con and so I wasn ’ t actually there for when she died . But it was very emotional on set and I know that she was very upset about having to leave the crew and the actors . You kind of become a family when you 're doing a TV show and it ’ s a little upsetting to have to get rid of somebody . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Vatos " originally aired on November 21 , 2010 in the United States on AMC . The episode attained 4 @.@ 75 million viewers upon airing , and garnered a 2 @.@ 7 / 4 HH rating . Additionally , it received a 2 @.@ 4 / 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . " Vatos " became the highest @-@ rated cable program of the night , and the ninth most @-@ watched cable program of the week . Ratings and total viewership for the episode moderately declined from the preceding installment , " Tell It to the Frogs " , which was watched by 5 @.@ 07 million viewers and a 2 @.@ 5 / 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , the episode received 467 @,@ 000 viewers and became the highest @-@ rated cable program on FX of the week dated November 28 . = = = Critical response = = = " Vatos " attained general acclaim from television critics . James Poniewozik of TIME asserted that the episode successfully made the viewers experience the daily life of the show 's characters , and HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall felt that " Vatos " was the strongest episode since the series ' pilot episode . In his 7 @.@ 9 out of 10 star review , Josh Jackson of Paste wrote : " The whole spectrum of human nature is on view when civilization is stripped away — the bigger the immediate threat , the more varied the response . And it ’ s this balance between action / horror and personal drama that makes The Walking Dead so compelling . " Los Angeles Times writer Gina McIntyre felt that Kirkman " seemed right at home adapting his characters for the screen . " John Griffiths , writing for Us Weekly , felt the installment was haunting enough to " make viewers leave their lights on afterward " , and opined that the character development and the progression of the storylines served as the episode 's highlights . John Serba of The Grand Rapids Press stated that " Vatos " was the most emotionally poignant episode of The Walking Dead so far . Expressing similar sentiments , IGN 's Eric Goldman evaluated the episode as " strong " , ultimately giving it a nine out of ten , signifying an " amazing " rating . Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club , who issued the episode a B grade , was less enthusiastic than the general consensus . Pierce felt that the bulk of the episode was " mushy " and concluded that it " didn 't solve anything involving the ongoing plot and introduced a bunch of arbitrary , needless complications that had no payoff , [ and ] bogged it down quite a bit . " Critics praised the interactions between Amy and Andrea . Serba asserted that Kirkman effectively set up Amy 's death at the beginning of the episode , and added that it established a sisterly bond . Serba also acclaimed Laurie Holden 's performance ; he stated that she " powerfully conveys her grief and despair . " Pierce avouched that the opening sequence was likable , while Michelle Kung of The Wall Street Journal summated that the concluding scene was " an emotional release after a tense build @-@ up . " Critics were divided about Rick Grimes ' return to Atlanta , as well as his stand off with Guillermo and his gang . Scott Meslow of The Atlantic compared Grimes to Mad Men 's Don Draper , and questioned his character development : " So far , every decision Rick has made has been both within his code and consequence @-@ free , " he said . Pierce opined : " Dramatically , this whole sequence plays out pretty hokily . Guillermo 's dialogue is ridiculous , and the entire storyline plays like something out of an episodic social @-@ lesson @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week show . Since nothing ends up coming of it from a plot standpoint [ ... ] , it 's hard not to think of it as one of those comics where two superheros [ sic ] have a big fight scene that turns out to be mistaken identity . "
= Vidya Balan = Vidya Balan ( pronounced [ ʋɪd ̪ jaː baːlən ] ; born 1 January 1978 ) is an Indian actress . She has established a career in Bollywood and is the recipient of several awards , including a National Film Award , five Filmfare Awards , and five Screen Awards , and was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2014 . She is known for portraying strong female protagonists and has been acknowledged in the media for pioneering a change in the concept of a Hindi film heroine . Vidya aspired to a career in film from a young age , and had her first acting role in the 1995 sitcom Hum Paanch . She pursued a master 's degree in sociology from the University of Mumbai and simultaneously made several unsuccessful attempts to start a career in film . She subsequently featured in various television commercials and music videos , and in 2003 made her feature film debut as the protagonist of the independent Bengali drama Bhalo Theko . In 2005 Vidya garnered praise for her first Hindi film , the drama Parineeta , and followed it with a leading role in the highly successful 2006 comedy film Lage Raho Munna Bhai . This initial success was followed by roles in the romantic comedies Heyy Babyy ( 2007 ) and Kismat Konnection ( 2008 ) which met with negative reviews . The year 2009 marked the beginning of the most successful period in Vidya 's career as she portrayed five consecutive roles to wide critical acclaim in the 2009 drama Paa , the 2010 black comedy Ishqiya , the 2011 semi @-@ biographical thriller No One Killed Jessica , the 2011 biopic The Dirty Picture , and the 2012 thriller Kahaani . These roles established her as a leading actress of Hindi cinema . In addition to acting in films , Vidya promotes humanitarian causes and supports the empowerment of women . She initially drew criticism for her fluctuating weight and " questionable " dress sense , but was later credited in the media for " not morphing herself to fit into any conventional slot " . She is married to the film producer Siddharth Roy Kapur . = = Early life and background = = Vidya Balan was born on 1 January 1978 in Poothamkurussy , Puthur , a town in the Palakkad District of Kerala , to parents of Tamilian descent . Her father , P. R. Balan , is the Executive Vice @-@ President of Digicable , and her mother , Saraswathy Balan , is a homemaker . According to Vidya , they speak a mix of Malayalam and Tamil at home . Her elder sister , Priya Balan , works in the field of advertising . The actress Priyamani is her second cousin . Vidya grew up in the suburban neighbourhood of Chembur , Mumbai and was schooled at St. Anthony Girls ' High School . From a young age she aspired to a career in film and was inspired by the work of actors Shabana Azmi and Madhuri Dixit . At the age of sixteen , she starred in the first season of Ekta Kapoor 's sitcom Hum Paanch as Radhika , a bespectacled teenager . Following the success of the show , Vidya refused director Anurag Basu 's offer to star in a television soap opera , as she wanted to concentrate on a film career . Her parents were supportive of the decision but encouraged her to complete her education first , so she attended St. Xavier 's College to pursue a bachelor 's degree in sociology and later earned a master 's degree from the University of Mumbai . = = Career = = = = = Struggle and film debut ( 2000 – 04 ) = = = While pursuing her master 's degree , Vidya was cast as the female lead in the Malayalam film Chakram , opposite Mohanlal and was subsequently signed on for twelve other Malayalam language films . However , due to production difficulties , Chakram was shelved . The postponement of a film starring Mohanlal was an unheard of occurrence in Malayalam cinema and film producers blamed Vidya for bringing " bad luck " to the project ; labelled her as a " jinx " and replaced her in all the films that she had been contracted for . She then shifted focus to Tamil cinema . In 2001 , she was cast as the female lead in N. Linguswamy 's Run ( 2002 ) . However , after completing the first shooting schedule of the film , she was unceremoniously dropped and replaced by Meera Jasmine . She was signed up under false pretences for a sex comedy , a genre she was then uncomfortable with , and thus decided to leave the project . Thereafter , she signed on for a third Tamil film , Manasellam ( 2003 ) , but was replaced by Trisha as the director was dissatisfied with her work . Kalari Vikraman , another Malayalam film that she completed work for in 2003 , failed to get a theatrical release . After failing to start a film career , Vidya appeared in approximately sixty television commercials and in music videos for Euphoria and Shubha Mudgal ; a majority of these were directed by Pradeep Sarkar . In 2003 , she was signed on by Goutam Halder for his independent Bengali drama Bhalo Theko ; her first film release . Her portrayal of Anandi , a young woman reminiscing about her past , won her an Anandalok Purashkar for Best Actress . = = = Breakthrough ( 2005 – 08 ) = = = In 2005 Vidya made her Hindi film debut with Pradeep Sarkar 's musical drama Parineeta . Before being cast for the film , she had to undergo extensive auditions for a period of six months . The film , an adaptation of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 's novel of the same name , narrated the love story of an idealist Lalita ( Vidya ) and a musician Shekhar ( Saif Ali Khan ) , the son of a capitalist businessman . Her performance in the film was praised by critics ; Derek Elley from Variety wrote , " An acting revelation is Tamil newcomer [ Vidya ] Balan , whose devoted but dignified Lalita is the picture 's heart and soul . " Parineeta fetched her a Best Female Debut award and a nomination for Best Actress at the annual Filmfare Awards ceremony . The following year , Vidya appeared opposite Sanjay Dutt in Rajkumar Hirani 's comedy film Lage Raho Munna Bhai . She portrayed the role of Jhanvi , a radio jockey and the love interest of the protagonist Munna Bhai . To prepare for her role , she met with a couple of radio jockeys and watched them at work . Her performance was critically well received , and the film emerged as a blockbuster with earnings of ₹ 1 @.@ 19 billion ( US $ 18 million ) . In 2007 Vidya featured in a supporting role in Mani Ratnam 's semi @-@ biographical drama Guru as a woman suffering from multiple sclerosis . The film , which starred Mithun Chakraborty , Abhishek Bachchan , Aishwarya Rai Bachchan , and R. Madhavan in leading roles , performed well at the box office . However , film critics Khalid Mohamed and Raja Sen noted that her " talent was wasted " in a " minuscule role " . Her next release was Nikhil Advani 's Salaam @-@ e @-@ Ishq : A Tribute To Love , a romantic comedy featuring an ensemble cast , in which she was paired opposite John Abraham . The film , which narrated six individual love stories , saw Vidya play the role of a television reporter , Tehzeeb Hussain , suffering from a memory loss condition . The film , which was a critical and commercial failure , generated positive reviews for Vidya . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote , " Vidya 's transformation from a self @-@ assured working woman to a helpless , vulnerable person is superb . " Vidya then took a supporting role in Vidhu Vinod Chopra 's drama Eklavya : The Royal Guard , alongside Amitabh Bachchan , Boman Irani , Sharmila Tagore , Saif Ali Khan , and Sanjay Dutt . The film , which failed commercially , met with positive critical reviews and was selected as India 's official entry to the Oscars for the 80th Academy Awards . She was later cast as Isha Sahni , a single mother , in Sajid Khan 's Heyy Babyy , alongside co @-@ stars Akshay Kumar , Ritesh Deshmukh , and Fardeen Khan . The comedy film was a box @-@ office success , but garnered negative reviews from critics , as did Vidya 's performance ; CNN @-@ IBN 's Rajeev Masand criticised her wardrobe and make @-@ up , and considered her the " sore thumb " of the film . Vidya 's fifth and final film of 2007 was Priyadarshan 's Bhool Bhulaiyaa , a remake of the Malayalam film Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) . Vidya featured as Avani Chaturvedi ( a character played by Shobana in the Malayalam original ) , a woman suffering from dissociative identity disorder . Co @-@ starring Shiney Ahuja , Akshay Kumar , and Ameesha Patel , Bhool Bhulaiyaa was a commercial success with a worldwide revenue of over ₹ 830 million ( US $ 12 million ) . Reviewers , while being generally negative of the film , were appreciative of Vidya 's performance . Writing for Hindustan Times , Khalid Mohamed described her as " bankably likeable " and Bollywood Hungama 's Taran Adarsh labelled her as " splendid " . The role earned Vidya a second Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category . In 2008 's Halla Bol , Vidya played a supporting role alongside Ajay Devgn and Pankaj Kapur . The film was based on the life of activist Safdar Hashmi , who was killed by political rivals while performing on a street play ( by the name of Halla Bol ) in 1989 . The film was a critical failure . Later that year , she co @-@ starred with Shahid Kapoor in Aziz Mirza 's romantic comedy Kismat Konnection . Faring poorly at the box office , the film and her performance generated a negative response ; critic Sonia Chopra commented , " [ Balan ] is made to look downright drab . The haircut is unflattering , the make @-@ up too plain , the clothes usually in off @-@ white or brown . Plus the character is repetitive and reminds us of the one she played in Lage Raho Munna Bhai . " = = = Widespread success ( 2009 – 12 ) = = = In 2009 Vidya played the role of an unwed gynaecologist struggling with her 12 @-@ year @-@ old son 's progeria syndrome , in the R. Balki @-@ directed dramedy Paa . Amitabh Bachchan played the role of Vidya 's son and Abhishek Bachchan played the title character . A critical and commercial success , the film has been described as a major turning point in her career . Sukanya Verma compared her acting style to that of Dimple Kapadia and noted , " Balan is poignant yet restrained and projects an impressive figure of grace and integrity " ; Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India further argued that Vidya was successful in lending a " rare dignity to the image of the Bollywood mom . " Her portrayal garnered her several awards , including a Filmfare Award for Best Actress and a Screen Award for Best Actress . Vidya followed the success of Paa with the Vishal Bhardwaj @-@ produced Ishqiya ( 2010 ) , a black comedy directed by debutant Abhishek Chaubey ; co @-@ starring Naseeruddin Shah , Arshad Warsi , and Salman Shahid . Vidya 's role was that of Krishna Verma , a sexually manipulative woman . Vidya described her character as " an epitome of grey " and a departure from the conventional portrayal of women in cinema . In preparation for her part , she undertook professional training to speak in the local Uttar Pradesh @-@ dialect . The feature as well as her performance received critical acclaim ; Anupama Chopra of NDTV stated , " Vidya Balan 's smoldering looks scorch the screen even as her eyes hint at tragedy . She proves that she is miles ahead of the cookie cutter Barbie dolls that clutter Bollywood and that sensuality has very little to do with showing skin . " Her work in the film earned Vidya a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress , a second consecutive Best Actress award at Screen and a nomination for Best Actress at Filmfare . Raj Kumar Gupta 's semi @-@ biographical thriller No One Killed Jessica with Rani Mukerji was Vidya 's first release of 2011 . The film , based on the Jessica Lal murder case , saw her portray the real @-@ life character of Sabrina Lal , Jessica 's reticent sister . While preparing for the role , Vidya did not meet Lal on the insistence of Gupta as " the Sabrina [ ... ] today is different from the Sabrina a decade ago , [ when ] the story begins " . No One Killed Jessica met with contrasting reviews from critics , but Vidya 's performance was particularly praised . The Hindu remarked on Vidya 's ability to be " in sublime control over her emotions " and Savera Someshwar of Rediff.com added that " her hesitant body language , her faith , her helplessness , her rage , her sorrow and her gratitude all come across beautifully " . The film had earnings of ₹ 490 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 3 million ) and was noted for being a commercial success despite the absence of a male lead . Vidya earned another Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category for the film . In March 2011 , a retrospective of Vidya 's films was held in Australia , as part of the film festival Bollywood & Beyond . That same year , Vidya featured in a guest appearance in Santosh Sivan 's Malayalam language fantasy film Urumi . Vidya 's next appearance was in Ekta Kapoor 's production The Dirty Picture , a biopic based on the life and death of the controversial Indian actress Silk Smitha . Vidya was cast as Silk , who was — in Vidya 's words — " known for her brazenness and in @-@ your @-@ face sexuality . " She described the role as the " boldest " she had ever played , one that " required a lot of mental preparation , " and to look the part , she gained 12 kilograms ( 26 lb ) . The film opened to major critical acclaim , and Vidya received unanimous praise for her portrayal which several reviewers regarded as her best performance to date . Khalid Mohamed observed , " She 's extraordinary : gutsy , consistently in character and unafraid of exposing her darker side . Here 's the kind of complex performance which you haven 't evidenced in years and years . " Her director Milan Luthria described her as the contemporary claimant of the " sex @-@ symbol " title , and compared her " voluptuousness " to the likes of yesteryear actresses Sridevi and Vyjayanthimala . The film was eventually declared a blockbuster , earning ₹ 1 @.@ 14 billion ( US $ 17 million ) worldwide . Vidya won a second Filmfare Award , a third consecutive Screen Award , and a National Film Award for Best Actress . For her next feature film , Vidya starred as Vidya Bagchi , a pregnant woman in search of her missing husband in Sujoy Ghosh 's Kahaani ( 2012 ) . The thriller , set in the city of Kolkata during the Durga Puja festivities , met with wide critical acclaim . To lend authenticity to her part , Vidya met several pregnant women and learnt about their lifestyle . She generated public and media attention by wearing a fake baby bump during the film 's promotional activities . Vidya received further appreciation for her performance in Kahaani . Subhash K. Jha praised Vidya 's portrayal of " grace under pressure " as " measured and skilled " ; Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph added that she " gets into the physicality of a pregnant woman with unfailing mastery " . Kahaani emerged as a major commercial success both at the domestic and international box office , with revenues of over ₹ 1 @.@ 04 billion ( US $ 15 million ) . Vidya won a fourth consecutive Best Actress Award at Screen and a third Best Actress Award at Filmfare . = = = Commercial struggles ( 2013 – present ) = = = After completing the duties of a jury member at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , Vidya starred opposite Emraan Hashmi as a boisterous Punjabi woman in Ghanchakkar , a comic @-@ thriller from director Raj Kumar Gupta . Critics were unenthusiastic about the film and it earned little at the box office . Vidya then provided the voice of Draupadi for Mahabharat , a 3D animation film based on the Indian epic of the same name . The romantic comedy Shaadi Ke Side Effects was Vidya 's first film release of 2014 . Directed by Saket Chaudhary and co @-@ starring Farhan Akhtar , the film tells the story of a married couple who face a series of comic events after the birth of their first child . Critics found the film to be a " bit overstretched " , but praised both Akhtar and Vidya 's performances . Also that year , Vidya featured as the host of No More Kamzor , a television special on women empowerment . She then starred in the comedy @-@ drama Bobby Jasoos , which saw her play the eponymous role of a Hyderabadi woman aspiring to be a detective . Vidya was drawn to the idea of playing a female detective , and identified with the character 's struggle to " do something unusual " in life . The role required her to sport twelve elaborate disguises , and she trained with a language coach to adopt a Hyderabadi accent . Saumil Gandhi of Mumbai Mirror wrote that Vidya 's " effervescence rubs off on the proceedings and gives it an energy that drives the film " . However , both Shaadi Ke Side Effects and Bobby Jasoos failed to find a wide audience . In 2015 , Vidya reteamed with Hashmi in the Mohit Suri @-@ directed romantic drama Hamari Adhuri Kahani . Penned by Mahesh Bhatt , the film tells the story of Vasudha , a single mother trapped in an abusive marriage , who has an extra @-@ marital affair . Shubha Shetty @-@ Saha of Mid Day reviewed , " Vidya Balan , a fine actress with thousand emotions fleeting across her lovely face , has shown us what she 's capable of in her earlier movies . But here , saddled with a boring , outdated , weepy character , there was nothing much even she could do " . Vidya next took on the part of a police officer in Te3n ( 2016 ) , a thriller inspired by the 2013 South Korean film Montage , co @-@ starring Amitabh Bachchan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui . She was attracted to the idea of playing a " no @-@ nonsense police inspector who commands much respect " and was particularly drawn to her character 's " silent aggression " . NDTV 's Saibal Chatterjee criticised the decision to bill Vidya 's pivotal role as a special appearance and noted how much her presence benefited the film . Rajeev Masand was critical of the film 's predictable denouement , but wrote that Vidya " is reliably solid each time she ’ s on screen , raising her brow , curling her lip to effectively communicate more than words can " . She then portrayed the actress Geeta Bali in multiple songs for Ekk Albela , a Marathi language biopic of the actor @-@ director Bhagwan Dada . As of June 2016 , Vidya has three upcoming projects . She has completed work on a sequel to Kahaani , and is filming for the role of a procurer in Srijit Mukherji 's Begum Jaan , a Hindi language remake of the Bengali film Rajkahini ( 2015 ) , which is a drama set in a brothel during the partition of India in 1947 . In addition , Vidya will star in Aami , a biopic on the controversial author Kamala Surayya , which will be filmed in Malayalam . = = Personal life and off @-@ screen work = = The mass media has often speculated about a romantic relationship between Vidya and her co @-@ actors , but she has strongly denied these reports . In 2009 , Vidya was involved in a controversy when she mentioned a previous relationship in which " caustic remarks " were made at her due to her weight . She said , " If someone who matters to you takes you down , it can break you . That someone whose approval mattered to me started to constantly find faults with me . At that point of time , it was important to walk away from that relationship . " Though she refused to name the person , tabloid reports suggested that she was referring to Shahid Kapoor ( her co @-@ star in Kismat Konnection ) . Kapoor , however , denied the allegations . During an interview in May 2012 , Vidya announced that she was dating Siddharth Roy Kapur , the CEO of UTV Motion Pictures . On 14 December 2012 , the couple were married in a private ceremony in Bandra , Mumbai . Vidya is trained in carnatic music and briefly studied the dance forms of Bharatnatyam and Kathak . Regarding her religious affiliations , Vidya said , " I am a person with a lot of faith and I have conversations [ with God ] all the time but I am not so religious in the conventional , organised sense " . She practices vegetarianism and was listed as " India 's hottest vegetarian " in polls conducted by PETA in 2011 and 2012 . Her weight fluctuations over the years have been the subject of substantial media coverage in India . Besides acting in film , Vidya promotes humanitarian causes and supports charitable institutions . In March 2011 , she endorsed World Wildlife Fund 's Earth Hour campaign in India . She campaigned for the cause of nutrition in India for Child In Need Institute ( CINI ) , a non @-@ profit organisation based in Kolkata . In September 2012 , Vidya visited a village in Mirzapur , Uttar Pradesh , where she participated in a campaign to promote children 's education and the empowerment of women . For her attempts to empower women , Vidya was awarded The Prabha Khaitan Puraskar 2012 by the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce ; she was the youngest recipient of the award . Vidya has also been appointed by the Government of India as their brand ambassador in the drive to improve the country 's sanitary condition . In August 2013 , she served as the grand marshal of the India Day parade held in New York City . In September that year , she launched a technology @-@ based learning platform for underprivileged children in the Thanapur village of Uttar Pradesh . On the occasion of International Women 's Day in 2015 , Vidya wrote an opinion column in Hindustan Times on the issues faced by women in India . = = Media image and artistry = = Following the success of Parineeta and Lage Raho Munna Bhai , Vidya 's film roles were subject to wide critical analysis . Vir Sanghvi noted that the films Heyy Babyy and Kismat Konnection were " strange films [ ... ] in which she tried to pretend to be what she is not — a Bollywood bimbette . " Vidya described that particular phase in her career as a " struggle to be someone else " . Due to the criticism that her film choices evoked , Vidya decided to choose roles that she " believed in " rather than choose by convention . Members of the media have subsequently labelled her as " bold " and " daring " in her choices . Her starring roles in Heyy Babyy and Kismat Konnection also led to considerable attention in the media for her " questionable wardrobe " . Several publications listed her as the " worst dressed actress " and her costume designers attributed her failure to carry off western clothes due to her weight and body structure . She was later praised in the media for wearing saris at public events ; designer Niharika Khan explained , " Vidya 's beauty lies in her curves . She 's comfortable in her voluptuousness , and therefore in a sari . " Vidya has since been identified as defying " an anglicised idea of sexuality " and embody the idea of " raw Indian sexuality " . After portraying strong female protagonists in Paa , Ishqiya , No One Killed Jessica , The Dirty Picture and Kahaani , Vidya was credited in the media for pioneering a movement that breaks the stereotypical portrayal of heroines in Bollywood . The major commercial success of the latter two earned her the title of a " female hero " and Kalpana Nair of First Post noted that with these two films Vidya spearheaded a change in the roles that were offered to actresses over thirty . Film critic Mayank Shekhar predicted , " Just a few smart male actors can completely change the face of a commercial , star @-@ driven film industry . Looking at [ ... ] Vidya Balan [ ... ] it appears , that change could well originate from the leading lady instead . " India Today featured her in their listing of the " 25 Power Women " and noted that " she has toppled the all dominating hero , reducing him to a supporting role in a male dominated film industry " . Vidya occupied the top slot in Rediff.com 's annual listing of " Bollywood 's Best Actress " for two consecutive years ( 2010 – 11 ) . She also featured in the list for the years 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , and 2012 . In 2010 , she featured in Filmfare 's listing of the " Women we love " . In 2012 , the magazine Verve listed her as one of India 's " Young Power Women " and wrote , " In a reel world peopled by size zero @-@ toned bodies and pretty @-@ as @-@ a @-@ picture heroines , Vidya comes across as completely real and natural – a woman who has followed her own instincts and dared to live her destiny by being her own person and not morphing herself to fit into any conventional slot . " In 2014 , Vidya was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award in India , for her contributions to the entertainment industry . The following year , she received an honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Rai University ; the university also named a scholarship program for underprivileged girls after her . The chancellor of the university , Harbeen Arora said , " Among the league of iconic actors , Vidya is a pioneer in every way . Her films epitomise a distinct Indianness and a powerful womanhood " . = = Filmography and awards = = = = = Selected filmography = = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = Among Vidya 's film awards are a National Film Award for Best Actress for The Dirty Picture ( 2011 ) , and five Filmfare Awards : Best Female Debut for Parineeta ( 2005 ) , Best Actress for Paa ( 2009 ) , The Dirty Picture ( 2011 ) , and Kahaani ( 2012 ) , and Critics Award for Best Actress for Ishqiya ( 2010 ) .
= Tyrannosauridae = Tyrannosauridae ( or tyrannosaurids , meaning " tyrant lizards " ) is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs which comprises two subfamilies containing up to eleven genera , including the eponymous Tyrannosaurus . The exact number of genera is controversial , with some experts recognizing as few as three . All of these animals lived near the end of the Cretaceous Period and their fossils have been found only in North America and Asia . Although descended from smaller ancestors , tyrannosaurids were almost always the largest predators in their respective ecosystems , putting them at the apex of the food chain . The largest species was Tyrannosaurus rex , one of the largest known land predators , which measured up to 12 @.@ 3 metres ( 40 ft ) in length and up to 10 @.@ 2 tonnes ( 11 @.@ 2 short tons ) in weight . Tyrannosaurids were bipedal carnivores with massive skulls filled with large teeth . Despite their large size , their legs were long and proportioned for fast movement . In contrast , their arms were very small , bearing only two functional digits . Unlike most other groups of dinosaurs , very complete remains have been discovered for most known tyrannosaurids . This has allowed a variety of research into their biology . Scientific studies have focused on their ontogeny , biomechanics and ecology , among other subjects . Soft tissue , both fossilized and intact , has been reported from one specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex . = = Description = = The tyrannosaurids were all large animals , with all species capable of weighing at least 1 metric ton . A single specimen of Alioramus of an individual estimated at between 5 and 6 metres ( 16 and 20 ft ) long has been discovered , although it is considered by some experts to be a juvenile . Albertosaurus , Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus all measured between 8 and 10 metres ( 26 and 33 ft ) long , while Tarbosaurus reached lengths of 12 metres ( 39 ft ) from snout to tail . The massive Tyrannosaurus reached 12 @.@ 3 metres ( 40 ft ) in the largest specimen , FMNH PR2081 . Tyrannosaurid skull anatomy is well understood as complete skulls are known for all genera but Alioramus , which is known only from partial skull remains . Tyrannosaurus , Tarbosaurus , and Daspletosaurus had skulls which exceeded 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in length , The largest discovered Tyrannosaurus skull measures up to 1 @.@ 45 metres ( 4 ft 9 in ) long . Adult tyrannosaurids had tall , massive skulls , with many bones fused and reinforced for strength . At the same time , hollow chambers within many skull bones and large openings ( fenestrae ) between those bones helped to reduce skull weight . Many features of tyrannosaurid skulls were also found in their immediate ancestors , including tall premaxillae and fused nasal bones . Tyrannosaurid skulls had many unique characteristics , including fused parietal bones with a prominent sagittal crest , which ran longitudinally along the sagittal suture and separated the two supratemporal fenestrae on the skull roof . Behind these fenestrae , tyrannosaurids had a characteristically tall nuchal crest , which also arose from the parietals but ran along a transverse plane rather than longitudinally . The nuchal crest was especially well @-@ developed in Tyrannosaurus , Tarbosaurus and Alioramus . Albertosaurus , Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus had tall crests in front of the eyes on the lacrimal bones , while Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus had extremely thickened postorbital bones forming crescent @-@ shaped crests behind the eyes . Alioramus had a row of six bony crests on top of its snout , arising from the nasal bones ; lower crests have been reported on some specimens of Daspletosaurus and Tarbosaurus , as well as the more basal tyrannosauroid Appalachiosaurus . The skull was perched at the end of a thick , S @-@ shaped neck , and a long , heavy tail acted as a counterweight to balance out the head and torso , with the center of mass over the hips . Tyrannosaurids are known for their proportionately very small two @-@ fingered forelimbs , although remnants of a vestigial third digit are sometimes found . Tarbosaurus had the shortest forelimbs compared to its body size , while Daspletosaurus had the longest . Tyrannosaurids walked exclusively on their hindlimbs , so their leg bones were massive . In contrast to the forelimbs , the hindlimbs were longer compared to body size than almost any other theropods . Juveniles and even some smaller adults , like more basal tyrannosauroids , had longer tibiae than femora , a characteristic of fast @-@ running dinosaurs like ornithomimids . Larger adults had leg proportions characteristic of slower @-@ moving animals , but not to the extent seen in other large theropods like abelisaurids or carnosaurs . The third metatarsals of tyrannosaurids were pinched between the second and fourth metatarsals , forming a structure known as the arctometatarsus . It is unclear when the arctometatarsus first evolved ; it was not present in the earliest tyrannosauroids like Dilong , but was found in the later Appalachiosaurus . This structure also characterized troodontids , ornithomimids and caenagnathids , but its absence in the earliest tyrannosauroids indicates that it was acquired by convergent evolution . = = = Teeth = = = Tyrannosaurids , like their tyrannosauroid ancestors , were heterodont , with premaxillary teeth D @-@ shaped in cross section and smaller than the rest . Unlike earlier tyrannosauroids and most other theropods , the maxillary and mandibular teeth of mature tyrannosaurids are not blade @-@ like but extremely thickened and often circular in cross @-@ section . Tooth counts tend to be consistent within species , and larger species tend to have lower tooth counts than smaller ones . For example , Alioramus had 76 to 78 teeth in its jaws , while Tyrannosaurus had between 54 and 60 . William Abler observed in 2001 that Albertosaurus tooth serrations resemble a crack in the tooth ending in a round void called an ampulla . Tyrannosaurid teeth were used as holdfasts for pulling meat off a body , so when a tyrannosaur would have pulled back on a piece of meat , the tension could cause a purely crack @-@ like serration to spread through the tooth . However , the presence of the ampulla would have distributed these forces over a larger surface area , and lessened the risk of damage to the tooth under strain . The presence of incisions ending in voids has parallels in human engineering . Guitar makers use incisions ending in voids to , as Abler describes , " impart alternating regions of flexibility and rigidity " to the wood they work with . The use of a drill to create an " ampulla " of sorts and prevent the propagation of cracks through material is also used to protect airplane surfaces . Abler demonstrated that a plexiglass bar with incisions called " kerfs " and drilled holes was more than 25 % stronger than one with only regularly placed incisions . Unlike tyrannosaurs , ancient predators like phytosaurs and Dimetrodon had no adaptations to prevent the crack @-@ like serrations of their teeth from spreading when subjected to the forces of feeding . = = History of discovery = = The first remains of tyrannosaurids were uncovered during expeditions led by the Geological Survey of Canada , which located numerous scattered teeth . These distinctive dinosaur teeth were given the name Deinodon ( " terrible tooth " ) by Joseph Leidy in 1856 . The first good specimens of a tyrannosaurid were found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta , and consisted of nearly complete skulls with partial skeletons . These remains were first studied by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876 , who considered them a species of the eastern tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus . In 1905 , Henry Fairfield Osborn recognized that the Alberta remains differed considerably from Dryptosaurus , and coined a new name for them : Albertosaurus sarcophagus ( " flesh @-@ eating Alberta lizard " ) . Cope described more tyrannosaur material in 1892 , in the form of isolated vertebrae , and gave this animal the name Manospondylus gigas . This discovery was mostly overlooked for over a century , and caused controversy in the early 2000s when it was discovered that this material actually belonged to , and had name priority over , Tyrannosaurus rex . In his 1905 paper naming Albertosaurus , Osborn described two additional tyrannosaur specimens that had been collected from in Montana and Wyoming during a 1902 expedition of the American Museum of Natural History , led by Barnum Brown . Initially , Osborn considered these to be distinct species . The first , he named Dynamosaurus imperiosus ( " emperor power lizard " ) , and the second , Tyrannosaurus rex ( " king tyrant lizard " ) . A year later , Osborn recognized that these two specimens actually came from the same species . Despite the fact that Dynamosaurus had been found first , the name Tyrannosaurus had appeared one page earlier in his original article describing both specimens . Therefore , according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) , the name Tyrannosaurus was used . Barnum Brown went on to collect several more tyrannosaurid specimens from Alberta , including the first to preserve the shortened , two @-@ fingered forelimbs characteristic of the group ( which Lawrence Lambe named Gorgosaurus libratus , " balanced fierce lizard " , in 1914 ) . A second significant find attributed to Gorgosaurus was made in 1942 , in the form of a well @-@ preserved , though unusually small , complete skull . The specimen waited until after the end of World War II to be studied by Charles W. Gilmore , who named it Gorgosaurus lancesnis . This skull was re @-@ studied by Robert T. Bakker , Phil Currie , and Michael Williams in 1988 , and assigned to the new genus Nanotyrannus . It was also in 1946 that paleontologists from the Soviet Union began expeditions into Mongolia , and uncovered the first tyrannosaur remains from Asia . Evgeny Maleev described new Mongolian species of Tyrannosaurus and Gorgosaurus in 1955 , and one new genus : Tarbosaurus ( " terrifying lizard " ) . Subsequent studies , however , showed that all of Maleev 's tyrannosaur species were actually one species of Tarbosaurus at different stages of growth . A second species of Mongolian tyrannosaurid was found later , described by Sergei Kurzanov in 1976 , and given the name Alioramus remotus ( " remote different branch " ) , though its status as a true tyrannosaurid and not a more primitive tyrannosaur is still controversial . = = Distribution = = While earlier tyrannosauroids are found on all three northern continents , tyrannosaurid fossils are known only from North America and Asia . Sometimes fragmentary remains uncovered in the Southern Hemisphere have been reported as " Southern Hemisphere tyrannosaurids , " although these seem to have been misidentified abelisaurid fossils . The exact time and place of origin of the family remain unknown due to the poor fossil record in the middle part of the Cretaceous on both continents , although the earliest confirmed tyrannosaurids lived in the early Campanian stage in western North America . Tyrannosaurid remains have never been recovered from eastern North America , while more basal tyrannosauroids , like Dryptosaurus and Appalachiosaurus , persisted there until the end of the Cretaceous , indicating that tyrannosaurids must have evolved in or dispersed into western North America after the continent was divided in half by the Western Interior Seaway in the middle of the Cretaceous . Tyrannosaurid fossils have been found in Alaska , which may have provided a route for dispersal between North America and Asia . Alioramus and Tarbosaurus are found to be related in one cladistic analysis , forming a unique Asian branch of the family . This was later disproven with the discovery of Qianzhousaurus and the description of the tyrannosaur family Alioramini . Tyrannosaurid teeth from a large species of unknown variety were discovered in the Nagasaki Peninsula by researchers from the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum , further expanding the range of the group . The teeth were estimated to be 81 million years old ( Campanian Age ) . Of the two subfamilies , tyrannosaurines appear to have been more widespread . Albertosaurines are unknown in Asia , which was home to the tyrannosaurines such as Tarbosaurus and Zhuchengtyrannus , and Qianzhousaurus and Alioramus of the Alioramini . Both subfamilies of Tyrannosaurinae and Albertosaurinae were present in the Campanian and early Maastrichtian stages of North America , with tyrannosaurines like Daspletosaurus ranging throughout the Western Interior , while the albertosaurines Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus are currently known only from the northwestern part of the continent . By the late Maastrichtian , albertosaurines appear to have gone extinct , while the tyrannosaurine Tyrannosaurus roamed from Saskatchewan to Texas . This pattern is mirrored in other North American dinosaur taxa . During the Campanian and early Maastrichtian , lambeosaurine hadrosaurs and centrosaurine ceratopsians are common in the northwest , while hadrosaurines and chasmosaurines were more common to the south . By the end of the Cretaceous , centrosaurines are unknown and lambeosaurines are rare , while hadrosaurines and chasmosaurines were common throughout the Western Interior . A study published in the journal Scientific Reports on February 2 , 2016 by Steve Brusatte , Thomas Carr et al. indicates that during the later Maastrichtian , Tyrannosaurus itself might have been partially responsible for the extinction of the other tyrannosaurids in most of western North America . The study indicates that Tyrannosaurus might have been an immigrant from Asia as opposed to having evolved in North America ( possibly a descendent of the closely related Tarbosaurus ) that supplanted and outcompeted other tyrannosaurids . This theory is further supported by the fact that few to no other types of tyrannosaurid are found within Tyrannosaurus ' known range . = = Physiology = = = = = Growth = = = Paleontologist Gregory Erickson and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids . Analysis of bone histology can determine the age of a specimen when it died . Growth rates can be examined when the age of various individuals are plotted against their size on a graph . Erickson has shown that after a long time as juveniles , tyrannosaurs underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years midway through their lives . After the rapid growth phase ended with sexual maturity , growth slowed down considerably in adult animals . A tyrannosaurid growth curve is S @-@ shaped , with the maximum growth rate of individuals around 14 years of age . The smallest known Tyrannosaurus rex individual ( LACM 28471 , the " Jordan theropod " ) is estimated to have weighed only 29 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 66 lb ) at only 2 years old , while the largest , such as FMNH PR2081 ( " Sue " ) most likely weighed about 5 @,@ 654 kg ( 12 @,@ 465 lb ) , estimated to have been 28 years old , an age which may have been close to the maximum for the species . T. rex juveniles remained under 1 @,@ 800 kg ( 4 @,@ 000 lb ) until approximately 14 years of age , when body size began to increase dramatically . During this rapid growth phase , a young T. rex would gain an average of 600 kg ( 1 @,@ 300 lb ) a year for the next four years . This slowed after 16 years , and at 18 years of age , the curve plateaus again , indicating that growth slowed dramatically . For example , only 600 kg ( 1 @,@ 300 lb ) separated the 28 @-@ year @-@ old " Sue " from a 22 @-@ year @-@ old Canadian specimen ( RTMP 81 @.@ 12 @.@ 1 ) . This sudden change in growth rate may indicate physical maturity , a hypothesis which is supported by the discovery of medullary tissue in the femur of an 18 @-@ year @-@ old T. rex from Montana ( MOR 1125 , also known as " B @-@ rex " ) . Medullary tissue is found only in female birds during ovulation , indicating that " B @-@ rex " was of reproductive age . Other tyrannosaurids exhibit extremely similar growth curves , although with lower growth rates corresponding to their lower adult sizes . Compared to albertosaurines , Daspletosaurus showed a faster growth rate during the rapid growth period due to its higher adult weight . The maximum growth rate in Daspletosaurus was 180 kilograms ( 400 lb ) per year , based on a mass estimate of 1 @,@ 800 kg ( 4 @,@ 000 lb ) in adults . Other authors have suggested higher adult weights for Daspletosaurus ; this would change the magnitude of the growth rate but not the overall pattern . The youngest known Albertosaurus is a two @-@ year @-@ old discovered in the Dry Island bonebed , which would have weighed about 50 kg ( 110 lb ) and measured slightly more than 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) in length . The 10 @-@ metre ( 33 ft ) specimen from the same quarry is the oldest and largest known , at 28 years of age . The fastest growth rate is estimated to be around 12 – 16 years , reaching 122 kilograms ( 269 lb ) per year , based on an adult 1 @,@ 300 kilograms ( 2 @,@ 900 lb ) which is about five times slower than for T.-rex. For Gorgosaurus the calculated maximum growth rate is about 110 kilograms ( 240 lb ) during the rapid growth phase , which is comparable to that of Albertosaurus . = = = Life history = = = The end of the rapid growth phase suggests the onset of sexual maturity in Albertosaurus , although growth continued at a slower rate throughout the animals ' lives . Sexual maturation while still actively growing appears to be a shared trait among small and large dinosaurs as well as in large mammals such as humans and elephants . This pattern of relatively early sexual maturation differs strikingly from the pattern in birds , which delay their sexual maturity until after they have finished growing . By tabulating the number of specimens of each age group , Erickson and his colleagues were able to draw conclusions about life history in tyranosauridae populations . Their analysis showed that while juveniles were rare in the fossil record , subadults in the rapid growth phase and adults were far more common . Over half of the known T. rex specimens appear to have died within six years of reaching sexual maturity , a pattern that is also seen in other tyrannosaurs and in some large , long @-@ lived birds and mammals today . These species are characterized by high infant mortality rates , followed by relatively low mortality among juveniles . Mortality increases again following sexual maturity , partly due to the stresses of reproduction . While this could be due to preservation or collection biases , Erickson hypothesized that the difference was due to low mortality among juveniles over a certain size , which is also seen in some modern large mammals , like elephants . This low mortality may have resulted from a lack of predation , since tyrannosaurs surpassed all contemporaneous predators in size by the age of two . Paleontologists have not found enough Daspletosaurus remains for a similar analysis , but Erickson notes that the same general trend seems to apply . The tyrannosaurids spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near @-@ maximum size in only a few years . This , along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods , suggests these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids . This is seen in modern Komodo dragons , where hatchlings start off as tree @-@ dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates . For example , Albertosaurus have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed @-@ age packs . = = = Locomotion = = = Locomotion abilities are best studied for Tyrannosaurus and there are two main issues concerning this : how well it could turn ; and what its maximum straight @-@ line speed was likely to have been.Tyrannosaurus may have been slow to turn , possibly taking one to two seconds to turn only 45 ° – an amount that humans , being vertically oriented and tail @-@ less , can spin in a fraction of a second . The cause of the difficulty is rotational inertia , since much of Tyrannosaurus ’ mass was some distance from its center of gravity , like a human carrying a heavy timber . Scientists have produced a wide range of maximum speed estimates , mostly around 11 metres per second ( 25 mph ) , but a few as low as 5 – 11 metres per second ( 11 – 25 mph ) , and a few as high as 20 metres per second ( 45 mph ) . Researchers have to rely on various estimating techniques because , while there are many tracks of very large theropods walking , so far none have been found of very large theropods running — and this absence may indicate that they did not run . Jack Horner and Don Lessem argued in 1993 that Tyrannosaurus was slow and probably could not run ( no airborne phase in mid @-@ stride ) . However , Holtz ( 1998 ) concluded that tyrannosaurids and their close relatives were the fastest large theropods . Christiansen ( 1998 ) estimated that the leg bones of Tyrannosaurus were not significantly stronger than those of elephants , which are relatively limited in their top speed and never actually run ( there is no airborne phase ) , and hence proposed that the dinosaur 's maximum speed would have been about 11 metres per second ( 25 mph ) , which is about the speed of a human sprinter . Farlow and colleagues ( 1995 ) have argued that a 6 @-@ 8 ton Tyrannosaurus would have been critically or even fatally injured if it had fallen while moving quickly , since its torso would have slammed into the ground at a deceleration of 6 g ( six times the acceleration due to gravity , or about 60 meters / s ² ) and its tiny arms could not have reduced the impact . However , giraffes have been known to gallop at 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) , despite the risk that they might break a leg or worse , which can be fatal even in a " safe " environment such as a zoo . Thus it is quite possible that Tyrannosaurus also moved fast when necessary and had to accept such risks ; this scenario has been studied for Allosaurus too . Most recent research on Tyrannosaurus locomotion does not narrow down speeds further than a range from 17 to 40 kilometres per hour ( 11 to 25 mph ) , i.e. from walking or slow running to moderate @-@ speed running . A computer model study in 2007 estimated running speeds , based on data taken directly from fossils , and claimed that T. rex had a top running speed of 8 metres per second ( 18 mph ) . ( probably a juvenile individual ) . = = = Feathers = = = Long filamentous structures have been preserved along with skeletal remains of numerous coelurosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and other nearby geological formations from Liaoning , China . These filaments have usually been interpreted as " protofeathers , " homologous with the branched feathers found in birds and some non @-@ avian theropods , although other hypotheses have been proposed . A skeleton of Dilong was described in 2004 that included the first example of " protofeathers " in a tyrannosauroid . Similarly to down feathers of modern birds , the " protofeathers " found in Dilong were branched but not pennaceous , and may have been used for insulation . The discovery and description of the 9 meter ( 30 ft ) feathered tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus in 2012 indicates the possibility large tyrannosaurids were also feathered as adults . It has also been theoretized that tyrannosaurids had such protofeathers . However , rare skin impressions from adult tyrannosaurids in Canada and Mongolia show pebbly scales typical of other dinosaurs . While it is possible that protofeathers existed on parts of the body that have not been preserved , a lack of insulatory body covering is consistent with modern multi @-@ ton mammals , such as elephants , hippopotamus , and most species of rhinoceros . As an object increases in size , its ability to retain heat increases due to its decreasing surface area @-@ to @-@ volume ratio . Therefore , as large animals evolve in or disperse into warm climates , a coat of fur or feathers loses its selective advantage for thermal insulation and can instead become a disadvantage , as the insulation traps excess heat inside the body , possibly overheating the animal . Protofeathers may also have been secondarily lost during the evolution of large tyrannosaurids , especially in warm Cretaceous climates . A precedent can be seen in other dinosaur groups such as ornithischians , in which filamentous structures were lost , and scales reappeared . = = = Vision = = = The eye @-@ sockets of Tyrannosaurus are positioned so that the eyes would point forward , giving them binocular vision slightly better than that of modern hawks . Jack Horner also pointed out that the tyrannosaur lineage had a history of steadily improving binocular vision . It is hard to see how natural selection would have favored this long @-@ term trend if tyrannosaurs had been pure scavengers , which would not have needed the advanced depth perception that stereoscopic vision provides . In modern animals , binocular vision is found mainly in predators ( the principal exceptions are primates , which need it for leaping from branch to branch ) . Unlike Tyrannosaurus , Tarbosaurus had a narrower skull more typical of other tyrannosaurids in which the eyes faced primarily sideways . All of this suggests that Tarbosaurus relied more on its senses of smell and hearing than on its eyesight . In Gorgosaurus specimens , the eye socket was circular rather than oval or keyhole @-@ shaped as in other tyrannosaurid genera . In Daspletosaurus , this was a tall oval , somewhere in between the circular shape seen in Gorgosaurus and the ' keyhole ' shape of Tyrannosaurus . = = = Bony crests = = = Bony crests are found on the skulls of many theropods , including many tyrannosaurids . Alioramus , a possible tyrannosaurid from Mongolia , bears a single row of five prominent bony bumps on the nasal bones ; a similar row of much lower bumps is present on the skull of Appalachiosaurus , as well as some specimens of Daspletosaurus , Albertosaurus , and Tarbosaurus . In Albertosaurus , Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus , there is a prominent horn in front of each eye on the lacrimal bone . The lacrimal horn is absent in Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus , which instead have a crescent @-@ shaped crest behind each eye on the postorbital bone . These head crests may have been used for display , perhaps for species recognition or courtship behavior . = = = Thermoregulation = = = Tyrannosaurus , like most dinosaurs , was long thought to have an ectothermic ( " cold @-@ blooded " ) reptilian metabolism but was challenged by scientists like Robert T. Bakker and John Ostrom in the early years of the " Dinosaur Renaissance " , beginning in the late 1960s . Tyrannosaurus rex itself was claimed to have been endothermic ( " warm @-@ blooded " ) , implying a very active lifestyle . Since then , several paleontologists have sought to determine the ability of Tyrannosaurus to regulate its body temperature . Histological evidence of high growth rates in young T. rex , comparable to those of mammals and birds , may support the hypothesis of a high metabolism . Growth curves indicate that , as in mammals and birds , T. rex growth was limited mostly to immature animals , rather than the indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates . It has been indicated that the temperature difference may have been no more than 4 to 5 ° C ( 7 to 9 ° F ) between the vertebrae of the torso and the tibia of the lower leg . This small temperature range between the body core and the extremities was claimed by paleontologist Reese Barrick and geochemist William Showers to indicate that T. rex maintained a constant internal body temperature ( homeothermy ) and that it enjoyed a metabolism somewhere between ectothermic reptiles and endothermic mammals . Later they found similar results in Giganotosaurus specimens , who lived on a different continent and tens of millions of years earlier in time . Even if Tyrannosaurus rex does exhibit evidence of homeothermy , it does not necessarily mean that it was endothermic . Such thermoregulation may also be explained by gigantothermy , as in some living sea turtles . = = Paleoecology = = = = = Coexistence of Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus = = = In the Dinosaur Park Formation , Gorgosaurus lived alongside a rarer species of the tyrannosaurine Daspletosaurus . This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting . Similarly @-@ sized predators in modern predator guilds are separated into different ecological niches by anatomical , behavioral or geographical differences that limit competition . Niche differentiation between the Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurids is not well @-@ understood . In 1970 , Dale Russell hypothesized that the more common Gorgosaurus actively hunted fleet @-@ footed hadrosaurs , while the rarer and more troublesome ceratopsians and ankylosaurians ( horned and heavily armoured dinosaurs ) were left to the more heavily built Daspletosaurus . However , a specimen of Daspletosaurus ( OTM 200 ) from the contemporaneous Two Medicine Formation of Montana preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region . Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs , neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other . However , Gorgosaurus appears more common in northern formations like the Dinosaur Park , with species of Daspletosaurus more abundant to the south . The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosaurs . Chasmosaurine ceratopsians and hadrosaurine hadrosaurs are also more common in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and in southwestern North America during the Campanian , while centrosaurines and lambeosaurines dominate in northern latitudes . Holtz has suggested that this pattern indicates shared ecological preferences between tyrannosaurines , chasmosaurines and hadrosaurines . At the end of the later Maastrichtian stage , tyrannosaurines like Tyrannosaurus rex , hadrosaurines like Edmontosaurus and chasmosaurines like Triceratops were widespread throughout western North America , while albertosaurines and centrosaurines became extinct , and lambeosaurines were rare . = = = Social behavior = = = There is limited evidence of social behavior among the tyrannosaurids . For example , the " Sue " T.-rex specimen apparently died from a massive bite to the head , which could only have been inflicted by another tyrannosaur . Researchers reported that a subadult and a juvenile skeleton were found in the same quarry as the " Sue " specimen , which has been used to support the hypothesis that tyrannosaurs may have lived in social groups of some kind . While there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in Gorgosaurus , there is evidence of some pack behavior for Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus . A young specimen of the Dinosaur Park Daspletosaurus species ( TMP 94 @.@ 143 @.@ 1 ) shows bite marks on the face that were inflicted by another tyrannosaur . The bite marks are healed over , indicating that the animal survived the bite . A full @-@ grown Dinosaur Park Daspletosaurus ( TMP 85 @.@ 62 @.@ 1 ) also exhibits tyrannosaur bite marks , showing that attacks to the face were not limited to younger animals . While it is possible that the bites were attributable to other species , intraspecific aggression , including facial biting , is very common among predators . Facial bites are seen in other tyrannosaurs like Gorgosaurus and Tyrannosaurus , as well as in other theropod genera like Sinraptor and Saurornitholestes . Darren Tanke and Phil Currie hypothesize that the bites are due to intraspecific competition for territory or resources , or for dominance within a social group . Evidence that Daspletosaurus lived in social groups comes from a bonebed found in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana . The bonebed includes the remains of three Daspletosaurus , including a large adult , a small juvenile , and another individual of intermediate size . At least five hadrosaurs are preserved at the same location . Geologic evidence indicates that the remains were not brought together by river currents but that all of the animals were buried simultaneously at the same location . The hadrosaur remains are scattered and bear many marks from tyrannosaur teeth , indicating that the Daspletosaurus were feeding on the hadrosaurs at the time of death . The cause of death is unknown . Currie speculates that the daspletosaurs formed a pack , although this cannot be stated with certainty . Other scientists are skeptical of the evidence for social groups in Daspletosaurus and other large theropods ; Brian Roach and Daniel Brinkman have suggested that Daspletosaurus social interaction would have more closely resembled the modern Komodo dragon , where non @-@ cooperative individuals mob carcasses , frequently attacking and even cannibalizing each other in the process . The Dry Island bonebed discovered by Barnum Brown and his crew contains the remains of 22 Albertosaurus , the most individuals found in one locality of any Cretaceous theropod , and the second @-@ most of any large theropod dinosaur behind the Allosaurus assemblage at the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Utah . The group seems to be composed of one very old adult ; eight adults between 17 and 23 years old ; seven sub @-@ adults undergoing their rapid growth phases at between 12 and 16 years old ; and six juveniles between the ages of 2 and 11 years , who had not yet reached the growth phase . The near @-@ absence of herbivore remains and the similar state of preservation between the many individuals at the Albertosaurus bonebed quarry led Phil Currie to conclude that the locality was not a predator trap like the La Brea Tar Pits in California , and that all of the preserved animals died at the same time . Currie claims this as evidence of pack behavior . Other scientists are skeptical , observing that the animals may have been driven together by drought , flood or for other reasons . While it generally remains controversial , evidence does exist that supports the theory that at least some tyrannosaurids were social . In British Columbia 's Wapiti Formation , a trackway composed of the footprints of three individual tyrannosaurids ( named as the ichnogenus " Bellatoripes fredlundi " ) was discovered by a local outfitter named Aaron Fredlund and described in the journal PLoS One by Richard McCrea et al . An examination of the trackway found no evidence of one trackway being left long after another had been made , further supporting the hypothesis that three individual tyrannosaurs were traveling together as a group . Further research revealed the animals were traveling at a speed of between 3 @.@ 9 and 5 @.@ 2 mph and likely had a hip height of around 7 to 9 feet . As three different genera of tyrannosaurids ( Gorgosaurus , Daspletosaurus , and Albertosaurus , respectively ) are known from the formation , it is unknown which genus was the maker of the trackway . = = = Feeding = = = Tyrannosaur tooth marks are the most commonly preserved feeding traces of carnivorous dinosaurs . They have been reported from ceratopsians , hadrosaurs and other tyrannosaurs . Tyrannosaurid bones with tooth marks represent about 2 % of known fossils with preserved tooth marks . Tyrannosaurid teeth were used as holdfasts for pulling meat off a body , rather than knife @-@ like cutting functions . Tooth wear patterns hint that complex head shaking behaviors may have been involved in tyrannosaur feeding . Speculation on the pack @-@ hunting habits of Albertosaurus were made by a few researchers who suggest that the younger members of the pack may have been responsible for driving their prey towards the adults , who were larger and more powerful , but also slower . Juveniles may also have had different lifestyles than adults , filling predator niches between those of the enormous adults and the smaller contemporaneous theropods , the largest of which were two orders of magnitude smaller than an adult Albertosaurus in mass . However , as the preservation of behavior in the fossil record is exceedingly rare , these ideas cannot readily be tested . Phil Currie speculates that the Daspletosaurus formed packs to hunt , although this cannot be stated with certainty . There is no evidence of such gregarious behavior in Gorgosaurus . The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was a predator or a pure scavenger is as old as the debate about its locomotion . Lambe ( 1917 ) described a good skeleton of Tyrannosaurus ’ close relative Gorgosaurus and concluded that it and therefore also Tyrannosaurus was a pure scavenger , because the Gorgosaurus ’ teeth showed hardly any wear . This argument is no longer taken seriously , because theropods replaced their teeth quite rapidly . Ever since the first discovery of Tyrannosaurus most scientists have agreed that it was a predator , although like modern large predators it would have been happy to scavenge or steal another predator 's kill if it had the opportunity . Noted hadrosaur expert Jack Horner is currently the major advocate of the idea that Tyrannosaurus was exclusively a scavenger and did not engage in active hunting at all . Horner has presented several arguments to support the pure scavenger hypothesis . The presence of large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves suggests a highly developed sense of smell for sniffing out carcasses over great distances . The teeth could crush bone , and therefore could extract as much food ( bone marrow ) as possible from carcass remnants , usually the least nutritious parts . At least some of its potential prey could move quickly , while evidence suggests that it walked instead of ran . Other evidence suggests hunting behavior in Tyrannosaurus . The eye @-@ sockets of tyrannosaurs are positioned so that the eyes would point forward , giving them binocular vision slightly better than that of modern hawks . Tyrannosaur @-@ inflicted damage has been found on skeletons of hadrosaurs and Triceratops that seemed to have survived initial attacks . Some researchers argue that if Tyrannosaurus were a scavenger , another dinosaur had to be the top predator in the Amerasian Upper Cretaceous . The top prey were the larger marginocephalians and ornithopods . The other tyrannosaurids share so many characteristics with Tyrannosaurus that only small dromaeosaurs remain as feasible top predators . In this light , scavenger hypothesis adherents have suggested that the size and power of tyrannosaurs allowed them to steal kills from smaller predators . Most paleontologists accept that Tyrannosaurus was both an active predator and a scavenger . = = Classification = = The name Deinodontidae was coined by Edward Drinker Cope in 1866 for this family , and continued to be used in place of the newer name Tyrannosauridae through the 1960s . The type genus of the Deinodontidae is Deinodon , which was named after isolated teeth from Montana . However , in a 1970 review of North American tyrannosaurs , Dale Russell concluded that Deinodon was not a valid taxon , and used the name Tyrannosauridae in place of Deinodontidae , stating that this was in accordance with ICZN rules . Therefore , Tyrannosauridae is preferred by modern experts . Tyrannosaurus was named by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1905 , along with the family Tyrannosauridae . The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words τυραννος / tyrannos ( ' tyrant ' ) and σαυρος / sauros ( ' lizard ' ) . The very common suffix -idae is normally appended to zoological family names and is derived from the Greek suffix -ιδαι / -idai , which indicates a plural noun . = = = Taxonomy = = = Tyrannosauridae is a family in rank @-@ based Linnaean taxonomy , within the superfamily Tyrannosauroidea and the suborder Theropoda . Tyrannosauridae is uncontroversially divided into two subfamilies . Albertosaurinae comprises the North American genera Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus , while Tyrannosaurinae includes Daspletosaurus , Teratophoneus , Bistahieversor , Tarbosaurus , Nanuqsaurus , Zhuchengtyrannus , and Tyrannosaurus itself . Some authors include the species Gorgosaurus libratus in the genus Albertosaurus and Tarbosaurus bataar in the genus Tyrannosaurus , while others prefer to retain Gorgosaurus and Tarbosaurus as separate genera . Albertosaurines are characterized by more slender builds , lower skulls , and proportionately longer tibiae than tyrannosaurines . In tyrannosaurines , the sagittal crest on the parietals continues forward onto the frontals . Some authors , such as George Olshevsky and Tracy Ford , have created finer subdivisions or tribes for various combinations of tyrannosaurs within the subfamilies . However , these have not been phylogenetically defined , and usually consisted of genera which are now considered synonymous with other genera or species . Additional subfamilies have been named for more fragmentary genera , including Aublysodontinae and Deinodontinae . However , the genera Aublysodon and Deinodon are usually considered nomina dubia , so they and their eponymous subfamilies are usually excluded from taxonomies of tyrannosaurids . An additional tyrannosaurid , Raptorex , was initially described as a more primitive tyrannosauroid , but likely represents a juvenile tyrannosaurine similar to Tarbosaurus . However , as it is known only from a juvenile specimen , it is also currently considered a nomen dubium . In 2014 , Junchang Lü described the tribe Alioramini with the genera Qianzhousaurus and Alioramus . = = = Phylogeny = = = With the advent of phylogenetic taxonomy in vertebrate paleontology , Tyrannosauridae has been given several explicit definitions . The original was produced by Paul Sereno in 1998 , and included all tyrannosauroids closer to Tyrannosaurus than to either Alectrosaurus , Aublysodon or Nanotyrannus . However , Nanotyrannus is often considered to be a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex , while Aublysodon is usually regarded as a nomen dubium unsuitable for use in the definition of a clade . Definitions since then have been based on more well @-@ established genera . Later in the same paper he proposed that Tyrannosauridae be defined as " all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and Aublysodon . " He also criticized definitions previously proposed by other workers , like one proposed by Paul Sereno , that the Tyrannosauridae was " all taxa closer to " Tyrannosaurus " than to Alectrosaurus , Aublysodon , and Nanotyrannus . " Holtz observed that since Nanotyrannus was probably a misidentified T. rex juvenile , Sereno 's proposed definition would have the family Tyrannosauridae as a subtaxon of the genus Tyrannosaurus . Further , his proposed definition of the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae would also be limited to Tyrannosaurus . A 2003 attempt by Christopher Brochu included Albertosaurus , Alectrosaurus , Alioramus , Daspletosaurus , Gorgosaurus , Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus in the definition . Holtz redefined the clade in 2004 to use all of the above as specifiers except for Alioramus and Alectrosaurus , which his analysis could not place with certainty . However , in the same paper , Holtz also provided a completely different definition , including all theropods more closely related to Tyrannosaurus than to Eotyrannus . The most recent definition is that of Sereno in 2005 , which defined Tyrannosauridae as the least inclusive clade containing Albertosaurus , Gorgosaurus and Tyrannosaurus . Cladistic analyses of tyrannosaurid phylogeny often find Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus to be sister taxa , with Daspletosaurus more basal than either . A close relationship between Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus is supported by numerous skull features , including the pattern of sutures between certain bones , the presence of a crescent @-@ shaped crest on the postorbital bone behind each eye , and a very deep maxilla with a noticeable downward curve on the lower edge , among others . An alternative hypothesis was presented in a 2003 study by Phil Currie and colleagues , which found weak support for Daspletosaurus as a basal member of a clade also including Tarbosaurus and Alioramus , both from Asia , based on the absence of a bony prong connecting the nasal and lacrimal bones . Alioramus was found to be the closest relative of Tarbosaurus in this study , based on a similar pattern of stress distribution in the skull . A related study also noted a locking mechanism in the lower jaw shared between the two genera . In a separate paper , Currie noted the possibility that Alioramus might represent a juvenile Tarbosaurus , but stated that the much higher tooth count and more prominent nasal crests in Alioramus suggest it is a distinct genus . Similarly , Currie uses the high tooth count of Nanotyrannus to suggest that it may be a distinct genus , rather than a juvenile Tyrannosaurus as most other experts believe . The discovery and description of Qianzhousaurus however , reveals that Alioramus is not a close relation to Tarbosaurus , instead belonging to a newly described family of tyrannosaurids ; the Alioramini . Qianzhousaurus further reveals that similar long @-@ snouted tyrannosaurids were widely distributed throughout Asia and would have shared the same environment while avoiding competition with larger and more robust tyrannosaurines by hunting different prey . = = Timeline of genera = =
= SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia = SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia ( " Empress and Queen Maria Theresa " ) was an armored cruiser used by the imperial Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy from 1895 to 1917 ; she was the first ship of that type built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . The ship was a unique design , built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste ; she was laid down in July 1891 , launched in April 1893 , and completed in November 1894 . Armed with a main battery of two 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns and eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , the ship provided the basis for two subsequent armored cruiser designs for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . In 1898 , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was deployed to the Caribbean to safeguard Austro @-@ Hungarian interests during the Spanish – American War ; she inadvertently arrived off Santiago de Cuba on the morning the Spanish squadron attempted to escape from the American blockade , and was nearly attacked herself . In 1900 , she was sent to China to assist in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion , and remained in East Asian waters until 1902 . She was heavily modernized between 1906 and 1910 , and served in the 1st Cruiser Division after returning to the fleet . She was used first as a harbor guard ship and then as a barracks ship during World War I. After the end of the war , she was surrendered to Britain as a war prize and broken up for scrap in 1920 . = = Design = = In the 1890s , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy began building large , modern cruisers , beginning with the protected cruisers of the Kaiser Franz Joseph I class . The Marinesektion , the executive committee of the Navy , decided to follow the Kaiser Franz Joseph I @-@ class ships with a more powerful vessel , a larger , better armed armored cruiser , as the type had begun to gain prominence in foreign navies . The Austro @-@ Hungarians requested design proposals from five British shipyards , though none of them were awarded the contract . The Navy gave the contract for " torpedo @-@ ram cruiser C " , as it was provisionally titled , to Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino , the Austrian dockyard in Trieste . The two subsequent armored cruisers , Kaiser Karl VI and Sankt Georg , were improved versions of this design . Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was 111 @.@ 67 meters ( 366 @.@ 4 ft ) long at the waterline and 113 @.@ 7 m ( 373 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 16 @.@ 25 m ( 53 @.@ 3 ft ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 81 m ( 22 @.@ 3 ft ) . As designed , the ship displaced 5 @,@ 330 metric tons ( 5 @,@ 250 long tons ; 5 @,@ 880 short tons ) , and at full load she displaced 6 @,@ 026 t ( 5 @,@ 931 long tons ; 6 @,@ 643 short tons ) . She had a crew of 475 officers and men . The ship was powered by two 3 @-@ cylinder , horizontal triple expansion engines rated at 9 @,@ 755 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 274 kW ) . This gave the ship a top speed of 19 @.@ 35 knots ( 35 @.@ 84 km / h ; 22 @.@ 27 mph ) . Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was armed with a main battery of two 24 cm K L / 35 guns , manufactured by Krupp , and mounted in two single turrets , one forward and one aft . These guns were the primary offensive armament . For defense against torpedo boats , she also carried eight Krupp 8 cm SK L / 35 guns , twelve Skoda 4 @.@ 7 cm SK L / 44 guns , six Hotchkiss 47 mm L / 33 guns , and a pair of 7 cm L / 15 landing guns ; these guns were primarily mounted in casemates or sponsons . The landing guns could be taken ashore to provide support for a landing party . Her armament was rounded out by four 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , one in the bow , one in the stern , and one on each side . Both the main battery turrets and the armored belt were protected by 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick steel armor . The main deck was 38 to 57 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The casemates were armored with 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) of steel , and the conning tower had 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was laid down on 1 June 1891 , launched on 29 April 1893 , and commissioned into the fleet in November 1894 . In 1895 , Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria took a squadron of warships , including Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia , to Germany to participate in the celebrations for the opening of the Kiel Canal . The squadron called on the port of Brest , France on the way , and stopped in Portsmouth on the return voyage . In early 1897 , the ship joined the massive international fleet that demonstrated off Crete to protest the Greek annexation of the island from the Ottoman Empire . The Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet was the third largest contingent , after the Italians and British . The Austro @-@ Hungarians and Germans were dissatisfied with the compromise worked out , and so withdrew their contingents early , in March 1898 . In 1898 , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was dispatched to Cuba during the Spanish – American War , to evacuate Austrian and German nationals in the city of Santiago . The ship arrived off Santiago on 3 July , the day the Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete attempted to break out of the harbor , through the American blockade . The American auxiliary vessel USS Resolute spotted Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia approaching US Army transports off Siboney and Daiquirí . Resolute informed the battleship USS Indiana about a " Spanish battleship " attacking the army ships , after which Indiana steamed to engage the supposed Spanish warship . After closing to 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @,@ 500 m ) , Indiana 's captain identified Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia shortly before his gunners would have opened fire . The Austrian cruiser had similar run @-@ ins with other vessels of the American fleet as it sought permission from the American commander to perform its evacuation . After inspecting her , Admiral William T. Sampson , the American commander , permitted the Austrian cruiser to enter the harbor for her mission . After picking up the evacuees , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia went to Port Royal , Jamaica , and remained in the Caribbean until the end of the war . On 9 May , she departed , bound for Pola , and arrived on 9 December . Over the winter of 1898 – 1899 , the ship served in the winter training squadron along with the battleship Budapest . As anti @-@ foreign violence began to rise in China in early 1900 , the Great Powers began to send warships to the Far East to increase the pressure on the Chinese government to reign in the violence . At the peak of the Boxer Rebellion , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was deployed to the area under the command of Victor Ritter Bless von Sambuchi , along with numerous other European warships . She left Pola in June , and was followed by the cruisers Kaiserin Elisabeth and Aspern the next month . The ships joined the international fleet off Taku in September 1900 , though by that time , most of the fighting had already occurred . Nevertheless , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia and Aspern remained in East Asian waters for an extended deployment . Captain Anton Haus took command of the ship , and in June 1901 , he took the ship to Hankow up the Yangtze River ; she was the largest ship to have steamed that far up the river . She returned to Austria @-@ Hungary in 1902 , and was replaced in China by the new armored cruiser Kaiser Karl VI . Between 1906 – 1908 and 1909 – 1910 , the ship was rebuilt and equipped with more modern main guns . The 24 cm guns were replaced with quick @-@ firing 19 cm L / 42 guns manufactured by Skoda . Four 37 mm Vickers revolving cannon were also installed . The ship 's heavy fighting masts were removed . In 1912 , the ship was sent to Salonika to safeguard Austro @-@ Hungarian interests during the Balkan Wars . She was then assigned to the 1st Cruiser Division , and remained in that unit after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . It consisted of the other two armored cruisers in the fleet , and three light cruisers , under the command of Vice Admiral Paul Fiedler . She was used as a harbor guard ship in Šibenik starting in 1914 . In 1916 , she was withdrawn from service and disarmed the following year for use as a barracks ship for German U @-@ boat crews operating out of the Austrian naval base at Pola . Her guns were converted for use on land and sent to the Italian front . After the end of the war , in 1920 , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was allocated to Britain as a war prize . The British sold her to an Italian ship @-@ breaking firm , which broke her up for scrap .
= CSI effect = The CSI effect , also known as the CSI syndrome and the CSI infection , is any of several ways in which the exaggerated portrayal of forensic science on crime television shows such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation influences public perception . The term most often refers to the belief that jurors have come to demand more forensic evidence in criminal trials , thereby raising the effective standard of proof for prosecutors . While this belief is widely held among American legal professionals , some studies have suggested that crime shows are unlikely to cause such an effect , although frequent CSI viewers may place a lower value on circumstantial evidence . As technology improves and becomes more prevalent throughout society , people may also develop higher expectations for the capabilities of forensic technology . = = Background = = The CSI effect is named for CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , a television program which first aired in 2000 . In CSI , a fictional team of crime scene investigators solve murders in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . In each episode , the discovery of a human corpse leads to a criminal investigation by members of the team , who gather and analyze forensic evidence , question witnesses , and apprehend suspects . The show 's popularity led to three spin @-@ offs : CSI : Miami , which debuted in 2002 , CSI : NY , first aired in 2004 , and CSI : Cyber , which premiered in 2015 . The CSI franchise 's success resulted in the production of many similar shows ; in turn , the " CSI effect " has been associated with other crime shows , including American Justice , Bones , Cold Case , Cold Case Files , Cold Squad , Criminal Minds , Crossing Jordan , Exhibit A : Secrets of Forensic Science , Forensic Files , NCIS , Numb3rs , Silent Witness , Waking the Dead , Wire in the Blood , and Without a Trace . Based on the Nielsen ratings , six of the top ten most popular television shows in the United States in 2005 were crime dramas , and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation reached the number one ranking in November 2007 . Several aspects of popular crime shows have been criticized as being unrealistic . For instance , the show 's characters not only investigate ( " process " ) crime scenes , but they also conduct raids , engage in suspect pursuit and arrest , interrogate suspects , and solve cases , which falls under the responsibility of uniformed officers and detectives , not CSI personnel . Additionally , if CSIs process a crime scene it is inappropriate for them to also be involved in the examination and testing of any evidence collected from that scene as it would compromise the impartiality of scientific evidence . In real investigations , DNA and fingerprint data is often unobtainable and , when they are available , can take several weeks or months to process , whereas television crime labs usually get results within hours . In the first season of CSI , technicians made a plaster mold of the interior of a wound to determine the type of knife used to make the wound , which is not possible with current technology . Characters on television often use the word " match " to describe a definitive relationship between two pieces of evidence , whereas real forensic technicians tend to use terms that are less definite , which acknowledges that absolute certainty is often not possible . Anthony E. Zuiker , creator of the CSI franchise , claimed that " all of the science is accurate " on the shows ; researchers , however , have described CSI 's portrayal of forensic science as " high @-@ tech magic . " Forensic scientist Thomas Mauriello estimated that 40 percent of the scientific techniques depicted on CSI do not exist . In addition to using unrealistic techniques , CSI ignores all elements of uncertainty present in real investigations , and instead portrays experimental results as absolute truth . The notion that these inaccurate portrayals could alter the public perception of forensic evidence was dubbed the " CSI effect " , a term which began to appear in mainstream media as early as 2004 . By 2009 , more than 250 stories about the CSI effect had appeared in newspapers and magazines , including articles in National Geographic , Scientific American , and U.S. News & World Report . Although the CSI effect is a recent phenomenon , it has long been recognized that media portrayals of the United States legal system are capable of significantly altering public awareness , knowledge , and opinions of it . A 2002 juror survey showed that viewers of the popular court show Judge Judy were greatly misinformed about the purpose of the judge within a courtroom . Earlier programs which may have affected public perception of " the legal or investigative systems " include Perry Mason ( 1957 – 66 ) , Quincy , M.E. ( 1976 – 83 ) and the Law & Order franchise ( 1990 – present ) . News media reports on criminal trials , extensive internet blogging , and the successes of the Innocence Project have also contributed to the increased public awareness of forensic science . Zuiker has stated that " ' The CSI Effect ' is , in my opinion , the most amazing thing that has ever come out of the series . " = = Manifestations = = = = = Trials = = = The popularity of forensic crime television shows supposedly gives rise to many misconceptions about the nature of forensic science and investigation procedures among jury members . The CSI effect is hypothesized to affect verdicts in two main ways : first , that jurors expect more forensic evidence than is available or necessary , resulting in a higher rate of acquittal when such evidence is absent ; and second , that jurors have greater confidence in forensic and particularly DNA evidence than is warranted , resulting in a higher rate of conviction when such evidence is present . While these and other effects may be caused by crime shows , the most commonly reported effect is that jurors are wrongly acquitting defendants despite overwhelming evidence of guilt . In particular , prosecutors have reported feeling pressured to provide DNA evidence even when eyewitness testimony is available . In one highly publicized incident , Los Angeles County , California District Attorney Steve Cooley blamed actor Robert Blake 's acquittal on murder charges on the CSI effect . Cooley noted that the not guilty verdict came despite two witness accounts of Blake 's guilt , and claimed that the jury members were " incredibly stupid " . By 2005 , some prosecutors had begun altering their trial preparations and procedures in an attempt to counter the CSI effect . Some ask questions about forensic television viewership during voir dire to target biased jurors ; others use opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect , and instruct jurors to adhere to the court 's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television . Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases . In one Australian murder case , the defense counsel requested a judge @-@ only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury . By 2006 , the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals , despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it . A 2008 survey by researcher Monica Robbers showed that roughly 80 percent of all American legal professionals believed they had had decisions affected by forensic television programs . New York University professor Tom R. Tyler argued that , from a psychological standpoint , crime shows are more likely to increase the rate of convictions than acquittals , as the shows promote a sense of justice and closure which is not attained when a jury acquits a defendant . The perceived rise in the rate of acquittals may be related to sympathy for the defendant or declining confidence in legal authorities . A 2006 survey of U.S. university students reached a similar conclusion : the influence of CSI is unlikely to burden prosecutors , and may actually help them . One of the largest empirical studies of the CSI effect was undertaken in 2006 by Washtenaw County Circuit Court Judge Donald Shelton and two researchers from Eastern Michigan University . They surveyed more than 1 @,@ 000 jurors , and found that while juror expectations for forensic evidence had increased , there was no correlation between viewership of crime shows and tendency to convict . One alternate explanation for the changing perception of forensic evidence is the so @-@ called " tech effect " : as technology improves and becomes more prevalent throughout society , people develop higher expectations for the capabilities of forensic technology . Shelton described one instance in which a jury member complained because the prosecution had not dusted the lawn for fingerprints , a procedure which is impossible and had not been demonstrated on any crime show . A later study by the same authors found that frequent CSI viewers may place a lower value on circumstantial evidence , but their viewership had no influence on their evaluation of eyewitness testimony or their tendency to convict in cases with multiple types of evidence . Many stories about the CSI effect assume that there has been an increase in acquittal rates , though this is often based entirely on anecdotal evidence . A 2009 study of conviction statistics in eight states found that , contrary to the opinions of criminal prosecutors , the acquittal rate has decreased in the years since the debut of CSI . The outcome of any given trial is much more strongly dependent on the state in which it took place , rather than whether it occurred before or after the CSI premiere . A 2010 study by the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee suggests that , while there may be a correlation between crime show viewership and a perceived understanding of DNA evidence , there was no evidence that such viewership affected jury decision making . As of August 2010 , no empirical evidence has demonstrated a correlation between CSI viewership and acquittal rates . One researcher suggested that the perception of a CSI effect — and of other courtroom effects , such as Perry Mason syndrome and white coat syndrome — is caused not by the incompetence of jury members , but by a general distrust of the jury system as a whole . = = = Academia = = = The CSI effect has influenced the manner in which forensic scientists are educated and trained . In the past , those who sought to enter the field of forensics typically earned an undergraduate degree in a science , followed by a master 's degree . However , the popularity of programs such as CSI has caused an increase in the demand for undergraduate courses and graduate programs in forensic science . In 2004 , the forensics programs at Florida International University and the University of California , Davis doubled in size , reportedly as a result of the CSI effect . However , many students enter such programs with unrealistic expectations . Vocational interest in forensic science has proliferated among students in countries besides the United States , including Australia , the United Kingdom , and Germany . The increased popularity of the forensic science program at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland has also been attributed to the CSI effect . Although the increased popularity of forensics programs means there are more applicants for jobs at crime labs , there is some concern that these courses do not adequately prepare students for real forensics work , as graduates often lack a firm grasp of basic scientific principles that would come from a science degree . Many forensics students are presented with streamlined exercises with overly clear answers , which may give them distorted perceptions of the power of forensic science . The Albuquerque Police Department has attempted to improve scientific literacy among future forensic scientists and jurors alike by developing a " Citizen CSI " course which familiarizes local citizens with the " capabilities and limitations of authentic forensic science techniques . " While forensic crime shows are often criticized for portraying technologies that do not exist , these may inspire inventors and research teams , as it is not uncommon for scientific innovations to be first portrayed in science fiction . = = = Crimes = = = The CSI effect may alter how crimes are committed . In 2000 , the year that CSI : Crime Scene Investigation debuted , 46 @.@ 9 percent of all rape cases in the United States were solved by police . By 2005 , the solve rate had fallen to 41 @.@ 3 percent . Some investigators attributed this decline to the CSI effect , as crime shows often explain in detail how criminals can conceal or destroy evidence . Several rape victims have reported that their assailants forced them to shower or clean themselves with bleach after their assaults . In December 2005 , Jermaine McKinney broke into a home in Trumbull County , Ohio , where he murdered two women . A fan of CSI , McKinney went to unusual lengths to remove evidence of his crime : he cleaned his hands with bleach , burned the bodies and his clothing , and attempted to dispose of the murder weapon in a lake . McKinney was eventually apprehended . Ray Peavy , head of the Los Angeles County homicide division , commented that , in addition to teaching criminals how to conceal evidence , crime shows may even " encourage them when they see how simple it is to get away with [ it ] on television . " Others argue that shows like CSI are not having any educational effect on criminals . Max Houck , director of the Forensic Science Initiative at West Virginia University , said although CSI may be educating criminals , people who resort to a life of crime generally are not very intelligent to begin with . It is also possible that crime shows have the opposite effect , if attempts to conceal evidence generate more evidence . Houck gave an example of criminals who avoided licking envelopes because of the DNA in their saliva , but left fingerprints and hair samples on adhesive tape instead . Tammy Klein , the lead investigator on the McKinney case , said that the killings she investigates are committed by people " who for the most part are pretty stupid . " Larry Pozner , former president of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers , argued that because people who commit violent crimes generally do not take precautions , television forensics programs are unlikely to have any effect on their behavior . Convicted serial rapist Jonathan Haynes forced his victims to destroy forensic evidence . He was only caught after one of his victims deliberately pulled out her own hair which was later discovered in his car , tying him to the attacks . She was inspired by watching the CSI television series . = = = Police investigations = = = Law enforcement officers often receive inquiries and demands about their investigations that stem from unrealistic portrayals on television . In a 2010 survey of Canadian police officers , some were frustrated by these CSI @-@ affected queries , though most saw them as opportunities to inform the public about real police work . New technologies and the increased public awareness of forensic science have stimulated new interest in solving cold cases and encouraged higher accountability among police investigators . However , the increased demand for forensic evidence can cause an unmanageable workload for forensic laboratories . Some crime labs process several thousand cases every year . Many law enforcement agencies have insufficient storage space for the increasing amount of physical evidence they collect . In some investigations , DNA evidence is not collected simply because there is not enough space to store it properly .
= Fighting Temptation = " Fighting Temptation " is a song recorded by American R & B singer Beyoncé and American female rappers Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free in 2003 . The song was used to promote the film The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) , in which Beyoncé stars . It was composed by the Beyoncé , Missy Elliott , Lana Moorer , Marie Wright , Jonathan Burks , LaShaun Owens , Karriem Mack , and Walter Murphy . " Fighting Temptations " was released as the lead single from the soundtrack album of the movie on July 5 , 2003 through Columbia Records . An R & B @-@ funk song , " Fighting Temptation " samples Uncle Louie 's " I Like Funky Music " ( 1979 ) . Lyrically , the song makes reference to fighting against negativity in life as well as waiting for the right person before falling in love . Music critics generally received the song with positive reception . They complimented the theme of the song , the vocals of Beyoncé , and the verse @-@ raps . " Fighting Temptation " received attention mainly in European countries , peaking at number eleven in the Netherlands and reaching the top fifty in Belgium as well as Switzerland . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Antti Jokinen . = = Context = = The song is basically about a group of women 's strict " no sex " rule similar to a part of the film 's plot where Lilly ( played by Beyoncé ) does not want to start a sexual relationship with her boyfriend Darrin played by ( Cuba Gooding Jr . ) right away . However , in the film she assures him that they might start one in the near future but in the song , the women do not specify when they will be ready . Darrin , a shallow New York advertising executive , traveled to a small town in the deep south upon receiving word that his aunt has died and left him a sizable inheritance . Once in town , Darrin is informed that he will only receive the money if he successfully leads a local gospel group to victory at an upcoming competition . Reluctant but strapped for cash , Darrin takes on the task of finding the best singers in town and shaping the group up . Along the way , he becomes acclimated to the town with the help of his cousin Lucius ( played by Mike Epps ) and meets Lilly , a single mother who not only possesses an incredible voice but also the ability to warm Darrin 's cold heart . Although Gooding 's character , Darrin , was in love with Beyoncé 's character , Lilly , the latter did not always feel the same until later on in the film . Near the end of the film , he proposes to her and she accepts . They eventually get married ( offscreen ) and within eighteen months they had a baby son together , making Darrin a father and also stepfather to Lilly 's other son . = = Conception = = " Fighting Temptation " appeared on the soundtrack album of The Fighting Temptations as well as in the movie . As a whole , seven tracks featured the vocals of Beyoncé . The latter has a starring role in the film , along with a choir made up of gospel , R & B and hip @-@ hop recording artists . Faith Evans , Angie Stone , Melba Moore , Rev. Shirley Caesar , The O 'Jays , Montell Jordan , T @-@ Bone , and Zane are all seen on the film and perform on the soundtrack . " Fighting Temptations " features additional vocals from American female rappers Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free . = = = Composition = = = The soundtrack single was written by Beyoncé , Missy Elliott , Lana Moorer , Marie Wright , Jonathan Burks , LaShaun Owens , Karriem Mack , Walter Murphy , and Gene Pistilli . Production was handled by Elliott . " Fighting Tempation is an R & B @-@ funk song with a fun vibe . The song samples Uncle Louie 's 1979 song " I Like Funky Music " . Heather Phares of Allmusic wrote that the song 's lyrics make reference to a " celebration of ladies ' night out and waiting for true love . " According to Dani Boobyer of the United Kingdom @-@ based website , The Situation , " Fighting Temptation " has " a well worn message about striving for the best and fighting against negativity . " Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine found that Missy notices pleasure and joy in sins that make people go to church on Sundays , but in reality , the " party people " are no different from the churchgoers , who sin in their song and music . Lastly , the song 's strong female presence is only less that the song 's religious arrogance . = = Release = = During a string of soundtrack releases , Beyoncé commented on the song with Billboard stating , " A lot of music was written especially for the film . At first I was concerned about the timing of the soundtrack , [ because ] my solo album was supposed to come out way before the movie . But then the solo album got delayed . " While later announcing the release of the soundtrack album in a press release , Beyoncé said : Once you hear the song ' Fighting Temptation ' , and all the music in this film , you can 't help but fall in love with it . You 'll definitely get emotional . You might become happy or even sad , but your heart will get full . All the songs are touching and spiritual , and that 's what the movie itself is like . " Fighting Temptations " serviced as a CD single in Germany on July 5 , 2003 . It was sent to urban radio for airplay in the United States on August 18 , 2003 . = = = Critical reception = = = Heather Phares of Allmusic wrote : " [ ... ] the seven tracks that feature Beyoncé on her own or with other collaborators are more striking : in particular , the movie 's title track , a surprisingly fun and funky celebration . " Dani Boobyer of The Situation ( UK ) , commented that the soundtrack album " jumpstarts with the explosive ' Fighting Temptation ' [ ... ] setting R & B princess Beyoncé 's sweet vocals against the hard sounds of Missy and MC Lyte 's raps . " Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wrote that Beyonce , MC Lyte and Free are not fighting temptations like the song 's title says , but are looking for them . = = = Chart performance = = = " Fighting Temptation " charted in mainland Europe in early 2004 . In the Netherlands it debuted at number twenty on the Dutch Top 40 in January 2004 . The following week , it ascended to number thirteen , which became its peak position . " Fighting Temptations " reached a high point of number thirty @-@ seven on its sixth week on the Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) . It charted for a total of seven consecutive weeks until mid @-@ April 2004 . On August 29 , 2004 , the single debuted and peaked at number forty @-@ two on the Swiss Singles Chart . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Antti Jokinen and it features Beyoncé , Elliott , MC Lyte and Free . It was shot in an abandoned mansion nearby Los Angeles by the end of June 2003 . Performance footage was seamlessly melded with clips from the movie . On the set , Beyoncé expressed herself : " Basically , it 's kind of like a ladies ' night ' cause it 's all us females and the song is about basically all these temptations you have with this guy and you 're kind of fighting it . The house came from the movie because it kind of reminds me a lot of the house that we filmed in for the movie . " = = = Synopsis = = = The video begins with Beyoncé in a red dress moving across a screen of multiple changing colors and then moves to multiple shots of Elliott rapping in a white and red jersey and matching hat , Lyte in a blue dress , and a church choir group . Next , Elliott is shown on roller skates in a white and black outfit rollerskating throughout the mansion . Shots are shown of Elliott in bed with a man and Beyoncé at a party with a guy and singing to the people there . As the song moves to Beyoncé singing the chorus , she is shown sitting on a bed and dancing in a room in a golden top and black shorts , while back at the party , she is singing for her lover and blowing him kisses . The song then moves to a verse by Mc Lyte and we see her dancing in the middle of a semi @-@ circle of men wearing orange prison jumpsuits . Scenes of the movie and of Mc Lyte in front of an ever @-@ changing background are intercut throughout this . Beyoncé then sings the chorus again and dances in her red dress in front of the background . Mc Lyte and Free are seen at a backyard barbecue party as Mc Lyte 's verse begins and she mingles with the party guests , with Elliott as the party DJ . Again , Beyoncé comes back to sing the chorus of the song , now at the barbecue party , with scenes of her dancing in a room of the mansion and scenes from the movie in which she is singing on a stage in front of a large audience with a group of people behind her . With the end of the final chorus , the song moves back to Elliott and Lyte , with the former on her rollerskates as in the beginning and the latter in front of the semi @-@ circle of men . The video ends with the four of them sitting at a picnic table at the barbecue party as two small girls clap hands on the opposite bench . = = Track listing = = European CD Single " Fighting Temptation " – 3 : 51 " I Know " – 3 : 42 = = Charts = =
= Lisa the Beauty Queen = " Lisa the Beauty Queen " is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 15 , 1992 . In the episode , Homer enters Lisa into a beauty pageant to boost her confidence . Lisa is runner @-@ up , but gains the title of Little Miss Springfield after the original winner is injured . Little Miss Springfield 's duties include being a spokesperson for Laramie Cigarettes , which causes Lisa to speak out against smoking . As a result of her anti @-@ smoking protests , her title is taken away on a technicality . Jeff Martin wrote the episode and its accompanying songs and music . The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and Bob Hope made a guest appearance . The episode references various films , music , and historical events and was well received by critics . = = Plot = = Springfield Elementary School holds a school fair , where Lisa purchases a caricature of herself drawn at a carnival booth . She is horrified at the unflattering drawing and the reaction of the surrounding crowd . Homer wins the fair 's raffle , with the grand prize being a ride in the Duff Blimp . Back at home , Lisa is in tears because she feels unattractive . Homer sees a TV advertisement that says Laramie Cigarettes is sponsoring this year 's " Little Miss Springfield " pageant , and decides to enter Lisa to boost her self @-@ esteem . The entry fee for the pageant is $ 250 , so he sells his Duff Blimp ticket to Barney to raise the funds needed . Homer excitedly tells Lisa he has entered her in the pageant , but she refuses . However , Marge tells Lisa that Homer sold his Duff Blimp ticket to pay the entry fee , and she realizes her father 's sacrifice and enters the pageant . At the pageant 's registration , Lisa meets a formidable competitor named Amber Dempsey , a blonde girl who cheated by using eyelash implants from Paraguay to make her look cuter . In preparation for the pageant Lisa receives makeovers at the beauty parlor , training from her brother , and encouragement from her family . The day of the pageant arrives , and on @-@ stage Lisa explains her aim to make Springfield a better place , while Amber wins the crowd 's adoration by batting her large eyelashes . Lisa 's talent is a jazzy medley of " America the Beautiful " and " Proud Mary " . After Krusty the Clown 's interview segment , Lisa is announced as the runner @-@ up and Amber the winner . At Amber 's first official appearance , a thunderstorm creates a lightning bolt which strikes her metal scepter . She is hospitalized for her injuries , and Lisa is crowned Little Miss Springfield . One of Little Miss Springfield 's duties as spokesperson for pageant sponsor Laramie Cigarettes , is to lure a younger demographic into smoking . Instead , Lisa protests against the dangers of cigarettes at her appearances , and also vows to target the corruption of Mayor Quimby . Quimby and the Laramie officials look for a way to dethrone and silence Lisa . They find a technical error on her entry form : Homer wrote " OK " underneath the instruction " Do not write in this space " . Amber is recrowned Little Miss Springfield . At home , Homer is upset that he cost Lisa her title , but Lisa reminds Homer that he entered her in the pageant to help her self @-@ esteem , and thanks him because it worked . Homer requests that she remember it " the next time I wreck your life " , to which Lisa gladly agrees and embraces him . = = Production = = Many of The Simpsons ' writers had left the show or were absent at the beginning of season four , which left Al Jean and Mike Reiss to brainstorm plot ideas alone . After brainstorming " Homer the Heretic " , they thought of Lisa entering a beauty pageant . They assigned Jeff Martin to write the episode because they assumed he would fill it with songs , like he had done on previous episodes . Martin obliged , and wrote the episode and its music . He also based the episode on some of his own experiences , such as the scene where Lisa has a caricature of herself drawn . According to Jeff Martin , " I 'm not sure if we could do this episode today . People had a more innocent view of child beauty pageants before JonBenet Ramsey . " This episode featured then @-@ 89 @-@ year @-@ old Bob Hope as a guest star , with his part recorded at his house by Jeff Martin and Conan O 'Brien . He is however portrayed as his younger , Vietnam War @-@ era self . = = Cultural references = = The episode makes several references to popular culture and history . One of the opening scenes sees Principal Skinner knocking out a man in a very similar manner to Mick Dundee in Crocodile Dundee . The episode includes a scene based on Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now , where Lisa and Bob Hope escape the Fort Springfield stage . It also makes two references to Star Wars , where the caricature artist displays a caricature of Darth Vader and a montage shows Lisa with a double @-@ bun hairdo like Princess Leia . The Springfield Waxworks ' Chamber of Horrors contains Mr. T , Ronald Reagan and Dr. Ruth , and Laramie 's mascot Menthol Moose is a parody of Joe Camel . Musically , Homer mournfully sings a song , " Blimpy Boy " , to the tune of The Seekers ' " Georgy Girl " . Historically , there is a parody of the Hindenburg disaster , when the Duff Blimp crashes into the radio tower , to which Kent Brockman quotes " Oh , the humanity ! " When Lisa is sworn in as Little Miss Springfield on her front lawn , Marge is to her left wearing a pink suit @-@ dress in a pose similar to that of Jacqueline Kennedy in the famous photo of Lyndon B. Johnson being sworn in on Air Force One after John F. Kennedy 's assassination . = = Reception = = The episode finished 28th in the Nielsen ratings for the week of October 12 – 18 , 1992 with a rating of 12 @.@ 0 , seen by approximately 11 @.@ 1 million households . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said : " Another top @-@ notch episode " and adds that " Krusty gets some of his best lines in a few brief appearances . " The episode 's reference to Apocalypse Now was named the 29th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum . The Church of England 's book Mixing it up with The Simpsons , which encourages children to reflect on life issues , explores self @-@ image through " Lisa the Beauty Queen " .
= Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus = " Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus " is the tenth episode of the sixth season of the American comedy @-@ drama detective television series Monk , and the show 's 87th episode overall . The series follows Adrian Monk ( Tony Shalhoub ) , a private detective with obsessive – compulsive disorder and multiple phobias , and his assistant Natalie Teeger ( Traylor Howard ) . In this episode , Monk is labeled by media as a social pariah as he is accused of killing a man dressed in Santa Claus apparel , and must prove his innocence . It was written by Dan Schofield and Ben Gruber , and directed by Randall Zisk . Though it was filmed in August , " Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus " is the third annual Christmas special of the series . When the episode first aired in the United States on the USA Network on December 7 , 2007 , it was watched by over 4 @.@ 5 million viewers . Critics gave it mixed reception , with most criticizing how Trudy , Monk 's deceased wife , was mentioned and that no more details were given . = = Plot = = Natalie Teeger ( Traylor Howard ) is fighting traffic to get Adrian Monk ( Tony Shalhoub ) to his appointment with his psychiatrist , Dr. Kroger ( Stanley Kamel ) . Monk says he hates to miss his sessions . Natalie confides to her daughter Julie ( Emmy Clarke ) that Monk 's wife , Trudy , died in December ten years ago . They come to a dead stop when retired parole officer , Michael Kenworthy ( Randle Mell ) , in a Santa Claus outfit , showers toys on the street from a roof . Furious , Monk heads up , and Natalie and Julie hear shots . On the roof , they see Monk holding a gun , and Kenworthy shot . Captain Stottlemeyer ( Ted Levine ) and Lieutenant Disher ( Jason Gray @-@ Stanford ) arrest Monk . Monk says that Kenworthy is the owner of the gun , and he shot him in self @-@ defense , but Kenworthy denies this , saying Monk attacked him . In another part of the city , reporter Brandy Barber ( Gina Philips ) dubs Monk as " The Man Who Shot Santa Claus " in a broadcast , and he and Natalie start to get harassed everywhere they go . Meanwhile , Stottlemeyer and Disher interrogate Kenworthy about his conversations with his ex @-@ cons , but Kenworthy soon kicks them out . That night , Alice Dubois ( Dorothy Constantine ) , a MacMillan Museum employee , is killed by Kenworthy . The next day , Kenworthy plans with his crew of ex @-@ cons to execute a burglary at the MacMillan Museum . In session with Dr. Kroger , Monk remembers details of the shooting . Monk and Natalie return to the roof where the shooting took place . Monk remembers that there was a walkie @-@ talkie in Kenworthy 's bag . He explains that Kenworthy contacted his ex @-@ cons to carry out a heist of the museum , with Kenworthy acting as the diversion , dropping toys to stop traffic . However , the robbery was ruined when Kenworthy was shot . That day was chosen for the heist because one of Kenworthy 's accomplices , Carl , was on duty in the museum at the time . As Carl realized his hours were not good to carry out a second heist , Kenworthy killed Dubois , so Carl could fill in for her . Hearing car horns , Natalie looks down and sees a truck stopped in the intersection . When she also sees Kenworthy , they realize the second heist is in progress . Monk races downstairs , instructing Natalie to call the police . Kenworthy is about to leave with the museum 's diamond when Monk runs towards him . Brandy also chases them . Monk pursues Kenworthy until Monk knocks him unconscious . Kenworthy and his accomplices are arrested , and the diamond is recovered . Brandy immediately goes on television , praising Monk as " The Man Who Saved Christmas . " Natalie and Julie spend Christmas Eve at his apartment , and coax Monk to smile for a group photograph . = = Production = = " Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus " was co @-@ written by Dan Schofield and Ben Gruber , and directed by Randall Zisk . After the airing of the ninth episode of the sixth season , " Mr. Monk Is Up All Night " , on September 14 , 2007 , Monk broadcast entered a hiatus until January . The cast and staff , however , returned in August to work on the second half of the show 's sixth season , which they called " Season 6 @.@ 5 " . Hayley Helmreich , a series associate producer , remarked that it was difficult to have the " Christmas @-@ y feeling " in August in Los Angeles . Helmreich also found difficulties to get a company that would agree to have their toys being thrown by " a not @-@ so @-@ nice Santa Claus " . The staff had the idea to close the episode with a choir of children singing the Monk 's theme " It 's a Jungle Out There " . Additionally , it would feature a wide shot of the entire cast and crew who had been involved in the six seasons of the series , as well as network and studio executives , former guest stars and directors , and the theme 's singer Randy Newman . The centerpiece would be Howard along with her son Sabu . However , due to scheduling issues , they could not bring them all together . Larry Miller , who previously appeared in third season episode " Mr. Monk Gets Stuck in Traffic " , returned as " the only notable guest appearance " , according to IGN 's James Chamberlin , for " Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus " as Monk 's lawyer , Garrett Price . = = Reception = = " Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus " was first broadcast in the United States on USAHD at 6 pm EST on December 7 , 2007 . The USA Network regular channel aired it at 9 pm EST on the same day . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 546 million viewers , making it the tenth most watched program on cable television that week . It was the day 's most watched among cable television shows , with 1 @.@ 6 million viewers among adults ages 18 to 49 , and 1 @.@ 8 million viewers among adults ages 25 to 54 . Time shifted viewing increased the episode 's audience to a total of 5 @.@ 138 million . Critic David Bianculli included it on his list of the best programs to air episodes that day , comparing it to " Who shot J.R. ? " and " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " . Melanie McFarland from Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer commented that the idea of Monk shooting Santa Claus was " hilarious " . Michael Storey of the Arkansas Democrat @-@ Gazette called it " a hoot and well worth your time " , while United Feature Syndicate 's Kevin McDonough deemed it " exceptional " . Cinema Blend 's Kelly West said it had not enough of the " touchy @-@ feely stuff " expected in a Christmas @-@ themed episode , and that it was not " all that different from any other episode in terms of the story " , but felt it was " full of laughs and definitely worth watching , if only to see Monk throw down with Santa . " James Chamberlin of IGN was " excited to see the show return " for a Christmas special but was disappointed in the underutilization of Miller 's character , and the lack of any further clues to the mystery surrounding the death of Adrian Monk 's wife , Trudy , despite several mentions of the event during the episode . Ted Cox of the Chicago @-@ area Daily Herald stated that the episode was " not even as good as last year 's Christmas special " ( " Mr. Monk Meets His Dad " ) , and also laments mention of Trudy 's unsolved murder without the " element of lost love " that " made the early ' Monks ' great " . In the same vein , Diane Werts , writing for Newsday , declared it was " [ a ] nother opportunity missed " to deepen into Trudy 's death . Comparing it to Psych episode " Gus 's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy " , David Kronke of Los Angeles Daily News said " Psych manages [ to inveigle viewers to feel the holiday spirit ] tonight ; Monk , not so much . " Although the plot is " easy to figure out " , Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan criticized how the episode " seem [ s ] a bit flat " .
= Ross Perot presidential campaign , 1992 = The Ross Perot presidential campaign of 1992 began when Texas industrialist Ross Perot opened the possibility of running for President of the United States in the election of 1992 as an independent candidate on the February 20 , 1992 edition of Larry King Live . Though he had never served as a public official , Perot had experience as the head of several successful corporations and had been involved in public affairs for the previous three decades . Spawned by the American dissatisfaction with the political system , grassroots organizations sprang up in every state to help Perot achieve ballot access following his announcement . James Stockdale , a retired United States Navy vice admiral , was Perot 's vice presidential running mate . Perot focused the campaign on his plans to balance the federal budget , further economic nationalism , strengthen the war on drugs and implement " electronic town halls " throughout the nation for direct democracy . His views were described as a combination of " East Texas populism with high @-@ tech wizardry . " Supporters saw Perot as a nonpolitical and witty " folk hero " , but critics described the candidate as " authoritarian " and " short @-@ tempered " . Perot largely financed his own campaign and relied on marketing and wide grassroots support . In certain polls , Perot led the three @-@ way race with Republican nominee George H. W. Bush , the incumbent President , and Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas , the Democratic nominee . He dropped out in July 1992 amid controversy , but re @-@ entered in October , participating in all three presidential debates . Despite an aggressive use of campaign infomercials on prime time network television , his polling numbers never fully recovered from his initial exit . On Election Day , Perot appeared on every state ballot as a result of the earlier draft efforts . He won several counties and finished in third place , receiving close to 18 @.@ 97 percent of the popular vote , the most won by a third @-@ party presidential candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 . = = Background = = Ross Perot had never been elected to public office , but he ran several successful corporations and was involved in public affairs for decades . After serving in the United States Navy in the 1950s , Perot joined IBM as a salesman . He surpassed his one @-@ year sales quota in just two weeks . After the company ignored his idea for electronic storage , he founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962 , which was then contracted by the United States Government to store Medicare records . Perot earned a fortune with the company , and by 1968 was named by Fortune as the " fastest , richest Texan . " Perot was known to run the company in a militaristic fashion , built on loyalty and duty . His best known venture with the company was in 1979 , when he sent a private militia into Iran in the midst of the Iranian Revolution to rescue two of his employees who had been imprisoned . The episode inspired the 1983 novel , On Wings of Eagles . Perot eventually sold his company to General Motors in 1984 for $ 2 @.@ 55 billion , and founded Perot Systems in 1988 . By 1992 , his fortune was judged to be $ 3 billion . Perot was a hawk on the Vietnam War , an advocate for Americans held as prisoner of war and a supporter for their families . During the war , he aided soldiers by providing supplies and holding rallies for those returning home . In public affairs , he led the Texas War on Drugs Committee in 1979 at the behest of Republican Governor Bill Clements , and was put in charge of the Select Committee on Public Education in 1983 by Democratic Governor Mark White . Perot 's most dear political effort involved the Vietnam War POW / MIA issue . He worked extensively to free soldiers that he believed had been left behind , and even engaged in secret diplomatic talks with the Vietnamese government , to the chagrin of the Reagan White House . Perot had been supportive of President Ronald Reagan and labeled him as a " great president " in 1986 . He even pledged $ 2 @.@ 5 million to support his presidential library , but the relationship soured after Perot was sent on a trip to Hanoi , and determined afterwards that the administration was not taking the POW / MIA issue seriously . He revoked his pledge to the library in 1987 , based on the POW / MIA issue as well as his disillusionment from the administration 's actions during the Iran – Contra affair . He became a critic of the George H. W. Bush administration , and opposed the 1991 Gulf War . = = Initial campaign = = Ross Perot appeared on the February 20 edition of Larry King Live on CNN , his fourth appearance on the show since 1991 . After a lively interview concerning political issues , King directly asked Perot if there was " any scenario in which [ he ] would run for president . " Perot firmly stated that he did not want to run , but spontaneously affirmed that he would begin a campaign if " ordinary people " signed petitions and helped him achieve ballot access in all 50 states . He set up a phone bank at his office on March 12 , staffed with volunteers to inform interested voters and supporters on how they could assist Perot 's potential campaign . Supporters viewed the candidate as an " action man ... who can get things done ... [ and who ] takes care of his people " . They were angry at President Bush for reneging on his promise not to raise taxes . The New York Times speculated that Perot 's " iconoclastic , take @-@ no @-@ prisoners persona and anti @-@ politics politics " would appeal to the " angry frustrated electorate " . But Republican consultant Karl Rove characterized Perot as an " untested wild man " . He rejected any financial donations for more than $ 5 , and stated that he would personally fund a potential campaign . Perot spent $ 400 @,@ 000 of his own money in the first month , however , he largely spread this message via television , capped by a March 18 National Press Club speech , which aired on C @-@ SPAN . = = = Draft efforts = = = " Draft Perot " organizations opened throughout the nation , and petition drives were coordinated largely by Perot 's friend Tom Luce , and the real estate arm of Perot Systems , to help secure a place for the candidate on every state ballot . At the height of the efforts , 18 @,@ 000 simultaneous calls came into Perot 's telephone banks after he appeared on the Phil Donahue Show . At one point , 30 @,@ 000 telephone calls were received in one hour . MCI Communications Corporation reported that over a million calls came in during the first ten days that the phone banks were active . At the time , presidential polls showed Perot with 21 % support from the electorate , 14 points behind likely Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton and 16 points behind President Bush . Despite this , only one third of potential voters knew enough about Perot to form an opinion of him . A large segment of his support came from Reagan Democrats , entrepreneurs and suburban conservatives deemed " Perot Republicans " , who agreed with the central theme of his campaign , though they disagreed with his pro @-@ choice stance on abortion . Political newcomers were also involved in the volunteer efforts . Twenty @-@ five states required that a presidential candidate have a running mate to appear on the ballot . As a result , Perot named retired Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale , who had been awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during 7 1 ⁄ 2 years of captivity as a POW during the Vietnam War , as his " interim " running mate in late March . Stockdale would remain in the position throughout the campaign . A Boston Globe report suggested that Boston University President John Silber was also considered as a running mate . During an Associated Press interview in April , Perot commented that he might begin a campaign before his supporters achieved ballot access in all states . In New York , ballot access appeared to be the most difficult to attain . In a five @-@ week summer period , the campaign would be required to compile 20 @,@ 000 signatures from non @-@ primary voters , including 100 from each of half of the state 's Congressional districts . Perot conceded that he might not appear on the state 's ballot , but stated that he may run anyway . Throughout April , the draft efforts continued , and Perot appeared on talk shows , discussing his plans and positions on political issues . During an appearance on Larry King Live , Perot stated that he was closer to a decision on a potential campaign , and that he was willing to spend $ 100 million of his own money to finance it . On the Today Show he was interviewed by Katie Couric , and proposed to cut Medicare and Social Security for " people who don 't need it " . He appeared on Face the Nation later in the month , and argued that wealthy Americans should spend more than average Americans to eliminate the budget deficit . His budget numbers were contested by Tim Russert on Meet the Press , during a heated interview , after which , a frustrated Perot considered dropping out of the race . C @-@ SPAN ran a speech by Perot , where he announced that he hoped to run a campaign without " political pros " to avoid the " dirty tricks " of past campaigns . After this appearance , campaign consultant Ray Strother explained to Perot that professionals such as pollster Mark Penn were essential to a successful campaign . In late April , Perot hired former Chicago Tribune editor James Squires as press spokesman to handle the large volume of interview requests from the media . At the end of the month , Perot realized that he had spent too much time visiting talk shows , and announced that he would spend his next few weeks focusing on the issues . = = = Frontrunner status = = = By May , Perot was leading presidential polls in both Texas and California . The Bush and Clinton campaigns became concerned about a candidacy , and publicly wondered if Perot could continue to " play by his own rules " . They attempted to downgrade Perot from his " folk hero status " to that of a politician , by highlighting his " alleged character flaws " . Meanwhile , Perot focused on sharpening his political positions as he promised . He hired John P. White , who served as a budget official under President Jimmy Carter , to work on his budget platform . Meanwhile , petition drives in every state reported that they had secured enough signatures to place Perot on the Election Day ballot . Speculation arose in the media that Perot would split the electoral college and force the United States House of Representatives to decide the presidency . Around this time , Hal Riney , who had worked on Ronald Reagan 's 1984 campaign and was known for the " Morning in America " ad , was hired as advertising consultant . When Riney revealed the cost of advertisements during a meeting , Perot reportedly " flipped out " , and asked " Why would I spend that when I could go on the ' Today ' show for free ? " Riney produced several ads during the campaign that never aired . Although he did not campaign or advertise , Perot won a large share of the vote in both the Democratic and Republican primaries in Oregon and Washington in mid @-@ May . In the Oregon primary , he was written @-@ in by 13 % of Democrats and 15 % of Republicans . Exit polling showed Perot 's favorability at or above that of Clinton and Bush in their respective party 's primaries . At the end of May , Perot called on Bush to " climb in the ring " , claiming that the President was using surrogates to attack him . To strengthen his own team , Perot 's campaign interviewed Jimmy Carter 's 1976 campaign manager and White House Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan and Ronald Reagan 's 1984 campaign manager Ed Rollins to fill a position in the campaign . Eventually , both were hired as co @-@ campaign managers . On May 29 , Perot ended his talk show hiatus after talking with Barbara Walters on 20 / 20 . He discussed his three @-@ part plan for balancing the budget , starting with a Congressional act to limit spending , followed by a cut in government waste , of which he would be more specific in coming weeks , and a reform of the existing tax system . During the interview , Perot also stated that he would avoid adding homosexuals to his cabinet to prevent " a point of controversy with the American people " . However , he commented that " what people do in their private lives is their business . " Former Pat Buchanan pollster Frank Luntz was hired by the campaign , along with former Republican National Campaign Committee chairman Charles Leonard . The New York Times reported that Perot sought the help of operatives to search court and federal documents to find information that might reflect poorly on the potential candidate so that preparations could be made to respond . In the final round of Democratic and Republican primaries , most notably in California , exit polls revealed that 42 % of Republicans and 33 % of Democrats favored Perot . A Time Magazine poll found that Perot had 37 % support of all the electorate , ahead of both Bush and Clinton who tied for second at 24 % . At this time , Vice President Dan Quayle became the most senior member of the Bush administration to criticize Perot , calling him a " temperamental tycoon " . Perot campaigned in California in mid @-@ June , and held a rally attended by 7 @,@ 000 in Sacramento where he was heckled by some who chanted " Talk about the issues ! " He privately spoke with black and Asian leaders in Los Angeles to discuss race relations following the L.A. race riots ; afterwards , he gave a speech to a mostly white audience in Orange County about race relations , but did not take a stand on affirmative action . Perot finished his California campaign swing in Irvine before traveling to events in Colorado and Massachusetts . At the end of the month , large nominating conventions were held in Washington and other states to put together the final pieces to include Perot on the ballot . Perot addressed the conventions , largely made up of " well dressed , middle aged " individuals , and spoke of improving the education system and restoring the America " where you leave the doors unlocked " . As June came to a close , speculation arose that Perot was planning a National Convention to follow the Democratic and Republican National Conventions . = = Decline and withdrawal = = In July , some of Perot 's past actions , including a private investigation of the Bush family in the late 1980s , circulated in the media , causing frustration for the campaign . Perot blamed the reports on a " Republican research team " and claimed that he was warned that since he had such a " clean record they have got to try to redefine you and destroy you " . Campaign officials tried to come up with a new strategy to combat the negative press , and to end Perot 's use of generalizations on the issues . Perot sought National Institutes of Health head Dr. Bernadine Healy as his running mate , but she declined . Meanwhile , Perot faced obstacles on the campaign trail . During an Olympia rally , he was approached by a gay rights group , demanding that he address AIDS and gay rights ; he soon flipped on the issue and stated that he would allow gays to serve in the military and in his cabinet . During an address to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , Perot faced his toughest demographic , and made the gaffe of referring to African Americans as " you people " . It was later revealed that Perot did not want to appear at the meeting or any other forum without his supporters . Press consultant Squires had written a speech for Perot for the occasion , but he instead used his own . After the speech , Perot was concerned that members of the New Black Panther Party were plotting his assassination . By mid @-@ July , the Washington Post reported that Perot 's campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by his unwillingness to follow their advice to be more specific on issues , and his need to be in full control of operations with such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign loyalty oaths . Perot 's poll numbers began to slip to 25 % , and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them , he would fall into single digits . Co @-@ manager Hamilton Jordan threatened to quit , and on July 15 , Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist Hal Riney , who worked with Rollins on the Reagan campaign . Rollins later claimed that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the CIA . Amidst the chaos , Perot 's support fell to 20 % . The next day , Perot announced on Larry King Live that he would not seek the presidency . He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split . He asked his supporters to look for other candidates to nominate for the race , and formed United We Stand to " influence the debate . " At this point , Perot had spent $ 12 million of his own money on the race . Bill Hillsman , who produced a few unaired advertisements for the campaign , wrote that Perot 's withdrawal was a tactic to find temporary relief from the press . Former advisors commented that Perot , who had achieved ballot access in 24 states , was unwilling " to spend money on things that mattered " including Rollins ' and Jordan 's proposed $ 150 million advertising campaign , was " obsessed " with his image , and lost interest in running after receiving negative press . Supporters were angry and distraught at Perot 's decision , and his popularity dropped among the American public . One woman called Perot and commented that " the tears have not stopped . " A class action lawsuit was filed in Florida to force him to remain in the race , but it was dropped . Later in July , the economic plan that Perot 's campaign had been working on was released . The fifty @-@ page proposal included cuts in domestic spending , investment in education , communication and transportation programs , an increase in income taxes for the wealthy , and an increase in the gasoline tax . The plan was projected to eliminate the budget deficit in five years . After the Democratic Convention and Perot 's initial exit , Clinton opened up large leads against the President , polling near ( and often above ) 50 percent of the vote nationwide consistently , while Bush typically saw polling and approval numbers in the upper 30s . The campaign continued with a lopsided lead for Clinton through September , until Ross Perot decided to re @-@ enter the race . Ross Perot 's re @-@ entry in the race was welcome by the Bush campaign , as Fred Steeper , a poll taker for Bush , said , " He 'll be important if we accomplish our goal , which is to draw even with Clinton . " Initially , Perot 's return saw the Texas billionaire 's numbers stay low , until he was given the opportunity to participate in a trio of unprecedented three @-@ man debates . The race narrowed , as Perot 's numbers significantly improved as Clinton 's numbers declined , while Bush 's numbers remained more or less the same from earlier in the race as Perot and Bush began to hammer at Clinton on character issues once again . = = Re @-@ entrance = = On October 1 , Perot re @-@ entered the presidential race , with a desire to further explain his economic plans to the American people . The New York Times commented that Perot 's " chances of winning are much less than when he quit in July . His only dim practical hope is to confuse and destabilize the contest . " He hoped to spend more resources using paid advertisements than holding traditional rallies to spread his message . During the last month of campaigning , Perot left his headquarters in Dallas only to appear in the presidential debates and seven rallies . One aide later commented : " he wanted to do it just like he could go to the office every day , run for president , and go home and eat dinner . " Rather than using professional advisers , Perot employed " political amateurs " whose loyalty was unquestioned . Orson Swindle , whom he had known since the 1970s , was hired as the top aide . Perot 's son @-@ in @-@ law Clayton Mulford , who was involved in the early draft effort , was hired as legal adviser . Sharon Holman , who worked for Perot since 1969 , was hired as press secretary , and friend Murphy Martin was added as the media chief . Perot employed a massive marketing strategy , spending $ 34 @.@ 8 million to buy half hour and hour segments on major television networks , memorably using charts to illustrate his ideas for the economy . His first infomercial was aired on October 6 , and viewed by 16 @.@ 5 million people . He used two dozen charts and a metal pointer during the ad , explaining that " We got into trickle @-@ down economics and it didn 't trickle . " He later concluded that " our President blames Congress , Congress blames the President , the Democrats and Republicans blame each other . Nobody steps up to the plate and accepts responsibility for anything . " He spent a large portion of the infomercial speaking into the camera while sitting at a desk in front of a bookshelf . Political experts commented that the nature of the ad was groundbreaking . Two days later , an ad campaign was unveiled that included three new 60 @-@ second commercials to air on ESPN , CNN and five other cable networks . One commercial entitled " Red Flag " displayed a waving red flag with a background drum roll and the statement : " While the Cold War is ending another war is upon us . In this new war , the enemy is not the red flag of Communism , but the red ink of our national debt , the red tape of our government bureaucracy . The casualties of this war are counted in lost jobs and lost dreams . " A second half hour infomercial was shown on October 9 . = = = Debates = = = Perot participated in the first of three presidential debates for the 1992 election , on October 11 in Clayton , Missouri , along with President Bush and Bill Clinton . It was the first time that a third party candidate was involved in a national televised debate since John B. Anderson in 1980 , and was the first presidential debate to ever feature three candidates . During the event , Perot discussed a wide range of issues including the budget deficit , education and drug use , and proclaimed that as president , he would eliminate the influence of lobbyists . He also had a few memorable quips . When asked to address detractors ' criticism of his lack of government experience , he remarked : " Well , they 've got a point . I don 't have any experience running up a $ 4 trillion debt . " When discussing what would happen if one of his opponents won , he commented : " then they will have heard the harsh reality of what we have to do . I 'm not playing Lawrence Welk music here tonight . " After the debate , three out of four polls declared Perot as the winner . The average of all four showed Perot at 37 % followed by Clinton with 30 % and Bush with 18 % , but election polls still showed Perot in third with 14 % , far behind both Bush and Clinton . His running mate , James Stockdale , participated in a Vice Presidential debate in Atlanta , with fellow Vice Presidential nominee Al Gore and Vice President Dan Quayle . Largely unknown to the general public , Stockdale memorably opened the debate by unexpectedly asking the philosophical question , " Who am I ? Why am I here ? " He was unprepared to deal with some of the substantive issues raised , and his struggling performance may have damaged the Perot campaign . The second presidential debate was held on October 15 in Richmond , Virginia , and included questions from undecided voters , who kept the candidates focused on the issues . During his opening statement , Perot explained that there was a " giant sucking sound " caused by the rush of manufacturing jobs to Mexico . During one exchange , Perot commented that Democrats and Republicans were both to blame for the deficit , but that neither was willing to take responsibility . He joked " somewhere out there , there 's an extraterrestrial that 's doing this to us , I guess . " At the close of the debate , Perot described himself as " results ... [ and ] action oriented " , and explained that " if they want to keep slow dancing and talk about it and not do it , I 'm not your man . " Perot took part in the third debate held in East Lansing , Michigan , on October 19 . Throughout the debate , he plugged and referenced his infomercials . He criticized Bush 's economic plan to start off the debate , stating that it would not balance the budget . He later remarked that he would spend $ 60 million of his own money to finish the race . Notably , Perot brought up the fact that " both parties have foreign lobbyists on leaves and key roles in the campaigns . " After the debate , he ripped the media during a press conference , criticizing them for their use of " gotcha " stories and the lack of coverage concerning his opponent 's foreign lobbyists . Former pollster Frank Luntz explained , " When Ross Perot uses his head , he 's unbeatable . He 's focused , straightforward and compelling . When he uses his heart , sometimes his emotions get carried away . " = = = Final stages = = = Following the debates , Perot did not campaign and was not seen on television until later in the week when ABC aired a 30 @-@ minute sequel to an autobiographical infomercial shown on October 17 . The spot cost Perot $ 370 @,@ 000 . CBS aired an infomercial on October 24 entitled The Ross Perot Nobody Knows , and two days later another was shown on ABC , preceding the kickoff of Monday Night Football , which cost $ 940 @,@ 000 . Perot hoped to better explain his earlier exit as Election Day neared . Reports circulated that a security official from the campaign had contacted the Dallas Police in August to urge them to perform a sting operation targeting Bush campaign adviser James Oberwetter , in response to allegations that Republicans planned to wiretap Perot 's office . Perot claimed during an interview with 60 Minutes that " Republican operatives " also threatened to disrupt his daughter 's wedding , which forced him to withdraw in July . He reported the story to the FBI , but no evidence of any wrongdoing was found . The New York Times argued that the story could help Perot with voters and his overall image by presenting him as a man " who was willing to give up his goal to protect his family " ; nevertheless , his lack of evidence drew criticism . By the end of October , Perot had reached 20 % in opinion polls , and his favorability ratings slightly increased . But as reports detailed Perot 's investigation of campaign volunteers and the prior use of " loyalty oaths " , the numbers remained stagnant . Aides hoped to shift the focus of the campaign and media reports back to the economy . Perot appeared on Larry King Live later in the week and opined that the early 1990s recession was not over " because of deficit spending and competition for money " . He was also interviewed on Talking with David Frost , where he affirmed a statement made by his running mate that the Vietnam War protests had prolonged the war effort . In the final days , it was estimated that Perot spent $ 5 million a day on advertisements . Overall he had spent $ 40 million in October alone , and $ 60 million during the course of the campaign . In the lead up to Election Day , Perot attended a few rallies in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Denver . A major rally was staged in Tampa , and was attended by more than 10 @,@ 000 supporters . Perot also made stops in Kansas City , Los Angeles and Santa Clara . On the final night , infomercials aired on all three major networks . He held his final campaign event in Dallas outside his headquarters , and thanked his supporters , stating : " What you 've been through hasn 't been pretty , but by golly , you 're taking your country back . " At the end , his campaign song " Crazy " by Patsy Cline was played . In the final NBC @-@ Wall Street Journal poll , Perot was in third place with 15 % , behind Bush with 36 % and Clinton with 44 % . = = Results = = On Election Day , Perot finished in third place behind Clinton ( the winner ) and Bush . Perot received 19 @,@ 743 @,@ 821 votes , which accounted for 18 @.@ 91 % of the popular vote . He failed to win any states in the Electoral College because of the relatively even distribution of his support , but did win over 30 % of the vote in Maine and 27 % in Utah , finishing second in both states . Perot was the first third party candidate since George Wallace in 1968 to finish first in a county , winning in Alaska ( divided into boroughs ) , California , Nevada , Colorado , Kansas , Texas and Maine . He won his largest percentage in Matanuska @-@ Susitna Borough , Alaska and Loving County , Texas with over 40 % . According to exit polls , 52 % of Perot 's supporters were male , 94 % were white , 63 % were aged between 18 and 44 , and about 2 / 3 had not received a college degree . The income of supporters mirrored the general public . In terms of ideology , 53 % identified as moderates , 27 % were conservative and 20 % were liberal , while two @-@ thirds were either members of the Democratic Party or were politically independent . Perot 's performance satisfied the 5 % popular vote threshold for third party candidates , classifying it as successful under the criterion established by scholar Walter Dean Burnham . The legitimacy of this success has been questioned by scholars who dismiss the label of Perot as a typical third party candidate , largely due to the availability of campaign funds and financing of grassroots efforts . Others dispute these claims and point out that Perot forced the other candidates to change their rhetoric on the issues to gain the votes of his supporters , indicating an issues campaign . Exit polls revealed that 35 % of voters would have voted for Perot if they believed he could win . Contemporary analysis reveals that Perot could have won the election if the polls prior to the election had shown the candidate with a larger share , preventing the wasted vote mindset . = = = Analysis = = = The effect of Ross Perot 's candidacy has been a contentious point of debate for many years . In the ensuing months after the election , various Republicans asserted that Perot had acted as a spoiler , enough to the detriment of Bush to lose him the election . While many disaffected conservatives may have voted for Ross Perot to protest Bush 's tax increase , further examination of the Perot vote in the Election Night exit polls not only showed that Perot siphoned votes nearly equally among Bush and Clinton , but of the voters who cited Bush 's broken " No New Taxes " pledge as " very important , " two thirds voted for Bill Clinton . A mathematical look at the voting numbers reveals that Bush would have had to win 12 @.@ 55 % of Perot 's 18 @.@ 91 % of the vote , 66 @.@ 36 % of Perot 's support base , to earn a majority of the vote , and would have needed to win nearly every state Clinton won by less than five percentage points . Furthermore , Perot was most popular in states that strongly favored either Clinton or Bush , limiting his real electoral impact for either candidate . He gained relatively little support in the Southern states and happened to have the best showing in states with few electoral votes . Perot appealed to disaffected voters all across the political spectrum who had grown weary of the two @-@ party system . Perot 's anti @-@ NAFTA stance played a role in his support , and Perot voters were relatively moderate on hot button social issues such as abortion and gay rights . = = Aftermath = = After the election , Perot continued to work with " United We Stand " , and focused his efforts to defeat the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . In 1993 , he was involved in a highly publicized debate with Vice President Al Gore on Larry King Live over NAFTA . Perot formed the Reform Party of the United States of America in 1995 , and ran for president under the party 's banner the following year . During the election , he failed to appear in the presidential debates , and finished in third place with about 8 % of the vote , behind Republican nominee Bob Dole and President Bill Clinton . The Reform Party 's candidate , former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura , was elected as Governor of Minnesota in 1998 , which was connected to Perot 's performance in the presidential elections . His focus on a balanced budget during his campaigns is speculated to have brought the issue to the forefront , enabling the surplus of the late 1990s . Perot declined to run in the 2000 presidential election , and endorsed eventual winner Republican Governor George W. Bush of Texas . In 2008 , he endorsed Republican Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts for the presidency , and stated " the situation in 1992 was not nearly as bad as it is now ... if ever there was a time when it was necessary to put our house in order , it is now . " The members of the populist Tea Party movement have been compared to Perot advocates , for their support of a balanced budget .
= House of Jealous Lovers = " House of Jealous Lovers " is a single by American indie rock band The Rapture , from their second studio album Echoes . The song is produced by James Murphy and Tim Goldsworthy of the DFA . It was originally released in March 2002 through DFA Records , but it was eventually re @-@ released in 2003 where it peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was designed to market the band through dance music distributors . The accompanying music video for the song is influenced by punk imagery . Upon release , it became DFA 's best @-@ selling single and helped re @-@ establish dance @-@ punk . The song received acclaim from music critics and was rated 16th and 6th respectively on Pitchfork Media and NME 's tracks of the decade lists . The song was used in the soundtrack for the video game NBA 2K15 , which was curated by famed music producer Pharrell Williams . = = Background and release = = The Rapture moved from San Francisco to New York in 1999 and wrote " House of Jealous Lovers " the following year . They met James Murphy and Tim Goldsworthy of DFA Records at one of their first performances in New York . Murphy and Goldworthy took a long time to persuade the band to work together because of a concern that making a dance song would alienate their fans . While mastering " House of Jealous Lovers " , Murphy used techno music as a benchmark for the track 's bass frequencies . After hearing the DFA 's mix , Sub Pop , the band 's record label at the time , and the band both reacted negatively and initially refused to release it . Vocalist Luke Jenner hated the mix , feeling that it sounded unfinished . On the way to a gig , Murphy played the mix for Jonathan Galkin ; Galkin credited it for his decision to join DFA Records . The Rapture originally released the song in 2002 as a limited 12 " vinyl single , a format preferred by club DJs . The single included a remix by Morgan Geist of Metro Area as the second song on the A @-@ side and a song titled " Silent Morning " as the B @-@ side . The single format and remix were part of a strategy to market the single through dance music stores . = = Composition = = " House of Jealous Lovers " is a dance @-@ punk song . Its percussion section features disco hi @-@ hat patterns and snare drums doubled with handclaps . The DFA reshaped the percussion by layering and reversing the hi @-@ hats and chopping the drums . The song includes prominent cowbell rhythms that grow louder through the course of the song . Its jagged , coarse guitar is doubled with electronic effects . The sound follows British predecessors such as Gang of Four , Public Image Ltd , and Happy Mondays . The track opens and closes with long instrumental sections and features lyrics largely consisting of the song 's title being repeated . Jenner said he was unsure of the subject of the song and wanted to project a sense of " invincibility " . His performance , described as a " deranged falsetto " , drew comparisons to the vocals of the Cure 's frontman Robert Smith . Geist 's remix removes the vocals and adds keyboard riffs . It introduces brass sections , performed by James Duncan , to the arrangement . = = Critical reception = = " House of Jealous Lovers " received acclaim from music critics . Stylus Magazine described the track as all four band members " playing their instruments as if they were leads " and continued that " nobody 's been able to pull this off so well since Joy Division " . AllMusic said that its rhythm section was " as dynamite as anything from the late- ' 70s U.K. post @-@ punk bands . " Pitchfork Media called the song " the unparalleled champion of 2002 's summer anthem sweepstakes " . The song placed 9th on the 2002 Pazz & Jop list , and it appeared at 26th place the following year . Stylus Magazine and Spin each named it the 9th best single of 2002 . Pitchfork ranked " House of Jealous Lovers " 4th on its 2003 singles list . Pitchfork placed the song 16th on its " 500 best tracks of the 2000s " list . Rolling Stone ranked the song 53rd on its list of the best songs of the 2000s , and Slant Magazine placed it at 45th . The NME listed the song sixth on its 2000s list . In October 2011 , NME placed the song at number 86 on its list " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " . Pitchfork included " House of Jealous Lovers " in its 2006 collection of The Pitchfork 500 . The Guardian listed the track in its " 1000 songs everyone must hear " . = = Music video = = The song 's music video was directed by London @-@ based group Shynola and released in 2003 . The chaotic , surreal video was inspired by the collage style of old punk fliers . It features footage of the band , animated newspaper headlines , scrapbook paraphernalia , and scenes of military conflicts . Pitchfork Media listed the video as the 27th best music video of the 2000s . = = Impact = = " House of Jealous Lovers " became DFA 's best @-@ selling single , and the label sold 20 @,@ 000 vinyl copies of it . The single reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in September 2003 . The song 's use in dance sets opened rock music for formats other than concerts . It has been credited for re @-@ establishing dance @-@ punk during a period when rock and dance music rarely intersected . Justin Timberlake and Timbaland have cited " House of Jealous Lovers " as an influence on their 2006 single " SexyBack " . Timberlake used the song for an entrance during his FutureSex / LoveShow tour . = = Track listing = = = = = 7 " vinyl = = = Vertigo 981112 @-@ 5 = = = 12 " vinyl = = = dfa 2121 = = = CD 1 = = = = = = CD 2 = = = = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= The System Has Failed = The System Has Failed is the tenth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth . Released on September 14 , 2004 , it was the band 's second and final studio album distributed by Sanctuary Records . The System Has Failed was the first of three Megadeth records not to include original bassist and co @-@ founder David Ellefson . Instead , the album features session players , including former Megadeth guitarist Chris Poland on lead guitar . However , Poland only provided lead guitar parts and solos on a contractual basis and did not rejoin the band . The System Has Failed received positive reception from critics and managed to debut at number 18 on the Billboard 200 . The album was generally thought of as being a return to form for the band , after the release of more commercially accessible albums through the 1990s . " Die Dead Enough " and " Of Mice and Men " were released as singles . = = Background and production = = In 2002 , frontman Dave Mustaine announced that he was disbanding Megadeth due to an arm injury that rendered him unable to play guitar . In a statement published on April 3 , 2002 , he stated that doctors expected that it would take about a year before he would recover from the injury . However , it was uncertain as to how complete of a recovery it would be . Mustaine stated his hopes to regain the ability to play guitar . He subsequently recovered following months of physical therapy . The album was recorded at Oceanway and Emerald Entertainment in Nashville , Tennessee and at Phase Four Studios in Tempe , Arizona . In a promotional statement from Megadeth 's then @-@ label Sanctuary Records , Mustaine clarified that recording the album had been " liberating " , due to having more control over the record than he had had since the first two Megadeth records . Mustaine also noted that he initially took a casual approach to the album , starting out working three hours a night , four days a week . Originally intended to be a solo album by Mustaine , the record was re @-@ branded with the Megadeth name as a result of contractual obligations owed to Mustaine 's publishing company . Mustaine co @-@ produced the record with Jeff Balding , who had previously engineered Cryptic Writings and Risk . Upon restarting Megadeth , Mustaine contacted bassist and founding member David Ellefson about resuming bass guitar duties for the band . Those efforts were ultimately fruitless , however . Ellefson claimed that Mustaine was not financially willing to pick up " where it was when [ the band ] broke up " and did not return to Megadeth . = = = Artwork = = = The cover art was designed by Mike Learn , and features Vic Rattlehead at a podium in front of the United States Supreme Court building selling a not @-@ guilty verdict to then U.S. President George W. Bush . Saluting is Hillary Clinton , next to former President Bill Clinton . Behind President Bush , Vice President Dick Cheney holds a briefcase labeled " plan B " . Behind Cheney are several other Bush Administration officials : Then National Security Advisor ( and later Secretary of State ) Condoleezza Rice , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Attorney General John Ashcroft . The $ 100 bills on the cover depict Vic Rattlehead 's face rather than the one of Benjamin Franklin . = = Release and promotion = = The System Has Failed was released on September 14 , 2004 through Sanctuary Records . Three days previously , on September 11 , the album was made available for streaming on the VH1 website . The album debuted at number 18 on the Billboard 200 , with 46 @,@ 000 units sold in its first week . By December 2005 , The System Has Failed had sold 171 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In addition , the album had managed to chart in the top 20 in several other countries , including Canada , Finland , and Sweden . Still needing a band with whom to tour , Mustaine hired longtime drummer Nick Menza , and newcomers James MacDonough ( bass ) and Glen Drover ( guitar ) . However , just five days before the start of the tour , Menza was sent home . His place was filled by Shawn Drover , brother of then @-@ recently hired guitarist Glen Drover . The album 's promotional tour , the Blackmail the Universe Tour , launched on October 23 , 2004 in Reno , Nevada and featured Earshot as a supporting act . This tour would also spawn the That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires double live album , released in 2007 . Two music videos were also made to help promote the album . The first was " Die Dead Enough " , which was directed by Thomas Mignone . " Of Mice and Men " was selected as the second video from the album . In this video , the then @-@ new Megadeth lineup is shown performing . The majority of the video was filmed on January 20 , 2005 in Los Angeles . Many fans turned up to be in the video through a contest held by Sanctuary Records . A third video was made for " Back in the Day " in 2005 , but was unreleased until September 2014 , to celebrate ten years since the album 's release . " Back in the Day " was also featured in an episode of the Duck Dodgers TV series . The episode which the song was featured in , " In Space , No One Can Hear You Rock " , aired on November 4 , 2005 , after having been delayed a week . = = Songs = = " Die Dead Enough " was the lead single from The System Has Failed . Mustaine wrote it when he was asked to write a song for the movie Tomb Raider II , but the proposed budget for recording was too low and the deal fell through . Later on , the song was supposed to be featured in the film Saw , but ultimately was not for undisclosed reasons . This was later followed by the release of " Of Mice and Men " . Additionally , " Kick the Chair " was released as a free promotional download via Megadeth 's website in May 2004 , several months prior to the album 's release . This version of the song was described by Mustaine as being a final mix , but not the master that would appear on the record . " Tears in a Vial " was written by Mustaine shortly after Megadeth disbanded in 2002 about a decision to trade success for happiness . The next track on the album , " I Know Jack " , is an instrumental featuring a sample of a sample of Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen 's famous response to Indiana Senator Dan Quayle during a 1988 vice @-@ presidential debate . " Shadow of Deth " consists of Mustaine reciting Psalm 23 . The Latin phrase heard at the beginning of the track , " Auxilium meum a Domino , " translates to " My help comes from the Lord . " = = Critical reception = = The System Has Failed has received mainly positive reviews from critics , with some of them describing the album as a return to form . AllMusic 's Jason Birchmeier commented that Megadeth hasn 't sounded this vital since Countdown to Extinction , and called the album " damn near perfect " . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles reviewer Martin Popoff described the album as a mix of several previous records , and praised a number of the album 's tracks . Popoff acknowledged the fact that Mustaine only used hired session players on the album was the album 's only low point . Jeff Kerby of KNAC gave a positive , if at times slightly sarcastic review , as well as a detailed track @-@ by @-@ track commentary . David E. Gehlke of Blistering said despite that Mustaine 's best days were behind him , this record comes across as a " warm return " ; although the album fails to recapture past glory , it succeeds in being a solid , reliable metal album . In addition , Gehlke noted that Mustaine 's vocals were " as strong as ever " , but panned the album for the lack of any " thrash burners " . Neil Arnold of Metal Forces had a slightly different opinion , and credited this album for putting Megadeth " back on track " . He praised the album artwork , which reminded him of the 80 's style of graphics . Another positive review was posted on Entertainment Weekly . Reviewer Nancy Miller called The System Has Failed Megadeth 's best since 1990 's Rust in Peace and praised Mustaine 's collaboration with Poland , calling the result " Righteous ! " In spite of a largely positive reception , not all reaction was completely positive . Tom Day of musicOMH had a mixed reaction to the album . Day called " Die Dead Enough " a " slice of classic ' Deth " , while noting its slightly more mainstream sound . Later in his review , however , he noted that with " Shadow of Deth " , it seemed that Mustaine had run out of ideas . Nick Lancaster from Drowned in Sound also reacted unenthusiastically towards the album , saying it was a " severe case of St. Anger syndrome " . However , he added there were " occasional moments of the old magic , but they 're few and far between " . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Dave Mustaine . = = Personnel = = Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes . = = Chart performance = =
= 1948 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1948 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first tropical cyclone before the month of June since 1940 . The season officially began on June 15 , 1948 , and lasted until November 15 , 1948 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . There were 10 tropical cyclones ; six storms attained hurricane status , and four storms intensified into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Operationally , it was believed that a weak tropical disturbance formed over the southeast Bahamas in May and moved northwest into the Georgia coast near Savannah . This system was later excluded from HURDAT . The seventh tropical cyclone was not operationally considered a tropical cyclone , but was later added to HURDAT . The sixth and eighth systems , designated as Dog and Easy by the Air Weather Service in real time , respectively , were the most intense tropical cyclones of the season , peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with a minimum barometric pressure of 940 mbar ( 27 @.@ 76 inHg ) . The former caused eight deaths and $ 400 @,@ 000 ( 1948 USD ) in damage after bringing strong winds , rough seas , and heavy rainfall to Bermuda and Atlantic Canada . In Cuba and Florida , the eighth hurricane left 13 fatalities and at least $ 14 million in damage . The ninth hurricane , assigned the name Fox by the Air Weather Service , brought similar impact to Cuba and Florida about two weeks later . In May , the first tropical cyclone killed 80 people from flooding in the Dominican Republic . Collectively , the storms of this season left around $ 28 @.@ 8 million in damage and 112 fatalities . = = Season summary = = The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15 , 1948 . However , tropical cyclogenesis began on April 15 , about two months before the official start of the season . There was a total of ten tropical storms , six of which strengthened into hurricanes . Further , four of the six hurricanes deepened into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Of the nine tropical disturbances detected operationally , five struck the United States with winds of 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) or greater , while the other tropical systems affected islands , remained over the open ocean , or affected the country with winds below tropical storm intensity . Three hurricanes made landfall in the United States , while the three other storms with winds of at least 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) largely remained at sea . Collectively , the storms of this season left around $ 28 @.@ 8 million in damage and 112 fatalities . The strongest storms of the season attained Category 4 intensity ; two of the major hurricanes formed in the western Caribbean Sea and affected the United States in late September and October . A minimal hurricane struck southern Louisiana on September 4 , causing tides of 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) and winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) in New Orleans . A minimal tropical storm made landfall near Destin in July . An intense hurricane attained Category 4 strength and produced extensive damage and 100 mph ( 160 km / ) wind gusts on Bermuda in mid @-@ September . A Category 4 hurricane struck the Florida Keys and the Everglades in September , resulting in $ 12 million of damages in the state . After the passage of one week , another hurricane affected the region as a Category 2 storm , after crossing Cuba with winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) . Only three direct fatalities occurred in the United States , largely because of improved evacuations and adherence to warnings and advisories . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 95 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm One = = = A broad area of low pressure in the central Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical depression early on May 22 . The circulation moved northward , and it made landfall in southwest Haiti around 1200 UTC with winds of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) . Over the next day , the system crossed Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands with winds unchanged . Turning to the northeast , it strengthened into a tropical storm at 1200 UTC on May 24 while over the southwest Atlantic . Shortly afterward , the tropical cyclone turned to the north . On May 25 , the storm 's forward motion slowed to a crawl ; within a few hours , the storm attained its estimated peak intensity of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) , as reported by reconnaissance aircraft , though no ships reported gale @-@ force winds . The next day , the cyclone started to weaken , and on May 27 , the system began to accelerate northward . The system diminished to a tropical depression on May 29 shortly prior to dissipation . The tropical system brought heavy precipitation to Hispaniola , and widespread flooding took place across the region . In Dominican Republic , the capital city of Santo Domingo ( then known as Ciudad Trujillo ) was impacted significantly , where 9 in ( 229 mm ) of rain fell in 24 hours . More than 20 bridges were swept away , isolating the city from the rest of the country . Several people went missing in the floodwaters and it is estimated that 80 people died . The storm ranks as the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclone to form in the off @-@ season . = = = Tropical Storm Two = = = After nearly two months of inactivity , an area of disturbed weather developed in the northern Gulf of Mexico . The area organized into a tropical depression over the north @-@ central Gulf of Mexico on July 7 . The depression strengthened slightly and became a weak tropical storm early on July 9 , when it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Several hours later , the system made landfall east of Pensacola , Florida , but quickly weakened to a depression as it moved inland . The remnants moved north through southeastern Alabama on July 10 , and the circulation dissipated over southern Tennessee on July 11 . The system produced minimal effects along the Florida Panhandle . Winds of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) were measured at Pensacola during the passage of a thunderstorm , and the tropical cyclone caused heavy precipitation over northern Florida , southern Alabama , and southern Georgia . Overall damage was minimal . = = = Hurricane Three ( Able ) = = = A strong tropical storm , named Able by the Air Weather Service in real time , was first identified on August 26 about 300 mi ( 485 km ) northeast of Saint John , as ship reports indicated winds of Force 9 . However , it is likely that Able formed much farther east , possibly as a Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane . The tropical cyclone quickly intensified to a hurricane , and it continued to steadily progress northwest . The storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on August 27 , and while turning west @-@ northwestward it continued to intensify . The cyclone peaked as a 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) Category 3 hurricane by 1800 UTC on August 28 , which was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft flight . Its forward motion slowed on August 29 , and it began to weaken as it turned to the north on August 30 . The tropical system weakened to a minimal hurricane , and it accelerated to the northeast on August 31 . The storm soon became extratropical before striking southern Newfoundland on September 2 . Over the next several days , the system slowly weakened , and its remnants turned east before dissipating south of southern Iceland on September 5 . In anticipation of the storm , the U.S. Weather Bureau posted hurricane warnings from Wilmington to Cape Hatteras . On August 30 , as the tropical cyclone began to turn to the north , the center was expected to pass over or near Cape Hatteras . High tides occurred along the North Carolina coastline , which prompted evacuations and precautions in the area . The remnants of the storm brought strong winds to Atlantic Canada . In Nova Scotia , the storm severely disrupted electricity and communications between Halifax and Sydney . At the latter , many trees were uprooted , with several falling on streets and cars . In Newfoundland , a wind gust as strong as 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) was observed . The community of Port au Port was hard hit . Among the structures damaged included a store , which lost its roof , and a church , which the storm completely destroyed . Port au Port alone suffered about $ 200 @,@ 000 ( 1948 CAD ) in damage . Along the shore , a number of pleasure crafts were wrecked . Some other structures , trees , and boats were impacted or destroyed throughout the province . The communities along the south coast of Newfoundland collectively experienced about $ 400 @,@ 000 ( 1948 CAD ) in damage . Overall , the storm left over $ 989 @,@ 000 ( 1948 CAD ) in damage in Canada . = = = Tropical Storm Four ( Baker ) = = = On August 30 , a tropical storm named Baker by the Air Weather Service in real time , was first detected about 275 mi ( 445 km ) east of Barbados , by a ship that reported high easterly seas and winds of Force 10 . Upon being initially observed , Baker was already at its peak maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The small system moved rapidly westward and slowly weakened to a marginal tropical cyclone on August 31 . On the morning of September 1 , Baker passed between Saint Lucia and Martinique , when a reconnaissance aircraft mission reported a minimum pressure of 1007 mbar ( 29 @.@ 73 inHg ) . Subsequent missions failed to detect a center of circulation , and the tropical cyclone quickly degenerated to a tropical depression . Baker dissipated over the eastern Caribbean Sea on September 1 . The storm brought heavy rainfall to several eastern Caribbean islands , though most of it was beneficial . On Puerto Rico , water supplies and crops were replenished . = = = Hurricane Five ( Charlie ) = = = An area of disturbed weather organized into a 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) tropical storm – named Charlie by the Air Weather Service in real time – on September 1 over the western Gulf of Mexico . On the morning of September 2 , the poorly defined center moved northeast , and Charlie gradually intensified . It attained hurricane intensity on September 3 and then slowly accelerated toward the upper Gulf Coast . The rapidly reached its peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , and it crossed the coastline west of Golden Meadow , Louisiana , on September 4 . The center moved inland over Orleans Parish , and the weakening tropical cyclone diminished to a strong tropical storm prior to moving over southern Mississippi . Charlie continued to weaken and fell to tropical depression intensity on September 5 . The remnants turned to the north , and the circulation dissipated over northwestern Indiana on September 6 . On September 4 , the U.S. Weather Bureau advised residents that the storm was expected to strike land between Morgan City and Grand Isle around midnight , as its forward motion had increased to 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . The weather service also noted that abnormally high tides were expected from the Mississippi River to Pensacola , as the center was predicted to pass east of New Orleans and move to the west of Biloxi shortly before dawn . About 1 @,@ 000 people left their homes in Terrebonne Parish and took shelter in a courthouse and school buildings in Houma . As winds increased , city officials in New Orleans ordered 2 @,@ 000 people to evacuate from a wartime housing project into an auditorium for shelter . Offshore , oil drilling platforms and equipment were destroyed by high seas near Grand Isle . The island itself was cutoff from the mainland after 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) inundated roadways . Throughout southeastern Louisiana , beans were destroyed north of Lake Pontchartrain , while sugar cane and corn were flattened , especially in Lafourche , Jefferson , St. Charles , and Terrebonne parishes . Pecan and tung nut crops also suffered damage in southeastern Mississippi . The hurricane produced gusts of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) at Moisant Airport , and tides ranged from 3 @.@ 4 to 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 0 to 1 @.@ 8 m ) along the coast from Mississippi to the Florida Panhandle . The maximum tide reached 4 @.@ 7 ft ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) in New Orleans , and winds caused damage to small boats , trees , and power and communication lines . The remnants of the hurricane brought rainfall far inland , including 0 @.@ 82 in ( 21 mm ) of precipitation observed in Detroit , Michigan . Total damage in the United States reached $ 900 @,@ 000 . = = = Hurricane Six ( Dog ) = = = A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 3 and was designated as Tropical Storm Dog by the Air Weather Service in real time on the following day . The cyclone tracked a general westward path for much of its initial stages as it gradually intensified , reaching tropical storm intensity shortly after development and then hurricane intensity a day later . After reaching a longitude roughly equal to that of the Lesser Antilles , Dog began to curve northward on a parabolic track , bringing it near Bermuda at peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on September 13 . The hurricane then began to accelerate northeastward and weaken . The waning Dog grazed Cape Race , Newfoundland , before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 15 ; these remnants persisted for an additional day . Although the storm never making landfall , Dog disrupted numerous shipping lanes and inflicted damage on Bermuda and Newfoundland . In the former , the hurricane brought winds in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , downing power lines and trees . Property damage also resulted from the strong winds , totaling about $ 400 @,@ 000 . After passing west of Bermuda , the tropical cyclone tracked across numerous shipping lanes . Two ships , the Leicester and Gaspar , encountered the hurricane and became stricken in open waters . Though most people were rescued from both ships , six people perished on the former while one died on the latter . Beginning on September 15 , the hurricane tracked east of Newfoundland , producing heavy rainfall on land . The precipitation flooded roads and caused streams to overflow , inundating additional areas . On the island , one person were killed . Overall , the hurricane caused eight fatalities . = = = Tropical Storm Seven = = = Operationally , this storm was not considered a tropical cyclone . Late on September 7 , an extratropical system transitioned into a tropical storm about 355 mi ( 570 km ) northeast of Bermuda . The storm curved northwestward and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 993 mbar ( 29 @.@ 3 inHg ) . After turning northward and then northeastward , the storm began losing tropical characteristics and reverted to an extratropical cyclone on September 10 while situated about 215 mi ( 345 km ) southwest of Sable Island , Nova Scotia . The remnants continued northeastward until dissipating just offshore Newfoundland . = = = Hurricane Eight ( Easy ) = = = The eighth storm , designated as Tropical Storm Easy by the Air Weather Service in real time , developed from a tropical wave over the Caribbean Sea on September 18 . Early the next day , Easy strengthened into a hurricane while moving westward . Thereafter , it curved northwestward and continued to deepen . By September 20 , the system turned northward and later that day made landfall along the Zapata Peninsula of Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Another landfall occurred in Cuba early the next day to the south of Güines . Severe destruction was reported on the island , with winds up to 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) observed in Havana . Over 700 buildings were destroyed . Ten deaths occurred and damage totaled at least $ 2 million , while other sources estimate " several million dollars . " After emerging into the Straits of Florida on September 21 , Easy resumed intensification , before striking near Boca Chica Key , Florida , with winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . By early on September 22 , the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter , another landfall occurred near Chokoloskee at the same intensity . Severe damage was reported in the state due to strong winds . The storm was considered the worst in Key West since 1919 . Throughout the state , 1 @,@ 200 homes were severely damaged or destroyed , while 40 businesses were demolished and 237 suffered impact . There were three deaths and about $ 12 million in damage , over half of which was inflicted on crops . The storm rapidly weakened while crossing the state and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean as only a Category 1 hurricane later on September 22 . Slight fluctuations in intensity occurred before the hurricane became extratropical early on September 24 , while located northwest of Bermuda . The remnants accelerated to the east @-@ northeastward and continued to weaken , before dissipating hundreds of miles east of Newfoundland on September 26 . = = = Late September tropical depression = = = On September 25 , a westward moving tropical wave near the Lesser Antilles began appearing in historical weather map . A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system when it was over the central Caribbean Sea indicated wind gusts up to 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) , but no circulation . During a separate fight on September 29 , it was noted that , " [ a ] complete search of area shows well @-@ organized circle of storm but open to west and northwest " . Although no circulation was detected , westerly winds were reported , making it likely that a tropical depression developed that day over the western Caribbean . Subsequently , the depression moved over the northern Yucatán Peninsula , which may have disrupted the poorly @-@ defined circulation . By October 1 , the system entered the Gulf of Mexico , where it began degenerating into an open trough on October 3 . Cold air and the development of Hurricane Fox in the western Caribbean prevented re @-@ generation . The remnants continued northeastward into North Florida and deepened while producing strong gales along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia . It is possible that the remnants lasted until October 8 , when it was absorbed by Fox . = = = Hurricane Nine ( Fox ) = = = On October 3 , a tropical depression developed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea . The storm intensified into a tropical storm , designated as Tropical Storm Fox by the Air Weather Service in real time , early on October 4 . Several hours later , the storm became a hurricane . Fox then significantly deepened , peaking as a Category 3 intensity with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) early on October 5 . Around that time , Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba . Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida a few hours later . Late on October 5 , the hurricane made landfall on Bahia Honda Key , Florida , with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and near Flamingo about two hours later . Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October 6 . The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east @-@ northeast . Late on October 7 , Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop . By October 16 , it became extratropical while well east @-@ southeast of Newfoundland . In Cuba , homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding . Eleven deaths and about 300 injuries were attributed to the tropical cyclone . Damage in the country reached about $ 6 million . The storm brought strong winds to Florida , with a sustained wind speed of 122 mph ( 196 km / h ) at Naval Air Station Key West . Heavy rainfall exceeding 9 @.@ 5 in ( 240 mm ) in Miami and three tornadoes also contributed to the damage in South Florida . Throughout the state , 674 homes were severely damaged or destroyed , while 45 other buildings were demolished . Overall , damage in Florida reached $ 5 @.@ 5 million and there were no deaths , but 36 injuries , none of which were serious . In Bermuda , buildings were unroofed and the sides of some structures were knocked down . Electrical light wires and telephone lines were toppled across the island . Damage totaled over $ 1 million . = = = Hurricane Ten ( George ) = = = A tropical storm developed about midway between Bermuda and Puerto Rico on November 8 . Designated as George by the Air Weather Service in real time , the storm moved quickly west @-@ northwestward . Early on November 10 , George is believed to have reached hurricane intensity after reconnaissance aircraft flights recorded a small area of winds ranging from 70 to 80 mph ( 110 to 130 km / h ) . Peaking as a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar ( 29 inHg ) , George then curved north @-@ northwestward . Later that day , the hurricane began to become disorganized and weakened to a tropical storm . Early on November 11 , George degenerated into an area of disturbed weather while located about 195 mi ( 315 km ) east of Virginia Beach , Virginia . As the hurricane threatened the coast of North Carolina on November 10 , hurricane warnings were issued between Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras . = = = Other storms = = = In addition to the ten systems that became a tropical storm and the other tropical depression , there were a few tropical cyclones that failed to strengthen beyond tropical depression intensity . A weak broad low pressure area formerly associated with a trough developed into a tropical depression well northeast of the Lesser Antilles on April 15 . A barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) was observed that day . The depression moved northward and then became stationary by April 17 , before degenerating into a trough on the next day . The next tropical depression developed from a northward moving tropical wave over the eastern Gulf of Mexico on July 31 . Although the depression continued northward , it cannot be determined if the system made landfall in the Florida Panhandle before dissipating on August 2 . Tampa recorded a 5 @-@ minute sustained wind speed of 34 mph ( 55 km / h ) on July 31 . By August 13 , another tropical depression formed from area of disturbed weather well offshore the Mid @-@ Atlantic . The system moved rapidly northeastward and became extratropical early on August 14 . It may have been a tropical storm , based on barometric pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) observed by a ship shortly after extratropical transition . On September 16 , a trough of low pressure developed into a tropical depression over the western Gulf of Mexico . Unfavorable conditions caused the depression to dissipated by the following day . = = Season effects = =
= The Valley Library = The Valley Library is the primary library of Oregon State University and is located at the school 's main campus in Corvallis in the U.S. state of Oregon . Established in 1887 , the school built its first library building in 1918 , what is now Kidder Hall . The current building opened in 1963 as the William Jasper Kerr Library and was expanded and renamed in 1999 as The Valley Library . The library is named for philanthropist F. Wayne Valley , who played football for Oregon State . One of three libraries for Oregon State , The Valley Library stores more than 1 @.@ 4 million volumes , 14 @,@ 000 serials , and more than 500 @,@ 000 maps and government documents . It is designated as a Federal Depository Library and is also a repository for state documents . The six @-@ story library building is of a contemporary , neoclassical style with a red @-@ brick exterior highlighted by white sections along the top and on part of the eastern side . The eastern side includes a white @-@ faced rotunda that includes a two @-@ story atrium on the main floor . = = History = = Oregon State University was established in 1868 . The Oregon Legislative Assembly appropriated $ 1 @,@ 000 to the school to buy books for a library in 1876 , marking the first instance of the legislature giving funds to the school for a library . In 1887 , the library was established at the school , and in 1890 , May Warren was hired as the first full @-@ time librarian . By 1893 the library 's collection had grown to 1 @,@ 950 volumes . After adding 2 @,@ 600 volumes from 1899 to 1900 , the collection stood at 5 @,@ 000 volumes . At that time the library was a free , general library with both circulating and reference collections with A. J. Stimpson serving as the librarian . The library also had 6 @,@ 000 pamphlets at that time and the annual circulation was 8 @,@ 000 . By 1909 , the collection had grown to 10 @,@ 000 volumes and 10 @,@ 000 pamphlets , with R. J. Nichols as the librarian . The library collection continued to grow and totaled 36 @,@ 478 volumes in 1918 . In February 1917 , the state legislature gave the school $ 65 @,@ 000 towards construction of a building to house the library . Oregon Agricultural College opened a new library in 1918 , marking the first time that the library had its own building . Prior to 1918 the library had been housed on the second floor of the college 's administration building , Benton Hall . When the new building was completed , the school built a temporary trellis from neighboring Benton Hall 's second floor to the second floor of the new building in order to more easily transfer the books to their new location . Initially , the new building also housed offices and classrooms , but within a decade the library expanded to occupy all of the structure . John V. Bennes designed the new building , as well as many of the campus buildings constructed during that period . By 1922 the collection had grown to 73 @,@ 000 volumes , and Lucy M. Lewis served as the school 's librarian . The new library was remodeled on several occasions , with a new wing added in 1941 . The 1918 building was located on the southeast corner of Campus Way and Waldo Place and after the 1941 addition , had about 76 @,@ 000 square feet ( 7 @,@ 100 m2 ) of space spread over three floors and a full basement . Designed in the neoclassical style , the exterior was made of bricks and contained decorative plaques constructed of concrete , with the gabled roof covered with tile . The original design had two @-@ story reading rooms , which were converted to single @-@ story rooms in the 1950s . A mural painted by J. Leo Fairbanks was added to the main reading room in 1929 as a gift from the school 's class of 1925 . The mural was titled Recorded Information and was the second mural in that room by Fairbanks , who was the longtime head of the school 's art department . Beginning in 1932 , Mary J. L. McDonald made the then @-@ largest donation of books to the library when she donated volumes worth just over $ 10 @,@ 000 . She donated a total of over 1 @,@ 000 items that included a complete works of Abraham Lincoln valued at $ 4 @,@ 800 . In 1936 , the Works Progress Administration gave a decorative archway to the library to be installed over the south entrance to the building . The library was among several buildings vandalized by University of Oregon students in October 1945 during the run @-@ up to the Civil War football game between the two schools . The library received a bequest of about 5 @,@ 500 volumes valued at about $ 15 @,@ 000 in December 1947 from William H. Galvani 's estate . This donation overtook that of McDonald to become the largest received by the library up to that time . By 1940 , the collections at the library had increased to total of about 130 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 400 serials . Included in the collections were a variety of rare items , such as a page from the 1642 printing of the Polychronicon , a 1628 book of poems written in Latin , and a 1769 bible printed by John Baskerville , among others . At that time the building was open from 7 : 50 am until 10 pm on weekdays , and 2 pm to 5 pm on Sundays . Construction on the new wing of the library started in 1940 and was designed by John V. Bennes , the same architect who designed the original structure . He also designed a matching wing for the other side as well , but that wing was never added . = = = Kerr Library = = = The school 's library collection grew to 193 @,@ 479 volumes in 1943 . Previously known simply as The Library , the building and library were renamed in 1954 as the William Jasper Kerr Library . Kerr was Oregon State 's longest serving president , holding the office from 1907 until 1932 when he became the first chancellor of what is now the Oregon University System . In May 1960 , the then Oregon State College was advanced $ 19 @,@ 000 by the federal government to plan for a new $ 2 @,@ 170 @,@ 000 building . The new building was designed by architects Hamlin & Martin , and the cost rose to $ 2 @.@ 4 million by the time the school accepted bids on the project in April 1962 . Ground was broken on the project on May 1 , 1962 , with Shields Construction Company as the general contractor for the project . The new building would double the size of Oregon State 's library . Completed in 1963 , the new library was built on Jefferson Street , its present location , and the name was transferred from the old building . At that time the building was four stories tall , but the school planned for a future expansion . During the original construction , slabs for two additional floors were placed on the roof . Oregon State began construction in the Fall of 1970 to add these new floors , with completion coming in the Fall of 1971 . The old library building was remodeled and became Kidder Hall in 1964 , named in honor of former librarian Ida Mae Kidder . Previously , Fairbanks Hall had carried the moniker of Kidder Hall , starting in 1927 . By 1968 the collection had increased to 538 @,@ 000 volumes . Rodney K. Waldron served as the head of the library from 1954 until 1984 . In the same year as Waldron 's departure , Melvin R. George took over as director of the library , which at that time had a $ 4 @.@ 5 million annual budget and 72 employees . In 1986 , a room was added to the library to accommodate a donation from alumnus Linus Pauling , which consisted of his papers and two Nobel Prizes . = = = The Valley Library = = = The collections of the library continued to grow , reaching 1 @,@ 275 @,@ 473 volumes in 1993 . In 1999 , the building was renamed as The Valley Library after an extensive expansion and renovation . Renovations took three years and cost $ 47 million to complete . That year the library was selected by The Library Journal as the Library of the Year , the first time an academic library had won the distinction . Librarians at Valley Library began using text messaging in March 2010 to communicate with some library patrons , and earlier started to loan out Amazon 's Kindle reader . In April , the school started allowing students to use the library 24 @-@ hours @-@ a @-@ day from Sunday through Thursday to test whether there was enough demand to allow 24 @-@ hour access on a permanent basis . The program was sponsored by the Associated Students of Oregon State University and paid for by university technology funds , and was due in part to the closure of some computer labs that had been 24 @-@ hour study areas . = = Facilities = = The Valley Library is a six @-@ story , rectangular building with a rotunda on the east side . Designed in a contemporary , neoclassical style , the structure has a veneer of red brick , with white @-@ colored aluminum solar screening on the rotunda and the fifth floor of the north side added for decoration . The internal support structure consists of steel beams and concrete slabs . Below ground @-@ level on the north side , the first floor includes a cafe and study rooms . The main floor , which is the second floor , includes a two @-@ story atrium as well as the circulation desk and main entrance . The third floor contains the OSU Archives , and along with the fourth floor , houses the library 's offices . A children 's library and the special collections are located on the fifth floor , while the sixth floor only covers the southern two @-@ thirds of the structure . Directly north of the building is the Library Quad , originally known as the East Quadrangle . The approximately 2 @.@ 6 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 1 ha ) area was laid out about 1910 and is part of the Oregon State University Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June 2008 . A bell tower , or campanile , was added on the eastern edge of the quad in 2001 . Dedicated to alumnus H. Dean Papé , the 68 @-@ foot ( 21 m ) tall tower has five bells and a clock . = = Operations = = One of three libraries for Oregon State University , The Valley Library serves as the main library , and is located on the main campus in Corvallis . The other two libraries are the Marilyn Potts Guin Library at the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport and the library at the Cascades Campus in Bend . Faye Chadwell is the University Librarian as well as the OSU Press Director . As of 2008 , the libraries , combined , employed about 120 people ( FTE ) , of which 23 were librarians . The three had a total of almost 1 @.@ 6 million volumes in the collections , 16 @,@ 992 serials , 2 @.@ 1 million microform documents , and 3 @,@ 849 e @-@ books . The Valley Library alone contained 1 @.@ 4 million volumes and 14 @,@ 000 serials out of those totals . Valley also has over 500 @,@ 000 government documents and maps , as it has served as a Federal Depository Library since 1907 and is a deposit library for the state government as well . The three libraries combined had a budget of $ 10 @.@ 8 million and a circulation of 347 @,@ 000 while servicing 24 @,@ 000 inter @-@ library loans and averaging about 34 @,@ 000 people per week at the libraries . = = = Collections = = = The Valley Library includes a variety of special collections in addition to its main collection . Most notably are the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers that contain 4 @,@ 111 books and 2 @,@ 230 boxes of material from the two alums of Oregon State . Separate from the library , the school is also home to the Linus Pauling Institute . Other collections in the Special Collections and Archives Research Center include the Atomic Energy and Nuclear History Collections that contains 294 feet ( 90 m ) of items , the McDonald Collection with 2 @,@ 680 items that date back as far as 2000 BC , two collections concerning the history of science , and 30 linear feet in the Nursery and Seed Trade Catalogues , among others . Also contained in the Special Collections and Archives are around 200 @,@ 000 photographs , memorabilia , campus publications , and a variety of other specimens related to the history of Oregon State University and its faculty 's work . The Special Collections and Archives Research Center also include the papers of Bernard Malamud , William Appleman Williams , Milton Harris , Paul Emmett , David P. Shoemaker , Ewan Cameron , Fritz Marti , Eugene Starr , and Roger Hayward . The library is decorated throughout with 120 pieces of the Northwest Art Collection , and serves as an art gallery . Oregon 's Percent for Art law set aside one percent of construction costs for artwork , which was then selected by the library along with the Oregon Arts Commission .
= Barbara McClintock = Barbara McClintock ( June 16 , 1902 – September 2 , 1992 ) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927 . There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics , the focus of her research for the rest of her life . From the late 1920s , McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize . She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas . One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing @-@ over during meiosis — a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information . She produced the first genetic map for maize , linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits . She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere , regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information . She was recognized among the best in the field , awarded prestigious fellowships , and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944 . During the 1940s and 1950s , McClintock discovered transposition and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off . She developed theories to explain the suppression and expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next . Due to skepticism of her research and its implications , she stopped publishing her data in 1953 . Later , she made an extensive study of the cytogenetics and ethnobotany of maize races from South America . McClintock 's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s , as other scientists confirmed the mechanisms of genetic change and genetic regulation that she had demonstrated in her maize research in the 1940s and 1950s . Awards and recognition for her contributions to the field followed , including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , awarded to her in 1983 for the discovery of genetic transposition ; she is the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in that category . = = Early life = = Barbara McClintock was born Eleanor McClintock on June 16 , 1902 in Hartford , Connecticut , the third of four children born to physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock . Thomas McClintock was the child of British immigrants , and Sara Handy , born Grace , descended from an old American Mayflower family . Marjorie , the oldest child , was born in October 1898 ; Mignon , the second daughter , was born in November 1900 . The youngest , Malcolm Rider ( called Tom ) , was born 18 months after Barbara . As a young girl , her parents determined that Eleanor , a " feminine " and " delicate " name , was not appropriate for her , and chose Barbara instead . McClintock was an independent child beginning at a very young age , a trait she later identified as her " capacity to be alone " . From the age of three until she began school , McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Brooklyn , New York in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice . She was described as a solitary and independent child , and a tomboy . She was close to her father , but had a difficult relationship with her mother , tension that began when she was young . The McClintock family moved to Brooklyn in 1908 and McClintock completed her secondary education there at Erasmus Hall High School ; she graduated early in 1919 . She discovered her love of science and reaffirmed her solitary personality during high school . She wanted to continue her studies at Cornell University 's College of Agriculture . Her mother resisted sending McClintock to college , for fear that she would be unmarriageable . McClintock was almost prevented from starting college , but her father intervened just before registration began , and she matriculated at Cornell in 1919 . = = Education and research at Cornell = = McClintock began her studies at Cornell 's College of Agriculture in 1919 . There , she participated in student government and was invited to join a sorority , though she soon realized that she preferred not to join formal organizations . Instead , McClintock took up music , specifically jazz . She studied botany , receiving a BSc in 1923 . Her interest in genetics began when she took her first course in that field in 1921 . The course was based on a similar one offered at Harvard University , and was taught by C. B. Hutchison , a plant breeder and geneticist . Hutchison was impressed by McClintock 's interest , and telephoned to invite her to participate in the graduate genetics course at Cornell in 1922 . McClintock pointed to Hutchison 's invitation as the reason she continued in genetics : " Obviously , this telephone call cast the die for my future . I remained with genetics thereafter . " Although it has been reported that women could not major in genetics at Cornell , and therefore her MA and PhD — earned in 1925 and 1927 , respectively — were officially awarded in botany , recent research has revealed that women did earn graduate degrees in Cornell 's Plant Breeding Department during the time that McClintock was a student at Cornell . During her graduate studies and postgraduate appointment as a botany instructor , McClintock was instrumental in assembling a group that studied the new field of cytogenetics in maize . This group brought together plant breeders and cytologists , and included Marcus Rhoades , future Nobel laureate George Beadle , and Harriet Creighton . Rollins A. Emerson , head of the Plant Breeding Department , supported these efforts , although he was not a cytologist himself . She also worked as a research assistant for Lowell Fitz Randolph and then for Lester W. Sharp , both Cornell Botanists . McClintock 's cytogenetic research focused on developing ways to visualize and characterize maize chromosomes . This particular part of her work influenced a generation of students , as it was included in most textbooks . She also developed a technique using carmine staining to visualize maize chromosomes , and showed for the first time the morphology of the 10 maize chromosomes . This discovery was made because she observed cells from the microspore as opposed to the root tip . By studying the morphology of the chromosomes , McClintock was able to link specific chromosome groups of traits that were inherited together . Marcus Rhoades noted that McClintock 's 1929 Genetics paper on the characterization of triploid maize chromosomes triggered scientific interest in maize cytogenetics , and attributed to her 10 of the 17 significant advances in the field that were made by Cornell scientists between 1929 and 1935 . In 1930 , McClintock was the first person to describe the cross @-@ shaped interaction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The following year , McClintock and Creighton proved the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits . They observed how the recombination of chromosomes seen under a microscope correlated with new traits . Until this point , it had only been hypothesized that genetic recombination could occur during meiosis , although it had been shown genetically . McClintock published the first genetic map for maize in 1931 , showing the order of three genes on maize chromosome 9 . This information provided necessary data for the crossing @-@ over study she published with Creighton ; they also showed that crossing @-@ over occurs in sister chromatids as well as homologous chromosomes . In 1938 , she produced a cytogenetic analysis of the centromere , describing the organization and function of the centromere , as well as the fact that it can divide . McClintock 's breakthrough publications , and support from her colleagues , led to her being awarded several postdoctoral fellowships from the National Research Council . This funding allowed her to continue to study genetics at Cornell , the University of Missouri , and the California Institute of Technology , where she worked with E. G. Anderson . During the summers of 1931 and 1932 , she worked at Missouri with geneticist Lewis Stadler , who introduced her to the use of X @-@ rays as a mutagen . Exposure to X @-@ rays can increase the rate of mutation above the natural background level , making it a powerful research tool for genetics . Through her work with X @-@ ray @-@ mutagenized maize , she identified ring chromosomes , which form when the ends of a single chromosome fuse together after radiation damage . From this evidence , McClintock hypothesized that there must be a structure on the chromosome tip that would normally ensure stability . She showed that the loss of ring @-@ chromosomes at meiosis caused variegation in maize foliage in generations subsequent to irradiation resulting from chromosomal deletion . During this period , she demonstrated the presence of the nucleolus organizer region on a region on maize chromosome 6 , which is required for the assembly of the nucleolus . In 1933 , she established that cells can be damaged when nonhomologous recombination occurs . During this same period , McClintock hypothesized that the tips of chromosomes are protected by telomeres . McClintock received a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation that made possible six months of training in Germany during 1933 and 1934 . She had planned to work with Curt Stern , who had demonstrated crossing @-@ over in Drosophila just weeks after McClintock and Creighton had done so ; however , Stern emigrated to the United States . Instead , she worked with geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt , who was the head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute . She left Germany early amidst mounting political tension in Europe , and returned to Cornell , remaining there until 1936 , when she accepted an Assistant Professorship offered to her by Lewis Stadler in the Department of Botany at the University of Missouri @-@ Columbia . While still at Cornell , she was supported by a two @-@ year Rockefeller Foundation grant obtained for her through Emerson 's efforts . = = University of Missouri = = During her time at Missouri , McClintock expanded her research on the effect of X @-@ rays on maize cytogenetics . McClintock observed the breakage and fusion of chromosomes in irradiated maize cells . She was also able to show that , in some plants , spontaneous chromosome breakage occurred in the cells of the endosperm . Over the course of mitosis , she observed that the ends of broken chromatids were rejoined after the chromosome replication . In the anaphase of mitosis , the broken chromosomes formed a chromatid bridge , which was broken when the chromatids moved towards the cell poles . The broken ends were rejoined in the interphase of the next mitosis , and the cycle was repeated , causing massive mutation , which she could detect as variegation in the endosperm . This breakage – rejoining – bridge cycle was a key cytogenetic discovery for several reasons . First , it showed that the rejoining of chromosomes was not a random event , and second , it demonstrated a source of large @-@ scale mutation . For this reason , it remains an area of interest in cancer research today . Although her research was progressing at Missouri , McClintock was not satisfied with her position at the University . She recalled being excluded from faculty meetings , and was not made aware of positions available at other institutions . In 1940 , she wrote to Charles Burnham , " I have decided that I must look for another job . As far as I can make out , there is nothing more for me here . I am an assistant professor at $ 3 @,@ 000 and I feel sure that that is the limit for me . " Initially , McClintock 's position was created especially for her by Stadler , and might have depended on his presence at the university . McClintock believed she would not gain tenure at Missouri , even though according to some accounts , she knew she would be offered a promotion from Missouri in the spring of 1942 . Recent evidence reveals that McClintock more likely decided to leave Missouri because she had lost trust in her employer and in the University administration , after discovering that her job would be in jeopardy if Stadler were to leave for Caltech , as he had considered doing . The university 's retaliation against Stadler amplified her sentiments . In early 1941 , she took a leave of absence from Missouri in hopes of finding a position elsewhere . She accepted a visiting Professorship at Columbia University , where her former Cornell colleague Marcus Rhoades was a professor . Rhoades also offered to share his research field at Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island . In December 1941 , she was offered a research position by Milislav Demerec , the newly appointed acting director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 's Department of Genetics Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ; McClintock accepted his invitation despite her qualms and became a permanent member of the faculty . = = Cold Spring Harbor = = After her year @-@ long temporary appointment , McClintock accepted a full @-@ time research position at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . There , she was highly productive and continued her work with the breakage @-@ fusion @-@ bridge cycle , using it to substitute for X @-@ rays as a tool for mapping new genes . In 1944 , in recognition of her prominence in the field of genetics during this period , McClintock was elected to the National Academy of Sciences — only the third woman to be elected . That same year , she became the first female president of the Genetics Society of America ; she was elected its vice @-@ president in 1939 . In 1944 she undertook a cytogenetic analysis of Neurospora crassa at the suggestion of George Beadle , who used the fungus to demonstrate the one gene – one enzyme relationship . He invited her to Stanford to undertake the study . She successfully described the number of chromosomes , or karyotype , of N. crassa and described the entire life cycle of the species . Beadle said " Barbara , in two months at Stanford , did more to clean up the cytology of Neurospora than all other cytological geneticists had done in all previous time on all forms of mold . " N. crassa has since become a model species for classical genetic analysis . = = = Discovery of controlling elements = = = In the summer of 1944 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , McClintock began systematic studies on the mechanisms of the mosaic color patterns of maize seed and the unstable inheritance of this mosaicism . She identified two new dominant and interacting genetic loci that she named Dissociator ( Ds ) and Activator ( Ac ) . She found that the Dissociator did not just dissociate or cause the chromosome to break , it also had a variety of effects on neighboring genes when the Activator was also present , which included making certain stable mutations unstable . In early 1948 , she made the surprising discovery that both Dissociator and Activator could transpose , or change position , on the chromosome . She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses , and described the relationship between the two loci through intricate microscopic analysis . She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9 , and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome . When Ds moves , the aleurone @-@ color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form , which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells . The transposition of Ds in different cells is random , it may move in some but not others , which causes color mosaicism . The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation . McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell . Between 1948 and 1950 , she developed a theory by which these mobile elements regulated the genes by inhibiting or modulating their action . She referred to Dissociator and Activator as " controlling units " — later , as " controlling elements " — to distinguish them from genes . She hypothesized that gene regulation could explain how complex multicellular organisms made of cells with identical genomes have cells of different function . McClintock 's discovery challenged the concept of the genome as a static set of instructions passed between generations . In 1950 , she reported her work on Ac / Ds and her ideas about gene regulation in a paper entitled " The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize " published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . In summer 1951 , when she reported her work on the origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize at the annual symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , presenting a paper of the same name . The paper delved into the instability caused by Dc and As or just As in four genes , along with the tendency of those genes to unpredictably revert to the wild phenotype . She also identified " families " of transposons , which did not interact with one another . Her work on controlling elements and gene regulation was conceptually difficult and was not immediately understood or accepted by her contemporaries ; she described the reception of her research as " puzzlement , even hostility " . Nevertheless , McClintock continued to develop her ideas on controlling elements . She published a paper in Genetics in 1953 , where she presented all her statistical data , and undertook lecture tours to universities throughout the 1950s to speak about her work . She continued to investigate the problem and identified a new element that she called Suppressor @-@ mutator ( Spm ) , which , although similar to Ac / Ds , acts in a more complex manner . Like Ac / Ds , some versions could transpose on their own and some could not ; unlike Ac / Ds , when present , it fully suppressed the expression of mutant genes when they normally would not be entirely suppressed . Based on the reactions of other scientists to her work , McClintock felt she risked alienating the scientific mainstream , and from 1953 stopped publishing accounts of her research on controlling elements . = = = The origins of maize = = = In 1957 , McClintock received funding from the National Academy of Sciences to start research on indigenous strains of maize in Central America and South America . She was interested in studying the evolution of maize through chromosomal changes , and being in South America would allow her to work on a larger scale . McClintock explored the chromosomal , morphological , and evolutionary characteristics of various races of maize . After extensive work in the 1960s and 1970s , McClintock and her collaborators published the seminal study The Chromosomal Constitution of Races of Maize , leaving their mark on paleobotany , ethnobotany , and evolutionary biology . = = = Rediscovery of McClintock 's controlling elements = = = McClintock officially retired from her position at the Carnegie Institution in 1967 , and was made a Distinguished Service Member of the Carnegie Institution of Washington . This honor allowed her to continue working with graduate students and colleagues in the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as scientist emerita ; she lived in the town . In reference to her decision 20 years earlier to stop publishing detailed accounts of her work on controlling elements , she wrote in 1973 : Over the years I have found that it is difficult if not impossible to bring to consciousness of another person the nature of his tacit assumptions when , by some special experiences , I have been made aware of them . This became painfully evident to me in my attempts during the 1950s to convince geneticists that the action of genes had to be and was controlled . It is now equally painful to recognize the fixity of assumptions that many persons hold on the nature of controlling elements in maize and the manners of their operation . One must await the right time for conceptual change . The importance of McClintock 's contributions was revealed in the 1960s , when the work of French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod described the genetic regulation of the lac operon , a concept she had demonstrated with Ac / Ds in 1951 . Following Jacob and Monod 's 1961 Journal of Molecular Biology paper " Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins " , McClintock wrote an article for American Naturalist comparing the lac operon and her work on controlling elements in maize . McClintock 's contribution to biology is still not widely acknowledged as amounting to the discovery of genetic regulation . McClintock was widely credited for discovering transposition after other researchers finally discovered the process in bacteria , yeast , and bacteriophages in the late 1960s and early 1970s . During this period , molecular biology had developed significant new technology , and scientists were able to show the molecular basis for transposition . In the 1970s , Ac and Ds were cloned by other scientists and were shown to be Class II transposons . Ac is a complete transposon that can produce a functional transposase , which is required for the element to move within the genome . Ds has a mutation in its transposase gene , which means that it cannot move without another source of transposase . Thus , as McClintock observed , Ds cannot move in the absence of Ac . Spm has also been characterized as a transposon . Subsequent research has shown that transposons typically do not move unless the cell is placed under stress , such as by irradiation or the breakage @-@ fusion @-@ bridge cycle , and thus their activation during stress can serve as a source of genetic variation for evolution . McClintock understood the role of transposons in evolution and genome change well before other researchers grasped the concept . Nowadays , Ac / Ds is used as a tool in plant biology to generate mutant plants used for the characterization of gene function . = = Honors and recognition = = In 1947 , McClintock received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959 . In 1967 , McClintock was awarded the Kimber Genetics Award ; three years later , she was given the National Medal of Science by Richard Nixon in 1970 . She was the first woman to be awarded the National Medal of Science . Cold Spring Harbor named a building in her honor in 1973 . She received the Louis and Bert Freedman Foundation Award and the Lewis S. Rosensteil Award in 1978 . In 1981 , she became the first recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant , and was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research , the Wolf Prize in Medicine and the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal by the Genetics Society of America . In 1982 , she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University for her research in the " evolution of genetic information and the control of its expression . " Most notably , she received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983 , the first woman to win that prize unshared , credited by the Nobel Foundation for discovering " mobile genetic elements " ; it was more than 30 years after she initially described the phenomenon of controlling elements . She was compared to Gregor Mendel in terms of her scientific career by the Swedish Academy of Sciences when she was awarded the Prize . She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1989 . McClintock received the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society in 1993 . She was awarded 14 Honorary Doctor of Science degrees and an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . In 1986 she was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame . During her final years , McClintock led a more public life , especially after Evelyn Fox Keller 's 1983 biography of her , A Feeling for the Organism , brought McClintock 's story to the public . She remained a regular presence in the Cold Spring Harbor community , and gave talks on mobile genetic elements and the history of genetics research for the benefit of junior scientists . An anthology of her 43 publications The Discovery and Characterization of Transposable Elements : The Collected Papers of Barbara McClintock was published in 1987 . = = Later years = = McClintock spent her later years , post Nobel Prize , as a key leader and researcher in the field at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island , New York . McClintock died of natural causes in Huntington , New York , on September 2 , 1992 at the age of 90 ; she never married or had children . = = Legacy = = Since her death , McClintock has been the subject of a biography by the science historian Nathaniel C. Comfort 's The Tangled Field : Barbara McClintock 's Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control . Comfort 's biography contests some claims about McClintock , described as the " McClintock Myth " , which he claims was perpetuated by the earlier biography by Keller . Keller 's thesis was that McClintock was long ignored or met with derision because she was a woman working in the sciences . For example , when McClintock presented her findings that the genetics of maize did not conform to Mendelian distributions , geneticist Sewall Wright expressed the belief that she did not understand the underlying mathematics of her work , a belief he had expressed towards other women at the time . In addition , geneticist Lotte Auerbach recounted that Joshua Lederberg returned from a visit to McClintock 's lab with the remark : ' By God , that woman is either crazy or a genius . ' " As Auerbach tells it , McClintock had thrown Lederberg and his colleagues out after half an hour ' because of their arrogance . She was intolerant of arrogance ... She felt she had crossed a desert alone and no one had followed her . ' " Comfort , however , asserts that McClintock was well regarded by her professional peers , even in the early years of her career . Although Comfort argues that McClintock was not a victim of gender discrimination , she has been widely written about in the context of women 's studies . Most recent biographical works on women in science feature accounts of her experience . She is held up as a role model for girls in such works of children 's literature as Edith Hope Fine 's Barbara McClintock , Nobel Prize Geneticist , Deborah Heiligman 's Barbara McClintock : Alone in Her Field and Mary Kittredge 's Barbara McClintock . A recent biography for young adults by Naomi Pasachoff , Barbara McClintock , Genius of Genetics , provides a new perspective , based on the current literature . On 4 May 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued the " American Scientists " commemorative postage stamp series , a set of four 37 @-@ cent self @-@ adhesive stamps in several configurations . The scientists depicted were Barbara McClintock , John von Neumann , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Richard Feynman . McClintock was also featured in a 1989 four @-@ stamp issue from Sweden which illustrated the work of eight Nobel Prize @-@ winning geneticists . A small building at Cornell University and a laboratory building at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory were named for her . A street has been named after her in the new " Adlershof Development Society " science park in Berlin . Some of McClintock 's personality and scientific achievements were referred to in Jeffrey Eugenides 's 2011 novel The Marriage Plot , which tells the story of a yeast geneticist named Leonard who suffers from bipolar disorder . He works at a laboratory loosely based on Cold Spring Harbor . The character reminiscent of McClintock is a reclusive geneticist at the fictional laboratory , who makes the same discoveries as her factual counterpart . = = Key publications = = McClintock , B. ( 1929 ) . " A Cytological and Genetical Study of Triploid Maize " . Genetics 14 ( 2 ) : 180 – 222 . PMC 1201029 . PMID 17246573 . Creighton , H. B. ; McClintock , B. ( 1931 ) . " A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing @-@ Over in Zea Mays " . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 17 ( 8 ) : 492 – 497 . Bibcode : 1931PNAS ... 17 .. 492C. doi : 10 @.@ 1073 / pnas.17.8.492. PMC 1076098 . PMID 16587654 . McClintock , B. ( 1931 ) . " The Order of the Genes C , Sh and Wx in Zea Mays with Reference to a Cytologically Known Point in the Chromosome " . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 17 ( 8 ) : 485 – 491 . Bibcode : 1931PNAS ... 17 .. 485M. doi : 10 @.@ 1073 / pnas.17.8.485. PMC 1076097 . PMID 16587653 . McClintock , B. ( 1941 ) . " The Stability of Broken Ends of Chromosomes in Zea Mays " . Genetics 26 ( 2 ) : 234 – 282 . PMC 1209127 . PMID 17247004 . McClintock , B. ( 1945 ) . " Neurospora . I. Preliminary Observations of the Chromosomes of Neurospora crassa " . American Journal of Botany 32 ( 10 ) : 671 – 678 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 2437624 . JSTOR 2437624 . McClintock , B. ( 1950 ) . " The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize " . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 36 ( 6 ) : 344 – 355 . Bibcode : 1950PNAS ... 36 .. 344M. doi : 10 @.@ 1073 / pnas.36.6.344. PMC 1063197 . PMID 15430309 . McClintock , B. ( 1953 ) . " Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize " . Genetics 38 ( 6 ) : 579 – 599 . PMC 1209627 . PMID 17247459 . McClintock , B. ( 1961 ) . " Some Parallels Between Gene Control Systems in Maize and in Bacteria " . The American Naturalist 95 ( 884 ) : 265 – 277 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1086 / 282188 . McClintock , B. , Kato Yamakake , T. A. & Blumenschein , A. ( 1981 ) . Chromosome constitution of races of maize . Its significance in the interpretation of relationships between races and varieties in the Americas . Chapingo , Mexico : Escuela de Nacional de Agricultura , Colegio de Postgraduados . = = = Archives and research collections = = = The Barbara McClintock Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine . Barbara McClintock Papers , 1927 – 1991 at the American Philosophical Society
= Battle of Bardia = The Battle of Bardia was fought over three days between 3 and 5 January 1941 , as part of Operation Compass , the first military operation of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War . It was the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation took part , the first to be commanded by an Australian general and the first to be planned by an Australian staff . Major General Iven Mackay 's 6th Division assaulted the strongly held Italian fortress of Bardia , Libya , assisted by air support and naval gunfire , and under the cover of an artillery barrage . The 16th Infantry Brigade attacked at dawn from the west , where the defences were known to be weak . Sappers blew gaps in the barbed wire with Bangalore torpedoes and filled in and broke down the sides of the anti @-@ tank ditch with picks and shovels . This allowed the infantry and 23 Matilda II tanks of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment to enter the fortress and capture all their objectives , along with 8 @,@ 000 prisoners . In the second phase of the operation , the 17th Infantry Brigade exploited the breach made in the perimeter , and pressed south as far as a secondary line of defences known as the Switch Line . On the second day , the 16th Infantry Brigade captured the township of Bardia , cutting the fortress in two . Thousands of prisoners were taken , and the Italian garrison now held out only in the northern and southernmost parts of the fortress . On the third day , the 19th Infantry Brigade advanced south from Bardia , supported by artillery and the Matilda tanks , now reduced in number to just six . Its advance allowed the 17th Infantry Brigade to make progress as well , and the two brigades reduced the southern sector of the fortress . Meanwhile , the Italian garrisons in the north surrendered to the 16th Infantry Brigade and the Support Group of the British 7th Armoured Division outside the fortress . In all , some 36 @,@ 000 Italian prisoners were taken . The victory at Bardia enabled the Allied forces to continue the advance into Libya and ultimately capture almost all of Cyrenaica . In turn this would lead to German intervention in the fighting in North Africa , changing the nature of the war in that theatre . = = Background = = = = = Italian invasion of Egypt = = = Italy declared war on the United Kingdom on 10 June 1940 . Bordering on the Italian colony of Libya was the Kingdom of Egypt . Although a neutral country , Egypt was occupied by the British under the terms of the Anglo @-@ Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , which allowed British military forces to occupy Egypt if the Suez Canal was threatened . A series of cross @-@ border raids and skirmishes began on the frontier between Libya and Egypt . On 13 September 1940 , an Italian force advanced across the frontier into Egypt , reaching Sidi Barrani on 16 September , where the advance was halted until logistical difficulties could be overcome . Italy 's position in the centre of the Mediterranean made it unacceptably hazardous to send ships from Britain to Egypt via that route , so British reinforcements and supplies for the area had to travel around the Cape of Good Hope . For this reason , it was more convenient to reinforce General Sir Archibald Wavell 's Middle East Command with troops from Australia , New Zealand and India . Nonetheless , even when Britain was threatened with invasion after the Battle of France and equipment was urgently required to re @-@ equip the British Expeditionary Force after its losses in the Dunkirk evacuation , troops and supplies were still despatched to the Middle East Command . A convoy that departed the United Kingdom in August 1940 brought guns , stores , ammunition , and three armoured regiments , including the 7th Royal Tank Regiment , equipped with Matilda II tanks . On 9 December 1940 the Western Desert Force under the command of Major General Richard O 'Connor attacked the Italian position at Sidi Barrani . The position was captured , 38 @,@ 000 Italian soldiers were taken prisoner , and the remainder of the Italian force was driven back . The Western Desert Force pursued the Italians into Libya , and the 7th Armoured Division established itself to the west of Bardia , cutting off land communications between the strong Italian garrison there and Tobruk . On 11 December , Wavell decided to withdraw the 4th Indian Division and send it to the Sudan to participate in the East African Campaign . Major General Iven Mackay 's 6th Australian Division was brought forward from Egypt to replace it . Mackay assumed command of the area on 21 December 1940 . = = = Geography = = = Unlike the Great Sand Sea , the coastal portion of the Libyan Desert is stony rather than sandy , but it is no less arid , and supports little vegetation . Close to the coast , the ground was broken by wadis . Military vehicles could traverse the stony desert with little difficulty , although the heat , dust and wind caused their rapid deterioration . Because it was so thinly populated , bombs and shells could be used with minimal risk of civilian casualties . Winter nights could be bitterly cold , yet the days could still be uncomfortably hot . There was almost no food or water , and little shelter from the cold , the heat or the wind . The desert was , however , relatively free from disease . = = Planning and preparation = = = = = Italian = = = After the disaster at Sidi Barrani and the withdrawal from Egypt , Lieutenant General Annibale Bergonzoli 's XXIII Corps faced the British from within the strong defences of Bardia . Mussolini wrote to Bergonzoli : " I have given you a difficult task but one suited to your courage and experience as an old and intrepid soldier — the task of defending the fortress of Bardia to the last . I am certain that ' Electric Beard ' and his brave soldiers will stand at whatever cost , faithful to the last . " Bergonzoli replied : " I am aware of the honour and I have today repeated to my troops your message — simple and unequivocal . In Bardia we are and here we stay . " Bergonzoli had approximately 45 @,@ 000 defenders under his command . The Italian divisions defending the perimeter of Bardia included remnants of four divisions . The northern ( " Gerfah " ) sector was held by the 2nd " 28 October " Blackshirt Division ; the centre ( " Ponticelli " ) sector by the 1st " 23 March " Blackshirt Division and elements of the 62nd " Marmarica " Infantry Division ; and the southern ( " Mereiga " ) sector by the 63rd " Cirene " Infantry Division and the rest of the 62nd " Marmarica " Infantry Division . Bergonzoli also had the remnants of the disbanded 64th " Catanzaro " Infantry Division , some 6 @,@ 000 Frontier Guard ( GaF ) troops , three companies of Bersaglieri , part of the dismounted Vittorio Emanuele cavalry regiment , and a machine gun company of the 60th " Sabratha " Infantry Division . These divisions guarded an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) perimeter which had an almost continuous antitank ditch , extensive barbed wire fence , and a double row of strong points . The strong points were situated approximately 800 yards ( 730 m ) apart . Each had its own antitank ditch , concealed by thin boards . They were each armed with one or two 47 mm antitank guns and two to four machine guns . The weapons were fired from concrete sided pits connected by trenches to a deep underground concrete bunker which offered protection from artillery fire . However , the trenches had no fire steps and the weapons pits lacked overhead cover . Each post was occupied by a platoon or company . The inner row of posts were similar , except that they lacked the antitank ditches . The posts were numbered sequentially from south to north , with the outer posts bearing odd numbers and the inner ones even numbers . The actual numbers were known to the Australians from the markings on maps captured at Sidi Barrani and were also displayed on the posts themselves . In the southern corner was a third line of posts , known as the Switch Line . There were six defensive minefields , and a scattering of mines in front of some other posts . The major tactical defect of this defensive system was that if the enemy broke through , the posts could be picked off individually from the front or rear . The defence was supported by a strong artillery component that included 41 Breda Model 35 20 mm antiaircraft guns ; 85 47 mm antitank guns ; 26 Solothurn S @-@ 18 / 1000 anti @-@ tank rifles ; 41 Cannone da 65 / 17 modello 13 65 mm infantry support guns ; 147 Cannone da 75 / 32 modello 37 75 mm and 77 mm field guns ; 76 Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 and Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider 105 mm guns ; and 27 120 mm and Obice da 149 / 12 modello 14 149 mm medium howitzers . The large number of different gun models , many of them quite old , created difficulties with the supply of spare parts . The older guns often had worn barrels , which caused problems with accuracy . Ammunition stocks were similarly old and perhaps as many as two @-@ thirds of the fuses were out of date , resulting in excessive numbers of dud rounds . There were also multiple models of machine guns , with seven different types of ammunition in use . The Breda 30 , the principal light machine gun , had a low rate of fire and a reputation for jamming . The Fiat @-@ Revelli Modello 1914 was a bulky and complicated weapon that was also prone to stoppages . Some of these had been rebuilt as Fiat @-@ Revelli Modello 1935s which , while an improvement , were still unreliable . The principal medium machine gun , the Breda M37 , had its shortcomings , the main one being that it used 20 @-@ round strips of cartridges , which gave it a reduced rate of fire . Shortages of raw materials , coupled with the increased technological sophistication of modern weapons , led to production problems that frustrated efforts to supply the entire Italian Army with the best available equipment . The result was that the firepower of the Italian defenders was neither as great nor as effective as it should have been . As a " mobile reserve " there were 13 M13 / 40 medium tanks and 115 L3 / 35 tankettes . While the L3s were generally worthless , the M13 / 40s were effective medium tanks with four machine guns and a turret @-@ mounted 47 mm antitank gun for its main armament that were " in many ways the equal of British armoured fighting vehicles " . However , their 20 mm armour , while much thicker than that of the tankettes , could still be penetrated by the British 2 pounder and the tankettes were no match for the British Matildas in either armour or firepower . None of the tanks at Bardia were fitted with a radio , making a coordinated counter @-@ attack difficult . Bergonzoli knew that if Bardia and Tobruk held out , a British advance further into Libya eventually must falter under the logistical difficulties of maintaining a desert force using an extended overland supply line . Not knowing how long he had to hold out , Bergonzoli was forced to ration his stocks of food and water so that O 'Connor could not simply starve him out . Consequently , hunger and thirst adversely affected the morale of the Italian defenders that had already been shaken by the defeat at Sidi Barrani . So too did medical conditions undermine morale , particularly lice and dysentery , the results of poor sanitation . = = = Allied = = = The 6th Division had been formed in September 1939 as part of an expeditionary force , the Second Australian Imperial Force . Prime Minister Robert Menzies ordered that all commands in the division were to go to reservists rather than to regular officers , who had been publicly critical of the defence policies of right wing politicians . These policies favoured the Royal Australian Navy , which received the majority of defence spending in the interwar period . The result was that when war came , the Army 's equipment was of World War I vintage , and its factories were only capable of producing small arms . Fortunately , these World War I @-@ era small arms , the Lee – Enfield rifle and the Vickers machine gun , were solid and reliable weapons that would remain in service throughout the war ; they were augmented by the more recent Bren light machine gun . Most other equipment was obsolescent and would have to be replaced , but new factories were required to produce the latest items , such as 3 @-@ inch mortars , 25 @-@ pounders and motor vehicles , and War Cabinet approval for their construction was slow in coming . The 6th Division 's training in Palestine , while " vigorous and realistic " , was therefore hampered by shortages of equipment . These shortages were gradually remedied by deliveries from British sources . Similarly , No. 3 Squadron RAAF had to be sent to the Middle East without aircraft or equipment , which had to be supplied by the Royal Air Force , at the expense of its own squadrons . Despite the rivalry between regular and reserve officers , the 6th Division staff was an effective organisation . Brigadier John Harding , the chief of staff of XIII Corps , as the Western Desert Force was renamed on 1 January 1941 , had been a student at Staff College , Camberley along with Mackay 's chief of staff , Colonel Frank Berryman , at a time when O 'Connor had been an instructor there . Harding later considered the 6th Division staff " as good as any that I came across in that war , and highly efficient . " Australian doctrine emphasised the importance of initiative in its junior leaders and small units were trained in aggressive patrolling , particularly at night . As it moved into position around Bardia in December 1940 , the 6th Division was still experiencing shortages . It had only two of its three artillery regiments , and only the 2 / 1st Field Regiment was equipped with the new 25 @-@ pounders , which it had received only that month . The 2 / 2nd Field Regiment was still equipped with twelve 18 @-@ pounders and twelve 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch howitzers . Only A Squadron of the 2 / 6th Cavalry Regiment was on hand , as the rest of the regiment was deployed in the defence of the frontier posts at Al @-@ Jaghbub and Siwa Oasis . The 2 / 1st Machine Gun Battalion had been diverted to Britain . Its place was taken by a British Army machine @-@ gun battalion , the 1st Northumberland Fusiliers . The 2 / 1st Antitank Regiment had likewise been diverted , so each infantry brigade had formed an antitank company but 2 @-@ pounders were in short supply , and only eleven guns were available instead of the 27 required . The infantry battalions were particularly short of mortars , and ammunition for the Boys anti @-@ tank rifle was in short supply . To make up for this , O 'Connor augmented Brigadier Edmund Herring 's 6th Division Artillery with part of the XIII Corps artillery : the 104th ( Essex Yeomanry ) Regiment , Royal Horse Artillery , equipped with sixteen 25 pounders ; F Battery , Royal Horse Artillery , with twelve ; the 51st Field Regiment , Royal Artillery , with twenty four ; and the 7th Medium Regiment , Royal Artillery , which was equipped with two 60 @-@ pounders , eight 6 @-@ inch howitzers , and eight 6 @-@ inch guns . There were also two antitank regiments , the 3rd and 106th Regiments , Royal Horse Artillery , equipped with 2 @-@ pounders and Bofors 37 mm guns . Italian gun positions were located using sound ranging by the British 6th Survey Regiment , Royal Artillery . These positions disclosed themselves by firing at Australian patrols , which now went out nightly , mapping the antitank ditch and the barbed wire obstacles . Aerial photographs of the positions were taken by Westland Lysander aircraft of No. 208 Squadron RAF , escorted by Gloster Gladiator biplane fighters of No. 3 Squadron RAAF . British Intelligence estimated the strength of the Italian garrison at 20 to 23 @,@ 000 with 100 guns , and discounted reports of six medium and seventy light tanks as exaggerated — a serious intelligence failure . At a meeting with Mackay on Christmas Eve , 1940 , O 'Connor visited Mackay at 6th Division headquarters and directed him to prepare an attack on Bardia . O 'Connor recommended that this be built around the 23 Matilda tanks of Lieutenant Colonel R. M. Jerrram 's 7th Royal Tank Regiment that remained in working order . The attack was to be made with only two brigades , leaving the third for a subsequent advance on Tobruk . Mackay did not share O 'Connor 's optimism about the prospect of an easy victory and proceeded on the assumption that Bardia would be resolutely held , requiring a well @-@ planned attack similar to that required to breach the Hindenburg Line in 1918 . The plan developed by Mackay and his chief of staff , Colonel Frank Berryman , involved an attack on the western side of the Bardia defences by Brigadier Arthur " Tubby " Allen 's 16th Infantry Brigade at the junction of the Gerfah and Ponticelli sectors . Attacking at the junction of two sectors would confuse the defence . The defences here were weaker than in the Mereiga sector , the ground was favourable for employment of the Matilda tanks , and good observation for the artillery was possible . There was also the prospect that an attack here could split the fortress in two . Brigadier Stanley Savige 's 17th Infantry Brigade would then exploit the breach in the fortress defences in the second phase . Most of the artillery , grouped as the " Frew Group " under British Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Frowen , would support the 16th Infantry Brigade ; the 17th would be supported by the 2 / 2nd Field Regiment . In the event , the artillery density — 96 guns for an attack on an 800 @-@ yard ( 730 m ) front — was comparable to the Battle of St. Quentin Canal in September 1918 , when 360 guns supported an attack on a 7 @,@ 000 @-@ yard ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) front . Mackay insisted that the attack required 125 rounds per gun . It had to be postponed to 3 January in order for this ammunition to be brought forward . Much depended on the Western Desert Force 's ability to move fuel , water and supplies forward . The 6th Division 's Assistant Adjutant General and Quartermaster General ( AA & QMG ) , Colonel George Alan Vasey declared : " This is a Q war . " Captured Italian vehicles and fuel were used to haul supplies where possible . On 12 December , a Reserve Mechanical Transport company took over 80 Italian 5- and 6 @-@ ton diesel trucks that had been captured at Sidi Barrani . They were joined on 15 December by 50 7 ½ -ton trucks that arrived from Palestine . However , the British were unfamiliar with diesel engines , and a lack of spare parts , indifferent maintenance , and hard use under desert conditions soon took their toll , leading to many breakdowns . By the end of December the Western Desert Force 's vehicle fleet was only 40 % of its establishment strength . Supplies were stocked at 8 Field Supply Depot at Sallum , where a jetty was constructed by the Royal Engineers . Troops of the British 16th Infantry Brigade began working the port on 18 December . They were soon joined by two pioneer companies of the Cyprus Regiment and a pioneer detachment from the Palestine Regiment . Stores were hauled to 8 Field Supply Depot by the New Zealand 4th Mechanical Transport Company . The port was subject to long range shelling by medium guns in Bardia , known to the Australians as " Bardia Bill " , and to Italian air attacks . Only one antiaircraft battery could be spared for Sallum . An air raid on Christmas Eve killed or wounded 60 New Zealanders and Cypriots . Without a proper warning network , interception was very difficult . However , on 26 December eight Gloster Gladiators of No. 3 Squadron RAAF sighted and attacked ten Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79 bombers escorted by 24 Fiat CR.42 biplane fighters over the Gulf of Sallum . The Australians claimed to have shot down two CR 42s , while three Gladiators were damaged . On 23 December the water carrier Myriel arrived at Sallum with 3 @,@ 000 tons of water , while the monitor HMS Terror brought another 200 tons . The water was taken to storage tanks at Fort Capuzzo . Efforts were made to stock 8 Field Supply Depot with seven days ' supply of fuel and stores , and 500 rounds per gun of ammunition . The effort to do so proceeded satisfactorily despite Italian air raids and blinding sand storms . Last @-@ minute efforts were made to rectify the 6th Division 's remaining equipment shortages . Over the last few days before the battle , some 95 additional vehicles were obtained , of which 80 were assigned to hauling ammunition . A consignment of 11 @,@ 500 sleeveless leather jerkins for protection against the cold and barbed wire were distributed , as were 350 sets of captured Italian wire cutters . The 17th Infantry Brigade finally received its 3 @-@ inch mortars but found them lacking their sights . An officer dashed back to Cairo to obtain these in time . Some 300 pairs of gloves and 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) of marking tape arrived with only hours to go . The gloves were distributed , but the tape did not reach the 16th Infantry Brigade in time , so rifle cleaning flannelette was torn into strips and used instead . = = Battle = = = = = Air and naval operations = = = A series of air raids were mounted against Bardia in December , in the hope of persuading the garrison to withdraw . Once it became clear that the Italians intended to stand and fight , bombing priorities shifted to the Italian airbases around Tobruk , Derna and Benina . Air raids on Bardia resumed in the lead @-@ up to the ground assault , with 100 bombing sorties flown against Bardia between 31 December 1940 and 2 January 1941 , climaxing with a particularly heavy raid by Vickers Wellington bombers of No. 70 Squadron RAF and Bristol Bombay bombers of No. 216 Squadron RAF on the night of 2 / 3 January 1941 . Lysanders of No. 208 Squadron RAF directed the artillery fire . Fighters from No. 33 Squadron RAF , No. 73 Squadron RAF and No. 274 Squadron RAF patrolled between Bardia and Tobruk . A naval bombardment was carried out on the morning of 3 January by the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships HMS Warspite , Valiant and Barham and their destroyer escorts . The aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious provided aircraft for spotting and fighter cover . They withdrew after firing 244 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) , 270 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) and 240 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 110 mm ) shells , handing over to HMS Terror and the Insect @-@ class gunboats HMS Ladybird , Aphis and Gnat , which continued firing throughout the battle . At one point fire from Terror caused part of the cliff near the town to give way , taking Italian gun positions with it . = = = Break in = = = The assault troops rose early on 3 January 1941 , ate a meal and drank a tot of rum . The leading companies began moving to the start line at 0416 . The artillery opened fire at 0530 . On crossing the start line the 2 / 1st Infantry Battalion , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Eather , came under Italian mortar and artillery fire . The lead platoons advanced accompanied by sappers of the 2 / 1st Field Company carrying Bangalore torpedoes — 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) pipes packed with ammonal — as Italian artillery fire began to land , mainly behind them . An Italian shell exploded among a leading platoon and detonated a Bangalore torpedo , resulting in four killed and nine wounded . The torpedoes were slid under the barbed wire at 60 yards ( 55 m ) intervals . A whistle was blown as a signal to detonate the torpedoes but could not be heard over the din of the barrage . Colonel Eather became anxious and ordered the engineering party nearest him to detonate their torpedo . This the other teams heard , and they followed suit . The infantry scrambled to their feet and rushed forward while the sappers hurried to break down the sides of the antitank ditch with picks and shovels . They advanced on a series of posts held by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Italian 115th Infantry Regiment . Posts 49 and 47 were rapidly overrun , as was Post 46 in the second line beyond . Within half an hour Post 48 had also fallen and another company had taken Posts 45 and 44 . The two remaining companies now advanced beyond these positions towards a low stone wall as artillery fire began to fall along the broken wire . The Italians fought from behind the wall until the Australians were inside it , attacking with hand grenades and bayonets . The two companies succeeded in taking 400 prisoners . Lieutenant Colonel F. O. Chilton 's 2 / 2nd Infantry Battalion found that it was best to keep skirmishing forward throughout this advance , because going to ground for any length of time meant sitting in the middle of the enemy artillery concentrations that inflicted further casualties . The Australian troops made good progress , six tank crossings were readied and mines between them and the wire had been detected . Five minutes later , the 23 Matildas of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment advanced , accompanied by the 2 / 2nd Infantry Battalion . Passing through the gaps , they swung right along the double line of posts . At 0750 Lieutenant Colonel V. T. England 's 2 / 3rd Infantry Battalion , accompanied by the Bren gun carriers of Major Denzil MacArthur @-@ Onslow 's A Squadron , 2 / 6th Cavalry Regiment moved off for Bardia . Major J. N. Abbot 's company advanced to the Italian posts , and attacked a group of sangers . The Italian defenders were cleared with grenades . By 0920 all companies were on their objectives and they had linked with 2 / 1st Infantry Battalion . However , the Bren gun carriers encountered problems as they moved forward during the initial attack . One was hit and destroyed in the advance and another along the Wadi Ghereidia . The 2 / 3rd Infantry Battalion was now assailed by half a dozen Italian M13 / 40 tanks who freed a group of 500 Italian prisoners . The tanks continued to rumble to the south while the British crews of the Matildas " enjoying a brew , dismissed reports of them as an Antipodean exaggeration " . Finally , they were engaged by an antitank platoon of three 2 pounders mounted on portees . Corporal A. A. Pickett 's gun destroyed four of them until his portee was hit , killing one man and wounding Pickett . The survivors got the gun back into action and knocked out a fifth tank . The portee was again hit by fire from the sixth tank , fatally wounding another man ; but it too was soon knocked out by another 2 pounder . By midday , 6 @,@ 000 Italian prisoners had already reached the provosts at the collection point near Post 45 , escorted by increasingly fewer guards whom the rifle companies could afford to detach . The Italian perimeter had been breached and the attempt to halt the Australian assault at the outer defences had failed . = = = Follow up = = = Major H. Wrigley 's 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion of Brigadier Stanley Savige 's 17th Infantry Brigade , reinforced by two companies of Lieutenant Colonel T. G. Walker 's 2 / 7th Infantry Battalion , now took over the advance . The battalion 's task was to clear " The Triangle " , a map feature created by the intersection of three tracks north of Post 16 . Wrigley 's force had a long and exhausting approach , and much of its movement forward to its jump off point had been under Italian shellfire intended for the 16th Infantry Brigade . Awaiting its turn to move , the force sought shelter in Wadi Scemmas and its tributaries . Wrigley called a final coordinating conference for 1030 , but at 1020 he was wounded by a bullet and his second in command , Major G. E. Sell took over . At the conference the forward observer from the 2 / 2nd Field Regiment reported that he had lost contact with the guns and could not call in artillery fire . A wounded British tank troop commander also reported that one of his tanks had been knocked out and the other three were out of fuel or ammunition . No tank support would be available until these had been replenished . Sell decided that the attack must be carried out without them . The artillery barrage came down at 1125 , and five minutes later the advance began . The sun had now risen , and Captain C. H. Smith 's D Company came under effective fire from machine guns and field artillery 700 yards ( 640 m ) to the north east . Within minutes , all but one of the company 's officers and all its senior non @-@ commissioned officers had been killed or wounded . C Company 's Captain W. B. Griffiths pulled his company back to the Wadi and called on a detachment of 3 @-@ inch mortars and a platoon of Vickers machine guns of the 1st Battalion , Northumberland Fusiliers to fire at the Italian positions . This proved effective , and Griffith 's company and a platoon of A Company worked along the Wadi Scemmas , eventually collecting 3 @,@ 000 prisoners . Meanwhile , Captain D. I. A. Green 's B Company of the 2 / 7th Infantry Battalion had captured Posts 26 , 27 and 24 . After Post 24 had been taken , two Matildas arrived and helped to take Post 22 . As the prisoners were rounded up , one shot Green dead , then threw down his rifle and climbed out of the pit smiling broadly . He was immediately thrown back and a Bren gun emptied into him . Lieutenant C. W. Macfarlane , the second @-@ in @-@ command , had to prevent his troops from bayoneting the other prisoners . The incident was witnessed by the Italians at Post 25 some 450 yards ( 410 m ) away , who promptly surrendered . With the help of the Matildas , Macfarlane was able to quickly capture Posts 20 and 23 . At this point , one tank ran out of ammunition ; anti @-@ tank fire already had blown off the track of another in the attack on Post 20 . Nonetheless , Posts 18 and 21 were captured without armoured support , using the now @-@ familiar tactics of grenades , wire cutting and assault . With darkness approaching , Macfarlane attempted to capture Post 16 , but the defenders beat him off . He retired to Post 18 for the night . Upon hearing of the losses to the 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion , Brigade Major G. H. Brock sent Captain J. R. Savige 's A Company of the 2 / 7th Infantry Battalion to take " The Triangle " . Savige gathered his platoons and , with fire support from machine guns , attacked the objective , 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) away . The company captured eight field guns , many machine @-@ guns and nearly 200 prisoners on the way , but casualties and the need to detach soldiers as prisoner escorts left him with only 45 men at the end of the day . Lieutenant Colonel A. H. L. Godfrey 's 2 / 6th Infantry Battalion was supposed to " stage a demonstration against the south west corner of the perimeter " , held by the 1st Battalion , Italian 158th Infantry Regiment and 3rd Battalion , Italian 157th Infantry Regiment . Instead , in what military historians consider one of the most " disastrous example of a CO seeking to make his mark " , Godfrey decided instead to launch an attack , in defiance of the clear instructions he had received , and against all basic military logic and common sense . Although poorly planned and executed , Godfrey 's attack managed to capture Post 7 and part of Post 9 , but Post 11 resisted stubbornly . That evening , Brigadier Savige came forward to the 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion 's position to determine the situation , which he accurately evaluated as " extremely confused ; the attack was stagnant . " Savige adopted a plan of Walker 's for a night attack , which began at 1230 . Macfarlane advanced on Post 16 . He sent a platoon around the flank to silently cut the wire on the western side , while he led another platoon against the northern side . A Bren gunner opening fire prematurely , alerting the defenders , but Macfarlane 's men were able to overrun the post . The same tactic was used to capture Post R11 . Macfarlane was supposed to capture Post R9 , but was unable to find it in the dark . His troops attempted to capture it at dawn , but the defenders were alert and they responded with heavy fire . With the help of a 2 @-@ inch mortar , the second attempt was successful . Meanwhile , Captain G. H. Halliday 's D Company moved southwards against Post 19 . He drew the defenders ' attention with a demonstration by one platoon in front of the post while the rest of the company moved around the post and attacked silently from the rear . This maneuver took the defenders by surprise and D Company captured the post — and 73 prisoners — at 0230 . Halliday repeated this tactic against Post 14 , which was taken at 0400 with 64 prisoners . Capturing the two posts cost one Australian killed and seven wounded . A third attempt against Post 17 failed : the previous attacks had alerted the post and D Company came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire . A furious battle raged until the post fell shortly before dawn . Another 103 Italians were captured at a cost of two Australians killed and nine wounded . Between casualties and men detached as prisoner escorts , D Company strength fell to 46 men , and Halliday elected to halt for the night . Although the Australian progress had been slower than that achieved during the break @-@ in phase , the 17th Infantry Brigade had achieved remarkable results . Another ten posts , representing 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) of perimeter had been captured , the Switch Line had been breached , and thousands of Italian defenders had been captured . For the Italians , halting the Australian advance would be an immensely difficult task . = = = Bardia falls = = = On the afternoon of 3 January , Berryman met with Allen , Jerram and Frowen at Allen 's headquarters at Post 40 to discuss plans for the next day . It was agreed that Allen would advance on Bardia and cut the fortress in two , supported by Frowen 's guns , every available tank , MacArthur @-@ Onslow 's Bren gun carriers and the 2 / 8th Infantry Battalion , which Mackay had recently allocated from reserve . Allen gave orders accordingly . During the afternoon the 6th Cavalry Regiment was pulled back to become the brigade reserve and the 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion relieved the 2 / 2nd to free it to advance the next day . That evening , Berryman came to the conclusion that unless the Italian defence collapsed soon , the 16th and 17th Infantry Brigades would become incapable of further effort and Brigadier Horace Robertson 's 19th Infantry Brigade would be required . Mackay was more sanguine about the situation , and reminded Berryman that his orders had been to capture Bardia with only two brigades . While they were discussing the matter , O 'Connor and Harding arrived at 6th Division headquarters , and O 'Connor readily agreed to the change of plan . The 2 / 1st Infantry Battalion began its advance on schedule at 0900 , but the lead platoon came under heavy machine gun fire from Post 54 , and Italian artillery knocked out the supporting mortars . The 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery engaged the Italian guns and the platoon withdrew . Colonel Eather then organised a formal attack on Post 54 for 1330 , following a bombardment of the post by artillery and mortars . The Italian guns were silenced when an Australian shell detonated a nearby ammunition dump . The Australians then captured the post . About a third of its defenders had been killed in the fighting . The remaining 66 surrendered . This prompted a general collapse of the Italian position in the north . Posts 56 and 61 surrendered without a fight and white flags were raised over Posts 58 , 60 , 63 and 65 , and the gun positions near Post 58 . By nightfall , Eather 's men had advanced as far as Post 69 and only the fourteen northernmost posts still held out in the Gerfan sector . Colonel England 's 2 / 3rd Infantry Battalion was supported by the guns of the 104th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and a troop of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment . The tanks were late in arriving , and England postponed his attack to 1030 . The battalion came under artillery fire , mostly from a battery north of Bardia that was then engaged and silenced by the 104th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery . The advance resumed , only to come under machine gun and artillery fire from Wadi el Gerfan . An eight @-@ man section under Lance Corporal F. W. Squires was sent to reconnoitre the wadi but attacked a battery position instead and returned with 500 prisoners . The wadi was found to contain large numbers of Italian soldiers from technical units who , untrained for combat , surrendered in large numbers . One company captured over 2 @,@ 000 prisoners , including 60 officers . The brigade major , Major I. R. Campbell , ordered MacArthur @-@ Onslow , whose carriers were screening England 's advance , to seize Hebs el Harram , the high ground overlooking the road to the township of Bardia . MacArthur @-@ Onslow 's carriers discovered an Italian hospital with 500 patients , including several Australians , and 3 @,@ 000 unwounded Italians . Leaving a small party at the hospital under Corporal M. H. Vause , who could speak some Italian , MacArthur @-@ Onslow pressed on with two carriers to the Hebs el Harram , where they took over 1 @,@ 000 prisoners . The tanks and the remainder of A Squadron continued along the road to Bardia under intermittent artillery fire , followed by C Company of the 2 / 3rd Infantry Battalion . The column entered the town at 1600 , its tanks firing the occasional shot . The 2 / 2nd Infantry Battalion , supported by the three Matilda tanks and the guns of the 7th Medium Regiment , advanced down the Wadi Scemmas towards an Italian fort on the southern headland of Bardia . After some hours of climbing , the 2 / 2nd reached the headland and attacked the fort at 1645 . Inside the fort were two 6 inch guns , two field guns and five other guns of the fort . Fortunately , the 6 inch guns were for coastal defence and were unable to fire inland . One of the tanks made straight for the gate of the fort . The Italians opened the gate , and the tanks moved inside , taking the garrison of 300 prisoners . D Company then followed a goat track that led to lower Bardia . Thousands of prisoners were taken , most from service units . Two carriers of the 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion patrolling near the coast captured 1 @,@ 500 prisoners . Captain N. A. Vickery , a forward observer from the 2 / 1st Field Regiment , attacked an Italian battery in his Bren gun carrier and captured 1 @,@ 000 prisoners . By the end of the second day , tens of thousands of defenders had been killed or captured . The remaining garrisons in the Gerfan and Ponticelli sectors were completely isolated . The logistical and administrative units were being overrun . Recognising that the situation was hopeless , General Bergonzoli and his staff had departed on foot for Tobruk during the afternoon , in a party of about 120 men . General Giuseppe Tellera , the commander of the Italian Tenth Army , considered the possibility of sending a force to relieve the Bardia fortress but in the end concluded that such an operation had no chance of success . = = = Final drive = = = On the morning of 5 January , the 19th Infantry Brigade launched its attack on the Meriega sector , starting from the Bardia road and following a creeping barrage southward with the support of six Matilda tanks , all that remained in working order . The others had been hit by shells , immobilised by mines , or had simply broken down . The company commanders of the lead battalion , the 2 / 11th Infantry Battalion , did not receive their final orders until 45 minutes before start time , at which point the start line was 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) away . As a consequence , the battalion arrived late , and the intended two company attack had to be carried out by just one : Captain Ralph Honner 's C Company , albeit with all six Matildas at his disposal . Honner 's men had to literally chase the barrage , and had only just caught up with it before it ceased . As they advanced , they came under fire from the left , the right , and in front of them , but casualties were light . Most positions surrendered when the infantry and tanks came close , but this did not reduce the fire from posts further away . By 1115 , C Company had reached the Switch Line and captured Post R5 and then R7 . B Company , following on the left , cleared Wadi Meriega , capturing Lieutenant General Ruggero Tracchia and Brigadier General Alessandro de Guidi , the commanders of the 62nd and 63rd Infantry Divisions respectively . At this point , Honner stopped to consolidate his position and allow Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Dougherty 's 2 / 4th Infantry Battalion to pass through . However , Honner took the surrender of Posts 1 , 2 and 3 and his men did not stop advancing . Meanwhile , the Italian garrisons in the north were surrendering to the 16th Infantry Brigade and the Support Group of the 7th Armoured Division outside the fortress ; the 2 / 8th Infantry Battalion had taken the area above Wadi Meriega ; and the 2 / 7th Infantry Battalion had captured Posts 10 , 12 and 15 . Colonel Godfrey was astonished to discover that the 2 / 11th Infantry Battalion had captured Post 8 . The carrier platoon of the 2 / 6th Infantry Battalion attacked and captured Post 13 while the 2 / 11th captured Post 6 . The only post still holding out was now Post 11 . The 2 / 6th Infantry Battalion renewed its attack , with the infantry attacking from the front and its carriers attacking from the rear . They were joined by Matildas from the vicinity of Post 6 . At this point the Italian post commander , who had been wounded in the battle , lowered his flag and raised a white one . Some 350 Italian soldiers surrendered at Post 11 . Inside , the Australians found two field guns , 6 antitank guns , 12 medium machine guns , 27 light machine guns , and two 3 inch mortars . Godfrey sought out the Italian post commander — who wore a British Military Cross earned in the First World War — and shook his hand . " On a battlefield where Italian troops won little honour " , Gavin Long later wrote , " the last to give in belonged to a garrison whose resolute fight would have done credit to any army . " = = Aftermath = = = = = Analysis = = = The victory at Bardia enabled the Allied forces to continue their advance into Libya and capture almost all of Cyrenaica . As the first battle of the war to be commanded by an Australian general , planned by an Australian staff and fought by Australian troops , Bardia was of great interest to the Australian public ; congratulatory messages poured in and AIF recruitment surged . John Hetherington , a war correspondent , reported that , Men who since childhood had read and heard of the exploits in battle of the First AIF , who had enlisted and trained under the shadow of their fathers ' reputation as soldiers , had come through their ordeal of fire and built a reputation of their own . In the United States , newspapers praised the 6th Division . Favourable articles appeared in The New York Times and the Washington Times @-@ Herald , which ran the headline " Hardy Wild @-@ Eyed Aussies Called World 's Finest Troops " . An article in the Chicago Daily News told its readers that Australians " in their realistic attitude towards power politics , prefer to send their boys to fight far overseas rather than fighting a battle in the suburbs of Sydney " . During the battle , Wavell had received a cable from General Sir John Dill stressing the political importance of such victories in the United States , where President Franklin D. Roosevelt was attempting to get the Lend @-@ Lease Act passed . It was finally enacted in March 1941 . Mackay wrote in a diary note on 6 January that the " Germans cannot possibly keep out of Africa now . " In Germany , the Chancellor , Adolf Hitler , was unconcerned by the military implications of the loss of Libya but deeply troubled by the prospect of a political reverse that could lead to the fall of Mussolini . On 9 January 1941 , he revealed his intention to senior members of the Wehrmacht to send German troops to North Africa , in Unternehmen Sonnenblume ; henceforth , German troops played an important role in the fighting in North Africa . Within the 6th Division , there were recriminations over what was seen as Berryman showing favouritism towards Robertson , a fellow regular soldier and Royal Military College , Duntroon graduate , in an effort to prove that regular officers could command troops . Savige felt that some of the difficulties of the 17th Infantry Brigade were caused by Berryman , through an over @-@ prescriptive and complicated battle plan . The 6th Division was fortunate to have drawn a " set piece " type of battle , the type that most suited its Great War @-@ based doctrine and training . Confidence and experience was generated and leaders and staffs took away important tactical lessons from the battle . The Australian official historian , Gavin Long considered Bardia " a victory for bold reconnaissance , for audacious yet careful planning , for an artillery scheme which subdued the enemy 's fire at the vital time , and a rapid and continuing infantry assault which broke a gap in the enemy 's line . " To attribute success to the tanks or artillery was " to present Hamlet without the prince . " In 2010 , Stockings wrote that the Italians were hampered by a faulty defensive concept and poorly designed and built outposts , were weakened by previous casualties , inappropriate doctrine , inferior weaponry ( particularly artillery ) and lacked the means to counter British tanks . Although a significant victory , a belief that the Australians had forced their way through " impenetrable " Italian fortifications , against overwhelming odds and numerical disadvantage , is incorrect since the bulk of the Italian garrison had been placed in the rear . The numerical and technical advantage at the front , " was more often than not in favour of the attackers themselves " . Stockings wrote that the idea arose in ANZAC tradition that it was a " David and Goliath " struggle , between a small band of resolute attackers against hordes of Italian defenders , as presented in history books is not true ; analysis reveals that " Anzac @-@ oriented explanations are found wanting " . The importance of the Battle of Bardia , lay in the challenge it might represent to the wider field of Australian military history and its historians , " when national mythology meets military history " . = = = Casualties = = = An estimated 36 @,@ 000 Italian soldiers were captured at Bardia , 1 @,@ 703 ( including 44 officers ) were killed and 3 @,@ 740 ( including 138 officers ) were wounded A few thousand ( including General Bergonzoli and three of his division commanders ) escaped to Tobruk on foot or in boats . The Allies captured 26 coast defence guns , 7 medium guns , 216 field guns , 146 anti @-@ tank guns , 12 medium tanks , 115 L3s , and 708 vehicles . Australian losses totalled 130 dead and 326 wounded . = = = Subsequent events = = = Bardia did not become an important port as supply by sea continued to run through Sollum but became an important source of water , after the repair of the large pumping station that the Italians had installed to serve the township and Fort Capuzzo . Axis forces reoccupied the town in April 1941 , during Operation Sonnenblume Rommel 's first offensive in Cyrenaica . Further fighting occurred from 31 December 1941 – 2 January 1942 , before Bardia was re @-@ taken by the 2nd South African Division . Bardia changed hands again in June 1942 , being occupied by Axis forces for a third time and was re @-@ taken for the last time in November unopposed , following the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein .
= Rosebud ( The Simpsons ) = " Rosebud " is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 21 , 1993 . The episode begins by showing how on the eve of his birthday , Mr. Burns starts to miss his childhood teddy bear Bobo . The bear ends up in the hands of Maggie Simpson and Burns does everything in his power to get Bobo returned to him . " Rosebud " was written by John Swartzwelder and was the first episode to be executive produced by David Mirkin , who was the show runner for the fifth and sixth seasons of the show . Directed by Wes Archer , supervising director David Silverman describes the episode as " one of the more challenging ones " to direct . The Ramones ( Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , C. J. Ramone and Marky Ramone ) guest star in the episode as themselves . The episode is largely a parody of the 1941 film Citizen Kane and the title references Charles Foster Kane 's dying word " Rosebud " . The episode also contains references to The Wizard of Oz , Planet of the Apes , actor George Burns , Charles Lindbergh , and Adolf Hitler . Critical reaction to " Rosebud " was largely positive and in 2003 Entertainment Weekly placed the episode in second place on their list of the 25 best episodes of The Simpsons . = = Plot = = Smithers finds Mr. Burns having a nightmare in which he constantly murmurs the name " Bobo " . In a flashback , it is revealed that as a child , Burns lived with his family and cherished his teddy bear Bobo , but he dropped it in the snow when he left to live with a " twisted , loveless billionaire " . Meanwhile , preparations for Burns ' birthday are underway and , after the Ramones perform , Homer is chosen to entertain the party guests with a comedy routine ; however , Burns finds Homer 's routine offensive and angrily orders his security guards to break up the party . Burns reveals to Smithers that he misses his cherished bear Bobo and desperately wants it back but has no idea where it is . Another flashback reveals Bobo 's history : after Burns leaves it behind , the bear eventually finds its way to Charles Lindbergh , who tosses the bear into a crowd , where it is caught by Adolf Hitler . In 1945 , Hitler blames Bobo for losing World War II and tosses him away . Bobo is seen again in 1957 on board the USS Nautilus headed for the North Pole . Bobo becomes encased in a block of ice until picked up by an ice @-@ gathering expedition in 1993 . The bag of ice with Bobo in it is sent to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart in Springfield . Bart buys the bag of ice , finds Bobo inside and gives it to Maggie to play with . Mr. Burns starts looking for his bear , and Homer finally realizes that Maggie 's new toy is Bobo . Homer negotiates with Burns and agrees to give it back in exchange for " a million dollars and three Hawaiian islands . The good ones , not the leper ones . " However , when Maggie refuses to give Bobo up , Homer decides to stick up for his daughter and sends Burns away . Mr. Burns is outraged and promises vengeance on Homer unless he gets his teddy bear back . After many failed attempts to steal the teddy bear , in desperation , Burns has Smithers literally beg Homer for the bear . Homer tells Burns that it is Maggie 's now , and she is the only one that can return it . Burns decides to talk to Maggie and becomes deeply depressed and asks Maggie to look after his bear . Maggie , in an act of pity , lets the desperate Burns have the bear . = = Production = = " Rosebud " was written by John Swartzwelder and was the first episode to be executive produced and run by David Mirkin . Mirkin enjoyed working on the episode so much that he spent " an enormous amount of time on post production " experimenting with various elements of the episode . Originally , the backstory for Bobo included several much darker scenes , including one where the bear was involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The scenes were cut because the writers felt it was in bad taste . The ending of the episode was originally longer , but two segments were cut . The first saw Washington D.C. destroyed by invading Canadian troops , who found Bobo . The second featured the entire planet being overrun by giant Redwoods and spotted owls . David Silverman describes the episode as " one of the more challenging ones " to direct . Guest stars The Ramones were " gigantic obsessive Simpsons fans " and their characters were designed by Wes Archer . Marky Ramone later called their appearance " a career highlight " . = = Cultural references = = The episode is largely a parody of the 1941 Orson Welles film Citizen Kane . The title is a reference to Charles Foster Kane 's dying word " Rosebud " ; the teddy bear Bobo is a substitute for Rosebud in this episode , even down to the fact that Burns discards it in the snow when offered a new life of riches and power . The scene where he drops a snow globe , while whispering the name of his lost toy , also parodies Kane 's death scene at the start of the film . The guards outside Mr. Burns 's manor chant and march similarly to the Wicked Witch of the West 's guards from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . The last scene where Mr. Burns 's robotic body runs off with Bobo is a reference to the film Planet of the Apes in which herds of humans are enslaved by humanoid apes . Burns and Smithers ' attempt to steal Bobo from the Simpsons mirrors Mission : Impossible , and their sitcom is similar to The Honeymooners . Both Mr. Burns and Homer make references to the cancellation of the TV series The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo . Mr. Burns ' brother is revealed to be comedian George Burns , and both Charles Lindbergh and Adolf Hitler were once in possession of Bobo . During the tribute to Burns , the curtain portrays his visage in a more youthful manner , evoking the characteristic style of illustrator Al Hirschfeld . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Rosebud " finished 33rd in the ratings for the week of October 18 – 24 , 1993 . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 9 . The episode was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week after Married ... with Children . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly 's placed " Rosebud " second on their top 25 The Simpsons episode list , writing that " despite being one of The Simpsons ' most spectacularly overstuffed episodes , " Rosebud " has plenty of heart " . IGN.com ranked The Ramones 's performance as the fifteenth best guest appearance in the show 's history . In 2007 , Vanity Fair named it the best episode of the show , calling it , " A perfect episode . Mr. Burns 's lamentations for his childhood bear , Bobo , lead to a show @-@ long parody of Citizen Kane . At once a satire and a tribute , the episode manages to both humanize Mr. Burns and delve deep into Homer 's love for his oft @-@ forgotten second daughter , Maggie . " In his book Planet Simpson , author Chris Turner listed " Rosebud " as one of his five favorite episodes of The Simpsons , calling the episode " genius " . He added that the Ramones gave " possibly the finest guest musical performances ever . " David Silverman and Matt Groening describe the sequence where Homer eats 64 slices of American cheese as " one of the most hilarious segments ever done " . The episode 's reference to Rosebud was named the 14th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
= Troll ( research station ) = Troll is a research station located at Jutulsessen , 235 kilometers ( 146 mi ) from the coast in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It is Norway 's only all @-@ year research station in Antarctica , and is supplemented by the summer @-@ only station Tor . Troll is operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute and also features facilities for the Norwegian Meteorological Institute , the Norwegian Institute for Air Research . Contrary to most other research stations on the continent , Troll is constructed on the snow @-@ free slope of solid rock breaking through the ice sheet at Jutulsessen , located 1 @,@ 275 meters ( 4 @,@ 183 ft ) above mean sea level . The station opened as a summer @-@ only station in 1990 and was taken into use as an all @-@ year station in 2005 . It has an overwintering capacity of eight people and a summer capacity of 40 . It is served by Troll Airfield , which is the base for the Dronning Maud Land Air Network . = = Facilities = = Troll is located in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land , which Norway claims as a dependent territory . The station is located on the nunatak bare ground area Jutulsessen , at 1 @,@ 270 meters ( 4 @,@ 170 ft ) above mean sea level . It is completely surrounded by the Antarctic ice sheet . This is unlike most other Antarctic research stations , which are located on snow . Troll is 235 kilometers ( 146 mi ) from the coast . The station facilities are owned by the Government of Norway through the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property . Operation of the facility is done by another government agency , the Norwegian Polar Institute . The facilities consist of a module @-@ built new section that is 300 square meters ( 3 @,@ 200 sq ft ) , and the old section that is 100 square meters ( 1 @,@ 100 sq ft ) . The new section consists of eight bedrooms , a gym , a sauna , a kitchen , a communication center and office space . In addition , there are several smaller buildings which are used as laboratories , provision stores , generators and garages . The old station is used partially for storage and partially as a summer station . The facility also features an emergency facility for eight people , located at a safe distance from the main base , in case of fire or other accidents . The station is dimensioned to tolerate temperatures down to − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ) and wind speeds of 60 meters per second ( 200 ft / s ) . The facility attempts to minimize its environmental impact through several mechanisms , including minimizing area usage . Energy consumption is reduced by using recirculating excess heat to melt snow and ice for drinking water and heating . Waste is minimized through purchase planning and recycling ; the remaining waste is compressed and transported away from the Antarctic . Fuel is handled in such a way that even small spills are minimized . In 2016 a solar PV plant with 7 @.@ 3 kilowatt peak has been installed on one of the roof tops . It serves as a pilot installation for the declared middle term target of reducing the oil consumption of the research station significantly , by extending the solar PV plant over the next few years . The station has a cold and dry climate , being located in a desert . The annual mean temperature is − 25 ° C ( − 13 ° F ) , with the summer temperature able to reach about 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and the lowest during the winter at − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Storms , which can occur throughout the year , can occasionally make outdoor activity impossible . Being located south of the Antarctic Circle , Troll has midnight sun in the summer and polar night during the winter . = = Research = = The Norwegian Institute for Air Research ( NILU ) maintains air and atmospheric measurement equipment at Troll . Combined with a similar measuring station , Zeppelin in Ny @-@ Ålesund , Svalbard , Norway . This allows the institute to collect such data from both polar regions . In particular , the facility measures aerosols , organic and inorganic pollution , ozone and ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation . NILU also creates air samples annually to generate data for trend analysis . The weekly air pollution measurements are compared to equivalent measurements at Zeppelin . Ground measurements are taken of ozone and mercury , two of the greatest pollution threats in the polar regions . Stratosphere measurements are conducted to measure ozone and UV levels , in particular to gain additional information about ozone depletion and the Antarctic ozone hole . Kongsberg Satellite Services , a joint venture between Kongsberg Group and the Norwegian Space Center , operates TrollSat , a satellite ground station which allows downloading of data . In conjunction with SvalSat , located in Longyearbyen , Svalbard , TrollSat targets satellites in a polar orbit . TrollSat consists of a single radome with an 7 @.@ 3 @-@ meter ( 24 ft ) low Earth orbit antenna capable of S band and X band reception . To relay the information , TrollSat has a 4 @.@ 8 @-@ meter ( 16 ft ) and a 7 @.@ 6 @-@ meter ( 25 ft ) C band uplink to provide broadband connection to Europe and North America . TrollSat will be one of 30 ground stations for the European satellite navigation system Galileo , and is Norway 's main contribution to the project . The Norwegian Meteorological Institute operates a manned weather station at Troll . It measures air pressure , temperature , humidity and wind , both at the station itself and at the airfield . = = History = = During the 1980s , it became increasingly important for the Government of Norway to have a permanent base in Queen Maud Land . The area had been annexed as a dependency on 14 January 1939 , at the time mainly based on Norwegian whaling interests in the Antarctic . From 1956 , Norway operated the research station Norway Station , but this was given to South Africa in 1959 . From the 1960s through the 1980s , Norway 's research activities in Antarctica were sporadic and without a fixed base . This gave the advantage that the research was not bound geographically , but it weakened the Norwegian claim for Queen Maud Land and the right to participate as a consultative member of the Antarctic Treaty . In 1989 , any party to the Treaty could ask for it to be renegotiated , and Norwegian authorities saw the need for a permanent base to strengthen Norway 's claim to Queen Maud Land . The Norwegian Polar Institute decided to establish a summer station . This was built during the summer of 1989 and 1990 , resulting in a 100 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 100 sq ft ) building with room for eight people . Construction required 300 tonnes ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of materials to be hauled from the coast and the station was officially opened on 17 February 1990 . The station took its name from the surrounding jagged mountains , which resemble trolls of Norse mythology . The first overwintering occurred in 2000 , when a South Pole expedition used the camp as a base . To ease logistics , Norway took the initiative to establish Dronning Maud Land Air Network ( DROMLAN ) , a cooperation between the countries with bases in Queen Maud Land to streamline transport costs . Having an airfield at Troll allows quicker transport to the research stations in western Queen Maud Land , which are located further away from the incumbent airfields at Henriksenskjera and Novolazarevskaya . The first flight that was a preliminary to DROMLAN was made in 2000 from Cape Town , South Africa , to Henriksenskjera , where a Twin Otter was used onwards to Troll . In 2003 , it was decided that Norway was to extend its operations in Antarctica by establishing an all @-@ year research station . By then , Norway was the only country with a territorial claim to Antarctica to not have an all @-@ year research station on the continent . The government stated that the investment was motivated to improve climate research , to strengthen Norway as a bi @-@ polar research nation and to strengthen Norway 's role as a premise @-@ maker in the environmental policy of the Antarctic . Construction of the expansion was done from December 2004 through February 2005 by the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property , who contracted the job to AF Gruppen . About 700 tonnes ( 690 long tons ; 770 short tons ) of equipment was hauled to the base from the ice shelf . The base was prefabricated and only required the modules to be connected at site . New infrastructure included a new generator , emergency station , garage , provision stores , container ramps for equipment and fuel , and more laboratories . At the same time , the Norwegian Meteorological Institute established a meteorological station at Troll . The construction of the runway itself required the filling of crevasses and the removal of stones . Troll Airfield was opened on 11 February 2005 by Queen Sonja of Norway and the new research station the following day . After the opening , another power station was built in 2005 . In 2006 , a satellite base station was built by Kongsberg Satellite Services . This resulted in the need for a broadband connection for the base . During the winter season of 2006 , there was no overwintering due to lack of funding , but from 2007 this has been re @-@ instated . In 2008 , a windmill was taken into use to provide some of the power . Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg visited Troll in January 2008 , when he among other things opened TrollSat . At the same time , as part of the International Polar Year , a Norwegian – United States expedition traveled from Troll to the Amundsen – Scott South Pole Station and back . On 23 February 2009 , Norwegian Minister of the Environment Erik Solheim hosted a meeting for environment ministers from 15 countries to discuss climate change and learn about recent research in the field .
= Somebody That I Used to Know = " Somebody That I Used to Know " is a song written by Belgian @-@ Australian singer @-@ songwriter Gotye , featuring New Zealand singer / guitarist Kimbra . The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music on 5 January 2012 as the second single from Gotye 's third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom , and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland . " Somebody That I Used To Know " was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents ' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships . " Somebody That I Used to Know " is a mid @-@ tempo , indie pop ballad . It samples Luiz Bonfá 's song " Seville " from his 1967 album Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs . The song received a positive reception from critics , who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting , Peter Gabriel , and American folk band Bon Iver . In Australia , the song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011 , as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video , while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year . The song came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years , 2013 . In 2013 , the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Record of the Year . Commercially , " Somebody That I Used to Know " is Gotye 's most successful and signature song . It has topped charts in the US , UK , and Australia , as well as 23 other national charts , and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world . The song has sold more than 13 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best @-@ selling digital singles of all time . It was also placed at the top of a number of year @-@ end charts by Billboard Magazine ( including the Hot 100 , Adult Pop Songs , and Alternative Songs ) and other record chart companies around the world . " Somebody That I Used To Know " has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice , American Idol , and Saturday Night Live . It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members . The hit song 's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus . The video , which has received over 790 million views on YouTube as of June 2016 , premiered on 5 July 2011 . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop . While they sing , a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation . = = Composition and recording = = Gotye discussed writing " Somebody That I Used to Know " in an interview with Sound on Sound : " Writing ' Somebody ' was a gradual and linear process . I started with the Luiz Bonfa sample , then I found the drums , and after that I started working on the lyric and the melody , and added the wobbly guitar @-@ sample melody . After that , I took a break , and a few weeks later I came back to the session and decided on the chorus chord progression , wrote the chorus melody , and combined that with sounds like the Latin loop and some of the percussion and the flute sounds that further filled the space . At that point I hit a brick wall . I was thinking : ' This is pretty good , how can I get to the end really quickly ? ' and I was trying to take lazy decisions to finish the song . I considered repeating the chorus , an instrumental bridge , a change in tempo or key , I even considered finishing the song after the first chorus . But nothing felt like it was strong enough . So the third session was all about writing the female part and changing the perspective . The arrangement of ' Somebody ' is reflective of me moving towards using sounds that provide me with inspiration for a texture or a platform for an idea , and then through sonic manipulation and coming up with original melodies and harmonic ideas to make it my own . I guess the balance of sounds taken from records and samples I created myself is perhaps 50 @-@ 50 . " " Somebody That I Used to Know " is an indie pop song that is four minutes and five seconds long . Gotye uses a sample of Brazilian jazz guitarist Luiz Bonfá 's 1967 instrumental song " Seville " , with additional instrumentations of beats and a xylophone . It was written and produced by Gotye himself , while in his parents ' barn on the Mornington Peninsula , Victoria . Gotye commented that he wrote the song " in quite a linear way " , explaining that " I wrote the first verse , the second verse , and I 'd got to the end of the first chorus and for the first time ever I thought , ' There 's no interesting way to add to this guy 's story ' . It felt weak " . The track was recorded between January and May 2011 with Gotye struggling to find a suitable female vocalist , as a " ' high profile ' female vocalist " cancelled the collaboration at the last minute , and Kimbra " lucked out as the replacement " . He tested his girlfriend , Tash Parker , but " somehow their happiness meant that it didn 't work out " so he followed the recommendation of the song 's mixer and used Kimbra 's vocals . Martin Davies from Click Music considered the song " instantly captivating " , and named Kimbra 's voice " clean and sugar @-@ soaked " , further commenting that it bears an " uncanny resemblance " to singer Katy Perry . Gotye stated that the song was " definitely drawn from various experiences I 've had in relationships breaking up , and in the parts of the more reflective parts of the song , in the aftermath and the memory of those different relationships and what they were and how they broke up and what 's going on in everyone 's minds . Yeah , so it 's an amalgam of different feelings but not completely made up as such " . In an interview with Rolling Stone ( Australia ) , he described the song as " a curated reflection of multiple past relationships " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The song received generally positive reviews , winning the Grammy for Record of the Year . Take 40 Australia elaborated on the audience 's reception at the July 2011 Splendour in the Grass festival , " Gotye 's latest song featuring Kimbra ' Somebody That I Used To Know ' had become somewhat of an unofficial anthem for the festival ... every car was cranking it over their speakers all day , every day ... and the question on everyone 's lips was whether or not Kimbra would join him on the track . Fortunately , dreams came true ... he smashed out an incredible set climaxing with a version of the song with Kimbra on co @-@ lead vocals that people couldn 't stop talking about all weekend long " . Allmusic 's Jon O 'Brien felt the track was an " unexpected chart @-@ topper ... [ it ] is an oddball break @-@ up song whose stuttering rhythms , reggae hooks , and hushed vocals sound like The Police as remixed by the XX " . Writing for Digital Spy , Lewis Corner rated the song four stars out of five and described it as " a Bon Iver @-@ styled ballad for the music @-@ buying masses " . Martin Davies from Click Music gave the song five stars out of five and stated that the song is " that rare example of a track that hits you squarely between the eyes " . In November 2011 , music blog This Must Be Pop predicted the song as a post @-@ Christmas UK hit . John Watson , who co @-@ manages Gotye with Danny Rogers , said of the single 's success : " We 've never seen any song make a deeper or more immediate connection with so many people . It 's a really special recording and video " . Talking about the overwhelming reception and the amount of coverage received , Gotye commented that " I don 't really feel like it [ the song ] belongs to me anymore . " He further explained that " sometimes I feel like I 'm a bit sick of it . My inbox , on any given day , has at least five covers or parodies or remixes of it and there 's only so many times you can listen to the one song . " = = = Commercial performance = = = In the week commencing 18 July 2011 , " Somebody That I Used To Know " debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was released on 5 July 2011 in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music as the second single from his third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . Despite an initial lack of airplay on major radio stations , the song reached number 1 in the week ending 15 August , becoming the first single by either artist to do so and their most successful single . Until 2014 , the song was one of the two second @-@ longest @-@ running Australian number @-@ one songs , with eight weeks at the top , tied with Savage Garden 's 1997 song " Truly Madly Deeply " , and behind Daddy Cool 's 1971 hit " Eagle Rock " , which stayed there for ten weeks . On August 2011 the song was released in Belgium and the Netherlands . After a few weeks in the charts , it reached number 1 in both countries , topping the Belgian Singles Chart for 12 weeks . Also in August , " Somebody That I Used To Know " debuted at number 4 in New Zealand on the RIANZ Singles Chart , reaching number 1 three weeks later , thus making Gotye the first Australian artist to reach number 1 since Guy Sebastian did so in February 2011 with " Who 's That Girl " . The song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 13 January 2012 at number 47 , later reaching number 1 position . In the United Kingdom , " Somebody That I Used To Know " spent five non @-@ consecutive weeks at number 1 . In the United States , it debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 January 2012 . In its fifteenth week on the chart – after it was performed by Matt Bomer and Darren Criss on Glee on 10 April ; by Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone on the eleventh season of American Idol before more than 16 million viewers on 11 April ; and by Gotye and Kimbra on Saturday Night Live on 14 April – the song rose to number 1 , where it stayed for eight consecutive weeks. thus becoming the longest @-@ running number 1 by a solo male artist since Flo Rida 's " Low " led for ten weeks in 2008 . The song had the fourth highest @-@ selling single week ever with 542 @,@ 000 digital downloads sold , and was the first Australian single to top the Hot 100 since Savage Garden 's " I Knew I Loved You " in 2000 . The song also topped the Alternative Songs chart for twelve weeks tying with Fuel 's Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) and Linkin Park 's Numb and New Divide , as well as topping the Radio Songs , Digital Songs , On @-@ Demand Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Adult Contemporary , and Hot Dance Club Songs charts in that country . On 2 May 2012 the song became the first to reach digital sales of at least 400 @,@ 000 for three consecutive weeks , and the following week it became the first to simultaneously top the Alternative Songs , Hot Dance Club Songs , and Dance Mix Show Airplay charts . It also became the number 1 song of 2012 on the Alternative Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Billboard Hot 100 charts . By 22 February 2013 , the song became the tenth longest @-@ charting song in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , at 59 weeks on the chart . As of October 2015 , the song has sold 7 @.@ 9 million copies in the US , making it the country 's fourth all @-@ time best @-@ selling digital single . " Somebody That I Used To Know " reached number one in more than 23 national charts and charted inside the top ten in more than 30 countries around the world . By the end of 2012 , the song became the best @-@ selling song of that year with 11 @.@ 8 million copies sold , ranking among the best @-@ selling digital singles of all time . As of April 2012 , it is the most downloaded song ever in Belgium , as well as being the third best @-@ selling digital single in Germany with sales between 500 @,@ 000 and 600 @,@ 000 copies , and the most successful song in the history of the Dutch charts . As of January 2013 it has received eleven Platinum certifications in Australia , accounting for shipments exceeding 770 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , it was certified four times Platinum . The song was the best @-@ selling single of 2012 in the UK with 1 @,@ 318 @,@ 000 copies sold . = = = Accolades = = = On 15 July 2011 , the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition , with the winning song , " Cameo Lover " , by Kimbra . Earlier that year , Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short @-@ listed as finalists for the competition . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011 , " Somebody That I Used To Know " won Single of the Year , Best Pop Release , Best Video ( for Natasha Pincus ) , Engineer of the Year ( for François Tétaz ) and Producer of the Year ( for Gotye ) . Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single , " Cameo Lover " . At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 , " Somebody That I Used To Know " won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year . It was also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for " Choice Rock Song " and " Choice Break @-@ Up Song " . The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance , winning both awards . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked " Somebody That I Used to Know " at number eight to find the best music of 2012 . = = Music video = = The music video for " Somebody That I Used to Know " was directed and produced by Australian artist Natasha Pincus . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip , and as they sing , his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation . In the director 's cut , it features concealed nudity . The director 's cut was never posted . The painting used in the video 's background , painted by Howard Clark , is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye 's father , Frank de Backer , who also designed the cover art for the related album , Making Mirrors . Emma Hack , an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide , was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra . Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop . According to Hack , it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard 's background . Their painting symbolises their combined relationship . Before its official premiere , the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia 's website . According to Pincus , " It was stolen out of our system . I guess it 's always wanted to get out there . Within five minutes it was everywhere " . On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show Rage . The music video was well received for its artistic style , picking up 200 @,@ 000 views in its first two weeks , as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry . " What a video ! " Snow Patrol 's Gary Lightbody enthused to Q. " I have become obsessed with it and not just because I 'm in love with Kimbra . Gotye himself is an engaging character for sure ... his solemnly expressive eyes finish a journey his lyrics only begin . ' Told myself that you were right for me but felt so lonely in your company ' – simple , pure , and devastating . None more than the title line when it speaks of the end of love with prosaic brutality : ' Now you 're just somebody that I used to know . ' Great video , powerful lyrics , and a stunning voice . Oh , and Kimbra ... my poor heart ... " As of June 2016 , the video has been viewed over 790 million times on YouTube . The video for " Somebody That I Used to Know " was voted number 1 in the annual Rage Fifty countdown . Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a Saturday Night Live " digital short " that coincided with Gotye 's 14 April 2012 performance on the show . The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . As of January 2015 , Billboard named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s ( so far ) . = = Cover versions and media appearances = = " Somebody That I Used To Know " has been covered by several artists including a cappella group Pentatonix who created a viral YouTube video in February 2012 and released the track on their EP , " PTX Volume 1 " on 26 June 2012 In addition Ingrid Michaelson , The Fergies , and Sam Tsui have covered the song . In February 2012 , Rita Ora covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . A cover by Right the Stars featuring Karmina , which was also uploaded to YouTube , was recommended by Miley Cyrus . Dutch DJ Tiësto remixed the song for his album Club Life : Volume Two Miami . Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone covered the song on the eleventh season of American Idol on 11 April 2012 . In February 2012 , Gotye made his American television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! where he performed the song . The song has since been featured on the TV series 90210 , Gossip Girl , and The Voice of Ireland by Andy Mac Unfraidh . The song was featured in the film Boyhood . On 16 May 2012 , fun. along with Paramore 's front vocalist Hayley Williams covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . On 23 May 2012 , Internet cartoon band Your Favorite Martian did a cover of the song . " Somebody That I Used To Know " was also first played live by Coheed and Cambria on 29 April 2012 , as a frequent feature on their 2012 headlining tour . In May 2012 , American duo Karmin made a cover of the song on Sirius XM Hits . The song was covered in the Glee episode " Big Brother " and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152 @,@ 000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . Samples of the song were also used in ODESZA 's Without You . Gotye paid tribute to the overwhelming number of cover versions of the song by personally creating a video remix , released in August 2012 , using segments from hundreds of online covers to create a new , unique version of the track , titled " Somebodies : A YouTube Orchestra " . Gotye states the concept " was directly inspired here by Kutiman 's Thru @-@ You project " , released in March 2009 , which edited numerous YouTube videos to create a new cohesive song . A similar mixing style is seen in the performance of " Since U Been Gone " in the September 2012 film release Pitch Perfect . " Weird Al " Yankovic recorded a cover as part of his polka medley " NOW That 's What I Call Polka ! " for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Wally de Backer – songwriter , producer , assistant mixer , recording , lead and backing vocals , guitar , xylophone , flutes , percussion , samples François Tétaz – mixer , engineer Lucas Taranto – bass guitar Kimbra – lead and backing vocals William Bowden – mastering Frank de Backer – artwork ( back and inside cover painting , handwriting ) Kat Kallady – artwork ( front cover painting ) Credits adapted from " Somebody That I Used to Know " CD single liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Release history = = = = Walk Off The Earth version = = In January 2012 , Canadian indie rock group Walk Off The Earth uploaded a cover of " Somebody That I Used To Know " to YouTube . Their version uses a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members . As of April 2012 , the song had sold 187 @,@ 000 units in the United States . = = = Track listing = = = CD single " Somebody That I Used To Know " – 4 : 08 " Somebody That I Used To Know " ( Music video ) – 4 : 25 CD maxi @-@ single " Somebody That I Used To Know " – 4 : 08 " Money Tree " – 3 : 13 " Joan and Bobby " – 3 : 38 " From Me to You " – 1 : 48 " Somebody That I Used To Know " ( Video ) – 4 : 25 = = Glee Cast version = = The song was covered in the Glee episode " Big Brother " and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152 @,@ 000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . = = = Charts = = = = = Mayday Parade version = = The alternative rock band Mayday Parade released a cover of this song for fifth edition of the compilation album Punk Goes Pop , which features bands of the punk , alternative , and hardcore genres covering hit pop songs . Their cover became the first single from a Punk Goes ... compilation album to chart on a Billboard chart , reaching number 18 on US Rock Songs . = = = Charts = = =
= Jonathan Krohn = Jonathan Lee Krohn ( born March 1 , 1995 ) is an American journalist and writer . He has written for The Guardian , The Atlantic , Salon , and Mother Jones , among others . In March 2013 , Krohn was made the International Affairs and Politics fellow for Kurdish media company Rudaw 's English language news site . Prior to his work in journalism , Krohn wrote and self @-@ published the book Defining Conservatism , in which he sought to outline core conservative principles . He gained national attention when he addressed the 2009 Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) , at age 13 . Krohn convinced skeptical organizers to allow him to speak for three minutes at the CPAC event on February 27 , 2009 . His speech was well received by the audience and later gained popularity on the internet , garnering Krohn attention on national news programs on CNN and the Fox News . In 2009 , he was a finalist for Time magazine 's Time 100 for the year . His second book , Defining Conservatism : The Principles That Will Bring Our Country Back , was released on February 9 , 2010 . In 2011 , Krohn openly declared he no longer held conservative views , a change he attributed to his study of philosophers and maturing with age . He was criticized by some conservatives for this reversal . = = Early life = = Krohn , an only child , was born on March 1 , 1995 to Doug Krohn , a computer system integrator , and Marla Krohn , a sales representative and middle @-@ school drama and speech teacher . Krohn 's family lived in Duluth , Georgia , and has been active in a Baptist church . In 2006 , he was voted " Atlanta 's Most Talented Child " by Inside Edition . Krohn became interested in politics at age eight , after hearing about a Democratic filibuster on judicial nominations in the United States Senate . The event prompted him to research American history and governmental rules and policies , and he developed an affinity for conservatism and began to listen regularly to conservative talk radio , particularly Morning in America with William Bennett , to whom he became a regular caller . Krohn wrote Defining Conservatism , which was self @-@ published in 2008 , when he was 13 years old , because he felt the term conservatism was often misused . The book was in part a response to criticism that John McCain , the 2008 Republican presidential candidate , received regarding his conservative credentials . The book outlines four fundamental principles of conservative thought : support for the United States Constitution , opposition to abortion , less government , and more personal responsibility . Krohn went on to apply the principles to current events and define whether specifically cited actions violated those principles . The book was dedicated to Ronald Reagan , William F. Buckley , Jr. and Barry Goldwater , whom Krohn describes as his political heroes , along with South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint . Krohn paid to have the book published from his own savings . He described it as a " first effort " and immediately planned to write a second one , which he said would focus in part on Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe . In January 2009 , Krohn contacted organizers of the Conservative Political Action Conference and asked to speak at the event . Organizers were reportedly skeptical , but gave him a three @-@ minute spot on a panel about grassroots activists . He delivered the speech , on February 27 , 2009 and described the conservative principles outlined in his book . When the speech was over , the panel moderator said , " Watch out , David Keene , " referring to the chairman of the American Conservative Union . The next day at the conference , William Bennett said , " I used to work for Ronald Reagan and now I 'm a colleague of Jonathan Krohn 's ! " The speech attracted the attention of national media outlets , and became popular online . Sam Stein of The Huffington Post said of the speech , " It was filled with the type of rhetorical flow and emotional pitch one would expect from a seasoned hand . Except , [ he ] is more than four years away from being able to vote . " After the conference , Krohn 's parents received hate mail accusing them of brainwashing their son , but both insist Krohn developed his own political thinking . Within a week of the speech , Krohn appeared on numerous TV and radio shows . A staff member for a potential candidate for Georgia governor also asked to meet with him . Several Facebook fan pages were started for him , including one called " Jonathan Krohn 2032 " , a reference to the first year he will be eligible to run for President of the United States . Krohn wrote a column for Human Events , a weekly conservative newspaper . Krohn wrote a second book , Defining Conservatism : The Principles That Will Bring Our Country Back , released February 2010 . The book was praised by former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and syndicated radio host Mike Gallagher , who said of it , " Any time I am depressed about the state of the country or the future of the modern conservative movement , I consider two words : Jonathan Krohn . " Gingrich offered to write the foreword for the book , but Krohn wanted it to be written by William Bennett . Krohn attended the 2010 Conservative Political Action Conference , but did not have a speaking role . Krohn also spoke at several Tea Party protests . = = Change in political views = = In 2011 , the French conservative media Nouvelles de France revealed that Jonathan Krohn was not conservative anymore . In 2012 , he confirmed to Politico that he no longer considers himself a conservative , and in fact takes a liberal point of view on many issues , including same @-@ sex marriage and the Affordable Care Act . He also said that if he were old enough to vote in the 2012 presidential election , he would vote for Barack Obama . However , he refused to describe himself as liberal , instead rejecting ideological labels entirely . Krohn attributes his change to reading works of philosophers such as Nietzsche and Wittgenstein . He said that he rejected social conservatism first , before rejecting other conservative viewpoints . Krohn stated that he had matured and described his 13 @-@ year @-@ old self as " naive " . In a Salon article , Krohn was critical of partisan politics in general , and conservatives in particular , describing his conservative critics as " scorned right @-@ wingers showing all the maturity of a little boy . " In an interview with Jian Ghomeshi on CBC Radio subsequent to the Salon article , Krohn pointed out that his critics were so shallow that they claimed he shouldn 't have been reading philosophy at only 17 years of age .
= Cynesige = Cynesige ( or Kynsige ; died 1060 ) was a medieval English Archbishop of York between 1051 and 1060 . Prior to his appointment to York , he was a royal clerk and perhaps a monk . As archbishop , he built and adorned his cathedral as well as other churches , and was active in consecrating bishops . After his death in 1060 , the bequests he had made to a monastery were confiscated by the queen . = = Life = = Cynesige perhaps came from Rutland , as he owned the manor of Tinwell there later in life . The Liber Eliensis claimed that he had been born by Caesarian section , but this is most likely a later accretion to his lifestory , added after his death because of efforts to have him declared a saint . The belief was that for an infant to survive a caesarian section was a miracle , and thus a fitting beginning for a future saint . Cynesige had been a royal clerk prior to his appointment to York in 1051 , although the monks of Peterborough Abbey maintained that he had been a monk in their house . It is possible he was both a monk and a royal clerk . He delayed his visit to Rome to receive his pallium until 1055 , when he was given it by Pope Victor II . During his time as archbishop he was claimed to have consecrated both John and Magsuen as Bishops of Glasgow , although the two bishops probably never lived in their diocese . John may have ended up as the Bishop of Mecklenburg in Germany . Cynesige dedicated the church of the Abbey of Waltham Holy Cross in the presence of King Edward the Confessor around 3 May 1060 . This was at the invitation of Earl Harold Godwinson of Wessex . The chronicle of Waltham Abbey states that Cynesige did the consecration because the archbishopric of Canterbury was vacant . However , there was an occupant of Canterbury , Stigand , but his election to Canterbury was not considered canonical by the papacy , and Harold may have excluded him because of concerns about Stigand 's canonical status . Cynesige expanded and embellished York Minster and other churches in his archdiocese , and built the tower at Beverley , as well as giving books and other items to the church there . He consecrated Herewald as Bishop of Llandaff at a council held at London in 1056 , although this information is only attested in the Book of Llandaff , a sometimes unreliable source . In 1059 he , along with Earl Tostig and Æthelwine Bishop of Durham , escorted King Malcolm III of Scotland to King Edward 's court at Gloucester when Malcolm came south , probably to thank Edward for his help in restoring Malcolm to the Scottish throne , and perhaps to acknowledge the English king as Malcolm 's lord . Cynesige died on 20 December 1060 and was buried at Peterborough , in what is now Peterborough Cathedral . After his death , he was honoured as a saint by the monks at Peterborough , although the cult does not seem to have spread far . His bones , along with those of his predecessor Ælfric Puttoc , were found in 1643 . His reputation for sanctity and poverty was based on his actions , as he often traveled on foot , and spent much time preaching and giving alms . The Northumbrian Priests ' Law which is usually attributed to Wulfstan II , Archbishop of York , might have been authored instead by Cynesige , or possibly Cynesige 's predecessor Ælfric Puttoc . He gave gifts to Peterborough in his will , but the gifts were taken by Queen Edith instead .
= Lowell Mill Girls = The " Mill Girls " were female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell , Massachusetts , during the Industrial Revolution in the United States . The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of propertied New England farmers , between the ages of 15 and 30 . ( There also could be " little girls " who worked there about the age of 13 . ) By 1840 , at the height of the Industrial Revolution , the textile mills had recruited over 8 @,@ 000 women , who came to make up nearly seventy @-@ five percent of the mill workforce . During the early period , women came to the mills of their own accord , for various reasons : to help a brother pay for college , for the educational opportunities offered in Lowell , or to earn a supplementary income for themselves . While their wages were only half of what men were paid , many were able to attain economic independence for the first time , free from controlling fathers and husbands . As a result , while factory life would soon come to be experienced as oppressive , it enabled these women to challenge assumptions of female inferiority and dependence . As the nature of the new " factory system " became clear , however , many women joined the broader American labor movement , to protest the dramatic social changes being brought by the Industrial Revolution . While they decried the deteriorating factory conditions , worker unrest in the 1840s was directed mainly against the loss of control over economic life . This loss of control , which came with the dependence on the corporations for a wage , was experienced as an attack on their dignity and independence . In 1845 , after a number of protests and strikes , many operatives came together to form the first union of working women in the United States , the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association . The Association adopted a newspaper called the Voice of Industry , in which workers published sharp critiques of the new industrialism . The Voice stood in sharp contrast to other literary magazines published by female operatives , such as the Lowell Offering , which painted a sanguine picture of life in the mills . = = Industrialization of Lowell = = In 1813 , businessman Francis Cabot Lowell formed a company , the Boston Manufacturing Company and built a textile mill next to the Charles River in Waltham , Massachusetts . Differing from the earlier Rhode Island System , where only carding and spinning were done in a factory while the weaving was often put out to neighboring farms to be done by hand , the Waltham mill was the first integrated mill in the United States , transforming raw cotton into cotton cloth in one mill building . In 1821 , Francis C. Lowell 's business associates , looking to expand the Waltham textile operations , purchased land around the Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimack River in East Chelmsford , Massachusetts . Incorporated as the Town of Lowell in 1826 , by 1840 , the textile mills employed almost 8 @,@ 000 workers — mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 . The " City of Spindles , " as Lowell came to be known , quickly became the center of the Industrial Revolution in America . New , large scale machinery , which had come to dominate the production of cloth by 1840 , was being rapidly developed in lockstep with the equally new ways of organizing workers for mass production . Together , these mutually reinforcing technological and social changes produced staggering increases : between 1840 and 1860 , the number of spindles in use went from 2 ¼ million to almost 5 ¼ million ; bales of cotton used from 300 @,@ 000 to nearly 1 million , and the number of workers from 72 @,@ 000 to nearly 122 @,@ 000 . This tremendous growth translated directly into large profits for the textile corporations : between 1846 and 1850 , for instance , the dividends of the Boston @-@ based investors , the group of textile companies that founded Lowell , averaged 14 percent per year . Most corporations recorded similarly high profits during this period . = = Work and living environment = = The social position of the factory girls had been degraded considerably in France and England . In her autobiography , Harriet Hanson Robinson ( who worked in the Lowell mills from 1834 – 1848 ) suggests that " It was to overcome this prejudice that such high wages had been offered to women that they might be induced to become mill girls , in spite of the opprobrium that still clung to this degrading occupation . … " = = = Factory conditions = = = The Lowell System combined large @-@ scale mechanization with an attempt to improve the stature of its female workforce and workers . A few girls who came with their mothers or older sisters were as young as ten years old , some were middle @-@ aged , but the average age was about 24 . Usually hired for contracts of one year ( the average stay was about four years ) , new employees were given assorted tasks as spare hands and paid a fixed daily wage while more experienced loom operators would be paid by the piece . They were paired with more experienced women , who trained them in the ways of the factory . Conditions in the Lowell mills were severe by modern American standards . Employees worked from 5 : 00 am until 7 : 00 pm , for an average 73 hours per week . Each room usually had 80 women working at machines , with two male overseers managing the operation . The noise of the machines was described by one worker as " something frightful and infernal , " and although the rooms were hot , windows were often kept closed during the summer so that conditions for thread work remained optimal . The air , meanwhile , was filled with particles of thread and cloth . The English novelist Charles Dickens , who visited in 1842 , remarked favorably on the conditions : " I cannot recall or separate one young face that gave me a painful impression ; not one young girl whom , assuming it to be matter of necessity that she should gain her daily bread by the labour of her hands , I would have removed from those works if I had had the power " " However , there was concern among many workers that foreign visitors were being presented with a sanitized view of the mills , by textile corporations who were trading on the image of the ‘ literary operative ’ to mask the grim realities of factory life . “ Very pretty picture , ” wrote an operative in the Voice of Industry , responding to a rosy account of life and learning in the mills , “ but we who work in the factory know the sober reality to be quite another thing altogether . ” The “ sober reality ” was twelve to fourteen hours of dreary , exhausting work , which many workers experienced as hostile to intellectual development . = = = Living quarters = = = The investors or factory owners built hundreds of boarding houses near the mills , where textile workers lived year @-@ round . A curfew of 10 : 00 pm was common , and men were generally not allowed inside . About 25 women lived in each boarding house , with up to six sharing a bedroom . One worker described her quarters as " a small , comfortless , half @-@ ventilated apartment containing some half a dozen occupants " . Trips away from the boarding house were uncommon ; the Lowell girls worked and ate together . However , half @-@ days and short paid vacations were possible due to the nature of the piece @-@ work ; one girl would work the machines of another in addition to her own such that no wages would be lost . These close quarters fostered community as well as resentment . Newcomers were mentored by older women in areas such as dress , speech , behavior , and the general ways of the community . Workers often recruited their friends or relatives to the factories , creating a familial atmosphere among many of the rank and file . The Lowell girls were expected to attend church and demonstrate morals befitting proper society . The 1848 Handbook to Lowell proclaimed that " The company will not employ anyone who is habitually absent from public worship on the Sabbath , or known to be guilty of immorality . " = = = Working Class Intellectual Culture = = = For many young women , the allure of Lowell was in the opportunities afforded for further study and learning . Most had already completed some measure of formal education and were resolutely bent on self @-@ improvement . Upon their arrival , they found a vibrant , lively working class intellectual culture : workers read voraciously in Lowell ’ s city library and Reading Rooms , and subscribed to the large , informal “ circulating libraries ” which trafficked in novels . Many even pursued literary composition . Defying factory rules , operatives would affix verses to their spinning frames , “ to train their memories , ” and pin up mathematical problems in the rooms where they worked . In the evenings , many enrolled in courses offered by the mills and attended public lectures at the Lyceum , a theatre built at company expense ( offering 25 lectures per season for 25 cents ) . The Voice of Industry is alive with notices for upcoming lectures , courses , and meetings on topics ranging from astronomy to music . ( " Lectures and Learning " , Voice of Industry ) The corporations happily publicized the efforts of these “ literary mill girls ” , boasting that they were the “ most superior class of factory operative , ” which greatly impressed foreign visitors to Lowell . But this masked the bitter opposition of many workers to the twelve to fourteen hours of monotonous , exhausting work , which they saw was corrosive to their desire to learn and educate themselves . “ Who , ” asked an operative writing in the Voice , “ after thirteen hours of steady application to monotonous work , can sit down and apply her mind to deep and long continued thought ? … Where is the opportunity for mental improvement ? ” A former Lowell operative , looking back on her experience in the mills , expressed a similar view : “ After one has worked from ten to fourteen hours at manual labor , it is impossible to study History , Philosophy , or Science , ” she wrote , “ I well remember the chagrin I often felt when attending lectures , to find myself unable to keep awake … I am sure few possessed a more ardent desire for knowledge than I did , but such was the effect of the long hour system , that my chief delight was , after the evening meal , to place my aching feet in an easy position , and read a novel . ” = = The Lowell Offering = = In October 1840 , the Reverend Abel Charles Thomas of the First Universalist Church organized a monthly publication by and for the Lowell girls . As the magazine grew in popularity , women contributed poems , ballads , essays and fiction – often using their characters to report on conditions and situations in their lives . The Offering 's contents were by turns serious and farcical . In a letter in the first issue , " A Letter about Old Maids " , the author suggested that " sisters , spinsters , lay @-@ nuns , & c " were an essential component of God 's " wise design " . Later issues – particularly in the wake of labor unrest in the factories – included an article about the value of organizing and an essay about suicide among the Lowell girls . = = Strikes of 1834 and 1836 = = The initial effort of the investors and managers to recruit female textile workers brought generous wages for the time ( three to five dollars per week ) , but with the economic depression of the early 1830s , the Board of Directors proposed a reduction in wages . This , in turn , led to organized " turn @-@ outs " or strikes . In February 1834 , the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills requested the managers or agents to impose a 15 % reduction in wages , to go into effect on March 1 . After a series of meetings , the female textile workers organized a " turn @-@ out " or strike . The women involved in " turn @-@ out " immediately withdrew their savings causing " a run " on two local banks . The strike failed and within days the protesters had all returned to work at reduced pay or left town , but the " turn @-@ out " or strike was an indication of the determination among the Lowell female textile workers to take labor action . This dismayed the agents of the factories , who portrayed the turnout as a betrayal of femininity . William Austin , agent of the Lawrence Manufacturing Company , wrote to his Board of Directors , " notwithstanding the friendly and disinterested advice which has been on all proper occassions [ sic ] communicated to the girls of the Lawrence mills a spirit of evil omen … has prevailed , and overcome the judgment and discretion of too many " . Again , in response to a severe economic depression and the high costs of living , in January 1836 , the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills absorbed an increase in the textile workers ' rent to help in the crisis faced by the company boarding house keepers . As the economic calamity continued in October 1836 , the Directors proposed an additional rent hike to be paid by the textile workers living in the company boarding houses . The female textile workers responded immediately in protest by forming the Factory Girls ' Association and organizing a " turn @-@ out " or strike . Harriet Hanson Robinson , an eleven @-@ year @-@ old doffer at the time of the strike , recalled in her memoirs : " One of the girls stood on a pump and gave vent to the feelings of her companions in a neat speech , declaring that it was their duty to resist all attempts at cutting down the wages . This was the first time a woman had spoken in public in Lowell , and the event caused surprise and consternation among her audience . " This " turn @-@ out " or strike attracted over 1 @,@ 500 workers – nearly twice the number two years previously - causing Lowell 's textile mills to run far below capacity . Unlike the " turn @-@ out " or strike in 1834 , in 1836 there was enormous community support for the striking female textile workers . The proposed rent hike was seen as a violation of the written contract between the employers and the employees . The " turn @-@ out " persisted for weeks and eventually the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills rescinded the rent hike . Although the " turn @-@ out " was a success , the weakness of the system was evident , and worsened further in the Panic of 1837 . = = Lowell Female Labor Reform Association = = The sense of community that arose from working and living together contributed directly to the energy and growth of the first union of women workers , the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association . Started by twelve operatives in January 1845 , its membership grew to 500 within six months , and continued to expand rapidly . The Association was run completely by the women themselves : they elected their own officers and held their own meetings ; they helped organize the city ’ s female workers , and set up branches in other mill towns . They organized fairs , parties , and social gatherings . Unlike many middle @-@ class women activists , the operatives found considerable support from working @-@ class men who welcomed them into their reform organizations and advocated for their treatment as equals . One of its first actions was to send petitions signed by thousands of textile workers to the Massachusetts General Court demanding a ten @-@ hour work day . In response , the Massachusetts Legislature established a committee chaired by William Schouler , Representative from Lowell , to investigate and hold public hearings , during which workers testified about conditions in the factories and the physical demands of their twelve @-@ hour days . These were the first investigations into labor conditions by a governmental body in the United States . The 1845 Legislative Committee determined that it was not state legislature 's responsibility to control the hours of work . The LFLRA called its chairman , William Schouler , a " tool " and worked to defeat him in his next campaign for the State Legislature . A complex election Schouler lost to another Whig candidate over the issue of railroads . The impact of working men [ Democrats ] and working women [ non @-@ voting ] was very limited . The next year Schouler was re @-@ elected to the State Legislature . The Lowell female textile workers continued to petition the Massachusetts Legislature and legislative committee hearings became an annual event . Although the initial push for a ten @-@ hour workday was unsuccessful , the LFLRA continued to grow , affiliating with the New England Workingmen 's Association and publishing articles in that organization 's Voice of Industry , a pro @-@ labor newspaper . This direct pressure forced the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills to reduce the workday by 30 minutes in 1847 . The FLRA 's organizing efforts spilled over into other nearby towns . In 1847 , New Hampshire became the first state to pass a law for a ten @-@ hour workday , although there was no enforcement and workers were often requested to work longer days . By 1848 , the LFLRA dissolved as a labor reform organization . Lowell textile workers continued to petition and pressure for improved working conditions , and in 1853 , the Lowell corporations reduced the workday to eleven hours . The New England textile industry was rapidly expanding in the 1850s and 1860s . Unable to recruit enough Yankee women to fill all the new jobs , to supplement the workforce textile managers turned to survivors of the Great Irish Famine who had recently immigrated to the United States in large numbers . During the Civil War , many of Lowell 's cotton mills closed , unable to acquire bales of raw cotton from the South . After the war , the textile mills reopened , recruiting French Canadian men and women . Although large numbers of Irish and French Canadian immigrants moved to Lowell to work in the textile mills , Yankee women still dominated the workforce until the mid @-@ 1880s . = = Political character of labor activity = = The Lowell girls ' organizing efforts were notable not only for the " unfeminine " participation of women , but also for the political framework used to appeal to the public . Framing their struggle for shorter work days and better pay as a matter of rights and personal dignity , they sought to place themselves in the larger context of the American Revolution . During the 1834 " turn @-@ out " or strike – they warned that " the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us , " the women included a poem which read : Let oppression shrug her shoulders , And a haughty tyrant frown , And little upstart Ignorance , In mockery look down . Yet I value not the feeble threats Of Tories in disguise , While the flag of Independence O 'er our noble nation flies . In the 1836 strike , this theme returned in a protest song : Oh ! isn 't it a pity , such a pretty girl as I Should be sent to the factory to pine away and die ? Oh ! I cannot be a slave , I will not be a slave , For I 'm so fond of liberty , That I cannot be a slave . The most striking example of this political overtone can be found in a series of tracts published by the Female Labor Reform Association entitled Factory Tracts . In the first of these , subtitled " Factory Life As It Is " , the author proclaims " that our rights cannot be trampled upon with impunity ; that we WILL not longer submit to that arbitrary power which has for the last ten years been so abundantly exercised over us . " This conceptualization of labor activity as philosophically linked with the American project in democracy has been instrumental for other labor organizing campaigns , as noted frequently by MIT professor and social critic Noam Chomsky , who has cited this extended quote from the Lowell Mill Girls on the topic of wage slavery : " When you sell your product , you retain your person . But when you sell your labour , you sell yourself , losing the rights of free men and becoming vassals of mammoth establishments of a monied aristocracy that threatens annihilation to anyone who questions their right to enslave and oppress . " Those who work in the mills ought to own them , not have the status of machines ruled by private despots who are entrenching monarchic principles on democratic soil as they drive downwards freedom and rights , civilization , health , morals and intellectuality in the new commercial feudalism . "
= A New Day in the Old Town = " A New Day in the Old Town " is the season premiere and first episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 21st episode overall . It was co @-@ written by J.J. Abrams and Akiva Goldsman , with Goldsman directing . The episode followed the aftermath of Olivia 's journey to the parallel universe in the last season 's finale , while also introducing the idea of shapeshifters . It guest starred actors Luke Goss , Ari Graynor , Meghan Markle , and Tegan Moss . It first aired on Fox in the United States on September 17 , 2009 to generally positive reviews . It was watched by an estimated 9 @.@ 96 million viewers , and received a 2 @.@ 43 ratings share among viewers 18 – 49 . = = Plot = = A mysterious man involved in a downtown Manhattan collision with a SUV flees the scene to a nearby apartment building . He enters the building and attacks a random man , hooking up equipment to the man 's inner mouth , which allows him to adopt his external appearance and shapeshift . The crashed SUV is discovered to be Olivia 's ( Anna Torv ) , though she is not inside . Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) and Walter ( John Noble ) arrive and investigate the scene while being accosted by a new junior agent , Amy Jessup ( Meghan Markle ) , who wonders what they do for the FBI . After Walter searches through the SUV , he shuts the door and Olivia suddenly ejects through the windshield . She is rushed to the hospital and declared brain dead . Peter and Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) drink at a bar together in sorrow , and Broyles reveals the Fringe Division is being shut down because of their failure to provide " usable results " . Suspicious and curious of Fringe Division , Jessup begins a personal investigation into their past activities . After talking to Rachel about her sister , Peter visits Olivia , who is scheduled to be taken off life support the following morning . However , Olivia suddenly wakes up , crying the Greek phrase Na einai kalytero anthropo apo ton patera tou . She does not remember getting injured , and incoherently tells Peter there is something they need to do , and their " lives may depend on it , " but cannot remember who told her this , or why . Peter tries to enter the FBI building , but is denied until Jessup agrees to accompany him . She questions him about Fringe Division , and they begin investigating the driver who hit Olivia . When they arrive at his apartment , they discover what appears to be the driver 's body , but he has been dead longer than when the accident took place . The shapeshifted man makes contact with his group via typewriter ( an allegedly nonexistent model of IBM Selectric , controlled by its image in a mirror ) , and is told his mission to prevent a " meeting " was unsuccessful , as Olivia is still alive . He is told to interrogate her , and then kill her . Meanwhile , Peter introduces Jessup to their lab at Harvard , and upon performing an autopsy on the man found in the apartment , they find three holes in the roof of his mouth . Walter shows them archived footage of one of his 1970s experiments of a drugged up girl who says she sees shapechanging soldiers from an parallel universe that can " look like any of us " . After being visited by her partner , Agent Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) and given a gun , Olivia is unsuccessfully questioned by the shapeshifter , who has adopted the appearance of a female nurse . The nurse attempts to kill Olivia , but is shot and flees from Jessup . Peter , Charlie , and Jessup follow her into nearby tunnels , but become separated . Peter and Jessup hear gunshots and arrive to see that Charlie has apparently killed the shapeshifter . Peter returns to Olivia , and tells her the Greek phrase means " be a better person than your father , " and was told to him every night by his mother . After being told by a panel of Senators that Fringe Division is not worth the human or fiscal cost , Broyles is given the transformation device by Peter so Broyles can justify Fringe Division remaining active . In a separate scene , Agent Jessup is shown working at a computer , annotating an image of the creature from The Transformation with biblical verses , notably from the Book of Revelation . The final scene reveals that Charlie is actually the shapeshifter , who disposes of the real agent 's body in a furnace beneath the hospital . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = In February 2009 , Fox announced that if they renewed Fringe for a second season , they were moving the show 's production from New York City to Vancouver , as the American city 's tax breaks had expired . Fox officially renewed Fringe for a second season on May 4 , 2009 , and in July announced the new season would premiere on September 23 , behind a new episode of Bones . Later reports indicated the episode would premiere on September 17 . = = = Writing and filming = = = " A New Day in the Old Town " was co @-@ written by consulting producer Akiva Goldsman and co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams , with Goldsman also serving as director . In the DVD special features , actor Joshua Jackson explained the second season begins less than a day after the previous season 's finale , " so the characters have only just barely had a chance to catch their breath from all the madness in the first season , and launch right back into the second one " . Co @-@ executive producer Jeff Pinkner considered beginning the second season directly after first season 's final scene between Olivia and William Bell , but changed his mind because he thought it would be more interesting to show how Olivia 's disappearance and reappearance affected the Fringe team , as well as the rest of the season . The scene between Olivia and Bell is consequently not shown until the season 's fourth episode , " Momentum Deferred " . The premiere began the " gun arc " storyline , which commenced with Olivia hurtling out of her SUV and becoming too weak to control her gun during her physical recovery , and ended with the killing of the shapeshifter posing as Charlie Francis in " Momentum Deferred " . The production team used new technology called a " breakway windshield , " as well as air cannons to eject the stuntwoman , Melissa Stubbs , from the vehicle . Instead of using wires , they used pneumatic rams to push her ; cables and pulleys made it similar to a " catapult " . The stuntwoman rehearsed with a helmet on , but took it off when the scene was ready to be shot . She wore a small backpad , a mouthguard , and some kneepads , and used her elbows to break the windshield upon being ejected . Stubbs commented that shooting the scene " all went as planned , and was very anticlimactic " because of the lack of problems . Anna Torv later called the stunt " one of the most humbling experiences in my life " . She elaborated , " I don ’ t do any of the stuff that ’ s dangerous ... Melissa Stubbs is the fantastic stuntwoman who did that [ stunt ] . They put a rocket for her in the back of the car , and they had that breakaway glass for the windshield . She has nothing on extra , except maybe elbow pads . Then they shoot her out of this rocket , through the windshield , and she rolls on the ground and lands on her mark . The guy goes in . She 's OK . Everybody claps . Then I have to go in , lay in the same position , so they can get a close @-@ up of my eyes opening . That was kind of humbling . " Prop master Rob Smith created the shapeshifter device and later regretted its design . He had joined the series during its second season , and had to quickly manufacture props while working under time and budget constraints . He explained , " [ My ] first episode we had to make the shape @-@ shifter device , the thing that you put into your mouth and it transforms one person into another person . I was brand new here and I wasn ’ t happy with the way that turned out , and it came back in about 5 or 6 episodes . Every time it came back I was like , ‘ Oh , I wish I could have that time over again to redo this one . " He added , " A lot of the time , I [ didn 't ] actually see [ the prop ] on set , so I watched the episode to see how everything comes together . " In June 2009 , Fox put out a casting call for several new characters for the second season . One of these , Lloyd Parr , was described as a guest star in " his 30 's to early 50 's , an average guy . We need a strong character actor who can play hyper @-@ competent . Like someone in a John Frankenheimer movie " . Actor Luke Goss was cast in the role after episode writer Akiva Goldsman personally called his house and asked him to join the show . On June 24 , 2009 , TV Guide announced the casting of Meghan Markle as " an attractive , brash and quick @-@ witted junior agent " . The producers considered screening the first part of the season premiere at Comic @-@ Con in San Diego , but ultimately decided against it because they thought the scene " ends in such an exciting way that we were afraid to let it out " . As a promotion , Fox did send out a DVD " screener " package of the premiere to certain journalists , which included a copy of the New York Times article shown in the first season finale as well as a piece of paper with a list of typed phrases . The paper was a copy of the instructions one of the shapeshifters received on the typewriter , which included phrases like " Mission Accomplished " and " Target Terminated " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In May 2010 , Fox announced Fringe would be moving from Tuesdays to Thursdays for the second season . Fox 's entertainment president , Kevin Reilly , explained the move , " The door is more open on this night than it has been in a long time . Fringe is a real alternative to both [ Grey 's and CSI ] . " As the season premiere , " A New Day in the Old Town " was the first episode of the season to air in its new timeslot on Thursdays . In its initial broadcast in the United States , the episode was watched by an estimated 7 @.@ 817 million viewers and earned a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating for viewers 18 – 49 . After time shifted viewing was taken into account , Fringe increased to a 3 @.@ 95 rating for the 18 – 49 demographic . It earned a 4 @.@ 7 / 8 ratings share among all households , which caused it to be the series ' worst rated episode yet . It was also more than 25 percent lower than its average audience from the first season . These lower ratings have been attributed to a lower @-@ rated lead @-@ in ( Bones , instead of the previous season 's American Idol and House ) , and tough competition from CBS 's CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and NBC 's The Office . The rest of the season 's ratings would continue to stay lower than the previous season , leading many to question Fox 's decision to move the show in the first place . = = = Reviews = = = Critical reviews of the episode were generally positive . Hilary Rothing from UGO Networks enjoyed the perceived parallels to The Wire and praised the further development of Anna Torv 's character Olivia ; " With tonight 's premiere , the writing feels tighter , the pace is fast but not so much so that the story begins to trip over itself - and if that 's any indication of how the rest of the season shapes up , then Fox will have my full attention every Thursday from 9 @-@ 10pm " . Noel Murray from A.V. Club graded the episode an A- , writing that he enjoyed how the writers made the show " new @-@ viewer @-@ friendly without making existing fans too impatient " . After receiving a DVD copy of the premiere in advance , IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated the episode 9 @.@ 0 / 10 , explaining " Everything that made season one special is still here : Walter 's still crazy and obsessed with food , Peter 's still a smart @-@ ass , and Olivia ... well , there 's a lot going on with Olivia , as usual " . Isler thought newcomer Meghan Markle was " cute , and spunky , but ... not quite a good fit here " , and praised the cliffhanger as " surprising in a special way " . MTV 's Josh Wigler praised all the main actors ' performances , and thought the episode gave the second season a " strong start " . TV Squad writer Jane Boursaw praised Olivia 's entrance in the episode , calling it a " Nice set @-@ up for the focal point of this episode ... Really nice storyline to heave us face @-@ first into the new season " . She lauded the Charlie @-@ shapeshifter plot twist , stating " The possibilities are endless with that storyline , and it 'll be fun to see how it all plays out " . SFScope columnist Sarah Stegall praised Joshua Jackson and Lance Reddick 's performances , giving Jackson " top honors " as he " once again shows us the fangs behind that cherubic smile " . Stegall also noted the allusions to The X @-@ Files , which included an episode playing during the first shapeshifter 's transformation , " Which is fine , as far as I 'm concerned . If I can 't have Mulder and Scully , I 'll take Walter and Peter , and even Astrid and Charlie ... I 'm happy to see another show on TV that deals with the unknowable and the possibly fascinating , with an actual budget in hand . If this show started out as X @-@ Files Light , it 's developing some serious weight now . " Writing for the Los Angeles Times , critic Andrew Hanson heralded the return of the series , declaring " Fringe comes crashing headlong back onto television . That 's not just a metaphor . Before we even fade in we have two cars smashing into each other . What a way to return : an accident in which one driver is nowhere to be found and the other flees into a nearby apartment , smooches his face and then uses a strange device to rearrange his appearance . That 's my good old Fringe . " The Futon Critic rated " A New Day in the Old Town " the sixteenth best television episode of 2010 , while website blogger io9 listed it as one of the " crucial " episodes new viewers must watch to get into the show . = = = Awards and nominations = = = Writers J.J. Abrams and Akiva Goldsman submitted " A New Day in the Old Town " for consideration in the Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series category at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . They did not receive a nomination .
= Take Your Daughter to Work Day ( The Office ) = " Take Your Daughter To Work Day " is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's twenty @-@ fourth episode overall . It was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Victor Nelli , Jr . It first aired on March 16 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Take Your Daughter to Work Day results in four children spending the day at the office — Toby Flenderson 's ( Paul Lieberstein ) daughter Sasha , Stanley Hudson 's ( Leslie David Baker ) daughter Melissa , Kevin Malone 's ( Brian Baumgartner ) fiancee 's daughter Abby , and Meredith Palmer 's ( Kate Flannery ) son Jake . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) tries to befriend at least one child , Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) tries to impress the children by claiming he was a child star , and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) struggles to show secret girlfriend Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) that he can be stern with Jake . " Take Your Daughter to Work Day " was one of the last episodes filmed for the season . Due to the presence of actual children on the set , all of the main cast members had to tone down their behavior , making sure that no one cursed or told inappropriate jokes . The installment received largely positive reviews from television critics . " Take Your Daughter to Work Day " received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 2 and was seen by 8 @.@ 8 million viewers . = = Plot = = Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is frustrated that Take Your Daughter to Work Day will force him to tone down his office antics . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) bring their daughters , Sasha and Melissa respectively , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) brings his fiancée 's daughter , Abby , and Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) brings her son , Jake . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) is determined to befriend one child by the end of the day . She tries with Abby , who instead takes a liking to Jim . Pam watches , clearly endeared to Jim 's way with kids . Sasha walks into Michael 's office and plays with his toys , and after his jokes she is quite fond of him . Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and asks for his number , while Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) alerts Stanley that Ryan may be up to something . Stanley angrily reprimands a confused Ryan for his " motives " , which Ryan later described as the " most terrifying moment " of his life . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) begins to read one of his childhood horror stories to the children , but Michael enters and insists that he stop upsetting the kids . Michael decides to show the children and the office a video of him as a child ( Jake Kalender ) during an appearance on a kid 's show , where he revealed his dream was to " get married and have 100 kids , so I can have 100 friends , and no one can say ' no ' to being my friend . " He retreats into his office when he realizes that he never came close to that dream . Toby talks to Michael , who decides to start online dating ( with the user name " Little Kid Lover " ) . After being tormented by Jake all day , Dwight is finally stern with him , which quietly pleases Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) . Pam wins over Jake with the paper shredder . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) leaves the office early to go on a date , to Pam 's chagrin . Michael and Dwight end the party by singing to the children . = = Production = = " Take Your Daughter to Work Day " was written by Mindy Kaling , who portrayed Kelly Kapoor on the series . The entry was directed by Victor Nelli , Jr , making it his second directoral credit after the earlier episode " The Carpet " . The episode was one of the last installments filmed for the season . In addition , the episode took five days to film . Each day , over twelve hours was devoted to filming . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott . Jenna Fischer noted that , due to the presence of actual children on the set , " everyone had to be on their best behavior " , meaning that there was no " cursing and no dirty jokes allowed " . She later said that " we aren 't a ' G @-@ rated ' bunch by nature . " Fischer later joked that " candy is one of my weaknesses " , but she was able to get through the filming of the episode without eating any of it . She explained that during the filming of the earlier second season episodes " Halloween " and " Valentine 's Day " , she had eaten a majority of the candy the crew put on her desk . The second season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include the Party Planning Committee squabbling over what food to serve , Stanley complaining that his daughter is spoiled , Dwight discovering an eraser in his coffee courtesy of Jake , Kelly complaining to Pam that " Stanley 's daughter is such a slut " , and Jim giving Abby an official certificate of appreciation . = = Cultural references = = Pam notes that by putting out candy to lure in children , she is acting just like the witch in the fairy tale " Hansel and Gretel " . Michael complains about having to censor himself with children around ; he compares himself to Eddie Murphy in his movie Raw and notes " they " want to make him into Murphy in Daddy Day Care . Michael , Jim , Dwight get into an argument about super heroes . Michael claims that he is like Superman defending Gotham City . Both Jim and Dwight correct him , and he says that he is more like Aquaman . Jim and Abby discuss the book From the Mixed @-@ Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and talk whether they would want to spend a night in the Metropolitan Museum of Art or an aquarium . Sasha asks Phyllis if she is Mother Goose . Dwight later reads the short story " Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher " from Heinrich Hoffmann 's 1845 book Struwwelpeter . Michael later refers to it as a book that Dwight 's " Nazi war @-@ criminal " grandmother read to him . This starts a short discussion about Nazis . Michael argues that Dunder Mifflin is better than Office Depot with the children . He later shows them his performance on Fundle Bundle , a parody of " those crappy little local kids ' shows that used to fill time on Saturday mornings before there were such things as infomercials " . Michael and Dwight end the party by performing Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 's " Teach Your Children " . = = Reception = = " Take Your Daughter to Work Day " originally aired on NBC on the March 16 , 2006 . The episode received a 4 @.@ 2 rating / 11 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 4 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 8 million viewers , and retained 93 percent of its lead @-@ in My Name is Earl audience . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the scene where the office realizes Michael 's loneliness " absolutely one of the saddest moments I 've seen in recent memory " and noted that " you can 't help but feel for him " . M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " . Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict called the entry " another great episode " for the series and awarded it an " A – " . He noted that by bringing the supporting characters ' kids into the office " hilarity ensues " . Babish applauded the lack of an arching plot , allowing " Michael 's faux pas " to take center stage . Michael Sciannamea of AOLTV called " Take Your Daughter to Work Day " the " best episode yet this season " and noted that " the writers will be hard @-@ pressed to come up with a better story than this one . " Sciannamea called " the transformation of Michael 's indifference over the kids to one of acceptance and pure enjoyment of having them around " as the " most interesting aspect of the episode " . He also called Dwight and Michael 's sing @-@ along near the end " the single funniest moment of the season " .
= Donna Jackson = Donna Jackson is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City , played by actress Jaye Jacobs . She appeared in the programme from its sixth series in 2004 , to its thirteenth in 2011 . Donna entered the series as a staff nurse , characterised as a wild @-@ child with a chaotic personal life . During her tenure , she grew to take her work more seriously , becoming a ward sister and accepting more personal responsibilities by adopting her half @-@ niece Mia ( Jada Wallace @-@ Mitchell ) . A tart with a heart character , Donna had many romantic liaisons with her colleagues , including a one @-@ night stand with midwife Mickie Hendrie ( Kelly Adams ) . She ultimately fell in love with agency nurse Keiran Callaghan ( Barry Sloane ) , and departed to be with him after he was injured in Afghanistan as part of the Territorial Army . Jacobs ' casting was chronicled in the documentary Making It at Holby . She made appearances as Donna in both Holby City 's sister show Casualty , and two crossover editions of the programmes , broadcast as Casualty @ Holby City . After seven years , Jacobs resigned from Holby City in order to pursue new projects . Donna 's relationship with her terminally ill father Derek ( Clarke Peters ) attracted praise from critics . Her affair with married consultant Michael Spence ( Hari Dhillon ) proved less popular , with several critics opining that Donna deserved better treatment . She was named " Best Emerging Talent " at the 2005 Screen Nation Awards for her portrayal of Donna , and was nominated for two further awards while part of the series . = = Storylines = = = = = Holby City = = = Donna arrives at Holby City Hospital as a staff nurse on the general surgery ward , making a poor first impression by being disorganised and insolent . Mistakenly believing that living with her superior will ensure her an easy time at work , Donna invites herself to move in with nurse Lisa Fox ( Luisa Bradshaw @-@ White ) . The two have a strained relationship : within weeks , Donna is evicted for falling behind on her rent , and when she is later allowed to move back in , she lets bailiffs take Lisa 's possessions after failing to keep up her own loan repayments . Forced to run a shift in charge of the hospital 's Acute Assessment Unit as recompense , Donna struggles to manage and learns a new respect for Lisa . During this period , Donna has a friendship with midwife Mickie Hendrie ( Kelly Adams ) . Mickie is questioning her sexuality , and the two have sex while drunk . Mickie is disappointed when Donna states that it was just a one @-@ night stand , but they are able to reconcile their friendship . When the general surgery ward is downsized , Donna is forced to reapply for her job . Although she gives a good interview and impresses Lisa , other candidates have more experience , so she is unable to retain her position and has to work as a bank nurse . Following a short @-@ lived relationship with physiotherapist Justin Fuller ( Ben Richards ) , Donna moves on to date hospital manager Bradley Hume ( Scott Adkins ) . Their relationship is terminated by the discovery that Bradley has been running a pharmaceutical scam , resulting in the death of one of Donna 's patients due to a morphine overdose . After entering into a scratchcard syndicate at work , Donna wins £ 20 @,@ 000 . She refuses to share her winnings with the others and resigns from her job , making plans to travel to Australia . On her last day , a patient with bi @-@ polar disorder steals and re @-@ distributes her money . Donna misses her flight , and is forced to remain in Holby . She goes on to begin an affair with consultant general surgeon Michael Spence ( Hari Dhillon ) , despite the fact he is married . When Michael 's wife Annalese ( Anna @-@ Louise Plowman ) begins working at the hospital as a locum anaesthetist , she suspects that Michael has been unfaithful to her and confronts Donna , who confesses the affair and apologises profusely . Donna is shocked when her estranged father Derek ( Clarke Peters ) is admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with cancer . He dies soon thereafter , and when dealing with his effects , Donna learns that he unknowingly fathered another daughter . Though her half @-@ sister is recently deceased , Donna meets her half @-@ niece Mia ( Jada Wallace @-@ Mitchell ) , who is being raised by her grandmother , Patti ( Barbara Drennan ) . Within weeks , Patti also dies , and Donna decides to adopt Mia . She and her friend Maria ( Phoebe Thomas ) compete for a ward sister position on the general surgery ward . Although Maria is the successful applicant , she realises that Donna needs the job in order to support Mia , and withdraws her candidacy so Donna is appointed sister . Donna falls in love with agency nurse Kieran Callaghan ( Barry Sloane ) , and is devastated when he is called to serve in Afghanistan with the Territorial Army ( TA ) . Kieran asks her to marry him , but Donna refuses , terminating their relationship with the intention of giving Mia stability . When Kieran is injured by an improvised explosive device ( IED ) , Donna reconsiders , supporting him through the amputation of his leg . Upon learning that he will be transferred to a rehabilitation unit in Liverpool , Donna resigns in order to move there with him . = = = Casualty @ Holby City ; Casualty = = = Donna has appeared in two editions of Casualty @ Holby City — crossovers with Holby City 's sister show Casualty , which is set in the hospital 's emergency department ( ED ) . In the first such crossover , originally broadcast in December 2004 , Donna works alongside ED staff members when a fuel tanker crashes into the hospital . She reappears in the fourth edition of Casualty @ Holby City , originally broadcast in December 2005 , when she is involved in a car crash en route to the staff Christmas party . She and paramedic Paul " Woody " Joyner ( Will Thorp ) then inadvertently cause a tunnel to collapse while trying to rescue a trapped baby . In 2010 , Donna appeared in Casualty itself , for the launch of the show 's twenty @-@ fifth series . She was included in the episode at the bequest of its writer , Mark Cately . Casualty 's series producer Oliver Kent deemed her " hilariously funny " and " one of Holby 's best characters " . During the episode , the ED staff work through the aftermath of a school shooting . Jacobs explained that Donna finds the shift difficult and is " really quite scared " , as she is used to working with routine rather than emergency patients . In contrast to her typical disorganisation and laziness , Donna is forced to work hard and " put herself on the line " to keep up with the other staff members . = = Development = = = = = Casting and characterisation = = = Jacobs was cast as Donna immediately after leaving drama school , and considers herself " completely blessed " for having won the role . She was cast alongside fellow series six newcomer Kelly Adams , as midwife Mickie Hendrie . A BBC documentary entitled Making It at Holby chronicled their casting process , which entailed seven weeks of auditions , including group workshops to allow the series producers to gauge candidates ' personalities . Adams originally auditioned as Donna , however the casting directors felt that she would be better suited to Mickie , the quieter character , and " mild mannered " counterpart to Donna 's " sassy staff nurse " . She and Jacobs were paired together during a three @-@ hour workshop , and the producers detected an " instant spark " between them , leading to their dual casting . Following her successful audition , Jacobs was mentored by actress Jan Pearson , who played ward sister Kath Fox . Jacobs characterised Donna as " a working class tart " . Upon her arrival in the programme , Donna was said to be a recent college graduate . Lacking career ambition , she selected nursing as the most exciting role available to her , hoping to meet a wealthy surgeon . The BBC stated that , despite her lack of ambition , Donna was likely to succeed on her chosen career path due to her propensity to " land on her feet " . On the series ' official website , Donna was described as a party girl with a " wild @-@ child reputation " . Her negative characteristics included being easily led and materialistic , easily bored , and " outspoken , stubborn and lazy " . The website also highlighted her determination to " live life to the full " , her fun @-@ loving and straight @-@ talking nature , bravery , honesty and loyalty , and the fact that " her heart 's in the right place . " Donna 's costume initially involved short skirts , tight @-@ fitting tops , multi @-@ coloured hair extensions and a nose @-@ stud . Jacobs , who affected a Bristolian accent for the role , commented that Donna had " no sense of what she should keep covered up . " A size 12 , Jacobs was not pressured to lose weight for the role , and considered Donna 's figure " part of her loveable charm " . In early episodes , the character was seen to partake in recreational drug use and arrive for work hungover . Jacobs described her as " everything that you secretly want to be , but can 't get away with in normal society " , calling her " very gregarious " and immune to maturing . The Guardian 's Grace Dent deemed her " weak @-@ willed " in a 2006 feature on television medics , and in 2008 , the Daily Mirror 's Jane Simon branded her unintelligent . A 2006 review by Simon noted that Donna lacked dedication to her job , and was easily distracted by her love life . Following an April 2008 interview with Jacobs , the itv.com website for the entertainment show This Morning observed that despite Donna 's " chaotic " personal life , she had grown more serious about her work . Ultimately , adopting her half @-@ niece Mia forced Donna to grow up , focussing on her career by attaining promotion to ward sister and accepting the resultant responsibilities . Reflecting on Donna 's development in January 2011 , Jacobs observed that she had changed a great deal from her early days , when she was used as a comical character with " bumbling one @-@ liners " , into a serious , more responsible person . = = = Family = = = Donna was raised by her grandmother Shirley ( Lynda Baron ) , who appears in the series eight episode " Bad Blood " . Clarke Peters , star of American drama series The Wire , was cast as her estranged father in 2009 . He appeared from 14 July to 11 August 2009 , suffering from cancer of the splenic flexure , pancreas and abdominal wall . Jacobs was " thrilled " by Peters ' casting , and reported that his first appearance rendered the programme 's crew " star @-@ struck " for the first time in her five years on the show . His appearance allowed Donna to confront her father over his abandonment of her as a child , and rendered her devastated upon learning that he had accepted his impending death . Peters assessed that his appearance had an " enormous impact " on Donna , explaining that his role allowed the audience to discover more about her life , as : " This is a way to get into these characters rather than just seeing them as one @-@ dimensional characters , dealing with whatever happens at Holby . " Producers Diana Kyle and Tony McHale intended the storyline to reveal a new side to Donna , depicting her attempting to cope , in contrast to the " smiling party girl " viewers were familiar with . Following her father 's death , Donna adopted her half @-@ niece Mia . Discussing the development in the context of her 2010 Casualty appearance , Jacobs explained that it made her ED shift particularly stressful as " she now has little Mia to look after – if anything happens to Donna , Mia is completely on her own . " She expanded that , " The stakes have really moved on for Donna over the last couple of years . She 's had to accept some responsibility and it 's not now just about which man she 's going to sleep with next " . = = = Relationships = = = Perennially " unlucky in love " , Donna fits the tart with a heart stereotype . Her numerous romances during her tenure earned her the nickname " Nurse ' Action ' Jackson " . In 2004 , she had a lesbian liaison with Mickie . The scene in which they kissed was edited to half its original length after being deemed too explicit for pre @-@ watershed broadcast . Later that year , Jacobs stated that her ideal storyline would be for Donna to find a good man and gain a promotion , hoping she would find someone who would treat her well and help her give up her recreational drug habit . Her love interests included physiotherapist Justin Fuller , registrars Ed Keating ( Rocky Marshall ) and Mubbs Hussein ( Ian Aspinall ) , manager Bradley Hume , senior house officer Sean Thompson ( Chinna Wodu ) , and a love triangle with married consultant Michael Spence and his cardiothoracic colleague Connie Beauchamp ( Amanda Mealing ) . Although Michael did not initially disclose to Donna that he was married , Jacobs stated that her character was aware of this " deep down " , but was unfortunately unperturbed . He treated her badly , to the point that he would only have sex with her in a toilet stall ; nonetheless Jacobs assessed that Donna was in love with him , believing him to be " the one " and different from her previous lovers , branding her deluded in this respect . In a November 2007 article for the Daily Mirror , television critic Jim Shelley described Donna as a " nymphomaniac " , though qualified his comment with the addendum " to be fair , sex addiction is a job requirement in Holby . " His Mirror colleague Simon branded Donna supremely unsubtle in her pursuit of Michael , deeming her " unsinkable " , and in a later piece for The Guardian , Shelley commented on Donna 's proclivity for sleeping with senior staff members at inopportune moments , to the detriment of patient care . She was dubbed " man crazy " by Tina Miles of the Liverpool Echo , and " shameless " by the Mirror 's Clare Raymond , who noted that she would " stop at nothing to snare a rich doctor " . Despite her numerous sex scenes , Donna did not have a genuinely romantic storyline until beginning a slow @-@ burning romance with agency nurse Kieran Callaghan in late 2010 . She initially disliked him , suspecting him of shirking his work duties , and at one point requested that he never return to her ward . Jacobs assessed that Donna was attracted to him , but would not allow herself to accept it at first , having had so many failed relationships with men ill @-@ suited to her . They went on to begin a relationship , with Jacobs describing Kieran as " Donna 's dream come true " , and co @-@ star Sloane deeming the two a " great match " . Their relationship was impeded by Kieran 's commitment to the TA and tour of duty in Afghanistan . Sloane felt that Kieran did not sufficiently explain the extent of his involvement with the TA , and assessed that Donna failed to understand his " soldier mentality " , stating that their problems stemmed from a mutual stubbornness . Following Kieran 's deployment , television magazine What 's on TV noted a change in Donna 's demeanour , observing that she had " soured " in contrast to her former " bubbly " friendliness . In a plot designed to " bring home the horrors of war " , Kieran lost a leg in an IED explosion . In the aftermath , he and Donna reunited , before moving away together . = = = Departure = = = Jacobs departed from Holby City in 2011 , wanting to " broaden [ her ] horizons " after seven years in the programme . The thirteenth series saw the departure of many regular cast members , and the arrival of a group of new ones , including Guy Henry , Laila Rouass , and Jimmy Akingbola . Jacobs deemed it " a new era with a new cast " , one which she was not part of , and stated that the time felt right to leave . She had some input in her exit storyline , the focal point of which was Donna 's relationship with Kieran , as they moved away to begin a new life together . Jacobs relayed feedback she had received from the general public with regards to how Donna should leave , and this was incorporated into her departure . The actress felt personal pressure to get Donna 's last scenes right , wanting to give the best performance possible . She found the filming " overwhelming " , explaining " it was incredibly emotional and intense , and it made it all very hard , and raw . [ ... ] It wasn 't until later that I realised I 'd put myself under a hideously stressful situation , and that I should just be enjoying the experience . " She stated : " I 've absolutely loved playing Donna . I know that I 'm going to look back very fondly on the time I had with her . I really got to know the character , and she had so many facets and was always fun to play . " = = Reception and impact = = Jacobs won the " Best Emerging Talent " accolade at the 2005 Screen Nation Awards for her role as Donna . She was also nominated for the " Best Newcomer " award at the 2004 National Television Awards , and the " Favourite Female TV Star " Screen Nation award in 2008 . Discussing public reaction to her character , Jacobs stated that real nurses enjoyed her " man @-@ eating antics " , and were envious that Donna got away with wearing so much make @-@ up . She commented , " I 've never met anyone who has been sensitive about Donna throwing herself at men . The women I meet seem to appreciate her tactics . " In the aftermath of the Donna / Mickie storyline , the BBC banned its actresses from appearing in raunchy photo @-@ shoots , after Jacobs and Adams were photographed in intimate poses while dressed in nurses uniforms for various " lads ' mags " . In November 2007 , Shelley deemed Donna one of Holby City 's few " really good , realistic , characters " . He named Peters ' casting as Donna 's father his " Worst TV moment of the year " in 2009 , however found their relationship " deeply moving " . Donna 's farewell speech to Derek was again called moving by both a reviewer for the Liverpool Daily Post , and Simon , though she had previously despaired at Donna 's optimism despite Derek 's terminal prognosis . The following year , What 's on TV named Donna one of their favourite characters , praising her for taking a stance against Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen ( Guy Henry ) in defence of her fellow nurses . Donna 's relationship with Michael proved unpopular with critics . In an editorial discussing the boundaries between fiction and reality , The Guardian 's Scott Murray and Barney Ronay declared their love for Donna , commending the way she " always has time for people " and recommending that she stay away from Michael as she deserves better . Bree Treacy of RTÉ.ie believes that Michael had better chemistry with Donna than with his wife Annalese , however similarly commented that he did not deserve Donna , never having seen her as more than " a notch on his stethoscope " . Following her promotion to ward sister , Treacy hoped that the series producers would give Donna a man who would see her " as more than just a good time girl . " Simon criticized Donna for failing to observe correct organ donation protocol in an attempt to win Michael 's affection , commenting that she had " thrown her own heart willynilly at the first good @-@ looking doctor she s [ aw ] with an ego the size of Texas . " She later branded her " selfish to a fault " for her negative reaction to Kieran 's posting to Afghanistan , but opined that Kieran " makes a far more suitable partner for her " than Michael did . Several of Donna 's pivotal episodes were selected as recommended viewing by critics . " Myself , Coming Back " , the series ten episode in which she goes on a road @-@ trip and discovers the existence of her niece , Mia , was named a televisual highlight by the Daily Mirror , Birmingham Post , and Liverpool Daily Echo , with the latter publication deeming it " refreshingly different " following the " doom and gloom " of preceding episodes . Many regional newspapers named " Promises " , in which she decides to adopt Mia , a " pick of the day " , and Sarah Morgan of the Daily Record cited Jacobs ' appearance as Donna in the premiere episode of Casualty 's twenty @-@ fifth series as a positive example of the BBC " pull [ ing ] out all the stops to make sure the first edition in this latest run is something of a cracker . "
= Covenant ( Halo ) = The Covenant are a fictional theocratic military alliance of alien races who serve as the main antagonists in the first trilogy of the Halo video game series . They are composed of a variety of diverse species , united under the religious worship of the Forerunners and their belief that Forerunner ringworlds known as Halos will provide a path to salvation . After the Covenant leadership — the High Prophets — declare humanity an affront to their gods , the Covenant prosecute a lengthy genocidal campaign against the technologically inferior human race . The Covenant were first introduced in the 2001 video game Halo : Combat Evolved as enemies of the playable character , a human supersoldier known as the Master Chief . Not realizing the Halos were meant as weapons of destruction rather than salvation , the Covenant attempt to activate the rings on three separate occasions throughout the series , inadvertently releasing a virulent parasite known as the Flood in the process . To develop a distinctive look for the various races of the Covenant , Bungie artists drew inspiration from reptilian , ursine , and avian characteristics . A Covenant design scheme of purples and reflective surfaces was made to separate the aliens from human architecture . The Covenant were generally well received by critics who appreciated the challenge they provided to players ; several critics lamented the change of the main enemies from Elites to Brutes in Halo 3 and conversely praised their return in the later Halo : Reach . = = Game development = = Like most of the other characters and species in the Halo universe , the Covenant were slowly developed during the initial concept phase and refined as Halo : Combat Evolved progressed . During the course of development of Halo , the designers decided upon three " schools " of architecture , for each of the races represented — the humans , the Covenant , and the Forerunners . For the Covenant , the team decided on " sleek and shiny " , with reflective surfaces , organic shapes , and use of purples . Like the character designs , Covenant technology , architecture , and design continually changed throughout development , occasionally for practical reasons as well as aesthetics . According to Eric Arroyo , the Covenant cruiser Truth and Reconciliation , which plays a major role in Halo : Combat Evolved , was to be boarded by the player by a long ramp . However , due to technical considerations of having a fully textured ship so close to the player , the designers came up with a " gravity lift " , which allowed the ship to be farther away ( thus not requiring as much processing power for detail ) as well as adding a " visually interesting " component of Covenant technology . The art team also spent a large amount of time on Covenant weaponry , in order to make them suitably alien yet still recognizable to players . At the same time , the designers wanted all aspects of Covenant technology , especially the vehicles , to act plausibly . Bungie ended up looking at films and other media for inspiration on almost every aspect of the race . = = = Species = = = To design the various species of the Covenant , Bungie 's artists looked at live animals and films for inspiration ; as a result , the species within the Covenant bear simian , reptilian , avian , and ursine characteristics . = = = = Elites ( Sangheili ) = = = = One of the strongest and toughest foes and allies of the game , Elites ( who are from Sanghelios ) are called Sangheili in the fictitious Covenant language . They stand around 8 ft 0 in ( 2 @.@ 44 m ) and feature recharging personal shields . The Elites initially had simple mouths , which developed into pairs of split mandibles substituting for the lower jaws . Bungie concept artist Shi Kai Wang noted that project lead Jason Jones had , at one point , been insistent on giving the Elites a tail . While Wang thought it made the aliens look too animalistic , the idea was eventually dropped due to practical considerations , including where the tail would go when the Elites were driving vehicles . " At one point , we considered just having the Elites tuck their tails forward , between their legs , " Wang noted , " But [ we ] abandoned that ... for obvious reasons . " According to Paul Russel , when Bungie was bought by Microsoft and Halo was turned into an Xbox launch title , Microsoft took issue with the design of the Elites , as they felt that the Elites had a resemblance to cats that might alienate Japanese consumers . = = = = Grunts ( Unggoy ) = = = = Among the other races developed were Grunts , or Unggoy ( from the planet Balaho ) , viewed in game 's fiction as cannon fodder . Depicted as squat and cowardly fighters , Grunts panic and run if a player or an NPC kills their leaders . In the novels Halo : Fall of Reach and Halo : The Flood , it is told that the Grunts are methane breathers and described as dog @-@ like . They have methane suits that allow them to remove the breathing apparatuses they usually wear to sustain them in a non @-@ methane atmosphere . In Halo Reach , if a player kills a Grunt in a particular way , their methane tank will ignite causing them to fly and bounce around the area out of control , causing damage if they hit the player . = = = = Jackals and Skirmishers ( Kig @-@ Yar ) = = = = Jackals , or Kig @-@ Yar , ( from the moon of Eayn , orbiting Chu 'ot ) carry energy shields or ranged weaponry . Shield or armor colors denotes the rank of each caste . In some cases , such as with the Jackals , the overall design was honed once the enemy 's role was clearly defined . They look like bird @-@ like creatures or raptors . This particular species did not come into the Covenant in the same way as other species . They work as mercenaries , as their culture is based on piracy and do not follow the religious beliefs like the other species . In the Halo book , Halo : Contact Harvest , it was revealed that Jackals were the first species in the Covenant to encounter humanity . The resulting events initiated the start of the Human @-@ Covenant War . = = = = Hunters ( Mgalekgolo ) = = = = In addition to basic troops , there are Hunters , or Mgalekgolo , ( from the planet Te ) who according to Bungie 's mythology are actually collectives of alien insects singularly known as Lekgolo encased in tough armor . Initial concepts were less humanoid @-@ looking and softer than the final shape , with angular shields and razor @-@ sharp spines . = = = = Engineers ( Huragok ) = = = = Floating , serene aliens known as Engineers , or Huragok , were pulled from Combat Evolved , but made later appearances in the Halo novels . They also appeared in Halo Wars , Halo 3 : ODST , and Halo : Reach . They serve no actual combat role , although in Halo 3 : ODST , Halo Wars and Halo Reach they can aid players or enemies . They are actually artificial lifeforms created by the vanished technologically superior race known as the Forerunners , and are enslaved by the Covenant to build , repair and maintain their technology . = = = = Prophets ( San 'Shyuum ) = = = = The Prophets , or San 'Shyuum , ( from the planet Janjur Qom ) serve as the royal rulers of the Covenant , and were primarily designed by Shi Kai Wang and Eric Arroyo . Originally , the Prophets were built in a more unified way , with the gravity thrones they used for flotation and movement fused with the Prophet 's organic structures . The characters were also designed to be feeble , yet sinister . The three Prophet Hierarchs were each individually designed . = = = = Brutes ( Jiralhanae ) = = = = Brutes ( from the planet Doisac ) are one of the new fighting forces that were added in Halo 2 . They were made physically taller and stronger than the Elites , with their society organized around tribal chieftains . Inspired by the animators watching biker films , the Brutes incorporated simian and ursine elements while retaining an alien look . Wang 's final concept for the creature , replete with bandoliers and human skulls , was simplified for the game . Brutes were meant to typify the abusive alien menace of the Covenant and in the words of design lead Jaime Griesemer , to serve as " barbarians in Rome " . For the final installment in the Halo trilogy , Halo 3 , designers had to refine the Covenant for the move to more powerful Xbox 360 hardware . Bungie was dissatisfied with the Brutes in Halo 2 ; they were added in late in development , resulting in the Brutes functioning merely as " damage sponges " and " not interesting to fight . " Their design was also limited , being little more than hairy apes with a bandoleer ( reminiscent of the Star Wars character Chewbacca ) . With the Elites leaving the Covenant in the game 's story , the Brutes became the player 's main enemy , necessitating radical changes in the character 's behavior and design . For the new look of the Brutes , concept artists took inspiration from rhinoceros and gorillas . The designers added armor with buckles , gauntlets , and leather straps to bring them more in line with the Covenant aesthetic . The more seasoned the Brute , the more ornate clothing and helmets ; the armor was designed to convey a culture and tradition to the species , and emphasize their mass and power . Designs for Halo 3 took cues from ancient Greek Spartans . Character animators recorded intended actions for the new Brutes in a padded room at Bungie . A new addition to the Brute artificial intelligence was a pack mentality ; leader Brutes direct large @-@ scale actions simultaneously , such as throwing grenades towards a player . = = = = Drones ( Yanme 'e ) = = = = Another addition to the fighting force debuting in Halo 2 were Drones , or Yanme 'e ( from the planet Palamok ) ; the animators found the creatures challenging , as they had to be animated to walk , run , crawl , or fly on multiple surfaces . Old concept art from Combat Evolved was re @-@ purposed in influencing the Drone 's final shape , which took cues from cockroaches , grasshoppers , and wasps . = = = Society = = = Technologically , the Covenant are described in The Flood and First Strike to be imitative rather than innovative — most of the Covenant 's sophisticated weaponry and propulsion systems are based on Forerunner artifacts , rather than the Covenant 's own research . Covenant weapons are generally based on Forerunner technology and utilize plasma . These weapons are built around a battery that generates plasma and discharges it at a target . Frank O 'Connor , Bungie 's former public relations head , hinted that there may be something more to the Covenant 's weaponry , saying " the actual technology is not plasma as we know it , but something far more dangerous , arcane , and destructive . " A few of the Covenant 's weapons are not plasma @-@ based , including the Needler , which fires razor @-@ sharp pink needles capable of " homing in " on organic foes and exploding . A weapons expert noted parallels between the Needler and ancient Greek Amazons painting their daggers pink as a psychological weapon in an issue of gaming magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly . Bungie designed the majority of Covenant technology to mirror the aesthetic of the Elites ; the exteriors are sleek and graceful , with a more angular and complex core underneath hinting at the fictional Forerunner origins of the technology . In contrast to the sleek Elite @-@ based designs of the Covenant at large , the Brutes were given their own visual design distinct from the other Covenant . Weaponry was designed to reflect the Brute 's " souls " distilled to its purest form — conveyed by dangerous shapes , harsh colors , and objects that looked " dangerous to be around " . A UNSC weapon designed for Combat Evolved in 1999 that was discarded at the time was re @-@ purposed as the Brute 's " Mauler " weapon . Covenant society is a caste system composed of many races , some of which were forcibly incorporated . Each race is required to provide a specific number of troops to remain within the Covenant . In the games , the races are identified by their common UNSC designation ; their Covenant names are supplied by the " Halo 2 " Limited Edition and " Halo 3 " Limited Edition manuals and several novels . = = Appearances = = The majority of events in the story arc of the Halo series occur during the " Ninth Age of Reclamation . " The Covenant 's organization of time and dates is not elaborated on in detail in the game or during any of the novelizations ; Bungie cinematic director Joseph Staten , in an interview on Halo fansite halo.bungie.org , said that the Covenant 's date system is split into seven epochs , split into the following Ages : Abandonment , Conflict , Discovery , Reconciliation , Conversion , Doubt , and Reclamation . The 2001 and 2007 novels Halo : The Fall of Reach and Halo : Contact Harvest describe humanity 's first contact with the Covenant in the year 2525 . In The Fall of Reach , a lone Covenant ship bombards the Harvest colony with plasma , turning the planet 's crust into molten glass . The lone ship , broadcasts the Covenant edict , " Your destruction is the will of the gods , and we are their instrument " , and destroys several United Nations Space Command ( UNSC ) ships sent to attack it . Contact Harvest describes a lengthy ground engagement between human militia and Covenant before the total assault on Harvest . The Covenant claim that humans are an offense to their gods , but in reality , three Covenant Prophets have learned from a relic left by their gods , the Forerunners , that humans , who may possibly be genetically related to the Forerunners , have been chosen by the Forerunners as their Reclaimers . Realizing such a revelation would splinter the Covenant , the newly crowned Hierarchs decide to obliterate the humans instead and declare that a new Age of the Covenant has begun . The Covenant 's superior technology allow them to annihilate the outer human colonies within four years ; the Covenant begin to destroy the inner colonies soon thereafter . As a defensive measure , the UNSC creates the " Cole Protocol " ; human ships are prohibited from directly traveling to human worlds to avoid detection by the Covenant , and destruction of a ship 's navigation databases and artificial intelligence if threatened with capture . In 2552 , the Covenant track the UNSC ship Iroquois to the world of Reach , Earth 's most well @-@ defended colony , by a hidden transmitter . A massive Covenant fleet arrives at Reach and lays waste to much of the planet . The Covenant 's first appearance in the video games is in Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) , which picks up towards the end of The Fall of Reach . A detachment of Covenant follow the human vessel Pillar of Autumn from Reach to Halo , a ring @-@ shaped Forerunner relic that the Covenant believe sacred . Wary of accidentally damaging the ring , the Covenant are forced to fight the humans on foot , and accidentally release the Flood . The Flood , a virulent parasite that infests sentient life , attack human and Covenant alike and threaten to capture a Covenant cruiser to escape their prison on Halo . Meanwhile , the human " Spartan " supersoldier Master Chief detonates the Pillar of Autumn 's engines , destroying the ring and the Covenant armada . The novelization of the game , Halo : The Flood ( 2003 ) , describes additional events not seen in the game . In the novel First Strike , The Master Chief , survivors of the Autumn and surviving Spartans from Reach destroy a Covenant fleet they learn is preparing to strike Earth , and race home to warn of the impending attack . In the video game Halo 2 ( 2004 ) , a member of the Covenant Prophet triumvirate , Regret , arrives at Earth with a fleet . Most of his fleet is destroyed ; Regret 's ship flees to another ring , Delta Halo , and is followed by the human ship In Amber Clad and the Master Chief aboard her . The Chief kills Regret before the majority of the Covenant fleet arrives at Delta Halo , along with the Covenant 's holy city of High Charity . The death of Regret leads the remaining Prophets to promote the Brutes as their guards , replacing the Elites . The Elites , outraged , threaten to resign from the Covenant high council ; in turn the Prophets give the Brutes carte blanche to kill the Elites , sparking a civil war . In the midst of these developments , the Flood are again released ; the High Prophet Mercy is killed by the parasite , while the last remaining leader , Truth , flees to Earth in a Forerunner ship , entrusting the activation of Halo to the Brute Tartarus . The Elites ally with the humans of In Amber Clad to stop the firing of the ring , but inadvertently set all the remaining Halo rings to be remotely activated from a location known as the Ark , placed outside the range of the Halo Array to protect certain species from the firing of the Halo rings , built as a foundry for the rings including replacing any that get destroyed . By the events of Halo 3 ( 2007 ) , the Flood intelligence known as the Gravemind infests and captures High Charity , while the Elites assist humans on Earth in defending themselves . Truth 's forces excavate a portal to the Ark , located outside the Milky Way . The Elites follow Truth , and the Covenant Arbiter , or holy warrior , kills Truth . After High Charity arrives at the Ark , the Arbiter and Master Chief decide to activate a partially built Halo ring ( the replacement for the ring that the Master Chief destroyed in the first game ) destroying the Flood and sparing the rest of the galaxy . The remaining humans and Elites escape back through the portal . The Human @-@ Covenant war ends in March 2553 , and the Arbiter leads his Elites back to their homeworld . The Covenant were featured in Halo 4 ( 2012 ) , in the form of a rogue splinter group led by Sangheili Jul ' Mdama . This faction still follows the ideology of the old Covenant religion and seeks to find a powerful weapon on Requiem , the fictional planet on which the majority of Halo 4 is set . The group also appears in Halo 5 : Guardians , although they are not the game 's main antagonists . = = Reception = = The reception of the Covenant as enemies in Combat Evolved was generally favorable . The ability to experience the storyline of Halo 2 from the Covenant perspective was described as a " brilliant stroke of game design " . Allowing the player to assume the role of an Elite was described as providing an unexpected plot twist , and allowing the player to experience a " newfound complexity to the story " . In addition , some reviewers thought that this provided the series with a significant plot element — IGN referred to it as the " intriguing side story of the Arbiter and his Elites " — and its elimination in Halo 3 was pointed to as responsible for reducing the role of the Arbiter within the series plot . In 2010 IGN ranked Covenant 26th in the " Top 100 Videogames Villains " .
= 1997 – 98 Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team = The 1997 – 98 Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team , coached by Pat Summitt , is considered to be one of the greatest teams in the history of U.S. women 's college basketball , going 39 – 0 , and winning their third consecutive national championship , while playing one of the toughest schedules in the nation . The Lady Vols started off the season ranked number one in the nation , a ranking that would not change . ESPN called it one of the top ten moments in women 's sports of the 20th century . After the season , Summitt authored a book about the season , entitled " Raise the Roof " . = = Preseason = = The Lady Vols had just come off of a somewhat bittersweet season . While they had won the national championship , they had lost ten games , including two to rival Louisiana Tech . That team was the first Lady Vols team since 1991 that did not win either the SEC regular season or tournament championship . However , the team did return several players , including All @-@ American Chamique Holdsclaw , and had a freshman class that was being called the greatest ever , which included Tamika Catchings , Semeka Randall , Teresa Geter , and Kristen Clement . Tamika Catchings won Miss Basketball titles in two states : Illinois , her sophomore year , and Texas , her senior year . Additionally , she led her high school to a state championship and a 40 – 0 season her senior year . She also performed a quintuple @-@ double in one of her games . Semeka Randall was also accomplished , named Parade 's Player of the Year her senior year , a two @-@ time Miss Basketball , as well as a two @-@ time state tournament MVP . Kristen " Ace " Clement came out of Pennsylvania , where she had broken Wilt Chamberlain 's scoring record in Philadelphia of 2 @,@ 205 with 2 @,@ 256 points . The record had stood for 40 years . The fourth freshman , Teresa Geter , was not as well @-@ known , but was considered to be the best player in South Carolina , and had been named Miss Basketball , just like the others . Chamique , Tamika , and Semeka would become known as " The Meeks " as the season progressed . = = Regular season = = = = = Mississippi = = = After an exhibition rout of US Armed Forces , the Lady Vols opened up the season unusually , with a conference game against Mississippi . Semeka Randall did not start the game . However , four minutes into the game , the Lady Vols were only up 4 – 2 . At this point , Randall was put into the game , and Tennessee scored fifteen straight , on a run fueled by her . Randall scored 24 , and star Chamique Holdsclaw added 23 . This season opener has caused a lot of anticipation , as it was expected that this would be the game where all four of Tennessee 's freshman played together . However , during a November practice , Clement had injured her foot , resulting in a stress fracture . After a discussion with the team doctor , Clement agreed to sit out the Mississippi game in order to be able to play the next game , against Louisiana Tech . = = = Louisiana Tech = = = The Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters were ranked second in the country and was expected to challenge Tennessee for the national title . Tech returned all five of its starters from a team that had beaten the Vols twice the previous year . Tech came out on a 9 – 2 run , but led at the half by only a point . The teams played evenly for the beginning of the second half , before Louisiana Tech raised the lead to five with just over twelve minutes remaining . Summitt put her four freshman into the line @-@ up , which went on a 12 – 0 run , giving Tennessee a lead they would never relinquish . Holdsclaw finished with a double @-@ double ( 24 points , 11 rebounds ) , and Catchings contributed 17 points . Teresa Geter was a big contributor , as well , with five blocked shots . Clement was able to play the game , but it set her rehab back , and she would not play again for over a month . = = = Tennessee @-@ Martin , Stanford , Portland , Texas , and the Big Apple Classic = = = The next game was against Summitt 's alma mater , Tennessee @-@ Martin . Martin was naming their court after Summitt , and the game was just an excuse to attract a large number of people . Their meeting was not much of a game , as Tennessee won 73 – 32 . Summitt 's team followed this game with a 40 @-@ point rout of Vermont . The team next went on a road trip to the West Coast for their annual game against rival Stanford . Stanford lit up the court in the first half , sinking 57 percent of their shots , but it was not enough to keep the Lady Vols away . Down by one at the half , the Lady Vols played great defense in the second , allowing just five field goals and winning by 18 . Holdsclaw had 25 points , and Catchings had 20 . The Lady Vols next traveled to Portland , as part of Summitt 's yearly effort to play at least one game near the hometown of each player . This game was meant more as a homecoming for Laurie Milligan , instead of an actual challenge , and they cruised to a 74 – 51 victory . December opened up with a game against rival Texas , who shot out to a 47 – 32 lead at halftime , and went on to win by 34 , behind Catchings ' 26 points . Next up was the Big Apple Classic , a home trip for Holdsclaw . The Ladies rolled over both opponents , beating George Mason and Manhattan by 30 and 50 respectively . = = = SEC / Big @-@ 10 Challenge = = = The Vols then returned home for the SEC / Big @-@ 10 challenge . Florida lost by 10 to Purdue , and the Vols ' game was against the Illinois . The game featured an interesting match @-@ up as Catchings ' sister , Tauja , was a sophomore at Illinois at the time . Tennessee had a horrific start as they fell behind 41 – 19 . By halftime , the lead had been cut to 41 – 24 , despite only shooting 23 % . In the second half , Tennessee cut the lead slowly , through turnovers and defense , finally taking the lead with 9 : 25 remaining . The Vols ended the game with a ten @-@ point win . = = = Northern Lights Invitational = = = The next trip was up to Anchorage , for the Northern Lights Invitational , a three @-@ day , eight @-@ team tournament . The first game was an easy win against Akron , in which Summitt played her bench frequently . The semi @-@ final game , against Texas A & M , was not much more difficult . The Ladies won handily , 105 – 81 , leading by as much as 25 . Texas A & M 's 81 points would end up being the most a team would score on Tennessee that season . The championship game was against Wisconsin , a team ranked in the top 10 , but this ranking did not mean much , as the team ended 1997 with an 87 – 66 victory . The Meeks were named to the All @-@ Tournament team . = = = Arkansas and UConn = = = A rare New Year 's Day game was played against SEC foe Arkansas , who was ranked just inside the top 25 . Tennessee forced 26 turnovers , including 14 steals , en route to an 88 – 58 victory . This game was followed up with a home match with main rival UConn , who was ranked third in the nation . UConn led the series 4 – 3 , but the Lady Vols had won the last matchup , and the undefeated Huskies wanted revenge . Thompson @-@ Boling Arena seated nearly 25 @,@ 000 fans , an NCAA women 's record , and , as an experiment , the game was played in four quarters instead of two halves . The Lady Vols started off on a 10 – 0 run , but the lead was cut to 23 – 17 by the end of the first quarter . The second quarter saw Tennessee expand the lead , ending the quarter with a fourteen @-@ point lead . However , UConn did not want to go away , and went on a tear in the third quarter , as a 20 – 7 run cut the Lady Vols lead to one point , before the team responded , ending the quarter with seven unanswered points . The final quarter was all Tennessee , and the game ended in an 84 – 69 win . = = = South Carolina and Florida = = = The team started their SEC schedule back up with a trip to South Carolina . The Gamecocks were not much of an opponent , as the ladies more than doubled their points at the half ( 53 – 26 ) , and finished the game 94 – 52 . This game was followed up with another highly ranked opponent , the twelfth @-@ ranked Gators . Once again , the Vols ran a talented team into the ground , as they only allowed 18 first half points , ultimately winning by a score of 99 – 60 . = = = Georgia , Kentucky , and DePaul = = = Tennessee had a three @-@ game road trip up next , starting with the Bulldogs in Athens . Tennessee started the game strong , grabbing the lead , and finished the half on a 13 – 0 run . However , Georgia came back , cutting the lead down to nine with seven minutes remaining in the game . It was at this point that Semeka Randall scored thirteen points , sealing a 96 – 71 victory . This is the largest margin of victory in the Lady Bulldogs @-@ Lady Vols series . Tennessee had 19 steals in the game , while shooting over 50 % , and Holdsclaw and Catchings both scored over 20 . The next game , against Kentucky , also had Tennessee making a late first half run , giving them a 19 @-@ point lead at the break . This lead was never given up , as the Lady Vols won by twenty @-@ eight . The final game of the road trip was against DePaul , a good team who was , however , missing their two best players . Without these players , it was not much of a game , as Summitt 's team started the game with twenty @-@ one straight points and ended the game with a 125 – 46 victory , giving the team a 20 – 0 record . The team 's 125 points were the second most in the history of the program . = = = Vanderbilt and Georgia = = = The Lady Vols returned home and resumed their SEC schedule against in @-@ state foe Vanderbilt , who was ranked in the top 10 . Throughout the first half , the game was about even , until the Lady Vols got a slight lead with under seven minutes left , which they took to the locker room , 37 – 31 . The second half , however , started out much differently , beginning with a 20 – 0 Lady Vols run . Tennessee led by as many as 35 points in the game , and ended the game with an 86 – 54 win . Catchings was named the SEC Player of the Week for her role in the DePaul and Vanderbilt games , scoring 35 and 22 points respectively . The final game of the month was the rematch with Georgia . It ended up being a blowout . Tennessee shot better than 60 % , and Holdsclaw scored more points in the first half than the entire Georgia team . Tennessee broke the 20 @-@ steal mark , as well as the 100 @-@ point mark , winning 102 – 43 . = = = Alabama , Old Dominion , and Mississippi State = = = February began with another SEC match @-@ up , this time against unranked Alabama . Starter Kyra Elzy tore her ACL during the game ending her season , during this game , while going up for a rebound . Meanwhile , Alabama was keeping close to the Lady Vols , by slowing the game down . At half time , Tennessee only had a 13 @-@ point lead . The team never did shake off the Crimson Tide , but did manage to pull out the win , 73 – 66 . A trip to Ole Miss was next , and the team started off much better , score the first ten points of the game and having a 54 – 17 lead at halftime . Summitt let the bench play the rest of the game , ultimately winning 91 – 45 . This game was followed up by a non @-@ conference match against longtime rival Old Dominion , whom Tennessee had beaten in the previous year 's national championship . The game was even for fifteen minutes , but in the last five minutes of the half , Tennessee was able to build a twelve @-@ point lead . Holdsclaw took over the second half for the Lady Vols , scoring 24 points for an 85 – 61 victory , ODU 's biggest loss in four years . This match was followed up with another conference game , this time against the Mississippi State Bulldogs . UT started out sloppily , and ended the half with only a nine @-@ point lead . However , once again the team came out strong to open the second half , raising their lead and eventually had double State 's points , with ten minutes remaining . The Bulldogs cut the lead to eleven , but then Summitt put Holdsclaw back in , scoring eight in a row , giving Tennessee another victory , 74 – 52 . = = = Memphis , Auburn , Vanderbilt , and LSU = = = After a two @-@ day rest , the Lady Vols resumed their season with three games in five days , starting with their final non @-@ conference opponent , Memphis , on the road . UT started strong , taking a 16 – 6 lead to open up the game , only to give it back up . Memphis delighted its home crowd by taking a 38 – 31 lead with two minutes to go in the half , but Tennessee rallied and took a two @-@ point lead to the locker room . Once again , Tennessee pulled away in the second half , 91 – 65 , behind three players who scored over twenty : Holdsclaw ( 31 ) , Randall ( 21 ) , and Catchings ( 20 ) . The next game was against Auburn , a program that is traditionally competitive within the conference . Once again , Summitt 's team started the game strong , leading 32 – 16 before Auburn woke up , cutting the lead to five by the half . However , the Tigers would not get any closer than this , as Holdsclaw 's 39 points helped Tennessee to yet another win , 79 – 63 . The final game of this stretch was the rematch with Vanderbilt , played on President 's Day in front of a sellout crowd at the Commodores ' quirky Memorial Gymnasium and a national television audience on ESPN . The Commodores started off strong , taking a 16 – 7 lead in front of their home crowd . However Tennessee responded with seventeen straight points to take the lead , and led by nine at the halftime . As in previous games , the Lady Vols made a big run to open up the second half to put the game out of reach . UT won 91 – 60 , with UT shooting over fifty percent yet again . The final game of the regular season came against LSU , a respectable SEC team which beat the Lady Vols the previous season in Baton Rouge , but still a few seasons away from becoming a national power . Tennessee played well on Senior Night , starting with a 32 – 8 lead that would never be given up . Tennessee completed the season with a 90 – 58 win , giving them a perfect 30 – 0 regular season . = = SEC tournament = = After their first round bye , Tennessee faced Mississippi State again . Instead of Tennessee starting quickly , however , the Bulldogs did , taking a 9 – 2 lead . At this point though , the Vols went on one of their runs , this time a 15 – 2 one . State did not recover from this , and Tennessee advanced to the semi @-@ finals , 88 – 60 . Catchings had a double @-@ double by halftime . In the semi @-@ finals , UT met Vanderbilt for the third time , with an even better performance than the previous two . Catchings again had a double @-@ double by halftime and the team shot 6 of 7 from beyond the three point line , as they advanced to the championship 106 – 45 . The SEC Championship was against Alabama , who had played within seven points of the Lady Vols in their previous match @-@ up . Alabama used the same , slow style they had previously employed , and at the break were only down by three . Tennessee was able to slowly up the lead to ten during the first ten minutes of the second period , eventually reaching a fourteen @-@ point lead , before Alabama started a comeback , cutting the lead to five with just over forty seconds remaining . Alabama was able to score the five points , but Tennessee made their foul shots , and won the title , 67 – 63 . After the game , Holdsclaw was named the tournament 's most outstanding player . UT was now 33 – 0 , with the NCAA tournament coming up next . = = NCAA tournament = = = = = Opening Games = = = The Lady Vols were awarded the No. 1 seed in the Mideast Regional where their opponent was , oddly enough , also undefeated . The 28 – 0 Lady Flames of Liberty were the champions of the Big South conference , giving them a berth in the tournament as a No. 16 seed . The usual # 1- # 16 blowout occurred , with Tennessee winning 102 – 58 , although in another region this blowout did not occur : No. 16 seed Harvard upset injury @-@ depleted No. 1 seed Stanford 71 – 67 in the West regional . This is the only time that a 16 @-@ seed has beaten a 1 @-@ seed in the NCAA tournament — men 's or women 's . Holdsclaw led Tennessee with 22 points , although Liberty 's Sharon Wilkerson led all scorers with 26 . Four other Lady Vols reached double figures , and both Holdsclaw and Catchings had double @-@ doubles . UT 's second round opponent was 8 @-@ seeded Western Kentucky , who had lost only by to one to Louisiana Tech in the Sun Belt Tournament , and had defeated Stephen F. Austin in the first round , 88 – 76 . Tennessee started slowly and Randall picked up two early fouls , resulting in Ace Clement taking her place in the lineup where she scored five quick points and helped the team to a twelve @-@ point halftime lead . Western Kentucky pulled to within six early on in the second half , only to follow their run up by going 0 for 6 on their next shots . However , the Hilltoppers pulled back within six a second time . Once again , their run was short lived , as it was followed up with a spree of turnovers . The Lady Vols took advantage of this drought , and went on to win 82 – 62 . Holdsclaw led all scorers with 34 and Catchings contributed 20 , while Le Johnson was Western Kentucky 's highest scorer , with 17 . The Regional Finals were not all that far away from Knoxville – the Lady Vols only had to travel a couple of hours , to Nashville , where they faced 5th @-@ seeded Rutgers , 22 – 9 . Rutgers had survived two close games to reach this point , defeating 12th @-@ seeded Oregon , 79 – 76 , in the first round , and then upsetting 4th @-@ seeded Iowa State , 62 – 61 in the second . Their third round game was not quite so close . Although Rutgers only trailed by two towards the end of the first period , UT was able to outscore Rutgers by six to close it out , and opened the second half up by building the lead to sixteen . The Scarlet Knights never recovered , losing 92 – 60 . Holdsclaw and Catchings were again the leading scorers , with 25 and 23 . The Lady Vols shot 52 @.@ 2 % from the field and forced Rutgers to 27 turnovers . This game gave Tennessee their 36th win , breaking Connecticut 's record of 35 , as the Lady Vols advanced to the Regional Finals . The Regional Championship matched Tennessee with the 2nd @-@ seeded Tar Heels , who were coming off of a 6 @-@ point victory over 3rd @-@ seeded Illinois . Summitt 's team started off with a 17 – 11 lead , only to falter and allow Carolina to tie it up at 21 . Tennessee responded with a 12 – 6 run to end the first , but Carolina answered by opening the second half with the first seven points , giving them a one @-@ point lead , 34 – 33 , and the first time an opponent had held a lead over Tennessee in over three months . Carolina slowly extended the lead as the game continued , until they were eventually leading 61 – 49 , at which point Summitt sent several players , including Holdsclaw ( who was on the bench due to a poor shooting performance ) back onto the floor . A minute later , Tennessee had cut the deficit to five , and by the five @-@ minute mark the game was tied again , at 62 . The teams traded baskets , tying the game at 64 and 66 , before Tennessee reached a 70 – 67 lead , with less than ninety seconds remaining . Carolina was soon forced to start fouling the Lady Vols , who made their free throws and advanced to the Final Four , 76 – 70 . Holdsclaw once again led all scorers , this time with 29 , and Semeka Randall had 20 . North Carolina was led by Wright and Reid , who had 21 and 20 . = = = Final Four = = = Tennessee 's first Final Four game was against SEC foe , Arkansas , the 9th @-@ seed out of the West Region . The Razorbacks had upset three different teams to reach the Final Four , Hawaiʻi , Kansas , and 2nd @-@ seeded Duke . Despite a poor first half shooting performance , the Vols led 39 – 28 halfway through the game . The second half saw the Lady Vols make over half their shots , propelling the team to the national championship with an 86 – 58 , the largest margin of victory in the Women 's National Semifinals history . Louisiana Tech knocked off N.C. State in their semifinal match , 84 – 65 , making the national championship a match @-@ up between the two teams that started the season ranked first and second . The game was not close . Seven and a half minutes through the first half , the Lady Vols were up by fifteen , and by halftime the score was 55 – 32 . The 55 points was a record for most points in a half in a national championship game . Tech was not able to make a run until late in the second half , when they were able to cut the lead down to eighteen , only to see Kellie Jolly hit back @-@ to @-@ back three pointers . The final score was 93 to 75 . Three different Lady Vols scored twenty or more points : Holdsclaw ( 25 ) , Catchings ( 27 ) , and Jolly ( 20 ) . Holdsclaw , who was named the Final Four MVP , her second consecutive , also won her seventh straight title ( 3 NCAA , 4 State ) . After the game , Louisiana Tech head coach Leon Balmore proclaimed this Lady Vols squad to be the " best ever " , something Old Dominion Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman has stated back in February . However , not everyone was positive , as ESPN analyst Mimi Griffin stated that Tennessee 's dominance was becoming a detriment to the women 's game . The Lady Vols did not win another national championship until 2007 , defeating Rutgers in the championship game in Cleveland . Tennessee lost three times to Connecticut in championship games ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 ) , but also suffered a humiliating loss to Xavier in the 2001 Sweet 16 , marking only the second time since the NCAA first sanctioned women 's basketball championships in 1982 the Lady Vols did not reach at least the Elite Eight . Connecticut would later match the Lady Vols ' 39 – 0 mark in 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 before Baylor eclipsed the record in 2012 and tied by UConn themselves in 2014 , as the only teams to win 40 straight games in a season . = = Scores = = = = Awards and honors = = = = Records = = = = = NCAA records = = = Most games played in a season ( individual ) – 39 ( tied : Chamique Holdsclaw , Teresa Geter , Tamika Catchings , Kellie Jolly , LaShonda Stephens ( All 1997 – 98 Tennessee ) ) Most points in a season ( team ) – 3 @,@ 464 Most free throw attempts in a season ( team ) – 1 @,@ 110 Most victories in a season – 39 ( tied : UConn , 2001 – 02 ) Most games played in a season ( team ) – 39 ( tied : UConn , 2001 – 02 ) Most field goals in an NCAA tournament ( player ) – 64 ( Chamique Holdsclaw ) Most field goals attempted in an NCAA tournament ( player ) – 131 ( Chamique Holdsclaw ) = = = SEC records = = = Most points in a season ( team ) – 3 @,@ 464 Most free throw attempts in a season ( team ) – 1 @,@ 110 Most free throws made in a season ( team ) – 782 Most blocks in a season ( team ) – 238 = = = School records = = = Most free throws made in a season ( player ) – 166 ( Chamique Holdsclaw ) Most blocks in a season ( player ) – 93 ( Teresa Geter ) Most points in a season ( team ) – 3 @,@ 464 Most free throw attempts in a season ( team ) – 1 @,@ 110 Most free throws made in a season ( team ) – 782 Most blocks in a season ( team ) – 238 Most wins in a season – 39 = = Roster = = = = Statistics = = = = Team players drafted into the WNBA = =
= 2013 Atlantic hurricane season = The 2013 Atlantic hurricane season was a well below average Atlantic hurricane season and the first since 1994 with no major hurricanes , and the first since 1968 with no storms of at least Category 2 intensity on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first tropical cyclone of this hurricane season , Andrea , developed on June 5 , while the final cyclone , an unnamed subtropical storm , dissipated on December 7 . Throughout the year , only two storms – Humberto and Ingrid – reached hurricane intensity ; this was the lowest seasonal total since 1982 . The season 's impact was minimal ; although 15 tropical cyclones developed , most were weak or remained at sea . Tropical Storm Andrea killed four people after making landfall in Florida and moving up the East Coast of the United States . In early July , Tropical Storm Chantal moved through the Leeward Islands , causing one fatality , but minimal damage overall . Tropical storms Dorian and Erin and Hurricane Humberto brought only squally weather to the Cape Verde Islands . Mexico , where Hurricane Ingrid , Tropical Depression Eight , and tropical storms Barry and Fernand all made landfall , was the hardest hit ; Ingrid alone caused at least 32 deaths and $ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( 2013 USD ) in damage . In early October , Karen brought showers and gusty winds to the central Gulf Coast of the United States . All major forecasting agencies predicted an above @-@ average season . All reduced their seasonal predictions in early August , but even the revised predictions were too high . The lack of activity was primarily caused by an unexpected significant weakening of the Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation between winter and spring . This resulted in continuation of the spring weather pattern over the Atlantic Ocean , with strong vertical wind shear , mid @-@ level moisture , and atmospheric stability , which suppressed tropical cyclogenesis . = = Seasonal forecasts = = In advance of , and during , each hurricane season , several forecasts of hurricane activity are issued by national meteorological services , scientific agencies , and noted hurricane experts . These include forecasters from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) ' s National Hurricane and Climate Prediction Center , Tropical Storm Risk , the United Kingdom 's Met Office , and Philip J. Klotzbach , William M. Gray and their associates at Colorado State University ( CSU ) . The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms , hurricanes , and major hurricanes within a particular year . According to NOAA and CSU , the average Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained roughly 12 tropical storms , six hurricanes , three major hurricanes , and an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) index of 66 – 103 units . NOAA typically categorizes a season as either above @-@ average , average , or below @-@ average based on the cumulative ACE Index , but the number of tropical storms , hurricanes , and major hurricanes within a hurricane season are considered occasionally as well . = = = Pre @-@ season forecasts = = = Multiple agencies predicted above average activity , citing forecasts for slower @-@ than @-@ average trade winds , warmer @-@ than @-@ normal sea surface temperatures , abnormally low wind shear , and the unlikelihood of an El Niño developing prior to the peak of the season . On December 5 , 2012 , Tropical Storm Risk ( TSR ) , a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance , risk management , and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London , issued an extended @-@ range forecast . In its report , the organization called for 15 @.@ 4 ( ± 4 @.@ 3 ) named storms , 7 @.@ 7 ( ± 2 @.@ 9 ) hurricanes , 3 @.@ 4 ( ± 1 @.@ 6 ) major hurricanes , and a cumulative Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) index of 134 . While no value was placed on the number of expected landfalls during the season , TSR stated that the landfalling ACE index was expected to be above average . Four months later , on April 5 , Tropical Storm Risk issued its updated forecast , continuing to call for an above @-@ average season with 15 @.@ 2 ( ± 4 @.@ 1 ) named storms , 7 @.@ 5 ( ± 2 @.@ 8 ) hurricanes , 3 @.@ 4 ( ± 1 @.@ 6 ) major hurricanes , and an ACE index of 131 ; the landfalling ACE index was once again forecast to be higher than normal . Meanwhile , on April 8 , Weather Services International ( WSI ) issued its first forecast for the hurricane season . In its report , the organization forecast 16 named storms , nine hurricanes , and five major hurricanes . On April 10 , Colorado State University ( CSU ) issued its first forecast for the season , calling for a potentially hyperactive season with 18 named storms , nine hurricanes , four major hurricanes , and an ACE index of 165 . The probabilities of a major hurricane hitting the Gulf Coast and East Coast were well above average . On May 15 , the United Kingdom Met Office ( UKMO ) predicted 14 named storms , with a 70 % chance that the number would be between 10 and 18 , and nine hurricanes with a 70 % chance that the number would be between 4 and 14 . It also predicted an ACE index of 130 with a 70 % chance that the index would be in the range 76 to 184 . On May 23 , 2013 , NOAA issued its first seasonal outlook for the year , stating there was a 70 % likelihood of 13 to 20 named storms , of which seven to eleven could become hurricanes , including three to six major hurricanes ; these ranges are greater than the seasonal average of twelve named storms , six hurricanes and three major hurricanes . On May 30 , the Florida State University Center for Ocean @-@ Atmospheric Prediction Studies , FSU COAPS , issued its first and only prediction for the season . The organization called for 12 to 17 named storms , of which five to ten would further intensify into hurricanes ; no forecast was given for the number of major hurricanes . In addition , an ACE index of 135 units was forecast . = = = Mid @-@ season outlooks = = = In June , predictions from CSU and TSR were similar to pre @-@ season forecasts due to the a lack of an El Niño and warmer @-@ than @-@ average sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic Ocean . However , by July and August , CSU and TSR all adjusted their forecasts downward because of predictions of cooler @-@ than @-@ average sea surface temperatures and above @-@ average wind shear . NOAA also decreased the amount of activity in its final outlook , despite predicting a wetter @-@ than @-@ average western Africa and above @-@ average sea surface temperatures in its report . On June 3 , CSU issued its first mid @-@ season prediction for the remainder of the year . In its report , the organization continued to predict well above @-@ average activity , with eighteen named storms , nine hurricanes , four major hurricanes , and an ACE index of 165 units . CSU stated that there was a 72 % chance of at least one major hurricane impacting any stretch of the United States coastline ; the chances of a major hurricane hitting the East Coast and Gulf Coast were 48 % and 47 % , respectively . The following day , Tropical Storm Risk issued its third forecast for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season , calling for sixteen named storms , eight hurricanes , four major hurricanes , and an ACE of 134 units ; this activity was predicted to be roughly 30 % above the 1950 – 2012 long @-@ term mean . TSR gave a 65 % probability that the landfalling ACE index would be above @-@ average . A month later , TSR lowered its numbers to 15 named storms , seven hurricanes , and three major hurricanes . On August 2 , Colorado State University issued another update for the season , lowering its numbers slightly . However , the organization continued to state that there was an above @-@ average probability of a United States and Caribbean major hurricane landfall . Finally , on August 8 , NOAA issued its second and final outlook for the season , predicting 13 to 19 named storms , six to nine hurricanes , and three to five major hurricanes ; these numbers were down slightly from its May outlook . = = = Post @-@ season review = = = With 13 tropical storms , two hurricanes , and no major hurricanes , activity fell far below the predictions . Brian McNoldy at the University of Miami noted several reasons why NOAA should not cease seasonal predictions , including the variability of hurricane seasons and the value of supplementing climatology with seasonal forecasts . Further , McNoldy argued that forecasting a hurricane season " challenges us to better understand how the atmosphere works . " On November 29 , Dr. Phil Klotzbach of CSU noted that " [ Dr. Gray and I ] have been doing these forecasts for 30 years and that 's probably the biggest forecast bust that we 've had . " The program , which had already lost contributions from an insurance company in June , was defunded further following the botched season forecasts . However , Gray and Klotzbach were able to issue predictions for the 2014 season . = = Seasonal summary = = The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 2013 . It was a below average season in which 14 tropical cyclones and one subtropical cyclone formed . Thirteen of the fifteen designated cyclones attained tropical storm status . However , only two of those became hurricanes , the fewest since 1982 . Thus , this was a mainly quiet season . None intensified into major hurricanes , for the first time since 1994 . By default , 2013 extended the period without major hurricane landfalls in the United States to eight years , with the last such system being Hurricane Wilma in 2005 . Further , no hurricane exceeded Category 1 intensity , for the first time since 1968 . Throughout the season , NOAA and the United States Air Force Reserve flew a total of 45 reconnaissance missions over the Atlantic basin , totaling 435 hours ; this was the lowest number of flight hours since at least 1966 . One hurricane and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 47 deaths and about $ 1 @.@ 51 billion in damage . Tropical Storm Chantal also caused losses and fatalities , though it did not strike land . The last storm of the season dissipated on December 7 , a week after the official end of hurricane season on November 30 , 2013 . Activity was primarily suppressed by significant weakening of the Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation ( THC ) early in the year , representing the largest reduction in strength of the THC since NCEP / NCAR Reanalysis began . The weakening of the THC was possibly the result of lowered ocean salinity and a decrease in North Atlantic Deep Water formation . Oceanic and atmospheric gyres were able to strengthen in the subtropical Atlantic , allowing southward advection of cold air and water . Consequently , there was a significant cooling of sea surface temperatures over portions of the north Atlantic . This resulted in a continuation of the spring weather pattern over the Atlantic Ocean , with strong vertical wind shear , mid @-@ level moisture , and atmospheric stability . The weak THC resulted in slightly stronger low @-@ level trade winds , an increase in upper @-@ level zonal winds and vertical wind shear , higher environmental air pressures and less low @-@ level mass wind convergence and rainfall in the Intertropical Convergence Zone , and reduced middle @-@ level moisture . Collectively , these factors worked to suppress tropical cyclogenesis . Tropical cyclogenesis began in early June , with the development of Tropical Storm Andrea in the Gulf of Mexico on June 5 . Twelve days later , Tropical Storm Barry formed in the northwestward Caribbean Sea . Two named storms originated in the month of July – tropical storms Chantal and Dorian . Similarly , there were two tropical storms in August , Erin and Fernand . In September , four tropical cyclones formed , three of which strengthened into tropical storms ; two of those reached hurricane status . The most intense tropical cyclone – Hurricane Humberto – peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) on September 11 , which is a Category 1 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The other hurricane , Ingrid , was the most devastating storm of the season and peaked at slightly less intensity . Activity began to slow in October , with the development of only two tropical storms , Karen and Lorenzo . Tropical cyclogenesis then halted for almost a month , until Tropical Storm Melissa formed over the eastern Atlantic Ocean on November 18 . This was the only tropical cyclone in the month of November . The final system was an unnamed subtropical storm that developed south of the Azores on December 5 . After meandering for two days , it degenerated into a remnant low @-@ pressure area on December 7 . = = = Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) = = = The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 36 , which was well below the 1981 – 2010 median of 92 , and the lowest value since 1994 . Broadly speaking , ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed . Therefore , a storm with a longer duration , such as Humberto , will have high values of ACE . It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) . Accordingly , tropical depressions are not included here . After the storm has dissipated , typically after the end of the season , the NHC reexamines the data , and produces a final report on each storm . These revisions can lead to a revised ACE total either upward or downward compared to the operational value . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm Andrea = = = An area of low pressure in the eastern Gulf of Mexico developed into Tropical Storm Andrea on June 5 . Despite strong wind shear and an abundance of dry air , the storm strengthened while initially heading north @-@ northeastward , before turning northeastward later that day . Andrea intensified and peaked as a strong tropical storm with winds at 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) on June 6 . A few hours later , the storm weakened slightly and made landfall near Steinhatchee , Florida . It began losing tropical characteristics while tracking across Florida and Georgia . Andrea transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over South Carolina on June 7 , though the remnants continued to move along the East Coast of the United States until being absorbed by another extratropical system off Maine on June 10 . The precursor to Andrea dropped nearly 12 in ( 300 mm ) of rainfall on the Yucatán Peninsula . In Cuba , the storm brought flooding , with over 1 @,@ 000 people fleeing their homes , mainly along the Cuyaguateje River in Pinar del Río Province . In the area , five tornadoes were spawned , one of which damaged three homes . In Florida , the storm brought heavy rainfall to some areas , causing localized flooding . There were 10 tornadoes , the worst of which touched down in The Acreage . The twister downed power lines and trees , causing significant roof damage to several houses ; there was also one injury . A surfer went missing in South Carolina and was presumed to have drowned . The remnants of Andrea spawned one tornado in North Carolina , though damage was minor . Additionally , flooding was reported in some areas of the Northeastern United States . Three fatalities occurred due to weather @-@ related traffic accidents in Virginia and New Jersey . The remnants of Andrea brought gusty winds to Atlantic Canada , causing thousands of power outages in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . = = = Tropical Storm Barry = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on June 8 . The system moved westward and an area of low pressure developed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on June 16 . The low then moved across Honduras , where heavy rainfall triggered flooding that damaged 60 homes and affected 300 people . The low later re @-@ emerged into the Caribbean Sea and developed into a tropical depression at 12 : 00 UTC on June 17 , while situated 60 mi ( 95 km ) east of Monkey River Town . About 10 hours later , it made landfall near Big Creek , Belize . In that country , an estimated 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain fell in 24 hours , causing several rivers to overflow their banks . In some areas , culverts were washed away . At least 54 people living along Hope Creek were relocated to shelters . In El Salvador , flooding and lightning caused one fatality each . Despite decreasing wind speeds as the storm crossed land , the circulation became better @-@ defined . Early on June 19 , the depression emerged into the Bay of Campeche and began strengthening due to warm sea surface temperatures . Around 12 : 00 UTC , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Barry . After about 12 hours , Barry attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 003 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . At 11 : 15 UTC on June 20 , Barry made landfall near Veracruz at the same intensity . The storm rapidly weakened and degenerated into a remnant low early on June 21 . In the Mexican state of Yucatán , wind gusts up to 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) and heavy rains downed trees and power lines . More than 26 @,@ 000 residents temporarily lost power after lightning struck a nearby power station , leading to a fire . Four deaths were reported in Mexico due to drowning . = = = Tropical Storm Chantal = = = A large tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 4 . The system moved rapidly westward under the influence of a subtropical ridge . Scatterometer passes indicating a closed circulation confirmed that Tropical Storm Chantal had developed by 12 : 00 UTC on July 7 , while located about 1 @,@ 250 mi ( 2 @,@ 010 km ) east @-@ southeast of Barbados . Chantal continued to move swiftly west @-@ northwestward and was one of the fastest moving tropical cyclones in the deep tropics during the satellite era . While approaching the Lesser Antilles , it became disorganized due to wind shear , but at 12 : 00 UTC on July 9 , Chantal peaked with sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter , it crossed through the Lesser Antilles and continued weakening in the Caribbean Sea . By late on July 10 , Chantal diminished into a tropical wave while located south of Hispaniola . The storm brought heavy rainfall to the Lesser Antilles . In Dominica , several mudslides were reported . Wind gusts up to 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) were observed on the island , de @-@ roofing houses and causing power outages . Strong winds were reported on Martinique , with gusts up to 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) observed in Fort @-@ de @-@ France . Trees were knocked onto roads and power lines , leaving about 33 @,@ 000 homes without electricity . Elsewhere , damage reported in the Lesser Antilles was minimal , and there were no casualties . Although sustained winds in Puerto Rico remained below tropical storm force , a weather station at Las Mareas in Guayama observed a wind gust of 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) late on July 9 . Winds toppled trees and power lines , blocking several roads . In Hispaniola , heavy rains caused flooding over portions of the island , but the fast @-@ moving nature of the system precluded a more severe flooding event . In the Dominican Republic , a firefighter from the community of Maimon was killed as he was swept away by flood waters while attempting to clear a clogged storm drain . Chantal 's remnant moisture interacted with a surface boundary over northeastern Florida , contributing to widespread thunderstorms that produced locally heavy rainfall and gusty winds . Overall , the storm caused less than $ 10 million in damage . = = = Tropical Storm Dorian = = = Early on July 22 , a tropical wave and associated low @-@ pressure area emerged off the western coast of Africa . Based on satellite data , the wave was upgraded to a tropical depression at 18 : 00 UTC on July 23 while located about 175 mi ( 280 km ) south of the Cape Verde Islands , and further intensified into Tropical Storm Dorian by 06 : 00 UTC the following day . The storm tracked swiftly west @-@ northwest over warm ocean temperatures and within an environment of low wind shear initially , allowing it to attain peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) by July 25 . However , the entrainment of drier mid @-@ level air and cooler ocean waters caused a weakening trend . Late July 27 , a closed low @-@ level circulation ceased to exist and Dorian degenerated into an open trough . The remnants continued west @-@ northwest until August 1 , at which time the disturbance reached the western extend of a ridge and curved northward . Despite continued unfavorable wind shear , a broad area of low pressure formed off the east coast of Florida and became increasingly better defined . The convection gained enough organization for the system to be re @-@ designated as a tropical depression by 18 : 00 UTC on August 2 . However , strong northerly winds caused the depression to deteriorate into a remnant low about 24 hours later , southeast of Charleston , South Carolina . On August 4 , the remnant low was absorbed into a trough off North Carolina . = = = Tropical Storm Erin = = = A tropical wave , accompanied by a misshapen center of surface low pressure and a large area of disorganized showers and thunderstorms , emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 15 . The wave moved west @-@ northwestward along the southern periphery of a ridge to its north . The system quickly organized and its circulation became more defined , warranting its classification as a tropical depression early on August 15 . At the time , the depression was situated about 70 mi ( 110 km ) south of Praia , Cape Verde , prompting the issuance of tropical storm warnings for the southernmost islands . Deep convection continued to develop over the center and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Erin six hours after its initial designation . However , dry air quickly became entrained into the circulation and convection waned . Operationally ( in real @-@ time ) , Erin was briefly downgraded to a tropical depression on August 16 , though post @-@ storm analysis indicated it retained tropical storm intensity that day . Early on August 17 , the ship British Cygnet measured 44 mph ( 71 km / h ) winds in relation to the cyclone ; around this time , it was estimated that Erin attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 006 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 71 inHg ) . A temporary northwesterly turn occurred around this time as the storm moved through a weakness in the ridge . Later on August 17 , increasing wind shear took its toll on Erin and convection became displaced from the center . The following day , Erin degenerated into a remnant low about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and the west coast of Africa . The remnants proceeded westward on the low @-@ level trade winds before opening up into a trough early on August 20 , and ultimately dissipated several days later . = = = Tropical Storm Fernand = = = On August 10 , a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa . Another tropical wave , which spawned Tropical Storm Erin , emerged into the Atlantic on August 13 . The waves moved westward and merged into a single area of disturbed weather east of the Lesser Antilles . Further development did not occur until it crossed the Caribbean Sea and reached the Bay of Campeche on August 25 . A tropical depression formed around 12 : 00 UTC that day , about 40 mi ( 64 km ) north @-@ northeast of Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz . Six hours later , the depression deepened into Tropical Storm Fernand . Early on August 26 , Fernand peaked with sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . At 04 : 45 UTC , the storm made landfall near Zempoala , Veracruz , at the same intensity . Fernand weakened to a tropical depression later on August 26 , hours before dissipating . On August 25 , a tropical storm warning was posted for the Gulf Coast of Mexico from Veracruz northward to Tampico . Warnings were canceled north of Barra de Nautla , Veracruz early on August 26 , and discontinued entirely after Fernand weakened to a tropical depression . The Mexican Navy helped people in Veracruz evacuate their homes efficiently . Classes at all levels of education in the state were closed during the storm 's passage . Impact from the storm in Mexico was most severe in Veracruz , where 13 people were killed by landslides : nine in Yecuatla , three in Tuxpan , and one in Atzalán . In the city of Veracruz , heavy rainfall flooded roads , while downed trees caused power outages . In Boca del Río , flooding stranded people at a shopping plaza . Damage was reported in 19 municipalities , mostly in northern and central Veracruz . The storm damaged 457 homes and caused 4 rivers to overflow . In Oaxaca , a man died after being swept away by a swollen river . After the storm , Veracruz governor Javier Duarte declared a state of emergency for 92 municipalities , which allowed farmers who sustained damage to receive aid . = = = Tropical Storm Gabrielle = = = In late August , a tropical wave accompanied by a broad area of low pressure exited the west coast of Africa . While the wave was south of Puerto Rico , another tropical wave reached the system and enhanced deep convection . Late on September 4 , a tropical depression developed about 115 mi ( 185 km ) south @-@ southeast of Puerto Rico . Operationally , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gabrielle early on September 5 . However , in post @-@ analysis , it was determined that Gabrielle was never a tropical storm in the Caribbean . The depression moved west @-@ northwestward and lost its closed circulation near the eastern tip of Hispaniola late on September 5 . During a 48 @-@ hour period , the disturbance brought 6 to 8 in ( 150 to 200 mm ) of rain to some areas of Puerto Rico . A mudslide detached part of a small bridge on Highway 184 . On Saint Croix , minor street flooding was reported , and several trees were downed . The remnant system was monitored for regeneration . By September 9 , wind shear began decreasing and the system re @-@ developed into a tropical depression early on September 10 . Six hours later , the depression moved northward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Gabrielle . By 12 : 00 UTC on September 10 , it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 003 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . The storm passed about 25 mi ( 40 km ) east of Hamilton , Bermuda early on September 11 . Strong winds on the island downed trees branches , caused minor infrastructural damage , and left minor power outages . After marked oscillations in intensity on September 12 , Gabrielle finally succumbed to wind shear midway between Bermuda and Cape Cod . = = = Tropical Depression Eight = = = The eighth tropical depression of the season originated from a tropical wave that crossed the western coast of Africa on August 23 . Tracking westward , the wave reached the Caribbean Sea and became increasingly ill @-@ defined while in the central Caribbean . An increase in convection was observed on September 1 and the subsequent day as the wave entered the western Caribbean . After moving into the Bay of Campeche , a broad low @-@ pressure area formed in association with the system on September 5 . An increase in deep convection on September 6 led to the formation of a tropical depression by 12 : 00 UTC , located approximately 30 mi ( 50 km ) east @-@ northeast of Tampico , Mexico . The cyclone then moved west @-@ southwest under the influence of an anticyclone . Around 18 : 00 UTC on September 6 , the depression made landfall near Tampico . Once inland , the depression quickly diminished to a remnant low by 06 : 00 UTC on September 7 . It dissipated six hours later . Heavy rains across Tamaulipas and Veracruz triggered flooding in areas that had been affected by Tropical Storm Fernand just two weeks prior . The most significant effects were in Veracruz where hundreds of homes were inundated . Record @-@ breaking rains in Mexico City , falling at rates of 3 @.@ 3 in ( 84 mm ) per hour , caused significant flooding . Many streets were inundated , paralyzing traffic and prompting water rescues . An estimated 20 @,@ 000 homes were damaged by the floods and officials opened four shelters in the area . = = = Hurricane Humberto = = = A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 7 and spawned a low pressure area by the following day . At 18 : 00 UTC on September 8 , a tropical depression developed about 225 mi ( 360 km ) west @-@ southwest of Dakar , Senegal . The depression moved steadily westward and intensified into Tropical Storm Humberto early on September 9 . Despite moderate wind shear , Humberto continued to strengthen while passing south of Cape Verde , due to a moist atmosphere and warm ocean temperatures . The storm brought squalls to Cape Verde . The southwestern islands experienced wind gusts exceeding 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) which downed several trees . Heavy rains in many areas triggered flooding that washed out roads and damaged homes . Offshore , the freighter Rotterdam went missing with a crew of six amid 10 to 16 ft ( 3 to 5 m ) swells . The vessel eventually reached São Tomé and Príncipe , though that country 's port institute and coast guard denied her entrance . Later on September 10 , the storm 's deepening briefly halted as it curved northwest in response to a developing mid @-@ level trough over the central Atlantic . At 12 : 00 UTC on September 11 , Humberto reached hurricane status while turning northward . About six hours later , it peaked with sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . By late on September 12 , increasing wind shear , cooling sea surface temperatures , and a more stable atmosphere led to a weakening trend of the storm . Around 12 : 00 UTC on the next day , Humberto fell to tropical storm intensity , while curving west @-@ northwestward in the low @-@ level flow south of the Azores surface high pressure . Early on September 14 , the storm degenerated into a remnant low . However , deep convection began re @-@ developing later that day . At 00 : 00 UTC on September 15 , Humberto regenerated into a tropical storm about 1 @,@ 095 mi ( 1 @,@ 760 km ) southwest of Ponta Delgada , Azores . An approaching mid- to upper @-@ level cyclone began to capture Humberto , causing the storm to decelerate between late on September 16 and early on September 17 . When Humberto 's low @-@ level circulation became vertically stacked under the non @-@ tropical cyclone , the system transitioned into a subtropical storm on September 17 . Humberto then weakened to a subtropical depression early the next day , about 1 @,@ 120 mi ( 1 @,@ 800 km ) south of Ponta Delgada . The subtropical depression continued north @-@ northwestward until degenerating into an open trough , and was soon absorbed by a cold front . = = = Hurricane Ingrid = = = A tropical wave spawned an area of low pressure in the Bay of Campeche early on September 12 . Several hours later , it matured into a tropical depression about 170 mi ( 280 km ) east @-@ southeast of the city of Veracruz . Initially , the depression moved slowly due to weak steering currents . Around midday on September 13 , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ingrid . After initially moving westward toward Veracruz , the storm turned northeastward away from the coast . Favorable conditions allowed it to attain hurricane status on September 14 , and the next day Ingrid attained peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Subsequently , heightened wind shear eroded the storm 's convection . Caught between a trough over eastern Mexico and a ridge over the Southeastern United States , the storm turned sharply northwestward and later to the west . On September 16 , Ingrid made landfall just south of La Pesca , Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico as a strong tropical storm . Early on September 17 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression , shortly before degenerating into an area of low pressure . Ingrid struck shortly after Hurricane Manuel on Mexico 's Pacific coast , creating the first instance of two landfalling tropical cyclones in the nation within the same 24 @-@ hour period since 1958 . The combined impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel affected two @-@ thirds of Mexico , killing 192 people and causing $ 75 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 5 @.@ 7 billion USD ) in damage . Most of the destruction has been attributed to Manuel , but Ingrid was directly responsible for at least 23 deaths and $ 20 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 1 @.@ 5 billion USD ) in losses . The two storms produced approximately 5 @.@ 7 trillion cu ft ( 160 billion m3 ) of rainwater , equivalent to the combined volume of every reservoir in Mexico . Rainfall from the storm peaked at 20 @.@ 1 inches ( 511 mm ) in Tuxpan , Veracruz . The rains caused widespread flooding that damaged at least 14 @,@ 000 houses and hundreds of roads and bridges . In Tamaulipas , where the storm made landfall , the rainfall damaged crops and flooded rivers . The effects of the storm spread into southern Texas , causing high tides and some flooding . After Ingrid 's onslaught , the Mexican government declared states of emergency in several municipalities . Relief agencies distributed food and other aid to the hardest hit areas , though in Tamaulipas , residents had to rely on assistance from the local Gulf Cartel . = = = Tropical Storm Jerry = = = A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 24 . Interaction with a mid- to upper @-@ level low pressure forced the wave to split , with the southern portion spawning Tropical Storm Octave in the eastern Pacific Ocean on October 12 . As evidenced by scatterometer wind data , the northern portion moved north @-@ northwestward and transitioned into a low pressure area early on September 28 . After convection gradually became better organized , a tropical depression developed early on September 29 , about 910 mi ( 1 @,@ 460 km ) east @-@ northeast of the Leeward Islands . The depression moved northeastward and initially struggled to intensify due to the presence of dry mid @-@ level air . However , early on September 30 , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Jerry while curving eastward . Shortly thereafter , vigorous deep convection developed , allowing the storm to deepen further . At 00 : 00 UTC on October 1 , Jerry attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . However , strong wind shear soon weakened Jerry . Later on October 1 , a blocking high pressure ridge briefly impeded the storm 's northeastward motion , but it resumed moving in that direction by the following day . After losing all deep convection late on October 3 , Jerry became extratropical at about 770 mi ( 1 @,@ 240 km ) southwest of the central Azores . The remnants persisted for a few days , until being absorbed by a larger extratropical low on October 6 . = = = Tropical Storm Karen = = = On September 16 , a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa . Minimal tropical cyclogenesis occurred until the wave reached the western Caribbean Sea on September 27 . Around that time , the wave encountered an upper @-@ level trough , generating deep convection over the region . On September 28 , a broad area of low pressure formed southeast of Jamaica . Based on surface observations , it is estimated that Tropical Storm Karen developed near the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula early on October 3 . Despite a deteriorating cloud pattern , Karen deepened and peaked with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) later that day . Wind shear and dry air caused the storm to weaken beginning early on October 4 . Throughout the day , only sporadic bursts of deep convection occurred . The storm moved northwestward at inconsistent forward speeds around a low- to mid @-@ level ridge . Early on October 6 , Karen weakened to a tropical depression , and several hours later disintegrated into an open trough off the coast of Louisiana , and was further absorbed into a much larger storm complex that was producing blizzard conditions and a tornado outbreak at the time . Since the beginning of reconnaissance flights in 1943 , Karen was one of few named storms to dissipate in the Gulf of Mexico without making landfall . While the storm was threatening the Gulf Coast of the United States , the NHC issued several tropical cyclone warnings and watches as Karen approached . Additionally , states of emergency were issued in portions of Alabama , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Florida . The mayor of the town of Grand Isle , Louisiana evacuated the island on October 4 , while residents were also ordered to flee Lafourche and Plaquemines parishes . The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) and the United States Department of the Interior called back workers , furloughed because of the government shutdown , to assist state and local agencies . Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal authorized the mobilization of the state 's National Guard members to active duty . Abnormally high tides were reported along the coast of Louisiana . At Grand Isle , tar balls from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 were washed ashore . In Texas , the storm brought minor coastal flooding to Brazoria County . Additionally , the moisture associated with the remnants of Karen was absorbed into a frontal system and caused minor flooding in a few states , including Delaware , Georgia , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . = = = Tropical Storm Lorenzo = = = A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic on October 11 . Four days later , a mid- to upper @-@ level trough increased convection along the northern portion of the wave . The southern portion of the wave continued westward , while the northern portion moved slowly west @-@ northwestward and developed into a surface trough . Eventually , the system transitioned into a broad surface low . Despite southwesterly vertical shear , deep convection began to increase by late on October 20 . After becoming better defined , the system developed into a tropical depression at 06 : 00 UTC on October 21 while located about 620 mi ( 1 @,@ 000 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . Six hours later , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Lorenzo . On October 21 , the storm moved north @-@ northeastward around the northwestern periphery of a mid @-@ level ridge . Lorenzo strengthened further and peaked with sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 000 mbar ( 30 inHg ) at 12 : 00 UTC on October 22 . Around that time , satellite imagery indicated increased banding and an eye @-@ like feature . The cyclone then turned eastward in weak westerly low- to mid @-@ level flow . Early on October 23 , strong wind shear began impacting Lorenzo , causing the circulation to become exposed to deep convection . At 00 : 00 UTC on the following day , Lorenzo weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated into a remnant low 12 hours later . The low persisted for a few days , until it degenerated into an open trough on October 26 . The remnants of Lorenzo fueled the St. Jude storm , which struck northern Europe with hurricane @-@ force winds on October 27 and October 28 . = = = Tropical Storm Melissa = = = Early on November 17 , an extratropical low developed along a stationary front over the central Atlantic . It moved northward and became co @-@ located with an upper @-@ level low . After the fronts dissipated , deep convection began to initiate near the center . As a result , Subtropical Storm Melissa developed at 12 : 00 UTC on November 18 , about 720 mi ( 1 @,@ 160 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . Melissa moved generally northward and strengthened slightly on November 19 , but weakened later that day after convection diminished . Early on November 20 , convection increased again , and after the storm acquired a warm core , it was reclassified as a tropical storm . After becoming a tropical cyclone on November 20 , Melissa accelerated northeastward and slowly strengthened . Later that day , the storm attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar ( 29 inHg ) . Amid colder ocean temperatures , Melissa lost all of its deep convection and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 00 : 00 UTC on November 22 , at about 140 mi ( 230 km ) north @-@ northeast of Flores Island , Azores . The remnants merged with another system several hours later . = = = Unnamed Subtropical Storm = = = In early December , an upper @-@ level trough stalled to the south of a ridge in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean . Late on December 3 , an extratropical storm formed about 415 mi ( 260 km ) south of the Azores , and with the ridge to the north , it executed a cyclonic loop . Amplified by an upper @-@ level low to the west , the storm produced a large area of gale @-@ force winds . Early on December 4 the winds began to decrease . With low wind shear and water temperatures of 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , the system developed an area of convection near the center . At around 18 : 00 UTC on December 4 , the NHC noted in a tropical weather outlook that further development was possible before the cyclone encountered more unfavorable conditions . Early on December 5 , the associated frontal features dissipated and the convection became better organized , while the center had a warm core and was co @-@ located with an upper @-@ level low . It was estimated that the system transitioned into a subtropical storm at that time with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . The NHC operationally treated it as a non @-@ tropical low . After becoming subtropical , the storm turned northward due to an upper @-@ level system . The wind field gradually became smaller while the convection organized into weak rain bands . Separating from the upper @-@ level low aloft , the storm became more tropical in nature , although it was unable to complete the transition . On December 6 , the storm turned eastward due to increased upper @-@ level flow , which also increased wind shear . The circulation became distanced from thunderstorm activity , which soon dissipated entirely . After turning back to the north , the storm weakened further due to cooler water temperatures , degenerating into a remnant low on December 7 . The storm produced sustained winds of 37 mph ( 59 km / h ) on Santa Maria Island in the Azores , with gusts to 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . Late on December 7 , the system degenerated into a remnant trough about 110 mi ( 180 km ) south of the Azores . The storm was recognized as a subtropical storm by the National Hurricane Center during its post @-@ season analysis . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2013 . The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2019 season . This is the same list used in the 2007 season , except for Dorian , Fernand , and Nestor , which replaced Dean , Felix , and Noel respectively . The names Dorian and Fernand were used for the first time this year , but Nestor was not used . = = = Retirement = = = On April 10 , 2014 , at the 36th session of the RA IV hurricane committee , the name Ingrid was retired due to the damage and deaths it caused . The name was replaced with Imelda for the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season . = = Season effects = = The following table lists all of the storms that have formed in the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) ( in parentheses ) , damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2013 USD .
= Interstate 87 = Interstate 87 ( I @-@ 87 ) is a 333 @.@ 49 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 536 @.@ 70 km ) Interstate Highway located entirely within the U.S. state of New York , and is part of the main highway between New York City and Montreal . The highway begins in the Bronx borough of New York City , just north of the Triborough Bridge . From there , the route runs northward through the Hudson Valley , the Capital District , and the easternmost part of the North Country to the Canadian border in the Town of Champlain . At its north end , I @-@ 87 continues into Quebec as Autoroute 15 ( A @-@ 15 ) . I @-@ 87 connects with several regionally important roads : I @-@ 95 in New York City , New York State Route 17 ( NY 17 ; future I @-@ 86 ) near Harriman , I @-@ 84 near Newburgh , and I @-@ 90 in Albany . The route is the longest intrastate Interstate Highway in the Interstate Highway System . I @-@ 87 was assigned in 1957 as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System . The portion of I @-@ 87 south of Albany follows freeways that predate the Interstate Highway designation , namely , the Major Deegan Expressway in New York City and the New York State Thruway from the New York City line to Albany . North of Albany , I @-@ 87 follows the Adirondack Northway , a highway built in stages between 1957 and 1967 . Early proposals for I @-@ 87 called for the route to take a more easterly course through the Hudson Valley and extreme southwestern Connecticut between New York City and Newburgh . These plans were scrapped in 1970 when I @-@ 87 was realigned onto the Thruway between Westchester County and Newburgh . = = Route description = = I @-@ 87 is part of a major strategic corridor between New York City , the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , and Montreal , the second largest metropolitan area in Canada . The New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) considers the route important for commerce , as it connects with numerous highways in the region and serves approximately 80 million people along the Mid @-@ Atlantic States , New England , and Quebec . Motorists can connect to multiple highways on 87 to travel further south along I @-@ 95 through the mid @-@ Atlantic states , or through numerous other highways to travel further east into New England . = = = South of Albany = = = = = = = Major Deegan Expressway = = = = I @-@ 87 begins in the Bronx at the northern approach to the Triborough Bridge , where it connects to the Bruckner Expressway ( I @-@ 278 ) at a directional T interchange . The route heads west from the interchange , paralleling loosely with the Harlem River through Mott Haven . After 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , the highway makes a turn to the north , mirroring a change in the nearby river 's course . It passes by Yankee Stadium on its way to Highbridge , where the Deegan connects to the Cross Bronx Expressway ( I @-@ 95 and U.S. Route 1 or US 1 ) at the eastern approach to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge . The Deegan remains in close proximity to the Harlem River until the waterway turns westward at Kingsbridge to form the northern edge of Manhattan . North of Kingsbridge , I @-@ 87 generally follows a northeastern alignment , passing through the center of Van Cortlandt Park as it connects to Mosholu Parkway and Jerome Avenue . Mosholu Parkway also links I @-@ 87 to the Henry Hudson and Saw Mill River parkways , which run parallel to the Major Deegan Expressway through the western Bronx and Manhattan . Past Jerome Avenue , the freeway gains a pair of service roads and heads north to the New York City – Yonkers border . = = = = New York State Thruway = = = = At the New York City – Yonkers border , I @-@ 87 changes to the New York State Thruway as the mainline proceeds northward through Yonkers and southern Westchester County . It connects with Central Park Avenue ( NY 100 ) at exit 1 , the first of 12 exits within the county . The first few exits serve various local streets , with exit 2 providing access to Yonkers Raceway and exit 3 serving the Cross County Shopping Center . At exit 4 , I @-@ 87 connects to the Cross County Parkway , an east – west parkway providing access to the Saw Mill River , Bronx River , and Hutchinson River parkways . The north @-@ south parkways and I @-@ 95 run parallel to the Thruway through Southern Westchester . The Bronx River parkway leaves to the northeast midway through Yonkers , while the Saw Mill and Sprain Brook parkways follow the Thruway out of the city . All three highways take generally parallel tracks to Elmsford , where I @-@ 87 directly intersects the Saw Mill River Parkway at exit 7A . Not far to the north is exit 8 , a semi @-@ directional T interchange with I @-@ 287 ( the Cross @-@ Westchester Expressway ) . I @-@ 287 joins the Thruway here , following I @-@ 87 west across the Hudson River into Rockland County on the Tappan Zee Bridge . I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 287 remain overlapped for 15 miles ( 24 km ) through the densely populated southern portion of Rockland County , meeting the Palisades Interstate Parkway and the New York segment of the Garden State Parkway at exits 13 and 14A , respectively . The Thruway continues generally westward to Suffern , where I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 287 split at a large semi @-@ directional T interchange ( exit 15 ) near the New Jersey border . At this point , I @-@ 287 heads south into New Jersey while I @-@ 87 and the Thruway turn northward into the valley of the Ramapo River . The Thruway continues north through the river valley toward Harriman , where it encounters the Woodbury toll barrier , the southeastern end of the mainline 's major closed ticket system . The barrier is located on the mainline within exit 16 ( NY 17 ) , a trumpet interchange . Along with the mainline barrier in Harriman , a separate toll plaza exists on the exit 16 ramp midway between the Thruway and NY 17 exit 131 ( NY 32 ) . Now a completely tolled highway , the Thruway heads northward , roughly paralleling the Hudson River to the river 's west as it serves the city of Newburgh , the village of New Paltz , and the city of Kingston , indirectly connecting to the short I @-@ 587 in the latter . Past Kingston , the highway runs closer to the river as it parallels U.S. Route 9W ( US 9W ) through the towns of Saugerties , Catskill , Coxsackie , and Ravena . Just north of Ravena , the Thruway meets the west end of the Berkshire Connector , a spur linking the Thruway mainline to the Massachusetts Turnpike 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the east . The highway continues into the vicinity of Albany , where it connects to Troy via I @-@ 787 at exit 23 and intersects I @-@ 90 at exit 24 . The latter of the two junctions is the busiest of the Thruway 's exits , serving an estimated 27 million vehicles a year . I @-@ 87 then runs across the capital city 's residential suburbs for 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) to exit 24 , a complex interchange with I @-@ 90 . At this point , I @-@ 87 leaves the Thruway to access the nearby south end of the toll @-@ free Adirondack Northway , also known simply as the Northway , while I @-@ 90 merges in from the east to follow the Thruway toward Pennsylvania . = = = Adirondack Northway = = = Off the Thruway , I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 90 overlap for a half @-@ mile along I @-@ 90 's toll @-@ free path through the Albany area . The brief concurrency ends at exit 1 of the Adirondack Northway in Guilderland , a junction also numbered as exit 1 on I @-@ 90 . Here , I @-@ 87 turns to head north toward the Canadian border at Champlain while I @-@ 90 continues east toward downtown Albany and Rensselaer County . South of this point , the Northway feeds into a 0 @.@ 86 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 38 km ) expressway spur known locally as Fuller Road Alternate , which links I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 90 to US 20 . Fuller Road Alternate is designated as NY 910F , an unsigned reference route , by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . In 2004 , NYSDOT ceremonially designated the entire 176 @-@ mile ( 283 km ) Northway as the Adirondack Veterans Memorial Highway . = = = = Albany and Saratoga counties = = = = I @-@ 87 heads northeast from I @-@ 90 as a six @-@ lane freeway with three lanes in each direction . It immediately traverses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve and passes west of Rensselaer Lake before crossing CSX Transportation 's Hudson Subdivision and running parallel to Wolf Road , a business thoroughfare through the town of Colonie . Wolf Road itself begins adjacent to exit 2 , a cloverleaf interchange with NY 5 ( Central Avenue ) . Heading northbound , the ramp for exit 2E feeds directly into the intersection of NY 5 and Wolf Road , located just west of Colonie Center , one of the Capital District 's largest enclosed shopping malls . I @-@ 87 continues to run alongside Wolf Road to exit 4 , a modified diamond interchange serving County Route 151 ( CR 151 , named Albany Shaker Road ) and Albany International Airport . Wolf Road ends south of the exit ; however , another section begins north of the junction , carrying NY 155 away from the airport . Prior to the Thruway , there was no break in Wolf Road ; in essence , Exit 4 was built on top of Wolf Road 's intersection with Watervliet Shaker Road . I @-@ 87 and NY 155 meet at exit 5 , with the latter routed along Watervliet Shaker Road . After a brief stretch of housing tracts , I @-@ 87 connects to NY 2 and NY 7 at exit 6 , a single @-@ point urban interchange , in a commercialized part of Latham . NY 7 joins I @-@ 87 here , following the freeway for roughly 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) to exit 7 , the west end of a limited @-@ access highway previously known locally as Alternate Route 7 . While NY 7 heads east toward Troy , I @-@ 87 continues north past gradually less commercialized areas as it approaches the northern county line . The businesses ultimately give way to stretches of homes and subdivisions as the highway crosses into Saratoga County by way of the Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge , called by locals " the twin bridges " , spanning the Mohawk River . The northern portion of the Northway through Colonie and Saratoga County is now a heavily @-@ traveled commuter route as a six @-@ lane freeway . Since the highway 's construction , Saratoga County has become the fastest growing area of the Capital District , and indeed all of upstate New York . For its first few miles in Saratoga County , I @-@ 87 runs across lightly developed parts of the towns of Halfmoon and Clifton Park . Near exit 9 , however , the freeway passes through the commercial center of Clifton Park as it connects to NY 146 . Clifton Park Center , one of several shopping plazas at the junction , is situated southwest of the exit . Past exit 9 , the commercial development subsides as I @-@ 87 traverses another area dominated by housing tracts . Just north of the exit , the freeway passes a rest area for northbound traffic . The freeway continues on , passing to the west of the centers of Round Lake at exit 11 and Malta at exit 12 . After Malta , I @-@ 87 turns slightly to the northeast and begins to loosely parallel the northwestern edge of Saratoga Lake as it crosses Kayaderosseras Creek and enters Saratoga Springs . As the route comes close to downtown Saratoga Springs , it meets NY 9P at exit 14 . The junction is adjacent to the regionally popular Saratoga Race Course and thus receives heavy traffic during the racing season . A southbound @-@ only entrance ramp exists off Nelson Avenue Extension about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of exit 14 , designed to handle traffic exiting the track at Saratoga Race Course and the Saratoga Casino and Raceway . The highway continues around the eastern edge of Saratoga Springs to exit 15 , where the relatively undeveloped areas east of I @-@ 87 are briefly replaced by Wilton 's commercial district along NY 50 . As I @-@ 87 continues northeast through Wilton , it heads across significantly less developed areas , with open fields becoming the most common feature along the road . It continues into Moreau , connecting to US 9 and serving Moreau Lake State Park by way of exit 17 , a cloverleaf interchange , before crossing the Hudson River and entering Warren County . = = = = Warren and Essex counties = = = = Between the bridge and exit 18 , I @-@ 87 passes two rest areas , one for each direction . The road 's northward course through Queensbury quickly brings it to the outskirts of Glens Falls , and as such the highway heads across another swath of residential neighborhoods . Exits 18 and 19 are the main exits for the city , with the latter connecting to NY 254 near the commercial center of Queensbury . Just east of the exit is Aviation Mall , located on NY 254 just west of the route 's junction with US 9 . A northwestern turn in the freeway takes I @-@ 87 past the Great Escape amusement park and lodge , both of which are accessed from exit 20 and NY 149 . Past exit 20 , I @-@ 87 runs across increasingly remote areas of Queensbury as the road enters Adirondack Park and heads toward Lake George . The freeway closely follows US 9 northwest to the village of Lake George , where I @-@ 87 meets NY 9N via exits 21 and 22 . North of Lake George , I @-@ 87 narrows from six to four lanes as it runs alongside US 9 to Warrensburg , a small hamlet on the Schroon River served by exit 23 . While US 9 heads northwest into the community , I @-@ 87 turns northward to follow the east bank of the Schroon River for 17 miles ( 27 km ) through a deep , remote valley . The stretch ends at exit 27 , where I @-@ 87 reconnects to US 9 at the southern tip of Schroon Lake . At this point , I @-@ 87 makes a slight turn to the northeast to follow US 9 as the latter road runs along the western shoreline of Schroon Lake . Both roads pass a handful of lakefront properties on their way into Essex County and the town of Schroon , where the lake comes to an end and NY 74 begins its eastward trek to Ticonderoga at exit 28 . The Schroon River resumes north of the exit , and I @-@ 87 and US 9 follow the river and its rural valley to the northeast for 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the town of North Hudson . In North Hudson , the valley becomes less pronounced as the Schroon River reaches its source near exit 30 . Here , US 9 and I @-@ 87 cross paths again , with the former heading northwest toward Keene and the latter continuing northeast in a narrow valley formed by Ash Craft Brook . After 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) , the stream reaches its source at Lincoln Pond , leaving the Northway to climb in elevation and wind its way northeastward across the surrounding mountains . It reaches slightly more level ground in Westport , where I @-@ 87 connects to NY 9N at exit 31 . From here , the highway takes a generally northerly track across the Bouquet River to the town of Lewis , rejoining US 9 as both roads head toward Clinton County . They split again after 7 miles ( 11 km ) as US 9 veers more easterly than I @-@ 87 to serve Keeseville . The Northway , meanwhile , heads to the northwest , bypassing the village to cross the Ausable River and enter Clinton County . = = = = Clinton County = = = = Just across the county line , I @-@ 87 intersects NY 9N again at exit 34 , the southernmost junction to feature bilingual guide signs in English and French due to the road 's proximity to Quebec . Past NY 9N , the Northway curves to the north , running along the west side of Keeseville before entering another rural but fairly level stretch that follows I @-@ 87 out of Adirondack Park . Now outside the park , the highway encounters more frequent pockets of development as it follows NY 22 into the town of Plattsburgh . Just inside the town line , the Northway crosses over the Salmon River and intersects NY 22 at exit 36 , a junction serving nearby Plattsburgh International Airport . While NY 22 heads northeast into the city of Plattsburgh , I @-@ 87 runs north through its western suburbs , passing over the Saranac River and intersecting NY 3 at exit 37 . The Northway and NY 22 meet again north of downtown at exit 38 . The section of I @-@ 87 between exits 38 and 39 crosses a marshy area surrounding Dead Creek , a stream feeding into nearby Cumberland Bay . Access to the bay shore is provided off to the northeast by exit 39 , a modified cloverleaf interchange for NY 314 . Continuing away from the junction , I @-@ 87 comes within 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Lake Champlain as it follows US 9 away from Plattsburgh and northward across open , rolling fields in the towns of Beekmantown and Chazy . Outside of the hamlet of Chazy , the Northway begins to run across a series of wetlands along the west side of US 9 . The marshy terrain follows I @-@ 87 into the town of Champlain , where I @-@ 87 encounters the northernmost community along its course , the village of Champlain . I @-@ 87 veers slightly westward to avoid the village , and in doing so it meets US 11 at exit 42 , a diamond interchange just west of the village limits . I @-@ 87 takes a northerly track from US 11 , crossing the Great Chazy River and briefly entering the village limits , where it runs past a series of homes and businesses built up along nearby US 9 . As both roads head north out of the village , US 9 connects to the Northway one last time at exit 43 , the last interchange on I @-@ 87 before the Canadian border . Past the exit , the highway doubles in width , becoming eight lanes wide as it begins to run past the customs facilities on the American side of the border . The Northway and I @-@ 87 end shortly thereafter at the Canadian border , where the highway continues past the Champlain @-@ St. Bernard de Lacolle Border Crossing into Quebec as A @-@ 15 . = = History = = = = = Designation and early construction = = = I @-@ 87 was assigned on August 14 , 1957 , as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System . The highway initially utilized the pre @-@ existing New York State Thruway from Albany to Newburgh and in lower Westchester County , and the Major Deegan Expressway in New York City . From Newburgh to the Elmsford area , I @-@ 87 was to follow a new highway running parallel to US 9 northward along the eastern bank of the Hudson River to Fishkill . I @-@ 87 would then have followed the proposed I @-@ 84 across the Hudson to rejoin the Thruway outside of Newburgh . After the Hudson River Expressway proposal was cancelled in the 1960s , the alignment of I @-@ 87 was shifted further east to follow a newly @-@ completed freeway in the Route 22 corridor that started at I @-@ 287 in White Plains , then cut north through the extreme southwest corner of Connecticut before re @-@ entering New York and reaching I @-@ 84 at Brewster . I @-@ 87 then followed I @-@ 84 west to Newburgh . In 1970 , the I @-@ 87 designation was shifted to the New York State Thruway between Newburgh and the Deegan Expressway ; its previous alignment between Brewster and White Plains was redesignated as Interstate 684 . Meanwhile , all of the Adirondack Northway , the portion of I @-@ 87 slated to extend from Albany north to the Canadian border , had yet to be built . Fuller Road Alternate , the spur leading south from the Adirondack Northway to US 20 , was originally intended to be part of the Southern Albany Expressway , a proposed highway which would have connected the Northway with I @-@ 787 and run parallel to the Thruway between exits 23 and 24 . The Northway was built in segments , which became I @-@ 87 as they were completed and linked to the pre @-@ existing route . Construction began in the late 1950s on the portion of the Northway between the Thruway and NY 7 near Latham . This segment was open to traffic by 1960 , by which time work had begun on two additional segments from Latham to Malta ( at NY 67 ) and from US 9 in northern Saratoga County to US 9 and NY 149 midway between Glens Falls and Lake George village . The expressway was completed between Latham and Clifton Park ( NY 146 ) and from US 9 south of Glens Falls to the Hudson River c . 1961 . The US 9 – NY 149 section of the highway was finished on May 26 , 1961 , at a total cost of $ 9 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 75 @.@ 2 million in 2016 ) . Work on the Latham – Malta segment concluded on November 22 on that year with the opening of a $ 6 @.@ 6 million piece ( equivalent to $ 52 @.@ 3 million in 2016 ) between NY 146 and NY 67 . When the Latham – Malta segment was opened , it featured one of the few railroad grade crossings on an Interstate Highway , just south of the Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge over the Hudson . This at @-@ grade crossing was removed within a couple of years when the railroad line was cut backwards and the crossing was no longer needed . Construction on the portion of highway between the two segments began c . 1962 . The 1 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) part between NY 9P and NY 50 near Saratoga Springs was finished on July 19 , 1963 , and the entire NY 67 – US 9 segment was completed by 1964 . An extension linking NY 149 to NY 9N south of Lake George village opened in mid @-@ 1963 . By July 1963 , the Northway was completed from the Canadian border south to exit 34 at Keeseville . Additionally , the existing Albany – Lake George section was extended slightly by May 1966 to serve the northern part of Lake George . At the time , I @-@ 87 curved around the western outskirts of the village to end at NY 9N north of the village on a highway built c . 1964 . In mid @-@ 1966 , the state opened a $ 23 million section ( equivalent to $ 168 million in 2016 ) of the Northway between Lake George and exit 26 at Pottersville . I @-@ 87 was reconfigured slightly near Lake George as a result : instead of heading east to NY 9N , it continued north on a parallel routing to US 9 . The Northway 's former routing to NY 9N , known infrequently today as the Lake George Connector , is now NY 912Q , an unsigned reference route 0 @.@ 66 miles ( 1 @.@ 06 km ) in length . NY 912Q has one intermediate interchange with US 9 . On March 5 , 1967 , the Lake George – Pottersville portion of I @-@ 87 was chosen as America 's Most Scenic New Highway of 1966 by Parade Magazine . It became the second New York highway to win the award , as a stretch of NY 17 in Broome and Delaware counties was selected for the title in 1964 . = = = Filling the gaps = = = The gap in the Northway between Pottersville and Keeseville was narrowed considerably by July 1967 with the completion of a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) segment from Pottersville to exit 30 at Underwood . It was closed further on July 25 , 1967 , with the opening of a 3 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) stretch near Keeseville between exits 34 and 33 . The last section of the Northway to be built , a 30 @-@ mile ( 48 km ) stretch between Underwood and Keeseville ( exit 33 ) , was finished on August 31 , 1967 . The completion of the Northway linked New York City with Montreal by way of a direct , limited @-@ access highway , with I @-@ 87 becoming A @-@ 15 at the Canadian border . The total cost to build the Adirondack Northway was $ 208 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 48 billion in 2016 ) . Another gap in I @-@ 87 existed in downstate New York , as the plan to build I @-@ 87 along the proposed Hudson River Expressway had been scrapped by 1962 . Instead , I @-@ 87 was now proposed to begin in Port Chester and follow a new routing through Purchase , Armonk , and Katonah to Brewster , where it would join I @-@ 84 . The routing was modified slightly by 1968 : I @-@ 87 still began in New York City , then overlapped with I @-@ 287 east to Purchase . From there , I @-@ 87 headed north along the now @-@ open expressway to Armonk , where it ended at NY 22 . Another portion of the highway , from Goldens Bridge ( NY 138 ) to Brewster , was open as well while the part from Armonk to Katonah was under construction . This segment , as well as the part from Katonah to Goldens Bridge , was completed by 1971 . On January 1 , 1970 , I @-@ 87 was rerouted between Elmsford and Newburgh to follow the mainline of the Thruway instead , leaving the Purchase – Brewster freeway to become I @-@ 684 . = = = Tappan Zee Bridge replacement = = = State and federal agencies are in the process of replacing the Tappan Zee Bridge over New York 's Hudson River . The original Tappan Zee bridge is a cantilever bridge built during 1952 – 55 . The bridge is three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) long and spans the Hudson at its second @-@ widest point . The deteriorating current structure bears an average of 138 @,@ 000 vehicles per day , substantially more traffic than its designed capacity . During its first decade , the bridge carried fewer than 40 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stems from its construction immediately following the Korean War on a low budget of only $ 81 million . Unlike other major bridges in metropolitan New York , the Tappan Zee was designed to last only 50 years . The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee 's replacement to be a dual @-@ span twin bridge . The new bridge is now under construction a few yards to the north of the existing bridge , and will connect to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 87 / I @-@ 287 ) on both river banks . Construction began in 2013 , with opening targeted for 2018 . When completed in 2018 , the new Tappan Zee Bridge will be one of the longest cable @-@ stayed spans in the nation . = = = Other developments = = = A long stretch of the Northway through the Adirondack Park had been an unserved zone for cellular telephone service . In 2007 , a driver who crashed off the road was unable to summon help , prompting messages from local governments to telephone companies to add new wireless towers to address the problem and warning signs to inform travelers of the so @-@ called " dark zone " . Throughout this area , roadside emergency call boxes are located approximately every two miles on both sides of the roadway . These boxes use a two @-@ way UHF radio network to connect directly to New York State Police dispatchers . The first of 13 new cellular phone towers along I @-@ 87 was installed in October 2008 . A second cellular phone tower was completed just one month later . Exit 6 on the Adirondack Northway was originally a diamond interchange . Construction to convert the junction into a single @-@ point urban interchange began in mid @-@ 2008 and was completed on September 12 , 2010 . The total cost of the project was $ 41 @.@ 9 million . There is no exit 3 on the Northway section of I @-@ 87 , as this number was reserved for an interchange with the cancelled I @-@ 687 . A project to improve access to the Albany International Airport at exit 4 is currently underway . The two old bridges at exit 4 that carry 102 @,@ 000 vehicles a day are deteriorating and subsequently are being replaced . Once the new replacement bridges are built , the old bridges will be demolished . Construction began in February 2015 and is expected to be completed by October 31 , 2015 . = = Exit list = = The list below contains the exits along the Adirondack Northway . For exits within New York City , see the Major Deegan Expressway 's exit list . For exits along the New York State Thruway , see Exits 1 to 24 of the Thruway mainline 's exit list . The mileposts below follow actual signage , where mile 0 @.@ 00 is located just north of the overpass with I @-@ 90 . = = Auxiliary routes = = The road has three current spur routes , all located along the Thruway portion of I @-@ 87 . I @-@ 287 serves as a 99 @-@ mile ( 159 km ) bypass around New York City , beginning at the New Jersey Turnpike in Middlesex County , New Jersey , and ending at I @-@ 95 ( the New England Thruway ) near the Connecticut border in Rye . I @-@ 287 and I @-@ 87 overlap for 19 miles ( 31 km ) across Westchester and Rockland counties . East of the concurrency , I @-@ 287 is known as the Cross @-@ Westchester Expressway . The other two spurs , the 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) I @-@ 587 and the 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) I @-@ 787 , link I @-@ 87 to the cities of Kingston and Albany , respectively . Two other spurs of I @-@ 87 were planned but never constructed . In the Hudson Valley , I @-@ 487 would have run along the Hudson River from I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 287 in Tarrytown to I @-@ 84 east of Beacon . The other spur , I @-@ 687 , would have connected I @-@ 90 in Albany to I @-@ 87 near Albany International Airport in Colonie . Both routes were cancelled in the 1970s as a result of public opposition .
= 2010 Carfax 400 = The 2010 Carfax 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on August 15 , 2010 at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn , Michigan . Contested over 200 laps , it was the twenty @-@ third race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Kevin Harvick for the Richard Childress Racing team . Denny Hamlin finished second , and Carl Edwards , who started twenty @-@ fourth , clinched third . Pole position driver Kasey Kahne maintained his lead into the first corner to begin the race , but Jimmie Johnson , who started in the second position on the grid , took the lead before the first lap was over . Afterward , Greg Biffle became the leader , and would eventually lead to the race high of 66 laps . Tony Stewart led after the final pit stops , ahead of Hamlin and Harvick . Harvick helped Hamlin to become the leader , but with twelve laps left , Harvick gained on Hamlin and claimed the first position with eleven lap remaining . Harvick maintained his position to claim his first Sprint Cup victory at Michigan International Speedway . There were five cautions and nineteen lead changes among nine different drivers throughout the course of the race , Harvick 's third win of the season . The result maintained the first position in the Drivers ' Championship and clinched him a position in the Chase . He remained 293 points ahead of second place driver Jeff Gordon and 353 ahead of Denny Hamlin . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , thirty points ahead of Toyota and sixty @-@ one ahead of Ford , with thirteen races remaining in the season . A total of 105 @,@ 000 people attended the race , while 4 @.@ 917 million watched it on television . = = Race report = = = = = Background = = = Michigan International Speedway is one of six superspeedways to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Daytona International Speedway , Auto Club Speedway , Indianapolis Motor Speedway , Pocono Raceway and Talladega Superspeedway . The standard track at Michigan International Speedway is a four @-@ turn superspeedway that is 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at eighteen degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , is banked at twelve degrees . The back stretch , has a five degree banking . Michigan International Speedway had a seating capacity of 119 @,@ 500 people for the race . One team chose to replace their regular driver with a substitute . Prior to the first practice session , Extenze decided to cancel their sponsorship with Front Row Motorsports , prompting the team to replace Kevin Conway with Tony Raines . During the week leading up to the race , Gordon 's wife gave birth to their son , Leo Benjamin Gordon . Gordon said that he was not planning to retire until his son could see him in victory lane . Before the race , Kevin Harvick led the Drivers ' Championship with 3 @,@ 210 points , and Jeff Gordon stood in second with 3 @,@ 025 points . Jeff Burton was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 895 points , Kurt Busch was fourth with 2 @,@ 892 points , and Jimmie Johnson was in fifth with 2 @,@ 882 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 158 points , twenty @-@ seven points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with 102 points , was nine points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Brian Vickers was the race 's defending champion . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes . The Saturday morning session lasted 45 minutes , and the final practice session was 60 minutes in length . During the first practice session , Jeff Burton was quickest with a time of 38 @.@ 479 , ahead of Juan Pablo Montoya and Kevin Harvick in second and third . Carl Edwards followed in the fourth position , ahead of Greg Biffle in fifth . In the Saturday morning session , Biffle was quickest , ahead of Ryan Newman and Kasey Kahne in second and third . Burton and Kurt Busch followed in the fourth and fifth positions . In the final practice session for the race , Jimmie Johnson was quickest with a time of 38 @.@ 742 . David Ragan followed in second , ahead of Jeff Gordon and Harvick in third and fourth . Biffle , who was quickest in second practice , only managed fifth quickest . Denny Hamlin , who won at Michigan International Speedway in the spring , was having a difficult time trying to improve the car handling of the race car he won with . Hamlin said , " It 's going all right . We were about like we were here in [ June ] as far as speed . We 're a little bit slow on speed as far as qualifying , but we feel like the race stuff is pretty competitive . " His teammate Kyle Busch was also struggling , adding , " Our [ car ] was loose off . We jumped back and forth in practice from tight to loose . We picked up from practice , but we couldn 't rotate the center like I wanted to . " During qualifying , forty @-@ seven cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three will be able to race because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Kasey Kahne clinched his eighteenth career pole position , with a time of 38 @.@ 465 . After his qualifying run , Kahne commented , " [ Turns ] 1 and 2 were really strong . Coming to the green , I felt like I was a little bit free , and it was the same through 1 and 2 , but I got through there really good and carried a lot of speed down the backstretch . Then , when I got to Turn 3 , I couldn 't get it to turn enough , so I kind of just floored it and actually used up a lot of the racetrack , went up the track a little bit loose off [ the corner ] and definitely didn 't have as good a 3 and 4 as I would have liked . At that point , I thought I probably gave the pole away , but we were able to still hang on just from the speed that we had in 1 and 2 . " He was joined on the front row of the grid by Jimmie Johnson . Clint Bowyer qualified third , Tony Stewart took fourth , and Montoya started fifth , after being scored ninth in the final practice session . The four drivers that did not qualify were J. J. Yeley , Scott Riggs , Casey Mears , and Mike Bliss . = = = Race summary = = = The race , the twenty @-@ third out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 1 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Conditions were partly cloudy with a high of 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . Pastor Doug Bradshaw began pre @-@ race ceremonies by giving the invocation . Next , Virgin Records recording artists Saving Abel performed the national anthem , and Virginia Craig and Evander Holyfield gave the command for drivers to start their engines . Kasey Kahne held the lead going through the first corner but was passed by Jimmie Johnson before the second lap . Tony Stewart then passed Kahne for the second position . Five laps later , Greg Biffle emerged in third . By lap ten , Johnson had built 1 @.@ 7 second lead over Stewart , who was passed by Biffle for second . Biffle caught Johnson by lap 14 , but he did not snatch the lead until lap 15 . On lap 18 , Stewart took second place from Johnson , as Kevin Harvick emerged in fourth . Harvick moved into third after passing Johnson on the next lap . On lap 23 , Michael McDowell and P.J. Jones drove to the garage , followed by Joe Nemechek two laps later . On lap 28 , Harvick began closing in on Biffle , but before he could pass him , the first cautions was called . Kurt Busch 's engine had failed . On lap 39 , Biffle led the drivers in the restart . Juan Pablo Montoya moved to fifth after passing Clint Bowyer on the next lap . Johnson reclaimed third position on lap 41 but was passed by Harvick after five laps . By lap 48 , Harvick had caught and passed Stewart for the second position , and by lap 55 , Harvick had caught Biffle . Five laps later , light rain falling in turn three ( the turn following the back stretch ) prompted the second caution . On lap 61 , teams made their pit stops for fuel and tires . Biffle remained the leader when the green flag waved on lap 66 . On lap 70 , Joey Logano collided with Paul Menard , and both sustained minor damage . After starting thirty @-@ sixth , Jeff Gordon moved into the tenth position by lap 73 . Eleven laps later , Stewart took the lead from Biffle . On lap 92 , Harvick passed Biffle to claim the second position . Gordon passed Johnson for seventh as Montoya and David Reutimann began a run of green flag pit stops on lap 98 . They were followed by Johnson , Kyle Busch , and Denny Hamlin two laps later . When Stewart went to pit the next lap , Harvick became the leader . Stewart managed to reclaim the lead on lap 103 . Seven laps later , Bowyer passed Kahne for the fourth position , and Harvick moved into the first position . On lap 116 , Gordon emerged in fourth while Harvick held a 1 @.@ 5 second lead over Stewart . Ten laps later , Gordon moved into the third position . By lap 129 , Harvick had a 6 @.@ 45 second lead over Biffle , who had passed Stewart for second . On lap 137 , green flag pit stops began for the second time . Two laps later , Biffle made his pit stop . Harvick stayed on the track for another lap before pitting fast enough to hold off Biffle , therefore remaining the leader at the conclusion of the pit stops . On lap 148 , Joey Logano and Ryan Newman collided , causing Newman 's car to turn sideways , causing the third caution flag to be waved . On lap 152 , Harvick led the drivers to the green flag . Two laps later , the fourth caution came out because Jeff Gordon and Jeff Burton sustained damage to their race cars . Most drivers made a pit stop for fuel only , but Elliott Sadler stayed on track to leader the race . Sadler led on the restart , but Martin Truex , Jr. and David Ragan passed him on the following lap , relegating him to third position . On lap 166 , Ragan passed Truex , Jr. for the lead . The next lap , Stewart emerged in the first position as the fifth caution came out because of debris on the track . On lap 169 , Stewart , Harvick , Regan Smith , Scott Speed , and Hamlin stayed out on the track while the rest of the field made pit stops . Stewart led on the restart , followed by Harvick . On lap 174 , Hamlin passed Harvick for the second position and Biffle moved into fourth . Harvick helped Hamlin into the lead four laps later , but passed him for the lead on lap 189 . By lap 193 , Harvick had a 1 @.@ 35 second lead over Hamlin . Carl Edwards passed Stewart for third on the next lap . Kevin Harvick crossed the finish line in first to take his third win of the season . Denny Hamlin followed in second , ahead Edwards in third , Biffle in fourth , and Matt Kenseth in fifth . The race had five cautions and ten lead changes among five different drivers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Kevin Harvick appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his third win of the season , and his first Sprint Cup win at Michigan International Speedway , in front of a crowd of 105 @,@ 000 people . " Our cars had run good here before , but I hadn 't . The last couple of times we 've really committed ourselves to driving in different spots on the race track and doing different things from inside the car and trying to manage the practice as well as we can to not fool ourselves , " said Harvick of his triumph . Although Denny Hamlin was leading the race near the end , Harvick passed him with eleven laps left . Hamlin , who finished second , said , " He would catch me getting into turn three , I would pull away in three and four . He was quite a bit better than me in one and two . So it was kind of split . It 's pretty much all we had . Obviously the fastest car won today . So it was at least good to see that . " In the subsequent press conference , Harvick stated , " A lot of the places we would classify as places we don 't run good , we 've ran as good at those places this year as we do at the short tracks , road courses , the places you can typically count on us running good . " Richard Childress , the owner of Richard Childress Racing , expressed his enjoyment of winning the race after reminiscing about one of his other victories at the track : " I remember winning here and how proud we were to win for GM Goodwrench back in those days and to win in a GM product up here . There ’ s a lot of pride . It ’ s great to be here today and win . " Harvick spoke about the difficulty of winning at the track , saying " It 's just a lot of years of getting beat by people running up there to be honest with you . I never really could figure it out . So probably end of last year ... I went home and watched some tapes of Dale [ Earnhardt ] Jr . , some of his previous races here , because he always seemed to have a good handle on running the top groove . It was just more of a rhythm thing and some things that I needed to change in my approach to run up there . For us , I think the biggest change was not only the race cars being good , but just the approach to where we ran on the race track during the race and making that commitment . It worked out for us today . " The race result left Harvick leading the Driver 's Championship with 3 @,@ 400 points , assuring him a position in the Chase for the Sprint Cup . Jeff Gordon , who finished twenty @-@ seventh , was second on 3 @,@ 107 , sixty points ahead of Hamlin and eighty @-@ seven ahead of Tony Stewart . Jimmie Johnson was fifth with 3 @,@ 014 points . Chevrolet maintained their lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship with 167 points . Toyota placed second with 147 points , and Ford followed with 106 points , ten ahead of Dodge in fourth . 4 @.@ 917 million people watched the race on television . The race took two hours , forty @-@ six minutes and thirty @-@ eight seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 1 @.@ 731 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race results = = = = = Standings after the race = =
= Blek = Blek is a 2013 puzzle video game for iOS and Android by Kunabi Brother , a team of brothers Denis and Davor Mikan . The player draws a snakelike black line that recurs in pattern and velocity across the screen to remove colored dots and avoid black dots . It is minimalist in design , features excerpts of Erin Gee , and takes inspiration from Golan Levin , the Bauhaus , and Japanese calligraphy . The brothers designed the game as a touchscreen adaptation to classic game Snake and worked on the game for over six months . It was released in December 2013 for iPad , and was later released for other iOS devices and Android . The game received positive reviews , and critics praised the game 's degree of unrestricted play . The game reached the top of the Apple App Store charts several months after its release . It received a 2014 Apple Design Award , and has sold over one million copies . = = Gameplay = = Blek is a puzzle game in which the player draws a " snake @-@ like " black line on the screen that is recorded and played back like a pattern , recurring repeatedly across the screen . The object is to draw a line that it will remove colored dot targets when it repeats across the screen without hitting a black dot . Lines that travel off the top or bottom of the screen reset the level , while lines that travel off the left or right of the screen reflect back towards the dots . Aside from repeating the player 's drawn pattern , the stroke mimics the player 's pace in drawing the stroke . The game begins with no prompt or tutorial other than to use a finger on the screen and experiment . The first puzzles are " on open , white canvasses " where the player can solve the simple puzzles " by accident " . The 80 levels progress in difficulty and require more complex solutions . Added elements include a " chain reaction " dot that launches other dots when struck . Its sound consists of a " whoosh " that accompanies the traveling stroke , a " chime " when colored dots are hit , and a human " disappointed grumble " when black dots are hit , resetting the level . The game is depicted in flat , plain colors , with no pause feature and no option menu other than Game Center achievements . Players navigate between puzzles using three small onscreen icons . There are no in @-@ app purchases or in @-@ game advertisements . = = Development = = Blek was built for iOS by brothers Denis and Davor Mikan . While both had coding experience , neither were game developers by trade . This was their first game together as Kunabi Brother . Denis had published short stories and a novel , and Davor released music on a Crónica Electrónica . Davor previously made Flash games and developed the idea for Blek from this experience . He approached Denis about converting the video game Snake for touchscreens , and Denis returned with the idea of " a line representing an idea that springs to life after it has been drawn " . This thought was likely inspired by the calligraphy and ink drawings in a book by Japanese poet Matsuo Basho that Denis was reading . They had several prototypes by mid @-@ 2013 , when Davor joined an Parisian artist in residence program , where he felt he was treated differently when he introduced himself as a game developer instead of as a musician . This experience invigorated his interest in the game medium and led to the brothers ' push to finish the game over the next six months . The Austrian brothers ' main influences were Golan Levin 's 1998 interactive Yellowtail and Wassily Kandinsky 's Point and Line to Plane book , from his time teaching at the Bauhaus . The sound design uses excerpts from Erin Gee 's " Yamaguchi Mouthpiece I " , and their game design influences include Thatgamecompany and Patrick Smith of Vectorpark and Windosill , though they felt that other games did not singularly influence Blek 's design . They were interested in video games as toys and " as meaningful experiences " . The game was written in the Unity game engine and tested by the developers ' friends . Since the core game mechanics were set , their feedback pertained to the level design . As their primary interests were in a " unification of art , craft , and technology " , the game had no public relations or marketing campaign and its creators expressed little interest in the app 's business and marketing , though they did share the game directly with media outlets . Blek was released for iPad in December 2013 , and an iPhone and iPod Touch version followed on January 7 , 2014 . Four months after the release , they reinvested their earnings from the game into marketing . After a few YouTube campaigns , Blek was listed in Apple 's App Store lists . An Android version was released in July . Kunabi Brother are not planning a sequel , though they intend to further " experiment with touchscreens " . = = Reception = = Blek received " generally favorable reviews " , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Though the game first released in December 2013 to little fanfare , critics " widely praised " the game , and it became popular in April 2014 . It appeared in the top ten paid App Store games chart in April , reached the top by May , and was listed into June . Blek received a 2014 Apple Design Award and was featured in their Indie Game Showcase . While it had sold 30 @,@ 000 copies by February 2014 , upon being featured in the App Store , it sold 500 @,@ 000 copies by May , and over a million copies by June . Edge compared its aesthetic to iOS puzzle game Hundreds . Reviewers praised the game for the amount of freedom it affords its players . Edge called Blek " a thing of elegant , intuitive beauty " . They compared it to a " modernist , freeform , touchscreen " Snake , albeit much calmer , and described Blek as less a puzzle game than " pure intuition " and " an act of freeform creation " that privileged the process of experimentation over the goal of solving puzzles . The magazine wrote that the trial and error , muddling process of refining one 's stroke led to delightful discoveries that turned " maddening " complex prospects into " natural " solutions . In a piece for Polygon , Rod Green compared Blek to Tetris and Threes ! as a " simple premise , beautifully executed " that lends towards imitation , and added that the game would be harder to " clone " than the others due to its handmade levels . Kotaku 's Mike Fahey called it " the most brilliant iPad game " he played in 2013 . Christian Donlan of Eurogamer wrote that the game is personal . He compared its core mechanics to handwriting and doodling , noting that the recurring stroke also captures the player 's " speed and hesitancy " . Donlan wrote that the game is " lots of kinds of puzzle games " as the player may read negative spacing or try to predict the motion of a reflected stroke , and compared the later stages to mazes or minefields . Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade noted that the game 's difficulty increases around level 20 , where player precision is required , and considered this part a low point . He felt that the small margin of error in later levels lent towards frustration . Jared Nelson of the same website wrote that the game was uniquely suited for the touchscreen .
= Para @-@ snowboarding classification = Para @-@ snowboarding classification is the classification system for para @-@ snowboarding . The sport originally called Adaptive Snowboard is now practiced by hundreds of athletes around the world . The International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) defines two classes : SB @-@ LL for athletes with a physical impairment affecting one or both legs , and SB @-@ UL for athletes with a physical impairment affecting one or both arms who compete standing . The sport made its official Winter Paralympic debut in the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi , Russia . = = Eligibility = = Classifications exist for deaf competitors , blind competitors , people with physical disabilities and those with intellectual disabilities . The IPC eligibility rules provide for athletes with a physical impairment such as limb loss or limb deficiency , spinal cord injury , nerve damage , or cerebral palsy . As of 2014 , athletes with other impairments , such as visual impairments , are not eligible . The IPC defines two classes : SB @-@ LL for athletes with a physical impairment affecting one or both legs . Athletes may use a prosthesis or modified equipment to compete . SB @-@ UL for athletes with a physical impairment affecting one or both arms who compete standing . The World Snowboard Federation ( WSF ) has a more elaborate classification system , with classes SB1 to SB12 for snowboarders with limb disabilities : SB1 for athletes with severe disabilities in both lower limbs SB2 for athletes with severe disabilities in one lower limb SB3 for athletes with moderate disabilities in both lower limbs SB4 for athletes with moderate disabilities in one lower limbs SB5 for athletes with disabilities in both upper limbs SB6 for athletes with disabilities in one upper limb SB9 for athletes with disabilities in one upper and one lower limb SB10 sitting class for athletes with disabilities in both lower limbs and trunk SB11 sitting class for athletes with disabilities in both lower limbs and partial trunk function SB12 sitting class for athletes with disabilities in lower limbs and good trunk function The WSF also defines three visual impairment class , B1 , B2 and B3 , identical to those used by the International Blind Sports Federation ( IBSA ) for other sports for visually impaired athletes . = = Governance = = The sport widely called Adaptive Snowboarding held its first official competition at the 2000 USASA Nationals in Waterville Valley NH , USA . The USASA goverened adaptive snowboarding competitions in North America through 2008 , after which the World Snowboard Federation accepted international governance beginning in 2009 . It is now practiced by hundreds of athletes around the world , and governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . The IPC and the WSF signed a memorandum of understanding in July 2009 under which the WSF would continue to govern the sport until 2014 , after which the situation would be reassessed . Both organisations would continue their efforts to develop the sport . IPC Alpine Skiing governs snowboarding as well as alpine skiing , and the two share a common set of regulations . In explaining the change of the name of the sport , the WSF stated that : The change was made to bring the sport into alignment with the common terminology for sports ( except sledge hockey and wheelchair curling , which are not referred to as " para @-@ hockey " and " para @-@ curling " ) used by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . This was done in consultation with the IPC , and is part of the process of preparing the sport for inclusion in the Paralympic Winter Games . The prefix " para " is of Greek origin , and means " alongside " . It is used to illustrate how the Olympic and Paralympic movements exist side by side . Para @-@ Snowboard and Adaptive Snowboarding do not necessarily refer to the same thing , though both are practised by people with disabilities . The new name describes competitive adaptive snowboarding , and its acceptance into the Paralympic movement . For Australian competitors in this sport , the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the Australian Paralympic Committee . There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors : Provisional , national and international . The first is for club level competitions , the second for state and national competitions , and the third for international competitions . = = At the Paralympic Games = = After initially rejecting the sport in August 2011 , the International Paralympic Committee changed its mind and added Para @-@ snowboarding to the Alpine Skiing programme on 2 May 2012 . The President of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Organizing Committee , Dmitry Chernyshenko , welcomed the addition of the new sport , saying : Snowboarding is a young and exciting sport and one which is attracting new audiences and participants everywhere . Its inclusion in the Paralympics programme will give a further boost to the promotion of Paralympic sports across Russia and highlights the opportunities that sport provides to everyone . The sport made its official Winter Paralympic debut in the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi , Russia . There were men 's and women 's standing snowboard cross . Only events in the SB @-@ LL class were offered . The events were run in a time @-@ trial format ( one rider on course at a time ) , and. unlike some other Paralympic events , results were calculated without factors that adjust times based on disability classification . Each athlete got three runs over a course of jumps , bumps and turns . Times from the best two were added together for their final total . Both events were run on 14 March 2014 . The women 's event was won by Bibian Mentel @-@ Spee from the Netherlands in a time of 1 minute 57 @.@ 43 seconds . France 's Cecile Hernandez Ep Cervellon came second with a time of 2 minutes 07 @.@ 31 seconds . America 's Amy Purdy came third in 2 minutes 14 @.@ 29 seconds . The men 's event was a clean sweep for the United States . Evan Strong won in 1 minute 43 @.@ 61 seconds , followed by Michael Shea with a time of 1 : 44 @.@ 18 and Keith Gabel with a time of 1 : 47 @.@ 10 . = = Future = = The snowboarding cross events at Sochi were a success , with tickets for para @-@ snowboarding events being among the first to sell out . In April 2014 the IPC announced plans to add slalom to the events at 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea . Consideration was also given to having the snowboard cross event run with pairs of athletes competing against each other rather than as a time trial . There were still no plans to add non @-@ standing or visually impaired events . As of 2014 , visually impaired events were not , considered for medal events at WSF Para @-@ Snowboard competitions due to the small numbers of internationally competitive athletes .
= Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina = The effects of Hurricane Isabel on North Carolina were the worst from a hurricane since Hurricane Floyd made landfall in 1999 . Hurricane Isabel formed from a tropical wave on September 6 , 2003 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . It moved northwestward , and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph ( 265 km / h ) on September 11 . After fluctuating in intensity for four days , Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) on September 18 . It quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania the next day . Isabel produced moderate to heavy damage across eastern North Carolina , totaling $ 450 million ( 2003 USD , $ 579 million 2016 USD ) . Damage was heaviest in Dare County , where storm surge flooding and strong winds damaged thousands of houses . The storm surge produced a 2 @,@ 000 foot ( 600 m ) wide inlet on Hatteras Island , isolating Hatteras by road for two months . Strong winds downed hundreds of trees of across the state , leaving up to 700 @,@ 000 residents without power . Most areas with power outages had power restored within a few days . The hurricane directly killed one person and indirectly killed two in the state . = = Preparations = = By 4 days before Isabel made landfall , most computer models predicted Isabel to make landfall between North Carolina and New Jersey , and the National Hurricane Center consistently forecast a landfall on North Carolina . Initially , forecasters predicted a landfall in the northeastern portion of the state , though as the hurricane neared land the predicted landfall position was much closer to where it ultimately was . From three days in advance , the average track forecast error for its landfall was only 36 miles ( 58 km ) , and for 48 hours in advance the average track error was 18 miles ( 29 km ) . Strong confidence in Isabel 's final landfall prompted the National Hurricane Center to issue a hurricane watch for the entire North Carolina coastline about 50 hours before Isabel struck land . 38 hours before the hurricane made landfall , the National Hurricane Center upgraded the watch to a hurricane warning for the landfall area . The Newport Weather Forecast Office issued a flood potential statement two days before landfall , which indicated a threat for flash flooding . The office began preparing for the hurricane one week before landfall , and brought additional staff members to assist with hurricane related duties . Evacuation orders began on September 16 , when officials issued a voluntary evacuation for portions of four counties and one entire county . By around 24 hours before landfall , mandatory evacuations were ordered for eight counties , all of which but one were for the entire counties . All coastal counties from Cape Fear northward were under a mandatory evacuation . A survey of 603 residents in northeastern North Carolina indicated 57 % of residents along the Outer Banks and 77 % of residents in storm surge @-@ prone areas of the Pamlico Sound did not evacuate despite being under a mandatory evacuation . The two primary reasons stated for the residents ' evacuation decisions were the hurricane 's strength and track . The media and statements from officials were two other reasons . 70 % of people along the Outer Banks heard the official evacuation notices , though only 30 % of residents near the Pamlico Sound heard the notices . A majority of the respondents to the survey who heard the evacuation notices left the area . None of the surveyed evacuees from the Outer Banks went to a public shelter ; 60 % went to a friend or a relative 's house and 24 % went to a motel . Evacuees on the Outer Banks generally went elsewhere in North Carolina or to Virginia . For evacuees around the Pamlico Sound , only 9 % left for a public shelter , while 75 % left for a friend or relative 's house . Most near the Pamlico Sound remained in their own neighborhood or own county . Of the 19 North Carolina counties issuing evacuation orders , the duration of the evacuation process varied between 3 hours to 12 hours in Dare County . Five counties reported heavy amounts of traffic , while traffic problems included stalled cars along roads , inadequate route signing , and flooded or damaged roads . By the morning of the hurricane 's landfall , 65 shelters were prepared with a capacity of 95 @,@ 000 people . The American Red Cross prepared 100 feeding vehicles in staging areas , and deployed two mobile kitchens each with the capacity to provide 10 @,@ 000 meals per day . Additionally , five Southern Baptist Convention kitchens were on standby , in total being able to provide 20 @,@ 000 meals per day . = = Impact = = Hurricane Isabel produced hurricane @-@ force wind gusts throughout eastern North Carolina . The winds downed hundreds of trees , leaving up to 700 @,@ 000 without power across the state . Damage from the hurricane totaled about $ 450 million ( 2003 USD , ( $ 579 million 2016 USD ) ) . Three people were killed in the state , a utility worker attempting to restore electricity and two by falling trees . = = = Outer Banks = = = Hurricane Isabel first began affecting North Carolina about 15 hours before it struck land . Upon making landfall along the Outer Banks , the hurricane produced strong waves of 15 to 25 feet ( 4 @.@ 5 to 6 m ) in height and a storm surge of about 6 to 8 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 4 m ) . Waters reached a height of 7 @.@ 15 feet ( 2 @.@ 18 m ) in Hatteras . Storm tides along the coast peaked at 7 @.@ 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) in Cape Hatteras , though the total could be higher there due to the tide gage being destroyed by the hurricane . The surge and waves created a new inlet by washing out a portion of Hatteras Island between Hatteras and Frisco . Unofficially named Isabel Inlet , the break was 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 600 m ) wide and 15 feet ( 5 m ) deep , and consisted of three distinct channels . The formation of the inlet destroyed a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 , and also washed out three homes , dunes , power lines , and utility pipes . The new inlet destroyed all utility connections to Hatteras Village , isolating the residents there . The storm surge and waves from Isabel also resulted in a breach between Hatteras and Hatteras Inlet . The breach , which nearly became an inlet , formed from the flow of ocean water across the island , though it was not deep enough for a constant water flow . The breach occurred in an area without roads or houses , and had little impact on Hatteras residents . Rough surf and storm surge caused overwash and severe beach erosion throughout the Outer Banks , with flooding in Ocracoke reportedly being up to waist @-@ high . The hurricane produced an estimated 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain throughout most of the Outer Banks , with Duck reporting a peak of 4 @.@ 72 inches ( 120 mm ) . Wind gusts in association with the hurricane peaked at 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) in Ocracoke , with several other locations reporting hurricane @-@ force gusts . Wind and water damage across the Outer Banks was extensive . Strong waves and the storm surge from Hurricane Isabel knocked about 30 to 40 houses and several motels off of their pilings . Two families who did not evacuate were nearly swept out to sea when their home was destroyed . Local rescue was unable to reach them ; however , they were ultimately able to reach safety . The rough waves greatly affected piers in Nags Head , Rodanthe , and Frisco , with three being completely destroyed . Several locations along North Carolina Highway 12 were partially washed out or covered with debris , and 15 foot ( 4 @.@ 5 m ) sections of pavement on both sides of a bridge near Ocracoke were washed away . Strong waves destroyed a beach access ramp , as well . Several thousand homes and businesses were damaged by the passage of the hurricane , and damage in Dare County totalled nearly $ 350 million ( 2003 USD , ( $ 450 million 2016 USD ) ) . In the Outer Banks , no deaths or injuries were reported . = = = Southeast North Carolina = = = The effects of Hurricane Isabel were generally light in the southeastern portion of the state . Sustained winds reached 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) offshore in the Frying Pan Shoals , where a gust of 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) was also reported . Sustained winds were lighter along the coast , peaking at 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) at the Wilmington International Airport , while gusts reached 66 mph ( 106 km / h ) at a North Carolina State Ports Authority facility in Wilmington . Tropical storm force wind gusts were reported as far inland as Lumberton , where gusts reached 52 mph ( 54 km / h ) . The large circulation of Isabel dropped moderate rainfall across the area , peaking at 4 @.@ 51 inches ( 115 mm ) in Whiteville . Additionally , weather radars estimated over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) of precipitation fell in portions of New Hanover County . The rainfall resulted in ponding on roadways , though no severe flooding was reported . Storm tides were generally around 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) above normal , though Wilmington reported a storm tide of 3 @.@ 22 feet ( 1 m ) . Rough waves resulted in moderate beach erosion near Cape Fear and minor erosion along eastward @-@ facing beaches north of Cape Fear . Damage was minor in southeast North Carolina . Moderate winds inflicted isolated shingle and siding damage along barrier islands . The winds downed several trees , some onto cars and houses . Brief power outages were also reported . Beach erosion damaged a bridge in Bald Head Island , as well . In Chowan County , a business parking lot was under several feet of water due to flash flooding . One person was indirectly killed in Carteret County when trying to restore electricity . = = = Inland = = = Isabel produced strong winds throughout inland areas of eastern North Carolina . Plymouth , located 75 miles ( 120 km ) from where the hurricane made landfall , reported gusts to 95 mph ( 155 km / h ) . Sustained winds were lighter , with only a few locations receiving tropical storm strength winds . The passage of the hurricane resulted in moderate rainfall of up to 6 @.@ 02 inches ( 153 mm ) in Havelock . Upon making landfall , Isabel produced moderate to severe storm surges along the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers , with a location in Craven County reporting a storm tide of 10 @.@ 5 feet ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) above normal . The strong storm surge produced significant flooding in Harlowe and Oriental . Several other locations also reported flooding of streets and low @-@ lying areas . The rise of water flooded many homes in Craven County and the eastern portions of Carteret and Pamlico counties . Emergency personnel performed many rescues to people who had not evacuated and had become trapped by storm surge flooding . Several eyewitnesses reported high velocity , waist deep water moving homes , trailers , and other objects many yards inland . As the water retreated , these objects were then dragged back towards the sound . A 5 to 8 foot ( 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 4 m ) storm surge struck the western portion of the Albemarle Sound , with significant surge flooding occurring to the west of Edenton . There , the surge destroyed four homes , two of which were moved up to 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) off their concrete block foundations . Nearly 60 percent of all homes and business in Chowan County suffered some structural damage due to wind , many of which were the result of large falling trees . One female died when a tree fell on her vehicle in Chowan County . = = Aftermath = = Hundreds of residents were stranded in Hatteras following the formation of the new inlet created by rising waters . Many parts of North Carolina Highway 12 were partially washed or damaged , which slowed recovery efforts and the return of homeowners in the Outer Banks . Sections of the highway were closed to one lane . The ferry between Hatteras Island and Ocracoke Island was temporarily closed due to damage after the hurricane , though a small passenger ferry remained available for Hatteras Village residents and emergency workers . People who were not residents were not allowed to be on the Outer Banks for two weeks after the hurricane due to damaged road conditions . When visitors were allowed to return , many ventured to see the new inlet , despite a 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) walk from the nearest road . Initially , long @-@ term solutions to the Isabel Inlet such as building a bridge or a ferry system were considered , though they were ultimately cancelled in favor of pumping sand and filling the inlet . Coastal geologists were opposed to the solution , stating the evolution of the Outer Banks is dependent on inlets from hurricanes . Dredging operations began on October 17 , about a month after the hurricane struck . The United States Geological Survey used sand from the ferry channel to the southwest of Hatteras Island , a choice made to minimize impact to submerged aquatic vegetation and due to the channel being filled somewhat during the hurricane . On November 22 , about two months after the hurricane struck , Highway 12 and Hatteras Island were reopened to public access . On the same day , the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke was reopened . The breach on the southern end of Hatteras Island was filled in with sand , as well . Hardware stores experienced great demand for portable generators , chain saws , dehumidifiers , and air movers following the passage of the hurricane . Utility crews from across the country came to the state to assist in returning power , though power outages persisted for several days . Over 2 @,@ 500 utility members worked , in some cases around the clock , to restore the power . One power company restored power to 68 % of its affected customers by the day after Isabel passed through the area . By four days after landfall , 83 @,@ 000 customers were without power , down from its peak of several hundred thousand . Hours after Isabel made landfall , President George W. Bush issued a major disaster declaration for 26 North Carolina counties , which allowed the use of federal personnel , equipment and lifesaving systems and the delivery of heavy @-@ duty generators , plastic sheeting , tents , cots , food , water , medical aid and other essential supplies and materials for sustaining human life . The declaration also allocated federal funds for the long @-@ term recovery of hurricane @-@ stricken residents and business owners , as well as providing federal funds for the state and local governments to pay 75 percent of the eligible cost for debris removal and emergency services related to the hurricane , including requested emergency work undertaken by the federal government . By four days after the emergency declaration , assistance checks were mailed and used by residents to pay for what was not covered by their insurance . By four days after landfall , FEMA served around 68 @,@ 000 meals to displaced families . More than a dozen disaster recovery centers were initiated throughout the state . FEMA provided 125 @,@ 000 pounds of ice in the first few days , and prepared 200 @,@ 000 pounds of ice and 180 @,@ 000 liters of water for the following week for the remaining communities without water . By six days after Isabel struck the state , all hospitals were opened and all roads excluding North Carolina Highway 12 were passable due to emergency crews clearing roads with debris . By about one month after the hurricane struck , 32 @,@ 560 North Carolina residents applied for federal assistance , with disaster aid totaling about $ 50 million ( 2003 USD , ( $ 64 @.@ 3 million 2016 USD ) ) . Subsequent disaster declarations ultimately declared 47 North Carolina counties as disaster areas . By 12 weeks after the hurricane passed through the state , 54 @,@ 425 residents applied for federal assistance , with disaster aid totaling $ 155 @.@ 2 million ( 2003 USD , ( $ 200 million 2016 USD ) ) .
= Raglan Castle = Raglan Castle ( Welsh : Castell Rhaglan ) is a late medieval castle located just north of the village of Raglan in the county of Monmouthshire in south east Wales . The modern castle dates from between the 15th and early 17th @-@ centuries , when the successive ruling families of the Herberts and the Somersets created a luxurious , fortified castle , complete with a large hexagonal keep , known as the Great Tower or the Yellow Tower of Gwent . Surrounded by parkland , water gardens and terraces , the castle was considered by contemporaries to be the equal of any other in England or Wales . During the English Civil War the castle was held on behalf of Charles I and was taken by Parliamentary forces in 1646 . In the aftermath , the castle was slighted , or deliberately put beyond military use ; after the restoration of Charles II , the Somersets declined to restore the castle . Raglan Castle became first a source of local building materials , then a romantic ruin , and is now a modern tourist attraction . = = History = = = = = Early history of the castle = = = Following the Norman invasion of Wales , the area around the village of Raglan was granted to William FitzOsbern , the Earl of Hereford . Some historians , such as John Kenyon , suspect that an early motte and bailey castle may have been built on the Raglan site during this period : the location had strategic importance and archaeologists have discovered the remains of a possible bailey ditch on the site . The local manor was held by the Bloet family from the late 12th @-@ century until the late 14th @-@ century and the family built a manor house somewhere on the site during this period , surrounded by a park . By the late medieval period the Raglan site was surrounded by the large deer parks of Home Park and Red Deer Park , the latter being enclosed at the end of the period . = = = 15th - 16th centuries = = = The current Raglan Castle was begun by Sir William ap Thomas , the lesser son of a minor Welsh family who rose through the ranks of mid @-@ 15th century politics , profiting from the benefits of the local offices he held . William married first Elizabeth , a wealthy heiress , and then Gwladus ap Thomas , another heiress who would prove to be a powerful regional figure in her own right . In 1432 William purchased the manor of Raglan , where he had already been staying as a tenant , for 1 @,@ 000 marks ( £ 666 ) and commenced a programme of building work that established the basic shape of the castle as seen today , although most of it — with the exception of the South Gate and the Great Tower — was later built over . William 's son dropped the Welsh version of his name , calling himself William Herbert . He continued to rise in prominence , supporting the House of York during the War of the Roses , fighting in the Hundred Years War in France but making his fortune from the Gascon wine trade . He was also closely associated with Welsh politics and status , being the first Welshman to be made an earl and being described by contemporary poets as the " national deliverer " who might achieve Welsh independence . In the 1460s William used his increasing wealth to remodel Raglan on a much grander scale . The symbolism of the castle architecture may have reflected the Welsh family roots — historian Matthew Johnson has suggested that the polygonal towers were possibly designed to imitate those of Caernarvon Castle , whose architecture carries numerous allusions to the eventual return of a Roman Emperor to Wales . The resulting castle was what historian Anthony Emery has described as one of the " last formidable displays of medieval defensive architecture " . There was an important link between the Raglan Castle and the surrounding parkland , in particular the Home Park and the Red Deer Park . Historian Robert Liddiard suggests that on the basis of the views from the castle at this time , the structured nature of the parks would have contrasted with the wilderness of the mountain peaks framing the scene beyond , making an important statement about the refinement and cultured nature of the castle lord . In the 15th century there were also extensive orchards and fish ponds surrounding the castle , favourably commented upon by contemporaries . William Herbert was executed in 1469 as a Yorkist supporter after the Battle of Edgecote Moor . Building work may have stopped for a period under his son , also called William Herbert , before recommencing in the late 1470s . By 1492 , the castle passed to Elizabeth Somerset , William Herbert 's daughter , who married Sir Charles Somerset , passing the castle into a new family line . Sir Charles Somerset was politically successful under both Henry VII and Henry VIII , being made the Earl of Worcester . His son , Henry Somerset , died shortly after inheriting Raglan , but not before using lead reclaimed from Tintern Abbey to help the building work at Raglan Castle during the dissolution of the monasteries . His son and grandson , William Somerset and Edward Somerset , proved to be what John Kenyon describes as " wealthy , brilliant and cultured men " . William rebuilt much of the Pitched Stone Court , including the hall , adding the Long Gallery and developing the gardens into the new Renaissance style . The Somerset family owned two key castles in the region , Raglan and Chepstow , and these appeared to have figured prominently as important status symbols in paintings owned by the family . = = = 17th century = = = Edward Somerset made minor improvements to the interior of the castle at the start of the 17th century , but focused primarily on the exterior , expanding and developing the gardens and building the moat walk around the Great Tower . The resulting gardens were considered the equal of any other others in the kingdom at the time . Upon inheriting Raglan in 1628 , Henry Somerset , then the 5th Earl of Worcester , continued to live a grand lifestyle in the castle in the 1630s , with a host of staff , including a steward , Master of Horse , Master of Fishponds , surveyors , auditors , ushers , a falconer and many footmen . The interior walls were hung with rich tapestries from Arras in France , while an inventory taken in 1639 recorded a large number of silver and gilt plate kept in the Great Tower , including a basket for the consumption of oranges and lemons , then luxury items in Wales . Mead was a popular drink in the castle , but contemporaries described the castle as being a particular sober and respectful community . Henry developed the entrance route to the castle , including building the Red Gate . His son Edward , Lord Herbert became famous for building a " water commanding machine " in the Great Tower , which used steam to pump a huge spout of water high into the air from the moat . However , in 1642 civil war broke out between the rival Royalist supporters of King Charles I and Parliament . Raglan Castle was still held by Henry , then an elderly man , supported by his son , Lord Herbert . Both men were firm royalists . King Charles sent his own son , Prince Charles , on a fund @-@ raising tour of friendly regions , starting with Raglan Castle in October 1642 , following which Henry was promoted to be the first Marquess of Worcester . Tensions grew in the immediate region , partially driven by religious tensions between some of the more Protestant local people and the Roman Catholic Marquess ; on one of these occasions a local group attempted to search the castle , but were reportedly driven away by the sudden noise of Lord Herbert 's steam @-@ engine . The defences of Raglan were improved after this , with modern earthwork bastions built around the castle and a powder mill created ; a garrison of around 300 men was established at a cost of £ 40 @,@ 000 . Heavier cannon were installed in the bastions , with lighter pieces placed in the castle towers . Lord Herbert left the castle to join the campaign against Parliament , returning at intervals to acquire more funds for the war . Charles I himself visited the castle twice , first in June 1645 after the battle of Naseby and again in 1646 , when he enjoyed playing bowls on the castle 's green . The Royalist cause was now close to military collapse , and the Marquess started to send some valuables , including the oak panelling from the parlour , some plaster ceiling and many pictures , to his brother at nearby Troy House for safe @-@ keeping . Lord Herbert was captured in Ireland , and an attack on Raglan itself appeared imminent . In the expectation of a siege , the castle garrison was increased to around 800 soldiers ; the avenue of trees outside the castle gates were cut down , and neighbouring buildings destroyed to avoid them being used by Parliamentary forces . Large amounts of food were brought in to support the growing castle community , which also included a number of the wider Herbert family and other regional Royalist leaders who had sought shelter there . The first Parliamentary army arrived in early June , under the command of Colonel Morgan and Sir Trevor Williams . After several calls for the castle to surrender , a siege ensued , lasting through the summer months . In August , additional Parliamentary forces under General Fairfax arrived , and calls for the castle to surrender were renewed . Fairfax 's men began to dig trenches towards the castle , and used these to move mortars forward , probably including the famous " Roaring Meg " , bringing the interior of the castle into artillery range . Facing a hopeless situation , the Marquess surrendered the castle on 19 August on relatively generous terms for the garrison . The Marquess himself was arrested and sent to Windsor Castle , where he died shortly afterwards . Fairfax ordered the castle to be totally destroyed under the supervision of Henry Herbert , a descendant of William ap Thomas . The fortifications proved too strong , however , and only a few of the walls were destroyed , or slighted . Historian Matthew Johnson describes the event as having the atmosphere of a " community festival " , as local people dredged the castle moat in search of treasure , and emptied the fishponds of valuable carp . The castle 's library , including an important collection of Welsh documents and books , was either stolen or destroyed . Despite some immediate confiscations after the siege , by the time of the Restoration of Charles II , the Somerset family had managed to recover most of their possessions , including Raglan Castle . Henry Somerset , the 3rd Marquesse , decided to prioritise the rebuilding of his other houses at Troy and Badminton , rather than Raglan , reusing some of the property sent away for safety before the war , or salvaged after the slighting . = = = 18th to 21st centuries = = = For the first half of the 18th century , the castle continued to deteriorate , with the Somerset family allowing their stewards to quarry stone from the castle for the repair of other estate buildings . One particular estate surveyor called Hopkins became known as the " Grand Dilapidator " , due to the number of chimneys , window frames and staircases he had removed from the castle . Henry Somerset , the 5th Duke , finally put an end to this practice in 1756 , and the castle became a tourist attraction , part of the popular Wye Tour . Seats , fences and bridges were installed , and first guidebook to the site was published in the early 19th century . The Great Hall was temporarily re @-@ roofed in the 1820s , when the castle was used for a " Grand Entertainment " by the Somersets , and in 1830 Jeffrey Wyattville was employed to reinstate the Grand Staircase . In 1938 Henry Somerset , the 10th Duke , gave Raglan Castle to the Commissioner of Works , and the castle became a permanent tourist attraction . Today , the castle is classed as a Grade I listed building and as a Scheduled Monument , administered by Cadw . = = Architecture = = Raglan Castle was built in several phases , initial work occurring in the 1420s and 1430s , a major phase in the 1460s , with various alterations and additions at the end of the 16th century . The castle was built in stone , initially pale sandstone from Redbrook , and later Old Red Sandstone , with Bath Stone used for many of the detailed features . Like similar properties of the period , the castle of the 1460s was almost certainly designed to be approached and entered in a particular way , maximising the aesthetic and political value of the fortification . At Raglan , the design highlighted the Great Tower : a typical senior visitor would ride through Raglan village , and first the tower and then the rest of the castle would appear suddenly over the slight rise on the hill . A visitor would have needed to circle the Great Tower and the moat , before coming in through the gatehouse , into the Pitched Stone Court , around the edge of the communal hall , before reaching the previously hidden , and more refined , inner Fountain Court . Only then would a privileged guest be able to enter the Great Tower itself , overlooking the Herbert family 's own chambers . Many less senior visitors or servants would never have entered this far , seeing only the external elements of the castle , but perhaps having been impressed by the outside of the Great Tower as they arrived . There has been much discussion amongst academics about the extent to which Raglan was influenced by contemporary French designs ; one school of thought suggests that it was heavily influenced by designs that were then popular in the south of France ; others oppose this " diffusionist " school of thought , and argue that there is insufficient evidence to draw such a conclusion . Another line of debate has been over the nature of the castle 's defences , in particular its gunloops . Many castles built around the same time as Raglan appear to have been built with less concern for defences than in the past , their military features more symbolic than real . At Raglan , there are numerous gunloops throughout the castle 's defences , but many were ill @-@ placed if the intention was to use them in a conflict ; some could barely have been used at all . Traditionally , an evolutionary explanation for this was given : Raglan 's gunloops were of an early period , later surpassed in other castles . More recent explanations emphasis the prestigious symbolism of gunloops for the Herbert family when they built the castle , even if many might have been impossible to use . Anthony Emery notes that Raglan 's gunloops were better sited than many at the time , and at least " the owner was up to date in his symbolism " ; Robert Liddiard suggests that the poor placing of some of the gunloops for aesthetic purposes might have actually been a conversation point for those visitors with experience of fighting in France and the " correct " placing of such defences . = = = Gatehouse and Closet Tower = = = The three @-@ storey gatehouse to Raglan Castle dates from the 1460s and is approached over a stone bridge restored in 1949 . Characterised by extensive machicolations and gunloops , the gatehouse would originally have had a twin @-@ set of portcullises and a drawbridge . The intention of the design was at least partially defensive , but was also intended to provide a dramatic and impressive entrance for senior visitors to the castle . The upper part of the gatehouse provided chambers for the constable of the castle . Immediately to the west of the gatehouse was the castle library , once famous for its collection of Welsh literature . On the east side of the gatehouse is the three @-@ storey Closet Tower ; this was designed to be integral to the gatehouse , and may have contained the original castle treasury , conveniently accessible by the constable . The Closet Tower was partly altered in later years , possibly to allow the basement to be used as a magazine in the English Civil War . = = = Pitched Stone Court and Fountain Court = = = The Pitched Stone Court forms the north @-@ east corner of the castle , and provided a centre for the castle services and servants ; it takes its name from the late @-@ Tudor cobbling , or pitched stones . On the east side of the court is the former office wing , a 16th @-@ century construction mostly destroyed during the siege of 1646 . The castle kitchens and pantries are on the north side , containing two large fireplaces and storage facilities for food and supplies in their cellars . In the 1460s , the first floors to these buildings included chambers for the senior servants . The buttery in the north @-@ west corner would have been used to store and serve beer and wine . On the south @-@ west side of the court is the hall , a 16th @-@ century design incorporating an earlier hall on the same site . 64 by 28 feet ( 19 @.@ 5 by 8 @.@ 5 metres ) wide , the hall was originally 42 feet ( 13 metres ) high , with a roof made of Irish oak , lit and ventilated by a cupola in the middle . A large oriel window lit the end of the hall occupied at dinner by the earls of Worcester , which by the time Raglan was built would have been used only for larger formal occasions . Originally , the hall would have been fitted with carved wooden panelling and a minstrel 's gallery . The Fountain Court lies to the west of the Pitched Stone Court , and is named after a marble fountain that once stood in the centre of it , featuring a white horse on a black marble base , complete with a flow of running water . The fountain was probably installed somewhat after the initial construction of the court in the 1460s , dating instead to Edward Somerset in the late 16th @-@ century ; the horse symbolised Edward 's prestigious role as Master of the Horse . The Fountain Court was built to provide luxurious accommodation for the family and guests — by the 15th century , it was important to be able to provide private chambers for visitors , and this court could hold up to four distinct groups of visitors in comfort . The Fountain Court as a whole is marked by what Augustus Pugin described as extremely fine , elegant and delicate stonework . The castle chapel runs alongside the east side of the court , 41 feet ( 12 metres ) long and originally laid with bright yellow and tiles and decorated with gold and silver vestments . The Long Gallery stretches across the whole east first @-@ floor of the Fountain Court and , although now ruined , would have been a show @-@ piece for the earls ' wealth and power . The gallery was 126 feet ( 38 metres ) long and during the Tudor period it would have been wood @-@ panelled throughout and lined with tapestries and paintings . The Long Galley was intended to allow family and guests to relax inside and to admire the gardens , water gardens and the deer park to the north of the castle . Although most of this decoration has since been lost , two caryatid statues can still be seen on the walls of the Long Galley , modelled on a work by the French artist Hugues Sambin . The west side of the Fountain Court comprises the apartments , with a number of bay windows and window seats facing west and north across the park . The Grand Staircase divides the apartments ; restored between 2010 and 2011 , the staircase would originally have had a substantial porch , similar to the one that survives in the Pitched Stone Court , and would have been a centre @-@ piece of the Fountain Court . The apartments to the west of the staircase are more complex than the others , designed to create somewhat greater privacy , and overlooked the gardens to the west of the castle . On the south side of the court is the South Gate , the original entrance to the castle prior to the 1460s reconstruction . The fan vaulted gatehouse closely resembles the contemporary cloisters at Gloucester Cathedral , but by the 16th century had been converted to the entrance to the bowling green in the terrace beyond . On the south @-@ east side of the court were the 16th @-@ century parlour and , on the first @-@ floor , the dining room , both 49 by 21 feet ( 14 @.@ 9 by 6 @.@ 4 m ) . These were intended to provide rooms that were more private than the main hall , but more public than a personal chamber . Now ruined , they would originally have been decorated with carved wainscoting and elaborate , carved chimney @-@ pieces . Alongside these rooms , overlooking the Great Tower , were the private rooms for the lord 's family , of higher quality than the other accommodation in the castle . Some of the carved badges and shields on the external walls of these state apartments still remain intact , as in the hall ; these were a popular contemporary feature of 15th @-@ century great castles , and would have created a similar effect to those at Warkworth and Raby Castle . = = = Great Tower = = = The Great Tower at Raglan Castle , sometimes called the Yellow Tower of Gwent , sits outside the rest of the castle , protected by a moat and linked to the Fountain Court by a bridge . The fortification is representative of a trend during the 15th and 16th centuries in British castle building : tower keeps such as this , large , solid buildings designed for private accommodation , probably inspired by those in France , had started to appear in the 14th century at Dudley and Warkworth . In the 15th century the fashion spread , with the creation of French @-@ influenced palatial castles featuring complex tower keeps , such as those at Wardour and Tattershall . These were expensive buildings to construct , each built to a unique design and , as historian Norman Pounds has suggested , " were designed to allow very rich men to live in luxury and splendour " . The hexagonal Great Tower was probably begun in the 1430s and 1440s , possibly on the motte of a previous castle . The tower today has lost not only one of its walls but part of its upper structure , and would originally have been three storeys high with probably additional machicolations on top similar to those on the gatehouse . It was designed to be a self @-@ contained fortification , with its own water and food supplies , and luxurious quarters lit by large windows on the upper floors . Originally the tower was reached by a bascule drawbridge , usually considered to be drawn from contemporary French designs , such as those at Ferté @-@ Milon and Vannes . This drawbridge was designed to have two parts — a wide , heavy bridge that would be raised or lowered when the family was in residence , and a thinner bridge , easier to lift , designed for the use of servants at other times . The Herberts used the bridge as their badge , and it can be seen in the carved window designs around the castle . The drawbridge was replaced with a grander stone bridge in the 1460s , probably at a cost of around £ 900 to £ 1000 . An apron wall with six turrets was also added around the tower at around the same time . The original moat around the tower would have been a simple design , but it was redesigned in the 1460s to provide a walkway around the outside of the Great Tower . The niches in the walls of the walkway are of 17th @-@ century origin , and would originally have held classical statues - the walkway would have provided a dignified way of admiring the Great Tower . It is likely that fish would have been bred in the moat . = = = Landscape and gardens = = = The former 16th and 17th @-@ century gardens of Raglan Castle are still visible in the form of several long terraces to the north of the castle , overlooking the lower ground beyond . First created in the second half of the 16th @-@ century , these terraces would originally have included a number of knot gardens , probably with Italianate sculpture and carved stone balustrades . The gardens at their peak would have probably resembled those at Nonsuch Palace , where the Somersets also had an interest as the royal keepers . The valley below retains some signs of the drainage ditches that once formed part of the water gardens that flooded the bottom of the site , although the original " water @-@ parterre " to the north @-@ west of the castle , another water garden in the south , and the extensive gardens around the south @-@ west of the castle are now no longer visible . The castle 's bowling green still survives , on a terrace just beyond the South Gate entrance . The castle 's parks reverted to agricultural use by the 19th century , and Raglan is now surrounded by fields .
= Wahrlich , wahrlich , ich sage euch , BWV 86 = Wahrlich , wahrlich , ich sage euch ( Truly , truly I say to you ) , BWV 86 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for Rogate , the fifth Sunday after Easter , and first performed it on 14 May 1724 . An unknown poet began the text with a quotation from the farewell discourses of Jesus . He used a stanza of Georg Grünwald 's hymn " Kommt her zu mir , spricht Gottes Sohn " in movement 3 and as the closing chorale a stanza from " Es ist das Heil uns kommen her " by Paul Speratus ( 1524 ) . Bach structured the cantata in six movements , a gospel quotation in the beginning , chorales as movements 3 and 6 , otherwise recitatives and arias . He scored it for three vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d 'amore , strings and continuo . = = History and words = = Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig in his first annual cycle as Thomaskantor for the fifth Sunday after Easter , called Rogate . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle of James , " doers of the word , not only listeners " ( James 1 : 22 – 27 ) and from the Gospel of John , from the farewell discourses of Jesus , prayers will be fulfilled ( John 16 : 23 – 30 ) . The theme of the cantata is a quotation from the gospel at the beginning , the promise of Jesus " Verily , verily , I say unto you , whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name , he will give you " . An unknown poet used as movement 3 the 16th stanza of Georg Grünwald 's hymn " Kommt her zu mir , spricht Gottes Sohn " ( 1530 ) , and as the closing chorale the eleventh stanza of " Es ist das Heil uns kommen her " by Paul Speratus ( 1524 ) . The poet hints at the question how the promise can be understood looking at the reality of life . In movement 2 he uses the image of a rose with thorns to illustrate two conflicting aspects . In movements 3 and 4 he confirms the promise which has to be seen in the perspective of time . Movement 5 refers to the waiting for a promise being kept , and the closing chorale assures that God knows the right time . The structure of the six movements – a gospel quotation in the beginning , chorales as movements 3 and 6 , the sequence of recitative and arias – is similar to Wo gehest du hin ? BWV 166 , first performed one week earlier . Bach first performed the cantata on 14 May 1724 . = = Scoring and structure = = Bach structured the cantata in six movements , beginning with a biblical quotation for the vox Christi , Jesus speaking . An aria is followed by a chorale for the soprano , a set of recitative and aria , and the closing chorale , the only movement for choir . Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists ( alto , tenor , bass ) , a four @-@ part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Music = = = = = 1 = = = The gospel quotation , " Wahrlich , wahrlich , ich sage euch , so ihr den Vater etwas bitten werdet in meinem Namen , so wird er 's euch geben . " ( Truly , truly I say to you , whatever you ask of the Father in My name , so will it be given to you . ) , is given to the bass as the vox Christi , the voice of Jesus . The instruments , strings probably doubled by oboe d 'amore , introduce vocal motifs which the voice picks up . The bass sings the text three times , while the instruments continue playing the same motifs . Julian Mincham observes : " The richness of the text , the unobtrusive nature of the melodic ideas and the gently flowing rhythms combine to create an appropriate atmosphere of dignified restraint " . = = = 2 = = = In the alto aria , " Ich will doch wohl Rosen brechen " ( I will yet indeed pluck roses ) , the voice is accompanied by the strings and a violin obbligato in virtuoso figuration , which may illustrate the heavenly light promised as the final fulfillment . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 , interprets the solo violin 's motif as an image of plucking a rose , who notes that the solo violin is silent when fulfillment is reached ( " For He has pledged His word " ) . = = = 3 = = = In the chorale , " Und was der ewig gültig Gott in seinem Wort versprochen hat " ( And whatever the eternally merciful God has promised with His word ) , the unadorned cantus firmus in the soprano is embedded in a trio of the two oboes d 'amore and the continuo . Gardiner notes that the oboes ' music may illustrate the " stratospheric circling of the angelic host " which the hymn text refers to . = = = 4 = = = In a short tenor recitative for tenor , " Gott macht es nicht gleichwie die Welt , die viel verspricht und wenig hält " ( God does not do as the world does , that promises much and upholds little ) , the musicologist Julian Mincham notes " a moment of harsh severity in the melody at the mention of the world ′ s failings " . = = = 5 = = = In the tenor aria , " Gott hilft gewiß ; wird gleich die Hilfe aufgeschoben " ( God helps indeed ; even if that help is delayed ) , a motif on the first line is introduced by the violin , repeated by the voice , and repeated several times . = = = 6 = = = The closing chorale , " Die Hoffnung wart ' der rechten Zeit " ( Hope awaits the right time ) , is set for four parts . = = Selected recordings = = The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs are roughly marked as large by red background ; vocal groups with one voice per part ( OVPP ) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green . = = = Complete cycles = = =
= Napoleon Dynamite ( TV series ) = Napoleon Dynamite is a 2012 American animated sitcom television comedy series based on the 2004 indie film of the same name . Set in the small town of Preston , Idaho , it follows the adventures of the titular 16 @-@ year @-@ old boy , who thinks he is skilled at everything . The series was created by the film 's co @-@ writers and directors Jared and Jerusha Hess , who developed it with Mike Scully and proposed it to Fox . The series received mixed reviews ; critics were divided on how well the source material translated to animation . The premiere episode had a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 5 million viewers , but the ratings later dropped and the last four episodes averaged only 4 million viewers . The series ranked sixth in viewership among teenagers . In the United States , Napoleon Dynamite originally ran on Fox 's Animation Domination lineup from January 15 to March 4 , 2012 for six episodes , before being cancelled . The show is now airing reruns in Canada on Adult Swim . = = History = = Married couple Jared and Jerusha Hess were co @-@ writers and directors of the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite , and had wanted to do an animated version since the film 's release . They thought animation was the best way to continue the world of Napoleon Dynamite as the original actors had grown too old to play teenage characters . Following the film 's success , Fox Searchlight Pictures wanted a sequel , but the Hesses delayed due to commitments to other projects and fear that audiences would tire of the Napoleon Dynamite characters . Development of the series began in 2009 when Jared Hess met with writer @-@ producer Mike Scully to propose an animated version of the film to him . Scully stated that " Napoleon Dynamite as an animated series made " perfect sense " to him , and the two presented a nine @-@ minute pilot episode to Fox in 2010 . That May , Fox officially confirmed that an animated series with the original cast was in development with close involvement from the Hesses . Fox placed an order for six episodes as a trial run , and in July 2011 ordered seven additional scripts to be put into production if the series was renewed for a second season . The show was overseen by the Hesses and Scully . The series premiered on January 15 , 2012 , as a mid @-@ season replacement for the animated series Allen Gregory . During its six @-@ episode run , Napoleon Dynamite had no consistent schedule ; it was constantly shifted on the Fox schedule in favor of football and award shows . On May 15 , 2012 , Fox announced a schedule for its 2012 – 13 season that dropped Napoleon Dynamite from the listings . The complete series was released on a single DVD in November 2014 by Olive Films . = = Premise = = The Hesses set the series towards the end of the Napoleon Dynamite film ; Scully said they transferred the characters and premise , but not the events of the film . In the film , set in the small town of Preston , Idaho , Napoleon ( Jon Heder ) is an awkward 16 @-@ year @-@ old who loves practicing ninja moves , soul dancing and drawing pictures of the liger , an animal he says is bred for its skills in magic . He makes up stories about himself about hunting wolverines in Alaska and a gang wanting him to join because of his skill with a bo staff . His brother Kip ( Aaron Ruell ) is an unemployed 32 @-@ year @-@ old ; flimsy and gawky , he is the target of Napoleon 's outlashes , although he often brags of his wrestling abilities and overall coolness ; he spends his days in an internet chat room talking to a woman named Lafawnduh . The two live with their grandmother , Carlinda ( Sandy Martin ) , who enjoys riding all @-@ terrain vehicles . Deborah " Deb " Bradshaw ( Tina Majorino ) is shy outcast who is infatuated with Napoleon . Napoleon 's uncle Rico ( Jon Gries ) is a middle @-@ aged man who lives in a camper van and is obsessed with his failed football career and with attempts at get rich quick schemes . Rex Kwon Do ( Diedrich Bader ) is a self @-@ declared martial @-@ arts master who runs a dojo . Napoleon becomes friends with a new student , a Mexican immigrant named Pedro Sánchez ( Efren Ramirez ) who rarely conveys emotion or speaks . Pedro runs for class president after seeing a poster at the school dance . On the election day , he gives a mediocre speech in front of the student body . Napoleon does a dance routine as Pedro 's skit for the election and receives a standing ovation , saving the campaign and winning Pedro the election . Following the campaign , Kip and Lafawnduh meet each other in real life and are wed . Jared Hess has stated that the series takes place before the marriage , but after Pedro 's election , and several new characters are introduced . Main cast of Napoleon Dynamite = = Series overview = = = = Episodes = = = = Reception = = Reviews for the show 's premiere episode were mixed . Linda Stasi of the New York Post praised its humor as almost as funny as the film , and Nancy Smith of The Wall Street Journal called it " a dream come true " for fans of the film . Ed Bark of UncleBarky.com enjoyed the show and said it was " far funnier " than the Fox animated comedies Bob 's Burgers and Allen Gregory . Simon Moore of Flickering Myth compared the show 's " left @-@ field laughs " favorably to the humor in The Simpsons and Futurama . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle found the writing not funny , writing that he could not see " Jon Heder 's expressionless face " as he talked in the animation . The Staten Island Advance said the change to animation freed Napoleon from real @-@ world limitations , but thought it " lessen [ ed ] the overall appeal of the character and setting " . Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times did not like the movie and liked the animated series even less ; she thought the emotions and physical humor were lost in the change to animation . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the show a neutral review : " To say the show represents an improvement over Allen Gregory is not much of an endorsement , but there is something amusing about Heder 's monotonic voice and Napoleon 's utter lack of self @-@ awareness , along with fast @-@ paced gags like a miniature golf course where hitting the ball into Hitler 's mouth wins a free round . " Robert Bianco of USA Today called the first episode a " vulgarized premiere " that detracted from the film 's qualities , but called the second one a " sweeter , funnier improvement " . Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote of the pacing that the " satirical silence or non @-@ sequitur scenes slowly compiled to establish tone " in the film , but were sacrificed for the faster pace of a network TV show.Mirna Valerio Simon Moore of Flickering Myth disagreed the faster pace was to the show 's detriment , calling the film 's " snail @-@ like pace ... its biggest flaw " . Despite canceling the show , Fox touted in a press release that it had an averaged 2 @.@ 8 / 7 Nielsen share and 5 @.@ 8 million viewers for the six episodes , and that it ranked sixth in teenage viewership against other television networks . The show ranked # 56 in the adults 18 @-@ 49 ratings and # 103 in the total viewership rankings for the 2011 @-@ 12 television season . = = Syndication = = On August 20 , 2015 , Adult Swim Canada announced they would begin airing reruns of the series in September 2015 . = = International broadcasting = =
= Q Who = " Q Who " is the 16th episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . The episode first aired in broadcast syndication on May 5 , 1989 . It was written by executive producer Maurice Hurley and directed by Rob Bowman . " Q Who " marked the first appearance of the Borg , who were designed by Hurley and originally intended to appear in the first season episode " The Neutral Zone " . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , the omnipotent entity known as " Q " ( John de Lancie ) arrives on the Enterprise and decides that Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) was acting in an arrogant manner . Q then sends the ship across the galaxy where the crew make first contact with the cybernetically enhanced assimilating race known as the Borg . After the crew fail to defeat a Borg vessel , Picard is forced to beg for Q 's help . Costume designs were created by Dorinda Wood , while Michael Westmore developed the prosthetics worn on the actor 's heads . The designs were reminiscent of creations of H. R. Giger and the character Lord Dread from the television series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future . The episode went over budget and nearly required additional filming time . " Q Who " was watched by 10 @.@ 3 million viewers . The critical reception has been positive , with the episode described as the first " great episode " of the series . It was nominated for three Emmy Awards , winning two . = = Plot = = On his way back to his quarters , Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) steps off a turbolift and instead of finding himself in a corridor onboard the Enterprise , ends up on board a shuttlecraft with Q ( John de Lancie ) at the controls . Picard demands to be returned to the Enterprise , but Q refuses until Picard agrees to at least hear Q 's requests . Q then transports them to Ten Forward , where Guinan ( Whoopi Goldberg ) , who recognizes him , warns Picard not to trust him . Q reveals that he wants to join the crew to assist them as they push further into unexplored regions of the galaxy , asserting they are not ready for the threats they will encounter . Picard chooses to make their own way into the unknown , and rejects Q 's offer . Irritated by Picard 's arrogance , Q sends the Enterprise thousands of light years across the galaxy , then disappears . Lt. Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) reports that the nearest starbase is over two years away at maximum warp . An agitated Guinan warns Picard to set course for home immediately , but Picard is curious to explore the new area . They discover a nearby planet that shows signs of a previous civilization but has been stripped of all industrial and mechanical elements , and are then met by a much larger cube @-@ shaped vessel which does not answer their hails . Guinan warns Picard that the ship belongs to the Borg , a powerful , cyborg @-@ like race that nearly wiped out her people , scattering the survivors across the galaxy , and again urges Picard to leave immediately . Though Picard orders the Enterprise 's shields raised , a single Borg transports into Engineering and begins to probe the Enterprise 's computer systems . Lt. Worf ( Michael Dorn ) initially attempts to incapacitate the intruder with his phaser set on stun , which has no effect , and is forced to increase power to kill the Borg instead . Immediately afterwards , a second Borg appears to continue probing the computer , and proves to be immune to phaser fire . Completing its mission , it strips several components from the dead Borg and disappears . The Borg ship then contacts the Enterprise and demands their surrender . When Picard refuses , the Borg use a cutting beam to slice into the Enterprise 's saucer section and remove a cross @-@ section of the ship , killing eighteen people . Picard orders return fire , and the Enterprise appears to disable the Borg ship . Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) takes an away team to the Borg cube where they find that the Borg are still active but focusing their attention on repairing their ship 's damage . The away team returns , and Picard orders that they depart at maximum warp . The Borg ship immediately reactivates and begins pursuit , gaining on the Enterprise . Q appears on the bridge and warns Picard that the Borg will never stop chasing them , and cannot be defeated . Picard attempts to fight back against the Borg to no avail , and finally admits he needs Q 's help . Q obliges , returning the Enterprise to its last position in Federation space . Picard , though thankful for Q 's lesson , blames Q for the deaths of his crew . Q disappears , but not before reminding them again of their ill @-@ preparedness . Guinan warns Picard that now that the Borg are aware of the Federation 's presence , they will be coming . Picard reflects that perhaps Q did the right thing for the wrong reasons by bringing forward their encounter with the Borg , as it has prepared the Federation for what lies ahead of them as they continue to explore . = = Production = = The episode featured the third appearance of de Lancie as Q after " Encounter at Farpoint " and " Hide and Q " , the latter of which had been written by Hurley under a pseudonym . Lycia Naff was introduced as Ensign Sonia Gomez , who was intended to be a recurring character in the same manner as Chief Miles O 'Brien played by Colm Meaney ( who also appeared in this episode ) . However , Naff only made one further appearance as Gomez , in the following episode , although the character later appeared in the Starfleet Corps of Engineers series of novellas . " Q Who " went $ 50 @,@ 000 over budget and at one point had an eighth day of shooting arranged , although this was subsequently cancelled . The overspending on this episode and " Elementary , Dear Data " resulted in the budget @-@ saving production of the clip show " Shades of Gray " . Director Rob Bowman was concerned with " Q Who " for a while , saying that " we didn 't know day to day if we were making a stinker or a winner " . = = = The Borg = = = Gene Roddenberry was keen not to re @-@ use aliens from The Original Series , and so the Ferengi were developed to be the main villains for The Next Generation . After the new aliens ' first few appearances , it was decided that they were too comical to suit such a role , and instead the production team began looking for a new adversary for Starfleet . Writer and co @-@ executive producer Maurice Hurley developed the idea of an insectoid race with a shared hive consciousness . This idea would become the cybernetic Borg due to budget constraints , with the idea of a hive mind remaining . The new race would go on to appear in five further episodes of The Next Generation , as well as the film Star Trek : First Contact . The Borg also appeared in the pilot of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , the Star Trek : Enterprise episode " Regeneration " and repeatedly in Star Trek : Voyager from the end of season three onwards . It had been originally planned to include the Borg in the first season episode " The Neutral Zone " , but due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike , the time to write the script was cut short . Hurley developed the episode over a day and a half with the Borg elements directly removed . The episode was originally conceived as having two parts , with the Romulans and Federation teaming up in the second part , but that plan was subsequently dropped . This plot may have been linked to the aliens seen in " Conspiracy " . " The Neutral Zone " instead simply made reference to the destruction of a series of outposts by an unknown enemy . The design of the Borg were reminiscent of Lord Dread from the television series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future and the designs of H. R. Giger . The first designs for the new race were created by costume designer Dorinda Wood after she received the script to " Q Who " . While her design showed a suit with tubes running in and out of it , she left the head design up to make @-@ up supervisor Michael Westmore . The headpieces and the main costumes were made at the same time by the two different departments , with Wood and Westmore working together at times to ensure that they matched . The base of the head pieces was made from foam , and while Westmore initially made casts of model kits using polyurethane for the electronic parts , he found it more effective to use actual electronics from damaged equipment . He designed a latex attachment to allow for tubes to be attached to skin so that there was not a great deal of bare skin left on the actors ' bodies . That skin was covered in a white base make @-@ up in order to achieve a zombie @-@ like appearance . = = Reception = = " Q Who " was first shown on May 5 , 1989 in broadcast syndication within the United States . It was watched by 10 @.@ 3 million viewers , making it the most watched episode since " The Royale " , some four episodes earlier in the season . " Q Who " was watched by more viewers than any other episode for the rest of season two and the first five episodes of season three . Several reviewers re @-@ watched the episode following the end of the series . Keith DeCandido reviewed " Q Who " for Tor.com , describing it as " one of the best hours of TNG " . He called de Lancie 's performance a " triumphant return " , said that Goldberg brought " mystery and depth " to her role and that Stewart " just kills " as Picard . He said that the introduction of the Borg was " phenomenal " , and gave the episode a score of ten out of ten . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club said that the plot was " brilliant " because Q was proved right . He thought that had the crew been able to come to some sort of solution then it would have been a " strong " episode , but because Picard is forced to plead with Q it made it the first " great episode " of the series because " it admits that these humans ... can be arrogant , and weak , and that they can be bested " . He gave the episode an " A " grade . SFX described the episode as " thrilling " in their review of the season two Blu @-@ ray release , while IGN referred to it as a " classic " . In a list of the great episodes of The Next Generation created by Juliette Harrison in 2012 for Den of Geek , " Q Who " was listed fifth - the earliest episode of the series to be featured in the list . The episode was nominated for three Emmy Awards in 1989 , winning two for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . It failed to win for Outstanding Special Visual Effects , with the award going to the miniseries War and Remembrance instead . = = Home media and cinematic release = = The first home media release of " Q Who " was on VHS cassette , appearing on October 12 , 1994 in the United States and Canada . The episode has been included in three DVD box sets . The first was the Season Two set , released in on May 7 , 2002 , and subsequently as part of the Star Trek : Fan Collective - Borg on March 7 , 2006 and Star Trek : Fan Collective - Q on June 6 , 2006 . The most recent release was as part of the Season Two Blu @-@ ray set on December 4 , 2012 . That release included an audio commentary for the episode featuring Rob Bowman , Dan Curry and Michael and Denise Okuda . " Q Who " received a cinematic release alongside an extended version of " The Measure of a Man " for one night on November 29 , 2012 to promote the Blu @-@ ray release . This was the second time that a pair of The Next Generation episodes received a cinematic release to promote the release of a Blu @-@ ray season box set .
= Lemon Drop = A Lemon Drop is a vodka @-@ based cocktail that has a lemony , sweet and sour flavor , prepared using lemon juice , triple sec and simple syrup . It has been described as a variant of , or as " a take on " , the Vodka Martini . It is typically prepared and served straight up – chilled with ice and strained . The drink was invented sometime in the 1970s by Norman Jay Hobday , the founder and proprietor of Henry Africa 's bar in San Francisco , California . Some variations of the drink exist , such as blueberry and raspberry Lemon Drops . It is served at some bars and restaurants in the United States , and in such establishments in other areas of the world . = = Overview = = A Lemon Drop is a cocktail with a lemony , sweet and sour flavor , whereby the sweet and sour ingredients serve to contrast and balance one another . It is a vodka @-@ based cocktail that is prepared with the addition of lemon juice , triple sec and simple syrup . Plain or citrus @-@ flavored vodka may be used in its preparation , such as citron vodka . Lemon @-@ flavored vodka is also sometimes used . Lemon juice that has been freshly squeezed may be used , which can produce a superior drink compared to using commercially @-@ prepared lemon juice . Some versions are prepared using the juice from Meyer lemons . Cointreau @-@ brand triple sec is used in some versions , and it may be prepared using a simple syrup that has been infused with lemon juice . Some versions are prepared using sour mix , a cocktail mixer . A garnish of a sliced lemon wheel , wedge , zest , rind or a lemon twist is sometimes used . Lemon is also sometimes included within the drink , such as a lemon wheel . Additional ingredients may also be used in the drink 's preparation , such as ginger syrup and lavender extract . A Lemon Drop is typically prepared straight up , meaning that it is shaken or stirred with ice , strained , and served in a stemmed glass , such as a martini glass . The glass may be prepared with a sugared rim , performed by dipping the rim of the glass in water or lemon juice and then dipping it into a rimmer ( a shallow tray used in bartending ) , filled with sugar . Superfine sugar ( also called " bar sugar " , " caster sugar " , " castor sugar " and " ultrafine sugar " ) , which is more finely ground compared to standard granulated sugar , is sometimes used for this purpose . = = History = = The Lemon Drop was invented sometime in the 1970s by Norman Jay Hobday , the founder and proprietor of Henry Africa 's , a fern bar in the Russian Hill neighborhood of San Francisco , California that opened in 1969 . It was originally served in a cocktail glass . The Lemon Drop was most likely named after lemon drop candy . After its invention , the drink swiftly spread to many San Francisco saloons . In the early 1990s , it was often prepared as a shooter or served in a shot glass . = = Variations = = Variations of the drink include Lemon Drops prepared with blueberries and raspberries , which may use vodkas or other liquors flavored with these respective berries . These drinks may also be served or garnished with these berries , or with lemon . A blueberry Lemon Drop may be prepared with muddled blueberries , and a raspberry Lemon Drop may be prepared with puréed or crushed raspberries . The glass may have a sugared rim , and colored sugar may be used , prepared by adding food coloring to the sugar . = = In popular culture = = In 2006 , preparation of the Lemon Drop was presented on The Oprah Winfrey Show , prepared by Oprah Winfrey and Rachael Ray . The drink 's popularity increased during this time .
= Soviet cruiser Kirov = Kirov ( Russian : Киров ) was a Project 26 Kirov @-@ class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that served during the Winter War , World War II and into the Cold War . She attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns during action in the Winter War , but was driven off by a number of near misses that damaged her . She led the Evacuation of Tallinn at the end of August 1941 , before being blockaded in Leningrad where she could only provide gunfire support during the Siege of Leningrad . She bombarded Finnish positions during the Vyborg – Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid @-@ 1944 , but played no further part in the war . Kirov was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961 and sold for scrap on 22 February 1974 . = = Description = = Kirov was 191 @.@ 3 metres ( 627 ft 7 in ) long , had a beam of 17 @.@ 66 metres ( 57 ft 11 in ) and had a draft between 5 @.@ 75 to 6 @.@ 15 metres ( 18 ft 10 in to 20 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 7 @,@ 890 tonnes ( 7 @,@ 765 long tons ) at standard load and 9 @,@ 436 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 287 long tons ) at full load . Her steam turbines produced a total of 113 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 84 @,@ 637 kW ) and she reached 35 @.@ 94 knots ( 66 @.@ 56 km / h ; 41 @.@ 36 mph ) on trials . Kirov carried nine 180 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) 57 @-@ caliber B @-@ 1 @-@ P guns in three electrically powered MK @-@ 3 @-@ 180 triple turrets . Her secondary armament consisted of six single 100 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) 56 @-@ caliber B @-@ 34 anti @-@ aircraft guns fitted on each side of the rear funnel . Her light AA guns consisted of six semi @-@ automatic 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) 21 @-@ K AA guns and four DK 12 @.@ 7 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) machine guns . Six 533 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) 39 @-@ Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings . = = = Wartime modifications = = = By 1944 Kirov exchanged her 45 mm guns for ten fully automatic 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 70 @-@ K AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun , two extra DK machine guns and one Lend @-@ Lease quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mount . Kirov lacked any radar when war broke out in 1941 , but by 1944 was equipped with British Lend @-@ Lease models . One Type 291 was used for air search . One Type 284 and two Type 285 radars were for main battery fire control , while anti @-@ aircraft fire control was provided by two Type 282 radars . = = = Post @-@ war refit = = = Kirov was completely overhauled from 1949 to 1953 . Her secondary armament was upgraded with electrically powered , fully automated 100 mm B @-@ 34USM mountings and her fire @-@ control system was replaced with a Zenit @-@ 26 system with SPN @-@ 500 stabilized directors . All of her light AA guns were replaced with nine twin gun water @-@ cooled 37 mm V @-@ 11 mounts . All of her radars were replaced with Soviet systems : Rif surface search , Gyuys air search , Zalp surface gunnery and Yakor ' anti @-@ aircraft gunnery radars . All anti @-@ submarine weapons , torpedo launchers , aircraft equipment and boat cranes were removed . While expensive , about half the cost of a new Project 68bis Sverdlov @-@ class cruiser , it was deemed a success and allowed Kirov to serve for another two decades . = = Service = = Kirov was laid down at the Ordzhonikidze Yard , Leningrad on 22 October 1935 . She was launched on 30 November 1936 and was completed on 26 September 1938 . She was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in the autumn of 1938 , but was still being worked on into early 1939 . Kirov sailed to Riga on 22 October when the Soviet Union began to occupy Latvia , continuing on to Liepāja the following day . = = = World War II = = = During the Winter War , Kirov , escorted by the destroyers Smetlivyi and Stremitel 'nyi , attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns at Russarö , 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) south of Hanko on 30 November . She only fired 35 rounds before she was damaged by a number of near misses and had to return to the Soviet naval base at Liepāja for repairs . She remained there for the rest of the Winter War and afterwards was under repair at Kronstadt from October 1940 to 21 May 1941 . Based near Riga at the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Kirov was trapped in the Gulf of Riga by the rapid enemy advance . She supported minelaying sorties by Soviet destroyers in the western half of the Irben Strait on the evenings of 24 – 25 and 26 – 27 June . Off @-@ loading her fuel and ammunition to reduce her draft , she passed through the shallow Moon Sound Channel ( between Muhu island and the Estonian mainland ) with great difficulty , and managed to reach Tallinn by the end of June . Kirov provided gunfire support during the defense of Tallinn and served as the flagship of the evacuation fleet from Tallinn to Leningrad at the end of August 1941 . For most of the rest of the war she was blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad . She was damaged by a number of German air and artillery attacks , most seriously on 4 – 5 April 1942 when she was hit by three bombs and one 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) shell that damaged all six 100 mm AA guns , the aft funnel , the mainmast , and killed 86 sailors and wounded 46 . Repairs took two months during which her catapult was removed ; a lighter pole mainmast was fitted and her anti @-@ aircraft armament increased . After Leningrad was liberated in early 1944 , Kirov remained there , and took no further part in the war except to provide gunfire support for the Soviet Vyborg – Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid – 1944 . = = = Post @-@ war = = = Kirov was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945 and was under repair until 20 December 1946 . She was refitted from November 1949 to April 1953 , during which her machinery was completely overhauled and her radars , fire control systems and anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced by the latest Soviet systems . She participated in fleet maneuvers in the North Sea during January 1956 . She was reclassified as a training cruiser , regularly visiting Poland and East Germany , on 2 August 1961 and sold for scrap on 22 February 1974 . When Kirov was decommissioned , two gun turrets were installed in Saint Petersburg as a monument .
= Music of Final Fantasy XI = The music of the MMORPG Final Fantasy XI was composed by Naoshi Mizuta along with regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu and Kumi Tanioka . The Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack , a compilation of almost all of the music in the game , was released by DigiCube in 2002 , and subsequently re @-@ released by Square Enix in 2004 . Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart Original Soundtrack was released by DigiCube in 2003 after the release of the Rise of the Zilart expansion for Final Fantasy XI , and re @-@ released by Square Enix in 2004 . Final Fantasy XI Chains of Promathia Original Soundtrack was produced by Square Enix in 2004 after the release of the Chains of Promathia expansion , and in 2005 Square Enix published Music from the Other Side of Vana 'diel , a collection of arranged tracks from the game performed by The Star Onions , a group composed of Square Enix composers including Naoshi Mizuta , Kumi Tanioka and Hidenori Iwasaki . Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan Original Soundtrack was released by Square Enix in 2006 for the Treasures of Aht Urhgan expansion . In 2007 , Square Enix released the Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack Premium Box , a collection of all of the previously released albums , as well as the as yet unreleased Final Fantasy XI Unreleased Tracks and Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI , an album of unreleased music from the game and its expansions and an album of piano arrangements of music from the game , respectively . After the release of the fourth expansion for the game , Final Fantasy XI Wings of the Goddess Original Soundtrack was released in 2008 by Square Enix . Additionally , in summer 2008 another Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI album , completely separate from the previous piano collections album , will be released by Square Enix . The music has received mixed reviews ; while reviewers have praised some of the associated albums such as Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart Original Soundtrack and Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan Original Soundtrack , other albums , such as Final Fantasy XI Chains of Promathia Original Soundtrack and Music from the Other Side of Vana 'diel , were not as universally liked . Several songs , especially " Distant Worlds " , remain popular today , and have been performed numerous times in orchestral concert series , as well as been published in arranged and compilation albums by Square as well as outside groups . = = Creation and influence = = The music of Final Fantasy XI was scored by Nobuo Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Kumi Tanioka . Composer Yasunori Mitsuda was also asked to contribute , but he was busy scoring Xenosaga . The expansion packs were scored by Mizuta alone after Tanioka left to pursue other projects and Uematsu left Square Enix , although their names remain in the credits for those albums due to the inclusion of versions of songs they had previously composed for the game . The opening of the game features choral music with lyrics in Esperanto . According to Uematsu , the choice of language was meant to symbolize the developers ' hope that their online game could contribute to cross @-@ cultural communication and cooperation . He also noted the increased difficulty of scoring a game for which there was no linear plotline , a major change from the previous Final Fantasy games . It was the first game in the series for which he composed while he was no longer a Square employee . New music has been employed for special events , such as a holiday score titled Jeuno -Starlight Celebration- which can be heard in the city of Jeuno each mid to late December since 2004 . Some of the game 's music has been released on iTunes for download , such as the vocal " Distant Worlds " , which was released on the Japanese iTunes Music Store on September 13 , 2005 , having been put in the game in a July 2005 patch . = = Albums = = = = = Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy XI . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Nobuo Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Kumi Tanioka . The soundtrack was released on June 5 , 2002 by DigiCube with the catalog numbers SSCX @-@ 10069 @-@ 70 , and re @-@ released on May 10 , 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog numbers SQEX @-@ 10017 @-@ 8 . The album spans 51 tracks over two disks and covers a duration of 1 : 51 : 57 . Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack reached # 25 on the Japan Oricon charts . It received mixed reviews by critics , with Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan finding it to be a " strong " album , if " slower " and " more repetitive than previous Final Fantasy scores " . Liz Maas of RPGFan enjoyed the album , advising any fan of the series , even if not of the game itself , to buy the album . Joe Schwebke of Soundtrack Central , on the other hand , found it to be " a collection of bland melodies , dull chord progressions , and aged tapestries of musical technique " and , while praising the sound quality , termed it overall a " disappointment " . Chris of Square Enix Music Online , however , felt that while it was " not instantly likable " that it had " the potential to become a favorite with multiple listens " . = = = Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of the Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart expansion . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Naoshi Mizuta and Nobuo Uematsu and arranged by Naoshi Mizuta . The soundtrack was released on May 21 , 2003 by DigiCube with the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10093 , and re @-@ released on September 23 , 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10034 . The album spans 19 tracks and covers a duration of 70 : 12 . Final Fantasy XI Rise of the Zilart Original Soundtrack reached # 53 on the Oricon charts . It was well received by critics such as Patrick Gann of RPGFan , who called it " a solid OST " of " well @-@ developed compositions " . Chris of Square Enix Music Online agreed , terming it " a very well @-@ produced soundtrack " and " a consistent and fitting effort " . = = = Final Fantasy XI Chains of Promathia Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Chains of Promathia Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of the Final Fantasy XI Chains of Promathia expansion . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Naoshi Mizuta , Kumi Tanioka , and Nobuo Uematsu and arranged by Naoshi Mizuta and Kumi Tanioka . The soundtrack was released on November 17 , 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10041 . It covers a duration of 78 : 20 over 24 tracks . Unlike the first expansion soundtrack , Promathia was not received well by critics , though it reached # 57 on the Oricon charts . Patrick Gann expressed himself as " disappointed " and said that the album was full of " boring , repetitive string @-@ work " instead of Mizuta 's usual " strong , raw instrumentation " . Chris of Square Enix Music Online termed it " the least accessible Final Fantasy XI soundtrack " and disliked its " grating synth use " , but also termed it " an excellent in @-@ game accompaniment " . = = = Music from the Other Side of Vana 'diel = = = Music from the Other Side of Vana 'diel is an arranged album of tracks from Final Fantasy XI and its expansions , performed by The Star Onions , a group composed of Square Enix composers , including Naoshi Mizuta , Kumi Tanioka and Hidenori Iwasaki . The album was released by Square Enix on August 24 , 2005 under the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10050 . The album consists of newly arranged versions of songs from Final Fantasy XI and its first two expansions . The album contains 10 tracks and covers a duration of 53 : 21 . The majority of the tracks are smooth jazz , with the exception of Awakening and Blessed in Her Glorious Light - The Grand Duchy of Jeuno , which encompass electronica and gospel respectively . The album received widely varied reviews by critics and reached # 55 on the Oricon charts . Mike Wilson of RPGFan termed it a " high caliber soundtrack " and said that it was full of " extremely well done " tracks . Ryan Mattich of RPGFan was slightly less impressed , saying that while " each track is a masterpiece " , that the album as a whole lacked cohesion . Chris of Square Enix Music Online was much harsher towards the album , finding it to be " fundamentally flawed " due to a lack of coherence and disliked several of the tracks , especially the ones arranged by Mizuta . = = = Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of the Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan expansion . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Naoshi Mizuta and Nobuo Uematsu and arranged by Naoshi Mizuta . The soundtrack was released on May 24 , 2006 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10072 . It covers a duration of 64 : 48 over 21 tracks . Final Fantasy XI Treasures of Aht Urhgan Original Soundtrack was well received by critics , with Patrick Gann describing it as " wonderful " , and saying that " nearly every song has its own memorable feel " . Chris of Square Enix Music Online agreed , terming it " a solid mixture of continuity and change " . It reached position # 50 on the Oricon charts . = = = Final Fantasy XI Unreleased Tracks = = = Final Fantasy XI Unreleased Tracks is a collection of Final Fantasy XI music composed by Naoshi Mizuta that had not been released as part of any of the official albums for Final Fantasy XI or its expansions . It spans 18 tracks and covers a duration of 50 : 43 . It has not been released as a single album , but rather can only be found as part of the Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack Premium Box , which was released on March 28 , 2007 , by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10093 . Final Fantasy XI Unreleased Tracks was well received by critics such as Patrick Gann , who said that it was an album full of " interesting pieces " . = = = Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI = = = Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI is a collection of Final Fantasy XI music composed by Nobuo Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Kumi Tanioka and arranged for the piano by Kaoru Ishikawa . It spans 10 tracks and covers a duration of 38 : 42 . It has not been released as a single album , but rather can only be found as part of the Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack Premium Box , which was released on March 28 , 2007 , by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10094 . The album received varied reviews by critics . Patrick Gann termed it " excellent " and praised the technical skills of the performers , though he disliked the short length of the album . Jillian of Square Enix Music Online , on the other hand , was " disappointed " with the album , finding the arrangements to be " simplistic " and the performances , while good technically , to be lacking in passion . The box set reached # 35 on the Oricon charts . = = = Final Fantasy XI Wings of the Goddess Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Wings of the Goddess Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of the Final Fantasy XI Wings of the Goddess expansion . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Naoshi Mizuta , as well as three bonus tracks containing songs from the Treasures of Aht Urhgan expansion that were not included in the soundtrack . The soundtrack was released on the April 23 , 2008 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10113 and spans a duration of 77 : 44 over 25 tracks . Final Fantasy XI Wings of the Goddess Original Soundtrack received mixed reviews from reviewers , with Patrick Gann saying that " It is consistently good , but rarely is it mind @-@ blowing " . He did , however , praise Mizuta , saying that " Mizuta has grown ... to the point where I imagine he can take on nearly any project " . It reached position # 47 on the Oricon charts . = = = Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI ( 2008 ) = = = Piano Collections Final Fantasy XI is a collection of Final Fantasy XI music composed by Nobuo Uematsu and Naoshi Mizuta , arranged for the piano by Kaoru Ishikawa , and performed by Ayumi Iga and Kasumi Ōga . It spans 11 tracks and covers a duration of 41 : 30 . Although it has the same name as the album from the Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack Premium Box , it is an entirely separate album . It was released on June 25 , 2008 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10117 . The album was well received by critics , with Patrick Gann praising its " high @-@ quality arrangements , and extremely high @-@ quality recording and production value " . It made it to position # 25 on the Oricon charts and remained on the charts for four weeks . = = = Sanctuary = = = Sanctuary is the second arranged album of tracks from Final Fantasy XI and its expansions by The Star Onions . The album was released by Square Enix on May 20 , 2009 under the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10143 . The album consists of newly arranged versions of songs from Final Fantasy XI and its first four expansions . The album contains 11 tracks and covers a duration of 52 : 40 . The majority of the tracks are new age , combining the smooth jazz of their previous album with strings , funk , and classical . Sanctuary reached # 60 on the Oricon charts . It was well received by Patrick Gann , who termed the arrangements as strong and balanced , and called the total album a " lovely little surprise " . = = = Memories of Dusk and Dawn = = = Final Fantasy XI 8th Anniversary : Memories of Dusk and Dawn is a compilation album of tracks from the game and its expansions . It was released on May 12 , 2010 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10191 . The tracks were selected through a vote by fans , which ended on March 8 , 2010 . The album has 27 tracks and has a length of 1 : 18 : 32 . The majority of the tracks have appeared on previous albums , with only some music from the PlayOnline service as newly released . Memories of Dusk and Dawn was noted by Gann as a good " best of " album , but of no use to fans of the music who have other albums from the series ; it reached # 27 on the Oricon charts when released . = = = Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack PLUS = = = Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack PLUS is a two @-@ disc soundtrack album containing mostly previously unreleased music . The music on the first disc was composed by Naoshi Mizuta and comes from the Wings of the Goddess expansion , the three add @-@ on scenarios and the Abyssea trilogy . The second disc contains the background tracks of the PlayOnline Viewer composed by Noriko Matsueda and Kumi Tanioka of which only two had been previously released as part of the Memories of Dusk and Dawn compilation . The soundtrack was released on November 9 , 2011 by Square Enix with the catalog numbers SQEX @-@ 10284 @-@ 5 and spans a duration of 2 : 15 : 40 over 40 tracks . Track list = = = Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin Original Soundtrack = = = Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of the Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin expansion . The album contains musical tracks from the game , composed by Naoshi Mizuta . The soundtrack was released on March 27 , 2013 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10362 and spans a duration of 50 : 08 over 13 tracks . An additional EP , Forever Today : Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin OST PLUS , was released for the Seekers of Adoulin expansion by Square Enix on November 11 , 2014 . The EP was released digitally only and has a catalog number of SQEX @-@ 50055 . It also contains music composed by Mizuta , and spans a duration of 31 : 34 over 8 tracks . Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin Original Soundtrack received tepid reviews from reviewers , with Derek Heemsbergen of RPGFan calling it " a fine demonstration of how Mizuta has evolved as a musician " , though he described several of the tracks as " safe " and " not the best " . It reached position # 125 on the Oricon charts for one week . Forever Today : Final Fantasy XI Seekers of Adoulin OST PLUS received better reviews , with Patrick Gann of RPGFan terming it a " digital @-@ only nugget of goodness " containing a few solid tracks by Mizuta . Track list = = Legacy = = The Black Mages , a band led by Nobuo Uematsu that arranges music from Final Fantasy video games into a rock music style , have arranged " Distant Worlds " in the album Darkness and Starlight , published in 2008 . Uematsu continues to perform certain pieces in his Dear Friends : Music from Final Fantasy concert series . The music of Final Fantasy XI has also appeared in various official concerts and live albums , such as the Distant Worlds - Music from Final Fantasy concert tour , where " Opening Theme " and " Distant Worlds " were performed as a medley by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra , while " Ronfaure " was performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra in the Tour de Japon : Music from Final Fantasy concert series . Selections of music from Final Fantasy XI also appear on Japanese remix albums , called dōjin music , and on English remixing websites .
= Thomas Blamey = Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey , GBE , KCB , CMG , DSO , ED ( 24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951 ) was an Australian general of the First and Second World Wars , and the only Australian to attain the rank of field marshal . Blamey joined the Australian Army as a regular soldier in 1906 , and attended the Staff College at Quetta . During the First World War he participated in the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 , and served as a staff officer in the Gallipoli Campaign , where he was mentioned in despatches for a daring raid behind enemy lines . He later served on the Western Front , where he distinguished himself in the planning for the Battle of Pozières . He rose to the rank of brigadier general , and served as chief of staff of the Australian Corps under Lieutenant General Sir John Monash , who credited him as a factor in the Corps ' success in the Battle of Hamel , the Battle of Amiens and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . After the war Blamey was Deputy Chief of the General Staff , and was involved in the creation of the Royal Australian Air Force . He resigned from the regular Army in 1925 to become Chief Commissioner of the Victoria Police , but remained in the Militia , rising to command the 3rd Division in 1931 . As Chief Commissioner , Blamey set about dealing with the grievances that had led to the 1923 Victorian Police strike , and implemented innovations such as police dogs and equipping vehicles with radios . His tenure as Chief Commissioner was marred by a scandal in which his police badge was found in a brothel , and a later attempt to cover up the shooting of a police officer led to his forced resignation in 1936 . He later made weekly broadcasts on international affairs on Melbourne radio station 3UZ . Appointed chairman of the Commonwealth Government 's Manpower Committee and Controller General of Recruiting in 1938 , he headed a successful recruiting campaign which doubled the size of the part @-@ time volunteer Militia . During the Second World War Blamey commanded the Second Australian Imperial Force and the I Corps in the Middle East . In the latter role he commanded Australian and Commonwealth troops in the disastrous Battle of Greece . In the former role , he attempted to protect Australian interests against British commanders who sought to disperse his forces on all manner of missions . He was appointed Deputy Commander in Chief Middle East Command , and was promoted to general in 1941 . In 1942 , he returned to Australia as Commander in Chief of the Australian Military Forces and Commander of Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area under the command of General Douglas MacArthur . On the orders of MacArthur and Prime Minister John Curtin , he assumed personal command of New Guinea Force during the Kokoda Track campaign , and relieved Lieutenant General Sydney Rowell and Major General Arthur Allen under controversial circumstances . During the Salamaua – Lae Campaign Blamey planned and executed a major and victorious campaign . Nonetheless , during the final campaigns of the war he faced vociferous criticism of the Army 's performance . He signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on behalf of Australia at Japan 's ceremonial surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 , and later personally accepted the Japanese surrender at Morotai on 9 September . He was promoted to field marshal in June 1950 . = = Early life = = The seventh of ten children , Blamey was born on 24 January 1884 in Lake Albert , near Wagga Wagga , New South Wales . He was the son of Richard Blamey , a farmer who had emigrated from Cornwall at the age of 16 in 1862 , and his Australian @-@ born wife , Margaret ( née Murray ) . After farming failures in Queensland and on the Murrumbidgee River near Wagga Wagga , his father Richard moved to a small 20 @-@ acre ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) property in Lake Albert , where he supplemented his farm income working as a drover and shearing overseer . Blamey acquired the bush skills associated with his father 's enterprises and became a sound horseman . He attended Wagga Wagga Superior Public School ( now Wagga Wagga Public School ) , where he played Australian football , and was a keen member of the Army Cadet unit . He transferred to Wagga Wagga Grammar when he was 13 , and was head cadet of its unit for two years . Blamey began his working life in 1899 as a trainee school teacher at Lake Albert School . He transferred to South Wagga Public School in 1901 , and in 1903 moved to Western Australia , where he taught for three years at Fremantle Boys School . He coached the rifle shooting team of its cadet unit there to a win in the Western Australian Cup . He was raised in the Methodist faith and remained involved with his church . By early 1906 he was a lay preacher , and church leaders in Western Australia offered him an appointment as an associate minister in Carnarvon , Western Australia . = = Early military career = = With the creation of the Cadet Instructional Staff of the Australian Military Forces , Blamey saw a new opportunity . He sat the exam and came third in Australia , but failed to secure an appointment as there were no vacancies in Western Australia . After correspondence with the military authorities he persuaded the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General , Major Julius Bruche , that he should be given the option of taking up an appointment for one of the vacancies in another state . He was appointed to a position in Victoria with the rank of lieutenant , commencing duty in November 1906 with responsibility for school cadets in Victoria . In Melbourne , Blamey met Minnie Millard , the daughter of a Toorak stockbroker who was involved in the Methodist Church there . They were married at her home on 8 September 1909 . His first child was born on 29 June 1910 , and named Charles Middleton after a friend of Blamey 's who had died in a shooting accident ; but the boy was always called Dolf by his family . A second child , a boy named Thomas , was born four years later . Blamey was promoted to captain on 1 December 1910 , and became brigade major of the 12th Brigade Area . He then set his sights on attending staff college . There were two British staff colleges , at Camberley in England and Quetta in India , and from 1908 one position was set aside for the Australian Army at each every year . No Australian officers managed to pass the demanding entrance examinations , but this requirement was waived to allow them to attend . In 1911 , Blamey became the first Australian officer to pass the entrance examination . He commenced his studies at Quetta in 1912 , and performed very well , completing the course in December 1913 . The usual practice was for Australian staff college graduates to follow their training with a posting to a British Army or British Indian Army headquarters . He was initially attached to the 4th Battalion , King 's Royal Rifle Corps at Rawalpindi , and then the staff of the Kohat Brigade on the North @-@ West Frontier . Finally , he was assigned to the General Staff at Army Headquarters at Shimal . In May 1914 , he was sent to Britain for more training , while his family returned home to Australia . He visited Turkey ( including the Dardanelles ) , Belgium , and the battlefields of the Franco @-@ Prussian War en route . In England he spent a brief time on attachment to the 4th Dragoon Guards at Tidworth before taking up duties on the staff of the Wessex Division , at that time entering its annual camp . On 1 July 1914 , he was promoted to major . = = First World War = = Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , Blamey was transferred to the War Office , where he worked in the Intelligence Branch preparing daily summaries for the King and the Secretary of State for War , Lord Kitchener . Fully trained staff officers were rare and valuable in the Australian Army , and while still in Britain , Blamey was appointed to the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) as General Staff Officer , Grade 3 ( Intelligence ) , on the staff of Major General William Bridges 's 1st Division . As such , he reported to the 1st Division 's GSO1 , Lieutenant Colonel Brudenell White . In November 1914 he sailed for Egypt with Colonel Harry Chauvel , to join the Australian contingent there . = = = Gallipoli = = = Along with Bridges , White , and other members of 1st Division headquarters , Blamey left the battleship HMS Prince of Wales in a trawler and landed on the beach at Anzac Cove at 07 : 20 on 25 April 1915 . He was sent to evaluate the need for reinforcements by Colonel James McCay 's 2nd Brigade on the 400 Plateau . He confirmed that they were needed , and the reinforcements were sent . On the night of 13 May 1915 , Blamey , in his capacity as 1st Division intelligence officer , led a patrol consisting of himself , Sergeant J. H. Will and Bombardier A. A. Orchard , behind the Turkish lines in an effort to locate the Olive Grove guns that had been harassing the beach . Near Pine Ridge , an enemy party of eight Turks approached ; when one of them went to bayonet Orchard , Blamey shot the Turk with his revolver . In the action that followed , six Turks were killed . He withdrew his patrol back to the Australian lines without locating the guns . For this action , he was mentioned in despatches . Blamey was always interested in technical innovation , and was receptive to unorthodox ideas . He was instrumental in the adoption of the periscope rifle at Gallipoli , a device which he saw during an inspection of the front line . He arranged for the inventor , Lance Corporal W. C. B. Beech , to be seconded to division headquarters to develop the idea . Within a few days , the design was perfected and periscope rifles began to be used throughout the Australian trenches . In July 1915 Blamey was given a staff appointment as a General Staff Officer , Grade 2 ( GSO2 ) , and in September he was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and joined the staff of the newly formed 2nd Division in Egypt as its Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General ( AA & QMG ) – the senior administrative officer of the division . Its commander , Major General James Gordon Legge , preferred to have an Australian colonel in this post as he felt that a British officer might not take such good care of the troops . The 2nd Division Headquarters embarked for Gallipoli on 29 August 1915 , but Blamey was forced to remain in Egypt as he had just had an operation for haemorrhoids . He finally returned to Anzac on 25 October 1915 , remaining for the rest of the campaign . = = = Western Front = = = After the Australian forces moved to the Western Front in 1916 , Blamey returned to the 1st Division as GSO1 . At the Battle of Pozières , he developed the plan of attack which captured the town , for which he received another mention in despatches , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in the 1917 New Year Honours . He was considered as a possible brigade commander , but he had never commanded a battalion , which was usually regarded as a prerequisite for brigade command . He was therefore appointed to command the 2nd Infantry Battalion on 3 December 1916 . On 28 December , Blamey , as senior ranking battalion commander , took over as acting commander of the 1st Infantry Brigade . On 9 January 1917 , he went on leave , handing over command to Lieutenant Colonel Iven Mackay . However , when General Headquarters ( GHQ ) BEF found out about this use of a staff college graduate , it reminded I ANZAC Corps that " it is inadvisable to release such officers for command of battalions unless they have proved to be unequal to their duties on staff " . Blamey therefore returned to 1st Division Headquarters . Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood did , however , promote Blamey to full colonel , backdated to 1 December 1916 , thereby making him technically senior to a number of recently promoted brigadier generals , that rank being only held temporarily . His division commander , Major General H. B. Walker , had Blamey mentioned in despatches for this period of battalion and brigade command , although the battalion had spent most of the time out of the line and there had been no significant engagements . Blamey was also acting commander of the 2nd Brigade during a rest period from 27 August to 4 September 1917 . On 8 September he was hospitalised with vomiting and coughing . He was sent to England where he was admitted to the 3rd London General Hospital for treatment for debilitating psoriasis on 22 September , and did not return to duty until 8 November 1917 . He was made a Companion of St Michael and St George in the 1918 New Year 's list , and received another mention in despatches in May 1918 . On 1 June 1918 , Lieutenant General John Monash succeeded Birdwood as commander of the Australian Corps , and Blamey was promoted to the rank of brigadier general to replace White as the corps Brigadier General General Staff ( BGGS ) . He played a significant role in the success of the Australian Corps in the final months of the war . He remained interested in technological innovation . He was impressed by the capabilities of the new models of tanks. and pressed for their use in the Battle of Hamel , where they played an important part in the success of the battle . Monash acknowledged Blamey 's role in the Australian Corps ' success in the Battle of Amiens in August and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line in September . The Major General General Staff ( MGGS ) of the British Fourth Army , of which the Australian Corps was a part during these battles , Major General Archibald Montgomery @-@ Massingberd , was a former instructor of Blamey 's at Quetta . He declared himself " full of admiration for the staff work of the Australian Corps . " Monash later wrote : No reference to the staff work of the Australian Corps during the period of my command would be complete without a tribute to the work and personality [ of ] Brigadier General T. A. Blamey , my Chief of Staff . He possessed a mind cultured far above the average , widely informed , alert and prehensile . He had [ an ] infinite capacity for taking pains . A Staff College graduate , but not on that account a pedant , he was thoroughly versed in the technique of staff work , and in the minutiae of all procedure . He served me with an exemplary loyalty , for which I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot be repaid . Our temperaments adapted themselves to each other in a manner which was ideal . He had an extraordinary faculty for self @-@ effacement , posing always and conscientiously as the instrument to give effect [ to ] my policies and decisions . Really helpful whenever his advice was invited , he never obtruded his own opinions , although I knew that he did not always agree with me . Blamey 's loyalty to Monash would continue after the latter 's death in 1931 . For his services as Corps Chief of Staff , Blamey was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1919 , mentioned in despatches twice more , and was awarded the French Croix de guerre . = = Inter @-@ war years = = = = = General staff = = = Blamey arrived back in Australia on 20 October 1919 after an absence of seven years , and became director of Military Operations at Army Headquarters in Melbourne . His AIF appointment was terminated on 19 December 1919 , but he retained his wartime rank of a brigadier general as an honorary rank . He was promoted to a substantive colonel in January 1920 , and in May 1920 was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff . His first major task was the creation of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . The government established a joint Army – Navy board to provide recommendations on the matter , with Blamey and Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams as the Army representatives . Blamey supported the creation of a separate air force , albeit one still subordinate to the Army and Navy . He refused to yield , however , on his opposition to the Navy 's demand that Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Goble become its first chief . In November 1922 Blamey embarked for London to be the Australian representative on the Imperial General Staff . He reported that the " conception of an Imperial General Staff ... was absolutely dead " . The British Army saw little use in the concept of a combined staff which could coordinate the defence of the British Empire . He became involved with the development of the Singapore strategy , and he briefed Prime Minister Stanley Bruce on it for the 1923 Imperial Conference , at which it was formally adopted . Even in 1923 , though , Blamey was sceptical about the strategy . When White retired as Chief of General Staff in 1923 , Blamey was widely expected to succeed him , as he had as chief of staff of the Australian Corps in France , but there were objections from more senior officers , particularly Major General Victor Sellheim , at being passed over . Instead , the Inspector General , Lieutenant General Sir Harry Chauvel , was made Chief of General Staff as well , while Blamey was given the new post of Second CGS , in which he performed most of the duties of Chief of General Staff . Seeing no immediate prospects for advancement , Blamey transferred from the Permanent Military Forces to the Militia on 1 September 1925 . For the next 14 years he would remain in the Army as a part @-@ time soldier . On 1 May 1926 he assumed command of the 10th Infantry Brigade , part of the 3rd Division . Blamey stepped up to command the 3rd Division on 23 March 1931 , and was promoted to major general , one of only four Militia officers promoted to this rank between 1929 and 1939 . In 1937 he was transferred to the unattached list . = = = Chief Commissioner of the Victoria Police = = = In 1923 , the Victoria Police went on strike , and Monash and McCay established a Special Constabulary Force to carry out police duties . After the Chief Commissioner , Alexander Nicholson , resigned for ill @-@ health in 1925 , Chauvel recommended Blamey for the post . He became Chief Commissioner on 1 September 1925 for a five @-@ year term , with a salary of £ 1 @,@ 500 per annum ( A $ 100 @,@ 227 in 2008 dollars ) . Blamey set about addressing the grievances that had caused the strike , which he felt " were just , even if they went the wrong way about them " . Blamey improved pay and conditions , and implemented the recommendations of the Royal Commission into the strike . He attempted to introduce faster promotion based on merit , but this was unpopular with the Police Association , and was abandoned by his successors . As in the Army , he showed a willingness to adopt new ideas . He introduced police dogs , and increased the number of police cars equipped with two @-@ way radios from one in 1925 to five in 1930 . He also boosted the numbers of policewomen on the force . Blamey became involved in his first and greatest scandal soon after taking office . During a raid on a brothel in Fitzroy on 21 October 1925 , the police encountered a man who produced Blamey 's police badge , No. 80 . Blamey later said that he had given his key ring , which included his badge , to a friend who had served with him in France , so that the man could help himself to some alcohol in Blamey 's locker at the Naval and Military Club . His story was corroborated by his friend Stanley Savige , who was with him at the time . Blamey protected the man in question , whom he said was married with children , and refused to identify him . The man has never been identified , but the description given by the detectives and the brothel owner did not match Blamey . During the 1920s , Victoria had repressive and restrictive drinking laws , including the notorious six o 'clock closing . Blamey took the position that it was the job of the police to enforce the laws , even if they did not support them . Many members of the public did not agree with this attitude , maintaining that the police should not uphold such laws . Almost as controversially , Blamey drew a sharp distinction between his personal life and his job . His presence in a hotel after closing time was always welcome , as it meant that drinking could continue , for it was known that it would not be raided while he was there ; but other citizens felt that it was unjust when they were arrested for breaking the same laws . As Police Commissioner Blamey defended the actions of the police during the 1928 Waterside Workers ' Federation dispute , during which police opened fire , killing a striking worker who was also a Gallipoli veteran , and wounding several others . His treatment of the unionists was typical of his hard line anti @-@ communist beliefs and as such his relations with left @-@ wing governments were tense . Along with many senior army and ex @-@ army officers , he was a leading member of the clandestine far @-@ right @-@ wing League of National Security . This was reportedly a response to the rise of communism in Australia . Its members stood ready to take up arms to stop a Catholic or communist revolution . Blamey was re @-@ appointed as Chief Commissioner in 1930 , but at a reduced salary of £ 1 @,@ 250 per annum . A year later it was reduced still further , to £ 785 , due to cutbacks as a result of the Great Depression . Minnie became an invalid , and by 1930 no longer accompanied him in public . His son Dolf , now an RAAF flying officer , was killed in an air crash at RAAF Base Richmond in October 1932 , and Minnie died in October 1935 . Blamey was knighted in the 1935 New Year Honours , and in 1936 he was appointed a Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John . A second scandal occurred in 1936 when Blamey attempted to cover up details of the shooting of the superintendent of the Criminal Investigation Branch , John O 'Connell Brophy , whom Blamey had appointed to the post . Brophy had taken two women friends along with him to a meeting with a police informant . While they were waiting for the informant , they had been approached by armed bandits , and Brophy had opened fire and had himself been wounded . In order to cover up the identities of the two women involved , Blamey initially issued a press release to the effect that Brophy had accidentally shot himself . The Premier , Albert Dunstan , gave Blamey the choice of resigning or being dismissed . The latter meant the loss of pension rights and any future prospects of employment in the Public Service or the Army . He reluctantly submitted his resignation on 9 July 1936 . From March 1938 Blamey supplemented his income by making weekly broadcasts on international affairs on Melbourne radio station 3UZ under the pseudonym " the Sentinel " . Like the station 's general manager , Alfred Kemsley , Blamey felt that Australians were poorly informed about international affairs , and set about raising awareness of matters that he believed would soon impact them greatly . He was appalled at Nazi Germany 's persecution of Jews , and saw a clear and growing menace to world peace from Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan . His 15 @-@ minute weekly talks continued until the end of September 1939 , by which time the war that he had warned was coming had started . In November 1938 , Blamey was appointed chairman of the Commonwealth Government 's Manpower Committee and Controller General of Recruiting . As such , he laid the foundation for the expansion of the Army in the event of war with Germany or Japan , which he now regarded as inevitable . In 1938 and 1939 , he headed a successful recruiting campaign which doubled the size of the part @-@ time volunteer Militia from 35 @,@ 000 in September 1938 to 70 @,@ 000 in March 1939 . On 5 April 1939 he married Olga Ora Farnsworth , a 35 @-@ year @-@ old fashion artist , at St John 's Anglican Church , Toorak . Henry Somer Gullett and Richard Casey , who had served with Blamey at Gallipoli and in France , put Blamey 's name forward to Prime Minister Joseph Lyons as a possible commander in chief in the event of a major war . " We 've got some brilliant staff officers , " Casey told Lyons , " but Blamey is a commander . That 's the difference . " Lyons initially had concerns about Blamey 's morals , but Casey and Lyons summoned Blamey to a meeting in Canberra , after which Lyons designated him for the job . Lyons died on 7 April 1939 , and was replaced as prime minister by Robert Menzies , another prominent supporter of Blamey 's . Two other officers , Major Generals Gordon Bennett and John Lavarack , were considered , and also had strong and well @-@ connected supporters , but unlike Blamey they were public critics of the government 's defence policies . = = Second World War = = = = = Middle East = = = On 13 October 1939 , a month after the outbreak of the Second World War , Blamey was promoted to lieutenant general , and appointed to command the 6th Division , the first formation of the new Second Australian Imperial Force , and received the AIF service number VX1 . Menzies limited his choice of commanders by insisting that they be selected from the Militia rather than the Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) , the Army 's full @-@ time , regular component . For brigade commanders he chose Brigadiers Arthur Allen , Leslie Morshead and Stanley Savige . He selected Brigadier Edmund Herring to command the 6th Division artillery , Colonel Samuel Burston for its medical services , and Lieutenant Colonels Clive Steele and Jack Stevens for its engineers and signals . All except Allen had previously served with him during his time commanding the 3rd Division in Melbourne . For his two most senior staff officers , he chose two PMF officers , Colonel Sydney Rowell as GSO1 and Lieutenant Colonel George Alan Vasey as AA & QMG . In February 1940 , the War Cabinet decided to form a second AIF division , the 7th Division , and group the 6th and 7th Divisions together as I Corps , with Blamey as its commander . On Blamey 's recommendation , Major General Iven Mackay was appointed to succeed him in command of the 6th Division , while Lieutenant General John Lavarack , a PMF officer , assumed command of the 7th Division . Blamey took Rowell with him as his corps chief of staff , and picked Major General Henry Wynter as his administrative officer . Blamey flew to Palestine on a Qantas flying boat in June 1940 . He refused to allow his troops to perform police duties in Palestine , and established warm relations with the Jewish community there , becoming a frequent guest in their homes . As commander of the AIF , Blamey was answerable directly to the Minister of Defence , rather than to the Military Board , with a charter based on that given to Bridges in 1914 . Part of this required that his forces remain together as cohesive units , and that no Australian forces were to be deployed or engaged without the prior consent of the Australian government . Blamey was not inflexible , and permitted Australian units to be detached when there was a genuine military need . Because the situation in the Middle East lurched from crisis to crisis , this resulted in his troops becoming widely scattered at times . When the crises had passed , however , he wanted units returned to their parent formations . This resulted in conflicts with British commanders . The first occurred in August 1940 when the British Commander in Chief Middle East Command , General Sir Archibald Wavell , and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Winston Churchill , ordered the 16th Infantry Brigade to move to Egypt . Blamey refused on the grounds that the brigade was not yet fully equipped , but eventually compromised , sending it on the understanding that it would soon be joined by the rest of the 6th Division . I Corps assumed responsibility for the front in Cyrenaica on 15 February 1941 , but within days Blamey was informed that his troops would be sent on the expedition to Greece . Blamey has been criticised for allowing this when he knew it was extremely hazardous , after he was told that Menzies had approved . He insisted , however , on sending the veteran 6th Division first instead of the 7th Division , resulting in a heated argument with Wavell , which Blamey won . He was under no illusions about the odds of success , and immediately prepared plans for an evacuation . His foresight and determination saved many of his men , but he lost credibility when he chose his son Tom to fill the one remaining seat on the aircraft carrying him out of Greece . The campaign exposed deficiencies in the Australian Army 's training , leadership and staff work that had passed unnoticed or had not been addressed in the Libyan Campaign . The pressure of the campaign opened a rift between Blamey and Rowell , which was to have important consequences . While Rowell and Brigadier William Bridgeford were extremely critical of Blamey 's performance in Greece , this opinion was not widely held . Wavell reported that " Blamey has shown himself a fine fighting commander in these operations and fitted for high command . " The political fallout from the disastrous Battle of Greece led to Blamey 's appointment as Deputy Commander in Chief Middle East Command in April 1941 . However , to ensure that command would not pass to Blamey in the event of something happening to Wavell , the British government promoted Sir Henry Maitland Wilson to General in June . Soon afterwards , Wavell was replaced by General Sir Claude Auchinleck . Blamey was subsequently promoted to the same rank on 24 September 1941 , becoming only the fourth Australian to reach this rank , after Monash , Chauvel and White . During the Syrian campaign against the Vichy French , Blamey took decisive action to resolve the command difficulties caused by Wilson 's attempt to direct the fighting from the King David Hotel in Jerusalem by interposing Lavarack 's I Corps headquarters . During Blamey 's absence in Greece , AIF units had become widely scattered , with forces being deployed to Cyprus , and the 9th Division and the 18th Infantry Brigade coming under siege in Tobruk . Blamey would spend the rest of the year attempting to reassemble his forces . This led to a clash with Auchinleck over the relief of Tobruk , where Blamey accepted Burston 's advice that the Australian troops there should be relieved on medical grounds . Menzies , and later his successor , John Curtin , backed Blamey , and Auchinleck and Churchill were forced to give way resulting in the relief of most of the Australian troops by the British 70th Division . For his campaigns in the Middle East , Blamey was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1942 . He was Mentioned in Despatches for the eighth time , and was awarded the Greek War Cross , First Class . = = = Papuan campaign = = = The defence of Australia took on a new urgency in December 1941 with the entry of Japan into the war . Within the Army there was a concern that Bennett or Lavarack would be appointed as Commander in Chief . In March 1942 , Vasey , Herring and Steele approached the Minister for the Army , Frank Forde , with a proposal that all officers over the age of 50 be immediately retired and Major General Horace Robertson be appointed Commander in Chief . This " revolt of the generals " collapsed with the welcome news that Blamey was returning from the Middle East to become Commander in Chief Australian Military Forces . General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Australia in March 1942 to become Supreme Commander South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . In addition to his duties as Commander in Chief , Blamey became Commander of Allied Land Forces , South West Pacific Area . In the reorganisation that followed his return to Australia on 23 March , Blamey appointed Lavarack to command the First Army , Mackay to command the Second Army , and Bennett to command the III Corps in Western Australia . Vasey became Deputy Chief of the General Staff ( DCGS ) , while Herring took over Northern Territory Force , and Robertson became commander of the 1st Armoured Division . Blamey 's Allied Land Forces Headquarters ( LHQ ) was established in Melbourne , but after MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) moved to Brisbane in July 1942 , Blamey established an Advanced LHQ in nearby St Lucia , Queensland . The Allied command structure was soon put under strain by Australian reverses in the Kokoda Track campaign . MacArthur was highly critical of the Australian performance , and confided to the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General George Marshall , that " the Australians have proven themselves unable to match the enemy in jungle fighting . Aggressive leadership is lacking . " MacArthur told Curtin that Blamey should be sent up to New Guinea to take personal command of the situation . Curtin later confessed that " in my ignorance ( of military matters ) I thought that the Commander in Chief should be in New Guinea . " Jack Beasley suggested that Blamey would make a convenient scapegoat : " Moresby is going to fall . Send Blamey up there and let him fall with it ! " Blamey felt he had no choice , but his assumption of command of New Guinea Force sat uneasily with Rowell , the commander of I Corps there , who saw it as displaying a lack of confidence in him . A petulant Rowell would not be mollified , and , after a series of disagreements , Blamey relieved Rowell of his command , replacing him with Herring . More reliefs followed . Herring relieved Brigadier Arnold Potts of the 21st Infantry Brigade , replacing him with Brigadier Ivan Dougherty on 22 October . Five days later , Blamey replaced Allen as the 7th Division 's commander with Vasey . Nor were generals the only ones to be removed . Blamey cancelled Chester Wilmot 's accreditation as a war correspondent in October 1942 for spreading a false rumour that Blamey was taking payments from the laundry contractor at Puckapunyal . Wilmot was reinstated , but on 1 November 1942 , Blamey again terminated Wilmot 's accreditation , this time for good . Blamey made a controversial speech to the 21st Infantry Brigade on 9 November 1942 . According to the official historian , Dudley McCarthy : [ Blamey ] said that the Jap was like a gorilla ; he would get into a hole and he would not surrender ; while in his hole and protected by it he would kill ; to be dealt with he had to be got out of his holes and put on the run . Blamey added that it was like shooting rabbits : while the rabbits were in their burrows they could not be shot ; they had to be got on the run and then the man with the gun could get them . " It never entered my head as I stood there on parade that the general had any idea he was being offensive , or that he intended to be so " , wrote Brigadier Dougherty ( then a newcomer to the brigade ) afterwards . " But the brigade gave to what he said the interpretation that ' they ran like rabbits ' . This interpretation of what he said spread throughout New Guinea and indeed back home , and resulted in bitter feelings . Following his address to the whole brigade [ General Blamey ] addressed the officers separately . He was direct with them and said that a few officers in the brigade had failed . This caused bitterness . But after both addresses Blamey told me that he thought highly of the brigade , and repeated to me what he had told the whole brigade — that I , as their new brigade commander , would be very proud of them . " The implication of cowardice was seen as contrasting with his own inability to stand up to MacArthur and the Prime Minister . Rowell felt that Blamey " had not shown the necessary ' moral courage ' to fight the Cabinet on an issue of confidence in me . " When American troops suffered serious reverses in the Battle of Buna – Gona , Blamey turned the tables on MacArthur . According to Lieutenant General George Kenney , the commander of Allied Air Forces , Blamey " frankly said he would rather send in more Australians , as he knew they would fight ... a bitter pill for MacArthur to swallow " . In January 1943 , he visited the Buna – Gona battlefield , surprising Vasey at how far forward he went , seemingly unconcerned about his safety . Blamey was impressed by the strength of the Japanese fortifications that had been captured , later telling correspondents that Australian and American troops had performed miracles . At the Battle of Wau in January 1943 , Blamey won the battle by acting decisively on intelligence , shifting the 17th Infantry Brigade from Milne Bay in time to defeat the Japanese attack . The official historian , Dudley McCarthy , later wrote : At the very peak of this leadership development was General Blamey himself . His greatness was demonstrated almost daily by a knowledge unparalleled in Australia of how an army should be formed and put to work ; by his exercise of the vital field command at the same time as he kept within his grasp a vastly detailed control of the Australian Army as a whole ; by his sagacity and strength in meeting the rapidly changing demands of a difficult political situation ; by his ability speedily to encompass the requirements of the new war and plan far ahead of the events of the day as he controlled them ; by his generally unappreciated humanity . For the Papuan Campaign , MacArthur awarded Blamey the American Distinguished Service Cross , and Blamey was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire on 28 May 1943 . This was unusual as it was the Australian Labor Party 's policy not to award knighthoods , but was done as a response to the British government 's awards to British and American officers for the North African campaign . Blamey 's and Herring 's knighthoods would be the last that the Labor government would award to Australian soldiers . = = = New Guinea Campaign = = = The relationship between MacArthur and Blamey was generally good , and they had great respect for each other 's abilities . MacArthur 's main objection was that as Commander in Chief AMF as well as Commander Allied Land Forces , Blamey was not wholly under his command . Official Historian Gavin Long argued that : Nothing substantial would have been gained by this arrangement and much would have been lost : notably the existence of a single commander who could advise the Australian Government on all the problems of its army and be answerable to that Government for the manner in which it was employed both at home and in the field . The next operation was MacArthur 's Operation Cartwheel , an advance on the major Japanese base at Rabaul . The Australian Army was tasked with the capture of the Huon Peninsula . Blamey was ordered to again assume personal command of New Guinea Force . His concept , which he developed with Herring and Frank Berryman , who had replaced Vasey as DCGS , was to draw the Japanese forces away from Lae with a demonstration against Salamaua , and then capture Lae with a double envelopment . Blamey remained a devotee of new technology . His plan called for the use of the landing craft of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade , and he intended to cross the Markham River with the aid of paratroops . Supplies would be brought across the river using DUKWs , a relatively new invention . He also attempted to acquire helicopters , but met resistance from the RAAF , and they were never delivered . MacArthur accepted a number of changes that Blamey made to his strategy , probably the most notable of which was putting the landing on New Britain before Blamey 's attack on Madang . The campaign started well ; Lae was captured well ahead of schedule . Blamey then handed over command of New Guinea Force to Mackay and returned to Australia . The 7th Division then advanced through the Ramu Valley while the 9th Division landed at Finschhafen . The campaign then slowed owing to a combination of logistical difficulties and Japanese resistance . Blamey responded to a request from Mackay to relieve Herring , whose chief of staff had been killed in an aircraft accident . He immediately sent Morshead . In February 1944 there was criticism in Parliament of the way that Blamey had " side tracked " various generals ; the names of Bennett , Rowell , Mackay , Wynter , Herring , Lavarack , Robertson , Morshead and Clowes were mentioned . Blamey responded , We had twelve divisions to fight the Jap . On arrival of other equipment , other considerations came in and we now have six divisions . Can you tell me what should have been done with the surplus generals ? I do know that on every occasion I proposed to terminate a general 's appointment , politicians have tried to stop it . Frank Forde criticised Blamey for having too many generals . Blamey could only reply that the Australian Army had one general for 15 @,@ 741 men and women compared to one per 9 @,@ 090 in the British Army . Blamey was annoyed by the media campaign run against him by William Dunstan and Keith Murdoch of The Herald and Weekly Times newspaper group , but success in New Guinea led to a change of heart at the newspaper , and Blamey even accepted a dinner invitation from Murdoch in 1944 . There was another victory , though , far more significant . The Army had taken heavy casualties from malaria in the fighting in 1942 . Blamey took the advice of Edward Ford and Neil Hamilton Fairley , and strongly backed their ultimately successful efforts to control the disease . To acquaint himself with the issues , Blamey read through Manson 's Tropical Diseases , the standard medical textbook on the subject . Blamey also promoted the work of Howard Florey on the development of penicillin , and wrote to Curtin urging that £ 200 @,@ 000 be earmarked for Florey 's vision of a national institute for medical research in Canberra , which ultimately became the John Curtin School of Medical Research . Blamey was involved in discussions with the government over the size of the Army to be maintained . Now that the danger of invasion of Australia had passed , the government reconsidered how the nation 's resources , particularly of manpower , should be distributed . Blamey pressed for a commitment to maintain three AIF divisions , as only they could legally be sent north of the equator where the final campaigns would be fought . He urged that the Empire Air Training Scheme be curtailed , and opposed MacArthur 's proposal to use the Australian Army primarily for logistic support and leave combat roles principally to American troops . = = = Final campaigns = = = On 5 April 1944 , Blamey departed for San Francisco on board SS Lurline for the first leg of a voyage to attend the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference in London as part of Curtin 's party . The journey was made by sea and rail due to Curtin 's fear of flying . Also on board the ship were American military personnel returning to the United States , and some 40 Australian war brides . Blamey " was always attractive to women and attracted by them . Advancing years had not reduced either his taste for amorous adventures or his capacity to enjoy them " , and he brought with him several cases of spirits . The rowdy goings @-@ on in Blamey 's cabin did not endear him to the Prime Minister , who was a reformed alcoholic . The party travelled by train to Washington , DC , where Blamey was warmly greeted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and briefed the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the progress of the war in SWPA . In London Blamey had a series of meetings with the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke , and was briefed on Operation Overlord by General Sir Bernard Montgomery and Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder . Blamey was disappointed to have to turn down an offer to accompany the invasion as a guest of General Dwight Eisenhower because Curtin feared that the invasion would lead to retaliatory German bombing , and wanted to be far away before it started . As a matter of policy , Curtin wanted Australian forces to be involved in liberating New Guinea . MacArthur therefore proposed that Australian troops relieve the American garrisons on New Britain , Bougainville and New Guinea . However , MacArthur baulked at Blamey 's proposal to replace the seven American divisions with just seven Australian brigades , resulting in the 6th Division being employed as well . The larger garrisons permitted offensive operations , and demanded them if the 6th Division was to be freed for employment elsewhere . These operations aroused considerable criticism on the grounds that they were unnecessary , that the troops should have been employed elsewhere , and that the Army 's equipment and logistics were inadequate . Blamey vigorously defended his aggressive policy to reduce the bypassed Japanese garrisons and free the civilian population , but some felt that he went too far in putting his case publicly in a national radio broadcast . He was also criticised for not spending enough time in forward areas , although he spent more than half his time outside Australia in 1944 , and between April 1944 and April 1945 travelled 65 @,@ 000 miles ( 105 @,@ 000 km ) by air , 7 @,@ 000 miles ( 11 @,@ 000 km ) by sea and 7 @,@ 500 miles ( 12 @,@ 100 km ) by land . Blamey urged that the 7th Division not be sent to Balikpapan , an operation that he regarded as unnecessary . On this occasion , he was not supported by the government , and the operation went ahead as planned . Gavin Long wrote : Some of the reasons for Blamey 's lack of popularity with several of the Ministers and part of the public can probably be discovered only by exploring traits in the Australian national character of those days ; other reasons are easier to unearth . Throughout the war Blamey commanded an army whose senior appointments were shared between regular and citizen officers . In some places this created tensions and rivalry which adversely affected Blamey 's reputation , through no fault of his own ; also the ambiguous relationship between his headquarters and MacArthur 's led to disagreements of which at least the Ministers were aware . A man of greater tact , however , could have managed these problems more smoothly . But Blamey was not a man of great tact . On 2 September 1945 , Blamey was with MacArthur on USS Missouri and signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia . He then flew to Morotai and personally accepted the surrender of the remaining Japanese in the South West Pacific . He insisted that Australia should be represented in the Allied occupation of Japan . = = After the war = = MacArthur abolished SWPA on 2 September 1945 , and on 15 September Blamey offered to resign . The war was over , and the post of Commander in Chief was now a purely administrative one . His offer was not accepted , but on 14 November , the government abruptly announced that it had accepted his resignation , effective 30 November . A farewell party was held in Melbourne , which was attended by 66 brigadiers and generals . Blamey was given time to write up his despatches , and was formally retired on 31 January 1946 . Forde asked Blamey if he wanted anything in way of recognition for his services , and Blamey asked for knighthoods for his generals , but Forde could not arrange this . In the end , Forde decided to give Blamey the Buick staff car he had used during the war , which had clocked up 50 @,@ 000 miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km ) in the Middle East and the South West Pacific . Blamey returned to Melbourne , where he devoted himself to business affairs , to writing , and to promoting the welfare of ex @-@ service personnel . In September 1948 , Blamey paid a visit to Japan , where he was warmly greeted on arrival at Iwakuni by Horace Robertson , the commander of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force , who also provided an RAAF honour guard . MacArthur sent his own aircraft , the Bataan , to collect Blamey and bring him to Tokyo , where he met Blamey at the airport and gave him another warm greeting . In the late 1940s Blamey became involved with The Association , an organisation similar to the earlier League of National Security , which was established to counter a possible communist coup . He was the head of the organisation until ill health forced him to stand down in favour of Morshead in 1950 . Menzies became prime minister again in December 1949 , and he resolved that Blamey should be promoted to the rank of field marshal , something that had been mooted in 1945 . The recommendation went via the Governor @-@ General , William McKell , to the War Office in London , which replied that a dominion officer could not be promoted to the rank . Menzies pointed out that Jan Smuts already had . The War Office then claimed that Blamey could not be promoted to field marshal because he was a retired officer , which was not true . Menzies then restored Blamey to active duty . Blamey was duly promoted to field marshal in the King 's Birthday Honours of 8 June 1950 . A few days afterwards , Blamey became seriously ill and was forced to receive his field marshal 's baton from McKell in a bedside ceremony at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital . Blamey died there of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage on 27 May 1951 . His body lay in state at the Shrine of Remembrance , where 20 @,@ 000 people filed past . Crowds estimated at 300 @,@ 000 lined the streets of Melbourne at his state funeral . Ten of his lieutenant generals served as pallbearers : Frank Berryman , William Bridgeford , Edmund Herring , Iven Mackay , Leslie Morshead , John Northcott , Sydney Rowell , Stanley Savige , Vernon Sturdee and Henry Wells . His body was cremated at the Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park . = = Legacy = = Blamey is honoured in Australia in various ways , including a square named after him which is situated outside the Russell Offices headquarters of the Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence in the national capital , Canberra . A statue of Blamey stands in Kings Domain , Melbourne , on the corner of Government House Drive and Birdwood Avenue , opposite that of John Monash . It was sculptured from granite and bronze by Raymond B. Ewers and presented to the city in February 1960 . Controversially , Blamey is mounted on a jeep instead of the traditional horse . Blamey Barracks at Kapooka , where the Army Recruit Training Centre is located , is also named in his honour , as is Blamey Street and Blamey Park in North Ryde , New South Wales . His papers are held in the Australian War Memorial , where his field marshal 's baton is on display .
= Songs of Experience ( album ) = Songs of Experience is the second studio album by American composer and producer David Axelrod , released in October 1969 by Capitol Records . It was composed , arranged , and produced by Axelrod , who worked with session musicians such as guitarist Al Casey , drummer Earl Palmer , and conductor Don Randi . As with his 1968 debut album Song of Innocence , Axelrod composed musical interpretations of English poet William Blake 's Songs of Innocence and of Experience , an 18th @-@ century illustrated collection of poems . A jazz fusion album , Songs of Experience explores darker sounds than its predecessor , as the poems Axelrod drew on for inspiration dealt with the darker side of humanity . Its music was partly inspired by composer Gunther Schuller 's Third Stream concept . Axelrod composed Baroque orchestrations with rock , R & B , pop , and folk music elements . Songs of Experience received retrospective acclaim from music critics , who found Axelrod 's compositions musically varied and innovative . Contemporary musicians praised it as a source for sampling in hip hop production . Some of its songs have been sampled frequently by hip hop artists and producers . In 2000 , the album was reissued by EMI . = = Background = = As he had on his 1968 debut album Song of Innocence , Axelrod composed musical interpretations of the works of English poet William Blake on Songs of Experience . He used eight poems from Blake 's Songs of Experience ( 1794 ) . The album 's gatefold featured Blake 's poems reprinted for each song and liner notes that stated , " an anthology of awareness after birth ... based on the 18th century poems of William Blake . " Blake 's poems began with the premise of birth and innocence , and explored themes of life experience , rite of passage , and changes of perspective in life . = = Composition = = A jazz fusion album , Songs of Experience was partly inspired by Gunther Schuller 's Third Stream concept , which fused American jazz with European classical music . Axelrod supported his Baroque orchestrations on the album with rhythms and melodies from rock , R & B , and pop music . The album 's suite is more orchestral and less rock @-@ oriented than Song of Innocence . Its symphony is embellished with percussive sounds , British and Irish folk song elements , and stylistic innovations from contemporary arranger Gerald Wilson . With Songs of Experience , Axelrod explored darker sounds , as the poems he had chosen dealt with the darker side of humanity . For " The Human Abstract " , he used ascending piano , bass , and percussion instruments to evoke the ghost described in Blake 's poem . It is a bass @-@ driven , funky song that juxtaposes augmented sevenths strummed on an electric guitar against an acoustic piano and muted horns . According to music critic Thom Jurek , " The Divine Image " and " A Little Girl Lost " elicit feelings of majesty and " pastoral sadness " , respectively . " London " was recorded by Axelrod as a tone poem to reflect Blake 's opening stanza about the spiritual climate of London at the onset of the Industrial Revolution : " I wander thro ' each charted 'd street / Near where the chart 'd Thames does flow / And mark in every face I meet / Marks of weakness , marks of woe . " = = Release and reception = = Songs of Experience was released in October 1969 by Capitol Records on stereo LP . In a retrospective review , AllMusic 's Thom Jurek gave the album four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars and said that Axelrod " succeeded in spades " in his search for a sound that " best exemplified not only his feelings but also the heady text he sought to sonically illustrate . " Jurek felt that his compositions were diverse , lush , and able to resemble literature by " using as much space as they do sound for dramatic and dynamic effect " , and that Axelrod created original palettes for rock instrumentation through his complex use of the horn section 's " various colors " . Lynell George of the Los Angeles Times called it a " prescient , genre @-@ defying " solo project , and NME viewed it as a " landmark " album . Mojo cited the album , along with Song of Innocence , as Axelrod 's artistic peak and particularly praised " The Human Abstract " as " beautiful and blank " , evoking " the view from Arthur Lee 's castle of an endless pale blue sky and the vast deathly city beneath it . " Songs of Experience was reissued on CD in 2000 by EMI . = = Influence = = Songs from the album have been sampled frequently by hip hop producers and artists , including Black Moon , who sampled " A Divine Image " , and DJ Shadow , who sampled the luminous piano line from " The Human Abstract " on his 1996 song " Midnight in a Perfect World " . English hip hop producer Metabeats called Songs of Experience one of his favorite sources for sampling music and said of the album in an interview for Hip Hop Connection : " You could sample everything on this record , and I think everyone already has . Axelrod is pretty much a sound library in himself – the quality is amazing . " American musician John McEntire ranked it third on his list of top @-@ five albums and called it " early crate @-@ digger stuff . Great , funky rhythm @-@ section playing , crazy , overblown string arrangements . " In a 2000 interview for The Wire , rapper and producer Mike Ladd viewed the song " London " as " crazy stuff " that deviates from the one @-@ dimensional rhythm loops of contemporary hip hop production and stated , " This is definitely the kind of stuff I 'm planning to do for the next album , incorporate more fusion elements and stuff like that . This is a really good production . I like it because it 's little parts with gaps , which I don 't normally have . Somebody told me I should listen to [ Axelrod ] . This is one I 'm definitely going to buy I 'd like to do more stuff with complicated melodies , everybody playing together , drum breaks , things like that . " = = Track listing = = All songs were composed , arranged , and produced by David Axelrod . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= Chair Model = " Chair Model " is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's sixty @-@ seventh episode overall . Written by B. J. Novak , and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , the episode first aired in the United States on April 17 , 2008 on NBC . The episode guest @-@ stars Brooke Dillman and Robert R. Shafer as Bob Vance . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) finds himself lonely and wanting a relationship after breaking up with Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) . While looking through an office @-@ supplies catalog , he falls in love with a chair model . Meanwhile , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) and Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) fight to reclaim lost parking spaces , and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) tells Pam Beesley ( Jenna Fischer ) that he is going to propose . The final scene was originally going to be a parody of " Candle in the Wind " by Elton John , but John refused permission . The scene was then re @-@ written to feature a parody of the song " American Pie " by Don McLean ( see below : Plot ) . " Chair Model " received mostly positive reviews from critics , although some fans were alienated due to the dark nature of the storyline . The episode received 5 @.@ 8 Nielsen rating and was watched by 9 @.@ 86 million viewers . = = Plot = = While browsing an office @-@ chair catalog , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , who has broken up with Jan Levenson , becomes enamored of one of the female chair models . As a result , he decides to resume dating with the help of the office employees , even going so far as threatening to fire them if they do not help . No one in the office wants to set up any of their friends with Michael , but when Michael learns that the chair model had died in a car crash some time ago , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) takes pity and sets him up on a blind date with her landlady ( Brooke Dillman ) . The date does not go well , beginning with Michael pretending he is not who she was supposed to be meeting . After Michael admits his own blind date was a failure , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) convinces him that he needs closure on this person he loved who is gone . The two end up in a cemetery at the grave of the chair model , where Michael " grieves " . They are both singing " American Pie " by Don McLean and dancing on her grave . With Michael busy , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) and Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) work to reclaim parking spaces that they have lost due to construction in a neighboring office . They arrange a meeting with the bosses of the office park , and are given the parking spots back . The spaces are retrieved , Kevin feels happy to have won one , as his fiancée Stacy broke off their engagement and it 's been a hard time for him . While flirting , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) reveals he is ready to propose to Pam , even going as far as telling her that he is not going to do it at work ( " because that would be rather lame " ) and when he does it , it will " kick her ass " . Pam is not sure if he 's joking . Alone with the camera , Jim reveals that he was not joking and shows an engagement ring that he bought " the week after [ they ] started dating . " After work , while walking back to his car , he stops and gets down on one knee . When Pam stops and looks he says he has a question to ask her . After a second or so of hesitation , he asks her if she will wait while he ties his shoes . She laughs and they continue walking hand in hand . At the end of the episode , Michael and Dwight are seen singing " American Pie " and dancing in the same cemetery at night , presumably having never left . = = Production = = " Chair Model " was the third episode of the series directed by Jeffrey Blitz . Blitz had previously directed " The Convict " and " The Negotiation " . The episode was written by B. J. Novak , who plays temporary worker turned corporate manager Ryan Howard . Novak was originally going to name the episode " Michael Dating " , but the title could have potentially been a spoiler because fans with DVRs would have seen it before " Dinner Party " aired and deduced that Michael and Jan 's relationship had completely fallen apart . For a while , " Parking " was going to be the title , but even that was decided against because that refers to the subplot , and also because it was generic and boring even by the show 's no @-@ frills @-@ titles standard . Eventually , someone suggested " Chair Model " , which was eventually kept as the name . Originally , Novak wrote Jim putting Dwight through a " phony management training " , but NBC pointed out that it felt like the writers had done it before even though they had not . As a group , the writers tried to think of a new idea for the plot ; they considered having Pam move in with Jim , but they thought that first the two should be engaged . There was an auditioning process for both the chair model and the young blond woman that Michael sees in the coffee shop . According to writer B. J. Novak , the chair model was supposed to be " pretty " and " perhaps even prettier than your average model " , but more of just an " average single girl " , because the episode is more about Michael wanting to start dating again than the model herself . In the scene with the " Five Families " , one of the actors , Paul Faust was the only first @-@ time actor . Faust is the cousin of writer Paul Lieberstein , and had been on a tour of the set and talked to many of the writers . He made a good impression and so the character of " Cool Guy Paul " was based on him . The day before they were scheduled to shoot , the show still had not cast anyone for the role , so they called Paul in New York City and had him read the lines into a camera and e @-@ mail to them . In less than an hour , Faust had landed the part and was flown out to Los Angeles . Although Novak wrote the majority of the episode , Jennifer Celotta and Paul Lieberstein were actually the ones that came up with the graveyard scene in the end . The original song for Michael to sing was going to be a parody of " Candle in the Wind " by Elton John . Elton John however , refused to give The Office permission to use the song , because 30 Rock had requested permission for a parody of " Candle in the Wind " that offended Elton John , and he did not want to have his song parodied again . So then , the writers wrote parodies of " Legs " by ZZ Top and " Ruby Tuesday " by The Rolling Stones , but eventually " American Pie " by Don McLean cleared , so the writers went with that . = = Cultural references = = Michael calls Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) an " Oscar Mayer Weiner Lover " , a reference to both the sausage of the same name , as well as Oscar 's homosexuality . Andy and Kevin hold a meeting with the head of the " Five Families " of the office building , a reference to the " Five Families " from " The Godfather " trilogy . Michael later tries to phone a " hot and juicy redhead " named Wendy , but it turns out it was the number for the Wendy 's restaurant . = = Reception = = " Chair Model " first aired on NBC on April 17 , 2008 . The episode received 5 @.@ 8 / 9 percent share in the households demographic in the Nielsen ratings . This means that 5 @.@ 8 percent of all households watched the episode , and nine percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point . The episode was watched by 9 @.@ 86 million viewers total , as well as 6 @.@ 49 million viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . " Chair Model " was generally well received by critics , although some fans were alienated by the darkness of the episode . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it a " B + " . He noted that the episode " fell on the wrong side of the funny / creepy divide for a lot of Office fans " , but that he enjoyed the entry , calling the grave scene " unexpectedly sweet " . He also enjoyed the maturation of Andy , describing him as " coming into his own [ and becoming ] something more than just a foil for Dwight " . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an " A " . BuddyTV senior writer Oscar Dahl wrote that " The Office is sharp as ever " and Jim saying he was going to propose was " a big time moment in the Jim / Pam story " . Dahl also praised the parking lot storyline , saying " what started as merely a joke ( Kevin was dumped ) , became a feel @-@ good moment . " IGN 's Travis Fickett said that Michael falling in love with the chair model was " a hysterical turn and highlights just how deluded Michael – and Dwight – can be " . Fickett was critical of the " parking " storyline , saying that it was " a bit over the top and runs a bit thin " , but he did think that the scene at the end with Kevin was " a sweet and genuine moment " . Aubry D 'Arminio of Entertainment Weekly stated that , in relation to the previous episode " Dinner Party " , " Last night 's show took another approach . Don 't get me wrong . It was a blinder — but a totally different animal , so to speak . " D 'Arminio went on to praise the dual plots of the episode .
= Venues of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics = The 2016 Winter Youth Olympics are scheduled in and around Lillehammer , Norway , between 12 February and 21 February 2016 . Nine competition and twelve non @-@ competition venues are to be used ; all except the Youth Olympic Village in Lillehammer and a training ice rink being are existing venues . All the competition venues and some of the non @-@ competition venues were built ahead of the 1994 Winter Olympics . The games will be held in four municipalities : Lillehammer , Hamar , Gjøvik and Øyer . Lillehammer has five competition venues , Birkebeineren Ski Stadium , Kristins Hall , Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena , Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track and the Lysgårdsbakken ski jumping hill . In addition , the Olympic Village , the ceremonies stadium Stampesletta , the media center and various cultural venues , such as Lillehammer Art Museum and Maihaugen , are located in Lillehammer . Two skating halls , Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre and Vikingskipet , are located in Hamar , along with a hotel used as a sub @-@ site Olympic Village . Alpine skiing will take place at Hafjell in Øyer and short @-@ track speed skating will take place at Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall . = = Background = = Originally proposed in 1981 , Lillehammer 's bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics was unsuccessful . Lillehammer then made a new bid for the 1994 Olympics , which it won on 15 September 1988 . Venue construction ran from spring 1990 to December 1993 , with all the competition and most of the non @-@ competition venues purpose @-@ built for the games . For the first time in Olympic history , environmental and sustainability issues were considered in venue construction . Two venues , Kristins Hall and Hafjell , were built before Lillehammer had been awarded the Olympics , although the former was only used for training during the Olympics . Lillehammer 's incumbent ski jumping hill , Balbergbakken , was found to be unsuitable and Lysgårdsbakken was built instead . In the bid , the speed skating events were to be held at Stampesletta , an outdoor track and field stadium in Lillehammer . Only after Lillehammer had been awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics was it decided that an indoor venue would have to be built for the games . This started a debate about the location of the various ice rinks and resulted in the neighboring towns of Hamar and Gjøvik also receiving venues . Lillehammer failed at its bid to host the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics , but was awarded the 2016 edition as the only bidder . The bid was based on reuse of the heritage and venues from the 1994 Olympics . Beyond the construction of an Olympic Village , the only major upgrade to the venues is the addition of a curling rink in Kristins Hall . = = Competition venues = = In Lillehammer , the twin ski jumping hill of Lysgårdsbakken has a spectator capacity of 35 @,@ 000 . The large hill has a hill size of 138 and a K @-@ point of 120 , while the normal hill has a hill size of 100 and a K @-@ point of 90 . Birkebeineren Ski Stadium will host cross @-@ country skiing , biathlon and Nordic combined . The stadium has a capacity for 31 @,@ 000 spectators during cross @-@ country skiing and 13 @,@ 500 during biathlon . Spectators can also watch from along the tracks . Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena has a capacity for 15 @,@ 000 spectators and will host freestyle skiing and half @-@ pipe snowboarding . Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is located at Hunderfossen and is the only bobsleigh , luge and skeleton track in the Nordic countries . Kristins Hall will host ice hockey and curling . Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall is located in a man @-@ made cave and will feature the short @-@ track speed skating events . In Hamar , Vikingskipet will host long track speed skating and Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre will host figure skating . Alpine skiing and slopestyle snowboarding will take place at Hafjell in Øyer . All the competition venues were built ahead of the 1994 Winter Olympics . Kristins Hall was the only venue not used during those games , while Håkons Hall and Kvitfjell were used , but will not be used for the Youth Olympics . The area has hosted world cup or world championship @-@ level competitions in the majority of the events since the 1994 Olympics . The main international access point to the games is Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , located 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) south of Lillehammer . It is connected to Lillehammer via the Dovre Line and European Road E6 . The following list contains the nine venues scheduled to be used during the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . They are listed by their name , as well as containing the sports held at the venue , the municipality where they are located and the spectator capacity . = = Non @-@ competition venues = = Stampesletta , a multi @-@ sports complex next to Kristins Hall , will host the opening and closing ceremonies . The medal ceremonies will take place in the town plaza . There are five designated cultural venues in Lillehammer : Kulturhuset Banken , Lillehammer Art Museum , Lillehammer University College , Maihaugen and the Nansen Academy . The Main Media Centre will be located at Mesna Upper Secondary School , which is adjacent to Stampesletta . Athlete and leader accommodation will be provided at two Olympic Villages , one in Lillehammer for the Lillehammer and Øyer @-@ based events , and one in Hamar for the Hamar and Gjøvik @-@ based events . The Olympic Village in Hamar will make use of the 239 @-@ room Hotel Scandic Hamar , located between the two venues . It will serve as a village for all skating sports ( long @-@ track , short @-@ track and figure ) , which take place in Hamar and Gjøvik . Travel distance from Hamar to Gjøvik is 50 kilometers ( 30 mi ) . The Youth Olympic Village in Lillehammer will be the only facilities of any size constructed for the Youth Olympics and is located at Stampesletta , 600 meters ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) from the town center . This allows the village to be within walking distance from three of the competition venues : Kristins Hall , Lysgårdsbakken and Kanthaugen . The village will consist of the existing Birkebeineren Hotel & Apartments plus new residential buildings . The complex will have 1 @,@ 786 beds . Dining will take place at Håkons Hall . Construction of the new residential areas are the responsibility of the Student Welfare Organisation in Oppland and Lillehammer Cooperative Housing Association . Travel distance to the event venues ranges from walking distance to 18 kilometers ( 11 mi ) . The following list contains the twelve non @-@ competition venues scheduled to be used during the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . They are listed with their function , location and capacity .
= Jerry Pentland = Alexander Augustus Norman Dudley Pentland , MC , DFC , AFC ( 5 August 1894 – 3 November 1983 ) , known as Jerry Pentland , was an Australian fighter ace in World War I. Born in Maitland , New South Wales , he commenced service as a Lighthorseman with the Australian Imperial Force in 1915 , and saw action at Gallipoli . He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps the following year , rising to captain . Credited with twenty @-@ three aerial victories , Pentland became the fifth highest @-@ scoring Australian ace of the war , after Robert Little , Stan Dallas , Harry Cobby and Roy King . He was awarded the Military Cross in January 1918 for " conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty " on a mission attacking an aerodrome behind enemy lines , and the Distinguished Flying Cross that August for engaging four hostile aircraft single @-@ handedly . Pentland served in the fledgling Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , and later the Royal Air Force , before going into business in 1927 . His ventures included commercial flying around the goldfields of New Guinea , aircraft design and manufacture , flight instruction , and charter work . In the early 1930s , he was employed as a pilot with Australian National Airways , and also spent time as a dairy farmer . Soon after the outbreak of World War II , he re @-@ enlisted in the RAAF , attaining the rank of squadron leader and commanding rescue and communications units in the South West Pacific . Perhaps the oldest operational pilot in the wartime RAAF , Pentland was responsible for rescuing airmen , soldiers and civilians , and earned the Air Force Cross for his " outstanding courage , initiative and skill " . He became a trader in New Guinea when the war ended in 1945 , and later a coffee planter . Retiring in 1959 , he died in 1983 at the age of eighty @-@ nine . = = Early life = = Alexander Augustus Norman Dudley Pentland was born in Maitland , New South Wales , on 5 August 1894 . His father Alexander was Irish , and his mother Annie Norma ( née Farquhar ) was Scottish . Educated at The King 's School , Sydney , and Brighton Grammar , Melbourne , Pentland went on to study dairy farming at Hawkesbury Agricultural College , and later worked as a jackaroo . His father was a physician who joined the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) during World War I and served as a major in the Australian Army Medical Corps . = = World War I = = Pentland enlisted as a private in the AIF on 5 March 1915 , sailing for Egypt with the 12th Light Horse Regiment aboard HMAT A29 Suevic on 13 June . In August , his unit deployed to Gallipoli , where he fought as a machine gunner before being hospitalised the following month , suffering from typhoid fever ; he was evacuated to England in December . Determined to leave the trenches behind after recovering , he volunteered for the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) and was discharged from the AIF on 21 February 1916 to take up his commission as a temporary second lieutenant in the RFC . His first solo flight in a Maurice Farman Longhorn at Brooklands , after two hours of dual instruction , ended with him overshooting the runway and crashing in a sewage farm , but he was unhurt and immediately undertook a second solo attempt , landing successfully . It was at Brooklands that he was first nicknamed " Jerry " . After completing pilot training , he was posted to France in June , flying B.E.2s with No. 16 Squadron . Though the slow and vulnerable B.E.2 was considered " Fokker fodder " by its crews , Pentland and his observer quickly managed to score the former 's first aerial victory , bringing down a German Eindecker over Habourdin on 9 June . He was then posted to No. 29 Squadron and was converting to DH.2 " pusher " fighters when he broke his leg playing rugby . After recovering , he instructed at London Colney until June 1917 , when he joined No. 19 Squadron , flying SPAD S.VIIs. This would become Pentland 's favourite type due to its strength and manoeuvrability , even though it had to be ' flown ' constantly and was unforgiving at low speed . On 20 July 1917 , soon after arriving at his new unit in France , Pentland achieved his first victory in the SPAD when he shared in the destruction of an Albatros two @-@ seater . He followed this up with a solo " kill " on 12 August . Four days later , after stopping an enemy truck convoy in its tracks by crippling its lead vehicle with machine @-@ gun fire , he reportedly engaged ten Albatros fighters single @-@ handedly ; by the time he had driven them off , four bullets had penetrated his leather flying suit without injuring him , while his plane had absorbed so much punishment that it had to be scrapped when he got back to base . After sharing another Albatros two @-@ seater on 20 August , Pentland led a raid on Marcke aerodrome , home of Baron von Richthofen 's Jasta 11 , on 26 August . On the way , he helped bring down a DFW C.V , then achieved complete surprise at the airfield , which he and his flight proceeded to shoot up . On the return journey , he strafed an enemy train until his guns jammed and then , having managed to clear them , engaged two more German scouts . His part in the raid earned him the Military Cross , promulgated in the London Gazette on 9 January 1918 : For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . On a recent occasion he flew to an aerodrome fifteen miles behind the enemy lines , descended to within twenty feet of the ground , and fired into eight hostile machines . On his return journey he attacked a train with considerable effect from a low altitude . He has in addition brought down several enemy machines , and has always set a splendid example of fearlessness and devotion to duty in attacking enemy balloons and troops on the ground . Credited with one more victory during August 1917 , and another four the following month , Pentland 's score stood at ten when he was injured on 26 September after an artillery shell struck his SPAD and forced him to crash land . Following his recovery , he again spent time instructing before being posted back to a front @-@ line unit , this time No. 87 Squadron , operating Sopwith Dolphins . Promoted captain , he returned to France in April 1918 , having transferred the same month with the rest of the RFC to the newly formed Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Pentland went on to achieve thirteen victories with No. 87 Squadron , where his aggressive tactics saw him dubbed the " Wild Australian " by colleagues . Appointed commander of ' B ' Flight , he also frequently acted as a " lone wolf " , actively seeking dogfights with enemy aircraft on his own . On 18 June , he was alone on patrol when he engaged a flight of four Rumpler high @-@ altitude reconnaissance aircraft , forcing down three of them . This action earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross , gazetted on 3 August : A gallant flight commander , who in the last three months has destroyed two enemy machines and driven down four out of control . Recently , whilst on special patrol , he , single @-@ handed , attacked four enemy aeroplanes ; having driven down one out of control , he engaged the leader , damaged his engine , and compelled him to glide to his lines . One of the remaining machines followed the leader , but he attacked the other and drove it down in a steep dive . On 25 August , Pentland attacked and destroyed two German planes , a DFW two @-@ seater and Fokker D.VII , before himself being shot down and wounded in the foot . These would be his last victories ; his grand total of twenty @-@ three included eleven destroyed , one of which was shared , and twelve out of control , three of them shared . This score ranked him fifth among the Australian aces of the war after Robert Little , Stan Dallas , Harry Cobby and Roy King . = = Between the wars = = Pentland relinquished his RAF commission and returned to Australia at the end of the war , earning money by giving joyrides in an Avro 504K . Looking for a more secure future , he joined the newly established Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in August 1921 , following an interview with Wing Commander Stanley Goble , a wartime acquaintance through the RAF . Ranked flight lieutenant , Pentland was put in charge of the RAAF 's complement of S.E.5 fighters at Point Cook , Victoria , part of the Imperial Gift recently donated by Great Britain . The young Air Force had the atmosphere of a flying club , where everyone knew everyone else . Tensions sometimes arose between those who had served with British forces during the war , and those who had belonged to the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) ; the former considered that they were discriminated against when it came to filling senior positions , and came the day Pentland and fellow ex @-@ RAF member Hippolyte De La Rue threw an " uppity " AFC man into a mess fireplace . Deciding that his RAAF career was not progressing , Pentland applied for a short @-@ service commission as a flying officer with the RAF in 1923 , which was granted as of 23 April . He journeyed to Britain with new wife Madge ( née Moffat ) , who he married on 5 March , just before departing Australia ; they had one daughter , Carleen , the following year . Pentland completed the course at Central Flying School , Uphavon , and became an instructor there , gaining promotion to flight lieutenant before leaving the RAF on 20 July 1926 and returning to Australia . In 1927 , Pentland formed Mandated Territory Airways with entrepreneur Albert Royal to fly freight to and from the goldfields of New Guinea . The pair bought a DH.60 Moth biplane , which Pentland ferried to the firm 's base at Lae in February 1928 . The business prospered in the short term , to the extent that the partners took on another Moth and more pilots . By the end of the year , however , Pentland was suffering from malaria and had to abandon the venture , selling one of the planes to Guinea Airways and returning to Australia with the other . After recovering in the new year , he embarked on a series of new enterprises , including aircraft manufacture , a flying school , and charter work . In February 1929 , he formed the General Aircraft Company with Royal and another partner to produce an Australian @-@ designed aeroplane , the Genairco , of which eight were eventually sold . With the Moth from Mandated Territory Airways , he established Pentland 's Flying School at Mascot , New South Wales . He also flew charters with a Moth owned by The Sun newspaper , using the same aircraft that September to compete in the East @-@ West Air Race from Sydney to Perth , as part of the celebrations for the Western Australia Centenary . The event attracted several veteran aviators of World War I , including Horrie Miller — the eventual winner on handicap — and Charles " Moth " Eaton , whom Pentland beat into fifth place across the line . Lack of patronage led to Pentland folding his businesses and taking a job in 1930 as a pilot with Australian National Airways ( ANA ) , a new airline founded by Charles Kingsford @-@ Smith and Charles Ulm . By 1932 , ANA was in trouble as well , and Pentland left to set up as a dairy farmer on a property he bought at Singleton . Within two years , drought forced him to sell the land and he returned to earning his living as a pilot , instructing at aero clubs in Queensland and New South Wales . By late 1937 , he was again employed as a transport pilot in New Guinea , where he was known as a practical joker who liked to hold a map in front of his face in apparent short @-@ sightedness and ask his passengers if they could see a landing ground anywhere . He returned to Australia after war was declared in September 1939 . = = World War II = = Having offered his services to the Australian government on his return from New Guinea , Pentland rejoined the RAAF on 17 June 1940 . He undertook the course at Central Flying School in Camden , New South Wales , and was posted as an instructor to elementary flying training schools in eastern Australia , including Brisbane , Tamworth , Temora , Bundaberg , and Lowood . Addressed by a young pilot at one school as " Pop " , Pentland responded in front of the large audience , " I 'm sorry son , but I don 't remember sleeping with your mother " . He was promoted to flight lieutenant in October 1941 , and joined No. 1 Communication Flight in June 1942 . Based in Victoria at Laverton and , later , Essendon , it was primarily engaged in army and naval cooperation , and operated as far afield as the Northern Territory and New Guinea . Promoted to squadron leader , in November 1942 Pentland was posted to Port Moresby , New Guinea , as commanding officer ( CO ) of No. 1 Rescue and Communication Squadron , better known as " Pentland 's Flying Circus " . The official history of Australia in the war described this as the RAAF 's " most unusual operational unit " , asserting that its " strange assortment of light aircraft was as varied and as appropriate to its task as was the flying record of its commander ... " . Its inventory included such types as the de Havilland Tiger Moth , DH.84 Dragon , Fox Moth , Dragon Rapide , and Avro Anson . Perhaps the RAAF 's oldest pilot in any theatre of operations , Pentland was responsible for the rescue of downed US airmen , as well as the evacuation of civilians and soldiers . He also organised aerial surveys around Daru and Milne Bay , developing new bases and emergency airfields at locales such as Bena Bena , Abau , Kulpi , and Port Moresby . Posted back to Australia after relinquishing command of No. 1 Rescue and Communication Squadron in June 1943 , Pentland received radar training and helped to set up the RAAF 's early warning grid in northern Australia . He returned to New Guinea in March 1944 as CO of No. 8 Communication Unit , Goodenough Island , which had been formed in November 1943 from Pentland 's old Rescue and Communications Squadron . Operating Tiger Moth , Supermarine Walrus , Consolidated PBY Catalina , Dornier Do 24 , Bristol Beaufort , CAC Boomerang , Bristol Beaufighter , and Vultee Vengeance aircraft , the unit performed reconnaissance and bombing sorties over New Britain and north @-@ eastern New Guinea , as well as rescue and survey missions . In July 1945 , Pentland was posted to Mascot as CO of No. 3 Communication Unit , serving until September . His achievements in New Guinea earned him the Air Force Cross , the citation being promulgated on 22 February 1946 and concluding : Squadron Leader PENTLAND has , at all times , displayed outstanding courage , initiative and skill , and these qualities , together with his excellent knowledge of New Guinea and its climatic conditions , have made his services invaluable , not only to the R.A.A.F. , but to the U.S. Army Air Forces and the New Guinea Forces as well . = = Later life = = With the end of hostilities in the Pacific , Pentland was discharged from the RAAF on 2 November 1945 . He took the opportunity to purchase surplus military equipment in New Guinea and established himself as a trader in Finschhafen , later expanding to Lae and Wau . In 1948 , he went into business as a coffee planter in Goroka , and also recruited labour from the highlands for industries on the coast . Prospering as a planter , he contributed to development of the region by building Goroka 's original constant @-@ flowing water supply and encouraging other businesses to set up there . His ongoing commitments in New Guinea meant that he was not invested with his Air Force Cross until 1950 . In 1959 , he sold his interests in Goroka and retired with Madge to their seaside home in Bayview , New South Wales . Madge Pentland died in 1982 , and Jerry eighteen months later , on 3 November 1983 , at the War Veterans Home in Collaroy . He was survived by daughter Carleen , and cremated on 7 November .
= Mystery Train ( film ) = Mystery Train is a 1989 independent anthology film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch and set in Memphis , Tennessee . The film comprises a triptych of stories involving foreign protagonists unfolding over the course of the same night . " Far From Yokohama " features a Japanese couple ( played by Youki Kudoh and Masatoshi Nagase ) on a blues pilgrimage , " A Ghost " focuses on an Italian widow ( Nicoletta Braschi ) stranded in the city overnight , and " Lost in Space " follows the misadventure of a newly single and unemployed Englishman ( Joe Strummer ) and his companions ( Rick Aviles and Steve Buscemi ) . They are linked by a run @-@ down flophouse overseen by a night clerk ( played by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ) and his dishevelled bellboy ( Cinqué Lee ) , a scene featuring Elvis Presley 's " Blue Moon " , and a gunshot . The starting point for the script was the ensemble cast of friends and previous collaborators Jarmusch had conceived characters for , while the tripartite formal structure of the film was inspired by his study of literary forms . Cinematographer Robby Müller and musician John Lurie were among the many contributors who had been involved in earlier Jarmusch projects and returned to work on the film . Mystery Train 's US $ 2 @.@ 8 million budget ( financed by Japanese conglomerate JVC ) was considerable compared to what the director had enjoyed before , and allowed him the freedom to rehearse many unscripted background scenes . It was the first of Jarmusch 's feature films to depart from his trademark black @-@ and @-@ white photography , though the use of color was tightly controlled to conform with the director 's intuitive sense of the film 's aesthetic . Mystery Train was released theatrically by Orion Classics under a restricted rating in the United States , where it grossed over $ 1 @.@ 5 million . It enjoyed critical acclaim on the film festival circuit , and like the director 's earlier films premiered at the New York Film Festival and was shown in competition at Cannes , where Jarmusch was awarded the Best Artistic Achievement Award . The film was also shown in the Edinburgh , London , Midnight Sun , Telluride , and Toronto film festivals , and was nominated in six categories at the Independent Spirit Awards . Critical reaction was overwhelmingly positive , with reviewers praising the structure , humor , and characters of the film , though there were discontented rumblings that the director had not been sufficiently adventurous . = = Plot = = The film consists of three stories that take place on the same night in downtown Memphis . The three stories are linked together by the Arcade Hotel , a run @-@ down flophouse presided over by the night clerk ( Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ) and bellboy ( Cinqué Lee ) , where the principal characters in each story spend a part of the night . Every room in the hotel is adorned with a portrait of Elvis Presley . The first story , " Far From Yokohama " , features Mitsuko ( Youki Kudoh ) and Jun ( Masatoshi Nagase ) , a teenage couple from Yokohama making a pilgrimage to Memphis during a trip across America . Mitsuko is obsessed with Elvis to the point where she believes that there is a mystical connection between Elvis , Madonna and the Statue of Liberty . The film follows the couple as they travel from the train station , through downtown Memphis and an exhausting tour of Sun Records , to the Arcade hotel . The second story , " A Ghost " , is about an Italian widow , Luisa ( Nicoletta Braschi ) , who is stranded in Memphis while escorting her husband 's coffin back to Italy . Luisa , who has been conned twice and stuck with armfuls of magazines , is forced to share a room at the hotel with Dee Dee ( Elizabeth Bracco ) , a young woman who has just left her boyfriend ( Johnny from the final story ) and who plans to leave the city in the morning . Luisa is kept awake by Dee Dee 's constant talking , and when the young woman finally does go to sleep , she is visited by an apparition of Memphis ' most famous icon – Elvis Presley . The final story , " Lost in Space " , introduces Johnny ( Joe Strummer ) . Upset after losing his job and his girlfriend ( Dee Dee ) , Johnny – known , much to his chagrin , as Elvis – drunkenly brandishes a gun in a bar before leaving with his friend Will Robinson ( Rick Aviles ) and his ex @-@ girlfriend 's brother Charlie ( Steve Buscemi ) , who believes Johnny to be his brother @-@ in @-@ law . They stop at a liquor store , which Johnny robs using the gun and severely wounds the owner in the process . Fearing the consequences of the incident , Johnny , Will and Charlie retire to the hotel to hide out for the night ; there , Johnny gets further drunk . Charlie realizes that Will shares the same name as the character Will Robinson from the television show Lost in Space , which Johnny has never heard of . Charlie and Will proceed to tell him about the show , and Will comments that that is how he feels then with Charlie and Johnny : lost in space . The next morning , Charlie discovers that Johnny isn 't really his brother @-@ in @-@ law , which angers him because of what they 've been through . Johnny attempts to shoot himself , and while struggling to prevent him , Charlie is shot in the leg . Leaving the hotel , the three rush to escape a police car that isn 't even looking for them . The closing credits show the train , the airport and the final views of the characters from the first two stories . = = Cast = = = = = " Far From Yokohama " = = = = = = " A Ghost " = = = = = = " Lost in Space " = = = = = Production = = = = = Script and casting = = = Jarmusch wrote the script for the film under the working title " One Night in Memphis " , without ever having been to the southern city . The idea for " Far From Yokohama " , the first segment , he took from a one @-@ act play he had been writing before filming Down by Law ( 1986 ) . The play – unrelated to Elvis or Memphis – concerned a constantly argumentative young couple , one of whom gradually comes to realize that their fighting is a unifying force in the relationship . The interconnected stories were inspired by Jarmusch 's dwelling on literary forms , and specifically the work of Chaucer , Italian episodic films and Japanese ghost story cinema . As with his other films , Jarmusch 's starting point for writing Mystery Train was the actors and characters he had foremost in mind . The great number of these collaborators contributed to it being " the most complicated film to write and execute " according to the director . The role of Johnny was written by Jarmusch specifically for Joe Strummer , who had been the frontman of The Clash , the director 's favorite 1980s rock band . Jarmusch had conceived the part a few years previously while the two were together in Spain , and although the musician had been in a period of depression at the time following the collapse of the band , he was drawn by the Memphis setting of the film . Unlike the jovial Steve Buscemi , Strummer did not stay on set to joke with the veteran actors between shots , but instead preferred to keep his own company , focusing intensively on orienting himself to the role . Jarmusch had met blues singer Screamin ' Jay Hawkins after featuring his music prominently in his breakthrough feature film debut Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) . Although reticent about acting , Hawkins responded favorably to the director 's offer to appear . The part of Luisa was also written by the director with the star – actress Nicoletta Braschi – in mind ; the two had previously collaborated on Down by Law ( 1986 ) . Cinqué Lee is the younger brother of director Spike Lee , a longtime friend of Jarmusch from their days at New York University 's film school , while Youki Kudoh was cast after the director saw her performance in Sōgo Ishii 's The Crazy Family ( 1984 ) while promoting Down by Law in Japan . Repeat Jarmusch collaborators who worked on the film included John Lurie who provided the original music , cinematographer Robby Müller , and singer Tom Waits , who in a voice appearance reprised his role of radio DJ Lee Baby Sims from Down by Law . Other cameos include Jarmusch 's long @-@ time girlfriend Sara Driver as an airport clerk , Rufus Thomas as the man in the train station who greets the Japanese couple , Rockets Redglare as the clerk of the liquor store , Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall as Ed , Sy Richardson as the news vendor , and Richard Boes and Tom Noonan as diner patrons . = = = Filming = = = Mystery Train was filmed in Memphis in the summer of 1988 . After arriving in the city during a snowstorm to scout for shooting locations , Jarmusch drove around without direction before coming to the intersection of a disused train station , the Arcade Luncheonette diner , and the dilapidated Arcade Hotel that would become the film 's core setting . He would later recount the experience in a March 1990 interview in Spin : " Man , ... this crossroad is filled with so many ghosts . You know Robert Johnson walked down that street , you know Muddy Waters was in that train station . " The locale of the intersection was one of the film 's primary formal elements ; the effect of Jarmusch returning to the setting with different characters under different circumstances was one of variations on a theme . The film was shot in bright , primary colors rather than the black @-@ and @-@ white of the director 's previous features , but it retained his usual languid pacing . Jarmusch characterized the color choice as " intuitive " . He deliberately chose a cool color palette , eschewing yellows and oranges and using only sporadic dashes of red ( as in the Japanese couple 's ubiquitous suitcase ) . This motif of flashes of red was later described by Suzanne Scott of Reverse Shot as " giving the impression of a failed attempt to grab a bit of Elvis ’ s glamor and try it on for size , only to inevitably discover that it looks cartoonish out of context " . Stills from the film as well as on @-@ location shots of the actors and the film crew by photographer Masayoshi Sukita were published to accompany the film as the photo collection Mystery Train : A Film by Jim Jarmusch . Mystery Train was the first American independent film to be financed by Japanese conglomerate JVC , and was produced on a budget – $ 2 @.@ 8 million – that was considerable by Jarmusch 's modest standards . The company was enthusiastic about underwriting the film despite the director insisting on retaining full creative control , and went on to fund his next three features . The substantial budget and time available gave Jarmusch the opportunity to shoot in color and to rehearse with the actors many scenes not in the script , including several from the courtship of Mitsuko and Jun. At a Memphis nightclub with the Japanese actors during production , the director had Masatoshi Nagase – who spoke little English but was an accomplished mimic – try chat @-@ up lines on the female clientele as an acting exercise . Jarmusch took advantage of the production to make the second installment of his Coffee and Cigarettes series , a collection of short vignettes featuring acquaintances of the director sitting about drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes . The " Memphis Version " , titled Twins , starred bickering twins Cinqué and Joie Lee alongside Steve Buscemi as an obtuse waiter who expounds his theory of Elvis having an evil twin to a hostile reception . = = Release = = The film had its domestic premiere at the 27th New York Film Festival in 1989 , thereby emulating the director 's previous features Stranger Than Paradise in 1984 , and Down by Law in 1986 . The Miami Herald declared it the " quiet triumph " of the festival . The film was picked up for theatrical distribution by Orion Classics in the United States , where it was released under an R @-@ rating due to scenes featuring brief nudity and mild profanity . Its total domestic gross was $ 1 @,@ 541 @,@ 218 , making it the 153rd highest @-@ grossing film of 1989 , and the 70th highest R @-@ rated film of the year . Internationally , it was first shown in competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival on May 13 and 14 , 1989 , and subsequently featured in the Edinburgh , London , Midnight Sun , Telluride and Toronto film festivals . Mystery Train was released on DVD on March 28 , 2000 with an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 85 : 1 and Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 / 2 surround sound . The DVD release was criticized by Anna Lazowski of allmovie who awarded it two stars out of five compared to four for the film itself , citing the paltry special features of 24 scene selections and a collectible behind @-@ the @-@ scenes booklet . A Criterion Collection DVD and Blu @-@ ray were released on June 15 , 2010 , utilizing a new restored high @-@ definition digital transfer . = = Critical reception = = Like Jarmusch 's previous films , Mystery Train enjoyed a warm reception from critics . This was particularly evident at Cannes , where the film was nominated for the Palme d 'Or and Jarmusch was commended for the festival 's Best Artistic Achievement . It was nominated in six categories at the 1989 Independent Spirit Awards : Best Picture , Best Screenplay ( Jim Jarmusch ) , Best Director ( Jim Jarmusch ) , Best Cinematography ( Robby Müller ) , Best Actress ( Youki Kudoh ) , and Best Supporting Actor ( Steve Buscemi and Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ) . Entertainment Weekly reviewer Ira Robbins gave the film a B + rating , complimenting it as " conceptually ambitious " and concluding that its " offbeat characters , fine cinematography , and novel structure make for entertaining viewing " . Robert Fulford of The National Post hailed it as " eccentric and deliriously funny " , while Rolling Stone 's Phil Whitman remarked that the director 's " bracing , original comedy may be mostly smoke and air , but it 's not insubstantial " . In The New York Times , Vincent Canby called it " thoroughly fascinating , a delight " and the director 's best effort to date , drawing note to its retention of the " same kind of dour , discordant charm " exhibited by Stranger Than Paradise . He praised Jarmusch 's development as a screenwriter – citing the restrained dialogue , humor and subtlety of the narrative and the careful construction of the plot – and the performances he elicited from the ensemble cast . John Hartl , in The Seattle Times , also drew a comparison with Stranger Than Paradise , judging Mystery Train to be the more accessible work while retaining the dry wit of its predecessor . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post was unimpressed with the film , calling it Jarmusch 's " least engaging , and the first in which his bohemian posturing actually becomes an irritant " . Of the film 's characters , critic Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote that some were " beautifully imagined and realized , while others seem drawn from a more familiar stockpile , designed for reuse rather than discovery " . David Denby , concluding a mixed review of the film for New York Magazine , mused that " one feels Jarmusch has pushed hipsterism and cool about as far as they can go , and that isn 't nearly far enough . " This reproach was echoed by other reviewers who found that the film 's style did not stray far from that of the director 's earlier work – a critical backlash that would be amplified two years later following the release of Night On Earth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern cultural critic bell hooks cited the interaction in the Memphis train station between Thomas and the Japanese couple as one of the few examples of nuanced , deconstructive and subversive treatment of blackness in American film . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times ' Roger Ebert proclaimed that " [ t ] he best thing about Mystery Train is that it takes you to an America you feel you ought to be able to find for yourself , if you only knew where to look . " In an April 2000 retrospective of Jarmusch 's work for Sight & Sound , Shawn Levy concluded that the film was " as much a valentine to the allure of the American way of pop culture as it is a cheeky bit of structural legerdemain without terribly much resonating significance " .
= Plymouth = Plymouth ( / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south @-@ west of Exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west @-@ south @-@ west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall . Plymouth 's early history extends to the Bronze Age , when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten . This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton , now called Plymouth . In 1620 , the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America . During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . Throughout the Industrial Revolution , Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the Americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of Plymouth , the county borough of Devonport , and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough . The combined town took the name of Plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . The city 's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II , an act known as the Plymouth Blitz . After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . The city is home to 261 @,@ 546 ( mid @-@ 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built @-@ up area in the United Kingdom and the second @-@ largest city in the South West , after Bristol . It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs . Plymouth 's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany ( Roscoff and St Malo ) and Spain ( Santander ) , but has tended toward a service @-@ based economy since the 1990s . It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe – HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Upper Palaeolithic deposits , including bones of Homo sapiens , have been found in local caves , and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time . An unidentified settlement named ' TAMARI OSTIA ' ( mouth / estuaries of the Tamar ) is listed in Ptolemy 's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city . The settlement of Plympton , further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth . At the time this village was called Sutton , meaning south town in Old English . The name Plym Mouth , meaning " mouth of the River Plym " was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211 . The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440 . See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym . = = = Early defence and Renaissance = = = During the Hundred Years ' War a French attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders . In the late fifteenth century , Plymouth Castle , a " castle quadrate " , was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . The castle served to protect Sutton Pool , which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard . In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on Fishers Nose at the south @-@ eastern corner of the Hoe . This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as Drake 's Fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them Sir John Hawkins , who led England 's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade , as well as Sir Francis Drake , Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . According to legend , Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588 . In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth , establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States of America . During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists . The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth , but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park . The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake 's Island . Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665 , after the Restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown . Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time . = = = Plymouth Dock , naval power and Foulston = = = Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre @-@ eminence as a trading port . By the mid @-@ 17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports , although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century . In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard , HMNB Devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar . Further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . The settlement that developed here was called " Dock " or " Plymouth Dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from Plymouth , grew up . In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 @,@ 000 people . Before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were Plymouth 's main imports . During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock ( renamed in 1824 to Devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth , Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo @-@ classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston . Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the Athenaeum , the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel , and much of Union Street . Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short @-@ lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall . He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton , the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse . The 1 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 2 km ) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport ; work started in 1812 . Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after Rennie 's death . In the 1860s , a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize , wheat , barley , sugar cane , guano , sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport , industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks , the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century , continuing into the 20th century . = = = Plan for Plymouth 1943 = = = During the First World War , Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions . Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow , Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs . Flying boats operated from Mount Batten . In the First World War , Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force . It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D @-@ Day . The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz . Although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 @,@ 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 @,@ 000 civilians lost their lives . This was largely due to Plymouth 's status as a major port . Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II . The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London . Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 @,@ 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre @-@ war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab @-@ and @-@ tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition . Post @-@ war , Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and , later , nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population . The army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines . = = Government = = = = = Local government history = = = The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone , Saxon for south farm , located at the present day Barbican . From Saxon times , it was in the hundred of Roborough . In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament . Between 1439 and 1934 , Plymouth had a Mayor . In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport , and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth . Collectively they were referred to as " The Three Towns " . In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton . Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor , Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928 . The city 's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock . In 1945 , Plymouth @-@ born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war @-@ torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party . The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left Plymouth , a town of 250 @,@ 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter , on the other side of the county . This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county , to include Plymouth , Torpoint , Saltash , and the rural hinterland . The campaign was not successful , and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council . All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission . In the Parliament of the United Kingdom , Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View , Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England . In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs , who were Oliver Colvile ( for Sutton and devonport ) , Gary Streeter ( for Sutton and Devonport ) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View . = = = City Council = = = The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when County Council elections take place . The total electorate for Plymouth was 188 @,@ 924 in April 2015 . The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors , 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration . Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with : Brest , France ( 1963 ) , Gdynia , Poland ( 1976 ) , Novorossiysk , Russia ( 1990 ) San Sebastián , Spain ( 1990 ) and Plymouth , United States ( 2001 ) . Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935 . The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors . It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor . Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015 – 16 . The Lord Mayor 's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace , located on the Hoe . Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor , it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £ 40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . = = Geography = = Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound . Since 1967 , the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym . The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard . The River Plym , which flows off Dartmoor to the north @-@ east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater . Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater , in use since 1814 . In the Sound is Drake 's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79 @.@ 84 square kilometres ( 30 @.@ 83 sq mi ) . The topography rises from sea level to a height , at Roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above Ordnance Datum ( AOD ) . Geologically , Plymouth has a mixture of limestone , Devonian slate , granite and Middle Devonian limestone . Plymouth Sound , Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest , because of its geology . The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe . Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout Plymouth . To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth . Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe , Cattedown and Radford . = = = Urban Form = = = On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie 's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb @-@ damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre @-@ War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( Armada Way ) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe . A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' Vision for Plymouth ' developed by a team led by Barcelona @-@ based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed @-@ use and residential . In suburban areas , post @-@ War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 @,@ 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the Modernist zoned low @-@ density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie . By 1964 over 20 @,@ 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 @,@ 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty . Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 @,@ 638 square metres ( 491 @,@ 240 sq ft ) . Its largest park is Central Park , with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park , Freedom Fields Park , Alexandra Park , Devonport Park and the Hoe . = = = Climate = = = Along with the rest of South West England , Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) . Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK . As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 ° C ( 37 and 39 ° F ) . Snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the European winter storms of 2009 @-@ 10 which , in early January , covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . Another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 December 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . Over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) . South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north @-@ eastwards towards the UK , particularly in summer . Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1 @,@ 600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south @-@ west is from this source . Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . Typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 @.@ 6 ° C ( 80 ° F ) , although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31 @.@ 6 ° C ( 89 ° F ) , the site record . On average , 4 @.@ 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 @.@ 1 ° C ( 77 ° F ) or above . During the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to − 4 @.@ 1 ° C ( 25 ° F ) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to − 8 @.@ 8 ° C ( 16 ° F ) . Typically , 18 @.@ 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . = = Education = = The University of Plymouth enrolls 25 @,@ 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the UK out of 165 ) . It also employs 3 @,@ 000 staff with an annual income of around £ 160 million . It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West ( formerly Plymouth Polytechnic ) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 . It has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and Earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000 , establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry . The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine . Its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West . The University of St Mark & St John ( known as " Marjon " or " Marjons " ) specialises in teacher training , and offers training across the country and abroad . The city is also home to two large colleges . The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26 @,@ 000 students . Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media . It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK . Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , Devonport High School for Girls , Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls . There is also an independent school Plymouth College . The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College ; opened in 1880 in Keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich . The college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon . This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the University of Southampton . Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ( MBA ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA . Together with the National Marine Aquarium , the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences , Plymouth University 's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre , these marine @-@ related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership . The Plymouth Marine Laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government . It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo @-@ bioreactors . It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . = = Demography = = From the 2011 Census , the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth 's unitary authority area population was 256 @,@ 384 ; 15 @,@ 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240 @,@ 720 . The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260 @,@ 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority 's boundaries ) . The city 's average household size was 2 @.@ 3 persons . At the time of the 2011 UK census , the ethnic composition of Plymouth 's population was 96 @.@ 2 % White ( of 92 @.@ 9 % was White British ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0 @.@ 5 % . The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census ( -24 % ) , while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab . The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 @.@ 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . Plymouth 's gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 @,@ 169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25 % of Devon 's GVA . Its GVA per person was £ 19 @,@ 943 and compared to the national average of £ 23 @,@ 755 , was £ 3 @,@ 812 lower . Plymouth 's unemployment rate was 7 @.@ 0 % in 2014 which was 2 @.@ 0 points higher than the South West average and 0 @.@ 8 points higher than the average for Great Britain ( England , Wales and Scotland ) . A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation ( 26 @.@ 2 % of population among the poorest 20 @.@ 4 % nationally ) . Life expectancy , at 78 @.@ 3 years for men and 82 @.@ 1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the South West of England . = = Economy = = Because of its coastal location , the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 @,@ 000 people employed and approximately 7 @,@ 500 in the armed forces . The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy . During the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . Since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . Devonport Dockyard is the UK 's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10 % of Plymouth 's income . Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 @,@ 000 staff , as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies . Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth , including Hemsley Fraser . Plymouth has a post @-@ war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from French , so it translates as " basket market " . In terms of retail floorspace , Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West , and 29th nationally . Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative . The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £ 3 @.@ 4 million . = = = Plymouth 2020 = = = As of 2003 , Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " Vision for Plymouth " launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce ( PCC ) . Its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 @,@ 000 and build 33 @,@ 000 dwellings . In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre , which opened in October 2006 . It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . In contrast , the Theatre Royal 's production and education centre , TR2 , which was built on wasteland at Cattedown , was a runner @-@ up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003 . There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council 's headquarters , the civic centre , to the current location of the Bretonside bus station ; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off . Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal " boulevard " linking Millbay to the city centre . Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential , retail and office space alongside the ferry port . = = Transport = = The A38 dual @-@ carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . Within the city it is designated as ' The Parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . Heading east , it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near Exeter ; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge . Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus , Stagecoach South West and Target Travel . There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse , Coypool ( Plympton ) and George Junction ( Plymouth City Airport ) , which are operated by Stagecoach South West . A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France ( Roscoff ) and Spain ( Santander ) on the three ferries , MV Armorique , MV Bretagne and MV Pont @-@ Aven . There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten , and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the River Tamar . The city 's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest , which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland . In June 2003 , a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south @-@ west and the possible closure of airports . It concluded that the best option for the south @-@ west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport , although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth . In April 2011 , it was announced that the airport would close , which it did on 23 December . However , FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including London . Plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network . Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line . First Great Western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south @-@ west , which affect Plymouth greatly . Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis . There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth . On the night of 4 February 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres ( 130 ft ) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind . The line was closed . Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014 . In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014 , Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route . = = Religion = = Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in Stonehouse . The city 's oldest church is Plymouth Minster , also known as St Andrew 's Church , ( Anglican ) located at the top of Royal Parade — it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800 . The city also includes five Baptist churches , over twenty Methodist chapels , and thirteen Roman Catholic churches . In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England , a movement of conservative non @-@ denominational Evangelical Christians , was established in the city , so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake 's voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned " Moses the Jew " – a man from Plymouth . The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world . There are also places of worship for Islam , Bahá 'í , Buddhism , Unitarianism , Chinese beliefs and Humanism . 58 @.@ 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0 @.@ 8 % as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 @.@ 5 % each . The portion of people without a religion is 32 @.@ 9 % ; above the national average of 24 @.@ 7 % . 7 @.@ 1 % did not state their religious belief . Since the 2001 Census , the number of Christians and Jews has decreased ( -16 % and -7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non @-@ religious people have almost doubled in number . = = Culture = = Built in 1815 , Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth 's historical culture . It became known as the servicemen 's playground , as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds . During the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre . It is now the late @-@ night hub of Plymouth 's entertainment strip , but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours . Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth , over Plymouth Sound . Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . The city 's main theatres are the Theatre Royal ( 1 @,@ 315 capacity ) , its Drum Theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , The TR2 . The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand @-@ up comedy . There are also three cinemas : Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross , Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park . The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . The Plymouth Athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West . A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station , after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009 . The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon , Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations . = = Sport = = Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C. , who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two . The team 's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park . It links itself with the group of English non @-@ conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620 : its nickname is " The Pilgrims " . The city also has four Non @-@ League football clubs ; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park , Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road , Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross . All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League . Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club . Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields . Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League – the top tier of British basketball . They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League . Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League . Plymouth was home to an American football club , the Plymouth Admirals until 2010 . Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club , with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season . Plymouth is an important centre for watersports , especially scuba diving and sailing . The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world , and has been held regularly since 1823 . In September 2011 , Plymouth hosted the America 's Cup World Series for nine days . = = Public services = = Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water . Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation . Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth . A watercourse , known as Plymouth or Drake 's Leat , was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy . The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard . It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers : The West Dart , Cowsic and Blackabrook . It seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth . Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage . Plymouth 's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution . On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas @-@ powered station , the Langage Power Station , which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009 . Her Majesty 's Courts Service provide a Magistrates ' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city . The Plymouth Borough Police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary . There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill ( the Divisional HQ ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock . The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices . Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel 's Head , Crownhill , Greenbank , Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service . The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks . Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city 's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital . South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in Exeter . The mid @-@ 19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels . There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . = = Landmarks and tourist attractions = = After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . Guided tours are available in the summer months . Further west is Smeaton 's Tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877 . It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room . Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including : Plymouth Naval Memorial , to remember those killed in World Wars I and II , and the Armada Memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada . The early port settlement of Plymouth , called " Sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain . The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool . Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain 's deepest aquarium tank . One mile ( two kilometres ) upstream on the opposite side of the River Plym is the Saltram estate , which has a Jacobean and Georgian mansion . On the northern outskirts of the city , Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a " Palmerston 's Folly " . It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public . To the west of the city is Devonport , one of Plymouth 's historic quarters . As part of Devonport 's millennium regeneration project , the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced , complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route . Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor , the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south @-@ east Cornwall . Kingsand , Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular . The Roland Levinsky building , the landmark building of the University of Plymouth , is located in the city 's central quarter . Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University 's Arts faculty . It has been consistently considered one of the UK 's most beautiful university buildings . Images of landmarks = = Notable people = = People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners . Its meaning is described as a person from Devon , deriving from Cousin Jan ( the Devon form of John ) , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area . The Elizabethan navigator , Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth . He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning " The Dragon " after he raided many of their ships . He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico . In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence . His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man . Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds , founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton , now part of Plymouth . William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse . On 26 January 1786 , Benjamin Robert Haydon , an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS , who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin , was born at Hoe Gate in 1791 . Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city . Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . Illustrator and creator of children 's series Mr Benn and King Rollo , David McKee , was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art . Jazz musician John Surman , born in nearby Tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells . The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997 . The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth . In addition , actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott . George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city , as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle . Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies , diver Tom Daley , dancer Wayne Sleep , and footballer Trevor Francis . Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills , Ron Goodwin , and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French . Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth . America based actor Donald Moffat , whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff , and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger , was born in Plymouth .
= Grove Church Cemetery = The Grove Church Cemetery is a nonsectarian cemetery , located on the western slope of the Hudson Palisades , along with several other cemeteries in a string of green open space , in Hudson County , New Jersey , United States . The Grove Church , who owns the cemetery , is one of the oldest religious bodies in the area , and it has had an operating cemetery since 1847 . Throughout its history , prominent families have been buried there , as well as American Civil war veterans . There have also been reports of vandalism and misuse of the property since the 19th century , and in 2007 some of the cemetery grounds were occupied by the homeless . = = Location = = Grove Church Cemetery is located at 1132 46th Street in North Bergen , New Jersey . The cemetery also fronts Kennedy Boulevard which in the 19th century was known as Dallytown Road , or Bergenwood Road . Overlooking into the Secaucus , it starts at the top and extends onto the middle of the western face of the Hudson Palisades . Grove Church Cemetery is one of several burial sites on the western slope , along with Machpelah Cemetery , Hoboken Cemetery and Weehawken Cemetery , which is only a few blocks away from Grove Church along with Palisades Cemetery . These grounds constitute a string of green open spaces in North Hudson County . The gated entrance is across the street , east of the Bergenline Avenue station of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail in Union City , New Jersey . = = History = = Located in then both Union Hill and New Durham , the Reformed Church at New Durham which was also known as the " Grove Church " , was for many years the only Methodist church in the area . It has been operational since April 12 , 1843 , and was one of the first religious bodies established in the wilds of North Hudson , the Bergen Woods . The first pastor was Reverend Philip Duryee who acted until 1844 , and was succeeded by William Taylor , a Rutgers graduate who later acted as pastor for a nearby Jersey City congregation . Taylor was succeeded by William Mabon in 1846 . The land at the cemetery has been used for burial purposes since 1847 , which has made it one of the oldest burial grounds in Hudson County . Typical grave depths are approximately five feet , and the grounds bare dry soils of yellowish earth , loose drift gravel , and pockets of sand , as well as occurrences of trap rock . Before the turn of the 20th century , there were two vaults on the premises , one made of brick and the other of stone ; there are many more now . Overall , the grounds at Grove Church Cemetery are roughly 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) . Because of the natural descent of the cemeteries location on the western side of the Palisades , ground water flows into the surrounding marshes in Secaucus , and contamination of wells , springs , and water @-@ courses in the surrounding area is very low . Other than having a relatively large congregation , many of the church members were of wealth , and owned plots and vaults in the cemetery . In the year 1890 , Edwin B. Young , a descendant of United Empire Royalists and a colonel in the King 's Royal , was made superintendent of the grounds . A particular wealthy family , the Gardners , had large granite vaults built very visibly to pedestrians along then Bergenwood Road . It was reported by the New York Sun that grave robbers had broken into various vaults at Grove Church . The Gardner vault had been found opened , which required the vandal to smash locks as well as break the iron railing , which was believed to be achieved by the use of hammers and chisels stolen from on adjoined marble yard . Robert Gardner 's metallic coffin was found opened , removed from the shelf upon which it sat . The investigation , led by Superintendent Young , left those involved unsure of why the perpetrators would have broken in , and with no apparent objective or reason , they concluded that it may have been done simply to desecrate the resting place of the dead . Young held that position of superintendent until 1899 , for the pursuit of real estate . It is owned and maintained by the Reformed Grove Church , and is still active and well kept , and the offices are located on the cemetery grounds . There are 31 American Civil War veteran graves at Grove Church Cemetery . = = Use by the homeless = = Called " a cemetery for the living " , it was reported in 2007 that between 30 and 135 homeless people were squatting in the Grove Church Cemetery . An investigation had been brought on by a sexual assault of a woman , who was near the Bergenline Avenue Station of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail , and by knife @-@ point was brought into the cemetery and assaulted . Upon searching the grounds , police found remnants of living activity , namely mattresses , pillows , and blankets , as well as garbage strewn across the lawn . Also , small shacks had been built along the perimeter . To the dismay of neighbors , who had complained about the noise and feeling unsafe , there was not much that the police could do to remove the people off of the premises ; there is no law against loitering in public places . One victim , however , claimed that there were bronze urns stolen from his relative 's tomb , and Reverend Douglas Shepler , the pastor of the Grove Reformed Church , reported a woman visiting a grave had her necklace ripped off and stolen by one of the men . In addition , the Reformed Grove Church had been supporting the homeless by providing them with meals , as it is within their rights and devotion to charity that they will not turn away anyone seeking help . It has a few times over the course of several years removed the homeless who were squatting there , but they manage to relocate there . The homeless , who were by majority South and Central American males , said that they came into the area from their respective countries in promise of work . A particular individual who was interviewed said that the work he was told about had only been short term and , along with many of the others , had nowhere else to go . Most who had been approached about relocation into nearby homeless shelters express their hesitation to leave the Grove Church Cemetery grounds , fearful that they would lose the freedom they had on the public property . Measures were taken to remove and clean up the cemetery , and it is believed that while some may have entered into shelters , others likely still reside in the general area , while some had moved into the wooded eastern side of the Palisades hills in Union City , where many shacks can be seen supporting the homeless . = = Notable burials = = James Buttersworth ( 1817 – 1894 ) , English painter who specialized in maritime art . William Hexamer ( 1825 – 1870 ) , American Civil War major . Horace Grant Underwood ( 1859 - 1916 ) , transferred to Yanghwajin Foreigners ' Cemetery
= Lost : Missing Pieces = Lost : Missing Pieces is a series of thirteen video clips ranging in length from one to four minutes that aired during the hiatus between the 3rd and 4th seasons of the television show Lost , from which the series is spun off . They generally became available to Verizon Wireless users on Mondays from November 2007 to January 2008 and were uploaded onto the ABC 's website a week later for free streaming . The " mobisodes " , which have also been referred to as " webisodes " , were shot in Honolulu , Hawaii , and produced by the same crew with the same cast as the television series ; thus , all content is considered to be canonical . Lost : Missing Pieces were included as special features in the fourth season 's 2008 DVD releases . The project was announced in November 2005 as the Lost Video Diaries ; however , production was delayed several times due to contractual restrictions . Lost 's writer @-@ producers originally proposed the mobisodes as a self @-@ contained story that would focus on two previously unseen characters of the Lost fictional universe . These characters would be played by actors who were not part of the Screen Actors Guild ; however the entertainment guilds refused to support such a project . After months of unsuccessful negotiating , the series was seemingly shelved by ABC . In June 2007 , it was announced that the mobisodes , which would be renamed Lost : Missing Pieces , would star the regular characters of Lost in thirteen short video clips unrelated to each other . Twelve scenes were newly shot ; one was a deleted scene from the television series . Critical response to Lost : Missing Pieces was mixed . The series was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2008 . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = In November 2005 , while the early second season of Lost was airing , The Hollywood Reporter reported that twenty @-@ two mobisodes — each spanning several minutes — were expected to be produced in December for a January 2006 release . Zap2it reported that they would later be present on the second season 's DVD set and that six would be exclusive to the DVD . Unlike the television series , it would not be produced by ABC Studios ( known then as " Touchstone Television " ) and would star non @-@ Screen Actors Guild members ; however it would be produced under the oversight of Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse , like the television series . In response to fan inquiries about Lost 's thirty @-@ odd background characters , the Lost Video Diaries would focus on a self @-@ contained story about two survivors of the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 who had not previously been introduced . The Los Angeles Times confirmed in January 2006 – the month originally scheduled to launch the series – that the mobisodes would be originally broadcast on V CAST from Verizon Wireless and that each mobisode would span only two minutes . Verizon would ultimately pay ABC $ 400 @,@ 000 for the mobisodes . = = = Postponement = = = Production was delayed when the actors , directors and writers guilds refused to support the spin @-@ off . A deal previously unheard of was negotiated in April , which allowed guild members involved to collect residuals . This agreement prompted Lindelof and Cuse to develop a storyline for the Video Diaries that would include Lost 's regular characters , although not all of Lost 's regular cast signed contracts . According to Touchstone 's executive vice president for production Barry Jossen , who would eventually serve as an executive producer on the mobisodes , " They seem to be under the impression that we 'll make millions of dollars and they won 't " . Variety reported that the mobisodes would be produced and aired alongside the third season of Lost . At Comic @-@ Con International in July , Lindelof and Cuse announced that only thirteen mobisodes would be produced . They would run during the third season 's winter hiatus , with none saved exclusively for the third season 's DVD set . A sneak peek of the Video Diaries was also shown at Comic @-@ Con. The new premise featured Hurley Reyes ( played by Jorge Garcia ) finding a functional Dharma Initiative video camcorder that had Dharma orientation films on it . In the clip , he films Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) . During the hiatus , no mobisodes were to be found and clips from upcoming episodes called Lost Moments aired instead , on television and then ABC.com. In January 2007 , Wizard discovered that ABC was still negotiating the actors ' contracts ; thus , no mobisodes had been produced , aside from the Comic @-@ Con teaser . In February , Lost 's script coordinator , responding to a fan question , suspected the mobisodes had seemingly been put on hold indefinitely due to an inability to reach a contract agreement . = = = Revamp = = = In June , Lindelof and Cuse were interviewed by The Hollywood Reporter and they revealed the ultimate plan for the mobisodes . The mobisodes would air during the hiatus between the third and fourth seasons and would give viewers interesting information that would probably not be found in the show ; the average mobisode would only be one and a half minutes long . In the third season , the writers tried to integrate two previously unseen crash survivors named Nikki Fernandez ( Kiele Sanchez ) and Paulo ( Rodrigo Santoro ) into the story , but the pair was negatively received for their abrupt appearance and the writers killed them off after seven appearances . Lindelof and Cuse learned from their mistake and decided that the mobisodes would focus on the regular Lost cast . The writers were paid $ 800 per mobisode , whereas the actors received $ 425 per mobisode . Actors were contracted to receive more money if the mobisode were reused in another medium . = = = Release = = = In regard to writing , co @-@ executive producer Edward Kitsis said that " sometimes it was a scene we always wanted to do , a scene that never got shot , sometimes it was just something interesting " . " Buried Secrets " revisits the first season storylines of sexual tension between Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) and Michael Dawson ( Harold Perrineau ) and the mutual detestation between Sun 's husband Jin ( Daniel Dae Kim ) and Michael . These conflicts were going to be further explored in the first season ; however , positive fan reaction to Sun and Jin as a couple and good chemistry between the actors playing Michael and Jin led to the abandonment of the love triangle . Reuters announced in November that the mobisodes would premiere that month . This proved to be true , with " The Watch " appearing suddenly to Verizon customers as the first of the Lost : Missing Pieces . A new mobisode would generally become available each Monday and would be released a week later as a free webisode on ABC 's website . The Writers Guild of America strike occurred as the mobisodes were released , due to television writers wanting a deal similar to that achieved for Missing Pieces . Filming was completed in late November . The mobisodes were later released as special features on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray sets of Lost : The Complete Fourth Season – The Expanded Experience in the second half of 2008 . = = = Crew = = = Although it had not always been the plan , the Missing Pieces were produced by ABC Studios . Executive producer Jack Bender directed each mobisode , with writing duties divided between executive producers Lindelof and Cuse , supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff , co @-@ producer Brian K. Vaughan , executive story editor Christina M. Kim , and co @-@ executive producers Drew Goddard , Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . Other crew members included executive producer Bryan Burk of post @-@ production and co @-@ executive producer Jean Higgins of physical production . " The Envelope " — a deleted scene from the third season premiere ; the only mobisode not to be originally filmed and written for Lost : Missing Pieces — contained additional credits : Jeff Pinkner is an executive producer and executive producer J. J. Abrams is a co @-@ writer . = = Plot = = = = = Cast and characters = = = The Missing Pieces retained many of the cast members from the television series . Perrineau plays Michael , who had not been seen since the second season . Matthew Fox plays Jack Shephard , the leader of the castaways and Elizabeth Mitchell portrays his love interest , Juliet Burke . Garcia reprises his role as crash survivor Hurley . Kim and Kim play married couple Jin and Sun . Michael Emerson acts as Ben Linus , the leader of the island residents known as the " Others " . Guest stars John Terry , Daniel Roebuck , William Mapother and Julie Adams reprise their roles of Christian Shephard , Leslie Arzt , Ethan Rom and Amelia , respectively . Emilie de Ravin , who plays Claire Littleton , appears solely in archived footage from the television show . Vincent , a dog who survived the plane crash , is played by the dog Pono . Guest star Sean Whalen makes his first appearance as the crash survivor Neil " Frogurt " . While the second season was airing , the writer @-@ producers confirmed in the April 3 , 2006 edition of the Official Lost Podcast that Frogurt would appear in the late second season , however , he was merely mentioned once . Frogurt also did not appear in the third season and he became a running gag in the podcast , with Lindelof and Cuse repeatedly claiming that Frogurt would appear in the show . However , Frogurt did appear in the fifth season briefly , but was shot through with flaming arrows shortly after being introduced . = = = Mobisodes = = = " Prod. no . " is short for " production code number " , which signifies the order that the mobisodes were produced in and appear on DVD and Blu @-@ ray , which is different from the order that they aired in . " Original air date " refers to the original V CAST airdate . Days are in relation to the day of the crash , which is day 1 and September 22 , 2004 . All mobisodes are newly written and shot , with the exception of " The Envelope " , which is a deleted scene from " A Tale of Two Cities " that was shot on August 9 and 11 , 2006 , a year before the other mobisodes . = = Reception = = The finale — " So It Begins " — was submitted to the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for Emmy consideration in the " Special Class : Short @-@ Format Live @-@ Action Entertainment Programs " category . Executive producers Damon Lindelof , Carlton Cuse and Barry Jossen were successful in receiving a nomination on July 17 , 2007 ; however , they lost to SciFi 's Battlestar Galactica : Razor Flashbacks on September 13 at the Creative Arts Emmy Award ceremony of the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards . Douglas Durdan of the Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch described " The Watch " " as unsatisfying as it is satisfying " because the reviewer was unsure of which lines were important or if there were any clues to future episodes hidden amongst the background . After two mobisodes aired , UGO 's Jon Lachonis wrote that " the [ first two ] mobisodes ... have most fans kvetching about the irrelevancy and down right Lost @-@ lessness of the tidbits that are meant to traverse gaps in the story " , " it 's way too early to dismiss the mobisodes as a complete waste of time , as Lost has a long history of righting its own wrongs and the best may certainly be yet to come " and " [ Frogurt is ] the most annoying person on Lost 's mystery island " . Four mobisodes later , UGO called them " impressive " and said that " they ' look ' like full out productions " . Larry Dobrow of Advertising Age enjoyed the first six Lost : Missing Pieces , describing them as " all entertaining and professionally rendered " and calling the project " a great friggin ' idea " . Josh Wigler of Wizard wrote that the Lost : Missing Pieces are " hit or miss in terms of quality and importance . Some episodes , however , shed some excellent light on Lost mythology . ... In terms of flat out fun , it doesn 't get much better than ' Jin has a Temper @-@ Tantrum on the Golf Course ' ... featuring a frustrated Jin screaming to the high heavens after botching an easy putt against Michael . Unnecessary , yes . Hysterical , absolutely . " MSNBC 's Ree Hines reviewed the first seven Missing Pieces . He wrote that " ' The Watch ' is basically pointless " , " the humor [ of ' The Adventures of Hurley and Frogurt ' ] doesn 't work " and " Operation : Sleeper " was deemed " the most useless of the webisodes " . Hines said that " King of the Castle " " almost satisfies ... due to ... Ben 's deadpan dastardly presence " and " Room 23 " is the most promising of the first half of the series . Hines concluded that " the creators fill gaps that don 't need filling . The installments fail to form a cohesive stand @-@ alone arc , leaving viewers with little more than a series of fragmented scenes , presumably no better than those left on the cutting @-@ room floor . " Chris Carabott of IGN reviewed most of Lost : Missing Pieces and has given each a rating out of ten . After four mobisodes aired , he remarked that " these vignettes feel like your average deleted scene — removed for a good reason " ; however , no mobisode received a score less than 6 @.@ 5 . " The Watch " scored a 7 @.@ 5 and was called " touching " because Jack and his father have rarely been seen getting along in Lost . " The Adventures of Hurley and Frogurt " was given a 6 @.@ 5 and described as " a funny little moment " and " tragic " , in regard to Libby 's death . " King of the Castle " received an 8 @.@ 5 . Carabott said that it was well @-@ written , " a great performance from [ Fox and Emerson ] " and worthy of appearing on television . Carabott celebrated Michael 's return in " The Deal " , but the reviewer noted that " The Deal " " doesn 't reveal anything new or exciting at all " . " Operation : Sleeper " was rated as a 7 @.@ 5 , as was " Buried Secrets " . " Room 23 " got an 8 and was described as " definitely the type of new content that we are looking for . It 's something that won 't be missed by regular viewers but gives a little more insight into the nature of events on the island " . " Arzt and Crafts " also got an 8 and was said to have " a cleverly devised title " and was " packed with a healthy amount of humor " . " Tropical Depression " received an 8 @.@ 5 , with Carabott calling it " rather pointless ... but cute nonetheless " . " Jack , Meet Ethan . Ethan ? Jack " scored an 8 and Mapother 's acting skills were commended . " Jin Has a Temper @-@ Tantrum on the Golf Course " was deemed " hilarious " and " one of [ Lost 's ] funniest ... moments " and worthy of a 7 @.@ 5 . " The Envelope " was given a 6 @.@ 5 , and " So It Begins " was given a 9 — the highest score of any mobisode — and was described as " a shocking new look at the Christian Shephard who appeared to Jack " . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV reviewed each mobisode . " The Watch " was called " a fun couple minutes of character work " , but " relatively worthless " . " The Adventures of Hurley and Frogurt " was thought to be better than " The Watch " . " King of the Castle " was reviewed better than the previous two mobisodes and the reviewer noted that " it 's a testament to ... Fox and ... Emerson 's acting abilities that [ it ] is so intense " . " The Deal " was said to be even better than " King of the Castle " . While Dahl " always like [ s ] what Juliet brings to the table " , he thought that " Operation : Sleeper " " serves little purpose " . " Room 23 " was called the " best mobisode ever " . In regard to " Arzt and Crafts " , Dahl wrote that " Lindelof wrote this mobisode ... and as a result ... it has the best dialogue of any mobisode so far " . He commented that " Tropical Depression " is " not totally superfluous , though the new information isn 't very enlightening " . Dahl " liked " " Jack , Meet Ethan . Ethan ? Jack " , but decided " that it 's not [ Lindelof ] ' s best work " . Dahl wrote that " Jin Has a Temper @-@ Tantrum on the Golf Course " is " a nice little scene " , but the reviewer pointed out an inaccuracy in the scene 's golf gameplay . When reviewing " The Envelope " , Dahl wrote that " The people over at Lost have cheated a little bit ... [ but ] it 's still a pretty cool deleted scene " . After seeing " So It Begins " , Dahl was " not entirely sure what to think " because the reviewer liked " showing the moments before the pilot began " and " doing a mobisode from Vincent 's perspective , but adding a supposed @-@ to @-@ be @-@ dead Christian to the mix is confusing " . Ryan McGee of Zap2it also reviewed every mobisode . " The Watch " was described as " anticlimactic " . " The Adventures of Hurley and Frogurt " was described as " a little ... lacking " , but McGee wrote that " ' King of the Castle ' proves that brevity is the soul of awesome , with a tense , information @-@ rich two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes that tingled my Spidey @-@ esque mythology sense the entire time " . " The Deal " was received less favourably than the previous installment McGee wrote that " Room 23 " was " short but sweet " . " Arzt and Crafts " was called " a weak @-@ ish entry " and it was noted that " not everything Lost does turns into Dharma @-@ laced gold , sadly " . " Buried Secrets " was described as mediocre . In the review for " Tropical Depression " , McGee commented that " It 's just not good . At all . " and compared its quality to the episode " Stranger in a Strange Land " and the character Paulo , both of which were negatively received by fans and critics . " Jack , Meet Ethan . Ethan ? Jack " had " return [ ed Lost : Missing Pieces ] to compelling form " , however the title was called " clunky " . After watching " So It Begins " , McGee wrote that it is " a mobisode so vital , so important that I can 't believe that ABC didn 't bother to air this [ online ] before the start of Season 4 " .
= The Dog and Pony Show = " The Dog and Pony Show " is the eighth episode of the third season of the American sitcom The Drew Carey Show , and the 54th overall . The series focuses on the work and home life of a fictionalized version of actor and comedian Drew Carey . The episode first aired on November 12 , 1997 on ABC in the United States . The episode 's plot sees Mr. Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) pass off caring for his boss Mrs. Lauder 's ( Nan Martin ) Hungarian Puli to his employee Drew ( Drew Carey ) . When Drew has the prize @-@ winning dog shaved and neutered , he and his friends decide to perform a striptease at the local bar , The Warsaw Tavern , to earn quick cash to buy a replacement . The episode was co @-@ written by producers Robert Borden and Deborah Oppenheimer , while Steve Zuckerman directed . It was inspired by the British comedy film The Full Monty and Carey invited four of the film 's cast members to appear in the episode . " The Dog and Pony Show " was shot on October 15 , 1997 at the Warner Bros. Television studios in Burbank , California . The set was closed to the usual taping audience while the cast performed their striptease routine . " The Dog and Pony Show " was seen by an estimated 12 @.@ 4 million viewing households , finishing in 15th place in the ratings for the week it aired . Critical response was mostly positive , with reporters praising the script and the striptease routine . = = Plot = = When Mr. Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) is asked to look after Mrs. Lauder 's ( Nan Martin ) prize @-@ winning Hungarian Puli , he decides to pass the task on to his employee Drew ( Drew Carey ) . Kate O 'Brien ( Christa Miller ) offers to take the dog , Lucky , to Drew 's house ; but she has to leave suddenly to pick up her boyfriend Oswald ( Diedrich Bader ) . Drew does not see Kate 's note and assumes Lucky is a stray . He takes it to the vet to get it shaved and neutered . When Kate sees the dog , she fears that she , Drew and Mr. Wick will be fired . She finds an advertisement for a pure bred Hungarian Puli , but it costs $ 4 @,@ 500 . Since no one has that kind of money , Oswald suggests they sell their bodies for money . Inspired by The Full Monty , the guys decide to perform a striptease at The Warsaw Tavern to make the money they need . Lewis Kiniski ( Ryan Stiles ) backs out of the performance at the last minute , but Larry Almada ( Ian Gomez ) steps in as his replacement . With the bar full , the guys begin their routine , but are soon stopped by the police , who explain that due to zoning regulations , stripping is illegal at The Warsaw . Drew and the guys go before the city council , but their request is denied . Drew questions how the council can deny something without seeing it and the guys , including Lewis , decide to demonstrate their striptease routine before the council members . Their request is then approved . After performing the striptease at the bar , Drew counts out the money and finds that they have $ 4 @,@ 800 . Mr. Wick asks what they should do with the extra money and Drew replies that they should give it to the people that earned it . He then walks off stage and into the audience and starts handing out the extra cash , apologising for them having seen his naked buttocks . = = Production = = " The Dog and Pony Show " was co @-@ written by producers Robert Borden and Deborah Oppenheimer , and directed by Steve Zuckerman . The episode was inspired by the British comedy film The Full Monty . Following its release in the United States , Drew Carey saw the film three times and loved it so much he invited the cast to appear in the episode , while they were promoting the film . However , Andrew Essex from Entertainment Weekly reported that cast members Mark Addy , Paul Barber , Steve Huison and Hugo Speer were not allowed to perform on the show after being stopped by the American immigration department because they did not have work permits . The cast members were instead billed as " guests of honor " due to Actors Equity rules preventing them from being paid for their cameo . The episode was filmed at the Warner Bros. Television studios in Burbank , California on October 15 , 1997 . The set was closed to the usual taping audience when Carey , Bader , Ferguson , Gomez and Stiles performed their striptease to The Edgar Winter Group 's " Free Ride " . The Full Monty cast members came to the set to offer advice and watch the taping . The remainder of the episode was filmed before an audience later that same night . Gomez quipped that having two guys paint his body in make @-@ up was " more embarrassing " than filming the routine , while Stiles joked that the episode was the first time he had been " totally naked " since he was cast in the show . Carey admitted that he was grateful that stripping during prime @-@ time had to be PG and apologized that viewers had to see his naked buttocks . He also clarified that the cast wore pouches to protect their modesty . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " The Dog and Pony Show " finished 15th in the ratings for the week of November 10 – 16 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 8 , equivalent to approximately 12 @.@ 4 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest @-@ rated show on ABC that week , following episodes of Home Improvement , Monday Night Football and 20 / 20 . The episode received mostly positive attention from television critics . A reporter for the Los Angeles Daily News gave the episode a positive review calling it " meatier " than usual . The reporter thought the take on The Full Monty was " sharply silly " and said " Carey 's striptease doesn 't come till the show 's end . The most we see is a full rear view – raw indeed but strategically blocked by microphones . But the bun fun , half @-@ baked as it is , is exuberant and preceded by smarter writing than usual . " The reporter called the characters " unlikely Chippendales " and added that Carey had one of the best scripts he had in a while , which mixed " understated humor with unself @-@ conscious undress . " Alan Pergament , writing for The Buffalo News , awarded the episode 3 and a half stars out of five and said the episode " offers a delicious take on the surprise theatrical movie hit from England . " Pergament thought there were too many penis jokes , especially for the show 's time slot , but called the dance scenes " hysterically funny . " The Spokesman @-@ Review 's John Martin stated that while he usually condemned the " cheap , tawdry use of nudity " to boost ratings , it was different with Carey and he thought the take on The Full Monty was " riotous " and " wild " . Martin finished by saying " Carey may be the only comic in prime time who could pull this off , so to speak . You gotta love the big guy . " Lon Grahnke from the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the episode three stars . The Chicago Tribune 's Steve Johnson said the show was " working at its usual level " and called the homage to The Full Monty " uninspired " . A reporter for The Age chose " The Dog and Pony Show " as one of the shows Melbourne would be talking about the week it aired in Australia . While The Sun @-@ Herald 's Rachel Browne awarded the episode four out of five stars and called it an " hilarious homage to The Full Monty " . Browne was thankful that the gang 's modesty was protected . James Joyce , writing for The Newcastle Herald , commented that the episode was " a crack @-@ up . " Joyce later branded the plot " contrived " , but thought the end of the episode was " risque " and " suitably cheeky . "
= 2015 Vuelta a España = The 2015 Vuelta a España was a three @-@ week Grand Tour cycling race . The race was the 70th edition of the Vuelta a España and took place principally in Spain , although two stages took place partly or wholly in Andorra , and was the 22nd race in the 2015 UCI World Tour . The 3 @,@ 358 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometre ( 2 @,@ 086 @.@ 6 mi ) race included 21 stages , beginning in Marbella on 22 August 2015 and finishing in Madrid on 13 September . It was won by Fabio Aru ( Astana Pro Team ) , with Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) second and Rafał Majka ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) third . The early leaders of the race were Esteban Chaves ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) and Tom Dumoulin ( Giant – Alpecin ) , who exchanged the leader 's red jersey several times during the first ten days of racing , with both riders winning summit finishes in the first week . Aru took over the race lead following the mountainous Stage 11 , which took place entirely within Andorra . He kept his lead for five stages as the race entered the mountains of northern Spain , but lost it to Rodríguez on Stage 16 . Dumoulin took the lead back on Stage 17 – the race 's only individual time trial – with Aru three seconds behind in second place . Aru attacked throughout the final stages and , on the penultimate day , finally dropped Dumoulin , who fell to sixth place overall . Aru therefore took the first Grand Tour victory of his career . The points classification was decided during the final stage and was won by Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , while Rodriguez won the combination classification . The mountains classification was won by Omar Fraile ( Caja Rural – Seguros RGA ) . Dumoulin won the combativity award , while Movistar won the team prize . = = Teams = = The seventeen UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited and obliged to attend the race . The organiser of the Vuelta , Unipublic , was also able to invite five UCI Professional Continental teams – the second tier of professional cycling teams – as wildcards . These were announced on 20 March 2015 . Caja Rural – Seguros RGA , the only Spanish @-@ registered Professional Continental team , was one of those invited , along with two French teams , Cofidis and Team Europcar . MTN – Qhubeka were invited for the second consecutive year after also securing their first ever entry into the Tour de France . The final team to be invited was Colombia . One prominent team to miss out on an entry was UnitedHealthcare . The team presentation took place in Benahavís on the evening before the first stage . The number of riders allowed per squad was nine , therefore the start list contained a total of 198 riders . The riders represented 37 different countries , with the largest numbers coming from France ( 30 ) , Spain ( 27 ) and Italy ( 20 ) . The average age of riders in the Vuelta was 29 @.@ 13 years , ranging from the 20 @-@ year @-@ old Matej Mohorič ( Cannondale – Garmin ) to the 38 @-@ year @-@ old Haimar Zubeldia ( Trek Factory Racing ) . The teams entering the race were : = = Pre @-@ race favorites = = The top four riders from the 2015 Tour de France all chose to start the Vuelta . These were Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) , Nairo Quintana and Alejandro Valverde ( both Movistar Team ) and Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) , all of whom had previously won Grand Tours . The most notable absentee from among the general classification contenders was Alberto Contador ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , the winner of the 2014 Vuelta . Oleg Tinkov , the owner of the Tinkoff @-@ Saxo team , had challenged Contador , Froome , Nibali and Quintana to attempt to ride all three Grand Tours in 2015 ; none of the riders took up the challenge . Froome , Nibali and Quintana all declined to ride the Giro and , as Contador was attempting to win both the Giro d 'Italia and the Tour , he did not aim to ride the Vuelta . Valverde and Nibali were the only two previous winners of the race to start the 2015 edition . Froome , who had been second in the 2011 and 2014 Vueltas , had had a strong season , with victories in the Vuelta a Andalucía , the Critérium du Dauphiné and the Tour de France . He was attempting to become the first rider since Bernard Hinault in 1978 to win both the Tour and the Vuelta in the same season , though it was expected that he would be tired following his victory in the Tour . The individual time trial was expected to favour Froome , who is strong in the discipline . Before the race , however , Froome was uncertain about his form and his ability to win the race . Quintana 's only stage race victory of the season had come in the Tirreno – Adriatico , but he had performed strongly in the Alps in the Tour 's final stages and the mountainous route of the Vuelta was expected to suit him . Vincenzo Nibali , who had won the Vuelta in 2010 , had struggled in the opening stages of the Tour , but had recovered to take a stage victory in the final week . The Astana team also included Fabio Aru and Mikel Landa , second and third respectively at the Giro d 'Italia ; while this made a strong team it was unclear which rider would be favoured by the team and given the assistance of his teammates . There was a similar situation at Movistar , as Valverde , who had won the Vuelta in 2009 and had finished on the podium on four other occasions , was also in strong form and was well suited to the course . Also among the general classification contenders were Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) , Rafał Majka ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) and Tejay van Garderen ( BMC Racing Team ) . Other notable riders to take part in the race included several sprinters . One of these was Peter Sagan ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , four times the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France and winner of three stages in the 2011 Vuelta , who was preparing for the World Championships road race the following month . Sagan was considered particularly strong on the easier uphill finishes in the first week . John Degenkolb ( Giant – Alpecin ) had won four stages and the points classification in 2014 as well as five stages in 2012 . Nacer Bouhanni ( Cofidis ) , who had crashed out of the Tour , was expected to compete with Degenkolb in the flat sprints . = = Route and stages = = The first announcement of the route for the 2015 Vuelta a España came in October 2014 , when Javier Guillén , the race director , announced that the first stage would take place in Puerto Banús near Marbella on 22 August . It had been decided that the stage would be either an individual time trial or a team time trial . More news came the following month , when Guillén revealed that he had been involved in conversations with Chris Froome and had promised him that the race would include a fairly flat individual time trial of around 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) . He also said that the race would feature " explosive finals and summit finishes " . The official route announcement came on 10 January 2015 in Torremolinos , along the coast from the start of the first stage in Puerto Banús . The first five stages took place in and around Andalusia in southern Spain ; the 2014 Vuelta had also started there . The first stage was a team time trial along the coast from Puerto Banús to Marbella . The next four stages were fairly flat , although Stage 2 finished on a moderately difficult climb . The sixth stage started in Córdoba and finished in Sierra de Cazorla in Jaén on another moderately difficult climb . The seventh stage then returned to Andalusia for the first major difficulty of the race : the first @-@ category summit finish at La Alpujarra . The route then continued along the eastern coast of Spain , with a medium @-@ mountain seventh stage and another first @-@ category summit finish at Benitachell on Stage 9 . There was one more medium @-@ mountain stage on Stage 10 , taking the riders into the Province of Castellón . This was followed by a transfer that took the riders into Andorra for a three @-@ day spell , beginning with the first rest day . The eleventh stage took place entirely in Andorra ; though it was only 138 kilometres ( 86 mi ) in length , it included six categorised climbs , including a summit finish , and was described by Eusebio Unzué ( the manager of the Movistar team ) as " the toughest Vuelta stage that he has seen in more than 30 years " . Stage 12 took the riders back into Spain for a fairly flat stage , before three consecutive stages with summit finishes . These took place in the mountains of Cantabria and Asturias and were followed by the race 's second rest day . The final week of the race included no summit finishes : the first stage was a 38 @.@ 7 @-@ kilometre ( 24 @.@ 0 mi ) individual time trial in Burgos and was then followed by three mixed stages that took the riders nearer to the final stage of the race , a sprint stage in Madrid . For the first time , the race organisers also held a women 's race on the same day as the final stage , using the same circuit . This race – called La Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta – was won by Shelley Olds . The 2015 Vuelta included nine summit finishes , none of which had previously been used in the race . Unusually , the principal difficulties of the race came in the first two weeks , including all nine summit finishes . It was therefore expected that the climbers would need to attack early in the race , in order to build up a significant lead ahead of the lengthy time trial on Stage 17 . The race organisers also hoped to encourage sprinters to take part by including seven fairly flat stages . Each road stage ( that is , all the stages except the team time trial and the individual time trial ) included an intermediate sprint . This was a point where the leading riders in the stage were awarded points in the points classification and time bonuses in the general classification . Many of the stages also included climbs that were categorised by the race organisers according to their difficulty ; the leading riders over each of these climbs were awarded points in the mountains classification , with the most difficult climbs earning the most points . In the days before the beginning of the race , there was controversy over the first stage . On arriving at the start , the teams discovered that the route used a variety of road surfaces , crossed sandy sections and included several ramps . As a result , the race organisers decided to neutralise the stage : the teams therefore competed only for the stage victory and for the team classification , not for the general classification . = = Race overview = = The team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team and Peter Velits took the red jersey as the first rider across the line . Since the stage had been neutralised for the general classification , all 198 riders began the second stage on the same time . The stage finished on a moderate climb , where Esteban Chaves ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) attacked early and took both the stage victory and the lead of the race . A major crash in the final 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) brought down several riders and most riders in the peloton ( the main group ) were held up , including Fabio Aru and Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) . Aru quickly rejoined the peloton ; Nibali was forced to chase for a long time . After the stage , a video emerged of Nibali holding on to his team car as it accelerated him back to the peloton . Nibali was therefore fined and excluded from the race . The next stage was a moderately difficult stage that ended in a bunch sprint . Peter Sagan won his first Grand Tour stage in over two years ahead of Nacer Bouhanni ( Cofidis ) and John Degenkolb ( Giant @-@ Alpecin ) . The fourth stage again included an uphill finish . This stage was also decided in a sprint finish , this time won by Alejandro Valverde . Sagan , who came second , took over the lead of the points classification . A third consecutive bunch sprint came on the fifth stage , which ended on a slight incline . The relatively straightforward stage was won by Caleb Ewan ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) , who was riding his first Grand Tour , ahead of Degenkolb and Sagan . There were splits in the peloton at the finish ; Chaves lost six seconds to Tom Dumoulin ( Giant – Alpecin ) , who therefore took over the red jersey of the race leader by one second . This lead did not last long . The sixth stage finished on another moderate climb . Chaves again attacked early in the climb and took his second stage victory , with Dan Martin ( Cannondale – Garmin ) second and Dumoulin third . Chaves therefore took back the red jersey . The seventh stage was the most significant uphill finish of the race so far , finishing on the climb of the Alto de Capileira . It was won by Bert @-@ Jan Lindeman ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) from the breakaway . Most of the general classification favourites finished together , though Fabio Aru gained seven seconds in the final kilometre and Chris Froome lost nearly half a minute . The following stage was a moderately difficult stage : it was too difficult for the pure sprinters to reach the finish line with the main group of riders , but not difficult enough to create gaps between those riding for the overall victory . The most notable event was a large crash 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) from the finish . Four riders were immediately forced to withdraw from the race with injuries , including Dan Martin , who had been in the top ten . The stage was won in a reduced bunch sprint by Jasper Stuyven ( Trek Factory Racing ) , who had been among the riders injured in the earlier crash . He was forced to withdraw from the race after the stage with a broken scaphoid . Stage 9 ended with a difficult climb . There was a series of attacks on the early part of the mountain , with many riders dropped from the lead group . Tom Dumoulin eventually took a solo win in the stage , two seconds ahead of Chris Froome , and took back the red jersey as Chaves lost significant time . Froome had originally been dropped , but rode at a steady tempo and came close to the stage victory . Stage 10 , the final stage before the first rest day , ended in another bunch sprint , which was won by Kristian Sbaragli ( MTN – Qhubeka ) . The eleventh stage , the first after the rest day , was the difficult stage in Andorra , with six difficult climbs and almost no flat roads . The stage was won from a breakaway by Mikel Landa ( Astana ) . Fabio Aru , Landa 's teammate , took second place and moved into the race lead . Chris Froome fell from his bike at the beginning of the stage and lost several minutes to Aru ; the following morning it was revealed that he had broken his foot in the fall and he withdrew from the race . Nairo Quintana also lost several minutes on the stage . The following stage , which took the riders from Andorra back into Spain , was won in a sprint by Danny van Poppel ( Trek Factory Racing ) after the day 's breakaway was caught in the final kilometre . Van Poppel won the stage despite puncturing his tyre with 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) remaining . The thirteenth stage – the last one before a series of three consecutive summit finishes – was won from a breakaway by Nelson Oliveira ( Lampre – Merida ) , with no impact on the general classification . The first of the three summit finishes – Stage 14 – was won by Alessandro De Marchi ( BMC Racing Team ) , who had been in the day 's breakaway . Quintana gained several seconds back , while Aru , Rodríguez , Chaves and Majka all gained time on Dumoulin . Rodríguez attacked strongly on the final climb to win Stage 15 and gained time on all his rivals , putting himself just one second behind Aru . Dumoulin lost further time to Aru , Majka and Chaves . The final stage with a summit finish was Stage 16 : it was a difficult stage including seven climbs and was won by Fränk Schleck ( Trek Factory Racing ) . On the final climb , Rodríguez gained two seconds on Aru in the final metres to put himself into the race lead for the final rest day , while Dumoulin lost more time and was nearly two minutes back . After the rest day came the race 's individual time trial . It was won by Dumoulin , who was more than a minute ahead of all the other riders in the race . His time was good enough to put him into the overall race lead . Aru rode strongly , and was only three seconds behind Dumoulin in the general classification after the stage . Rodríguez lost over three minutes to Dumoulin . Majka also lost significant time to Aru and Dumoulin and fell to fourth place . Following the time trial , there were three mountainous stages , although none of them had a summit finish . All three were won by riders from breakaways . Nicolas Roche ( Sky ) won Stage 18 , beating Haimar Zubeldia ( Trek Factory Racing ) in a two @-@ man sprint . After his team had put pressure on the peloton through the whole stage , Aru attacked Dumoulin six times on the final climb , and Valverde put in three more attacks . Dumoulin , however , did not lose any time and retained his three @-@ second lead . Stage 19 ended with a short , cobbled climb into Ávila . It was won by Alexis Gougeard ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , who had escaped from the breakaway group on the previous climb . The day 's racing also produced another crash : this time Aru fell to the ground . Although he had to make several trips to the medical car , he did not seem seriously injured . At the end of the stage , Dumoulin used his team to put him in a strong position for the cobbled climb and he increased his lead over Aru to six seconds . Stage 20 was the final day of mountainous terrain , including four difficult climbs . It was won by Rubén Plaza ( Lampre @-@ Merida ) after a 117 @-@ kilometre ( 73 mi ) solo breakaway that lasted over three hours . Aru 's Astana team rode hard in the second half of the stage and , with a strong team effort , they were eventually able to drop Dumoulin on the penultimate climb of the day ; he dropped further back on the final climb and lost nearly four minutes , dropping to sixth place overall . Quintana and Majka gained nearly a minute on the other general classification rivals . This meant that Aru took the race lead , with Rodríguez second and Majka third . The final stage of the race was a flat stage that finished in Madrid . It was won in a sprint by Degenkolb . During the stage , Valverde took advantage of a puncture for Rodríguez and won the intermediate sprint to give him the points jersey . Although Aru lost a little time in a split in the peloton at the finish line , the rest of the standings were unchanged . Aru therefore won the race , his first Grand Tour victory . = = Classification leadership = = The 2015 Vuelta a España included four principal classifications . The first of these was the general classification , which was calculated by adding up each rider 's times on each stage and applying the relevant time bonuses . These were 10 seconds for the stage winner , 6 seconds for the rider in second , and 4 seconds for the rider in third , and 3 , 2 and 1 seconds for the first three riders at each intermediate sprint ; no bonuses were awarded on the time trial stages . The rider with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the general classification and was considered the overall winner of the Vuelta . The rider leading the classification wore a red jersey . The second classification was the points classification . Riders were awarded points for finishing in the top fifteen places on each stage and in the top three at each intermediate sprint . The first rider at each stage finish was awarded 25 points , the second 20 points , the third 16 points , the fourth 14 points , the fifth 12 points , the sixth 10 points , down to 1 point for the rider in fifteenth . At the intermediate sprints , the first three riders won 4 , 2 and 1 points respectively . The rider with the most points won the classification and wore a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Most stages of the race included one or more categorised climbs . Stages were categorised as third- , second- , first- and special @-@ category , with the more difficult climbs rated higher . The most difficult climb of the race , the Alto Ermita de Alba on Stage 16 , was given its own category as the Cima Alberto Fernández . Points were awarded for the first riders across the summit of each climb ; the rider with the most accumulated points won the classification and wore a white jersey with blue polka dots . The final individual classification was the combination classification . This was calculated by adding up each rider 's position on the other three individual classifications . The rider with the lowest cumulative score was the winner of the classification and wore a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated by adding together the times of each team 's best three riders on each stage . The team with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the classification . There was also a combativity prize awarded on each stage ; three riders were chosen on each stage by a race jury to recognise the rider " who displayed the most courageous effort " . There was then a public vote to decide which rider should be awarded the prize ; the rider wore a red dossard ( race number ) the following day . An identical procedure took place on the final stage to decide the most combative rider of the whole Vuelta . = = Final standings = = = = = General classification = = =
= Atheis = Atheis ( English : Atheist ) is a 1949 Indonesian novel written by Achdiat Karta Mihardja and published by Balai Pustaka . The novel , using three narrative voices , details the rise and fall of Hasan , a young Muslim who is raised to be religious but winds up doubting his faith after dealings with his Marxist – Leninist childhood friend and an anarcho @-@ nihilist writer . Mihardja , a journalist @-@ cum @-@ literary editor who associated with the eccentric poet Chairil Anwar and the Socialist Party of Indonesia , wrote Atheis from May 1948 to February 1949 . The Indonesian used in the novel was influenced by Sundanese and harkens back to earlier works by Minang writers , as opposed to Mihardja 's contemporaries who attempted to distance themselves from the earlier style . Dealing mainly with faith , the novel also touches on the interactions between modernity and traditionalism . Although the writer insisted that the work was meant to be realistic , symbolic representations from subjective meanings to the novel being an allegory have been advanced . After the novel was published , it caused considerable discussion . Religious thinkers , Marxist @-@ Leninists , and anarchists decried the novel for not explaining their ideologies in more detail , but literary figures and many in the general public praised it ; this positive reception may have been influenced by the nascent government 's need to promote literature for nation @-@ building . Atheis was translated into Malay before 1970 and into English in 1972 ; it was also adapted into a film with the same title in 1974 . The novel , which received an award from the Indonesian government in 1969 , is one of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works . = = Plot = = The plot of Atheis is non @-@ linear . A. Teeuw , a Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature , models it as below , with A representing the time frame covered in Hasan 's manuscript ( from the his youth until splitting with Kartini ) , B representing the time frame in which the narrator meets with Hasan and receives his manuscript , and C representing the events around Hasan 's death . [ C { B ( A ) B } C ] The following plot summary is presented chronologically . Hasan , born to a religious Naqshbandi family in Panyeredan , is a student who lives with his family and adopted sister , Fatimah . After finishing his schooling , Hasan attempts to propose marriage to his classmate , Rukmini . However , Rukmini , who is from a higher social class than him , is set to marry a rich man from Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) . Instead , his parents ask him to marry Fatimah . Hasan refuses , then devotes himself to studying Islam with his father . In the early 1940s he moves to Bandung to work as a civil servant . In Bandung , Hasan works for the Japanese occupation government and lives an ascetic lifestyle , often fasting for days on end and dunking himself into a river to refresh his body between evening and morning prayers . While there , he meets his childhood friend Rusli , who introduces Hasan to his friend Kartini . Seeing that Rusli and Kartini are atheistic Marxist @-@ Leninists , Hasan considers it his duty to return them to Islam . However , he finds himself unable to address Rusli 's arguments against religion and begins doubting his faith . Soon Hasan becomes increasingly divorced from his religious upbringing , at one time skipping the mandatory maghrib prayer to watch a movie with Kartini . Through Rusli , Hasan is introduced to people from different ideologies , including the anarcho @-@ nihilist playboy Anwar ; he also begins courting Kartini . One day , he returns to Panyeredan to visit his family with Anwar . While there , Anwar sees some night watchmen quivering in fear near a cemetery . When told that they had seen a ghost , Anwar enters the cemetery with Hasan to disprove its existence . However , Hasan thinks he sees a ghost and runs away frightened . When ridiculed for this by Anwar , Hasan 's faith is broken . This leads him to have a large fight with his family about their Islamic faith , which results in Hasan 's family disowning him . Upon his return to Bandung , Hasan marries Kartini . Three years later , Hasan 's relationship with Kartini is souring ; both are suspicious that the other is unfaithful . Eventually , Hasan sees Kartini and Anwar leaving a hotel near the train station and incorrectly assumes that she had been cheating on him . He immediately divorces her and moves out , but soon contracts tuberculosis . After several weeks , Hasan returns to Panyeredan after hearing that his father is ill to work out their issues . However , his father rejects him as a temptation from the devil . Dejected , Hasan returns to Bandung . As his health continues to degrade , Hasan approaches a local journalist with a manuscript that details his life ; the journalist agrees to publish it should something happen to Hasan . Not long afterwards , Hasan goes out into the night after curfew and is shot in the chest by Japanese patrols , dying after torture at the station with the Islamic creed " Allahu Akbar " on his lips . Later , Rusli and a tearful Kartini claim his body . = = Characters = = Hasan Hasan is the protagonist of the novel . Raised a devout Muslim , he becomes confused over his beliefs due to influences from his childhood friend and other acquaintances in Bandung . He is further confused by his feelings towards Kartini , who physically resembles his first love Rukmini . Eventually , after being disowned by his family and seemingly abandoned by his friends , Hasan is shot and subsequently tortured to death by Japanese police . According to the literary critics Maman S. Mahayana , Oyon Sofyan , and Achmad Dian , Hasan 's psychological struggles reflect Sigmund Freud 's theories on psychoanalysis . Teeuw notes that Hasan comes across as being disappointed that his traditional religious upbringing is not enough to overcome the temptations of the modern world . Poet and critic of Indonesian literature Muhammad Balfas writes that Hasan 's conflict arises from being torn intellectually between the teachings of his ultra @-@ religious father and the Marxist Rusli , while at the same time being emotionally victimised by the ever self @-@ confident Anwar . Balfas notes that three versions of Hasan are made apparent to the reader : Hasan 's view of himself , the narrator 's view of Hasan , and the narrator 's reconstruction of Hasan . Rusli Rusli is Hasan 's childhood friend who approaches him in Bandung . A Marxist @-@ Leninist , he is highly educated and eloquent , which he often uses to win debates on the benefits of different ideologies . Through Rusli , Hasan is introduced to several other characters with Western educations and ideologies , including Hasan 's future wife Kartini . During Hasan 's time in Bandung , Rusli provides emotional support to him and Kartini . Rusli accompanies Kartini to the police station to identify Hasan 's body . According to literary scholar Boen S. Oemarjati , Rusli was inspired by one of Mihardja 's friends in Bandung . Hendrik Maier , professor of southeast Asian literature at the University of California , Riverside , characterizes Rusli as the most balanced of the main protagonists . Kartini Kartini is a young Marxist @-@ Leninist who Rusli introduces to Hasan . As Kartini resembles Hasan 's first love , Hasan falls deeply in love with her . However , after they marry Hasan becomes increasingly jealous and questions her relationship with Anwar , who often flirts with Kartini . When Anwar picks her up at the train station after she visits her aunt , he attempts to force himself on her . After fighting him off , Kartini leaves the hotel , followed by Anwar . After Hasan divorces her based on his perception of the events , Kartini lives alone . She cries over Hasan 's body when asked to identify him for the police . Anwar Anwar is a young anarcho @-@ nihilist who considers himself his own god . He is known for being a crude womanizer who has no qualms with using others to get what he wants . Through his actions , Anwar is responsible for both events which devastate Hasan 's life : Anwar 's ridicule leads Hasan to strife with his family , and Anwar 's womanizing and incessant flirting , including unwanted sexual advances against Kartini , lead to Hasan 's divorce . Maier describes him as a " destructive , egotistic and vain man who in daily life does not live up to the ideals with which he tries to impress [ Hasan ] " . Anwar is thought to have been based on the poet Chairil Anwar , an individualistic anarchist known for being abrasive , having kleptomania , and womanizing . The poet 's friend Nasjah Djamin notes that the characterization captured the real @-@ life Anwar 's nonchalance , impoliteness , and arrogance . Narrator The narrator , who only appears in parts of the novel which he narrates , is referred to throughout the novel only as " saya " ( a respectful term for " I " or " me " ) . Little is known about his personal life other than that he is a journalist . According to Indonesian writer and literary critic Subagio Sastrowardoyo , the narrator appears to be representative of Mihardja and is used to teach moral lessons to the reader through his suggestions to Hasan . = = Writing and influences = = Mihardja , who was born and raised in Garut , West Java , was trained as a journalist before moving to Batavia in 1941 to work for the state publisher of the Dutch East Indies , Balai Pustaka . While in Batavia , in 1945 he began associating with Chairil Anwar 's literary group Republika . After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence and the start of the Indonesian National Revolution , he fled to West Java and participated in events led by the Socialist Party of Indonesia led by Sutan Sjahrir . He was not an atheist , although his association with the party led some to draw that conclusion . Mihardja drew upon this background while writing Atheis . Atheis was Mihardja 's first novel ; what few literary works he had written beforehand were mostly short stories and dramas , both those intended for the radio and the stage . He never formally studied writing , instead learning how to write fiction from his experiences reading existing works , including those of André Gide , Leo Tolstoy , Vsevolod Ivanov , and Fyodor Dostoyevsky . His writing style was heavily influenced by that of Gide , particularly as found in The Immoralist ( 1902 ) . Malay , the language which forms the basis of modern Indonesian , was not Mihardja 's native language ; his earlier works had all been in Sundanese , and Mihardja had only begun regularly using Indonesian after the Japanese occupation ( 1942 – 1945 ) , when he became a translator . The inspiration for Atheis came , according to Oemarjati , sometime during the early 1940s . In Mihardja 's observations , Marxism – Leninism and anarcho @-@ nihilism were among the most common ideologies in Indonesia ; this led him to depict Rusli and Anwar as holding those ideologies . Meanwhile , emerging writers such as Idrus , Asrul Sani , and Chairil Anwar were increasingly critical of the older generation of Indonesian authors , whom they decried as narrow @-@ minded and provincial . Mihardja , who was older than many contemporary writers and wrote in a similar style to the older authors , disliked this comparison ; according to Maier , this may have led him to represent Chairil Anwar as a much @-@ flawed character . Mihardja formalised his concept throughout the early 1940s and completed the writing during a period of unemployment from May 1948 until February 1949 . = = Styles = = Atheis uses three narrative voices , the first Indonesian novel to do so . The novel starts with a third @-@ person description of Rusli and Kartini 's visit to the Japanese police headquarters after hearing of Hasan 's death . Afterwards , the narrator , referred to only as " saya " , describes in the first person how he met Hasan and how the main character came to tell him his life 's story . This is followed by what is described by the original narrator as a manuscript by Hasan , which tells Hasan 's life story from his own point of view using the less respectful term " aku " . After a brief recollection of the narrator 's last meeting with Hasan in the first person , using " saya " , the last portion of the book describes Hasan 's death in the third person omniscient . According to Teeuw , this serves to avoid caricaturing the characters by giving an objective presentation of them before transitioning to their point of view . However , Mihardja wrote that it was simply to facilitate the completion of the plot . Teeuw writes that the literary style is didactic , which he considers the novel 's main shortcoming . However , he notes that Mihardja was part of a literary movement led by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana that viewed literature as being instructive ; he also writes that such a style was common in Indonesian literature at the time . The diction in the novel shows a heavy Sundanese influence , including many loan @-@ words . Teeuw describes the diction as forced in places , with sentence structure deviating from those used by the Minang writers who dominated that period 's Indonesian literature . According to Teeuw , this is because Mihardja had been raised speaking both Sundanese and Dutch ; as such , his Indonesian was not as well developed as Minang writers or those younger than him . Maier notes that the novel features " odd but appropriate metaphors and similes " and stylistically resembles earlier works such as Abdul Muis ' Salah Asuhan ( Wrong Upbringing ; 1928 ) , Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana 's Layar Terkembang ( With Sails Unfurled ; 1936 ) , and Armijn Pane 's Belenggu ( Shackles ; 1940 ) . Balfas also notes stylistic similarities with older works , such as the death of the protagonist at the climax , and Sastrowardoyo opines that Belenggu had a more modern styling despite being published nine years earlier . = = Themes and symbolism = = Mihardja later wrote that he intended the novel to deal with the question of the existence of God . Mahayana et al. agree , noting that the theme of faith – a theme unknown in modern Indonesian literature at the time – is found throughout the novel . Maier notes that the psychological concepts of guilt , fear , and remorse drive the novel . Teeuw describes the work as taking up the classic theme of modernity versus tradition in a new , more worldly manner . Balfas writes that this approach to the theme was soon followed by other writers . Despite Mihardja 's insistence that Atheis is meant to be realistic , several symbolic interpretations have been put forward . According to Mihardja , one of the most common interpretations readers conveyed to him was that Hasan 's death symbolised atheism defeating religion , with Hasan 's death as the death of theism . According to Maier , Atheis serves as an allegory for the development of the Indonesian nation . Hasan , representing traditionalism , is killed by the Japanese , who changed the status quo when they invaded in 1942 . Meanwhile , the anarchistic Anwar finds himself without a place in the modern world . Only the responsible modern character , Rusli , is able to bring the Indonesian nation , as represented by Kartini , to terms with the new world . = = Print history = = Atheis was published in 1949 by Balai Pustaka , which had become the state publisher of independent Indonesia . A second printing followed three years later , with a cover by Basuki Resobowo . A third printing , which had several revisions to improve the flow of the story , was published in 1958 . As of 2009 , Atheis has been reprinted thirty @-@ three times . By 1970 , Atheis had been printed in Malaysian three times . In 1972 , the novel was translated by R. J. Macguire into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works project . = = Reception = = According to Teeuw , after the publication of Atheis Mihardja immediately became famous . Maier notes that the fame and warm reception to which Atheis was released was influenced not only by the novel 's strengths , but also by Mihardja 's personality and stature . These qualities were in @-@ line with the nascent government 's need to use literature , as the most developed of the new national culture , for nation @-@ building ; in 1969 , Atheis received a literary award from the government of Indonesia . According to Mihardja , religious thinkers blasted the novel for depicting Hasan , whom they interpreted as representative of religion and religious people , as unable to overcome temptation ; they also disliked the novel 's lack of in @-@ depth discussion of religion , necessary for a better understanding of theism . Marxists and anarchists also felt that their ideologies were not well explained . They considered Rusli and Anwar not truly representative of the thoughts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche . In response , Mihardja wrote that the characters were meant to be realistic , and that few people have as much knowledge about an ideology as demanded by the critics . However , other readers – many from the literary community – praised the novel , including writers Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah . Sastrowardoyo described it as a " well made novel " , arguing that Hasan 's death brought complete closure to the story . Teeuw describes Atheis as the first truly interesting novel to arise after the war for independence . Author Ahmad Tohari describes Atheis as a " timeless monument of Indonesian literature " , emphasising its ability to represent the social factors dominant in Indonesian society at the time of writing . Mahayana credits the book 's success to " almost every element which remains salient " owing to its setting and story @-@ telling techniques . = = Legacy = = By the 1970s Atheis had become part of the Indonesian junior and senior high school curriculum . In 1974 Sjumandjaja adapted the novel into a film with the same title . The film , shot on a Rp . 80 million ( US $ 193 @,@ 771 ) budget , mimicked the novel 's non @-@ linear plot . Intended as a challenge to Indonesia 's religious communities , upon its release faced with controversy . Ultimately , the Indonesian censorship bureau passed the film after several cuts . Though it was a commercial failure , Sjumandjaja 's Atheis was well received by critics . Mihardja went on to write two more novels : Debu Cinta Bertebaran ( The Dust of Love Spreads ; 1973 ) , published in Singapore , and Manifesto Khalifatullah ( Manifest of Khalifatullah ; 2005 ) , published in Jakarta . At the launch of Manifesto Khalifatullah , a religious @-@ themed novel , Mihardja stated that it was " the answer to Atheis " , after he came to believe that " God made man to be His representative on earth , not that of Satan " . = = Explanatory notes = =
= Tory Burch = Tory Burch ( born June 17 , 1966 ; née Robinson ) is an American fashion designer , businesswoman , and philanthropist , who has won several fashion awards for her designs . She is the Chairman , CEO , and Designer of Tory Burch LLC . In 2015 , she was listed as the 73rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . = = Early life and education = = Burch was born in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania , the daughter of Reva ( née Schapira ) and Ira Earl " Bud " Robinson ( 1923 – 2007 ) . She was raised with her three brothers ( Robert , James and Leonard ) in a Valley Forge farmhouse , a 250 @-@ year @-@ old Georgian near the Valley Forge National Historical Park . Her father was a wealthy investor who inherited a stock exchange seat and a paper cup company . He dated Grace Kelly and Joan Bennett before marrying Reva , an actress who had dated both Steve McQueen and Marlon Brando . Burch is Jewish on her mother 's side . Burch attended the Agnes Irwin School in Rosemont , Pennsylvania where she was captain of the tennis team , and was a friend of jewelry designer Kara Ross . Her first job was at Benetton in the King of Prussia Mall . She then attended the University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League university in Philadelphia , where she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta . She majored in art history , and graduated in 1988 . = = Career = = = = = Early work = = = After graduating from college , Tory moved to New York City where she worked for Zoran , a Yugoslavian designer , followed by Harper 's Bazaar magazine . She then moved into public relations and advertising positions at Vera Wang , Polo Ralph Lauren and Loewe when Narciso Rodriguez was there . = = = Fashion label = = = Burch began her fashion label – " TRB by Tory Burch " , later known as Tory Burch – in February 2004 , launching it with a retail store in Manhattan 's Nolita district . Most of the inventory sold out on the first day . When Oprah Winfrey endorsed her line on The Oprah Winfrey Show in April 2005 , calling Burch " the next big thing in fashion " , Burch 's website received eight million hits the following day . Since launch , the company has grown to include 160 Tory Burch stores worldwide . The fashion line , which encompasses ready @-@ to @-@ wear , shoes , handbags , accessories , watches , home decor , and a fragrance and beauty collection , is also carried at over 3 @,@ 000 department and specialty stores worldwide . In 2015 Burch also introduced a separate performance activewear line , Tory Sport , with a dedicated website and a pop @-@ up shop ; a stand @-@ alone store on Fifth Avenue followed in 2016 . Burch 's style has been described as preppy @-@ boho and preppy @-@ bohemian luxe , and is associated with her T @-@ logo medallion . Known for being easy to wear and versatile , her styles are popular with women of all ages , including the viewers and fans of the television show Gossip Girl , where they were often featured . In 2007 , there were wait lists to buy Tory Burch fashions , which are known for color and print and often pay homage to styles of the 1960s and 1970s . Burch named her line of Reva ballerina flats after her mother . = = = Selected television appearances = = = = = = Awards = = = In 2005 , Burch won the Rising Star Award for Best New Retail Concept from the Fashion Group International . In 2007 , she won the Accessory Brand Launch of the year award at the Accessories Council Excellence Awards . In 2008 , Burch won the Council of Fashion Designers of America award for Accessories Designer of the Year . Working Mother included her on their list of the 50 Most Powerful Moms of 2015 . In 2015 , she received the Breast Cancer Research Foundation 's Sandra Taub Humanitarian Award . Burch has consistently been included on Forbes ' list of The World ’ s 100 Most Powerful Women . As of 2015 , she is listed as the 73rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . = = Philanthropy = = Burch serves on the boards of the Council of Fashion Designers of America , the Society of Memorial Sloan @-@ Kettering Cancer Center , the Breast Cancer Research Foundation , the Startup America Partnership and the Barnes Foundation . She is a member of the Industry Advisory Board of the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center at the Wharton School of Business , and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations . She chaired the 2007 spring gala for the American Ballet Theatre . In 2009 , Burch founded the Tory Burch Foundation , which supports the economic empowerment of women in the U.S. through small business loans , mentoring and entrepreneurial education . The foundation is currently partnered with ACCION USA , a non @-@ profit domestic microfinance provider founded in 1991 . Burch ’ s stores sell products whose proceeds support the foundation ’ s work . In 2014 , the foundation launched Elizabeth Street Capital , an initiative with Bank of America , with an initial investment of $ 10 million in capital to provide women entrepreneurs with access to low cost loans , mentoring support and networking opportunities . The initiative is named for the location of the first Tory Burch boutique . The foundation also offers an entrepreneurial education program in collaboration with Goldman Sachs 10 @,@ 000 Small Businesses and Babson College . In November 2015 , the foundation launched a fellows competition offering women entrepreneurs a chance to compete for business @-@ education grants , year @-@ long mentoring , and a $ 50 @,@ 000 grant plus a $ 50 @,@ 000 no @-@ interest investment in their business . In April 2014 , the Obama Administration named Burch an inaugural member of the Presidential Ambassadors for Global Entrepreneurship , a group of successful American businesspeople committed to developing the next generation of entrepreneurs in the U.S. and around the world . Other members of PAGE include Reid Hoffman , co @-@ founder of LinkedIn , and entertainment producer Quincy Jones . = = Personal life = = In 1993 she married William Macklowe , son of real @-@ estate tycoon Harry B. Macklowe , and was divorced within a year . In 1996 she married J. Christopher Burch , an investor in Internet Capital Group , a venture capital firm founded by Walter Buckley and Ken Fox . Although divorced from Burch in 2006 , she continues to use his last name , and for some time continued to live with her children in their New York City apartment ; she has three sons and three stepdaughters . She dated Lance Armstrong in 2007 . Afterward she was for some time linked to Lyor Cohen . In early 2016 Burch became engaged to Pierre @-@ Yves Roussel , the chairman and CEO of the LVMH Fashion Group . The couple had been dating since 2014 . Forbes magazine has estimated that she is a billionaire , with a net worth of $ 1 @.@ 0 billion as of 2013 .
= Fat Man = " Fat Man " was the codename for the type of atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945 . It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare , the first being Little Boy , and its detonation marked the third @-@ ever man @-@ made nuclear explosion in history . It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site and dropped from the Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress Bockscar . For the Fat Man mission , Bockscar was piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney . The name Fat Man refers generically to the early design of the bomb , because it had a wide , round shape . It was also known as the Mark III . Fat Man was an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon with a solid plutonium core . The first of that type to be detonated was the Gadget , in the Trinity nuclear test , less than a month earlier on 16 July at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range in New Mexico . Two more Fat Man bombs were detonated during the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946 . Some 120 Fat Man units were produced between 1947 and 1949 , when it was superseded by the Mark 4 nuclear bomb . The Fat Man was retired in 1950 . = = Early decisions = = In 1942 , prior to the Army taking over wartime atomic research , Robert Oppenheimer held conferences in Chicago in June and Berkeley , California , in July , at which various engineers and physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues . A gun @-@ type design was chosen , in which two sub @-@ critical masses would be brought together by firing a " bullet " into a " target " . Richard C. Tolman suggested an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon , but the idea attracted scant consideration . The feasibility of a plutonium bomb was questioned in 1942 . James Conant heard on 14 November from Wallace Akers , the director of the British " Tube Alloys " project , that James Chadwick had " concluded that plutonium might not be a practical fissionable material for weapons because of impurities . " Conant consulted Ernest Lawrence and Arthur Compton , who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago respectively knew about the problem , but could offer no ready solution . Conant informed the director of the Manhattan Project , Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence , Compton , Oppenheimer , and McMillan to examine the issue . The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome simply by requiring higher purity . Oppenheimer , reviewing his options in early 1943 , gave priority to the gun @-@ type weapon , but as a hedge against the threat of pre @-@ detonation , he created the E @-@ 5 Group at the Los Alamos Laboratory under Seth Neddermeyer to investigate implosion . Implosion @-@ type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb , because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely . Nonetheless , it was decided that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort , since it was the project with the least amount of uncertainty involved . It was assumed that the uranium gun @-@ type bomb could be easily adapted from it . = = Naming = = The gun @-@ type and implosion @-@ type designs were codenamed " Thin Man " and " Fat Man " respectively . These code names were created by Robert Serber , a former student of Oppenheimer 's who worked on the Manhattan Project . He chose them based on their design shapes ; the Thin Man would be a very long device , and the name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel The Thin Man and series of movies by the same name ; the Fat Man would be round and fat and was named after Sydney Greenstreet 's character in The Maltese Falcon . Little Boy would come last , as a variation of Thin Man . = = Development = = Neddermeyer discarded Serber and Tolman 's initial concept of implosion as assembling a series of pieces in favor of one in which a hollow sphere was imploded by an explosive shell . He was assisted in this work by Hugh Bradner , Charles Critchfield , and John Streib . L. T. E. Thompson was brought in as a consultant , and discussed the problem with Neddermeyer in June 1943 . Thompson was skeptical that an implosion could be made sufficiently symmetric . Oppenheimer arranged for Neddermeyer and Edwin McMillan to visit the National Defense Research Committee 's Explosives Research Laboratory near the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines in Bruceton , Pennsylvania ( a Pittsburgh suburb ) , where they spoke to George Kistiakowsky and his team . But Neddermeyer 's efforts in July and August at imploding tubes to produce cylinders tended to produce objects that resembled rocks . Neddermeyer was the only person who believed that implosion was practical , and only his enthusiasm kept the project alive . Oppenheimer brought John von Neumann to Los Alamos in September 1943 to take a fresh look at implosion . After reviewing Neddermeyer 's studies , and discussing the matter with Edward Teller , von Neumann suggested the use of high explosives in shaped charges to implode a sphere , which he showed could not only result in a faster assembly of fissile material than was possible with the gun method , but which could greatly reduce the amount of material required , because of the resulting higher density . The idea that , under such pressures , the plutonium metal itself would be compressed came from Teller , whose knowledge of how dense metals behaved under heavy pressure was influenced by his pre @-@ war theoretical studies of the Earth 's core with George Gamow . The prospect of more @-@ efficient nuclear weapons impressed Oppenheimer , Teller , and Hans Bethe , but they decided that an expert on explosives would be required . Kistiakowsky 's name was immediately suggested , and Kistiakowsky was brought into the project as a consultant in October 1943 . The implosion project remained a backup until April 1944 , when experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P @-@ 5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor @-@ produced plutonium from the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the B Reactor at the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium @-@ 240 . This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than plutonium @-@ 239 . The cyclotron @-@ produced isotopes , on which the original measurements had been made , held much lower traces of plutonium @-@ 240 . Its inclusion in reactor @-@ bred plutonium appeared unavoidable . This meant that the spontaneous fission rate of the reactor plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely that it would predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass . The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where predetonation would be less likely would need a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber . The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb was therefore implosion . The impracticability of a gun @-@ type bomb using plutonium was agreed at a meeting in Los Alamos on 17 July 1944 . All gun @-@ type work in the Manhattan Project was directed at the Little Boy , enriched @-@ uranium gun design , and the Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized , with almost all of the research oriented around the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb . The idea of using shaped charges as three @-@ dimensional explosive lenses came from James L. Tuck , and was developed by von Neumann . To overcome the difficulty of synchronizing multiple detonations , Luis Alvarez and Lawrence Johnston invented exploding @-@ bridgewire detonators to replace the less precise primacord detonation system . Robert Christy is credited with doing the calculations that showed how a solid subcritical sphere of plutonium could be compressed to a critical state , greatly simplifying the task , since earlier efforts had attempted the more @-@ difficult compression of a hollow spherical shell . After Christy 's report , the solid @-@ plutonium core weapon was referred to as the " Christy Gadget " . The task of the metallurgists was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere . The difficulties became apparent when attempts to measure the density of plutonium gave inconsistent results . At first contamination was believed to be the cause , but it was soon determined that there were multiple allotropes of plutonium . The brittle α phase that exists at room temperature changes to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures . Attention then shifted to the even more malleable δ phase that normally exists in the 300 – 450 ° C ( 570 – 840 ° F ) range . It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum , but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles , which would exacerbate the pre @-@ ignition problem . The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium – gallium alloy , which stabilized the δ phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape . As plutonium was found to corrode readily , the sphere was coated with nickel . The size of the bomb was constrained by the available aircraft . The only Allied aircraft capable of carrying the Fat Man were the British Avro Lancaster and the American Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress . For logistic and nationalistic reasons , the B @-@ 29 was preferred , but this constrained the bomb to a maximum length of 132 inches ( 3 @,@ 400 mm ) , width of 60 inches ( 1 @,@ 500 mm ) and weight of 20 @,@ 000 pounds ( 9 @,@ 100 kg ) . Removing the bomb rails allowed a maximum width of 66 inches ( 1 @,@ 700 mm ) . Drop tests began in March 1944 , and resulted in modifications to the Silverplate aircraft due to the weight of the bomb . High @-@ speed photographs revealed that the tail fins folded under the pressure , resulting in an erratic descent . Various combinations of stabilizer boxes and fins were tested on the Fat Man shape to eliminate its persistent wobble until an arrangement dubbed a " California Parachute " , a cubical open @-@ rear tail box outer surface with eight radial fins inside of it , four angled at 45 ° and four orthogonally to the line of fall holding the outer square @-@ fin box to the bomb 's rear end , was approved . In drop tests in early weeks , the Fat Man missed its target by an average of 1 @,@ 857 feet ( 566 m ) , but this was halved by June as the bombardiers became more proficient with it . The early Y @-@ 1222 model Fat Man was assembled with some 1 @,@ 500 bolts . This was superseded by the Y @-@ 1291 design in December 1944 . This redesign work was substantial , and only the Y @-@ 1222 tail design was retained . Later versions included the Y @-@ 1560 , which had 72 detonators ; the Y @-@ 1561 , which had 32 ; and the Y @-@ 1562 , which had 132 . There were also the Y @-@ 1563 and Y @-@ 1564 , which were practice bombs with no detonators at all . The final wartime Y @-@ 1561 design was assembled with just 90 bolts . Because of its complicated firing mechanism and the need for previously untested synchronization of explosives and precision design , it was thought that a full test of the concept was needed before the scientists and military representatives could be confident it would perform correctly under combat conditions . On 16 July 1945 , a Y @-@ 1561 model Fat Man , known as the Gadget for security reasons , was detonated in a test explosion at a remote site in New Mexico , known as the " Trinity " test . It gave a yield of about 20 kilotonnes ( 84 TJ ) . Some minor changes were made to the design as a result of the Trinity test . Philip Morrison recalled that " There were some changes of importance ... The fundamental thing was , of course , very much the same . " = = Bomb interior = = The bomb was 128 inches ( 3 @,@ 300 mm ) long and 60 inches ( 1 @,@ 500 mm ) in diameter . It weighed 10 @,@ 300 pounds ( 4 @,@ 700 kg ) . = = Assembly = = To allow insertion of the 3 @.@ 62 @-@ inch ( 92 mm ) diameter plutonium pit , containing the 0 @.@ 8 @-@ inch ( 20 mm ) diameter " Urchin " modulated neutron initiator , as late as possible in the device 's assembly , the spherical 8 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 222 mm ) diameter depleted uranium tamper surrounded by a 0 @.@ 125 @-@ inch ( 3 @.@ 2 mm ) thick shell of boron impregnated plastic had a 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) diameter cylindrical hole running through it , like the hole in a cored apple . The missing tamper cylinder , containing the pit , could be slipped in through a hole in the surrounding 18 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 470 mm ) diameter aluminium pusher . The pit was warm to touch , emitting 2 @.@ 4 W / kg @-@ Pu , about 15 W for the 6 @.@ 19 kilograms ( 13 @.@ 6 lb ) core . The plutonium was compressed to twice its normal density before the " Urchin " added free neutrons to initiate a fission chain reaction . The result was the fission of about 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of the 6 @.@ 19 kilograms ( 13 @.@ 6 lb ) of plutonium in the pit , i.e. of about 17 % of the fissile material present . 1 gram ( 0 @.@ 035 oz ) of matter in the bomb is converted into the active energy of heat and radiation , releasing the energy equivalent to the detonation of 21 kilotons of TNT or 88 terajoules . = = Bombing of Nagasaki = = The first plutonium core , along with its polonium @-@ beryllium Urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium @-@ field carrying @-@ case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C @-@ 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July , and arrived at North Field on Tinian on 28 July . Three Fat Man high @-@ explosive pre @-@ assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B @-@ 29s ; two , Luke the Spook and Laggin ' Dragon , from the 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th AAF Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on 2 August . Upon arrival , F31 was partly disassembled in order to check all its components . F33 was expended near Tinian during a final rehearsal on 8 August , and F31 was the bomb dropped on Nagasaki . F32 presumably would have been used for a third attack or its rehearsal . In August 1945 , the Fat Man was assembled on Tinian by Project Alberta personnel . When the physics package was fully assembled and wired , it was placed inside its ellipsoidal aerodynamic bombshell and wheeled out , where it was signed by nearly 60 people , including Rear Admiral William R. Purnell , Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell and Captain William S. Parsons . It was then wheeled to the bomb bay of the B @-@ 29 Superfortress named Bockscar after its normally assigned command pilot , Captain Frederick C. Bock , who flew The Great Artiste with his crew on the mission . Bockscar was flown by Major Charles W. Sweeney and his crew , with Commander Frederick L. Ashworth from Project Alberta as the weaponeer in charge of the bomb . Bockscar lifted off at 03 : 47 on the morning of 9 August 1945 , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The weapon was already armed , but with the green electrical safety plugs still engaged . Ashworth changed them to red after ten minutes so that Sweeney could climb to 17 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 200 m ) in order to get above storm clouds . During pre @-@ flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2 @,@ 400 l ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . 509th Composite Group Commander Colonel Paul Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . The original target for the bomb was the city of Kokura , but it was found to be obscured by clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B @-@ 29s on nearby Yawata the previous day . This covered 70 % of the area over Kokura , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and repeatedly exposing the aircraft to the heavy defenses of Yawata , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese anti @-@ aircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . Sweeney then proceeded to the alternative target , Nagasaki . It too was obscured by cloud , and Ashworth ordered Sweeney to make a radar approach . At the last minute , the bombardier , Captain Kermit K. Beahan , found a hole in the clouds . The Fat Man was dropped and , following a 43 @-@ second duration free fall , it exploded at 11 : 02 local time , at an altitude of about 1 @,@ 650 feet ( 500 m ) . Because of poor visibility due to cloud cover , the bomb missed its intended detonation point by almost two miles , and damage was somewhat less extensive than that in Hiroshima . An estimated 35 @,@ 000 – 40 @,@ 000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki . A total of 60 @,@ 000 – 80 @,@ 000 fatalities resulted , including from long @-@ term health effects , the strongest of which was leukemia , with an attributable risk of 46 % for bomb victims . Others died later from related blast and burn injuries , and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb 's initial radiation . Most of the direct deaths and injuries sustained from the bombing were munitions or industrial workers . Mitsubishi 's industrial production in the city were also severed by the attack ; the dockyard would have produced at 80 percent of its full capacity within three to four months , the steel works would have required a year to get back to substantial production , the electric works would have resumed some production within two months and been back at capacity within six months , and the restoration of the arms plant to 60 to 70 percent of former capacity would have required 15 months . The Mitsubishi @-@ Urakami Ordnance Works , the factory that manufactured the type 91 torpedoes released in the attack on Pearl Harbor , was destroyed in the blast . = = Post @-@ war development = = After the war , two Y @-@ 1561 Fat Man bombs were used in the Operation " Crossroads " nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific . The first , known as Gilda after Rita Hayworth 's character in the 1946 movie of the same name , was dropped by the B @-@ 29 Dave 's Dream . The bomb missed its aim point by 710 yards ( 650 m ) . The second bomb , nicknamed Helen of Bikini , was placed , without its tail fin assembly , in a steel caisson made from a submarine 's conning tower , and detonated 90 feet ( 27 m ) beneath the landing craft LSM @-@ 60 . The two weapons yielded about 23 kilotonnes ( 96 TJ ) each . The Los Alamos Laboratory and the Army Air Forces had already commenced work on improving the design . The North American B @-@ 45 Tornado , Convair XB @-@ 46 , Martin XB @-@ 48 , and Boeing B @-@ 47 Stratojet bombers , then on the drawing boards , had bomb bays sized to carry the Grand Slam , which was much longer but not as wide as the Fat Man . The only bombers that could carry the Fat Man were the B @-@ 29 and the Convair B @-@ 36 . In November 1945 , the Army Air Forces asked Los Alamos for 200 Fat Man bombs . At the time there were only two sets of plutonium cores and high @-@ explosive assemblies . The Army Air Forces wanted improvements to the design to make it easier to manufacture , assemble , handle , transport , and stockpile . The wartime Project W @-@ 47 was continued , and drop tests resumed in January 1946 . The Mark III Mod 0 Fat Man was ordered to be put into production in mid @-@ 1946 . High explosives were manufactured by the Salt Wells Pilot Plant , which had been established by the Manhattan Project as part of Project Camel . A new plant was established at the Iowa Army Ordnance Plant . Mechanical components were made or procured by the Rock Island Arsenal . Electrical and mechanical components for about 50 bombs were stockpiled at Kirtland Army Air Field by August 1946 , but only nine plutonium cores were available . Production of the Mod 0 ended in December 1948 , by which time there were still only 53 cores available . It was replaced by improved versions , known as Mods 1 and 2 , which contained a number of minor changes , the most important of which was that they did not charge the X @-@ Unit firing system 's capacitors until released from the aircraft . The Mod 0s were withdrawn from service between March and July 1949 , and by October they had all been rebuilt as Mods 1 and 2 . Some 120 Mark III Fat Man units were added to the stockpile between 1947 and 1949 , when it was superseded by the Mark 4 nuclear bomb . The Mark III Fat Man was retired in 1950 . Due to the limitations of the Mark III Fat Man , a nuclear strike would have been a formidable undertaking in the 1940s . The lead @-@ acid batteries that powered the fuzing system remained charged for only 36 hours , after which they needed to be recharged . To do this meant disassembling the bomb , and recharging took 72 hours . The batteries had to be removed in any case after nine days or they corroded . The plutonium core could not be left in for much longer , because its heat damaged the high explosives . Replacing the core also required the bomb to be completely disassembled and reassembled . This required about 40 to 50 men and took between 56 and 72 hours , depending on the skill of the bomb assembly team , and in June 1948 the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project had only three teams . The only aircraft capable of carrying the bomb were Silverplate B @-@ 29s , and the only group equipped with them was the 509th Bombardment Group at Walker Air Force Base in Roswell , New Mexico . They would first have to fly to Sandia Base to collect the bombs , and then to an overseas base from which a strike could be mounted . As much of the Manhattan Project data leaked by the spies Klaus Fuchs , Theodore Hall , and David Greenglass to the Soviet Union concerned Fat Man , the Soviet Union 's first nuclear weapon , designated " Joe @-@ 1 " by the United States , was based closely on Fat Man 's design . " Joe 1 " was detonated on 29 August 1949 as part of Operation " First Lightning " .
= SM U @-@ 70 = SM U @-@ 70 was a Type U 66 submarine or U @-@ boat for the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during the First World War . She had been laid down in February 1914 as U @-@ 11 the final boat of the U @-@ 7 class for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) but was sold to Germany , along with the others in her class , in November 1914 . The submarine was ordered as U @-@ 11 from Germaniawerft of Kiel as the last of five boats of the U @-@ 7 class for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy became convinced that none of the submarines of the class could be delivered to the Adriatic via Gibraltar . As a consequence , the entire class , including U @-@ 11 , was sold to the German Imperial Navy in November 1914 . Under German control , the class became known as the U 66 type and the boats were renumbered ; U @-@ 11 became U @-@ 70 , and all were redesigned and reconstructed to German specifications . U @-@ 70 was launched in July 1915 and commissioned in September . As completed , she displaced 791 tonnes ( 779 long tons ) , surfaced , and 933 tonnes ( 918 long tons ) , submerged . The boat was 69 @.@ 50 metres ( 228 ft ) long and was armed with five torpedo tubes and a deck gun . A part of the 4th Flotilla throughout the war , U @-@ 70 sank 53 merchant ships with a combined gross register tonnage ( GRT ) of 137 @,@ 775 . Included in that total was Southland — at 11 @,@ 899 GRT , one of the largest ships of the war sunk by a U @-@ boat — sunk in June 1917 . In addition she sank one British Flower @-@ class sloop and damaged four merchant ships ( 20 @,@ 369 GRT ) . On 20 November 1918 , nine days after the Armistice , U @-@ 70 was surrendered to the British . She was broken up at Bo 'ness in 1919 – 20 . = = Design and construction = = After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy had competitively evaluated three foreign submarine designs , it selected the Germaniawerft 506d design , also known as the Type UD , for its new U @-@ 7 class of five submarines . The Navy ordered five boats on 1 February 1913 . The U @-@ 7 class was seen by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as an improved version of its U @-@ 3 class , which was also a Germaniawerft design . As designed for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , the boats were to displace 695 tonnes ( 684 long tons ) on the surface and 885 tonnes ( 871 long tons ) while submerged . The doubled @-@ hulled boats were to be 69 @.@ 50 metres ( 228 ft ) long overall with a beam of 6 @.@ 30 metres ( 20 @.@ 7 ft ) and a draft of 3 @.@ 79 metres ( 12 @.@ 4 ft ) . The Austrian specifications called for two shafts with twin diesel engines ( 2 @,@ 300 metric horsepower ( 2 @,@ 269 bhp ; 1 @,@ 692 kW ) total ) for surface running at up to 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) , and twin electric motors ( 1 @,@ 240 metric horsepower ( 1 @,@ 223 shp ; 912 kW ) total ) for a maximum of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) when submerged . The boats were designed with five 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes ; four located in the bow , one in the stern . The boats ' armament was to also include a single 6 @.@ 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) deck gun . U @-@ 11 was laid down on 11 February 1914 , the final boat of the class begun . Her construction was slated to be complete within 29 to 33 months . Neither U @-@ 11 nor any of her sister boats were complete when World War I began in August 1914 . With the boats under construction at Kiel , the Austrians became convinced that it would be impossible to take delivery of the boats , which would need to be towed into the Mediterranean past Gibraltar , a British territory . As a result , U @-@ 11 and her four sisters were sold to the Imperial German Navy on 28 November 1914 . U @-@ 11 was renumbered by the Germans as U @-@ 70 when her class was redesignated as the Type U 66 . The Imperial German Navy had the submarines redesigned and reconstructed to German standards , which increased the surface displacement by 96 tonnes ( 94 long tons ) and the submerged by 48 tonnes ( 47 long tons ) . The torpedo load was increased by a third , from 9 to 12 , and the deck gun was upgraded from the 6 @.@ 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) gun originally specified to an 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) one . = = Early career = = U @-@ 70 was launched on 20 July 1915 . On 22 September , SM U @-@ 70 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy under the command of Kapitänleutnant Otto Wünsche . U @-@ 70 was the second U @-@ boat command for the 30 @-@ year @-@ old officer ; he had commanded U @-@ 25 from August 1914 until a week before assignment to U @-@ 70 . In January 1916 , Wünsche and U @-@ 70 escorted the German blockade runner Marie through the North Sea . On 9 February , U @-@ 70 was assigned to the 4th Flotilla ( German : IV . Uhalbflotille ) in which she remained for the duration of the war . U @-@ 70 served as an escort again in late February , when she accompanied the German merchant raider Greif . = = The second German offensive = = Germany began its second submarine offensive against shipping in February 1916 , the month U @-@ 70 had joined the 4th Flotilla . As in the first submarine offensive , U @-@ boats were sent independently around Scotland to patrol the Irish Sea and the western entrance to the English Channel . U @-@ 70 sank her first ship on 16 March , when she dispatched the British sailing vessel Willie 60 nautical miles ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) northwest by west of Fastnet Rock . The same day she also damaged the British cargo ship Berwindale , en route to Avonmouth with a load of wheat from Galveston , Texas . Throughout the rest of March and into early April , U @-@ 70 sank an additional five ships of 14 @,@ 557 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; the largest being the British cargo vessel Eagle Point , carrying a load of hay and oats from Saint John , New Brunswick , torpedoed and sunk on 28 March . Near the end of April 1916 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the new commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the High Seas Fleet ( under which U @-@ 70 's 4th Flotilla operated ) , called off the merchant shipping offensive and ordered all boats at sea to return , and all boats in port to remain there . = = Grand Fleet ambush = = In mid @-@ May , Scheer completed plans to draw out part of the British Grand Fleet . The German High Seas Fleet would sortie for a raid on Sunderland , luring the British fleet across " ' nests ' of submarines and mine @-@ fields " . U @-@ 70 was one of four U @-@ boats that put out to sea beginning on 18 May to scout the central North Sea for signs of the British fleet . Completing five days of scouting , U @-@ 70 , along with U @-@ 63 , U @-@ 51 , U @-@ 32 , sister boat U @-@ 66 , U @-@ 24 , and U @-@ 52 , took up position off the Firth of Forth on 23 May . The other two other boats , U @-@ 43 and U @-@ 44 , were stationed off Pentland Firth , in position to attack the British fleet leaving Scapa Flow . All the boats were to remain on station until 1 June and await a coded message which would report the sailing of the British fleet . Unfortunately for the Germans , the British Admiralty had intelligence reports of the departure of the submarines which , coupled with an absence of attacks on shipping , aroused British suspicions . A delayed departure of the German fleet for its sortie ( which had been redirected to the Skagerrak ) and the failure of five U @-@ boats to receive the coded message warning of the British advance caused Scheer 's anticipated ambush to be a " complete and disappointing failure " . Although U @-@ 70 had received the advance warning of the coded message , her crew did not ever see any part of the fleet . The failure of the submarine ambush to sink any British capital ships allowed the full Grand Fleet to engage the numerically inferior High Seas Fleet in the Battle of Jutland , which took place 31 May – 1 June . U @-@ 70 's next success came in December when she sank the 5 @,@ 587 @-@ ton British steamer Pascal on 17 December . Over the next month she sank an additional 15 ships ( 20 @,@ 545 GRT ) . = = Unrestricted submarine warfare = = From the early stages of the war the British had blockaded Germany , preventing neutral shipping from reaching German ports . By the time of the so @-@ called " turnip winter " of 1916 – 17 , the blockade had severely limited imports of food and fuel into Germany . Among the results were an increase in infant mortality and as many as 700 @,@ 000 deaths attributed to starvation or hypothermia during the war . With the blockade having such dire consequences , Kaiser Wilhelm II personally approved a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to begin on 1 February 1917 to help force the British to make peace . The new rules of engagement specified that no ship was to be left afloat . The first recorded action of U @-@ 70 under the new rules of engagement occurred near the end of February 1917 , when the U @-@ boat shelled the British @-@ flagged SS San Patricio . The 9 @,@ 712 GRT tanker , encountered by U @-@ 70 off the Orkney Islands , survived the attack . In March , U @-@ 70 sank twelve ships totaling 25 @,@ 708 tons and damaged a thirteenth of 4 @,@ 666 tons . During the month of April 1917 , German U @-@ boats succeeded in sinking 860 @,@ 334 tons of Allied and neutral shipping , a total unsurpassed by any month in either of the two world wars . U @-@ 70 's contribution came in the form of ten ships of 23 @,@ 530 tons sent to the bottom , four of them on the same day , 24 April . Although the monthly total of tonnage sunk by all U @-@ boats had peaked in April , the losses were over 600 @,@ 000 tons in each of May and June . U @-@ 70 did not contribute to the May tally but her commanding officer , Wünsche , was awarded the House Order of Hohenzollern . U @-@ 70 began another productive month in June by sinking the American Line ocean liner Southland on 4 June . At 11 @,@ 899 GRT , Southland was the largest ship sunk by U @-@ 70 , and one of the largest ships sunk during the war by a U @-@ boat . Southland was carrying a general cargo from Liverpool to Philadelphia when U @-@ 70 sank her at position 56 ° 10 ′ N 12 ° 14 ′ W , some 140 nautical miles ( 260 km ; 160 mi ) from Tory Island . Throughout the rest of June , U @-@ 70 sank another seven ships totaling 26 @,@ 131 tons . After June 1917 , U @-@ 70 only sank another three ships throughout the rest of the war , one of which was the British Flower @-@ class sloop Rhododendron on 5 May 1918 . Rhododendron had been constructed in 1917 as a purpose built Q @-@ ship , a warship disguised as a merchant ship to lure German submarines within range of their concealed gun batteries . The sloop was patrolling off Mull Head in the Orkney Islands when struck by a single torpedo from U @-@ 70 . The captain , Lieutenant Commander Charles Arthur Peal , became disoriented in the aftermath of the explosion , and instead of ordering away a " panic party " to draw the submarine within range , ordered the complete evacuation of the ship , which was carried out in great haste and confusion . U @-@ 70 approached the burning ship and observed the chaotic evacuation , seizing a petty officer from a liferaft who revealed the ship 's true identity . U @-@ 70 shelled the wreck and escaped without coming under fire . Rhododendron capsized and sank the following morning , with the loss of 15 men , four killed in the explosion and 11 drowned during the evacuation . Peal and the rest of the crew were heavily criticized for their conduct under fire by an Admiralty board . In total U @-@ 70 sank 54 ships with a combined tonnage of 139 @,@ 065 and damaged four with a tonnage of 20 @,@ 369 in her twelve war patrols . She was surrendered to the British on 20 November 1918 , nine days after the Armistice , and broken up at Bo 'ness in 1919 – 20 . = = Summary of raiding history = =
= Pink slime = " Pink slime " ( a dysphemism for lean finely textured beef or LFTB , finely textured beef , and boneless lean beef trimmings or BLBT ) is a meat @-@ based product used as a food additive to ground beef and beef @-@ based processed meats , as a filler or to reduce the overall fat content of ground beef . In the production process , heat and centrifuges remove fat from the meat in beef trimmings . The resulting product is exposed to ammonia gas or citric acid to kill bacteria . In 2001 , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) approved the product for limited human consumption . In March 2012 , an ABC News series about " pink slime " included claims that approximately 70 percent of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained the additive at that time . Some companies and organizations stopped offering ground beef with the product . " Pink slime " was claimed by some originally to have been used as pet food and cooking oil and later approved for public consumption , but this was disputed in April 2012 , by both the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) administrator responsible for approving the product and Beef Products , Inc . ( BPI ) , the largest U.S. producer of the additive . In September 2012 BPI filed a lawsuit against American Broadcasting Company for false claims about the product . The product is regulated in different manners in various regions . In the United States , the product is allowed to be used in ground beef , and it can be used in other meat products such as beef @-@ based processed meats . The product is banned in Canada due to the presence of ammonia in it , and it is banned for human consumption in the European Union . Some consumer advocacy groups have promoted the elimination of the product or for mandatory disclosure of additives in beef , while others have expressed concerns about plant closures that occurred after the product received significant news media coverage . = = Production and content = = Finely textured meat is produced by heating boneless beef trimmings to 107 – 109 ° F ( 42 – 43 ° C ) , removing the melted fat by centrifugal force using a centrifuge , and flash freezing the remaining product to 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) in 90 seconds in a roller press freezer , although the South Dakota Department of Agriculture has reported a lower processing temperature of about 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The roller press freezer is a type of freezer that was invented in 1971 by BPI CEO Eldon Roth that can " freeze packages of meat in two minutes " and began to be used at Beef Products Inc. in 1981 . The lean finely textured beef is added to ground beef as a filler or to reduce the overall fat content of ground beef . In March 2012 about 70 percent of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained the product . Source areas for the product from cattle may include the most contaminated portions , such as near the hide . The recovered beef material is extruded through long tubes that are thinner than a pencil , during which time at the Beef Products , Inc . ( BPI ) processing plant , the meat is exposed to gaseous ammonia . At Cargill Meat Solutions , citric acid is used to kill bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella . Gaseous ammonia in contact with the water in the meat produces ammonium hydroxide . The ammonia sharply increases the pH and damages microscopic organisms , the freezing causes ice crystals to form and puncture the organisms ' weakened cell walls , and the mechanical stress destroys the organisms altogether . The product is finely ground , compressed into pellets or blocks , flash frozen and then shipped for use as an additive . Most of the finely textured beef is produced and sold by BPI , Cargill and Tyson Foods . As of March 2012 there was no labeling of the product , and only a USDA Organic label would have indicated that beef contained no " pink slime " . Per BPI , the finished product is 94 to 97 percent lean beef ( with a fat content of 3 – 6 percent ) has a nutritional value comparable to 90 percent lean ground beef , is very high in protein , low in fat , and contains iron , zinc and B vitamins . U.S. beef that contains up to 15 percent of the product can be labeled as " 100 % ground beef " . Up to 2005 , filler could make up to 25 percent of ground meat . In an Associated Press review , food editor and cookbook author J.M. Hirsh compared the taste of LFTB @-@ containing hamburgers against traditional , or " real " , hamburgers . He described the LFTB @-@ containing burgers as smelling the same , but being less juicy and highly mealy with bits and studs of cartilage @-@ like matter . Rick Jochum , a spokesperson for BPI , stated in 2012 that BPI 's product does not contain cow intestines or connective tissue such as tendons . A United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) microbiologist stated that the product does contain connective tissue " instead of muscle " and thus it is " not meat " and is " not nutritionally equivalent " to ground beef . Fox News reported that besides low @-@ grade beef trimmings other meat by @-@ products such as connective tissue , cartilage , and sinew which contain fat were present . = = Early use = = In 1990 , the USDA 's Food Safety and Inspection Service ( FSIS ) approved the use of the technology for manufacturing finely textured meat . At the time of its approval , the FSIS called the remaining product " meat " , although one FSIS microbiologist dissented , arguing it contained both muscle and connective tissue . In 1994 , in response to public health concerns over pathogenic E. coli in beef , the founder of BPI , Eldon Roth , began work on the " pH Enhancement System " , which disinfects meat using injected anhydrous ammonia in gaseous form , rapid freezing to 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , and mechanical stress . In 2001 , the FSIS approved the gaseous disinfection system as an intermediate step before the roller press freezer , and approved the disinfected product for human consumption , as an additive . The FSIS agreed with BPI 's suggestion that ammonia was a " processing agent " which did not need to be listed on labels as an ingredient . FSIS microbiologists Carl Custer and Gerald Zirnstein stated that they argued against the product 's approval for human consumption , saying that it was not " meat " but actually " salvage " , and that the USDA should seek independent verification of its safety , but they were overruled . In 2003 , BPI commissioned a study of the effectiveness and safety of the disinfection process ; the Iowa State University researchers found no safety concern in the product or in ground beef containing it . The term " pink slime " , a reference to the product 's " distinctive look " , was coined in 2002 by Zirnstein in an internal FSIS e @-@ mail . Expressing concern that ammonia should be mentioned on the labels of packaged ground beef to which the treated trimmings are added , Zirnstein stated " I do not consider the stuff to be ground beef , and I consider allowing it in ground beef to be a form of fraudulent labeling " . He later stated that his main concern was that connective tissue is not " meat " , and that ground beef to which the product had been added should not be called ground beef , since it is not nutritionally equivalent to regular ground beef . In 2007 , the USDA determined the disinfection process was so effective that it would be exempt from " routine testing of meat used in hamburger sold to the general public " . A December 2009 investigative piece published by The New York Times questioned the safety of the meat treated by this process , pointing to occasions in which process adjustments were not effective . This article included the first public use of the term " pink slime " as a pejorative . In January 2010 , The New York Times published an editorial reiterating the concerns posed in the news article while noting that no meat produced by BPI had been linked to any illnesses or outbreaks . An episode of Jamie Oliver 's Food Revolution aired on April 12 , 2011 depicted Jamie Oliver decrying the use of " pink slime " in the food supply and in school lunches . In the episode , Oliver douses beef trimmings in liquid ammonia while explaining what the product is and why he is disgusted with it . Oliver stated , " Everyone who is told about ' pink slime ' doesn 't like it in their food — school kids , soldiers , senior citizens all hate it " . The American Meat Institute and Beef Products Inc. retorted with a YouTube video featuring Dr. Gary Acuff of Texas A & M University questioning some of Oliver 's statements and promoting the additive . = = ABC News report = = An 11 @-@ segment series of reports in March 2012 from ABC News brought widespread public attention to and raised consumer concerns about the product . The product was described as " essentially scrap meat pieces compressed together and treated with an antibacterial agent " . Lean finely textured beef ( LFTB ) was referred to as " an unappetizing example of industrialized food production " . The product has been characterized as " unappetizing , but perhaps not more so than other things that are routinely part of hamburger " by Sarah Klein , an attorney for the food safety program at the Center for Science in the Public Interest . Nutritionist Andy Bellatti has referred to the product as " one of many symptoms of a broken food system " . Food policy writer Tom Laskawy noted that ammonium hydroxide is only one of several chemicals routinely added to industrially produced meat in the United States . It was reported at that time that 70 percent of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained the additive , and that the USDA considered it as meat . The USDA issued a statement that LFTB was safe and had been included in consumer products for some time , and its Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety Elisabeth A. Hagen stated that " The process used to produce LFTB is safe and has been used for a very long time . And adding LFTB to ground beef does not make that ground beef any less safe to consume " . = = = Industry response = = = Manufacturer Beef Products Inc . ( BPI ) and meat industry organizations addressed public concerns by stating that the additive , though processed , is " lean beef " that simply was not able to be reclaimed through traditional slaughterhouse practices until newer technologies became available approximately 20 years ago . With regard to concerns over the use of ammonium hydroxide , BPI noted that its use as an anti @-@ microbial agent is approved by the Food and Drug Administration . The use of ammonium hydroxide is included on the FDA 's list of GRAS ( generally recognized as safe ) procedures , and is used in similar applications for numerous other food products , including puddings and baked goods . = = = Market response = = = Several U.S. food manufacturers publicly stated that they did not use the product in their wares , including ConAgra Foods Inc . , Sara Lee Corporation and Kraft Foods Inc . Many meat retailers stated that they either did not use the product , or would cease using it . Many fast food chains stopped use of the product after the controversy arose , or stated that they had not used the product before . The Concord Monitor reported increased business in some small neighborhood markets in April 2012 , due to consumer concerns about the additive . On March 25 , 2012 , BPI announced it would suspend operations at three of its four plants , being in " crisis planning " . The three plants produced a total of about 900 @,@ 000 pounds of the product per day . BPI said it lost contracts with 72 customers , many over the course of one weekend , and production decreased from 5 million pounds of LFTB per week to below one million pounds a week at the nadir ( lowest point of production ) . Effective May 25 , 2012 BPI closed three of its four plants , including one in Garden City , Kansas , lost more than $ 400 million in sales , and laid off 700 workers . Production increased to less than 2 million pounds in 2013 . Cargill also significantly cut production of finely textured beef and in April 2012 " warned [ that ] the public 's resistance to the filler could lead to higher hamburger prices this barbecue season " . About 80 percent of sales of the product evaporated " overnight " in 2012 , per the president of Cargill Beef . Cargill stopped production in Vernon , California and laid off about 50 workers as well as slowing production at other plants including a beef @-@ processing plant in Plainview , Texas , where about 2 @,@ 000 people were laid off . Many grocery stores and supermarkets , including the nation 's three largest chains , announced in March 2012 that they would no longer sell products containing the additive . Some grocery companies , restaurants and school districts discontinued the sale and provision of beef containing the additive after the media reports . In April 2012 , the USDA received requests from beef processors to allow voluntary labeling of products with the additive , and stated it plans to approve labeling after checks for label accuracy . Both BFI and Cargill made plans to label products that contain the additive to alleviate these concerns and restore consumer confidence . Following the USDA announcement to allow choices in purchasing decisions for ground beef , many school districts stated that they would opt out of serving ground beef with LFTB . By June 2012 , 47 out of 50 U.S. states declined to purchase any of the product for the 2012 – 2013 school year while South Dakota Department of Education , Nebraska , and Iowa chose to continue buying it . On April 2 , 2012 AFA Foods , a ground @-@ beef processor manufacturer of finely textured beef owned by Yucaipa Companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy citing " ongoing media attention " that has " dramatically reduced the demand for all ground beef products " . On April 3 , 2012 , U.S. cattle futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange were at a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ month low , which was partially attributed to the " pink slime " controversy . Livestock traders stated that : " It has put a dent in demand . It is bullish for live cattle over the long @-@ term , but short @-@ term it is certainly negative " . = = = Government response = = = Following the suspension of operations at three out of four BPI plants , members of the media and leaders were invited by Iowa Governor Terry Branstad to tour the BPI facility that remained open in South Sioux City , Nebraska . The founders of BPI gave campaign contributions to Branstad in 2010 , and to other candidates ' campaigns . Branstad stated to ABC News that the contributions were not a factor in his decision regarding having the event . Texas Governor Rick Perry , Nebraska Lieutenant Governor Rick Sheehy , Kansas Governor Sam Brownback , and South Dakota Lieutenant Governor Matt Michels , toured the South Sioux City , Nebraska , plant in an attempt to allay " inaccurate information " that they stated as having caused " an unnecessary panic among consumers " . The publicity tour emerged with the promotional slogan , " Dude , it 's beef ! " News reporters were not allowed to ask employees at BPI any questions during the tour . BPI asserts that social media and ABC News " grossly misrepresented " their product . BPI eventually sued ABC News for defamation . On March 28 , 2012 , Branstad stated , " The problem is , we take this off the market , then we end up with a fatter product that 's going to cost more and it 's going to increase the obesity problem in this country " . Safeway and other retailers that have removed the product from their shelves or product lines have stated they will not raise the price of their beef . Branstad also stated that he would recommend that Iowa state public schools continue to use ground beef which contains the product , and stated plans to " send a letter to the state 's public schools , encouraging them to continue to buy LFTB " . On March 22 , 2012 , 41 Democrats in Congress , led by Representative Chellie Pingree of Maine , wrote a letter to United States Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack , head of the USDA , that " creating a two @-@ tiered school lunch program where kids in less affluent communities get served this low @-@ grade slurry is wrong " and urged its elimination from all public @-@ school lunches . Senator Jon Tester of Montana issued a news release in March 2012 urging Agriculture Secretary Vilsack to remove " pink slime " from school lunches and replace it with " high @-@ quality Montana beef " . Tester stated he planned to include provisions in the upcoming farm bill that would allow schools more flexibility in using USDA commodity funds , to increase options in purchasing locally grown and produced foods . = = = School lunches = = = The reaction against the product has also been partially credited to Bettina Siegel 's Change.org petition that has landed over a quarter million signatures to ban it in school lunches . After some parents and consumer advocates insisted the product be removed from public schools , the USDA indicated , beginning in fall 2012 , that it would give school districts the choice between ground beef with or without LFTB . CBS News reported that Chicago Public schools may have served ' Pink Slime ' in school lunches . While some school districts have their own suppliers , many school districts purchase beef directly from the USDA and do not know what is in the beef . For the year 2012 , the USDA planned on purchasing 7 million pounds of lean beef trimmings for the U.S. national school lunch program . USDA spokesman Mike Jarvis stated that of the 117 million pounds of beef ordered nationally for the school lunch program last year , six percent was LFTB . An analysis of California Department of Education data indicated that " anywhere from none to nearly 3 million pounds of beef from the USDA that was served in California schools last year could have contained lean finely textured beef " . According to the USDA , the cost differential between ground beef with and without the additive has been estimated at approximately 3 % . = = = BPI lawsuit = = = On September 13 , 2012 , BPI announced that it filed a $ 1 @.@ 2 billion lawsuit against ABC News , three reporters ( Diane Sawyer , Jim Avila and David Kerley ) and others , claiming ABC News made nearly " 200 false , misleading and defamatory statements , repeated continuously during a month @-@ long disinformation campaign " , engaged in " product and food disparagement , and tortious interference with business relationships " . BPI called the ABC News series a " concerted disinformation campaign " against LFTB . ABC News denied BPI 's claims , and called the lawsuit without merit . ABC News sought to have the case removed from South Dakota state court to federal court . In June 2013 , a federal judge sent the lawsuit back to state court . On March 27 , 2014 , South Dakota state court Judge Cheryle Gering dismissed ABC 's motion to dismiss , and allowed the defamation suit to move forward . = = Current use = = In March 2012 , 70 percent of ground beef in the United States contained lean finely textured beef , and a year later in March 2013 the amount was estimated by meat industry officials to be at approximately five percent . This significant reduction is due in part to the extensive media coverage that began in March 2012 about the additive . During the 2014 grilling season , Cargill started using a label stating " Contains Finely Textured Beef " . In 2014 , finely textured beef production increased modestly , as beef prices rose by 27 % and " retailers seek cheaper trimmings to include in hamburger meat and processors find new products to put it in " . BPI , which does not label its product , recovered 40 customers since March 2012 . = = Regulation = = In the United States , the additive is not for direct consumer sale . Lean finely textured beef can constitute up to 15 percent of ground beef without additional labeling , and it can be added to other meat products such as beef @-@ based processed meats . Prior to the invention of the disinfection process , beef scraps could not be processed to reduce or remove the fat , bone fragments or other non @-@ beef components and could be sold for other uses only , such as pet food or as an ingredient for cooking oil . Because of ammonium hydroxide use in its processing , the lean finely textured beef by BPI is not permitted in Canada . Health Canada stated that : " Ammonia is not permitted in Canada to be used in ground beef or meats during their production " and may not be imported , as the Canadian Food and Drugs Act requires that imported meat products meet the same standards and requirements as domestic meat . Canada does allow Cargill 's citric acid @-@ produced Finely Textured Meat ( FTM ) to be " used in the preparation of ground meat " and " identified as ground meat " under certain conditions . Lean finely textured beef and Finely Textured Meat is banned for human consumption in the European Union ( EU ) . Meat processed using the Baader process is allowed in the EU . The Baader process involves the use of a machine manufactured by the Baader Company of Germany that mechanically separates meat residue from bones of animals using low pressure water . This meat is referred to as " desinewed meat " , and the Baader process involves the formation of the final product into a red meat paste . It is a similar process to mechanically separated meat , which forces " fragments of meat from animal bones using high pressure water " . = = Public perception = = The nature of the product and the manner in which it is processed led to concerns that it might be a risk to human health , despite the fact that there have been no reported cases of foodborne illnesses due to consumption of the product . Among consumers , media reporting significantly reduced its acceptance as an additive to ground beef . A Harris Interactive survey commissioned by Red Robin and released on April 4 , 2012 , found that 88 percent of U.S. adults were aware of the " pink slime " issue , and that of those who were aware , 76 percent indicated that they were " at least somewhat concerned " , with 30 percent " extremely concerned " . 53 percent of respondents who stated that they were aware of pink slime took some action , such as researching ground beef they purchase or consume , or decreasing or eliminating ground beef consumption . = = Legislation = = Some consumer advocacy groups pressed for pink slime 's elimination or for mandatory disclosure of additives in beef , but a spokesperson from Beef Products Inc. at the time said there was no need for any additional labeling , asking " What should we label it ? It 's 100 percent beef , what do you want us to label it ? I 'm not prepared to say it 's anything other than beef , because it 's 100 percent beef " . Other consumer advocacy groups , notably the National Consumers League , expressed dismay at the popular reaction against the product , and especially the plant closures " because of business the company has lost to very serious misinformation , widely disseminated by the media , about its product , lean finely textured beef ( LFTB ) " . Similarly , the Consumer Federation of America said the plant closures were " unfortunate " and expressed concern that the product might be replaced in ground beef with " something that has not been processed to assure the same level of safety " . U.S. consumers have expressed concerns that ground beef which contains the product is not labeled as such , and that consumers are currently unable to make informed purchasing decisions due to this lack of product labeling . Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey called upon the USDA to institute mandatory labeling guidelines for ground beef sold in supermarkets , so consumers can make informed purchasing decisions .
= Ritchie Humphreys = Ritchie John Humphreys ( born 30 November 1977 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for League One side Chesterfield . He is chairman of the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) and holds a UEFA A Licence coaching qualification . Humphreys started his career with Premier League side Sheffield Wednesday in 1996 . Whilst with the club , he was loaned out to Scunthorpe United and Cardiff City . He also won five caps for England at under @-@ 20 and under @-@ 21 levels . He left the club in 2001 and joined Cambridge United for a short period , after which he joined Hartlepool United . He joined Port Vale on loan in 2006 . He left Hartlepool in July 2013 , and moved on to Chesterfield . Whilst at Chesterfield in 2014 he appeared at Wembley in the final of the Football League Trophy and helped the club to the League Two title in 2013 – 14 . In 12 seasons with Hartlepool he made a club record 544 appearances , and picked up numerous club awards , including two Player of the Year awards from fans , one Player of the Year award from his teammates , as well as the award for Player of the Decade ( 2000s ) . He was also recognised at regional and national levels , being named on the PFA Team of the Year twice , and recognised as the North East League Player of the Year in 2006 . He helped the club win promotion out of the fourth tier in 2002 – 03 , and again in 2006 – 07 . However he suffered play @-@ off heartbreak with the club on three separate occasions . = = Childhood and early career = = Humphreys was introduced to football from an early age , his grandfather , Ernest Humphreys , played for Millwall , Motherwell and St Mirren . His dad , John Humphreys , also had trials with Sheffield United . Humphreys grew up as a Sheffield United fan and joined their academy , which he described as a " dream come true " . However , they released him when we he was 13 . Humphreys then played for the Sheffield Boys and was one of their few players who did not play for a professional club . However , that soon changed when Humphreys was scouted by a Sheffield Wednesday scout and he joined their centre of excellence . He completed a boy @-@ hood dream by scoring at Bramall Lane in a 3 – 2 win for Hartlepool in December 2012 . In November 2009 , Humphreys was listed 40th in the Daily Mail 's Top 50 Teenage Sensations in Premier League history . = = Playing career = = = = = Sheffield Wednesday = = = In 1995 , after leaving Newfield Secondary School , Humphreys became part of Sheffield Wednesday ’ s youth squad . For the youth squad Humphreys played as a left winger and was offered a professional contract . Due to the injuries of strikers David Hirst and Mark Bright , Wednesday manager David Pleat gave Humphreys the opportunity to go on Wednesday 's pre @-@ season tour of the Netherlands . Humphreys played the first game and scored twice . He then played in the second game against FC Utrecht and scored again . Johan Cruyff was the guest of honour for that game and he praised Humphreys and said he was the next Marco van Basten . It was during this pre season tour that he was taken under the wing and guidance of Wednesday legend Chris Waddle . After scoring 4 goals in his first 5 Premier League games lifting Wednesday to the top of the league , David Pleat decided to release his mentor Waddle . Humphreys did not score another league goal all season ( only notching a hat @-@ trick in a League Cup game against Grimsby Town in a 7 – 1 win ) . Humphreys pre @-@ season form earned him a full league debut in Wednesday 's opening match against Aston Villa . In this match Humphreys scored a goal that was recorded at 95 @.@ 9 mph , one of the hardest @-@ hit goals in the history of football . Humphreys also scored in the following match against Leeds United . Two games later , Humphreys scored a much talked about goal when he went on a 50 @-@ yard run and scored a spectacular chipped goal against Leicester City . Humphreys was seen as the driving force behind Sheffield Wednesday 's shock early lead at the top of The Premiership . His form linked him to a £ 4 million transfer to Leeds United . However Humphreys remained at Sheffield Wednesday and played 34 games for them in the 1996 – 97 season . His performances earned him a place in the England team for the 1997 FIFA U @-@ 20 World Cup in Malaysia . Humphreys wore the much coveted number 9 shirt for that tournament . For the next two seasons , after Sheffield Wednesday signed an influx of foreign players such as Paolo Di Canio and Benito Carbone , Humphreys failed to hold down a regular place and he only played a total of 31 games in those two seasons . Humphreys was sent on loan to Scunthorpe United on 13 August 1999 , where he played six matches and again scored twice . He was then sent on loan to Cardiff City where he played 11 matches , scoring twice . After a brief return to the Wednesday side for the 2000 – 01 season , Humphreys decided to leave Wednesday to play more first team football was allowed to join Cambridge United on trial . Humphreys impressed on trial scoring 3 goals in 7 games and it looked likely that Cambridge manager Roy McFarland was going to offer him a contract . However , Humphreys ' trial was cut abruptly after he broke his foot . After the sacking of Roy McFarland , new Cambridge manager John Beck was reluctant to offer Humphreys a new contract until he had seen him play . = = = Hartlepool United = = = Hartlepool United manager Chris Turner then offered Humphreys the chance to train with the club . Shortly after Humphreys signed a new contract with the club , much to the dismay of Cambridge fans who wanted him to stay and described him as " a big loss " . Humphreys started the 2001 – 02 season partnering Kevin Henderson up front for the first 9 league games . However , after a bad run Humphreys was dropped and replaced by new signing Gordon Watson . However , Humphreys would force his way back into the team and replace Henderson to partner Watson instead , these two players were already familiar with each other from their days at Sheffield Wednesday . Despite not scoring many goals Hartlepool manager Chris Turner was pleased with his performances . Humphreys was then moved into central midfield due to the injury of Tommy Widdrington and after impressing played there for the remainder of the season . Humphreys ' first season at the club would end in disappointment as he missed the decisive penalty in the play @-@ off semi final defeat to Cheltenham Town , which cost Hartlepool a place in Division Two . The penalty struck the woodwork twice and stayed out . Humphreys ' miss would send him to tears and he was photographed by Frank Reid , a photograph that would prove to be one of the most memorable images of Reid and Humphreys ' career . After his miss Humphreys was devastated but he was cheered up by Chris Turner and the players who rang him and told him to keep his head up . Humphreys also received lots of letters of support from the Hartlepool fans . When Humphreys returned to pre @-@ season training for the following season , he was playfully teased over his penalty miss . Humphreys took the motto " that anything that doesn ’ t kill you , makes you stronger " and was determined to come back stronger . Humphreys started the 2002 – 03 season with a goal against Carlisle on the opening day of the season . Throughout the course of the season , Humphreys would be played prominently as a left winger . Humphreys finished the season as an ever present in the Hartlepool squad , adding 11 goals to his name in the process and helped Hartlepool gain promotion to Division 2 . His performances won him the Player of the Season award from the supporters . During this season it was revealed that Humphreys had been writing a diary , which he published and named it " From Tears to Cheers " , in reference to his tears at Cheltenham . The following two seasons once again saw Humphreys as an ever @-@ present in the Hartlepool side under new manager Neale Cooper . In the 2003 – 04 season , Hartlepool once again made the play @-@ offs , only to go out after conceding two last minute goals to Bristol City , a memory which Humphreys described as more painful than Cheltenham . Due to the injuries of Michael Barron , Humphreys began regularly captaining the side . In the 2004 – 05 season , Humphreys helped Hartlepool once again make the play @-@ offs . During the play @-@ off semi @-@ final against Tranmere , Humphreys had the task of taking a penalty for Hartlepool in sudden death . This was the first time Humphreys had taken a penalty since his crucial miss at Cheltenham . This time he scored and sent Hartlepool through to the play @-@ off final against his old club Sheffield Wednesday at the Millennium Stadium . This helped to erase the memories of Cheltenham . However , Hartlepool lost the play @-@ off final to Sheffield Wednesday . Humphreys believes that of all the play @-@ off defeats he has suffered that the controversial loss to Wednesday was the hardest to take . Before the end of the season Humphreys extended his contract by a further two years . The following season , 2005 – 06 , saw Humphreys become the first player to make 200 consecutive league appearances for Hartlepool . For this season Humphreys ' moved to left back due to Hugh Robertson being injured . Unfortunately Hartlepool and Humphreys suffered relegation . Despite this Humphreys was named the Supporters and Players ' Player of the Season as well as the North East Football Awards Football League Player of the Season . For the 2006 – 07 season , Danny Wilson was appointed the new manager , Wilson had previously managed Humphreys at Sheffield Wednesday . On 22 August 2006 , Humphreys was dropped for Hartlepool 's match against Hereford United . After making 230 consecutive appearances , this was the first time Humphreys had not played since October 2001 . Shortly after that match , Humphreys joined Port Vale on a month 's loan . This was the third time that Danny Wilson had loaned Humphreys out during his career , the only times Humphreys had ever been loaned out . Port Vale tried to extend Humphreys ' loan deal by at least another month , but Hartlepool refused and Humphreys returned . Humphreys later stated that he had no intentions of leaving Hartlepool . After a bad start to the season , Hartlepool were struggling near the lower reaches of the table . However , this changed against Accrington Stanley when Humphreys scored a spectacular last minute winner . This sent Hartlepool on 23 match unbeaten streak . During that streak , Humphreys scored another spectacular goal against Walsall to give Hartlepool the lead in a victory that sent them into second place . Hartlepool would remain in the top two for the remainder of the season and secured promotion , narrowly missing out on the title . Humphreys performances earned him a place in the League Two PFA Team of the Year . Humphreys was also awarded the Monkey Business Achievement Award for this contribution to the season , and had a street in Hartlepool named after him . However these awards proved small in comparison to when Humphreys was honoured by the Queen for making a " significant contribution to local and national life " earlier on in the season . At the end of the 2007 – 08 season , Humphreys was voted Player of the Year , Player of the 2000s and Hartlepool United 's Player of the Century . He continued to be a key player in 2008 – 09 , making a total of 54 appearances . He was a key figure once again in the 2009 – 10 season , missing just nine games as a central midfielder . On 26 February 2011 , Humphreys replaced Joe Gamble after 82 minutes to play his 473rd game for " Pools " . This broke the record previously held by Watty Moore for over half a century . Over the course of the 2010 – 11 season he played 29 games . On 2 August 2011 , Humphreys was given a testimonial game against Premier League Sunderland to mark his ten years at Hartlepool United . Sunderland won 3 – 1 , though the 5 @,@ 757 fans present at the Victoria Park were reported to be very vocal in their appreciation of the veteran player . On 7 January 2012 , Humphreys replaced Luke James 90 minutes into a 2 – 0 win over Rochdale to make his 500th appearance for " Pools " . He signed an " undisclosed extension to his contract " in May 2012 . He made 33 appearances in the 2012 – 13 campaign , as Hartlepool were relegated into League Two . Hartlepool released Humphreys from the club in May 2013 , after it was decided that the option in his contract to extend would not be taken up . = = = Chesterfield = = = Humphreys signed a one @-@ year contract with League Two club Chesterfield on 15 July 2013 . He became a key player for Paul Cook 's " Spireites " during the 2013 – 14 season , and on 30 March 2014 he made his first appearance at Wembley Stadium in Chesterfield 's 3 – 1 defeat to Peterborough United in the final of the Football League Trophy . In total he made 49 appearances throughout the 2013 – 14 campaign as Chesterfield won promotion as divisional champions . He made 25 appearances in the 2014 – 15 campaign , helping the " Spireites " to the play @-@ offs , where they were beaten by Preston North End at the semi @-@ final stage . He made only three appearances in the 2015 – 16 campaign . = = PFA work = = Humphreys succeeded Clarke Carlisle as chairman of the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) in 2013 . = = Statistics = = As of match played 22 May 2016 . = = Honours = = Hartlepool United Fans ' Player of the Year : 2003 , 2006 Hartlepool United Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 Hartlepool United Player of the Decade ( for the 2000s ) North East League Player of the Year : 2006 PFA Team of the Year : 2002 – 03 , 2006 – 07 With Hartlepool United Football League Third Division play @-@ off semi @-@ finalists : 2001 – 02 Football League Third Division runners @-@ up : 2002 – 03 North East Team of the Year : 2002 – 03 League One play @-@ off semi @-@ finalists : 2003 – 04 League One play @-@ off finalists : 2004 – 05 League Two runners @-@ up : 2006 – 07 With Chesterfield Football League Trophy runners @-@ up : 2014 League Two champions : 2013 – 14
= Labrador Retriever = The Labrador Retriever , also Labrador , is a type of retriever @-@ gun dog . The Labrador is one of the most popular breeds of dog in the United Kingdom and the United States . A favorite disability assistance breed in many countries , Labradors are frequently trained to aid the blind , those who have autism , to act as a therapy dog and perform screening and detection work for law enforcement and other official agencies . They are prized as sporting and hunting dogs . A few kennels breeding their ancestors , the St. John 's water dog , were in England . At the same time , a combination of the sheep protection policy in Newfoundland and rabies quarantine in the United Kingdom , led to the gradual demise of the St. John 's water dog in Canada . In the 1830s , the 10th Earl of Home and his nephews the 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lord John Scott , had imported progenitors of the breed from Newfoundland to Europe for use as gundogs . Another early advocate of these Newfoundland dogs , or Labrador Retrievers as they later became known , was the 2nd Earl of Malmesbury who bred them for their expertise in waterfowling . During the 1880s , the 3rd Earl of Malmesbury , the 6th Duke of Buccleuch and the 12th Earl of Home collaborated to develop and establish the modern Labrador breed . The dogs Buccleuch Avon and Buccleuch Ned , given by Malmesbury to Buccleuch , were mated with bitches carrying blood from those originally imported by the 5th Duke and the 10th Earl of Home . The offspring are considered to be the ancestors of modern Labradors . = = Early descriptions = = Several early descriptions of the St. John 's water dog exist . In 1822 , explorer W.E. Cormack crossed the island of Newfoundland by foot . In his journal he wrote " The dogs are admirably trained as retrievers in fowling , and are otherwise useful ..... The smooth or short haired dog is preferred because in frosty weather the long haired kind become encumbered with ice on coming out of the water . " An early report by a Colonel Hawker described the dog as " by far the best for any kind of shooting . He is generally black and no bigger than a Pointer , very fine in legs , with short , smooth hair and does not carry his tail so much curled as the other ; is extremely quick , running , swimming and fighting .... and their sense of smell is hardly to be credited .... " The first St. John 's dog was said to be brought to England in or around 1820 , but the breed 's reputation had already spread to England ; there is a story that the 2nd Earl of Malmesbury saw a St. John 's dog on a fishing boat and immediately made arrangements with traders to have some of these dogs imported to England . These ancestors of the first labradors so impressed the Earl with their skill and ability for retrieving anything within the water and on shore that he devoted his entire kennel to developing and stabilizing the breed . In his book Excursions In and About Newfoundland During the Years 1839 and 1840 , the geologist Joseph Beete Jukes describes the St. John 's water dog . " A thin , short @-@ haired , black dog came off @-@ shore to us to @-@ day . The animal was of a breed very different from what we understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England . He had a thin , tapering snout , a long thin tail , and rather thin , but powerful legs , with a lank body , – the hair short and smooth . " wrote Jukes . " These are the most abundant dogs in the country ... They are no means handsome , but are generally more intelligent and useful than the others ... I observed he once or twice put his foot in the water and paddled it about . This foot was white , and Harvey said he did it to " toil " or entice the fish . The whole proceeding struck me as remarkable , more especially as they said he had never been taught anything of the kind . " = = Name = = The foundational breed of what is now the Labrador Retriever was known as the St. John 's water dog , St. John 's dog , or Lesser Newfoundland . When the dogs were later brought to England , they were named after the geographic area known as " the Labrador " ( they were known as Labrador Retrievers because they " retrieved " in the Labrador Sea ) or simply Labrador to distinguish them from the larger Newfoundland breed , even though the breed was from the more southern Avalon Peninsula . The progenitors of the Labrador retriever were actually from Newfoundland and Labrador exceptionally , the breed known as the Newfoundland was created near the same time in Labrador . The two breeds ' names and origins were mixed once moved into England and the Americas . The dog from Labrador became the large , long furred dog we see and know today , and the dog from Newfoundland became the Labrador . = = Historical landmarks = = The first written reference to the breed was in 1814 ( " Instructions to Young Sportsmen " by Colonel Peter Hawker ) , the first painting in 1823 ( " Cora . A Labrador Bitch " by Edwin Landseer ) , and the first photograph in 1856 ( the Earl of Home 's dog " Nell " , described both as a Labrador and a St. Johns dog ) . By 1870 the name Labrador Retriever became common in England . The first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 ( Ben of Hyde , kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe ) , and the breed was recognised by The Kennel Club in 1903 . The first American Kennel Club ( AKC ) registration was in 1917 . The chocolate Labrador emerged in the 1930s , although liver spotted pups were documented being born at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892 . The first dog to appear on the cover of Life Magazine was a black Labrador Retriever called ‘ Blind of Arden ’ in the December , 12th , 1938 issue . The St. John 's dog survived until the early 1980s , the last two individuals being photographed in old age around 1981 . = = History of subtypes = = Yellow and chocolate pups would occasionally appear ( although often culled ) , until finally gaining acceptance in the 20th century . The first recognized Yellow Labrador was Ben of Hyde , born in 1899 , and Chocolate Labradors became more established in the 1930s . , There is also a significant difference between show Labs , which tend to be short legged and very heavy , and field Labs which have a more functional and athletic build . Generally these two subtypes have different general features such as facial or body types . = = = Yellow ( and similar shades ) = = = In the early years of the breed through to the mid @-@ 20th century , Labradors of a shade we would now call " yellow " were in fact a dark , almost butterscotch , colour ( visible in early yellow Labrador photographs ) . The shade was known as " Golden " until required to be changed by the UK Kennel Club , on the grounds that " Gold " was not actually a color . Over the 20th century a preference for far lighter shades of yellow through to cream prevailed , until today most yellow Labradors are of this shade . Also fawn has been a common colour in the yellow lab variety . Interest in the darker shades of gold and fox red were re @-@ established by English breeders in the 1980s , and three dogs were instrumental in this change : Balrion King Frost ( black , born c . 1976 ) who consistently sired " very dark yellow " offspring and is credited as having " the biggest influence in the re @-@ development of the fox red shade " , and his great @-@ grandson , the likewise famous Wynfaul Tabasco ( b . 1986 ) , described as " the father of the modern fox red Labrador " , and the only modern fox red Show Champion in the UK . Other dogs , such as Red Alert and Scrimshaw Placido Flamingo , are also credited with passing on the genes into more than one renowned bloodline . Yellow Labradors = = = Chocolate Labradors = = = Jack Vanderwyk traces the origins of all Chocolate Labradors listed on the LabradorNet database ( some 34 @,@ 000 Labrador dogs of all shades ) to eight original bloodlines . However , the shade was not seen as a distinct colour until the 20th century ; before then according to Vanderwyk , such dogs can be traced but were not registered . A degree of crossbreeding with Flatcoat or Chesapeake Bay retrievers was also documented in the early 20th century , prior to recognition . Chocolate Labradors were also well established in the early 20th century at the kennels of the Earl of Feversham , and Lady Ward of Chiltonfoliat . The bloodlines as traced by Vanderwyk each lead back to three black Labradors in the 1880s — Buccleuch Avon ( m ) , and his sire and dam , Malmesbury Tramp ( m ) , and Malmesbury June ( f ) . Morningtown Tobla is also named as an important intermediary , and according to the studbook of Buccleuch Kennels , the chocolates in this kennel came through FTW Peter of Faskally ( 1908 ) . Chocolate Labradors = = Description = = = = = Appearance = = = Labradors are medium @-@ large , with males typically weighing 65 to 80 lb ( 29 to 36 kg ) and females 55 to 70 lb ( 25 to 32 kg ) . Labradors weighing close to or over 100 lb ( 45 kg ) are considered obese or having a major fault under American Kennel Club standards , although some Labradors weigh significantly more . The majority of the characteristics of this breed , with the exception of colour , are the result of breeding to produce a working retriever . As with some other breeds , the Conformation ( typically " Show " , " English " or " bench " ) and the Field ( typically " Working " or " American " ) lines differ , although both lines are bred in both countries . In general , however , Conformation Labradors tend to be bred as medium @-@ sized dogs , shorter and stockier with fuller faces and a slightly calmer nature than their Field counterparts , which are often bred as taller , lighter @-@ framed dogs , with slightly less broad faces and a slightly longer nose . However , Field Labradors should still be proportional and fit within American Kennel Club standards . With Field Labradors , excessively long noses , thin heads , long legs , and lanky frames are not considered standard . These two types are informal and not codified or standardised ; no distinction is made by the AKC or other kennel clubs , but the two types come from different breeding lines . Australian stock also exists ; though not seen in the West , they are common in Asia . These dogs are also very good with children . The breed tends to shed hair twice annually or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates . Some Labradors shed considerably ; however , individual Labradors vary . Labrador hair is usually short and straight , and the tail is quite broad and strong . The webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers . The webbing between their toes can also serve as a " snowshoe " in colder climates and keep snow from balling up between their toes — a condition that can be painful to other breeds with hair between the toes . Their interwoven coat is also relatively waterproof , providing more assistance for swimming . = = = = Official breed standards = = = = There is a great deal of variety among Labradors . The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred ( bench @-@ bred ) lines of this breed in the United States and are based on the American Kennel Club standard . Significant differences between UK and US standards are noted . Size : Labradors are a medium @-@ large breed . They should be as long from the withers to the base of the tail as they are from the floor to the withers . Males should stand 22 to 24 inches ( 56 to 61 cm ) tall at the withers and weight 65 to 80 lb ( 29 to 36 kg ) . Females should stand 22 to 24 inches ( 56 to 61 cm ) and weigh 55 to 70 lb ( 25 to 32 kg ) . By comparison under UK Kennel Club standards , height should be 22 to 22 inches ( 56 to 56 cm ) for males , and 22 to 22 inches ( 56 to 56 cm ) for females . Coat : The Labrador Retriever 's coat should be short and dense , but not wiry . The coat is water @-@ resistant , so the dog does not get cold when taking to water in the winter . That means that the dog naturally has a slightly dry , oily coat . Acceptable colours are black , yellow , and chocolate . Head : The head should be broad with slightly pronounced eyebrows . The eyes should be kind and expressive . Appropriate eye colours are brown and hazel . The lining around the eyes should be black . The ears should hang close to the head and set slightly above the eyes . Jaws : The jaws should be strong and powerful . The muzzle should be of medium length and should not be too tapered . The jaws should hang slightly and curve gracefully back . Body : The body should have a powerful and muscular build . The tail and coat are designated " distinctive [ or distinguishing ] features " of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC . The AKC adds that " true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the ' otter ' tail . " = = = = Colour = = = = Labrador Retrievers are registered in three colours : black ( a solid black colour ) , yellow ( considered from cream to fox @-@ red ) , and chocolate ( medium to dark brown ) . Some dogs are sold as silver pure @-@ bred Labradors , but purity of those bloodlines is currently disputed by breed experts including breed clubs and breed councils . Some major kennel clubs around the world allow silver Labradors to be registered , but not as silver . The Kennel Club ( England ) requires that they be registered as " Non @-@ recognised . ” Occasionally , Labradors will exhibit small amounts of white fur on their chest , paws , or tail , and rarely a purebred Lab will exhibit brindling stripes or tan points similar to a Rottweiler . These markings are a disqualification for show dogs but do not have any bearing on the dog 's temperament or ability to be a good working or pet dog . Puppies of all colours can potentially occur in the same litter . Colour is determined primarily by three genes . The first gene ( the B locus ) determines the density of the coat 's eumelanin pigment granules , if that pigment is allowed : dense granules result in a black coat , sparse ones give a chocolate coat . The second ( E ) locus determines whether the eumelanin is produced at all . A dog with the recessive e allele will produce only phaeomelanin pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus . The genes known about previously have had their number increased by the introduction of the K locus , where the dominant " black " allele KB is now known to reside . Black or chocolate Labradors therefore must have the KB allele . Yellow Labradors are determined at the E locus , so the K locus is irrelevant in determining their colour . Variations in numerous other genes control the subtler details of the coat 's colouration , which in yellow Labradors varies from white to light gold to a fox red . Chocolate and black Labradors ' noses will match the coat colour . According to a 2011 study , 13 out of 245 Labradors studied were heterozygous for the M264V mutation responsible for the melanistic mask , and one was homozygous . Within the breed , this trait is not visible . = = = = = Nose and skin pigmentation = = = = = Labrador colouration is controlled by multiple genes . It is possible for recessive genes to re @-@ emerge in later generations . Also , there can sometimes be unexpected pigmentation effects to different parts of the body . Pigmentation effects appear in regard to yellow Labradors , and sometimes chocolate , and hence the majority of this section covers pigmentation within the yellow Labrador . The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose , lips , gums , feet , tail , and the rims of the eyes , which may be black , brown , light yellow @-@ brown ( " liver " , caused by having two genes for chocolate ) , or several other colours . A Labrador can carry genes for a different colour , for example a black Labrador can carry recessive chocolate and yellow genes , and a yellow Labrador can carry recessive genes for the other two colours . DNA testing can reveal some aspects of these . Less common pigmentations ( other than pink ) are a fault , not a disqualification , and hence such dogs are still permitted to be shown . The intensity of black pigment on yellow Labradors is controlled by a separate gene independent of the fur colouring . Yellow Labradors usually have black noses , which may gradually turn pink with age ( called " snow nose " or " winter nose " ) . This is due to a reduction in the enzyme tyrosinase which indirectly controls the production of melanin , a dark colouring . Tyrosinase is temperature dependent — hence light colouration can be seasonal , due to cold weather — and is less produced with increasing age two years old onwards . As a result , the nose colour of most yellow Labradors becomes a somewhat pink shade as they grow older . A colouration known as " Dudley " is also possible . Dudleys are variously defined as yellow Labradors which have unpigmented ( pink ) noses ( LRC ) , yellow with liver / chocolate pigmentation ( AKC ) , or " flesh coloured " in addition to having the same colour around the rims of the eye , rather than having black or dark brown pigmentation . A yellow Labrador with brown or chocolate pigmentation , for example , a brown or chocolate nose , is not necessarily a Dudley , though according to the AKC 's current standard it would be if it has chocolate rims around the eyes ( or more accurately of the genotype eebb ) . Breed standards for Labradors considers a true Dudley to be a disqualifying feature in a conformation show Lab , such as one with a thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment along with flesh coloured rims around the eyes . True Dudleys are extremely rare . Breeding in order to correct pigmentation often lacks dependability . Because colour is determined by many genes , some of which are recessive , crossbreeding a pigmentation non @-@ standard yellow Labrador to a black Labrador may not correct the matter or prevent future generations carrying the same recessive genes . For similar reasons , crossbreeding chocolate to yellow Labradors is also often avoided . = = = = Show and field lines = = = = As a result of specialised breeding there are significant differences between field and trial @-@ bred and show @-@ bred lines of Labradors . In the United States the former are sometimes mistakenly referred to as " American " and the latter as " English " although both field and show types are bred in both countries . In the United Kingdom they are called " Field " and " Show " . Dogs bred for hunting and field @-@ trial work are selected first for working ability , where dogs bred to compete in conformation shows are selected for their conformation to the standards and characteristics sought by judges in the show ring . While individual dogs may vary , in general show @-@ bred Labradors are heavier built , slightly shorter @-@ bodied , and have a thicker coat and tail . Field Labradors are generally longer legged , lighter , and more lithe in build , making them agile . In the head , show Labradors tend to have broader heads , better defined stops , and more powerful necks , while field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles . Field @-@ bred Labradors are commonly higher energy and more high @-@ strung compared to the Labrador bred for conformation showing while conformation breeds are calmer in energy , and as a consequence may be more suited to working relationships than being a " family pet " . Some breeders , especially those specialising in the field type , feel that breed shows do not adequately recognise their type of dog , leading to occasional debate regarding officially splitting the breed into subtypes . In the United States , the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) and the Labrador 's breed club have set the breed standard to accommodate the field @-@ bred Labrador somewhat . For instance , the AKC withers @-@ height standards allow conformation dogs to be slightly taller than the equivalent British standard . However , dual champions , or dogs that excel in both the field and the show ring , are becoming more unusual . = = Temperament = = The AKC describes the Labrador 's temperament as a kind , pleasant , outgoing and tractable nature . Labradors ' sense of smell allows them to home in on almost any scent and follow the path of its origin . They generally stay on the scent until they find it . Navies , military forces and police forces use them as detection dogs to track down smugglers , thieves , terrorists and black marketers . Labradors instinctively enjoy holding objects and even hands or arms in their mouths , which they can do with great gentleness ( a Labrador can carry an egg in its mouth without breaking it ) . They are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth , as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl . They are prone to chewing objects ( though they can be trained to abandon this behavior ) . The Labrador Retriever 's coat repels water to some extent , thus facilitating the extensive use of the dog in waterfowl hunting . Labradors have a reputation as a very even @-@ tempered breed and an excellent family dog . This includes a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals . Some lines , particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field ( rather than for their appearance ) , are particularly fast and athletic . Their fun @-@ loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and firm handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand — an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic . Females may be slightly more independent than males . Labradors mature at around three years of age ; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppy @-@ like energy , often mislabelled as being hyperactive . Because of their enthusiasm , leash @-@ training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full @-@ grown . Labradors often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly ( often obsessively ) and other forms of activity ( such as agility , frisbee , or flyball ) . Although they will sometimes bark at noise , especially noise from an unseen source ( " alarm barking " ) , Labradors are usually not noisy or territorial . They are often very easygoing and trusting with strangers and therefore are not usually suitable as guard dogs . Labradors have a well @-@ known reputation for appetite , and some individuals may be highly indiscriminate , eating digestible and non @-@ food objects alike . They are persistent and persuasive in requesting food . For this reason , the Labrador owner must carefully control their dog 's food intake to avoid obesity and its associated health problems ( see below ) . The steady temperament of Labradors and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue , detection , and therapy work . They are a very intelligent breed . They are ranked # 7 in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs . The AKC describes the breed as an ideal family and sporting dog . Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever . = = = Exploration = = = Labradors do not typically jump high fences or dig , but because of their personalities , some Labradors climb and / or jump for their own amusement . As a breed they are highly intelligent and capable of intense single @-@ mindedness and focus if motivated or their interest is caught . Therefore , with the right conditions and stimuli , a bored Labrador could " turn into an escape artist par excellence " . Labradors as a breed are curious and exploratory and love company , following both people and interesting scents for food , attention , and novelty value . In this way , they can often " vanish " or otherwise become separated from their owners with little fanfare . Many dogs are also stolen . Because of their curious nature and ability to " vanish , " along with the risk of being stolen , a number of dog clubs and rescue organizations ( including the UK 's Kennel Club ) consider it good practice that Labradors be microchipped , with the owner 's name and address also on their collar and tags . = = = Use as working dogs = = = Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments . Common working roles for Labradors include : hunting , tracking and detection ( they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas ) , disabled @-@ assistance , carting , and therapy work . Approximately 60 – 70 % of all guide dogs in Canada are Labradors ; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds . Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs . A study was recently done on how well four different breeds ( Labrador Retriever , Golden Retriever , Labrador Retriever / Golden Retriever Mix , and German Shepherds ) trained to become guide dogs . In this experiment , German Shepherds had the highest chance of not completing it . Labrador Retrievers and Labrador Retriever / Golden Retriever Mix had the highest success rate . However , German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers . Labradors are powerful and indefatigable swimmers noted for their ability to tolerate the coldest of water for extended periods of time . Their ability to work quietly alongside hunters while watching for birds to fall from the sky , marking where they land , and then using their outstanding nose to find and retrieve dead or wounded birds has made them the king of waterfowl retrievers . They are also used for pointing and flushing and make excellent upland game hunting partners . The high intelligence , initiative and self @-@ direction of Labradors in working roles is exemplified by dogs such as Endal , who during a 2001 emergency placed an unconscious human being in the recovery position , retrieved his mobile phone from beneath the car , fetched a blanket and covered him , barked at nearby dwellings for assistance , and then ran to a nearby hotel to obtain help . A number of Labradors have also been taught to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs with prior training . The breed is used in water rescue / lifesaving . It continues in that role today , along with the Leonberger , Newfoundland and Golden Retriever dogs ; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard . = = Health = = Labrador pups generally are not brought to the home before they are 8 weeks old . Their life expectancy is generally 10 to 12 years , and it is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems . Notable issues related to health and well @-@ being include : = = = Inherited disorders = = = Labradors are somewhat prone to hip and elbow dysplasia , especially the larger dogs , though not as much as some other breeds . Hip scores are recommended before breeding and often joint supplements are recommended . Labradors also suffer from the risk of knee problems . A luxating patella is a common occurrence in the knee where the knee dislocates and goes back into place . Eye problems are also possible in some Labradors , particularly progressive retinal atrophy , cataracts , corneal dystrophy and retinal dysplasia . Dogs which are intended to be bred should be examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist for an eye score . Hereditary myopathy , a rare inherited disorder that causes a deficiency in type II muscle fibre . Symptoms include a short stilted gait or " bunny hopping , " and in rare cases ventroflexion of the neck accompanied by a kyphotic posture . There is a small incidence of other conditions , such as autoimmune diseases and deafness in Labradors , either congenitally or later in life . Labradors often suffer from exercise induced collapse , a syndrome that causes hyperthermia , weakness , collapse , and disorientation after short bouts of exercise . Out of all dog breeds it is the Labrador Retriever that is most likely to obese . This obesity has been attributed to a specific gene mutation . See the Obesity sub section below . = = = Obesity = = = Labradors like to eat , and without proper exercise can become obese . Laziness is a contribution to this . Obesity is a serious condition and can be considered the number one nutritional problem with dogs . A study shows that at least 25 % of dogs in the United States are overweight . Therefore , Labradors must be properly exercised and stimulated . A healthy Labrador can do swimming wind sprints for two hours , and should keep a very slight hourglass waist and be fit and light , rather than fat or heavy @-@ set . Obesity can exacerbate conditions such as hip dysplasia and joint problems , and can lead to secondary diseases , including diabetes . Osteoarthritis is very uncommon in older , especially overweight , Labradors . A 14 @-@ year study covering 48 dogs by food manufacturer Purina showed that Labradors fed to maintain a lean body shape outlived those fed freely by around two years , emphasising the importance of not over @-@ feeding . Labradors should be walked twice a day for at least half an hour . It has been shown that out of all dog breeds , it is the Labrador Retriever that is most likely to obese . In a 2016 published study it was shown that out of 310 Labradors , most were missing all or parts of the POMC gene . This gene plays a part in appetite regulation as well as indication of the amount of one 's stored fat . The study concluded that the absence of that gene had a significant impact on Labrador weight and appetite . The POMC gene mutation is present in only one other breed - the Flat @-@ coated Retriever . = = Appearance around the world = = In the United States , the breed gained wider recognition following a 1928 American Kennel Gazette article , " Meet the Labrador Retriever " . Before this time , the AKC had only registered 23 Labradors in the country , in part because US and UK hunting styles had different requirements . Labradors acquired popularity as hunting dogs during the 1920s and especially after World War II , as they gained recognition as combining some of the best traits of the two favourite United States breeds as both game finders and water dogs . Outside North America and Western Europe , the Labrador arrived later . For example , the Russian Retriever Club traces the arrival of Labradors to the late 1960s , as household pets of diplomats and others in the foreign ministry . The establishment of the breed in the Commonwealth of Independent States ( former USSR ) was initially hindered by the relatively small numbers of Labradors and great distances involved , leading to difficulty establishing breedings and bloodlines ; at the start of the 1980s , home @-@ born dogs were still regularly supplemented by further imports from overseas . Difficulties such as these initially led to Labradors being tacitly cross @-@ bred to other types of retriever . In the 1990s , improved access to overseas shows and bloodlines is said to have helped this situation become regularised . = = = Demography = = = The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog . For example , as of 2006 : Widely considered the most popular breed in the world . Most popular dog by ownership in Australia , Canada , Israel . New Zealand UK , and USA ( since 1991 ) , In both the UK and USA , there are well over twice as many Labradors registered as the next most popular breed . If the comparison is limited to dog breeds of a similar size , then there are around 3 - 5 times as many Labradors registered in both countries as the next most popular breeds , the German Shepherd Dog and Golden Retriever . Most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States , Australia and many other countries , as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abilities . Approximately 60 – 70 % of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors ( see below ) . Seven out of 13 of the Australian National Kennel Council " Outstanding Gundogs " Hall of Fame appointees are Labradors ( list covers 2000 – 2005 ) . There is no global registry of Labradors , nor detailed information on numbers of Labradors living in each country . The countries with the five largest numbers of Labrador registrations as of 2005 are : 1 : United Kingdom 2 : France and United States ( approximately equal ) , 4 : Sweden , 5 : Finland . Sweden and Finland have far lower populations than the other three countries , suggesting that as of 2005 these two countries have the highest proportion of Labradors per million people : As there is no global registry for Labradors , it is difficult to ascertain whether there is simply a smaller percentage of people formally registering their animals in countries like the United States , or whether the number of animals per capita is actually smaller . OFA statistics suggest that yellow and black Labradors are registered in very similar numbers ( yellow slightly more than black ) ; chocolate in lesser numbers . Note : The number of registrations is not necessarily the same as the number of living dogs at any given time . = = = US Military Working Dogs ( War Dogs ) : Labrador Retrievers in the Vietnam War = = = The Vietnam War is the only war in American history in which US war dogs , which were officially classified by the military as " military working dogs , " were not allowed to officially return home after the war . Classified as expendable equipment , of the approximate 4 @,@ 000 US K @-@ 9s deployed to the Vietnam War , it is estimated that only about 200 US war dogs survived Vietnam to be put into service at other outposts stationed overseas . Aside from these 200 or so , the remaining canines who were not killed in action were either euthanized or left behind . The predominate canine selected by the US Military during the Vietnam War was the German Shepherd Dog , which was utilized in the roles of Scout Dogs , Sentry Dogs , Mine Detection Dogs , and the US Navy used Water Dogs to detect enemy under water divers in South Vietnam . The Labrador Retriever was the military 's choice for their Combat Tracker Teams ( CTTs ) . Combat Tracker Teams consisted of one Labrador and four men : the handler , an observer , a security man , and the team leader . Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct smelling qualities , and were utilized to locate wounded US servicemen , enemy patrols , and downed allied airmen in Vietnam . The US Army Labrador Retrievers received their combat training at the British Army 's Jungle Warfare School in Malaysia . Of the over 4 @,@ 000 US war dogs serving in the Vietnam War , 232 were killed in action , and 295 US servicemen deployed as " dog handlers " were killed in action . Dog handler Robert W. Hartsock was awarded the Medal of Honor . Six Labrador Retrievers were killed in action while assigned to the 62nd and 63rd US Army Combat Tracking Teams . During the course of the war the US Army lost 204 dogs , while the US Marine Corps and US Air Force lost 13 and 15 dogs , respectively . In November 2000 , President Bill Clinton signed into law an amendment that allowed retired US military working dogs ( war dogs ) to be adopted by personnel outside of the military , leaving the Vietnam War as the only war in US history in which American war dogs never returned home . = = Famous labradors = = As both the most popular breed by registered ownership and also the most popular breed for assistance dogs in several countries , there have been many notable and famous labradors since the breed was recognized . A selection of a few of the most famous labradors within various categories includes : Assistance dogs Endal , a service dog in Britain . Among other distinctions , " the most decorated dog in the world " ( including " Dog of the Millennium " and the PDSA ’ s Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty ) , the first dog to ride on the London Eye and the first dog known to work a ' chip and pin ' ATM card . By Endal 's death in March 2009 , he and his owner / handler Allen Parton had been filmed almost 350 times by crews from several countries , and a film of a year in Endal 's life was in production . Police , military , rescue and detection dogs Zanjeer ( " Chain " , or " Shackles " ) , a detection dog who detected arms and ammunition used in 1993 Mumbai ( Bombay ) serial explosions . During his service , he helped recover 57 country @-@ made bombs , 175 patrol bombs , 11 military grade armaments , 242 grenades and 600 detonators . His biggest contribution to the police force and the city was the detection of 3 @,@ 329 kg of RDX . He also helped detect 18 Type 56 rifles and five 9mm pistols . Lucky and Flo , twin Black Labrador counterfeit detection dogs who became famous in 2007 for " sniffing out nearly 2 million counterfeit DVDs " on a six @-@ month secondment to Malaysia in 2007 . Following the multimillion @-@ dollar , 6 @-@ arrest Malaysian detection , they became the first dogs to be awarded Malaysia 's " outstanding service award " and software pirates were stated to have put a £ 30 @,@ 000 contract out for their lives . Sarbi , an Australian special forces explosives detection dog that spent almost 14 months missing in action ( MIA ) in Afghanistan before being recovered safe and well in 2009 . Jake ( rescue dog ) a well @-@ known American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina . Pets Former President of the United States Bill Clinton 's Labradors Buddy and Seamus . Russian President Vladimir Putin 's Labrador ' Koni ' . Fiction and media Brian Griffin from the animated TV sitcom Family Guy is a white Labrador Retriever . Bouncer in Neighbours , and Luath in The Incredible Journey , are also famous Labradors on TV . Marley is an American Labrador featured in Marley & Me , a best @-@ selling book by John Grogan , and a subsequent film based on Grogan 's life and times with Marley . On the BBC children 's television series Big Barn Farm , Digger is a yellow Labrador puppy . Rowdy on Scrubs is a taxidermy golden Labrador Retriever involved in various gags on the show . Vincent on Lost is a white Labrador Retriever . Pharaoh , Isis , and Tiaa are yellow Labrador Retrievers in the television series Downton Abbey . Brandeis , a yellow Labrador Retriever , is a minor character on Sesame Street who finds employment as a Mobility assistance dog . Mascots and advertising Since 1972 , a yellow Labrador pup known as the Andrex Puppy has been an advertising symbol for Andrex ( Cottonelle ) toilet tissue . Michigan State University has an ongoing tradition of Zeke the Wonder Dog . The original " Zeke " as well as the current " Zeke IV " was a yellow Lab , as " Zeke III " , and " Zeke II " were black Labs .
= Hurricane Dean ( 1989 ) = Hurricane Dean was the fourth named storm and second hurricane of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season . Dean formed on July 31 and reached tropical storm status the following day east of the Leeward Islands . Dean brushed the northern Leeward Islands as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale , bringing light rain but producing no damage , before turning northward and striking Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane . Dean continued northward before making landfall in southeastern Newfoundland . Since Dean was initially difficult to forecast , it posed a possible threat to the Lesser Antilles , as a result , several evacuations occurred , and many hurricane watches and warning were issued . However , as Dean turned northward , all watches and warnings in the Lesser Antilles were discontinued . As Dean approached Bermuda , a hurricane watch was issued , and was later upgraded to a hurricane warning . After Dean tracked away from the island , the hurricane warning was discontinued . In addition , a hurricane warning was briefly in effect for Sable Island , Nova Scotia . The storm left $ 8 @.@ 9 million ( 1989 USD , $ 17 million 2016 USD ) and sixteen injuries across Bermuda , but no fatalities were reported . In Atlantic Canada , Dean dropped light rain across Nova Scotia and Sable Island . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 27 as detected by Meteosat imagery . By July 31 the tropical wave began being classified , using the Dvorak Technique , by satellite analysts at the National Hurricane Center , in part due to persistent deep convection . Shortly thereafter the system organized enough that the National Hurricane Center began classifying it as Tropical Depression Five , roughly halfway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles . The depression moved westward at 17 mph ( 28 km / h ) , intensifying as it did so , and eventually intensified enough to be upgraded to a tropical storm , which was named Dean by the National Hurricane Center . Continuing generally westward , Dean continued to gradually intensify and became a hurricane on August 2 after an Air Force reconnaissance flight had recorded hurricane @-@ force winds . The following day a decreasing ridge of high pressure to the north and a trough of low pressure forming off the East Coast of the United States caused Dean to slow in its forward motion and turn northwest . The trough of low pressure forming off the East Coast of the United States was deepening , causing Dean to curve northward while remaining nearly stationary . After remaining nearly stationary , Dean began to accelerate to a forward speed of 17 mph ( 28 km / h ) as it headed toward Bermuda . Thereafter , Dean intensified into a Category 2 hurricane , whilst the eastern half of the eyewall brushed Bermuda . Dean continued to intensify slightly after passing the island of Bermuda and became a Category 2 hurricane on August 7 . While Dean was a Category 2 hurricane , it attained its peak intensity with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 59 inHg ) . After peak intensity , the forward speed of Dean continued to increase as it approached Atlantic Canada while weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane . While approaching southern Newfoundland , Dean had weakened enough to be downgraded to a tropical storm on August 8 . Shortly thereafter , Dean then made landfall on the south coast of Newfoundland with winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Later that day , Dean emerged into the far north Atlantic and rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the following day . = = Preparations = = Hurricane Dean was very difficult to forecast in its early stages as the storm approached the eastern Caribbean . Even though most forecast models predicted that Dean would skirt the Leeward Islands , the track prediction models were not consistent and , as a result , uncertainty existed in justifying the posting of watches and warnings for the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico . One track predicted Dean to threaten South Florida within three to four days . Regardless , the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings for Guadeloupe on August 2 and the rest of the Leeward Islands extending to the Virgin Islands . The uncertainty of the hurricanes forecast track forced residents and tourists in the Lesser Antilles to evacuate . In the British Virgin Islands , 80 American and Canadian tourists evacuated to hotels . In Puerto Rico , residents were advised to secure or stow away loose objects and stock up on emergency supplies . 1 @.@ 1 million residents in the city of San Juan went to supermarkets to get much needed supplies in anticipation that the storm might hit Puerto Rico . In Humacao , the National Guard evacuated 1 @,@ 966 people living along a coastal highway . The islands of Martinique and Dominica were placed under a hurricane watch . The warning for Guadeloupe was discontinued at 2200 UTC when the hurricane posed no threat to the island . Simultaneously , the hurricane watches in effect for Martinique and Dominica were also discontinued . As Dean continued westward , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for the Turks and Caicos Islands . The watch was soon canceled as Dean made its northward turn towards Bermuda . In Bermuda , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch on August 5 . The hurricane watch was later changed to a hurricane warning the following day . Dean ’ s approach to the island canceled numerous inbound and outbound flights . In Atlantic Canada , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for Nova Scotia and Sable Island , while the Canadian forecasters issued a high wind advisory . = = Impact = = The outer bands of Hurricane Dean produced heavy rainfall and winds up to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) across Antigua and Barbuda . There was no reported damage in the Leeward Islands or the Virgin Islands since the hurricane turned northward . In the Atlantic , a sailboat bound for Bermuda was caught off guard by the hurricane . The boat , which carried no radio equipment , was spotted by a hurricane hunter plane . The occupants of the boat suffered no injuries . In Bermuda , the hurricanes eastern eyewall produced 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) sustained winds with gusts up to 113 mph ( 182 km / h ) . Bermuda highest rainfall total from Dean was 2 @.@ 45 in ( 50 @.@ 8 mm ) while parts of the island received 3 @-@ 5 in ( 76 @.@ 2 – 127 mm ) of rain . Strong winds from Hurricane Dean caused considerable power line damage , leaving 65 @,@ 000 residents without electricity . The winds also caused minor roof damage . In Hamilton Harbor , 20 pleasure boats were damaged or sent adrift due to the rough seas . Flooding from the hurricane damaged fifteen houses . Sixteen people were injured by the hurricane , five of the injuries were considered serious . There were , however , no reports of fatalities from Dean ’ s impact on Bermuda . Damage in Bermuda amounted up to $ 8 @.@ 9 million ( 1989 USD , $ 17 million 2016 USD ) . Although Dean remained away from the United States coastline , it produced storm tides of 1 @.@ 7 ft ( 0 @.@ 51 m ) to North Carolina . In Atlantic Canada , hurricane @-@ force winds were reported in Nova Scotia and Sable Island . Newfoundland reported winds of only 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Moderate rainfall was reported on Newfoundland , with most areas of the island experiencing at least 1 in ( 25 @.@ 4 mm ) of precipitation . Rainfall on Newfoundland peaked at 2 @.@ 7 in ( 68 @.@ 58 mm ) on the south coast of the island , near the location of Dean 's landfall . A majority of rainfall was reported on the west side of Dean , but minimal precipitation had been recorded to the east of the storm . High winds were reported on the eastern side of the storm , however , with lighter winds along the western quadrants of Dean . Offshore , waves up to 26 ft ( 7 @.@ 92 m ) were reported and Sable Island reported rainfall of 0 @.@ 59 in ( 15 mm ) . Although there were no reports of damage in Atlantic Canada from Hurricane Dean , three sailors had to be rescued by the Canadian Coast Guard when their boat got dismasted during the storm .
= Paudge Behan = Paudge Rodger Behan ( / ˈpɔːdʒ ˈrɒdʒər ˈbiːən / PAWJ ROJ @-@ ər @-@ BEE @-@ ən ; born January 1965 ) is an Irish actor and writer . The son of IRA Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding and Beatrice ffrench @-@ Salkeld , the widow of playwright Brendan Behan , Paudge Behan worked briefly as a journalist for a Dublin newspaper before turning to acting . After a series of minor film and television roles in the 1990s , he was handpicked by English novelist Barbara Taylor Bradford to appear as the male lead in a 1999 dramatisation of her book A Secret Affair ( 1996 ) . Behan has also appeared in the feature films A Man of No Importance ( 1994 ) , Conspiracy of Silence ( 2003 ) and Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) , and has taken leading roles in two short films , A Lonely Sky ( 2006 ) and Wake Up ( 2007 ) . He has also auditioned unsuccessfully for Neighbours and popular UK black comedy , Doctors . = = Family and early life = = Born in January 1965 , Paudge Behan is the son of Cathal Goulding ( 1923 – 1998 ) , Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Official IRA , and Beatrice Behan ( née ffrench @-@ Salkeld ) ( 1925 – 1993 ) . As a teenager , Goulding was involved with the IRA youth wing Fianna Éireann . After Brendan Behan 's early death at the age of 41 on 20 March 1964 , Goulding had Paudge Behan with Brendan 's widow Beatrice . Paudge and his half @-@ sister Blanaid grew up at 5 Anglesea Road , a red @-@ brick , semi @-@ detached late Victorian house in Ballsbridge , Dublin , which Brendan Behan bought for his wife Beatrice in 1959 for IR £ 1 @,@ 400 . The house came into Paudge Behan 's ownership , and he sold it reluctantly for € 1 @.@ 65 million in February 2006 . = = Education and career = = Before turning to acting , Behan had a brief career in journalism in Ireland : " I interviewed everyone from priests to prostitutes before my Dublin paper folded . " Behan was also involved in theatre work – he was a costume assistant during the original production of Tom Murphy 's adaptation of Liam O 'Flaherty 's 1925 novel The Informer on 13 October 1981 at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin . He participated in various other plays in Dublin , but finding them " all very over the top , very amateurish , full of people turning up drunk or not turning up at all " , he decided to leave Ireland and pursue art studies in Berlin . However , Behan found he could not concentrate on his art in Germany as he was working too hard in the evenings in nightclubs and bars to earn money . Also , as he was doing " too much drinking as well , so unless I wanted to start a new art style where it would 've been very ' shakey ' [ sic ] to look at , basically I decided I had to do something else " . He resolved to go to London to study acting . After applying to three drama schools he was accepted by the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) . For about three years from 1990 or 1991 , he lived with his friends from RADA , David Harewood and Danny Cerqueira , at 39 Ravenshaw Street in West Hampstead . Harewood recalls that his housemates were " fantastic characters " – " It was a wonderful , experimental time . We 'd spend long nights discussing art , life and politics ; smoking weed , drinking lots of whisky , listening to music and throwing furniture on the fire . " On 15 May 1991 at Dublin 's Abbey Theatre , Behan played the lead character Connolly in the original production of Tom Murphy 's play The Patriot Game , which charted the events of the Easter Rising of 1916 . He also acted as a thug in the comedy film London Kills Me ( 1991 ) ; and made an appearance in the TV film Anglo @-@ Saxon Attitudes ( 1992 ) , based on the 1956 satirical novel by Angus Wilson . Other TV roles included characters in episodes of Highlander : The Series ( 1995 ) and The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) . He was subsequently handpicked by English novelist Barbara Taylor Bradford to be the male protagonist of the made @-@ for @-@ television film A Secret Affair ( 1999 ) , based on her 1996 book . In the film , which gained him a large and enthusiastic female following , he starred as Bill Fitzgerald , a war correspondent who falls in love with and pursues Vanessa Stewart ( Janine Turner ) in Venice although she is engaged , and who is subsequently kidnapped in a war zone . Other films in which Behan appeared include A Man of No Importance ( 1994 ) , Conspiracy of Silence ( 2003 ) and Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) . In the latter film , he played Brian Meehan , who was convicted of murdering Irish crime journalist Veronica Guerin in 1996 . In 2006 , he appeared in Nick Ryan 's short film A Lonely Sky as Jack Reilly , a test pilot who risks his life to break the sound barrier in 1947 , but who is forced to question his reasons and abilities by a strange yet familiar man . The ten @-@ minute film won Best Film ( Production and Post @-@ Production ) at the Digital Media Awards in Dublin in February 2007 . Behan appeared in the short film Wake Up ( 2007 ) , in which he played the lead character Nathan . The film is the first 20 minutes of a proposed feature film . Most recently , Behan has appeared in the fifth season of the Irish crime drama series Love / Hate ( 2010 ) . He played the role of Terence May , an Irish drugs supplier based in Spain . Concerning acting , Behan has been quoted as saying " this is a good business when it 's working , but when it 's not , it 's awful " . = = 2008 police investigation = = On 12 July 2008 , Behan was questioned by the Carabinieri ( Italian military police ) in connection with the murder of a 72 @-@ year @-@ old woman , Silvana Abate Francescatti , at her home on Monte Amiata , Arcidosso , in Grosseto , Tuscany , Italy . The woman was found on 11 July with 13 stab wounds , including a fatal throat wound , but was believed to have died the previous day . Behan , who had been resident in Arcidosso for part of the year since 2006 , was arrested after seeking treatment twice at a hospital near Arcidosso for a cut on his thigh . In an interview with The Irish Times , he claimed he had first gone to the hospital on 10 July after cutting himself in the thigh while unpacking furniture and other objects delivered from the USA . However , hospital staff had mistakenly decided he had been acting suspiciously due to his poor spoken Italian , and the fact that he had expressed annoyance at how the hospital was managed and its bad signage . Upon returning to the hospital on 12 July for a tetanus injection , Behan was arrested by five policemen and taken to their Arcidosso barracks for questioning . He did not know what was happening at first as the police had no interpreter in the barracks . He was only provided with a lawyer and interpreter 15 hours later when a magistrate from Grosseto came . Behan exercised his right not to answer questions . He was released , but was formally informed that he was under suspicion . As of 15 July 2008 he was the only suspect in the case . The police subsequently seized his car and a knife from his home , and secured a room in the house in which traces of blood were allegedly found . In addition , shoe prints found were said to have matched his footwear . Custody of his car and home ( except for the cellar ) were returned to him on 14 July by the judge overseeing the investigation . Speaking on Italian television , Behan denied knowing the victim and maintained his innocence , saying " I 've got nothing to hide . " He accused the police of subjecting him to " psychological torture " during his detention and threatened to sue them . In November 2008 , Behan was cleared of the crime and allowed full use of his home after a chef named Aldo Staiani was identified as the murderer from DNA retrieved from under Mrs. Abate 's fingernails . Behan said , " I don 't hold any animosity . It 's done now , there is no point in bearing any grudges . I am just glad somebody has finally been caught for this brutal killing . " = = Selected work = = = = = Film = = = Some information in this table was obtained from Paudge Behan : Filmography , Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) , retrieved 11 November 2007 . = = = Television = = = Some information in this table was obtained from Paudge Behan : Filmography , Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) , retrieved 11 November 2007 . = = = Theatre = = = = = Personal life = = In addition to his half @-@ sister Blanaid , Paudge Behan has one older half @-@ brother , Cathal Og ( the son of Cathal Goulding and Patty Germaine who married in 1950 ) , and a younger half @-@ brother Aodhgan and half @-@ sister Banbán .
= John Plagis = Ioannis Agorastos " John " Plagis , DSO , DFC & Bar ( 1919 – 1974 ) was a Southern Rhodesian flying ace in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the Second World War , noted especially for his part in the defence of Malta during 1942 . The son of Greek immigrants , he was accepted by recruiters only after Greece joined the Allies in late 1940 . Following spells with No. 65 Squadron and No. 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron , he joined No. 249 ( Gold Coast ) Squadron in Malta in March 1942 . Flying Spitfire Mk Vs , Plagis was part of the multinational group of Allied pilots that successfully defended the strategically important island against numerically superior Axis forces over the next few months . Flying with No. 185 Squadron from early June , he was withdrawn to England in early July 1942 . After a spell as an instructor in the UK , Plagis returned to action in September 1943 as commander of No. 64 Squadron , flying Spitfire Mk VCs over northern France . He took command of No. 126 ( Persian Gulf ) Squadron in June 1944 , and led many attacks on German positions during the invasion of France and the campaign that followed ; he was shot down over Arnhem during Operation Market Garden , but only lightly wounded . After converting to Mustang IIIs , he commanded a wing based at RAF Bentwaters that supported bombing missions . He finished the war with the rank of squadron leader and remained with the RAF afterwards , operating Gloster Meteors at the head of No. 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron . Plagis was the top @-@ scoring Southern Rhodesian ace of the war , and the highest @-@ scoring ace of Greek origin , with 16 confirmed aerial victories , including 11 over Malta . Awarded the Distinguished Service Order and other medals , he was also one of Rhodesia 's most decorated veterans . The Southern Rhodesian capital , Salisbury , honoured his wartime contributions by naming a street in its northern Alexandra Park neighbourhood after him . On his return home after retiring from the RAF with the rank of wing commander in 1948 , he set up home at 1 John Plagis Avenue , opened a bottle store bearing his name , and was a director of several companies , including Central African Airways in the 1960s . He contested the Salisbury City constituency in the 1962 general election , running for the Rhodesian Front , but failed to win . He died in 1974 , reportedly by suicide . = = Early life = = John Plagis was born on 10 March 1919 in Gadzema , a mining village near Hartley , about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) south @-@ west of the Southern Rhodesian capital Salisbury . His parents , Agorastos and Helen Plagis , were Greek immigrants from the island of Lemnos ; he had five siblings . Christened with the Greek name Ioannis Agorastos , Plagis used the English form of Ioannis , John , from childhood , and attended Prince Edward School in Salisbury . Having been interested in aviation since he was a boy , Plagis volunteered for the Southern Rhodesian Air Force ( SRAF ) soon after the outbreak of war in September 1939 . He was turned down because he was the son of foreign nationals and therefore not a citizen , despite having lived in Rhodesia all his life . After Italy invaded Greece in late October 1940 , bringing the Greeks into the war on the Allied side , Plagis applied again — this time to join the Royal Air Force , which had absorbed the SRAF in April 1940 — and was accepted . Training first in Southern Rhodesia , then England , Plagis passed out with the rank of flight sergeant in June 1941 with above @-@ average ratings in all of his flying assessments . Though he was officially in the RAF as a Greek ( he became a Rhodesian citizen only after the war ) , Plagis considered himself a Rhodesian flyer and wore shoulder flashes on his uniform denoting him as such . He named each aircraft he piloted during the war after his sister Kay , and painted that name on the side of each cockpit . After briefly flying Spitfires with No. 65 Squadron RAF , Plagis joined No. 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron , an almost all @-@ Rhodesian Spitfire unit , on 19 July 1941 . He served in the UK for about half a year , during which he was commissioned as a pilot officer , before being posted to the Mediterranean theatre in January 1942 . = = Air war in Europe and the Mediterranean = = = = = First tour of operations = = = Plagis 's first major operation was Operation Spotter , the first of many British endeavours to reinforce the besieged island of Malta in the face of German and Italian assaults during the Battle of the Mediterranean . Malta was considered to be of vital strategic importance , and its defence was looking increasingly precarious in March 1942 . Spotter was a plan to strengthen its British garrison with 16 new Spitfire Mk Vs , which would be carried part of the way from Gibraltar on the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle , then flown to Malta ; the pilots would then become part of the severely depleted No. 249 ( Gold Coast ) Squadron . The team of pilots comprised eight British airmen , four Australians , two New Zealanders and two Southern Rhodesians — Plagis and his close friend Pilot Officer Doug Leggo . The operation , carried out on 7 March 1942 , was largely successful and 15 of the 16 Spitfires reached Malta . Plagis and Leggo arrived to find a third Rhodesian , Flight Officer George " Buck " Buchanan , already attached to the squadron . A further delivery of 16 Spitfires , Operation Picket I , was attempted on 21 March , but this was less successful ; only nine of the planes arrived . Thirteen Spitfire reinforcement operations were ultimately launched between March and October 1942 , playing a key role in the siege . The Luftwaffe and the Italian Regia Aeronautica meanwhile attempted to bomb Malta into submission , turning the airfields into " a wilderness of craters , the docks ... a shambles , Valletta a mass of broken limestone ... " The Luftwaffe launched a major attack against key Maltese airfields at dawn on 20 March . Leggo , who had not slept for over 24 hours , returned to the airfield in the early hours having spent the night with a girlfriend . As the German planes approached he was ordered to prepare to fly . Plagis attempted to stop his friend from going , but Leggo insisted on flying , and took off at 08 : 05 as part of a group of four Spitfires and 12 Hurricanes aiming to intercept a squadron of Messerschmitt Bf 109s . He was soon seen to be flying poorly . A German pilot noticed this and attacked Leggo from close range , seriously damaging his aircraft and forcing him to bale out . Another Bf 109 then swooped and either fired at Leggo or collapsed his parachute with its slipstream , causing him to fall to his death . When Plagis learned what had happened , he was inconsolable , holding himself responsible . In his journal , he vowed to " shoot down ten for Doug — I will too , if it takes me a lifetime " . Plagis shot down his first enemy aircraft on 25 March 1942 , and on 1 April achieved four more aerial victories in a single afternoon , thereby becoming the Siege of Malta 's first Spitfire ace . His downing of four enemies in a few hours won him much praise from superiors and reporters , and contributed to his growing reputation as an aggressive but skilful combat pilot . He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) on 1 May 1942 , the citation noting that he had " destroyed 4 and probably destroyed a further 3 hostile aircraft " . " With complete indifference to odds against him , he presses home his attacks with skill and courage , " it continued — " He has set an outstanding example . " On 11 May , Plagis attempted to down an Italian Reggiane Re.2001 by flying straight at it to ram it ; taking erratic evasive manoeuvres , the Italian aircraft stalled and almost crashed into the sea . Thinking he had downed the enemy , Plagis claimed afterwards to have achieved an aerial victory without firing a shot , but the Italian flight reported no losses . Plagis 's Spitfire was lightly hit during this engagement , and the Rhodesian had some luck returning safely ; he landed with only three gallons ( 14 litres ) of fuel left . On 16 May , Plagis and an English ace , Pilot Officer Peter Nash , destroyed a Bf 109 for a shared kill that became No. 249 Squadron 's 100th victory over Malta . Amid the continuing siege , the need for a major supply convoy to Malta was becoming urgent ; the Governor Lord Gort warned Britain in early June that if no supplies came by August , he would have to surrender to prevent a famine . Plagis was promoted in the field to flight lieutenant on 4 June 1942 and transferred to No. 185 Squadron to command " B " Flight . He shot down two Re.2001s two days later to bring his tally of victories to ten ( thereby fulfilling his pledge following Leggo 's death ) , and destroyed a Bf 109 on 7 June . A month later , he received a Bar to his DFC , having been adjudged to have shown " exceptional skill and gallantry in combat ... Undeterred by superior numbers of attacking aircraft , he presses home his attacks with great determination . " Plagis left Malta when his tour expired on 7 July 1942 , flying first to Gibraltar , then the UK . The British finally delivered vital supplies to Malta on 15 August with Operation Pedestal ( known in Malta as the " Santa Marija Convoy " ) . On arriving in England , Plagis was found to be suffering from malnutrition , scabies and physical and mental fatigue . He briefly convalesced in a nursing home , then spent a year as an instructor in England . He was promoted to probationary flying officer on 1 October 1942 . = = = Second tour of operations = = = Plagis returned to action in September 1943 , when he was appointed commanding officer of No. 64 Squadron , then flying Spitfire Mk VCs over northern France from RAF Coltishall in Norfolk . Plagis downed a Bf 109 over France on 24 September 1943 , then a Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 on 23 November , and formally received the rank of flight lieutenant on 8 December 1943 . At the start of June 1944 , Plagis assumed command of No. 126 ( Persian Gulf ) Squadron , flying Spitfire Mk IXs that had recently been moved from Malta to assist in the invasion of Normandy . Six of the squadron 's planes had been purchased by the Persian Gulf Spitfire Fund , and duly named after the donating sheikdoms ; Plagis 's aircraft , which he chose because of the large letter " K " on its tail ( echoing his sister 's name ) , had " Muscat " painted in English and Arabic script on its side . He added to this a full rendering of " Kay " and other personal decorations . After leading No. 126 Squadron on raids into Normandy during the Allied invasion , Plagis took part in many of the attacks on German positions in northern France and the Low Countries that followed over the next few months . He was shot down over Arnhem in the Netherlands during Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , but suffered only minor injuries and quickly returned to action . He received the Distinguished Service Order on 3 November for his " participat [ ion ] in very many sorties during which much damage has been inflicted on ... [ German ] shipping , radio stations , oil storage tanks , power plants and other installations " . The citation particularly stressed an engagement in which a small group of Allied fighters led by Plagis had taken on a far superior force of enemy aircraft and shot down five of them , Plagis himself downing two . Plagis was described as " a brave and resourceful leader whose example has proved a rare source of inspiration " . Plagis converted to Mustang IIIs along with the rest of his squadron at RAF Bentwaters in Suffolk during December 1944 and January 1945 , and spent the rest of the war flying bomber escort missions at the head of Bentwaters Wing , which included No. 126 Squadron . He was promoted to squadron leader on 28 March 1945 . Germany surrendered on 7 May , ending the war in Europe . Plagis finished the war with a tally of 16 enemy aircraft confirmed destroyed ( including two shared victories counted as half a kill each ) , two shared probably destroyed , six damaged and one shared damaged . This made him Southern Rhodesia 's highest @-@ scoring ace of the war , as well as the top @-@ scoring ace of Greek origin . He was one of the most @-@ decorated Southern Rhodesian servicemen of the war . = = Post @-@ war service and later life = = Plagis stayed with the RAF following the end of hostilities , and from September 1946 to December 1947 commanded No. 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron in England and Germany , flying Gloster Meteor F.3s. He was awarded the Airman 's Cross by the government of the Netherlands in October 1946 . After retiring from the military with the rank of wing commander , Plagis returned home to Southern Rhodesia in 1948 . A street in the north Salisbury suburb of Alexandra Park had been named after him in recognition of his wartime exploits ; he moved into the house at the end of the road , 1 John Plagis Avenue . He married in 1954 and had three sons and a daughter . Plagis set up and ran a bottle store bearing his name in Salisbury , and was involved in several businesses during the next three decades , serving as a director on company boards , including Central African Airways from 1963 to 1968 . He joined the Rhodesian Front on its formation in 1962 , and was its candidate in Salisbury City in that year 's general election , losing to the United Federal Party 's John Roger Nicholson by 631 votes to 501 . According to a report published by the Zimbabwe African National Union in 1969 , Plagis was by then working in the office of the Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith ( himself a Second World War Spitfire pilot ) , with responsibility for the premier 's written correspondence . In later life , Plagis became a friend of British ace Douglas Bader , a prominent supporter of Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 . Bader , Smith and Plagis often socialised . Plagis also knew L Ron Hubbard , the American founder of Scientology , who briefly relocated to Salisbury in 1966 . Hubbard initiated numerous business schemes in Rhodesia , including the purchase of the Bumi Hills Hotel at Kariba . Plagis was one of two local businessmen who partnered with Hubbard in the Bumi Hills deal . He also sold Hubbard an interest in his holdings before the American was deported . Plagis died in 1974 , aged 54 or 55 ; according to Lauren St John , an author from Gadzema , he had committed suicide , having never truly readjusted to civilian life .
= Arthur Cumming ( Royal Navy officer ) = Admiral Sir Arthur Cumming KCB ( 6 May 1817 – 17 February 1893 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy . He was born in Nancy , France to Sir Henry Cumming , a general in the British Army and received naval education at the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth . Cumming served as a midshipman in the Mediterranean and North America before being promoted to lieutenant in 1840 for his actions in the Syrian War . He remained with the Mediterranean Fleet until appointed to HMS Frolic , a sloop stationed in South America . Whilst detached from Frolic and in command of a small pinnace on 6 September 1843 Cumming and seven men boarded a Portuguese slave ship , subdued her 27 @-@ man crew and brought her back to Rio de Janeiro . He had expected to be promoted for his efforts , but was overlooked and resented the decision for the rest of his life . Cumming spent some time in the Navy 's Experimental Squadron before being promoted commander on 9 November 1846 . Cumming 's first command was HMS Rattler , stationed off West Africa , during which he captured another slave ship . He saw active service against the Russians during the Crimean War , captaining the frigate HMS Gorgon and being promoted to post @-@ captain on 19 April 1854 . Subsequently Cumming was transferred to HMS Conflict and , in company with HMS Amphion , was able to capture the Baltic Sea port of Libau without firing a shot . Towards the end of the war he took command of the ironclad floating battery HMS Glatton but arrived in the Black Sea after the peace had been agreed . He returned to the UK in time for Glatton to take part in Queen Victoria 's 1856 Fleet Review . Cumming was appointed captain of the frigate HMS Emerald on 14 May 1859 and remained with the ship until the end of her Royal Navy career on 7 November 1863 . Emerald served in the Channel Fleet , the Baltic Sea and Admiralty propeller trials . She also made several trips to the Americas including " one of the quickest passages on record " to Bermuda in 1860 . After her decommissioning Cumming was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath , served aboard HMS Victory and Duke of Wellington and in the Packet Service . Cumming achieved flag rank on 27 February 1870 when he was promoted to rear @-@ admiral . He served for a while as a port admiral before becoming the Naval Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the East Indies in 1872 , remaining there until 1875 . Cumming continued to receive promotions , becoming vice @-@ admiral in 1876 and admiral in 1880 , but retired from the Navy in 1880 . In retirement he lived at Foston Hall , near Derby . Cumming was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath as part of Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee celebrations on 21 June 1887 and died in London on 17 February 1893 . = = Early life = = Arthur Cumming was born at Nancy in France on 6 May 1817 , his father was General Sir Henry Cumming . Arthur was entered into the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in January 1831 , passing the course and being discharged on 8 August 1832 . His first ship was the sloop HMS Rover on which he served in the Mediterranean ( presumably as a midshipman ) , also serving on the Lisbon and North American Stations . In 1837 Cumming passed his examinations to become eligible for the position of lieutenant and was promoted to the rank of mate on 4 April . By early 1840 Cumming was stationed at HMS Excellent , a navy stone frigate in Portsmouth that housed the gunnery school . = = Syrian War = = On 14 March 1840 Cumming was appointed mate on the frigate HMS Cyclops ( commanded by Horatio Thomas Austin ) , part of Commodore Charles John Napier 's squadron sent to intervene for Britain in the Syrian War , and reached the ship in April . The war had begun when Mehemet Ali , Pasha of Egypt , attempted to claim independence from the Ottoman Empire . Ali invaded Syria and took control of the Ottoman Fleet forcing young Sultan Abdülmecid I to request help from the European powers . Great Britain , Austria , Prussia and Russia agreed to assist and issued an ultimatum to Ali demanding his withdrawal from Ottoman possessions ( Arabia , Crete and Syria ) in return for being made hereditary Viceroy of Egypt . Cyclops was detached from patrolling to carry the ultimatum into Alexandria on 9 August 1840 . The ultimatum was refused and the European allies intervened , the naval side of the war becoming the responsibility of Britain and Austria . Cyclops played an active role ; arriving at Beirut on 7 September 1840 to fire shells in support of the landing of Ottoman troops , attempting to capture the fort at Gebail on 11 September , landing marines and further troops at Jouna on 12 September and capturing Batroun on 15 September . On 25 September Cyclops arrived at Sidon , the main Egyptian southern division supplies depot , alongside HMS Thunderer , Gorgon , Wasp , Stromboli , Hydra , SMS Guerriera ( Austrian ) and Gulfideh ( Ottoman ) . The ships proceeded to bombard the citadel and surrounding fort on 26 September before a force of 500 Ottoman troops were landed . The 2 @,@ 700 strong defending force continued to resist so the bombardment was resumed and reinforcements of 750 British Marines and 100 Austrian troops landed , alongside some British sailors . The fort was overrun and the entire garrison captured , Cumming being mentioned in despatches for his bravery during the action . The Admiralty rewarded him with promotion to the rank of lieutenant , dated just two days after the action . Cyclops remained in the theatre until leaving for Malta in October and saw action at Tsour , the Syrian War continued into November . Cumming transferred to HMS Princess Charlotte , a first @-@ rate ship of the line commanded by Arthur Fanshawe and flagship of Robert Stopford , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet , on 28 November 1840 . By January 1841 Cumming had transferred again , being appointed lieutenant in HMS Britannia . Britannia , commanded by Michael Seymour , was another first @-@ rate and the new flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet , John Ommanney having succeeded Stopford as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief . Cumming 's next posting was again within the Mediterranean Fleet , serving under Houston Stewart from 19 June 1841 to 23 May 1842 on the 74 @-@ gun third @-@ rate HMS Benbow . = = South America = = On 5 November 1842 Cumming was appointed to the newly built 16 @-@ gun sloop HMS Frolic , under the command of William Alexander Willis . Frolic was posted to South America and on 6 September 1843 Cumming was cruising off Santos , São Paulo , in command of the ship 's pinnace , when he encountered the large brigantine Portuguese slaver Vincedora in company with two other slaving vessels . The British slave trade had been outlawed by the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Royal Navy viewed all slavers as pirates , liable to be arrested and their ships confiscated . Cumming positioned the pinnace to cut off the Vincedora 's retreat but the brigantine made to ram the boat . At the last moment , perhaps wary of intentionally killing a Royal Navy officer and his men , the Vincedora changed course . Shortly afterwards Cumming was able to shoot the brigantine 's captain . With their captain killed the crew were thrown into confusion and Cumming was able to board the vessel , followed by a marine and six sailors – all that could fit on the deck at the time . Cumming and his men were able to drive the 27 @-@ strong and fully armed crew below and lock them beneath the hatches . He got the rest of the pinnace 's crew aboard and ordered the Portuguese crew shackled to the anchor cable . The other two slavers could have changed the course of events if they chose to get involved but instead made their escape . The Vincedora displaced just 55 tons but was found to be carrying 338 slaves , having left Africa with 450 . The ships set sail for Rio de Janeiro , arriving there on 10 September when the slaves were transferred to the hulk Crescent under the supervision of Sir Thomas Paisley . Paisley said that he had " never witnessed anything so shocking " , particularly as most of the slaves were suffering from emaciation and sores and others were infected by smallpox and had to be quarantined aboard the Vincedora . The slaves included parentless children , babies and a harem of women for the brigantine 's crew . Although the slaves continued to die over the next month , most recovered to be set free . The event was recorded in the memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key . Cumming hoped that he would be promoted to commander as a result of the action given the unusual circumstances and danger involved . However the event was reported to London merely as the commonplace capture of a slaver and hence merited no reward , a fact that Cumming resented for the rest of his life . Instead all he received was a period of quarantine , followed by an attack of smallpox and a long convalescence in England . Cumming remained nominally with Frolic until 21 October 1843 . = = Experimental Squadron = = Cumming was posted to the brig HMS Espiegle on 2 October 1844 , serving under Captain Thomas Pickering Thompson in the East Indies until 27 March 1845 . The next day he was appointed to HMS Caledonia , a first @-@ rate commanded by Alexander Milne that served as the flagship of his father Admiral Sir David Milne who was the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Plymouth . On 29 April Cumming transferred to the first @-@ rate HMS Queen , under the command of Baldwin Wake Walker and the flagship of John West in Devonport . Cumming was transferred again on 13 July 1845 to the second @-@ rate HMS Albion , captained by Nicholas Lockyer and remained aboard until 30 November 1846 . Albion , alongside Cumming 's previous ships Caledonia and Queen and other vessels , was part of the 1845 Experimental Squadron . Cumming sailed on the first trial of 1845 that lasted from 15 July to the 20 September and was supervised by Rear Admiral Hyde Parker . The trial was part of a series that attempted to compare new methods of ship building with traditional ones . Cumming at last received promotion to Commander on 9 November 1846 . His first command was HMS Rattler , a 12 @-@ gun sloop that had been the first warship powered by a steam engine and screw propeller , that he captained from 12 February 1849 to 15 April 1851 on the west coast of Africa . Whilst in command of Rattler Cumming captured the Brazilian slave brigantine Alepide on 30 October 1849 . In 1853 Cumming married Adelaide Stuart with whom he had at least one child . = = Crimean War = = Cumming saw active service against the Russians during the Crimean War . On 25 February 1854 he received command of the frigate HMS Gorgon , being promoted to post @-@ captain on 19 April . Cumming was transferred to command HMS Conflict on 9 May 1854 and served aboard her in the Baltic Sea until 6 February 1855 . In company with HMS Amphion , under the command of Captain Astley Cooper Key , the Conflict sailed into Libau on 17 May 1854 . The harbour contained eight Russian merchant vessels and was defended by a force of 4 – 500 soldiers with 2 – 3 cannon . Cumming went ashore under a flag of truce to meet with the town 's governor and demand the handing over of the merchant ships within three hours . The governor refused to comply but the Russian troops left the town shortly afterwards and the governor stated that , whilst he could not order them out of the harbour , Cumming and Key would be permitted to enter the harbour to take them . They proceeded to do so , finding themselves in control of the entire town of 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants with just 110 men , and took out the eight merchant vessels without firing a shot . The ships were sent with prize crews to the Prussian port of Memel . Cumming and Conflict also saw service at the port of Riga in this period and from 15 April to 22 May were responsible for boarding 19 vessels . Cumming returned to England in 1855 and on 22 May was appointed to HMS Glatton , an ironclad floating battery with orders to sail her to the Black Sea . He carried out these orders but arrived after the end of the war and returned Glatton to the United Kingdom by Spring 1856 . He remained captain of the battery until 3 May 1856 and commanded her during the 23 April 1856 Fleet Review , where Glatton was one of four floating batteries that were the first ironclad ships to appear at any fleet review . = = HMS Emerald = = Cumming was appointed captain of the 51 @-@ gun frigate HMS Emerald on her commissioning at Sheerness on 14 May 1859 and remained with the ship until the end of her Royal Navy career on 7 November 1863 . The vessel was initially part of the Channel Fleet and as part of her duties visited Plymouth , Spithead , Torbay , Cork and Devonport . Cumming was reunited with his old commander , Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Milne , when Emerald became his temporary flagship on 19 January 1860 in order to carry him to the West Indies where he was to replace Vice Admiral Sir Houston Stewart , another former shipmate , as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief on the North America and West Indies Station . Emerald left Devonport on 18 February and arrived at Bermuda 19 days and 6 hours later , completing " one of the quickest passages on record " at the time . The feat is all the more impressive for the fact that Cumming relied almost entirely on sail power , engaging the steam engines only when he was within 500 nautical miles ( 930 km ) of her destination . Whilst in Bermuda Emerald ran aground and tore her coppering , the first of several times she was damaged in her career . Cumming and Emerald returned to Plymouth on 4 July 1860 and was heading to Keyham steam @-@ yard on 10 July when she ran aground on a beach at Hamoaze whilst trying to avoid a merchant brig under tow , this and the Bermuda grounding were found to have damaged 60 feet ( 18 m ) of her coppering . Cumming was next ordered to Alderney , in the Channel Islands to transport a replacement Royal Artillery garrison . On the return journey on 28 August the ship ran aground once more , whilst in the charge of a Trinity House pilot , necessitating more repairs . In September Cumming sailed to Antwerp to provide a British presence and salute to Queen Victoria who was passing through the port . Cumming made another trip to South America in April 1861 when he carried Rear @-@ Admiral Richard Laird Warren in Emerald to his new appointment as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Brazil Station , returning with Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Henry Keppel . On his return Cumming was again ordered to America , transporting guns , shot and stores to the West India Squadron , but was hit by storms off Newfoundland and forced to turn back to Plymouth . Once again Emerald was damaged , losing three boats , damaging rigging and equipment and being said to leak " like a sieve " . This necessitated another period of repair in Keyham , before Cumming set out for Brazil once more , this time encountering storms in the Bay of Biscay and again being damaged and repaired in dock . Emerald saw service in the Baltic and participated in propeller trials for the Admiralty but was decommissioned in 1863 and sold in 1869 . Cumming was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 13 May 1867 . In November of that year he became part of the Royal Navy 's Packet Service and served in that role as an additional captain in HMS Victory , under the command of Captains Frederick Beauchamp Paget Seymour and George Le Geyt Bowyear . During this time Victory served as the flagship of the Port Admiral of Portsmouth and Cumming transferred to HMS Duke of Wellington when she became the flagship on 2 March 1869 . Cumming remained on the Duke of Wellington , on harbour service duties , until 26 February 1870 . = = Admiral = = Cumming 's service aboard the Duke of Wellington ended with his promotion to rear @-@ admiral on 27 February 1870 . He served for a while as a port admiral before being appointed , on 14 February 1872 , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the East Indies Station . He remained in the East Indies until March 1875 and was promoted to vice @-@ admiral on 22 March 1876 . Cumming 's promotion to admiral came on 9 January 1880 and he retired from the service on 6 April 1882 . After retirement he lived mainly at Foston Hall , near Derby . Cumming was a keen patron of his former shipmates including Surgeon William Loney , who had served aboard Emerald , which Cumming had captained , and Glasgow , part of his East Indies squadron . In 1877 Cumming wrote to Vice @-@ Admiral Beauchamp Seymour , 1st Baron Alcester , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Channel Squadron , and Lord Gillford , Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty , to recommend Loney for promotion . Cumming was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath as part of Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee celebrations on 21 June 1887 . Cumming became an early victim of identity theft on 27 March 1888 when a man impersonating him stole goods worth 100 @,@ 000 francs ( equivalent to approximately £ 402 @,@ 000 in current terms ) from a Nice jewellery shop . The thief had identified himself to the shop 's owner , Mr Boxta , as " Admiral Sir Arthur Cumming " and presented a card in that name with Cumming 's coat of arms printed on it . Having made a small purchase the thief requested that Boxta bring a large quantity of diamond rings , bracelets and a necklace to his rooms so that he could choose a present for his wife . Boxta was reassured by the high status neighbourhood and a pile of Bank of England notes that the thief showed him and allowed the thief to take the jewellery to an adjacent room from which he was able to escape . The thief was never caught . Sir Arthur Cumming died in London on 17 February 1893 . He was survived by his wife and is buried in Brookwood Cemetery , Surrey .
= SMS Stuttgart = SMS Stuttgart was a Königsberg @-@ class light cruiser of the Kaiserliche Marine , named after the city of Stuttgart . She had three sister ships : Königsberg , Nürnberg , and Stettin . Stuttgart was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1905 , launched in September 1906 , and commissioned in February 1908 . Like her sisters , Stettin was armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and a pair of 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , and was capable of a top speed in excess of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . Stuttgart was used as a gunnery training ship from her commissioning to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was mobilized into the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . There , she saw action at the Battle of Jutland , where she engaged the British cruiser HMS Dublin . Stuttgart was not damaged during the battle . She was converted into a seaplane tender in 1918 , and after the end of the war , was surrendered to Britain as a war prize in 1920 and subsequently broken up for scrap . = = Construction = = Stuttgart was ordered under the contract name " O " and was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1905 . She was launched on 22 September 1906 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 1 February 1908 . The ship was 115 @.@ 3 meters ( 378 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 2 m ( 43 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 29 m ( 17 @.@ 4 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 814 t ( 3 @,@ 754 long tons ; 4 @,@ 204 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eleven coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type boilers . These provided a top speed of 24 @.@ 1 knots ( 44 @.@ 6 km / h ; 27 @.@ 7 mph ) and a range of approximately 5 @,@ 750 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 650 km ; 6 @,@ 620 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Stuttgart had a crew of 14 officers and 308 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were side by side aft . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 12 @,@ 700 m ( 41 @,@ 700 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . The ship was also equipped with eight 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 guns with 4 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition . She was also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = After her commissioning into the High Seas Fleet , Stuttgart was used as a gunnery training ship for the Fleet 's gunners . At the outbreak of World War I , she was mobilized and served with the Fleet , along with the other gunnery ships like the armored cruiser Blücher . After the outbreak of war , she and several other cruisers were tasked with patrol duties in the Heligoland Bight . The cruisers were divided with the torpedo boat flotillas , and assigned to rotate through nightly patrols into the North Sea . As part of this operation , Stuttgart conducted a patrol on the night of 15 August with Cöln and the I and II Torpedo @-@ boat Flotillas , without incident . On 15 – 16 December , Stuttgart participated in the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . She was assigned to the cruiser screen of the High Seas Fleet , which was providing distant cover to Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's battlecruisers while they were conducting the bombardment . Following reports of British destroyers from the German screen , Admiral von Ingenohl ordered the High Seas Fleet to turn to port and head for Germany . At 06 : 59 , Stuttgart , the armored cruiser Roon , and the light cruiser Hamburg encountered Commander Jones ' destroyers . Jones shadowed the Germans until 07 : 40 , at which point Stuttgart and Hamburg were detached to sink their pursuers . At 08 : 02 , however , Roon signaled the two light cruisers and ordered them to abandon the pursuit and retreat along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet . On 7 May 1915 , the IV Scouting Group , which by then consisted of Stuttgart , Stettin , München , and Danzig , and twenty @-@ one torpedo boats was sent into the Baltic Sea to support a major operation against Russian positions at Libau . The operation was commanded by Rear Admiral Hopman , the commander of the reconnaissance forces in the Baltic . The IV Scouting Group was tasked with screening to the north to prevent any Russian naval forces from moving out of the Gulf of Finland undetected , while several armored cruisers and other warships bombarded the port . The Russians did attempt to intervene with a force of four cruisers : Admiral Makarov , Bayan , Oleg , and Bogatyr . The Russian ships briefly engaged München , but both sides were unsure of the others ' strength , and so both disengaged . Shortly after the bombardment , Libau was captured by the advancing German army , and Stuttgart and the rest of the IV Scouting Group were recalled to the High Seas Fleet . = = = Battle of Jutland = = = Stuttgart was assigned to the IV Scouting Group during the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 . The IV Scouting Group , under the command of Commodore Ludwig von Reuter , departed Wilhelmshaven at 03 : 30 on 31 May , along with the rest of the fleet . Tasked with screening for the fleet , Stuttgart and the torpedo boat V71 were positioned at the rear of the fleet , astern of the II Battle Squadron . Stuttgart and the IV Scouting Group were not heavily engaged during the early phases of the battle , but around 21 : 30 , they encountered the British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron ( 3rd LCS ) . Reuter 's ships were leading the High Seas Fleet south , away from the deployed Grand Fleet . Due to the long range and poor visibility , only München and Stettin were able to engage the British cruisers . Stuttgart was the fourth ship in the line , and her gunners could only make out one British ship in the haze . Since that ship was already being engaged by the other German cruisers , Stuttgart held her fire . Reuter turned his ships hard to starboard , in order to draw the British closer to the capital ships of the German fleet , but the 3rd LCS refused to take the bait and disengaged . During the ferocious night fighting that occurred as the High Seas Fleet forced its way through the British rear , the IV Scouting Group encountered the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron at close range in the darkness . As the two squadrons closed on each other , the Germans illuminated HMS Southampton and HMS Dublin and concentrated their fire on the two ships . Stuttgart and Elbing fired on Dublin . During this period , Dublin was hit by eight shells , probably all from Stuttgart , though these hits did not do serious damage . The two British ships were badly damaged and set on fire and forced to retreat , while the Germans also fell back in an attempt to bring the British closer to the battlecruisers Moltke and Seydlitz . In the melee , the cruiser Frauenlob was hit and sunk by a torpedo launched by Southampton ; this forced Stuttgart to haul out of line to starboard . She then lost contact with the rest of the IV Scouting Group , so she fell in with the I Battle Squadron . She was present during a later encounter with British light forces around midnight . She remained concealed in the darkness and observed the I Battle Squadron dreadnoughts hammering several British destroyers . The British meanwhile launched torpedoes at the German line , which forced it to turn away . Stuttgart had to thread her way in between the battleships Nassau and Posen in the darkness . By 02 : 30 , Stuttgart was steaming at the head of the German line , ahead of Westfalen , the leading battleship . She led the I Battle Squadron back to port , and later assisted the III Battle Squadron and the fleet flagship , Friedrich der Grosse . In the course of the battle , Stuttgart had fired 64 rounds , the least of all of the German cruisers in the battle . She emerged from the battle unscathed , unlike many of the other German cruisers . = = = Conversion and fate = = = Earlier in the war , the German Navy had experimented with converting steamers into seaplane tenders . They were too slow to operate with the fleet , however , and so a faster alternative was needed . By 1918 , the Navy had decided to convert Stuttgart , which was fast enough to steam with the fleet ; conversion work started in February 1918 . The work was done at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , and was completed in May . As a seaplane tender , her forward and rear 10 @.@ 5 cm guns , and the two rearmost broadside guns were removed , leaving only four broadside guns remaining . Two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed forward ; she retained her submerged torpedo tubes . Two large hangars were installed aft of the funnels , with space for two seaplanes ; a third seaplane was carried on top of the hangars . Since Stuttgart could carry only three aircraft , a number which was deemed insufficient to support the entire High Seas Fleet , plans were drawn up to convert Roon into a seaplane carrier as well . Neither ship was ever used operationally . Stuttgart survived the war , and was stricken from the naval register on 5 November 1919 . She was surrendered to the United Kingdom on 20 July 1920 , as the war prize " S " and subsequently broken up for scrap .
= Hurricane Gert ( 1999 ) = Hurricane Gert was the fourth of five major hurricanes in the moderately active 1999 Atlantic hurricane season . A Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane , Gert formed on September 11 off the coast of Africa before heading west @-@ northwest . It reached a peak wind speed of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) by September 15 over the open central Atlantic east @-@ northeast of the Leeward Islands . It gradually curved to the northwest and later to the north , due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge created by Hurricane Floyd . Hurricane Gert passed east of Bermuda on September 21 and began a steady weakening trend at that time . It turned to the northeast , and on September 23 , Gert transitioned into an extratropical cyclone to the southeast of Atlantic Canada before being absorbed by a larger storm . For several days , Gert threatened to strike Bermuda , prompting the evacuation of tourists . Although Gert 's center did not make landfall , it passed a short distance east of the island , producing hurricane force winds that left 11 @,@ 000 people without power . High waves swept two people out to sea at Acadia National Park in Maine . Later , strong waves struck Newfoundland and left heavy marine damage . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 10 , with evidence of a low @-@ level circulation and convective banding . It moved west @-@ northwestward , located south of a subtropical ridge . Based on satellite imagery , it is estimated the system organized into Tropical Depression Nine by 1200 UTC on September 11 to the south of the Cape Verde islands . Upon its formation , the center was poorly defined , with restricted easterly outflow due to easterly wind shear . After about 24 hours of remaining somewhat disorganized , the convection became more concentrated on September 12 as banding features and outflow improved . Consequently , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Gert , the seventh named storm of the season . After becoming a tropical storm , Gert quickly intensified due to the presence of an anticyclone aloft , as well as warm water temperatures exceeding 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . Following the development of a warm spot near the center , Gert intensified into a hurricane on September 13 . It strengthened further , developing an eye that briefly dissipated before reforming . Early on September 15 , Gert attained major hurricane strength , or a Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . Still moving west @-@ northwestward , Gert continued its steady intensification trend , developing well @-@ defined outflow throughout the circulation that was described as " outstanding " . After reaching Category 4 status on September 15 , Gert strengthened further to peak winds of 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) early on September 16 , as estimated on satellite imagery through the Dvorak technique . Satellite intensity estimates reached as high as 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , or a Category 5 hurricane . At the time , the hurricane was located about 720 mi ( 1160 km ) east @-@ northeast of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles . Around the time of peak intensity , Gert maintained a round central dense overcast . Hurricane Hunters investigated the hurricane on September 16 and indicated a slight weakening trend due to an eyewall replacement cycle . Gradually Gert turned toward the northwest due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge , created by Hurricane Floyd to the west . As it did so , the hurricane re @-@ intensified briefly before resuming a weakening trend , due to increased wind shear and an upper @-@ level trough to its west restricting outflow . After weakening to winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) , Gert again re @-@ strengthened to Category 4 status on September 19 , as the eye became well @-@ organized within its surrounding convection following an eyewall replacement cycle . By September 20 , while the hurricane was approaching Bermuda , the appearance became more ragged due to the intrusion of unfavorable dry air . Early on September 21 Gert weakened to Category 2 intensity , around the same time it turned northward . Later that day it passed about 135 mi ( 217 km ) east of Bermuda , producing hurricane force winds on the island . Steady weakening continued as Gert accelerated northeastward under the influence of an approaching trough . The convection decreased around the center due to cooler water temperatures , and on September 23 Gert weakened to tropical storm status as it approached Newfoundland . After nearly all of the convection had dissipated , the system no longer met the characteristics of a tropical cyclone . As a result , it was declared extratropical at 1200 UTC on September 23 about 55 mi ( 90 km ) southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . About six hours later , the remnants of Gert were absorbed by a larger extratropical storm . Gert was the fourth of five Category 4 hurricanes to form during the 1999 season , the highest number of such storms on record . Later , the 2005 season tied the record . = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Bermuda = = = As Gert was several days away from Bermuda , the NHC advised residents there to monitor the progress of the storm , Due to uncertainties in the future forecast , as well as the size and strength of Gert , a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for the island on September 19 , about two days prior to its closest approach . As Gert moved closer to the island , the watch and warning were replaced by a hurricane warning on September 20 , which was maintained until the following day after Gert moved further away . Before Gert passed by the island , officials closed two schools and converted them to emergency shelters . Police workers advised 700 families to leave their houses . Cruise lines diverted ships away , while hundreds of tourists took flights to leave the island . While passing east of Bermuda , Gert produced 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) at Bermuda International Airport . Elsewhere on the island , wind gusts peaked at 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) along the coast , while 1 @-@ minute sustained winds reached 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) along the harbor . Rainfall on the island was light , totaling only 0 @.@ 53 in ( 13 mm ) . Rough surf battered the island , resulting in extensive beach erosion . The well @-@ known Natural Arches were damaged , and part of a house collapsed into the sea . Severe damage was reported along the southern shore of the island . Approximately 11 @,@ 000 residents suffered temporary power outages . Several roads were flooded , and the intense winds downed trees . However , the storm 's worst effects remained offshore . = = = United States and Canada = = = On September 20 , Hurricane Gert was attributed to generating a rogue wave that swept two people out to sea at Acadia National Park along the coast of Maine . The crew of a lobster boat later found their bodies . Although the storm never approached the United States , seas in the area generally ran 3 to 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 52 m ) above normal . Late in its duration , Gert passed just southeast of Newfoundland before becoming extratropical , producing wave heights of 77 @.@ 4 ft ( 23 @.@ 6 m ) offshore and 30 ft ( 9 m ) onshore . In St. Bride 's along the Avalon Peninsula , a large wave severely damaged a wharf , destroying five boats and damaging 45 others . Along the wharf , a wave swept three people into the ocean , hospitalizing one of them . The wharf required $ 2 million ( 1999 CAD , $ 1 @.@ 9 million 1999 USD ) in repairs , forcing its closure . Further west , high waves damaged a fish plant in Lord 's Cove . Gale force winds extended across southeastern Newfoundland , and in the Grand Banks a station reported winds of 74 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Onshore , the winds downed trees and caused power outages , primarily in the St. John 's area . In addition , the adverse conditions from Gert prompted the cancellation of flights to and from St. John 's International Airport .
= Angie Ballard = Angela " Angie " Ballard ( born 6 June 1982 ) is an Australian Paralympic athlete who competes in T53 wheelchair sprint events . She became a paraplegic at age 7 due to a car accident . She began competing in wheelchair racing in 1994 , and first represented Australia in 1998 . Over four Paralympic Games from 2000 to 2012 , she has won three silver and two bronze medals . Her current coach is Louise Sauvage and her training partner is Madison de Rozario . Ballard held athletics scholarships at the Australian Institute of Sport from 1999 to 2001 , and The University of Sydney ( while studying first commerce and then psychology ) , and also represents the New South Wales Institute of Sport . She has been appointed by a number of organisations as a disability or sports ambassador , and currently sits on the board of Wheelchair Sports NSW . = = Personal = = Ballard was born on 6 June 1982 in Canberra . At the age of seven , she became a ( T10 ) paraplegic after a car accident , when her mother lost control of the car through fatigue . Following the accident , her initial hospitalisation and rehabilitation was in Canberra for three months , among elderly amputees . Her rehabilitation was then moved to the Royal North Shore Hospital , where she met Christie Dawes ( née Skelton ) , who she would later race with in the Australian 4x100 m relay team at the 2008 Beijing Paralympics . Because her brother had spina bifida , and was already " in the [ regular ] system " , her parents insisted that Angie continue at a regular school , rather than one specifically for disabled students . She attended Lyneham Primary School and Lyneham High School in Canberra . Her physical education teacher was one of the people who first encouraged her to participate in wheelchair sports . After her rehabilitation she tried swimming and wheelchair basketball . Her first experiences of racing at the age of 12 resulted in blisters and a sore neck , but wheelchair athletics soon became her passion . At age 14 , after treatment for scoliosis , Ballard was unable to participate in sport for a year . She was offered a scholarship with the ACT Academy of Sport and she then took up an athletics scholarship at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra from 1999 to 2001 . In 2002 , she moved to Sydney to attend university on a sports scholarship , initially studying commerce . As of 2011 , she was living in Liberty Grove , New South Wales and attending the University of Sydney studying for a Bachelor of Psychology , with the intention of practising as a psychologist . She graduated and received an Alumni Award in 2014 . = = Athletics = = Ballard is a wheelchair racing athlete , competing mainly in category T53 sprint events . Compared to T54 athletes , she has less use of her abdominal muscles , which means she cannot raise herself as much in her wheelchair to get the best angle to propel herself forward . Ballard first entered competitive wheelchair races in 1994 , at the age of twelve . Her first racing wheelchair was bought second hand . By 1997 , she started taking the sport more seriously and began setting records in Australian athletics for her classification . A year later she was representing her country on the international stage . By 2000 , she held national records in the T53 100 m and 200 m events . From 2002 she held a sports scholarship at the University of Sydney , where she was coached by Andrew Dawes ( Christie 's husband ) . At the time , Dawes also coached Louise Sauvage , and on occasion the two would train together . After Sauvage retired from competitive wheelchair athletics following the 2004 Games , she became Ballard 's coach . As of 2012 her training partner is Madison de Rozario . = = = Paralympics = = = Ballard competed in Sydney in the 2000 Summer Paralympics but did not win any medals , placing fourth in both the 100 m and 200 m events ; she was also a torch bearer , and featured in the entertainment section of the opening ceremony , where she circled the track 12 @.@ 3 metres ( 40 ft ) in the air , suspended by a blimp and giant inflated angels . In preparation for the 2004 Athens Paralympics , Ballard trained six days a week in 11 sessions . Her training included going to Centennial Park and training on the hills there . It also included track work twice a week and doing weight training at least three times a week . This training schedule caused a few injuries , so she reduced the training frequency for later Games . Just before the Games , she competed in a warm up event in Switzerland , and set Australian records in the 100 m , 400 m and 800 m events . At the 2004 games , she won a bronze medal in the T53 100 m , behind Tanni Grey @-@ Thompson and Francesca Porcellato . Her goal for the 2008 Beijing Paralympics was to set a personal best , but she also had eyes on a medal . She took the year off her psychology degree to train six times a week . At the 2008 games , along with her team mates Christie Dawes , Madison de Rozario , and Jemima Moore , she achieved her best Paralympic result , winning a silver medal behind China 's world record in the T53 / 54 4x100 m relay . In the individual events , she finished fifth in the women 's T53 100 m event ( a race won in world record time by Huang Lisha ) , seventh in the women 's T53 200 m event ( also won in a world record time by Huang ) , seventh in the women 's T53 400 m event , and led out the women 's 800 m final , eventually finishing sixth . After a couple of sub @-@ par competition results in 2011 , Ballard made big changes to her diet , gloves , technique , chair position , and training regime . She entered the 2012 London Paralympics ranked world number one in both the T53 100 m and 200 m . At the games , Ballard participated in the T53 class events for 100 m , 200 m , 400 m and 800 m events . She won two silver medals in the 200 m and 400 m T53 events , and a bronze medal in the 100 m T53 event . = = = World championships = = = In August 1998 , Ballard competed at the International Paralympic Committee World Championships in Birmingham , England , where she was part of the gold medal winning Australian women 's 4 x100 m and 4x400 m relay teams . Both relay wins set long @-@ standing world records . In the 2002 World Championships , she won gold in the 100 m . At the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon , France , she won silver medals in the Women 's 100 m , Women 's 200 m and Women 's 800 m T53 and a bronze medal in the 400 m T53 . At the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha , Ballard won gold medals in the Women 's 200m T53 in a championship record time of 29 @.@ 33 and the Women 's 400m T53 . After winning the 400 m , Ballard said : " This is the one I wanted . I was so nervous coming in , you try and tell yourself that the worst thing that can happen is a loss and starting again tomorrow , but the reality is that this matters so much . I was so scared before the race , perhaps it gave me the adrenalin to get it done . I ’ ve just worked so hard for this for so long . " She also won a bronze medal in the Women 's 800 mm T54 behind gold medallist Madison de Rozario . = = = World Cup = = = In the inaugural Paralympic World Cup in Manchester in 2005 , Ballard placed third in the Women 's T53 100 m . = = = Australian titles = = = Ballard won the 100 m women 's wheelchair open title in 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 and 2008 , and finished second in 2000 , 2003 , 2010 , and 2011 . In the 200 m event , she won gold in 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 and 2010 , silver in 2000 and 2005 and bronze in 2006 . In the 400 m , she won gold in 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 , silver in 2004 and bronze in 2002 and 2006 . In the 800 m , she won gold in 1999 and 2001 , silver in 2000 and 2005 , and bronze in 2002 and 2004 . In the 1500 m , she won gold in 2005 and 2010 . In 1999 , she competed at Australia 's Junior Wheelchair Nationals . She won five gold medals at those games and was named the event 's Female Athlete of the Games . Ballard won a gold and silver at the 2011 Sydney Track Classic . At the 2012 competition , Ballard set personal bests and Oceania records for the 100 m ( in a time of 17 @.@ 27 s ) , 200 m ( 30 @.@ 12 s ) and 400 m ( 56 @.@ 89 s ) events . = = = Long distance events = = = Ballard also sometimes competes in longer distance events , in which the disability classifications are usually combined , so she competes against athletes in the higher T54 classification . She represented Australia in the 800 m ( T54 ) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games , placing 6th in the final . At the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games , she won a gold medal in the 1500 m T54 . She has also raced in and helped organise the 10 km Oz Day wheelchair race , placing 2nd in 1999 , 3rd in 2005 , and 3rd in 2012 . In 1998 , together with Louise Sauvage , Christie Skelton , and Holly Ladmore , she completed an 845 @-@ kilometre ( 525 mi ) relay from Byron Bay to Bondi Beach , which raised $ 200 @,@ 000 for disabled athletes . = = = World records = = = 29 May 2015 at the IPC Athletics Grand Prix in Nottwil , Switzerland – Women ’ s 400m T53 world record with a time of 54 @.@ 73 seconds . 4 June 2015 at IPC sanctioned Daniela Jutzeler Memorial Para @-@ athletics Meet , Arbon , Switzerland – Women ’ s 400m T53 world record with a time of 54 @.@ 70 4 June 2015 at IPC sanctioned Daniela Jutzeler Memorial Para @-@ athletics Meet , Arbon , Switzerland – Women ’ s 800m T53 world record with a time of 1 : 47 @.@ 48 . 5 June 2016 at Indy Invitational Meet in Indianapolis , USA - Women 's 400m T53 world record with a time of 54 @.@ 69 . = = Advocacy and patronage = = Ballard has been appointed as an ambassador or advocate by a number of organisations with an interest in people with disabilities , sport , health , or exercise . In 2000 she was selected for Team MAA ( Motor Accidents Authority ) , to discuss road trauma with other young people . In 2005 she was appointed as an ambassador for Technical Aid to the Disabled . She helped recruit volunteers , attended fundraisers , posed for photos and showed them her medal . Later that year she also visited patients at the Westmead Children 's Hospital alongside a number of celebrities to help them celebrate Christmas . In 2007 Ballard was chosen as an ambassador for Walk to Work Day . She is on the board of the Wheelchair Sports Association of New South Wales . Alongside a number of other university @-@ affiliated athletes , Ballard attended a press conference to oppose the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism . = = Recognition = = 1999 – ACT Academy of Sport Athlete of the year in the Disabled Category 2013 and 2014 – Athletics Australia Female Para @-@ Athlete of the Year October 2014 – Awarded the Nigel C Barker Graduate Medal for Sporting Achievement by a recent graduate of the University of Sydney .
= Christmas Wishes ( The Office ) = " Christmas Wishes " is the tenth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 162nd episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on December 8 , 2011 . It was written by executive producer Mindy Kaling and was directed by Ed Helms in his directorial debut . The episode guest starred Lindsey Broad , Ameenah Kaplan , and Eleanor Seigler . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) attempts to make everyone 's Christmas wishes come true , including those of a drunken Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) are entangled in an escalating prank war wherein one attempts to frame the other . " Christmas Wishes " received mostly positive reviews from critics . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Christmas Wishes " drew 5 @.@ 79 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 8 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , staying even with the previous two episode , " Gettysburg " and " Mrs. California . " It ranked first in its timeslot , and was the highest ranked NBC series of the night . = = Plot = = Andy ( Ed Helms ) attempts to make everyone 's Christmas wishes come true . At a conference meeting , he vows to keep his promise to make wishes and asks the office members to also be nice to his new girlfriend Jessica . An emotionally confused Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) tries to be nice to Jessica , but ends up drinking too much at the party . In a drunken stupor , she tells Andy that her Christmas wish is for Jessica to die . Offended , he tells her to get over their breakup before storming off . Kelly does her part as a friend of Erin 's by being mean to Jessica . Andy becomes concerned about Erin 's behavior , not least because Robert California ( James Spader ) has revealed that his marriage is ending , spends a good deal of the party hanging out with Erin and pressures her into drinking shots . When Andy has to drive a drunken Meredith home , he sees Erin getting into Robert 's car and he follows them with a look of panic on his face . However , he covertly witnesses Robert being a gentleman and sending Erin off to her apartment with a hug and words of encouragement . Andy subsequently drives away with a smile on his face . Meanwhile , Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) and Jim 's ( John Krasinski ) pranking has caused Cathy to ask Andy to move her to a different desk . In turn , Andy orders Dwight and Jim to quit their childish behavior . He tells them that the next one to pull a prank will lose their Christmas bonus , and the target of the prank will get the prankster 's share . Wanting to double their bonuses , both Dwight and Jim attempt to frame the other . Jim loudly releases his credit card information hoping Dwight will steal it and buy something ridiculous . However , Dwight orders a $ 200 bouquet of flowers for Pam . Dwight then puts a porcupine in his desk and blames Jim . However , a verbal slip @-@ up causes him to inadvertently reveal his intentions . Jim , in retaliation , defaces a picture of his daughter CeCe , and blames Dwight . After Andy says such vandalism is grounds for termination , Jim admits he staged the crime . Acknowledging that his plan has backfired , Andy tells Jim that he won 't touch their bonuses , and just wants their behavior to not interfere with their job performances . Jim assures him he will tell Dwight , but purposefully neglects to do so . Dwight thus continues to pull pranks on himself , to Jim 's amusement . = = Production = = The episode was written by executive producer Mindy Kaling , who also portrays Kelly Kapoor on the series , her 24th writing credit for the series . This marks her first writing credit as an executive producer . Before this , it was speculated that she might not return to the series as a writer , before she confirmed that she would be writing the Christmas episode . She has also written the previous two Christmas episodes : " Secret Santa " and " Classy Christmas " . The episode was directed by cast member Ed Helms , making his directorial debut . The episode also marks the fourth appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy , Pam 's replacement during her maternity leave . She appeared in a recurring role for the season and she initially appeared in " Pam 's Replacement " . Due to Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy , Pam did not appear in the episode . The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include shoots of several of the staff member 's Christmas wishes being revealed , Dwight and Jim 's pranks start turning on Cathy , and Meredith hitting on a newly single Robert . = = Cultural references = = Midway through the party , Dwight enters the conference room and sets up his own speaker system to play Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 , a heavy metal medley of traditional Christmas songs performed by Savatage and the Trans @-@ Siberian Orchestra . The song acts as a backdrop to a brief montage of various scenes of members of the office exchanging gifts while shots of Dwight , Nate , Creed , and Gabe air @-@ guitaring along are interspersed . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Christmas Wishes " originally aired on NBC in the United States on December 8 , 2011 . The episode was viewed by an estimated 5 @.@ 79 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 8 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 8 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode matched the ratings with the previous episode , " Mrs. California . " Despite this , the episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 8 rating / 7 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , Fox drama series Bones which received a 2 @.@ 4 rating / 6 % share , and ABC reality series America 's Funniest Home Videos which received a 1 @.@ 9 rating / 5 % share . Despite place third , all three of these shows received more total viewers than " Christmas Wishes " . For the week of November 5 – December 11 , 2011 , " Christmas Wishes " placed twenty @-@ third in the ratings among all prime @-@ time broadcasts in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = = Reviews = = = " Christmas Wishes " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Hollywood writer Hannah Lawrence enjoyed the episode , writing , " as an episode , [ ' Christmas Wishes ' ] had that certain … ' spirit ' that I enjoy from Office episodes . " She also complimented the Erin @-@ Andy relationship arc . IGN writer Cindy White , although noting that the episode " had some big obstacles to overcome " with the absences of both Michael Scott and Pam Halpert , " concluded that the episode had a " high rewatch factor . " She wrote , " If my Christmas wish was to watch an episode of The Office that made me laugh a lot , consider that wish granted . " She ultimately gave the episode 8 @.@ 0 / 10 . M. Giant of Television without Pity gave the episode a " B + " . Margaret Lyons from New York wrote a mostly positively review , saying " ' Christmas Wishes ' filled me with holiday cheer , proving that there 's still some juice left in this show , " before noting that " There are still some issues left , too , though . " What Culture ! reviewer Joseph Kratzer praised Mindy Kaling and Ed Helms ' writing and directing work , and said , " If this is what happens when cast members [ … ] take the reins then the writing and directing duties should be kept in house much more often . " The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt wrote a slightly more critical review , noting the episode 's lack of structure . He wrote that " [ ' Christmas Wishes ' ] is not a terrible episode of television , but it ’ s formless to the point where it avoids having to make any sort of statement . " He did , however , positively comment on the Andy and Erin subplot and suggested that the episode was " positioned as a transition point , " featuring an Andy @-@ Erin @-@ Jessica love triangle and a darker Robert California . He ultimately gave the episode a " B – " . Many reviews considered " Christmas Wishes " to be the best episode of the first part of the season .
= The Man from London = The Man from London ( Hungarian : A londoni férfi ) is a 2007 film by Hungarian director Béla Tarr . It is an adaptation by Tarr and his collaborator @-@ friend László Krasznahorkai of the 1934 French language novel L 'Homme de Londres by prolific Belgian writer Georges Simenon . The film was co @-@ directed by editor Ágnes Hranitzky , and features an international ensemble cast including Czech actor Miroslav Krobot , Tilda Swinton , and Hungarian actors János Derzsi and István Lénárt . The plot follows Maloin , a nondescript railway worker who recovers a briefcase containing a significant amount of money from the scene of a murder to which he is the only witness . Wracked by guilt and fear of being discovered , Maloin sinks into despondence and frustration , which leads to acrimony in his household . Meanwhile , an English police detective investigates the disappearance of the money and the unscrupulous characters connected to the crime . The French , German and Hungarian co @-@ production of the film was fraught with difficulty and obstacles . The first of these was the suicide in February 2005 , days before shooting was due to begin , of the film 's French producer , Humbert Balsan . As the original financing of the film collapsed , the remaining producers managed to secure stop @-@ gap funding which allowed them to shoot nine days of footage on the expensive Corsican sets , until they were shut down through legal action by the local subcontractor . After many expressions of support from European film organisations , production companies and government bodies , a new co @-@ production contract was signed in July 2005 with a revised budget and shooting schedule . It then emerged that all rights to the film had been ceded to a French bank under the original production agreement , and only after further changes in the film 's backers was a deal struck with the bank to allow shooting to resume in March 2006 , over a year later than had been originally envisaged . The Man from London was the first of Tarr 's films to premiere in competition at the Cannes Film Festival , but despite being highly anticipated , it won no prize . The French distributor blamed this on poor dubbing and a late showing , though the press were put off by the film 's extended shots and leaden pace . After being re @-@ dubbed , it was shown on the international film festival circuit . Critical reception to The Man from London was generally positive , though less adamant than that of the director 's previous two works ; while reviewers spoke in glowing terms of the formidable cinematography and meticulous composition , they felt the film lacked compelling characters . Variety reviewer Derek Elley commented that the film was unlikely to reconcile the division between viewers of Tarr 's films who find the director to be " either a visionary genius or a crashing bore " . = = Plot = = The film concerns a middle @-@ aged railway pointsman , Maloin ( Miroslav Krobot ) , who lives in a decrepit apartment in a port town with his highly @-@ strung wife Camélia ( Tilda Swinton ) and his daughter Henriette ( Erika Bók ) . One night while in his viewing tower at the port 's rail terminus , Maloin witnesses a fight on the dockside . One of the shady combatants is knocked into the water along with the briefcase he carries ; when the other flees the dark quayside , Maloin makes a clandestine descent from the tower and retrieves the briefcase , which he finds full of sodden English banknotes . Maloin conceals the money and tells no @-@ one of what he has seen . The next morning , he visits a tavern where he plays chess with the barkeep ( Gyula Pauer ) . On his way home , he stops by the butcher 's where his daughter works , and finds to his indignation that they have her washing the floor . Later , from the window of his apartment , he notices Brown ( János Derzsi ) watching him from below . At dinner , Maloin is increasingly irascible , addressing Henriette brusquely and arguing with Camélia . Meanwhile , Brown searches the water at the dock 's edge without success before noticing the watchtower overlooking the quayside , and Maloin within . Later at the tavern , a police inspector from London named Morrison ( István Lénárt ) discusses with Brown the matter of the stolen money . Morrison claims to be working on behalf of a theater owner named Mitchell , a theatre owner from whose office safe the £ 55 @,@ 000 was stolen . Morrison proposes that Brown , being intimately familiar with Mitchell 's office , is the only man he knows who was capable of making away with the money without raising alarm . Morrison indicates that Mitchell cares only that the money is returned swiftly , and is even prepared to offer a two nights ' theater takings in exchange . When Morrison mentions having visited Brown 's wife and asks what he should tell Mitchell , Brown leaves the room under a pretense and slips out a side door . Nearby playing chess with the barkeep , Maloin has overheard the conversation . Maloin calls to the butcher 's and drags Henriette from the store against her will and over the protestations of the butcher 's wife ( Kati Lázár ) . He brings her to the tavern for a drink , where he overhears the barkeep telling another patron the story of Brown 's meeting with the inspector , revealing that Morrison had called the local police when Brown absconded . Though Henriette refuses her drink , Maloin buys her an expensive mink stole . They return home to the consternation of Camélia , who cannot comprehend why Maloin has ruined Henriette 's chances of a job and spent what little savings the family had on the extravagant stole . During Maloin 's shift the next night he is visited by Morrison , who questions him as to the previous night 's events as the body of the drowned man is retrieved from the quayside below . The next day at the tavern , Morrison meets Brown 's wife ( Agi Szirtes ) , and tells her that Brown is under suspicion for the theft and for the murder at the quayside . He asks for her help in finding him and repeats to her Mitchell 's offer to Brown , but she remains silent . At home , Henriette tells Maloin she found a man in their hut at the seaside , and in fear locked the door and ran home . An agitated Maloin tells her not to tell anyone , and leaves for the hut . He unlocks the door , and receiving no response to his calling Brown 's name , steps inside , closing the door behind . Minutes later he re @-@ emerges , breathing heavily . After pausing to compose himself , he locks the door and leaves . In the next scene , Maloin presents the briefcase to Morrison in the tavern , and asks him to arrest him , confessing to having killed Brown an hour ago . Morrison leaves with Maloin for the hut , dismissing the frenzied inquiries of Brown 's wife about her husband and handing the briefcase to the barkeep on the way out . Brown 's wife follows the men to the hut , and emerges weeping with Morrison moments later . Back at the tavern , Morrison prepares two envelopes with a small portion of the recovered money in each . One he leaves with the grieving widow to whom he apologizes and wishes well , while the other he gives to Maloin , telling him that his case was one of self @-@ defense . As he is preparing to leave , Morrison advises Maloin to go home and forget the whole affair . The camera focuses on the expressionless face of Brown 's wife momentarily before fading to white . = = Analysis = = According to critic Martha P. Nochimson , the film is an exploration of the place of anonymous breakdowns of social order in personal life . For the most part , questions of justice operate in the background of The Man From London , which foregrounds the perceptions and point of view of an accidental witness to the murder , who , like the viewer , has no connection with anyone involved . The film principally concerns the texture of the world of the protagonist Maloin as he experiences it ﬁrst hand : fog , light , shadow , skin , walls , ﬂoors , windows , sounds . These are much closer to Maloin than any broken laws involving strangers as in the killing at the dock . As distinct from the trope of crime functioning as a break from the boredom of the mundane for the Hitchcockian ordinary man " excitingly " caught up in it , the interjection of crime in the lives of the characters of The Man from London is a phantom occurrence for those burrowed into the center of the mundane details of their lives . In other words , Tarr 's ﬁlm suggests the possibility that it is only on an abstract plane that murder committed by and on strangers causes a stir and demands an investigation . In this context , it is fitting that the investigation must be undertaken by a stranger , the man from London , since abstraction entails distancing from an enveloping context . Only the appearance of the man from London , Brown , impels Maloin to struggle with his de facto alienation , as an ordinary man , from moral principle , an alienation linked , counterintuitively , to the absence of desire in his daily grind . = = Background = = Director Béla Tarr and novelist @-@ screenwriter László Krasznahorkai had been collaborators since making the acclaimed epic Sátántangó in 1985 . With The Man from London , they sought to adapt the 1934 French language novel L 'Homme de Londres by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon . The novel had been twice adapted for film previously ; as The London Man by Henri Decoin in 1943 , and as Temptation Harbour by Lance Comfort in 1947 with William Hartnell , Robert Newton , and Simone Simon in the lead roles . The Man from London was something of a departure from the social realism of the collaborators ' preceding films , as the characters exemplify no social classes and the film focuses on their internal and interrelational dynamics rather than their environment . Tarr explained that he had been drawn to adapt the novel because " it deals with the eternal and the everyday at one and the same time . It deals with the cosmic and the realistic , the divine and the human , and to my mind , contains the totality of nature and man , just as it contains their pettiness . " It was the first of the director 's films not to feature the Hungarian language or an Eastern European setting . The ensemble cast of the film included Czech Miroslav Krobot , Briton Tilda Swinton , and the Hungarians János Derzsi and István Lénárt . Tarr shared directorial credit with Ágnes Hranitzky – the film 's editor and his long @-@ time collaborator . = = Production history = = The development of the film was problematic , with threats to shut down the production , lack of financing , and ultimately a return to work . The project first faltered in February 2005 , when the film 's producer Humbert Balsan committed suicide . Tarr reported receiving word of his producer 's death two days before shooting was scheduled to begin in Bastia , Corsica . Balsan 's death led to significant financial difficulties for the production . The film had been established as a co @-@ production with French , German and Hungarian financing . Tarr 's Budapest @-@ based production company T. T. Filmműhely were to provide the Hungarian funding for the project , while Balsan had secured the French and German financing for the film by warranting a loan from the French bank Coficiné . Upon learning of his death , the bank withdrew its support for the production , which was then postponed . After securing additional financing from Eurimages and ARTE , Tarr used these and the Hungarian funds to undertake nine days of shooting on sets he had built at a cost of € 2 million . The French funding was cross @-@ financed for the shoot by T. T. Filmműhely . As funds were frozen however , the Corsican subcontractor Tanit Films ( controlled by the film 's then @-@ executive producer Jean @-@ Patrick Costantini ) , terminated their contract with Balsan and through legal action compelled the production to dismantle the sets and leave the shooting location . At that point , Ognon Pictures shut the production down and disassociated themselves from the film , and Tarr withdrew to Hungary to regroup . Expressions of sympathy and solidarity from the European film community manifested in renewed assurances of continued support from the production 's German partners , ARTE , and the French National Film Centre ( whose support was conditional on the film having 51 % of its dialogue in French ) . New French financing was secured from production company Mezzanine Film , and in Hungary , the Hungarian Motion Picture Foundation ( MMKA ) and the Minister of Culture pledged to back the production if a guarantee could be made that the film would be finished safely . A compromise filming schedule was negotiated whereby a quarter of the shoot would take place in Eastern Europe rather than Corsica and fewer shooting days would be allotted . This allowed the original € 5 million budget to be reduced by € 700 @,@ 000 to the amount available . With the funding promises secured and a revised shooting schedule , the film 's producers forged a new co @-@ production contract in July 2005 . While the production 's lawyers worked to clarify its legal standing in the Summer of 2005 , it emerged that Humbert Balsan 's deeply indebted production company Ognon Pictures had pledged all rights to the production to Coficiné in exchange for loans . With production in legal stasis and faced with a lengthy court battle to recover the rights , the producers agreed to a settlement with Ognon 's bankruptcy officer . In the meantime , the French partners Mezzanine Film declared their uncomfortableness with the scale of the production , and after mutual agreement with the producers , left the project on September 5 , 2005 . After meeting with the producers and their new French partner , Paul Saadoun of 13 Production , Coficiné consented to completing the film . On February 6 , 2006 , Tarr and producer Gábor Téni issued a press release which documented at length the developments with the troubled production to that date , and expressed their hope and intent to persevere in completing the film . Tarr duly restarted shooting in March 2006 , after a year of inactivity . The filmmakers dedicated The Man from London to their late colleague Humbert Balsan . = = Release = = The Man from London premiered in competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival , Tarr 's first film to do so . Although its showing was highly anticipated , the slow pace and prolonged shots of the film " had the press fleeing like panicked slaughterhouse cattle " as The New York Times put it , and it won no prize . This failure was attributed by the film 's French distributor Shellac to its late showing and the poor quality of the dubbing . A proposal for the film to open the Hungarian Film Week out of competition had previously been rejected by the festival 's board . Following its Cannes appearance , the film was screened at the film festivals of Toronto , Melbourne , Edinburgh , Split , Vancouver and New York . It proved controversial in New York , where elements of the audience reacted favourably when the film appeared to end prematurely due to a technical fault ; others greeted the actual conclusion with fervent applause and calls of bravo . Global sales rights to the film were bought by Fortissimo Films , and it was re @-@ dubbed in French and English . The new version had its North American premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in September 2008 . In the United Kingdom , distributor Artificial Eye released the film theatrically in December 2008 , 18 months following its Cannes premiere . They later released a DVD box set of Tarr 's films which collected The Man from London with Damnation ( 1988 ) and Werckmeister Harmonies ( 2000 ) . In the United States the film was given a limited release in May 2009 by IFC Films , who later made it available through video @-@ on @-@ demand . = = Critical reception = = Critical reaction to The Man from London generally praised its formalist aesthetic and painstakingly composed scenes , while criticizing its slow pace and lack of a compelling plot . Most argued the film fell short of Tarr 's previous efforts . Variety 's Derek Elley rated the film on a par with his Damnation ( 1988 ) but as inferior to Sátántangó ( 1994 ) and Werckmeister Harmonies ( 2000 ) , remarking it was improbable that The Man From London would put an end to the polarization of Tarr 's audiences into those who hail him as a director of " visionary genius " and those for whom he is a " crashing bore " . Martin Tsai of The New York Sun allowed that Tarr " makes it easy for viewers to get lost in his beautifully bleak world and lose track of time " but complained that in comparison with its predecessors , the film 's central theme of guilt seemed insubstantial and the film itself felt " slight and incomplete " . The New York Times reviewer Nathan Lee described The Man from London as " bloated , formalist art " , and an " outrageously stylized , conceptually demanding film " that dehumanizes and alienates its audience . In The Hollywood Reporter , Kirk Honeycutt complimented the intricacy of the cinematography and the monochrome photography , but judged the film to be " tedious " , " repetitive " and " nearly unwatchable " . In a review of Cannes ' offerings for Time Out , Dave Calhoun too drew attention to the meticulous cinematography and signature shot length 's of Tarr 's " austere and mesmeric " film , and declared Swinton 's dubbing into Hungarian one of the festival 's strangest instances of cultural displacement . Reporting from Cannes , The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw described the film as " bizarre and lugubrious , but mesmeric " , and praised the muted performance of Agi Szirtes in the role of Brown 's wife as " strangely compelling " . Reviewing the film following its theatrical release , he found the dubbed dialogue affected and odd , the score doom @-@ laden , the occasional humour mordant , and the cinematography mesmerising , remarking that net effect was " unsettling , sometimes absurd , sometimes stunning " . Ed Gonzales of The Village Voice concluded that the film " stands as an example of style for the sake of pure and intense but dispassionate style " .
= 6 : 02 AM EST = " 6 : 02 AM EST " is the 20th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 63rd episode overall . The narrative follows the activation of the doomsday device by the parallel universe , and the subsequent devastating consequences experienced by our world . David Wilcox , Josh Singer , and Graham Roland co @-@ wrote the episode , while Jeannot Szwarc directed it . Guest star Kevin Corrigan returned as the mysterious Sam Weiss . Actor John Noble and executive producer Jeff Pinkner have referred to " 6 : 02 AM EST " as the start of an " epic trilogy " , as it and the following two episodes would be " linked in one continuous story arc " . The episode received generally positive reviews ; many critics noted its purpose was meant to set the stage for the season finale . = = Plot = = In the parallel universe , Walternate has been able to use the blood sample from Fauxlivia 's child to create a serum made up of half of Peter Bishop 's DNA . He uses this serum to activate his doomsday machine at 6 : 02 AM . In the prime universe , this results in a series of unusual events , including the formation of a vortex that wipes out a long swath of land in rural New York state , including a herd of sheep and two of their shepherds . The Fringe division learns that their version of the machine activated at 6 : 02 AM on its own , and Walter suspects the two machines are tied by quantum entanglement , with their version of the machine destroying their world to stabilize the parallel one . Unknown to the prime universe , Walternate 's experiment has not affected the stability of their world . In the prime universe , Nina Sharp helps to set up Massive Dynamic 's resources to track these occurrences , preparing to deploy limited supplies of the amber substance to contain them if needed . Nina advises Olivia to find Sam Weiss , a man that William Bell had trusted and instructed Nina to also listen to . However , Sam has disappeared and cannot be found . Walter and Peter , along with Massive Dynamic staff , debate how to disable the machine , but Peter realizes that he himself is the only option . Walter comes to recognize that the Observer 's efforts from earlier ( " The Firefly " ) were to prepare him to lose Peter . After preparing himself , Peter goes to touch the machine , but is sent flying by an electrical spark , wounding him and knocking him unconscious . At the hospital chapel , Walter tries to find repentance from God for his actions , while Olivia arrives after hearing the news . She steps outside to observe the sunset when Sam Weiss runs up to her and demands to be taken to the machine to stop what is already happening . In the parallel universe , Walternate 's machine has been detected by the Fringe division and Fauxlivia and her team go to investigate . When Walternate tells them to stand down , Fauxilivia asks him about her recent mission to the prime universe and the part that she recovered . Walternate admits to her that the machine has been activated , having sacrificed his own son Peter to allow Fauxlivia 's son to live . Fauxlivia becomes distressed at Walternate 's actions , and later returns to Liberty Island to obtain the devices to allow her to cross to the prime universe , but is caught before she can use them . Walternate locks her away , seeing her as a traitor to his cause . = = Production = = " 6 : 02 AM EST " was written by co @-@ executive producers David Wilcox and Josh Singer , and executive story editor Graham Roland ; filmmaker Jeannot Szwarc directed it . Though the season 3 finale was scheduled to be just an hour long , executive producer Jeff Pinkner confirmed that the last three episodes would be " linked in one continuous story arc " . This was a reflection of Pinkner and fellow executive producer J.H. Wyman 's intent to have the last three episodes of every season seem like " you 're turning the last page of a chapter in a novel . And usually in a good novel , the last pages [ of a chapter ] compels you forward with a new understanding of what the subject matter is and you get deeper and you can ’ t wait to turn that page . " Some media outlets have referred to the episodes as a " three @-@ part third @-@ season finale " . During a conference call with journalists , actor John Noble called " 6 : 02 AM EST " and the next two episodes of the third season an " epic trilogy " . He elaborated " All year we 've been heading toward the fact that there seems to be an inevitable conflict between the two universes . And we 've gotten to know the people on both sides now , so we now bring it to a conclusion starting with ' 6 : 02 . ' By the next episode we start to deal with the issue because our earth starts to deteriorate . Events start to happen here which indicate that our world is degrading . And so everyone has to move into another gear and say , ' Okay , this problem is not going to go away . It 's now affecting our side . We do have a machine which we believe can assist in the resolution of this problem . ' And so the episode basically deals with the lead @-@ up in the first part of that trilogy , leading up to the use of that machine . " In the same interview , Noble called the episode 's title very critical to the series , stating " That time frame plays through the three episodes . Very important to remember as we get to the finale , that time frame . " In March 2011 , TVline 's Michael Ausiello exclusively confirmed that previous guest actor Kevin Corrigan would be returning for the twentieth and twenty @-@ first episodes of the season . Corrigan last appeared in the season 's twelfth episode " Concentrate and Ask Again " ; his role in " 6 : 02 AM EST " and the following week 's episode " The Last Sam Weiss " marked his sixth and seventh appearances on Fringe , respectively . As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children , focusing on the science seen in " 6 : 02 AM EST " , with the intention of having " students learn about weather forecasting . " Ironically , the sunny post @-@ daybreak conditions depicted as occurring at the time used as the episode 's title ( 6 : 02 AM Eastern Standard Time ) cannot ever occur anywhere in New York state under the Daylight Saving Time rules used in the contemporary United States . Even on the very first days of the period in the autumn when DST ends and New York returns to Standard Time , the sun has not yet risen over any part of the state . The same is true on the last day of Standard Time in the spring ( even in Montauk , Long Island , which is the southeasternmost point of New York , the sunrise on the final day of EST in 2011 was at 6 : 06 AM ) . A better title for the episode would have thus have been " 6 : 02 AM EDT " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On its initial broadcast in the United States , the episode was watched by an estimated 3 @.@ 51 million viewers , with a 1 @.@ 2 / 4 ratings share for those aged 18 – 49 . It was seen by 14 percent fewer viewers than the previous week , though several other series airing that night were also down in viewers . The 1 @.@ 2 ratings share resulted in a series low for Fringe . = = = Reviews = = = The A.V. Club 's Noel Murray graded the episode with an A- , explaining that though he did not want to give a full review until the season finale aired , he was " enjoying how Fringe 's third season is wrapping up " , such as " the cross @-@ cutting between Earth @-@ 1 and Earth @-@ 2 , and the sense of imminent doom . " Murray continued that he " especially liked ... that in the midst of all this end @-@ times rush , it pauses periodically to check in with the various characters in short one @-@ on @-@ one scenes , strengthening our sense of what these relationships mean . ( It 's something that Fringe has gotten good at in the past year @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half , and something I wouldn 't have predicted for the show back in season one . ) " Writing for the Los Angeles Times , critic Andrew Hanson noted Fringe is preparing for the finale , calling " 6 : 02 AM EST " a " movement episode [ that ] give [ s ] an opportunity to get everyone into place for the big climax " in a vein similar to the television series Lost . Hanson enjoyed the two " sleights of hand " , explaining he was surprised by Fauxlivia 's universe @-@ crossing device failing and what happened to Peter after touching the machine . IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated the episode 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , writing " This week 's episode wasn 't an edge @-@ of @-@ your seat masterpiece , but it scores high marks for character development and putting the pieces in place for a great season finale . " Like Hanson , Isler loved the outcome of Peter and the machine , calling it a " nice plot twist " ; he also praised Blair Brown as " one of the many under @-@ appreciated elements of the series . " Writing for Mania.com , critic Kurt Anthony Krug acknowledged the episode " had a tough act to follow " after the previous week 's episode , but stated " it 's still pretty good " . Sarah Stegall from SFScope was happy to see Peter " taking a more active role " with the machine plotline , but disliked the episode 's religious elements , believing that Walter 's scene in the church " felt forced " . Stegall concluded her review noting " This episode felt like the first part of a chess game , as the pieces are arranged on the board . The big move is coming up , the endgame that will decide who wins and who loses " .
= Subspecies ( film series ) = Subspecies is an American , direct @-@ to @-@ video , horror film series produced by Full Moon Studios . The series ran from 1991 to 1998 , and followed the exploits of vampire Radu Vladislas , portrayed by Anders Hove , and his efforts to turn Michelle Morgan into his fledgling . A spin @-@ off film was released in 1997 , which featured characters that would go on to appear in the final installment of the film series . Ted Nicolaou directed each of the five films , which included the spin @-@ off ; he also wrote the scripts for the sequels and spin @-@ off . The series was shot on @-@ location in Romania , utilizing stop @-@ motion and rod puppet techniques to achieve the look the director wanted for the series ' subspecies creatures . The series has had mixed reviews with critics citing vampire clichés as a downfall of the films , but generally commending the director 's choice in filming in Romania , as well as the special effects used in the film . = = Films = = = = = Subspecies = = = Subspecies ( 1991 ) follows three college students , Mara , Michelle , and Lillian , as they begin a study on Romanian culture and superstition in the small town Prejmer . They are befriended by Stefan , a student studying nocturnal animals . It is revealed that the nearby Castle Vladislas has been caught in a power struggle between vampire brothers Stefan and Radu . Centuries prior , King Vladislas was seduced and cursed by a sorceress who eventually gave birth to Radu . After banishing Radu 's mother , the king met a mortal woman . She gave birth to Stefan , who prefers to live in the open , and loathes his vampire heritage . To gain control over the Bloodstone , a relic that is said to drip the blood of the saints , Radu kills his father . In an effort to hurt his brother , Radu turns Mara and Lillian into vampires . Stefan , having fallen in love with Michelle , helps her try and free Mara and Lillian from Radu 's control . Stefan drives a stake through Radu 's heart and severs his head with a sword , killing Radu . Unfortunately for Stefan , Radu bites Michelle before his brother can kill him , which forces Stefan to turn Michelle with his own blood in order to keep her from becoming like Radu . As Stefan and Michelle sleep , Radu 's minions set about resurrecting their master . = = = Bloodstone : Subspecies II = = = Bloodstone : Subspecies II ( 1993 ) picks up directly after the events of the first film , with Radu 's minions , the Subspecies , reattaching Radu 's head and removing the stake from his heart . Radu finds Stefan and Michelle sleeping , and immediately kills Stefan . The rising sun forces Radu to seek refuge ; Michelle wakes at sunset and finds Stefan dead in his coffin , with the Bloodstone still in his hands . Michelle flees to Bucharest with the Bloodstone , hoping to contact her sister , Becky , for help . Radu , with the help of his mother , " Mummy " , sets out to find Michelle and the Bloodstone . Becky arrives in Romania and with the help of Lieutenant Marin , Professor Popescu , and US Embassy Agent Mel Thompson , attempts to find her sister . Radu eventually captures Michelle , who has been fighting her craving for blood since Radu took the Bloodstone . Mel and Lieutenant Marin do not believe Popescu and Becky , so the two of them go to a nearby crypt where they believe Michelle might be . Popescu is murdered by Mummy , while Becky is also captured and given to Michelle to feed from , as a way for Michelle to shed her mortal ties . Instead of killing her sister , Michelle stabs Radu in the face with an enchanted dagger , and sets fire to Radu 's mother , who flees the room in flames . Becky and Michelle attempt to escape the catacomb , but Michelle is halted by the coming sunrise . Becky promises to return that evening , but as Michelle descends back into the tomb she is grabbed by Radu 's mother and carried off . = = = Bloodlust : Subspecies III = = = Picking up where Subspecies II leaves off , Bloodlust : Subspecies III ( 1994 ) finds Michelle deep in the catacombs with Radu 's mother , who brings her son back from the dead with Michelle 's blood and the enchanted dagger that killed him ; Radu , his mother , and Michelle return to Castle Vladislas . Michelle promises to obey Radu if he teaches her everything that he knows . Radu takes Michelle out hunting so she can enhance her powers , while Mel contacts a former operative of the CIA for help . While trying to rescue Michelle , Radu 's mother quickly kills Mel 's CIA friend , and knocks Mel unconscious . In an effort to get Michelle to stay with him forever , Radu kills his mother when she attacks Michelle . Becky arrives to save Michelle , but before everyone leaves , Michelle takes a gun from Becky , which contains silver bullets , and shoots Radu . The rising sun slows Michelle , so she is placed inside a body bag that was brought along ; the delay allows Radu time to catch up to the group . Wanting the Bloodstone , which was taken by Michelle , Radu attempts to barter the group 's lives in exchange for it . Becky throws it over the roof 's edge , and when Radu attempts to follow it he is engulfed in the rays of the Sun . Radu 's body bursts into flames and falls from the castle wall . Becky and the group make it to their car and drive off . Radu 's burning corpse is left smoldering and impaled on tree branches , with his burning blood dropping to the ground ; the flames go out and the blood morphs into new subspecies . = = = Vampire Journals = = = Vampire Journals ( 1997 ) is a spin @-@ off of the Subspecies film series , featuring the vampire Ash . Vampire Journals follows Zachary , a vampire with a conscience , who hunts the vampire bloodline that sired him . After witnessing the love of his life get turned into a vampire , Zachary destroys both her , and his master , and former protégé of Ash , Serena . Zachary , armed with the enchanted sword of a great vampire slayer called Laertes , seeks out the rest of Serena 's bloodline to eradicate them . Zachary travels to Bucharest to find Ash . Zachary uses Ash 's penchant for music and women to bait him out into the open for attack . Ash sets his sights on pianist Sofia , but is thwarted by Zachary during his first attempt to take Sofia . It is revealed through a conversation between Ash and a seer that Zachary 's coming was expected and that the two are destined to fight ; however , Ash is to be the victor . Ash does not give up on acquiring Sofia , and hires her for his nightclub . Over the next few nights he drains her of blood , so that he may turn her into a new apprentice . He also makes a deal with Zachary : he will give Zachary a consort , protection from the Sun , and allow Zachary to see Sophia if he leaves the city the following night . While Ash is preparing to sire Sofia , he gives his daytime consult Iris the key to Zachary 's room , so that she may dispose of his sleeping body in the sunlight . Seeing that his obsession with Sofia will ruin both their lives , Iris releases Zachary instead . Zachary arrives too late ; Sophia has already accepted Ash 's blood . Fighting off a weakened Ash , Zachary and Sofia escape from the nightclub . Ash follows them , but the rising sun becomes a problem . Zachary manages to get back the sword and kill Ash , whose body falls into the Sun 's rays . Zachary and Sofia then find refuge in a nearby closet . = = = Subspecies 4 : Bloodstorm = = = Subspecies 4 : Bloodstorm ( 1998 ) begins with a badly burnt Radu able to find refuge in his crypt . A car accident takes the lives of everyone but Michelle , who is discovered by a stranger named Ana . Upon seeing Michelle 's reaction to the sunlight , Ana takes her body to her former professor , Dr. Nicolescu , who quickly determines that Michelle is a vampire . When Michelle wakes , Dr. Nicolescu promises to cure her of her vampirism . Dr. Nicolescu is a vampire himself , but uses science to allow him to be immune to vampire weaknesses , with the exception of needing blood , and hopes to use Michelle to get the blood stone and therefore a cure for his condition . With his strength restored , Radu travels to Bucharest to claim the financial wealth one of his previous " fledglings " , Ash , who has acquired in the Vladislas . Radu enlists Ash 's help to track down Michelle , while Ash 's own fledgling , Serena , attempts to play Radu and Ash against each other . Radu discovers Michelle 's location , and Dr. Nicolescu agrees to give her to Radu in exchange for three drops of blood from the Bloodstone . Radu agrees , but it was only a trick to allow Dr. Nicolescu the opportunity to capture and stake Radu . Michelle arrives releases Radu , and the two flee to safety . Serena arrives immediately after and gives Ana a key to the Vladislas crypt , where Radu is , with instructions to kill Radu . Ana and Dr. Nicolescu arrive at the tomb , but Radu awakens and kills Nicolescu . Radu turns his attention to Ana , but Michelle slices his throat , allowing Ana enough time to decapitate Radu . They burn his body and take the Bloodstone . Ash and Serena are waiting at the opening of the crypt , but a caretaker , hearing Ana 's screams , opens the crypt and spills sunlight inside . Michelle is hidden in a coffin and transported out of the cemetery , while Radu 's head sits on a pike burning in the sun . = = Cast and characters = = List indicator ( s ) Italics indicate a transition to a minor role , such as an extended flashback , after the initial appearance . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . = = Production = = In 1991 , Subspecies became the first American film to be filmed in Bucharest , Romania . Director Ted Nicolaou was initially apprehensive about shooting on location in Romania , but during a four @-@ day location scout he came to love the location thanks to the free rein he had over the ancient ruins and woodland area . Other Transylvanian areas would be used for all Subspecies films , with specific location shootings at Hunedoara , Braşov , and Sinaia . Although , the remnants of communism left in the country , along with cultural differences and the general problems that accompany film productions lent to a difficult experience for the crew while shooting the first Subspecies film . The subspecies creatures , which were created from Radu 's blood , originally began as local Romanian men in rubber suits . The men were filmed on over @-@ scaled sets to simulate the miniature size of the creatures . The performances of the Romanian men , along with the design of the rubber suits , caused director Ted Nicolaou to rethink his approach . Nicolaou brought in animator David W. Allen to assist him in creating " more magical " looking subspecies creatures . Allen went through all of the film footage that contained the Romanian extras in their rubber suits with the film 's editor in order to find usable footage before and after the men enter the scene . Allen would use the isolated footage to develop a new background for the animated creatures he would later create . Allen created two puppet types , displayed in front of a bluescreen : a stop motion puppet and a rod puppet . Each of the puppet types were composed of foam rubber , and held similar skeletal systems . Some differences between the two types include tension filled joints for the stop @-@ motion puppet , while the rod puppet was looser . The flexibility of the rod @-@ puppet allowed for faster movements , which were needed occasionally for real time filming . For Bloodstone and Bloodlust , Wayne Toth and Norman Cabrera came on board to create the special make @-@ up effects for the films ; they also pulled double duty composing and performing the music , alongside Romanian musicians , for a portion of Bloodstone . The limited budget that Toth and Cabrera had to work forced them to use any location they could find in order to apply the make @-@ up to the actors , as they did not have a separate workstation . Make @-@ up trailers would be created in local resident 's homes , cave openings , inside of cars , or just sitting on the side of the road . To create Radu 's face , Toth and Cabrera applied four separate prosthetic pieces to Anders Hove 's forehead , left and right cheek , and his chin . A cosmetic make @-@ up is applied over his entire face to help conceal those four prosthetics . This was the same process used in the original Subspecies film , although Toth and Cabrera admit to tweaking the coloring of Radu 's skin . One major change to the make @-@ up process was to Radu 's hands . In the original film , Hove had to wear individual appliances on each of his fingers , but to cut back on the time needed to apply the make @-@ up , Toth and Cabrera created a pair of prosthetic gloves that Hove could slip on his hands . For " Mummy " , Radu 's sorceress mother , a headpiece was cast from Pamela Gordon , which included her shoulders as well . After the make @-@ up was applied to give the cast a " dry " and " mummified " appearance , it was slipped over Gordon 's head leaving only her face showing . From there , Toth and Cabrera applied a separate face prosthetic . The facial appliance gave Gordon near zero visibility , having only a single eye slit for her left eye . The crew had to escort her around sets so that she would not injure herself . Gordon was given a pair of dentures to wear , as well as some prosthetic gloves similar to what Hove wore . The rest of Gordon 's body was draped in clothing to conceal it . = = Reception = = Culture Cartel critic Mike Bracken believed the story was " largely clichéd " , coupled with " bad acting " on the part of Watson and the female cast , but commended the realism Nicolaou created by shooting on location in Romania — using Romanian residents for smaller roles in the film — as well as the fact that the film does not " take itself too seriously " , making it " more fun " than Francis Ford Coppola 's Dracula . Cold Fusion Video 's Nathan Shumate echoed Bracken 's opinion on the " authenticity " created from the Romanian landscaping and actors that gave " the feel of verisimilitude " , but criticized the stop @-@ motion subspecies as being " irrelevant to the main action " , and the story as a " general lack of urgency " . Richard Scheib , a critic for science fiction , horror , and fantasy review website Moria , felt the original film " showed promise " when it attempted to go " back to the folklore roots of vampirism " ; he also liked the authentic feeling from shooting in Romania , but felt the limited budget restricted the film from being convincing , with David Allen 's stop @-@ motion subspecies creatures being a disappointment . When he had a chance to review Bloodstone , Scheib felt the sequel delivered " vampire clichés " , but again " showed promise " with its imaginative make @-@ up effects — specifically the staking of Stefan , the reattachment of Radu 's head by the subspecies creatures , the look of Mummy — as well as the visual effects of Radu 's shadow stalking Michelle through town , which gave Scheib a sense of Nosferatu . Another criticism from Scheib was with the replacement of Laura Tate with Denice Duff ; Scheib characterizes Duff as " internalized and afraid " , as opposed to the addition of Melanie Shatner 's character , Rebecca Morgan , whom he classifies as " alert and intelligent " . DVD schlock wrote that the film series " manage to give an edge of bad @-@ assitude to its vampires " , and that " each entertains in its own right and furthers the Subspecies tale one more step beyond the last one ... until finally being beaten over the head by a shovel with the stinky Vampire Journals " . In a review by LaserDisc , it was felt that one consistency through the series was Radu , whose villainy is " effectively embodied " by Anders Hove . LaserDisc also believed that the sequels sustained the entertainment value through their intelligent use of eroticism , gore and on @-@ location setting . = = Other media = = In 1991 , Full Moon teamed with Eternity Comics to produce comic books series for a handful of Full Moon 's titles . Among these comics was a Subspecies series that served as a prequel to the first film . The title ran as a four issue mini @-@ series .
= German submarine U @-@ 36 ( 1936 ) = German submarine U @-@ 36 was a Type VIIA U @-@ boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine which served during World War II . She was constructed in the earliest days of the U @-@ boat arm at Kiel in 1936 , and served in the pre @-@ war Navy in the Baltic Sea and North Sea under Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Klaus Ewerth . Korvettenkapitän ( K.Kapt. ) Wilhelm Fröhlich took command in October 1938 and continued in the role until the boat was lost . During the war , U @-@ 36 undertook two patrols , but was sunk by a torpedo fired by HMS Salmon . She was lost with all hands . = = Construction and design = = = = = Construction = = = U @-@ 36 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 25 March 1935 as part of the German Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles . Her keel was laid down in the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen as yard number 559 on 2 March 1936 . After about eight months of construction , she was launched on 4 November 1936 and commissioned on 16 December under the command of Kptlt . Klaus Ewerth . = = = Design = = = Like all Type VIIA submarines , U @-@ 36 displaced 626 tonnes ( 616 long tons ) while surfaced and 745 t ( 733 long tons ) when submerged . She was 64 @.@ 51 m ( 211 ft 8 in ) in overall length and had a 45 @.@ 50 m ( 149 ft 3 in ) pressure hull . U @-@ 36 's propulsion consisted of two MAN 6 @-@ cylinder 4 @-@ stroke M6V 40 / 46 diesel engines that totaled 2 @,@ 100 – 2 @,@ 310 PS ( 1 @,@ 540 – 1 @,@ 700 kW ; 2 @,@ 070 – 2 @,@ 280 bhp ) . Her maximum rpm was between 470 and 485 . The submarine was also equipped with two Brown , Boveri & Cie GG UB 720 / 8 electric motors that totaled 750 PS ( 550 kW ; 740 shp ) . Their maximum rpm was 322 . These engines gave U @-@ 36 a total speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) while surfaced and 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) when submerged . This resulted in a range of 6 @,@ 200 nmi ( 11 @,@ 500 km ; 7 @,@ 100 mi ) while traveling at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) on the surface and 73 – 94 nmi ( 135 – 174 km ; 84 – 108 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) when submerged . The U @-@ boat 's test depth was 220 m ( 720 ft ) but she could go as deep as 230 – 250 m ( 750 – 820 ft ) without having her hull crushed . U @-@ 36 's armament consisted of five 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes ( four located in the bow and one in the stern ) . She could have up to 11 torpedoes on board or 22 TMA or 33 TMB mines . U @-@ 36 was also equipped with a 8 @.@ 8 cm SK C / 35 naval gun and had 220 rounds for it stowed on board . Her anti @-@ aircraft defenses consisted of one 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) anti @-@ aircraft gun . = = Service history = = = = = First patrol = = = U @-@ 36 was at sea when the war broke out , having set out from Wilhelmshaven on 31 August 1939 . She arrived in Kiel on 6 September and the following day departed for her first war patrol . She then patrolled the North Sea for three weeks , hoping to catch ships traveling between Britain and Scandinavia carrying war supplies . During this patrol , the boat sank two steamers , Truro and Silesia — one British and the other from neutral Sweden — carrying British produce . Seahorse , a British submarine , later fired on U @-@ 36 and subsequently claimed to have sunk her , although in fact the torpedo missed . On 27 September Fröhlich and his crew captured another Swedish vessel , Algeria , which he proceeded to escort back to Germany as the patrol came to an end . She returned to her berth in Kiel at the end of September , where she remained until December . During her first patrol , U @-@ 36 was also credited with having laid the mine that sank the Norwegian freighter , Solaas . = = = Second patrol = = = On 17 November 1939 , Naval High Command ( SKL ) issued orders for U @-@ 36 and U @-@ 38 to scout the location for Basis Nord , a secret German naval base for raids on Allied shipping located off the Kola Peninsula and provided by the Soviet Union . The mission required coded messages to be flashed to Soviet naval vessels patrolling the area preceding a Soviet escort to the prospective base location . However , U @-@ 36 never left the Norwegian Sea . On 4 December 1939 , two days out of Wilhelmshaven , she was spotted on the surface near the Norwegian port of Stavanger by the British submarine Salmon . Salmon then fired one torpedo at her unwitting counterpart . It sank U @-@ 36 , all 40 of the sailors aboard were lost . During the same patrol , the Salmon also torpedoed the light cruisers Leipzig and Nürnberg . Following the loss of U @-@ 36 , U @-@ 38 continued towards the Kola Peninsula , successfully reaching the location and accomplished the scouting mission for Basis Nord . = = Summary of raiding history = =
= Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) = " Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) " is a song by American R & B singer , Usher . The song is the first single in the United States from Usher 's sixth studio album Raymond v. Raymond , following the buzz single " Papers " . The song was written by longtime Usher collaborator Rico Love , Usher , Plies and The Runners and it was also produced by the Love and The Runners . The remix version of the song , featuring Plies was released to radio stations on December 8 , 2009 , and subsequently available for digital download on December 15 , 2009 . The song received positive reviews with critics praising Usher 's return to the style of music in 2004 's Confessions , as also with " Papers " . The song has peaked at number twenty @-@ four on the Billboard Hot 100 , and at number two on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , giving Usher his third consecutive U.S. R & B top five hit . = = Background and composition = = The song was leaked onto the internet in later October 2009 with several preliminary tracks from Raymond v. Raymond . " Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) " , one of the tracks that follows @-@ up Usher 's divorce , and the change in content from Here I Stand , back to Confessions @-@ style , was one of six tracks co @-@ written by Rico Love for the album . In an exclusive with Rap @-@ Up , Love said of Usher 's return to that style , " I feel like he ’ s got his mind right and it ’ s focused . He went through a lot . He had lost his father when he was creating the Here I Stand record , a lot of controversy with his marriage , he had kids , he parted ways with his mother ’ s management , and there were just a lot of things going on and he kind of lost focus . It ’ s not like Here I Stand wasn ’ t a good album . I just feel like he lost touch with his demographic . " According to MTV News , the song provides the reasons behind Usher 's crumbling marriage as narrated in " Papers " . The remix version featuring Plies made its way onto the internet in late November , a few days before the song 's radio and digital release . = = Critical reception = = Mariel Concepcion of Billboard said that the song is " a clear indication that the R & B crooner is bringing sexy back , " " atop a silky piano pattern and hand claps . " She also said , " Plies makes a nice addition to the already sexified track , as the self @-@ proclaimed goon drops a raunchy verse in his raspy Southern drawl . " The review went on to say , " ' Hey Daddy ' may not be a chart @-@ topper @-@ yet @-@ but it sure will make the naysayers pay attention again . " Mark Edward Nero of About.com said that the song was " is not only the album 's first official single , " but " also a declaration . " He goes on to say , " In the song , Usher 's basically sending a message to his female fans that the Usher they knew and loved is back in their lives and that they don 't need to stray any more : " You know your daddy 's home , and it 's time to play , so you ain 't got to give my lovin ' away . " Nero calls ' Hey Daddy ' " one of more than half a dozen sex songs on the album . " Sara D. Anderson of AOL Music said that the song has a " catchy R & B tune " and " the song showcases Usher 's role as the ladies ' man as he croons : " You know your daddy 's home ( daddy 's home ) / And it 's time to play ( so it 's time to play ) / So you ain 't got to give my loving away . " James Reed of The Boston Globe said that the track was one of the album 's songs to showcase " Usher 's signature loveman moves " however called them " hollow as a chocolate Easter bunny " , as he pointed out the whole album had a lack of emotion Andrew Rennie of Now Magazine said that on the song and on " Lil Freak " that Usher shows " he ’ s unafraid to get lewd " . = = Chart performance = = After its release to digital download , the song debuted at number ninety @-@ four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song fell off the chart its second week , but re @-@ entered the chart four weeks later at number 100 . It then dropped out the chart again , before re @-@ entering yet again , this time at eighty . It has since peaked at twenty @-@ four . The song peaked at number two on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and was Usher 's third consecutive top five R & B hit , and his fourteenth top three R & B title . With the charting , Usher passed Ludacris for the most top three hits . The song also peaked at number sixty @-@ eight on the Austrian Singles Chart . = = Music video = = The music video was directed by Chris Robinson , and was shot in West Hollywood at " The London " . It premiered on MTV on January 28 , 2010 . French fashion model Noemie Lenoir portrays Usher 's love interest . Like the album version of the song , the music video does not feature Plies or his verse . In the video , Usher struggles to get home to his wife , however due to several obligations and his partying , he cannot make it . Previous shots are given of Usher and Lenoir in a brown backdrop , and assumed previous situations of their love life and Usher coming home . Scenes are seen with Usher in a boardroom setting , and then teaching dance to a group of women in a studio , then in a club . Several instances in the video are unknown as in the scene in which Usher takes a phone call , unknown to the viewer for " business or pleasure , " as explained by James Montgomery of MTV News . In describing the video , he went on to say , " ... you can kind of see why it 'd be about both . Such is the life he 's chosen , and now he must deal with the repercussions . " In following scenes the threat of infidelity is seen even clearer as Usher gets close to the " over @-@ friendly dancers " and " sipping — and spitting — champagne in a place that looks very much like a strip club . " Montgomery went on to say that the video is full of " temptation , love and lust , " and " about distance and the effect it has on all those things . " He goes on to say that in the video " All Ush wants to do is make it back to her , to do all those things that husbands and wives tend to do . The only problem is he can 't . " At the end of the video , Lenoir has enough , and walks out . Montgomery notes that it is not clear whether Usher even makes it home , or if the song was even referring to the wife character , and not " someone special stashed in a nearby suite . " In resolving the video 's review , Montgomery said , " Distance may make the heart grow fonder , but there are limits to everything . Usher may want to be no place but home , but there 's a big , wide world out there with pitfalls aplenty . He 's a superstar , a businessman , a father and an ( ex- ) husband , but at the end of the day , Ush is also human , and " Hey Daddy " is proof of that . " In a review of the video , Rap @-@ Up said that " Even though it ’ s been a minute since his last video , the ladies man still knows how to bust a move . " = = Live performances = = Usher performed the song on Lopez Tonight and the Late Show with David Letterman . In promoting Raymond v. Raymond , he performed the song along with a medley of the songs from the album on Good Morning America . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) [ featuring Plies ] " – 4 : 16 = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting - Usher Raymond , Rico Love , Andrew Harr , Jermaine Jackson , Plies Production - Rico Love , Andrew Harr , Jermaine Jackson Background vocals - Rico Love , Tocarra Hamilton Vocal production - Rico Love Vocal recording - Ian Cross Mixing - Manny Marroquin , assisted by Erik Madrid Source = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Chorioactis = Chorioactis is a genus of fungus that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster . The mushroom is commonly known as the devil 's cigar or the Texas star in the United States , while in Japan it is called kirinomitake ( キリノミタケ ? ) . This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and disjunct distribution : it is found only in select locales in Texas and Japan . The fruit body , which grows on the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms ( in Texas ) or dead oaks ( in Japan ) , somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays . The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore @-@ bearing tissue known as the hymenium , and is colored white to brown , depending on its age . The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores . Fruit bodies were first collected in Austin , Texas , and the species was named Urnula geaster in 1893 ; later it was found in Kyushu in 1937 , but the mushroom was not reported again in Japan until 1973 . Although the new genus Chorioactis was proposed to accommodate the unique species a few years after its original discovery , it was not until 1968 that it was accepted as a valid genus . Its classification has also been a source of confusion . Historically , Chorioactis was placed in the fungus family Sarcosomataceae , despite inconsistencies in the microscopic structure of the ascus , the saclike structure in which spores are formed . Phylogenetic analyses of the past decade have clarified the fungus 's classification : Chorioactis , along with three other genera , make up the family Chorioactidaceae , a grouping of related fungi formally acknowledged in 2008 . In 2009 , Japanese researchers reported discovering a form of the fungus missing the sexual stage of its life cycle ; this asexual state was named Kumanasamuha geaster . = = History = = The fungus was first collected in Austin , Texas , in 1893 by botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood , who sent the specimens to mycologist Charles Horton Peck for identification . Peck described the species as Urnula geaster in that year 's Annual Report of the New York State botanist , although he expressed doubt about its generic placement in Urnula . In 1902 , student mycologist Elsie Kupfer questioned the proposed classification of various species in the genera Urnula and Geopyxis , as suggested in an 1896 publication on the Discomycetes by German mycologist Heinrich Rehm . She considered Rehm 's transfer of the species to the genus Geopyxis illogical : " Even externally the fungus does not closely answer Rehm 's own description of the genus Geopyxis under which he places it ; the texture of the apothecium is described as fleshy , the stem , as short and sometimes thin ; while in this plant , the leathery character of the cup and the length and thickness of the stem are its noticeable features . " Working with Underwood 's guidance , Kupfer compared the microscopic structure of the hymenium ( the fertile , spore @-@ bearing tissue ) of the Texan species with a number of similar ones — Geopyxis carbonaria , Urnula craterium , and Urnula terrestris ( now known as Podophacidium xanthomelum ) . She concluded that the Texan species was so dissimilar as to warrant its own genus , which she named Chorioactis . Although this taxonomical change was opposed in later studies of the fungus by Frederick De Forest Heald and Frederick Adolf Wolf ( 1910 ) and Fred Jay Seaver ( 1928 , 1942 ) , Chorioactis was established as a valid genus in 1968 by Finn @-@ Egil Eckblad in his comprehensive monograph about the Discomycetes . = = Classification and naming = = Historically , Chorioactis was considered to be in the family Sarcosomataceae . A 1983 monograph on the family included Chorioactis in the tribe Sarcosomateae ( along with the genera Desmazierella , Sarcosoma , Korfiella , Plectania , and Urnula ) , a grouping of fungi characterized by having spores lacking small wartlike projections ( verruculae ) capable of absorbing blue dye . A 1994 study of the structural features of the asci and the ascospores concluded that Chorioactis was more closely aligned with the Sarcoscyphaceae , although it conceded that the layering of the cells comprising the walls of the ascus differed considerably from the other members of the family . It was not until 1999 that the results of phylogenetic analysis firmly challenged the traditional classification , showing C. geaster to be part of a distinct lineage , or clade , that includes species in the genera Desmazierella , Neournula , and Wolfina , taxa that were distributed among both families . This analysis was later corroborated when it was shown that the grouping of these four genera ( by then called the " Chorioactis clade " ) represented a sister clade to the Sarcosomataceae , and a new family , the Chorioactidaceae , was erected to contain them . Although C. geaster shares some characteristics with the other Chorioactidaceae genera , including dark @-@ colored superficial " hairs " on the outer surface of the fruit bodies , it is distinguished from them by its tan to orange ( rather than black ) hymenia . The specific epithet geaster alludes to members of genus Geastrum , which also open to form star @-@ shaped fruit bodies commonly called ' earthstars ' . In the United States , Chorioactis geaster is commonly known as the Texas star , or the devil 's cigar . Regarding the origin of the latter name American mycologist Fred Jay Seaver commented : " Whether the name Devil 's Cigar refers to the form of the young specimens which resemble a bloated cigar in form , as well as in color , or to the fact that the fungus appears to ' smoke ' at maturity , we cannot say ... At any rate , the name is very appropriate . " In 1997 , Texan state Senator Chris Harris filed a bill to make C. geaster the official state fungus of Texas . The bill passed the Senate but did not succeed in the House . In Japan the mushroom is called kirinomitake ( キリノミタケ ) , because the immature , unopened fruit body bears a superficial resemblance to the seed pods of kiri , the empress tree ( Paulownia tomentosa ) . = = Description = = Young specimens of C. geaster have a hollow , club @-@ shaped dark @-@ brown fruit body , connected to a stem . The stem , which is usually buried in the ground , is shorter than the hollow fruit body or equals it in length , although the stem length is somewhat variable depending on the depth of the underground root to which it is attached . The flesh of the stem and the wall of the fruit body is white , while the inner surface is yellowish @-@ white , turning light brown with age . The fruit body varies in width from 1 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 4 in ) in the thickest portion , and has a length of 4 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) ; the stem is 0 @.@ 75 to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 to 0 @.@ 6 in ) wide by 1 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) long . Both stem and fruit body are covered by a dense layer of soft brown velvety " hairs " , or tomentum . In maturity , the fruit body splits open into 4 – 7 rays that curve downward , similar to mushrooms of the genus Geastrum . The spores are borne on the inner surface of the rays , which , depending on the maturity of the specimen , may range in color from whitish to saffron to salmon to butterscotch to chestnut . The leathery rays are up to 0 @.@ 35 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The fruit body remains closed until shortly before spore discharge ; dehiscence ( fruit body opening ) is caused by the pressure exerted by swollen paraphyses — sterile ( i.e. , non @-@ reproductive ) cells that are interspersed between the ascospores . Dehiscence is accompanied by the release of clouds of spores , resembling smoke . The spore puffing upon rupture is thought to be caused by the sudden change in relative humidity between the interior chamber of the fruit body and the outside environment . Dehiscence is accompanied by a hissing sound , an auditory phenomenon known to occur in about fifteen other fungal species . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = Spores are oblong to spindle @-@ shaped , and are flattened on one side ; they have dimensions of 54 – 68 µm by 10 – 13 µm . The spores each contain 3 – 5 oil drops . Although the spores have been described as smooth in older literature , when viewed with transmission electron microscopy , they are seen to have minute spots or punctures . The spores develop simultaneously ( synchronously ) within the ascus , a developmental feature shared with the Sarcoscyphaceae genera Cookeina and Microstoma . Like other members of the Pezizales order , the asci of C. geaster have an operculum — a " lid " — that opens when the spores are discharged . However , the operculum of C. geaster develops a two @-@ layered ring zone upon dehiscence , making it structurally distinct from members of both the Sarcosomataceae and the Sarcoscyphaceae families . Similar to other Discomycetes , the fruit body consists of three distinct layers of tissue : the hymenium , the hypothecium , and the excipulum . The spore @-@ bearing hymenium , the outermost layer of cells , contains asci interspersed with sterile cells called paraphyses . In C. geaster , the club @-@ shaped asci are 700 – 800 µm long and 14 – 17 @.@ 25 µm thick ; they are abruptly constricted at the base to a narrow pedicel . The paraphyses are initially filamentous or thread @-@ like ( filiform ) but swell with age to resemble a string of beads ( moniliform ) . The swelling of the paraphyses is believed to cause the expansion of the hymenium and subsequent splitting of the fruit body into rays ; this development places the asci into an optimal position for spore release and dispersal . Supporting the cells of the hymenium is a thin layer of tightly interwoven hyphae called the hypothecium , and underneath this is a thick layer of loosely interwoven hyphae known as the excipulum . This tissue layer , analogous to parenchyma found in plants , gives the tissue a fibrous texture . The excipulum layer averages 34 µm in diameter , while the hypothecium is 10 – 14 µm . When viewed with electron microscopy , the dark brown " hairs " on the surface of the fruit body can be seen to be adorned with conical warts or spines . = = = Anamorph form = = = The so @-@ called anamorphic or imperfect fungi are those that seem to lack a sexual stage in their life cycle , and typically reproduce by the process of mitosis in structures called conidia . In some cases , the sexual stage — or teleomorph stage — is later identified , and a teleomorph @-@ anamorph relationship is established between the species . The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits the recognition of two ( or more ) names for one and the same organisms , one based on the teleomorph , the other ( s ) restricted to the anamorph . In 2004 , researchers reported a connection between C. geaster and the appearance of blackish @-@ brown tufted structures on rotting wood . By comparing the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA from the two organisms , they established a phylogenetic connection between Chorioactis and the fungus they called Conoplea aff. elegantula . However , they were unable to induce the new organism to grow on artificial media , and did not definitively establish a teleomorph @-@ anamorph connection between the fungi . In 2009 , Japanese researchers found a similar fungus growing on rotting logs that were normally associated with the growth of C. geaster ; they were able to grow the organism in axenic cultures from single @-@ spore isolates of C. geaster . They named the anamorph Kumanasamuha geaster due to its morphological similarity with species in the genus Kumanasamuha . = = Distribution , ecology , and habitat = = Chorioactis geaster has a disjunct distribution , and has only been collected from Texas and Japan . The first reported collection in Japan was in Kyushu in 1937 , and then it was not collected again in that location until thirty @-@ six years later . In 2006 , it was observed in a humid forest near Kawakami , Nara Prefecture . The fungus 's natural habitat in Japan is disappearing because of the practice of deforestation and replanting with Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) . This rare mushroom has been put on the list of threatened species in Japan . In Texas , the fungus has been reported in Collin , Hays , Travis , Dallas , Denton , Guadalupe , Tarrant and Hunt counties . Travis , Hays , and Guadalupe counties are in central Texas , while the remainder are clustered together in the northeastern part of the state . Although the species is considered rare due to its globally restricted distribution , it may be locally abundant . Although it is not known definitively , Chorioactis is believed to be saprobic , deriving nutrients from decomposing organic matter . In Texas , fruit bodies are found growing singly or in groups from roots , stumps , and dead roots of cedar elm trees ( Ulmus crassifolia ) or Symplocos myrtacea ; in Japan , the usual host is dead oak trees . Fruit bodies can be clustered together close to the base of the stump , or from the roots away from the stump ; the stem of the fruit body tends to originate from a point 5 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 in ) below the ground . In Texas , fruit bodies usually appear between October and April , as this period is associated with somewhat cooler weather , and the temperature and moisture conditions during this time seem to be more favorable for growth . Scientists do not know why the fungus mysteriously lives only in Texas and Japan , locations of approximately the same latitude , but separated by 11 @,@ 000 km ( 6 @,@ 800 mi ) . Fred Jay Seaver commented " this is only another illustration of the unusual and unpredictable distribution of many species of the fungi . It would be difficult indeed to account for it , and we merely accept the facts as they are . " In 2004 , a research study compared the DNA sequences of both populations and used a combination of molecular phylogenetics and molecular clock calculations to estimate the extent of genetic divergence . It concluded that the two populations have been separated for at least nineteen million years , ruling out the possibility of human introduction of the species from one location to the other . Although there are no consistent differences in morphology between the two populations , there are several differences in their life histories . The preferred host of Texan populations is typically roots and stumps of Ulmus crassifolia , while the Japanese populations tend to grow on the fallen trunks of Symplocos myrtacea and Quercus gilva . Texan species grow in areas subjected to periodic flooding , unlike their Japanese counterparts . Finally , only Japanese specimens can be grown in culture — the spores of Texan material have not been successfully germinated on artificial media .
= Lingbao School = The Lingbao School ( Simplified Chinese : 灵宝派 ; Traditional Chinese : 靈寶派 ; pinyin : Líng Bǎo Pài ) , also known as the School of the Sacred Jewel or the School of Numinous Treasure , was an important Daoist school that emerged in China in between the Jin Dynasty and the Liu Song Dynasty in the early fifth century CE . It lasted for about two hundred years until it was absorbed into the Shangqing and Zhengyi currents during the Tang Dynasty . The Lingbao School is a synthesis of religious ideas based on Shangqing texts , the rituals of the Celestial Masters , and Buddhist practices . The Lingbao School borrowed many concepts from Buddhism , including the concept of reincarnation , and also some cosmological elements . Although reincarnation was an important concept in the Lingbao School , the earlier Daoist belief in attaining immortality remained . The school 's pantheon is similar to Shangqing and Celestial Master Daoism , with one of its most important gods being the deified form of Laozi . Other gods also existed , some of whom were in charge of preparing spirits for reincarnation . Lingbao ritual was initially in individual practice , but later went through a transformation that put more emphasis on collective rites . The most important scripture in the Lingbao School is known as the Five Talismans ( Wufujing ) , which was compiled by Ge Chaofu and based on Ge Hong 's earlier alchemical works . Although Lingbao no longer exists as a distinct movement , it has left influences on all subsequent branches of Taoism . The " yinyang masters " popular in contemporary northern China are defined as Zhengyi daoshi following the Lingbao scriptural tradition . = = History = = The Lingbao School began in around 400 CE when the Lingbao scriptures were revealed to Ge Chaofu , the grandnephew of Ge Hong . Ge Chaofu claimed that the scriptures came to him in a line of transmission going back to Ge Hong 's great @-@ uncle , Ge Xuan ( 164 @-@ 244 ) . Ge Chaofu transmitted the scriptures to two of his disciples , and the scriptures quickly gained immense popularity . In 471 , Lu Xiujing ( 406 @-@ 477 ) compiled a catalogue of all the Lingbao texts , and also was responsible for reorganizing and standardizing Lingbao ritual . This organization of texts and ritual provided a solid foundation on which the Lingbao School prospered in the subsequent centuries . During the Tang Dynasty , the influence of the Lingbao School declined and another school of Daoism , the Shangqing School , became prominent . Borrowing many Lingbao practices , it was well accepted by the aristocracy and established an influence in court . = = Beliefs = = Some early Lingbao scriptures borrowed so many Buddhist terminological , stylistic and conceptual elements that Zürcher describes them as " Buddho @-@ Taoist hybrids " . = = = Rebirth = = = Many Lingbao beliefs are borrowed from Buddhism . The names of the many different deities and heavens were often given titles based on phonetic transcriptions of Sanskrit . Many Sanskrit terms were borrowed phonetically , but given completely different meanings . One significant concept borrowed from Buddhism was that of reincarnation . Both Buddhism and the Lingbao School share the idea of the Five Paths of Rebirth ( Gati ) . People were reborn into earth prisons , as a hungry ghost , as an animal , as a man , or as a celestial being . After death , the body would be alchemically refined in the Palace of Supreme Darkness located in the north , and the Southern Palace in the south . The transmutation of the body consisted of two steps ; the yin components of the person were refined in the Palace of Supreme Darkness , followed by the yang components in the Southern Palace . The Lingbao concept of rebirth is a Chinese adaptation of Buddhism , mixing traditional Chinese concepts with newly arrived Buddhist ideas . = = = Cosmology = = = Lingbao cosmology also borrows heavily from Buddhism . Unlike previous Daoist cosmological systems which were divided into four to nine regions , Lingbao cosmology supposed that there were ten regions , an idea borrowed from Buddhism . In addition to the cosmological regions , there were 32 heavens divided into four sectors , each with eight heavens that were placed horizontally on the periphery of the celestial disc . Each of the four sectors was ruled by an emperor and populated by denizens of an earlier cosmic age ( kalpa ) . Like Buddhism , the heavens were divided into the " three worlds " of desire , form , and formlessness . Lingbao cosmology deviated from Buddhist beliefs by proposing that the heavens rotated around a huge mountain known as the Jade Capital , which was the residence of the Celestial Worthy , the Daoist version of the Buddha , and the primordial deity . Certain traditional Daoist ideas were retained in Lingbao cosmology , such as the idea that the world originated from a type of primordial qi known as yuanqi , and then was divided into heaven and earth . Furthermore , the yuanqi is subdivided into three types of qi that correspond to three deities : the lords of the Celestial Treasure , of the Sacred Treasure and of the Divine Treasure . These three deities later introduced the teachings of the Dongzhen ( Perfect Grotto ) , the Dongxuan ( Mysterious Grotto ) , and of the Dongshen ( Divine Grotto ) . These three teachings form the basis for the later classification of texts in the Daozang . Apocalyptic notions that appeared in Shangqing Daoism were first developed fully by the Lingbao School . Lingbao cosmology supposed that time was divided into cosmic cycles , which correlated with the Five Phases . At the end of a cosmic era , the god of the colour associated with that era would descend onto earth and reveal a teaching that would save a fixed number of people from death . There were two types of cosmic eras , short ones that were characterized by an excess of yin energy , and long ones that were characterized by an excess of yang energy . At the end of a short cosmic era , the moon was prophesized to produce a flood that would erode the mountains , renew the qi of the universe , and change the rankings of the members of the celestial bureaucracy . At the end of a long cosmic era , evil creatures were unleashed , heaven and earth were turned upside down , and metals and stones melted together . The people who followed the correct teaching revealed by the god of the colour would be gathered up by the Queen Mother of the West and transported to a " land of bliss " that would not be affected by the apocalypse . = = = Pantheon = = = In addition to borrowing deities from the Celestial Masters and the Shangqing School , the Lingbao School also developed its own gods . The supreme god of Lingbao Daoists is known as the Yuanshi Tianzun or the Celestial Worthy of the Original Beginning , who played a similar role to the deified Laozi in the Celestial Masters . According to the scriptures , this god went through a series of kalpa cycles that were given names similar to dynastic names , until emerging at the beginning of the Kaihuang period . The next most important god was Laojun , the deified form of Laozi , who was the Celestial Worthy 's chief disciple . Below these two main gods in the celestial hierarchy were those deities associated with the Southern Palace , where spirits went after death to prepare for rebirth . The head of this group of gods was known as the Perfected of the Southern Extremities . Beneath him was the Director of the Equerry , who was in charge of the life records of the spirits , and Lord Han , who controlled Fengdu , the city of the dead . Below these principal gods in the Lingbao hierarchy were other deities such as the Five Old Men , the Dragon Kings , and the Demon Kings . Deities were present not only in the heavens , but also in the human body itself . They were responsible for maintaining the body 's five viscera , guarding the registers of life , and regulating the souls . There were five internal deities that were particularly important in Lingbao Daoism . The Great Unity lived in the head , along with Lordling and White Prime , who could descend into the liver and lungs . The Director of Destinies lived in the heart and sexual organs , and finally , the Peach Child lived in the lower dantian . Normally these deities resided in the heavens , but they could be activated by scriptural recitations to descend into the body . = = Practices = = = = = Immortality techniques = = = Despite a belief in reincarnation , the Lingbao School maintained the traditional Daoist idea that certain techniques could allow an adherent to achieve immortality . One technique was to ingest the essence of the sun and the moon . Practitioners would expose themselves to the celestial bodies at certain times of the month . Closing their eyes , they would visualize that the essences would solidify and enter their bodies . Once in the body , the sun 's essence was matched to the heart and visualized as red , while the moon 's was matched with the kidneys and seen as black . Besides interior meditation practices , immortality could be achieved through the ingestion of potions or talismans . = = = Rituals = = = Early Lingbao ritual was mostly done on an individual basis , either in a meditation chamber , or the courtyard of a house . Early practitioners were not professional priests , but rather ' students of the Dao ' . Later on , as the Lingbao movement developed religious institutions and an established clergy , ritual practice became more of a communal rite . Lingbao ritual shares a great deal with ritual in other Daoist traditions . Like other traditions , Lingbao rituals had a theatrical quality that involved accompanying music , dances , and chants . Lingbao Daoism also shared the multidimensional aspect of Daoist ritual , meaning that it was carried on at several different levels simultaneously . For example , while a ritual was being performed , the priest would repeat the ritual within himself through interior meditation . There are three categories of ritual in Lingbao Daoism . The first is known as the heavenly Golden Register of Rituals , and is carried out to prevent natural disasters . During the Tang Dynasty , this ritual was carried out in honour of the imperial family , but later it could be performed by anyone . The earthly Yellow Register ritual was performed to ensure the dead was at rest . The final type of ritual , which has not survived , was the human Jade Register , which was performed to ensure the salvation of mankind . Of the rituals that have survived , the Golden Register has assumed the role of the Jade register , ensuring salvation and preventing bad weather . = = Canon = = Lingbao scriptures arose as a direct result of the success of earlier Shangqing texts . Lingbao scriptures are all based on a text known as the Text of the Five Talismans ( Wufujing ) , which was compiled by Ge Chaofu between 397 and 402 and borrowed from the work of Ge Hong , his great uncle . Being the most ancient Lingbao text , the Five Talismans provided the framework of the remainder of the Lingbao canon , which was based on the five directions . Because all Lingbao texts descended from the Five Talismans , it was believed that they had been revealed to Ge Xuan , presumably the original owner of the Five Talismans . Ge Xuan is purported to have transmitted the Lingbao texts first to his disciple Zheng Siyuan , who then transmitted it to Ge 's grandnephew Ge Hong ( 284 @-@ 364 ) , who is well known for his alchemical innovations . The claim that the Lingbao texts derive from Ge Xuan , however , was likely a way of legitimizing them through the exaggeration of their antiquity . In reality , they were likely assembled by Ge Chaofu himself . Within a few years of the texts ' dissemination , they had become extremely popular . The canon itself is a mix of previous Daoist traditions , combining features from the Shangqing School and the Celestial Masters , along with other ancient texts and even some Buddhist ideas . The two most important texts of the canon besides the Wufujing are the Red Book of Five Writings ( Chi shu wupian ) and the Scripture of Upper Chapters on Limitless Salvation ( Wuliang Duren Shangpin ) . According to Lu Xiujing , who edited the Lingbao Canon , there were a total of 34 texts in the canon , of which three have been lost . = = Legacy = = While the Lingbao school did not survive as a distinct entity , its ritual apparatus did , and it forms the basis for present @-@ day Daoist ritual practice . In addition , many of the innovations introduced by the Lingbao School have survived to the present , including its division of the Daozang into three sections corresponding to different teachings , with the Dongzhen corresponding to the Shangqing School , the Dongxuan to the Lingbao School , and the Dongshen to the Sanhuang teaching . The integration of Buddhism within Lingbao practices and beliefs ensured that Buddhist elements would remain an important aspect of later Daoism , and also aided in integrating Buddhism into all levels of society in China .
= Virgin Hotels Chicago = The Virgin Hotels Chicago ( formerly Old Dearborn Bank Building or 203 North Wabash Avenue ) is a historic building in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois , that has been converted from use as an office building to use as a hotel run via a mobile app based business model . The 250 @-@ room hotel is the first of Richard Branson 's Virgin Hotels brand boutique hotels geared toward the female business traveller . = = Old Dearborn Bank Building = = Situated at the intersection of East Lake Street and North Wabash Avenue , the Old Dearborn Bank Building was constructed between 1926 and 1928 with ornate medieval and mythological terra @-@ cotta decoration that was typical of movie palaces that were its contemporaries . The neoclassical architecture designed building is one of only two Rapp and Rapp buildings designed as an office building . Soon after the Old Dearborn Bank opened in 1928 , it was acquired and its parent company was liquidated in the United States ' Great Depression . The building , which is 27 stories high , was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 4 , 2003 . The 300 @-@ foot ( 91 @.@ 4 m ) light brown brick building with a steel structure includes 25 floors above ground and two below . The owners of the building defaulted on a $ 9 million loan from John Hancock Life Insurance resulting in the acquisition of the loan ( and thus the property ) for an undisclosed amount by Urban Street Properties LLC in April 2010 . The building had been acquired by the previous owners for $ 9 @.@ 5 million in 2001 . = = Virgin Hotels Chicago = = On October 24 , 2011 , Virgin Hotels , part of Virgin Group , purchased the building with the aim of opening it as their first hotel in 2013 with approximately 250 rooms . The transaction was an all @-@ cash deal that was valued at about $ 14 million . The company hired The John Buck Company to renovate the building . The lead architect for the renovation was Booth Hansen . The co @-@ designers for the interior renovation were Rockwell Group Europe and Virgin Hotels ' in @-@ house design team . The purchase was part of Virgin Hotels ' 2010 business plan to acquire distressed properties in North America cheaply during the property downturn . The building opened for business as a hotel on January 15 , 2015 . It is the first of what was planned to be twenty Virgin Hotels locations that operate under this business model . The renovation took longer than planned due to the building 's city landmark status , which required continuing coordination with the Commission on Chicago Landmarks . Original features that were retained include a 1920s oak cigar bar , brass elevator lobby doors and a tiled ceiling . The final layout of 250 rooms includes 40 single @-@ room suites and 2 penthouse suites . 40 rooms are pet friendly . Under the aspices of the Commission on Chicago Landmarks , the renovation included brick , window and steel frame replacement . The focal point of the renovated building is the publicly accessible Commons Club on the second floor , with a contemporary @-@ style bar , a full kitchen , a lounge area , curated books and local memorabilia . At the time of opening , four additional dining options were expected within three months . The area was carved out of a former second @-@ floor banking hall . The hotel has no check @-@ in desk ; it uses a smartphone check @-@ in system in which you scan a QR code and retrieve your room key from a vending machine . The visitors use a mobile app , named Lucy , that the company describes as a " personal comfort assistant " . According to Mary Forgione of The Los Angeles Times , the app can order more pillows , handle room service orders , and serve as a remote control for both the television and the hotel 's music library . The website also suggests that the app can control room temperature , interface with the chat board , provide local knowledge , and coordinate your messages with hotel staff . When asked about the operation , Virgin 's Richard Branson said " There won ’ t be hidden charges , and you won ’ t get charged $ 10 for a chocolate bar you know you can buy at a store for $ 2 . " Branson has stated that the brand is geared toward the female business traveler . The rooms feature a patent @-@ pending ergonomic bed and several female friendly features in the dressing room , shower and closets . = = = Reviews = = = Bloomberg Business 's Jennifer Parker noted that the hotel was on the cutting edge of technology upon its opening , but questioned whether the hotel had any gender leanings . She found fault with the gym , toiletries , and delayed spa opening , but enjoyed the social ambiance , the normal retail prices of minibar items ( rather than more standard hotel overpricing ) and the top notch free Wi @-@ Fi . She found many of the appealing elements of the designed to be dubiously marketed , but appealing nonetheless . Chicago Tribune 's Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic , Blair Kamin , praised the incorporation of various wildlife into the decor and numeours elements of the rehab resulting from the alliance of real estate developers and historic preservationists , but made it clear that Virgin Hotels Chicago is not the Four Seasons Hotel Chicago or Ritz @-@ Carlton ( Four Seasons ) . He describes this as a successful recycling of a second @-@ tier historic building . = = Old Dearborn Bank Building 2007 Gallery = =
= Say Yes ( Michelle Williams song ) = " Say Yes " is a song recorded by American recording artist Michelle Williams , taken from her fourth studio album Journey to Freedom ( 2014 ) . It features Williams ' former Destiny 's Child groupmates Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland . The song was written by Williams , Carmen Reece , Al Sherrod Lambert and Harmony Samuels who also produced it . E1 Music released " Say Yes " as the album 's third single on June 2 , 2014 . " Say Yes " marks the third time the trio collaborated as solo artists following the disbandment of their group in 2006 . Musically , " Say Yes " is an uptempo gospel and pop song , which takes influence from dance music . It samples a popular Nigerian gospel tune originally titled " When Jesus Says Yes " . Upon release , " Say Yes " received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics who called the song infectious and praised its catchiness . Commercially the song performed well on the gospel charts in the US , peaking at number one for seven non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot Gospel Songs . It also appeared on charts in the UK , France and Belgium across Europe . Billboard ranked " Say Yes " seventh on the 2014 year @-@ end Hot Gospel Songs chart . An accompanying music video for " Say Yes " was directed by Matthew A. Cherry . It was released on June 18 , 2014 when Williams appeared on Good Morning America . The clip depicts the three singers at a street party , dancing and singing with a crowd ; along with solo appearances of each singer in a forest , wearing white clothes during their respective verses . It received generally positive reviews from critics who accredited it as a reunion of Destiny 's Child and praised its feel @-@ good nature . = = Background = = " Say Yes " was written by Williams , Carmen Reece , Al Sherrod Lambert and Harmony Samuels who also served as its producer . The song marked the third collaboration of the trio consisting of Williams , Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland , after their group Destiny 's Child disbanded in 2006 . Williams sent an advanced demo of the album Journey to Freedom to her former bandmates Beyoncé and Rowland which contained the song as a solo track titled " When Jesus Says Yes " . Later , Williams received a call from Rowland who said , " We love ' When Jesus Says Yes ' ... there has to be a Destiny 's Child mix of the song . " Both Rowland and Beyoncé recorded their respective verses in a studio afterwards . Williams stated she wanted to keep the project in secrecy " until it was time " to reveal it . During an interview with Rap @-@ Up , Beyoncé spoke about her decision to be a featured artist on the song , stating , " This song is so inspiring and ... not enough music out there like this and I 'm proud to be a part of it . " Williams talked about " Say Yes " with Fuse , saying , " It 's an inspirational song , so I wasn 't sure how people would take to it . But it kind of reminds me of praying [ in ] that it continues to have the impact , and does have the impact , of when Kanye West did ' Jesus Walks . ' I think I got one here . " " Say Yes " was leaked onto the Internet on May 21 , 2014 . Williams revealed on her Twitter account the same day that the leaked track was an unmixed and unmastered version of " Say Yes " . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , she said that she " hated " the fact that an unfinished version was released although noted that she was not angry and felt " overwhelmed " by the positive support . Prior to the song 's debut , several publications reported that Beyoncé 's sister , Solange Knowles , also appeared as a featured artist in " Say Yes " ; however , the claims were later proved to be wrong . A final official version of the song premiered on June 2 , 2014 and was released to radio and made available for digital download the same day . On the German web show MalcolmMusic , Williams performed a German version of the song with host and journalist Malcolm Ohanwe . = = Composition = = " Say Yes " is an uptempo gospel song with elements of pop music . The song was also noted for exploring elements of Contemporary Christian as well as electronic dance music . Jeff Benjamin of Fuse felt that the song contained a " zippy " , reggae @-@ dance beat . Its instrumentation includes percussion instruments , synths and horn stabs along with African beats . According to sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing America , Inc . , " Say Yes " is written in the key of D ♭ major using common time . It contains a moderately fast tempo with a metronome of 120 beats per minute and the singers ' vocal elements range from the low note of A ♭ 3 to the high note of F5 . The song samples a popular Nigerian gospel tune originally titled " When Jesus Says Yes " . Chris Payne and Colin Stutz of Billboard magazine described it as a modern dance and contemporary electronic dance reworking of that song . Stutz also found elements of an " upbeat swing " of West African gospel . Regarding the composition of the song , Williams stated , " It is a song that came from Africa more than a hundred years ago . I don 't think anyone knows who wrote it or who started singing that chorus . When the song leaked last week , so many people from Africa and Nigeria were trying to let me know where it came from . " Williams sings the lead vocals while Beyoncé and Rowland sing their respective solo verses and serve as background vocalists throughout the song . Eric Corpus from The Christian Post interpreted the song 's lyrics as a praise of God 's sovereignty and " magnetism " of Jesus ' love . " Say Yes " opens with a message of faith as Williams sings the first lines , " I 'm not worried about a thing / ' Cause I know you are guiding me / Where you lead me / Lord I will go / I have not fear / ' Cause I know who 's in control . " The chorus is constructed as a call and response with the trio repeatedly praising Jesus through the lines " When Jesus say yes , nobody can say no ! " while being backed by a choir which repeats the verses . = = Critical reception = = " Say Yes " received generally favorable reviews . Colin Stutz of Billboard described " Say Yes " as a " peppy " number . John Walker of MTV News described the song 's refrain as " infectious " . Mike Wass from Idolator praised the song 's catchiness , describing it as an " infectious gospel club @-@ banger " and an invitation to the dance floor for listeners . Further , he called it " possibly the first twerk @-@ inducing song of praise " . He concluded his review , writing , " those harmonies remain unrivaled and the chorus is a monster . Trust me , [ its chorus ] will be stuck in your head after the first listen . " In another review he felt that the song managed to bridge the gap between gospel and popular music . Describing the song as " kinetic " , Marc Hogan of Spin magazine called it " not only star @-@ studded , but damn near impossible to get out of your head , too " . Rolling Stone writer Jon Blistein described the horn stabs as " heavenly " and praised the trio 's " always potent harmonies " . Yahoo ! Music writer Billy Johnson , Jr. found a " vibrant dance energy " in the song 's music and further hailed its message as " uplifting " . Similarly , Complex writer Zach Frydenlund echoed his statements , describing the song as " uplifting " . In a review for Fuse , Jeff Benjamin described " Say Yes " as a " gospel @-@ island hybrid " . He felt that it was interesting to hear Williams as the lead vocalist instead of Beyoncé , who had previously served as the lead vocalist of Destiny 's Child . Benhamin finished his review , concluding , " It all sort of makes us want to twerk and throw our hands to heavens at the same time . " Brownie Marie of Christian Today praised Williams ' vocal performance during the song 's hook , along with the " well @-@ controlled riffs " . She also wrote that Beyoncé is " vocally subdued on the track , and truly lets Williams ' voice receive the attention " . Hayen Manders from Refinery29 felt that the song was Williams ' " turn to shine " . In a more mixed review , Vulture columnist Lindsey Weber wrote that the song is not " a total mess " and that listeners might sing the praises in the song along with it . At the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards , " Say Yes " is currently nominated in the category for Best Gospel / Inspirational Song . = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Say Yes " entered the top ten of the Billboard Hot Gospel Songs chart at number five in its second week of charting on the issue dated June 21 , 2014 while also charting at numbers one and four on the Gospel Digital Songs and Gospel Streaming Songs charts respectively , the latter also being its debut position . On the issue dated July 5 , the song jumped from the position of nine to the top of the Hot Gospel Songs chart , while also reaching the number one spot on the Gospel Streaming Songs and Gospel Digital Songs . With that feat , it became Williams ' first number @-@ one single on the Hot Gospel Songs , spending 2 consecutive weeks at the top of the chart and 4 weeks at number @-@ one on the Gospel Digital Songs chart . In its twenty @-@ fourth week of charting on Hot Gospel Songs , " Say Yes " returned to number one , on the issue dated November 22 , 2014 , remaining there for five consecutive weeks , giving it a total of seven non @-@ consecutive weeks at number one . On the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which acts as a 25 @-@ song extension of the main Billboard Hot 100 , " Say Yes " peaked at number nine . It also peaked at number 14 on the Billboard component Heatseekers Songs chart . Luis Gomez in an article for the Chicago Tribune opined that the song 's religious message was the reason for its mild reception and performance on the mainstream charts . In the United Kingdom , " Say Yes " debuted and peaked on the UK Singles Chart and the component UK R & B Chart at numbers 106 and 15 respectively on June 14 , 2014 . The song performed better on the country 's UK Indie Chart where it peaked at the eighth position in its first week . In France , Williams achieved her first solo single on the French Singles Chart when the track debuted at number 161 in the first week of charting on June 14 , 2014 . The following week , it fell off the chart , but re @-@ entered at its peak position of 90 on June 28 . It fell down to the position of 155 the next week and completely dropped out afterwards . Elsewhere , it charted for five weeks on the Flanders version of the Belgian Urban Singles Chart where it peaked at number 28 on June 14 , 2014 . = = Music video = = = = = Background and synopsis = = = The music video for " Say Yes " was filmed on May 20 , 2014 and directed by Matthew A. Cherry . The clip was filmed in a house in Maplewood , New Jersey , where a crowd gathered the watch the trio on set . Following that , filming was cordoned by local police . Several pictures of Beyoncé arriving on set were shared on social networks by fans . Williams debuted the clip for " Say Yes " on her appearance at Good Morning America on June 18 , 2014 . Regarding the filming of the video , she stated , " Sometimes the director or production assistants had to say like , ' OK , girls , bring it back home . Bring it back together because when we were together , we go back to how we were when we were younger , just always laughing and talking about things . It 's been a great moment . " The video was released on Williams ' Vevo account the same day . A behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage was also released featuring the trio on set and talking about the song and their reunion . In the clip , Williams said she felt excited that she had her " sisters " with her spreading a positive message for the world . The video opens with Williams singing the opening verses and dancing on a street . Beyoncé , wearing an apostolic @-@ like gown to fit the theme of the track , appears at 90 seconds into the song to deliver her verse in a forest in front of a tree hung with paper lanterns . Rowland appears soon after in the same forest wearing a white crop top , smiling . The singers appear together in the video 's last section when Williams , Beyoncé and Rowland sing and dance together at a street @-@ party scene along with dancers who are shown waving their flags and playing drums . The choreography present in the video was noted to be traditional African . = = = Reception = = = The video received generally favorable reviews . Daniel Kreps from Rolling Stone said that it managed to highlight the " ' feel @-@ good ' vibes " without using " heavy @-@ handed " religious iconography . He further praised the reunion of Destiny 's Child . Tom Breihan of Stereogum said that each singer looked " seriously happy " , further praising Beyoncé 's style as reminiscent of the Destiny 's Child @-@ era . Writing for People , Zakiya Yamal opined that the traditional choreography and drums were inspired by Africa . Yamal further praised the singers ' synchronized " formidable moves , reminding everyone they 've still got it " . Chiderah Monde from the New York Daily News felt that the dance sequence during the end of the video was similar to older videos by Destiny 's Child . Alex Rees from Cosmpolitan stated that a reunion of the group was " always good fun " . He also noted that the clip featured Williams dancing in the center spot between Beyoncé and Rowland for the first time . Mike Wass from Idolator described the video as " heavenly " and concluded that it was " heart @-@ warming " to see Williams have her moment . Wass went on to describe the clip as a " visual extravaganza " and praised Beyoncé 's look . Mike Ayers of Fuse , described the visual as " uplifting " , adding that it included numerous " sun @-@ soaked " shots of the singers . John Walker of MTV News described the " glorious " , fun clip as " the Destiny 's Child reunion of your dreams " . Similarly , Zach Frydenlund from Complex wrote that he had a " great time " watching and remembering his " favorite Destiny 's Child moments " . Samantha Grossman of Time magazine praised the fact that the group reunited for a music video , linking it to the times when they were part of Destiny 's Child . Billboard 's Chris Payne described the clip as " jubilant " and felt that when the singers are seen dacing on the set together , " [ it ] is absolutely heartwarming " . Writing for Essence , Dominique Hobdy felt that the trio was " all smiles as they sing about who 's really in charge " . Chris Coplan from Consequence of Sound praised the clip 's positive energy as " [ b ] right and shimmery " comparing it with " forget the world and just dance " clips from the early ' 90s . Brett Malec from E ! Online described it as " [ i ] nspirational " . Hayden Manders from Refinery29 praised Williams ' look and stated that " the three women look like they 're having a blast " . Mikael Wood from Los Angeles Times found the choreography performed by the trio to be " light " and desrcibed the clip as " pretty festive " . = = Live performances = = Williams performed an acoustic version of " Say Yes " at Yahoo ! Music , which was released in 2014 . Williams also performed the single during her set at the 2014 Essence Music Festival . Williams later performed the song together with Kelly Rowland and Beyoncé at the 2015 Stellar Awards . = = Charts = =
= Harvey brothers = The Harvey brothers are six siblings from Victoria , Australia , known primarily for their success in the sport of cricket between the mid @-@ 1930s and the early 1960s . The sons of Horace and Elsie Harvey , in chronological order , they are Merv ( 1918 – 1995 ) , Clarence ( aka " Mick " ; b . 1921 ) , Harold ( b . 1923 ) , Ray ( b . 1926 ) , Neil ( b . 1928 ) and Brian ( 1932 – 1969 ) . All six were long @-@ serving members of the Fitzroy Cricket Club ( now Fitzroy @-@ Doncaster ) , which played in Melbourne 's district cricket competition . Neil Harvey represented Australia in 79 Test matches between 1948 and 1963 . He was Australia 's most prolific batsman during the post @-@ war era , served as vice @-@ captain of Australia in the last five years of his career and regarded by Wisden as the leading fielder in the world during his career . At the time of his retirement , he held the record for the most Test appearances by an Australian and was the country 's second @-@ highest run scorer and century @-@ maker , behind Don Bradman . He was selected in the Australian Cricket Board 's Team of the Century and inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame . He was an inaugural inductee into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . The family 's eldest son , Merv , played one Test for Australia in 1946 – 47 after losing his best years to World War II and his grandson Robert Harvey was one of the elite Australian rules footballers of the last twenty years , twice winning the Australian Football League 's Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player of the season and being voted the Most Valuable Player in the competition by his peers in 1997 . Along with their better @-@ known brothers , Mick and Ray played first @-@ class cricket for Victoria , although the former moved to Queensland after one season for his native state due to a lack of opportunities . Neither approached the level of success of Neil or Merv and often found themselves dropped , although Ray was a consistent player for Victoria for two seasons in the 1950s and came close to national selection . Mick 's daughter , Pauline Harvey @-@ Short , represented Australia in softball and her daughter , Kirby Short , plays for the Queensland women 's cricket team . After his playing career ended , Mick became a Test cricket umpire , officiating in two matches . The two other brothers , Brian and Harold , played for Fitzroy in district cricket . Apart from Harold , all of the brothers represented Victoria at baseball . While the brothers played together for Fitzroy on a regular basis , they only played first @-@ class cricket together occasionally , mainly due to a lack of form and differences in age . Merv debuted for Victoria before the war , and Neil joined him in 1946 @-@ 47 . Ray followed in subsequent season , and the trio played in two matches together for their state . However , there were no occasions after this when more than two played together in the same match and such occurrences became more sporadic after this as Merv was dropped , while Neil was often away playing for Australia . Mick made his debut in 1948 @-@ 49 , but left Victoria at the end of the season after being unable to hold his position in the team , while Ray often struggled to gain regular selection except when Neil and the other Test players were representing Australia . Ray had a strong end to the 1952 @-@ 53 season and was selected for all the matches in the following two seasons alongside Neil , but was then dropped . = = Early years = = Born at Kapunda , South Australia , Horace " Horry " Harvey moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales where he worked for BHP , driving horse @-@ drawn trailers . In 1914 , he married Elsie May Bitmead and their first two children , daughter Rita and son Mervyn , were born in the mining town . The family relocated to Newcastle , a mining town and harbour in New South Wales , and had two more sons , Clarence ( always known as " Mick " , as he was born on Saint Patrick 's Day ) and Harold . In 1926 , the Harveys shifted to the inner @-@ Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , a staunchly working @-@ class , industrial area . During their relocation , Ray was born in Sydney . Horace secured a job at the confectionery company Life Savers ( Australasia ) Ltd , located next door to their house at 198 Argyle Street . The 19th century two @-@ storey house was owned by the firm and was used as lodgings for the workers ’ families . It no longer exists , having been demolished to make way for a textile factory . The two youngest sons Neil and Brian were born in Fitzroy . The Cornish @-@ descended Horry raised his family as strict Methodists , disallowing gambling , alcohol , tobacco and profanity in his household . An ardent cricketer during his years in New South Wales , he was good enough to hit 196 runs during a match in Newcastle , and encouraged his children to play sport . He played for the Rita Social Club after moving to Fitzroy , while his wife kept score . His daughter was also a scorer for the club . As recreational facilities and grass ovals were sparse in densely populated Fitzroy , the boys took to playing cricket in a cobblestone laneway between their terraced house . Here they played cricket with a tennis ball , home made cricket bat and a kerosene tin for a wicket . They were usually joined by other local children , two of whom became elite sportsmen : Allan Ruthven ( an Australian rules footballer ) and Harold Shillinglaw ( both an Australian rules footballer and first @-@ class cricketer ) — the group also played Australian rules football , kicking around rolled up cardboard and newspaper . Much of the batting skill displayed by the Harvey brothers has been attributed to these games played on the unpredictable bounce of the bumpy laneway . The surface also had a V @-@ shaped slope inwards towards the centre of the lane , causing balls to deviate sideways after bouncing . As the laneway meant that the playing area was long and narrow , the young boys also had to learn to play the ball straight in accordance with orthodox cricket technique . The Harveys played another form of cricket in their concreted backyard ( using a marble instead of a ball ) that sharpened their reflexes , and a miniature bat . All were right @-@ handed batsmen with the exception of Neil . All the siblings attended the nearby George Street State School and , one by one , the brothers joined the Fitzroy Cricket Club as they reached their early teens . The club had a program whereby they gave a medal to local schools to award to their best cricketer in their ranks , who would then be given access to all of the club 's facilities . The Harvey brothers were all recipients of the medal . At Fitzroy , they came under the influence of former Victorian all @-@ rounder Arthur Liddicut and the club 's veteran captain Joe Plant . The Harveys had no formal coaching , and their father , a regular presence at the club , chose to stay in the background as their respective careers developed . Horace did not advise his sons on how to bat , allowing them to formulate their own style and technique , something Neil later regarded as beneficial . According to the Harvey brothers , it was their mother who was vocal and extroverted , in contrast to their reserved father . The boys who failed to score runs were given kitchen duty , and according to them , their parents never showed favouritism . During the winter , they played for the Fitzroy Baseball Club , often competing in matches played as curtain raisers to the elite Australian rules football competition , the Victorian Football League . Saturday night entertainment for the family typically consisted of dinner after the day 's cricket for Fitzroy , and Plant , Liddicut and other club personnel were often invited . Under the influence of Plant and Liddicut , the boys were taught to adopt an aggressive approach , using fast feet movement to attack spin bowling in particular . In 1942 – 43 , Neil broke into Fitzroy 's First XI , joining his older brothers Merv , Mick , and Ray . During that season , the family held down the first four batting positions for Fitzroy ; Merv and Mick opened the batting and Ray and Neil came in after them . The four brothers entered the Victorian team in the 1940s ; Merv in 1940 – 41 , Neil in 1946 – 47 , and Ray and Mick in successive seasons thereafter . = = Neil Harvey = = Harvey represented the Australian cricket team between early 1948 and early 1963 . He was the vice captain of the team from 1957 until his retirement . An attacking left @-@ handed batsman , sharp fielder and occasional off @-@ spin bowler , Harvey was the senior batsman in the Australian team for much of the 1950s and was regarded by Wisden as the finest fielder of his era . Harvey followed his elder brother Merv in making his Test debut in January 1948 , aged 19 and three months . In his second match , he became the youngest Australian to score a Test century , a record that as of July 2010 , still stands . He was then part of The Invincibles of Don Bradman who toured England without defeat and were acclaimed as one of the finest teams in history ; Harvey was the youngest player in the team and scored a century on his Ashes debut in the Fourth Test at Headingley . The opening period of his Australian career was particularly fruitful , scoring six centuries in his first thirteen Test innings , at the end of which he averaged over 100 . As Bradman 's team broke up in the 1950s due to retirements , Harvey became Australia 's senior batsman , and was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1954 . In 1957 he was passed over for the captaincy and was named as the deputy of Ian Craig who had played just six matches as Australia sought to rebuild the team with a youth policy . The following season , Craig had fallen ill , but Harvey moved interstate and Richie Benaud was promoted to the captaincy ahead of him as Benaud was higher in the New South Wales hierarchy . Harvey continued as vice @-@ captain until the end of his career , and led the team in only one Test . In the Second Test at Lord 's in 1961 when Benaud was injured , Harvey led the team in the " Battle of the Ridge " , a match played on a surface with a visible ridge that caused erratic bounce , grinding out a hard fought victory . When Harvey retired , only Bradman , generally deemed as the finest batsman in history , had scored more runs or centuries for Australia . Harvey was best known for his extravagant footwork and flamboyant strokeplay . In retirement , he became a national selector for twelve years but in recent times is best known for his strident criticism of modern cricket . He was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2000 , and also selected in the Australian Cricket Board 's Test Team of the Century . In 2009 , Harvey was one of the 55 inaugural inductees into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . In 102 First XI matches for Fitzroy , he made 4044 runs at an average of 37 @.@ 10 , the highest average in the family . = = Merv Harvey = = Described by his younger brother Neil as the " best cricketer of us all " , Merv was an attacking opening batsman , strong on the drive and fond of hooking fast bowling . He graduated to Fitzroy 's first XI in 1933 @-@ 34 and made his first @-@ class debut for Victoria against Queensland at the Gabba in 1940 @-@ 41 . In the next match , he made an impression on cricket observers by scoring 70 in an hour at the SCG against New South Wales , whose bowling line @-@ up included Bill O 'Reilly . Service in the Royal Australian Air Force as an airframe fitter during World War II severely interrupted his cricket career . After the war , he resumed with Victoria , but faced a lot of competition for a place as an opening batsman in the Australian team . He played his only Test in the 1946 @-@ 47 Ashes series at the Adelaide Oval , filling in for the injured Sid Barnes . Scoring 12 and 31 , he partnered Arthur Morris in a second innings opening stand of 116 . After a further two first @-@ class seasons , Harvey retired after being dropped from Victoria 's first @-@ choice team . He ended with a record of 1 @,@ 147 first @-@ class runs at 38 @.@ 23 in 22 matches . This included three centuries , and he captained Victoria five times , winning one match — the rest were drawn . His career highlight was an innings of 136 in December 1946 against New South Wales , when he hooked a bouncer from Ray Lindwall into the MCG public bar and featured in a partnership of 271 with Keith Miller . His highest score was 163 against South Australia at Adelaide . Harvey continued playing for Fitzroy until 1954 @-@ 55 , and he finished with 6 @,@ 654 runs at an average of 29 @.@ 31 in 207 First XI matches for the club . = = = Anthony and Robert Harvey = = = Merv 's grandson Robert Harvey made the Victorian Under @-@ 19 cricket team , but decided to focus on Australian rules football , becoming one of the most successful players of his generation . He made his AFL debut for St Kilda Football Club in 1988 and played 21 seasons before retiring at the end of 2008 as the most capped current player . A midfielder , he was a member of the All @-@ Australian team eight times and won the Brownlow Medal twice , in 1997 and 1998 , for the best and fairest player in the Australian Football League . In addition , he was voted the AFL 's MVP in 1997 by his peers and also won the Trevor Barker Award for St Kilda 's best and fairest four times . He played in one grand final , in 1997 , when the Saints lost to the Adelaide Crows . His brother , Anthony , played for St Kilda and captained Norwood to the 1997 SANFL premiership . = = Mick Harvey = = A printer by trade , Clarence Edgar " Mick " Harvey played in the Fitzroy first XI in 1938 – 39 , then served as an infantryman in the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II . A veteran of Kokoda , he resumed with Fitzroy at the war ’ s end and made enough runs to be selected for Victoria ’ s first three Sheffield Shield matches of the 1948 – 49 season . However , he failed to pass 33 in six innings as an opening batsman and was dropped from the team . Moving to Brisbane the following season , Harvey joined the Toombul grade club and made his first @-@ class debut for Queensland . Noted for his sound defence , he was a patient and dogged batsman , in contrast to the exciting styles of brothers Merv , Ray and Neil . In 1950 @-@ 51 , he hit 490 runs at an average of 37 @.@ 69 , including 100 not out against New South Wales at the SCG . However , he struggled the following season and was dropped , and did not play a single first @-@ class match in 1952 @-@ 53 . His only other first @-@ class centuries came in 1953 – 54 : 102 against South Australia and 111 against Western Australia . He struggled in the following two summers and could not hold a consistent position in the team , and retired . Altogether , he made 1 @,@ 716 first @-@ class runs ( mostly as an opener ) in 37 matches at an average of 27 @.@ 23 . A regular choice for the Queensland baseball team , Harvey later turned to cricket umpiring . His initial first @-@ class match as an umpire was in 1974 @-@ 75 and he stood in two Tests from 1979 to 1980 after many players and officials left for the breakaway World Series Cricket . He stood in six One Day Internationals including one of the finals of the inaugural World Series Cup . In all , he officiated in 31 first @-@ class and 13 List A matches . In 90 First XI matches for Fitzroy , Mick Harvey scored 2 @,@ 601 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 24 . His daughter , Pauline Harvey @-@ Short , represented Australia at softball , and later became a sports administrator ; her daughter , Kirby Short , plays cricket for the Queensland women 's team . = = Ray Harvey = = Raymond Harvey played 40 matches for Victoria . He was an attacking and talented batsman , but failed to reach international standards and only managed to hold down a regular position in the Victorian team in two seasons in the 1950s . This failure to match the standards set by his Test @-@ capped brothers was often attributed to a lack of single @-@ mindedness and hunger . Harvey made his first @-@ class debut in 1947 @-@ 48 , but performed poorly , and did not play a match in the following summer , and for the two subsequent seasons , he played in only three games . In 1951 @-@ 52 he made five appearances , gaining selection only when Victoria ’ s Test players were busy representing Australia . The following season , he broke through for his maiden first @-@ class century , having never previously passed 50 . Having broken through at the end of the preceding summer , Harvey played his first full season for Victoria in 1953 @-@ 54 . He scored two centuries and five half @-@ centuries against full @-@ strength teams from other states . He was hailed as the best player outside the Australian Test team , and at the start of the following season , Harvey was included in an Australian XI for a match against the touring England team for a Test trial match . However , rain curtailed the match and turned the playing surface into a sticky wicket hostile to batting . Harvey made only seven in his solitary innings . He played in all of Victoria 's matches for the season , but his form slumped and he was overlooked for state selection until 1958 @-@ 59 , when he regained his position and made 97 and 86 in consecutive innings . However , the following season , he made only sporadic appearances and was dropped after some low scores . He shone mainly for Fitzroy ; his club first @-@ grade records for the most career runs and centuries , and the most runs in a season , still stand . He ended his first @-@ grade career in 1960 – 61 with 19 centuries and 9 @,@ 146 runs at an average of 36 @.@ 15 from 247 matches . = = Harold and Brian Harvey = = Due to commitments during the war , the fourth of the brothers , Harold Lindsay Harvey was unable to pursue a cricket career . He played mainly Second XI cricket at Fitzroy , but did play in the First XI during the war . A fitter and turner , Harold Harvey enlisted on 19 April 1945 and was discharged on 20 January 1947 with the rank of sergeant . He served with the Second Australian Imperial Force in Bougainville in New Guinea and played 15 First XI matches for Fitzroy from 1942 @-@ 43 to 1949 @-@ 50 , as a wicketkeeper @-@ batsman , scoring 237 runs at an average of 14 @.@ 81 . Brian Clifford Harvey , a Victorian representative at baseball , was a useful cricketer at club level , spending almost a decade in the Fitzroy First XI until 1961 @-@ 62 . An electrician , he was electrocuted in 1969 at the age of 37 while working for the State Electricity Commission . In 111 First XI matches for Fitzroy , he made 2 @,@ 503 runs at 21 @.@ 57 . Between them , the Harvey brothers totalled 25 @,@ 185 runs in 772 appearances for the Fitzroy Cricket Club . Over time , their numbers in the ranks began to diminish . In 1949 – 50 , Mick moved to Queensland while Harold was dropped from his position in the Fitzroy First XI . Merv retired after 1954 @-@ 55 and Neil moved to New South Wales after 1956 – 57 . Ray retired from the First XI at the end of 1960 – 61 and Brian the year after . In 1962 @-@ 63 , the club played their first season for 30 years without a Harvey in the team . At first @-@ class level , the family 's contribution is 26 @,@ 532 in 405 appearances , with 7 @,@ 964 coming for Victoria . = = First @-@ class team @-@ mates = = Although the four brothers all played for Victoria , there was not a great deal of overlap in their careers at first @-@ class level , due to a combination of age , interstate moves , international duty and omissions from the team . The most Harveys in one first @-@ class team occurred twice in 1947 @-@ 48 , when Merv , Ray and Neil all played for Victoria in successive Shield matches . The first time that more than one of the brothers played for Victoria together came in 1946 – 47 , after Neil was selected to play for the state against Tasmania . At the time , a second @-@ string team was used to play Tasmania — who were not in the Sheffield Shield — in two first @-@ class matches , while the strongest team played in the regular interstate competition . Neil struck a century in the second match against Tasmania , and was called into the Victorian team to play against New South Wales in a Sheffield Shield match at the SCG , and he played alongside Merv for their state ’ s three remaining matches of the season . However , the brothers never batted together in these three matches . Merv opened the batting and was always out before Neil came in , usually at No. 6 upon the fall of the fourth wicket . Merv captained at first @-@ class level for the first time in the last match , a draw against South Australia that was severely shortened by rain . Neil and Merv retained their positions for Victoria ’ s first two matches of the 1947 – 48 season , against India and South Australia respectively . Again , Merv was out before Neil came in , so they did not bat together . The brotherly selection pairing was broken up for Victoria ’ s next match , as Neil was rewarded with selection for an Australian XI for a Test trial match against the Indians , while Merv continued to represent the state . Neil returned to the Victorian team for the match against New South Wales at the SCG the following week , and Ray was selected to make his first @-@ class debut , so three Harveys were in the state team for the first time . Merv opened , while Neil and Ray batted at Nos. 4 and 7 respectively . Victoria batted first and the brothers again did not form any partnerships . Merv opened and made 45 before being dismissed at 2 / 99 , prompting Neil 's entrance to replace him at the crease . Neil then top @-@ scored with 61 before falling at 4 / 200 , and Ray then came in at 5 / 208 to make 43 . Victoria ended with 331 and the Harvey brothers had scored almost half the runs . New South Wales were forced to follow on , and Victoria were set 51 for victory . After the fall of Fred Freer at 1 / 24 , captain Lindsay Hassett elevated Ray to No. 3 , allowing two Harveys to bat together for the first time at first @-@ class level . Ray and Merv put on an unbeaten partnership of 27 to take Victoria to a nine @-@ wicket win . Merv and Ray ended unbeaten on 12 and 22 respectively . The trio then proceeded to play together in the next match against Western Australia two weeks later and Merv captained the team as Hassett was away on Test duty . Victoria batted first and Neil came in to join Merv with the score at 2 / 102 , and the pair added 173 together before Neil fell for 94 . One run later , Merv was out for 141 ; later , Ray made only 1 . Victoria ended on 370 and Western Australia took a 59 @-@ run lead . In the second innings , Merv , Neil and Ray made 6 , 41 and 15 respectively , never batting together as the match was drawn after Merv declared the innings at 9 / 304 , setting Western Australia a target of 246 for victory . The hosts reached 5 / 205 and Victoria avoided defeat . After this match , Neil was called into the Australian Test team , so only Ray and Merv played in Victoria 's next match against New South Wales . Merv — again captaining the side — made a duck and was out before Ray came in , in Victoria 's only innings of the match and was not selected for the remainder of the season . After this , Ray and Neil played together for Victoria on two occasions in the second half of the season when the latter did not have a match for Australia . In the first match , against New South Wales , the two batted in partnership for the first time for their state . Ray came in at 5 / 53 to join Neil and he fell for 9 to leave the score at 6 / 64 as Victoria collapsed to be all out for 130 . In the second innings , Ray joined Neil with the score at 5 / 266 and the latter fell at 6 / 292 , ending a 26 @-@ run partnership . The pair did not bat together in the second match against South Australia as Neil was out before Ray came in on both occasions . The 1947 @-@ 48 was the most productive for the Harveys as a combination for Victoria until Ray played a full season in 1953 @-@ 54 together with Neil . In 1948 – 49 , Ray , who had made only 190 runs at an average of 21 @.@ 11 in his debut season , was not selected for a single match , while Merv 's only first @-@ class outings were two matches for a second @-@ choice team against Tasmania while the leading players were participating in Shield fixtures at the same time . Mick was selected as an opener for Victoria ’ s first three Shield matches , and played with Neil in these matches . However , he struggled and made only 91 runs at 15 @.@ 16 and was then dropped . In six innings , the two brothers batted together only twice , even though they batted in successive batting positions ; Mick 's poor form meant he was usually the first batsman out , bringing his younger brother to the crease . In the first match of the season , against Queensland , Mick was the first wicket to fall on each occasion . In the second match , the brothers shared partnerships . In the first innings , Neil came in at 1 / 8 and the Harveys put on 39 runs before Merv was out . The second innings proceeded similarly as Neil came in at 1 / 31 and 40 runs were added before the older Harvey fell . In the third match of the season , Mick was out for 4 and 12 before Neil came in and was subsequently dropped . In 1949 – 50 , none of the Harveys played together at first @-@ class level ; Merv had retired , Mick had moved to Queensland looking for more opportunities , while Neil was in South Africa with the Australian team . Ray and Mick played in one match each for the season , but not against the other . In 1950 @-@ 51 , Ray was selected in two matches for Victoria , both when Neil and the other Test players were competing against England . Both of these were against Tasmania , so he did not meet Mick . However , there were no international fixtures coinciding with Victoria ’ s two matches with Queensland , and Neil met Mick in both of these matches . In 1951 @-@ 52 , Ray was able to gain selection more regularly for Victoria . All of these came when Neil and the other Test players were playing for Australia ; when they available for Victoria , Ray was not selected . Ray played in both of Victoria 's matches against Queensland , for whom Mick played in the first match . In 1952 – 53 Ray only managed selection in the last three matches of the season , and played alongside Neil in the last two fixtures , against South Africa and Western Australia . The brothers had previously had little success in partnerships together for Victoria and in the match against South Africa , Neil came in to join Ray — who was playing as an opener — with the score at 2 / 21 . The pair put on 96 runs . The Victorians drew the match and the brothers did not bat together in the second innings . In the match against South Australia , Neil joined his brother at 1 / 118 and the Harveys again narrowly missed a century partnership , as Ray fell at 2 / 211 for 121 . Later , Neil was out for 95 , missing out on another milestone . Mick was not selected for his adopted state in any fixture for the entire season and did not meet his brothers . In 1953 @-@ 54 , Ray had his most effective season and played in all seven of Victoria ’ s Shield matches , even though there were no Test matches for the summer , meaning that all the national team members were available for state selection for the whole season . He played the entire season alongside Neil , and the pair encountered Mick in both matches against Queensland . During the summer , Neil typically batted at No. 3 , and Ray usually succeeded him . Despite this , they batted together only four times in 13 innings , as Neil was usually out first . Their first partnership came in the first innings of the second match of the season , against New South Wales . It was brief ; Ray came in at 2 / 93 and scored two runs before falling at 3 / 97 . They then batted together on New Year 's Day in the first innings of the next match against South Australia . Ray came in to join Neil after the Victorians had slumped to be 2 / 5 , and after twice coming close to century partnerships for their state in the past , the brothers put on 150 before Neil was out for 88 to leave the score at 3 / 165 . Ray went on to make 110 . In the following match against Queensland , Ray came in with the score at 2 / 65 and put on 82 with his brother before he was out for 50 . Their only other partnership of the season amounted to 36 runs in the second innings of the return match against New South Wales ; Neil was out for 47 as Ray guided the Victorians to their target with five wickets in hand , scoring 106 not out himself . Ray and Neil were also selected for the testimonial match for retiring Australian captain Lindsay Hassett . Neil played for Hassett ’ s XI while Ray was on the opposition team captained by Arthur Morris . At the start of the 1954 – 55 season , along with Neil , Ray was called into an Australian XI for a Test trial against Len Hutton ’ s touring English team , the closest that two Harveys came to playing in a Test for Australia together . Ray did not make an impact in the match , scoring only seven in his solitary innings , and was not selected for Australian duty . He came in at No. 4 after the dismissal of his brother . Ray was selected for all six of Victoria ’ s matches and played in all of these matches alongside Neil , as the domestic season was shortened and there were no scheduling clashes between the Tests and the domestic matches . Mick also played in all of Queensland 's matches , and three brothers met in their states ’ only meeting for the season . Ray and Neil did not bat together in the first match , before adding 24 for the second wicket in the second innings of the following match against England . They did not bat together in the third match of the season , against New South Wales , as Ray , who was batting one position ahead of Neil , was out first in both innings . In the return match that followed , the brothers had brief partnerships of two and ten runs , Ray being dismissed soon after Neil joined him at the crease . These brief stands continued in the first innings of the match against Queensland , as Ray fell after a six @-@ run partnership . In the second innings , the pair narrowly missed out on a century partnership . Neil came in at 1 / 17 to join Ray , who was opening in the match , and they took the score to 1 / 117 before Neil was out for 66 . In the final match of the season against the MCC , Ray was the first wicket to fall in the innings and he did not bat with Neil . In 1955 @-@ 56 , Ray was overlooked and spent four years out of first @-@ class cricket , and he never played alongside Neil again at first @-@ class level . Neil played in all of Victoria 's matches , and Mick played in Queensland ’ s first six matches before being dropped for the second and final match against Victoria . In 1956 @-@ 57 , Mick played in two matches for Queensland earlier in the season before being dropped and retiring ; neither were against Victoria , so none of the brothers played together in one match . Ray was recalled to the Victorian team in the latter half of the 1958 @-@ 59 season . By this time , Neil had moved to New South Wales for employment reasons , and played each other late in the season . The Harvey brothers never played together or against one another again at first @-@ class level . In 1959 @-@ 60 , Neil was in the Indian subcontinent representing Australia as Ray played his final first @-@ class season before retiring .
= 1858 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1858 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons on record in which every tropical cyclone intensified into a hurricane ( the others were in 1852 and 1884 ) . The first hurricane was first observed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June 12 . The sixth and final storm was last noted on October 26 . These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . Three tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously . Two of the cyclones have only a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data . Operationally , another tropical cyclone was believed to have existed over the eastern Atlantic between September 17 and September 18 , but HURDAT – the official Atlantic hurricane database – excludes this system . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote @-@ sensing technologies , only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the six known 1858 Atlantic cyclones , five were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez @-@ Partagas and Henry Diaz . The first system was spotted over the western Caribbean Sea on June 12 . It had a single @-@ point track . Another tropical cyclone was first observed over the northern Atlantic Ocean on August 5 and also had a single @-@ point track . On September 14 , the next system was observed over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico . Several hours later , the storm struck Florida , causing severe damage to crops . Strong winds and rough seas were reported by ships and on land , particularly in Maine . The storm dissipated on September 17 . That same day , another tropical cyclone developed over the central Atlantic . The storm capsized the bark Phantom , though no one drowned . The next hurricane developed over the Bahamas on September 22 , but caused little damage , despite its proximity to land . On October 21 , the sixth and final system of the season was first observed over the Bahamas . The storm brought coastal flooding to Nassau and Bermuda later in its duration , before dissipating on October 26 . The season 's activity was reflected with a low accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 45 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm intensity . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane One = = = On June 12 , the brig L. H. Sampson encountered a hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea . The vessel suffered some damage . The storm was a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale , based on winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) observed by the L. H. Sampson . = = = Hurricane Two = = = A Category 1 hurricane was first observed about 585 mi ( 940 km ) west @-@ northwest of Corvo Island in the Azores on August 5 , based on reports from two ships , the Shelter and the A.Z.Greenland. Another ship that encountered the storm , the Magistrate , was abandoned . = = = Hurricane Three = = = The bark Cavallo encountered experienced severe weather in the eastern Gulf of Mexico between September 13 and September 15 . It is believed that a tropical storm developed on September 14 . Moving northeastward , the storm made landfall near modern @-@ day Palmetto , Florida at 15 : 00 UTC , with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . While crossing the state , the storm brought severe damage . Ships remained in port at river ports in the state and at St. Marys , Georgia . After emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Oak Hill , Florida early on September 15 , the system reached hurricane status several hours later . Shortly thereafter , the storm intensified into a Category 2 hurricane , peaking with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . On September 16 , the hurricane passed offshore North Carolina and then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane while east of the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . At 17 : 00 UTC on September 16 , the storm made landfall near East Hampton , New York with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . About an hour later , it struck again just west of Groton , Connecticut with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Early on September 17 , the system weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence several hours later . Parts of this storm were first described by David M. Ludlum , who called it The New England Tropical Storm of 1858 . However , barometer readings taken at Sag Harbor , New York and Providence , Rhode Island , along with ship reports and wind speeds recorded at Bangor , Maine and Nantucket , Massachusetts , conclude that the system reached hurricane intensity . In Maine , strong gales occurred , with Bangor reported having " one of the heaviest in years . " Trees and chimneys toppled throughout the southeastern portions of the state . There was also minor damage to shipping in Belfast . = = = Hurricane Four = = = On September 17 , a hurricane was observed in the mid @-@ Atlantic by the bark Phantom . Later that day , the Phantom sank , though all of the crew survived . They described the system as a ' perfect hurricane ' with a lull around midnight on September 17 before the wind changed direction and blew with even greater force than before . The hurricane continued travelling on a northwest track and between September 22 and the night of September 23 it was encountered by the Hudson , the City of Washington and the bark Lanark . The system weakened to a tropical storm early on September 24 and dissipated later that day about 610 mi ( 980 km ) east of Cape Race , Newfoundland . Until reanalysis , this storm was considered two separate systems , including in the 1995 study by Partagas and Diaz . However , they stated that further information could indicate a single storm . = = = Hurricane Five = = = Based on reports from the bark Wh H. Chandler , a tropical storm developed in the Bahamas near Acklins on September 22 . Moving northward , the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC the next day . Later on September 23 , the Harkaway noted a " severe hurricane " at Bermuda , though the report was considered " doubtful " due to the storm 's distance from the island . The hurricane continued northward and was last noted about 200 mi ( 320 km ) east of Virginia on September 25 , after the Priscilla observed sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . = = = Hurricane Six = = = The final known tropical cyclone of the season was first observed by the brig Sea Lark on October 21 , while located just north of Inagua in the Bahamas . Throughout the Bahamas , storm surge impacted some islands . At Nassau , several ships were driven ashore , parts of the town were flooded and buildings along the shoreline suffered damage . The storm moved northeastward and strengthened into a hurricane at 12 : 00 UTC on October 22 . About 24 hours later , the hurricane deepened into a Category 2 hurricane . Later on October 23 , it passed just west of Bermuda . Gale force winds and rough seas were observed on the island , causing damage to several vessels . Peaking with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , the storm began to weaken , falling to Category 1 intensity on October 25 . It weakened to a tropical storm early the following day and dissipated hours later , while located about 195 mi ( 315 km ) east @-@ southeast of Sable Island .
= Goldenheart = Goldenheart is the second studio album by American recording artist Dawn Richard , released on January 15 , 2013 , by Our Dawn Entertainment . After her group Diddy – Dirty Money disbanded in 2012 , Richard continued to develop her musical identity and worked with creative partner and manager Andrew " Druski " Scott , who co @-@ wrote Goldenheart with her . It is the first in a planned trilogy of albums by Richard about love , loss , and redemption . Goldenheart is an eccentric R & B album that draws on dream pop , alternative , and dance genres . Its mostly midtempo songs have strong grooves and feature synthesizers , string settings , vintage keyboards , and an array of percussive sounds . A post @-@ breakup concept album , Richard 's songwriting poses relationships and personal subjects as epic tales through magical , medieval imagery and allusions to high fantasy and science fiction tropes . The album was released independently by Richard and promoted with the lead single " ' 86 " . It debuted at number 137 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 3 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Upon its release , Goldenheart received universal acclaim from music critics , who praised its grand musical scope and Richard 's theatrical personality . = = Background = = During stints in different musical groups , Dawn Richard wanted to develop her musical identity and pursue a solo recording career . In 2011 , Richard was promoting the album Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) as a member of Sean Combs ' musical project Diddy – Dirty Money and released a free mixtape , The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart , which registered one million downloads within a month . After the group disbanded in 2012 , she worked with producer , manager , and creative partner Andrew " Druski " Scott and released her EP Armor On , which sold 30 @,@ 000 copies . Richard also marketed herself through social media and self @-@ funded music videos on YouTube . Goldenheart is the first of a planned trilogy of albums by Richard about love , loss , and redemption ; it will be followed by BlackHeart and RedemptionHeart . She wrote songs for the albums over the course of six years . Some were written as ten @-@ minute songs and instrumentals , but Richard edited them down to avoid being " long @-@ winded " and " overwhelming " . = = Music and lyrics = = Goldenheart has an eccentric , dreamy musical style that incorporates spare , reverberating beats , icy synthesizers , and dream pop textures . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman characterizes its music as " largely pop @-@ oriented contemporary R & B " , while Jesse Cataldo from Slant Magazine finds it to be " aligned with an intensifying style of alternative R & B ... in which albums are intricately structured and thematic . " Marcus Holmlund of Interview observes an " atmospheric aesthetic " that blends " alternative listens like Björk and Imogen Heap with 80s pop ( à la Phil Collins and Prince ) " . Richard , who grew up listening to Collins , Prince , Genesis , Cyndi Lauper , and Peter Gabriel , cites the song " ' 86 " as most exemplary of those influences on the album . Goldenheart also draws heavily on dance music . Its melodic urban contemporary sound incorporates elements of electro , house , and European dance @-@ pop . The ambient , 2 @-@ step " In Your Eyes " and " Riot " both have euphoric house climaxes . " Pretty Wicked Things " features an industrialized , dubstep production , with jerky basslines and pitch @-@ shifted vocals . Andrew " Druski " Scott 's production on Goldenheart incorporates synth pads , string settings , vintage keyboards , and varied beats . Music writers compare Scott 's partnership with Richard on the album to producer Brian Eno 's work with David Bowie during the latter 's " Berlin " period ; Jonathan Bogart of The Atlantic writes that Scott serves a similar role by " creating dense soundscapes for [ Richard 's ] often electronically altered voice to glide over , wash through , soar in , and pierce with sudden emotion . " The maximalist production of the opening song " In the Hearts Tonight " begins with 45 seconds of both staccato and tremolo strings , solo flute , and a ringing harpsichord line that coalesce with various self @-@ harmonising voices . The album 's closing title track , a meditation on nostalgia built around Claude Debussy 's " Clair de Lune " , is solely performed with electronically altered voice and piano . Richard 's singing veers from restraint to expressions of yearning , with a quavering timbre . " Return of the Queen " posits Richard 's virtuosic vocal undulations against trip hop and operatic flourishes . The songs are mostly midtempo , have strong grooves , and occasionally emphasize drums , with various percussive sounds that include bass drums , handclaps , and timpanis . Beginning with an eerie music box loop , " Northern Lights " builds gradually over a drum machine beat and layered , stereo @-@ panning handclaps . The handclaps and drum loop that are buried in the mix of " Gleaux " yield an urgent half @-@ time tremor and obscure chamber strings . The drumming on Goldenheart has a tribal , African @-@ influenced sound , which Richard attributes to the music of her native New Orleans : " It 's that marching band , second @-@ line music , that Creole @-@ influence in the kick , and the snare that drives everything for me . " The album is bookended by stately marches in " Return of a Queen " and " [ 300 ] " . " In Your Eyes " was inspired by the Peter Gabriel song of the same name , which Richard felt had a calypso and South African vibe . Steven Hyden observes several " hallmarks of ' 70s prog and ' 80s soft rock " other than the influence of Gabriel 's " art @-@ school deconstructions of classic ' 60s soul " , including Goldenheart 's Roxy Music @-@ esque album cover . Goldenheart is a post @-@ breakup concept album that explores themes of imagination and dreams . In discussing trials of relationships , it portrays personal subjects as epic tales of battle and salvation . Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times writes that its stories of romantic and professional heartbreak are " tightly intertwined through Richard 's imagery " . Her lyrics employ religious imagery , battle motifs , and allusions to high fantasy and science fiction tropes , including heroic last stands , world @-@ dominating empires , parted oceans , starflights , vampiric lovers , and military deployment , all used as metaphors for internal landscape and personal conflict . " Northern Lights " and " Frequency " feature space travel and cybernetic imagery , respectively , with the latter song featuring bandwidth references such as " your signal 's found a home " and " stimulation makes it flow " . Jesse Cataldo from Slant Magazine observes " a kind of feverish mysticism " on the album , which he views is " concerned with magical imagery and the self @-@ restorative properties of the human heart . " " ' 86 " is titled after the slang term and is about ridding oneself of barriers . Richard views the album as her take on medieval literature , but calls her lyrics less " literal " than contemporary pop music . Lyrically , she portrays herself as an embattled queen in acts of guarding , fighting , surrendering , and conquering . She murmurs in the intro to " Warfaire " , " I fight a battle every day , against discouragement and fear ... I must forever be on guard . " The track 's misspelled title is taken from the television series Game of Thrones . On " Goliath " , she declares , " I faced the Beast with my bare hands " . " Gleaux " is an eccentric spelling of " glow " , referring to what the narrator wants to do with her lover to see each other in the night . " Tug of War " concludes a conflicted quest for dominance at the expense of a lover 's power . On the power ballad " Break of Dawn " , Richard promises herself and a love interest that he will " never see the break of dawn " . Richard , who wanted the album to end on a " hopeful " note , said that the title track " speaks of the fairytale . That naïveté . That moment where you felt anything is possible . " According to Laurie Tuffrey of The Quietus , the song concludes Goldenheart 's lyrical arc with a " wistful retrospect " on a relationship that began with Richard 's declaring her " champion " on " In the Hearts Tonight " and shifted to " Tug of War " , where she became " her own champion " . = = Release and reception = = Originally intended for release in October 2012 , Richard delayed Goldenheart 's release after signing a distribution deal with independent company Altavoz Distribution , which would release physical copies to retailers , and provide a wider marketing reach . The album 's lead single , " ' 86 " , was released as a digital download on September 26 . Goldenheart was released in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . Richard released the album independently , as she felt record labels were " taking a bit longer than we want " . It sold 3 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted at number 137 on the Billboard 200 , number 2 on the Top Heatseekers Albums , and number 68 on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . The album also reached the top of the iTunes Store 's R & B chart , which prompted music retailer f.y.e. to preemptively release its physical CD . Goldenheart received widespread acclaim from critics , some of whom hailed Richard as one of the best new acts in pop and R & B. At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 81 , based on nine reviews . Alex Macpherson of The Guardian gave it five stars and called it " dazzling and imperious " because of how Richard 's " array of sonic weapons matches her epic , elemental vision . Jason Gubbels from Spin praised her eclectic music and versatile singing , which he credited for " springing finely placed surprises on listeners lulled into reverie , navigating tricky spots just effortlessly enough to mask her mastery " . Writing for NPR , Ann Powers found it altogether contemplative , joyful , and mythological . Jonathan Bogart of The Atlantic wrote that , with her Tolkien @-@ inspired lyrics , Richard " remains true to the oldest and most important standards of R & B , which , more than any other musical genre , charts the uncountable intricacies of the human heart . " Grantland critic Steven Hyden felt that the album blurs R & B conventions like Frank Ocean 's Channel Orange ( 2012 ) and Janelle Monáe 's The ArchAndroid ( 2010 ) , while Laurie Tuffrey from The Quietus said Richard distinguishes herself from her R & B contemporaries with her exceptional creativity . In a mixed review , Slant Magazine 's Jesse Cataldo gave Goldenheart three stars and wrote that , despite its interesting " musical palette and tenacious personality " , Richard " falls back on the same tired tropes that have made many conventional R & B acts feel so exhaustingly familiar . " Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim ! found the album 's lyrics uninspired and wrote that it " functions as a hypnotic aural distraction , but little more . " Ben Ratliff of The New York Times characterized Goldenheart as " oddball R & B ... at times mawkish , plodding , self @-@ obsessed , gothy , campy , filmic " , and mused , " Is it good ? I don 't know about that . But it has the dissonant attraction of something ventured . And it 's confident enough to sound normal . " Giving it four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , AllMusic 's Andy Kellman called Goldenheart " sumptuous and grand " with enough exceptional songs to compensate for its intensity and indulgence . Pitchfork Media critic Andrew Ryce called Richard 's aptitude for theatricality " unparalleled " and wrote that her slightly " hammy " but " earnest personality both endears and empowers her work . " = = Track listing = = All songs were produced by Andrew " Druski " Scott , except where noted . ^ [ A ] " Goldenheart " samples " Clair de lune " , composed by Claude Debussy . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Metacritic . Andrew " Druski " Scott – producer Dawn Richard – vocals Deonte – producer The Fisticuffs – producer = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Oleg of Novgorod = Oleg of Novgorod ( Old East Slavic : Олег , Old Norse : Helgi ) was a Varangian prince ( or konung ) who ruled all or part of the Rus ' people during the early 10th century . He is credited with moving the capital of Rus ' from Novgorod the Great to Kiev and , in doing so , he laid the foundation of the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' . He also launched at least one attack on Constantinople , capital of the Byzantine Empire . According to East Slavic chronicles , Oleg was supreme ruler of the Rus ' from 882 to 912 . This traditional dating has been challenged by some historians , who point out that it is inconsistent with such other sources as the Schechter Letter , which mentions the activities of certain khagan HLGW of Rus ' as late the 940s , during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I. The nature of Oleg 's relationship with the Rurikid ruling family of the Rus ' , and specifically with his successor Igor of Kiev , is a matter of much controversy among historians . = = Oleg of the Russian chronicles = = According to the Primary Chronicle , Oleg was a relative ( likely brother @-@ in @-@ law ) of the first ruler , Rurik , and was entrusted by Rurik to take care of both his kingdom and his young son Igor . Oleg gradually took control of the Dnieper cities , captured Kiev ( previously held by the Varangian warlords , Askold and Dir ) and finally moved his capital from Novgorod there . The new capital was a convenient place to launch a raid against Tsargrad ( Constantinople ) in 907 . According to the chronicle , the Byzantines attempted to poison Oleg , but the Rus ' leader demonstrated his oracular powers by refusing to drink the cup of poisoned wine . Having fixed his shield to the gate of the imperial capital , Oleg won a favourable trade treaty , which eventually was of great benefit to both nations . Although Byzantine sources did not record these hostilities , the text of the treaty survives in the Chronicle . The Primary Chronicle 's brief account of Oleg 's life contrasts with other early sources , specifically the Novgorod First Chronicle , which states that Oleg was not related to Rurik , and was rather a Scandinavian client @-@ prince who served as Igor 's army commander . The Novgorod First Chronicle does not give the date of the commencement of Oleg 's reign , but dates his death to 922 rather than 912 . Scholars have contrasted this dating scheme with the " epic " reigns of roughly thirty @-@ three years for both Oleg and Igor in the Primary Chronicle . The Primary Chronicle and other Kievan sources place Oleg 's grave in Kiev , while Novgorodian sources identify a funerary barrow in Ladoga as Oleg 's final resting place . = = = Legend of the death of Oleg the Prophet = = = In the Primary Chronicle , Oleg is known as the Prophet ( вещий ) , an epithet alluding to the sacred meaning of his Norse name ( " priest " ) . According to the legend , romanticised by Alexander Pushkin in his ballad " The Song of the Wise Oleg , " it was prophesied by the pagan priests ( volkhvs ) that Oleg would take death from his stallion . To defy the prophecies , Oleg sent the horse away . Many years later he asked where his horse was , and was told it had died . He asked to see the remains and was taken to the place where the bones lay . When he touched the horse 's skull with his boot a snake slithered from the skull and bit him . Oleg died , thus fulfilling the prophecy . Oleg 's death has been interpreted as a distorted variant of the threefold death theme in Indo @-@ European myth and legend , with prophecy , the snake and the horse representing the three functions : the prophecy is associated with sovereignty , the horse with warriors , and the serpent with reproduction . In Scandinavian traditions , this legend lived on in the saga of Orvar @-@ Odd . = = Oleg of the Schechter Letter = = According to the Primary Chronicle , Oleg died in 912 and his successor , Igor of Kiev , ruled from then until his assassination in 945 . The Schechter Letter , a document written by a Jewish Khazar , a contemporary of Romanus I Lecapenus , describes the activities of a Rus ' warlord named HLGW ( Hebrew : הלגו ) , usually transcribed as " Helgu " . For years many scholars disregarded or discounted the Schechter Letter account , which referred to Helgu ( often interpreted as Oleg ) as late as the 940s . Recently , however , scholars such as David Christian and Constantine Zuckerman have suggested that the Schechter Letter 's account is corroborated by various other Russian chronicles , and suggests a struggle within the early Rus ' polity between factions loyal to Oleg and to the Rurikid Igor , a struggle that Oleg ultimately lost . Zuckerman posited that the early chronology of the Rus ' had to be re @-@ determined in light of these sources . Among Zuckerman 's beliefs and those of others who have analyzed these sources are that the Khazars did not lose Kiev until the early 10th century ( rather than 882 , the traditional date ) , that Igor was not Rurik 's son but rather a more distant descendant , and that Oleg did not immediately follow Rurik , but rather that there is a lost generation between the legendary Varangian lord and his documented successors . Of particular interest is the fact that the Schechter Letter account of Oleg 's death ( namely , that he fled to and raided FRS , tentatively identified with Persia , and was slain there ) bears remarkable parallels to the account of Arab historians such as Ibn Miskawayh , who described a similar Rus ' attack on the Muslim state of Arran in the year 944 / 5 . = = Attempts to reconcile the accounts = = In contrast to Zuckerman 's version , the Primary Chronicle and the later Kiev Chronicle place Oleg 's grave in Kiev , where it could be seen at the time of the compilation of these documents . Furthermore , scholars have pointed out that if Oleg succeeded Rurik in 879 ( as the East Slavic chronicles assert ) , he could hardly have been active almost 70 years later , unless he had a life @-@ span otherwise unheard of in medieval annals . To solve these difficulties , it has been proposed that the pagan monarch @-@ priests of Rus ' used the hereditary title of helgu , standing for " holy " in the Norse language , and that Igor and others held this title . It has also been suggested that Helgu @-@ Oleg who waged war in the 940s was distinct from both of Rurik 's successors . He could have been one of the " fair and great princes " recorded in the Russo @-@ Byzantine treaties of 911 and 944 or one of the " archons of Rus " mentioned in De administrando imperio . Regrettably , the Primary Chronicle does not specify the relations between minor Rurikid princes active during the period , although the names Rurik , Oleg and Igor were recorded among the late @-@ 10th @-@ century and 11th @-@ century Rurikids . Georgy Vernadsky even identified the Oleg of the Schechter Letter with Igor 's otherwise anonymous eldest son , whose widow Predslava is mentioned in the Russo @-@ Byzantine treaty of 944 . Alternatively , V. Ya . Petrukhin speculated that Helgu @-@ Oleg of the 940s was one of the vernacular princes of Chernigov , whose ruling dynasty maintained especially close contacts with Khazaria , as the findings at the Black Grave , a large royal kurgan excavated near Chernigov , seem to testify . However , the academic mainstream has not endorsed either of these theories .
= Bradford Colliery = Bradford Colliery was a coal mine in Bradford , Manchester , England . Although part of the Manchester Coalfield , the seams of the Bradford Coalfield correspond more closely to those of the Oldham Coalfield . The Bradford Coalfield is crossed by a number of fault lines , principally the Bradford Fault , which was reactivated by mining activity in the mid @-@ 1960s . Coal had been mined at Bradford since at least the early 17th century , when the area around the pits was largely rural ; it became increasingly built @-@ up and industrialised as nearby Manchester expanded during the 19th century . Coal was transported from the colliery by canal and railway , but most was consumed locally by the adjacent Bradford Ironworks . In the mid @-@ 20th century a 469 @-@ yard ( 420 m ) underground tunnel was dug to supply coal directly to the Stuart Street Power Station . Damage to buildings in the area around the colliery caused by subsidence led to it becoming uneconomic despite its sitting on large reserves of high @-@ quality coal , and it was closed in 1968 . The site was cleared and is now occupied by the City of Manchester Stadium . = = Geology = = The Bradford Coalfield is isolated from the rest of the Manchester Coalfield ; its coal seams , laid down in the Carboniferous period , dip at an average of 1 in 3 towards the south and correspond more closely with those of the Oldham Coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures above the Worsley Four Foot mine horizon were worked at Bradford , where the Worsley Four Foot is known as the Parker mine . The Two Foot , Doctor , New , Yard , Bradford Four Foot , Three Quarters and Charlotte mines , above the Parker mine , are known as the Bradford Group ; the Charlotte mine is closest to the surface . The Openshaw mine , above the Charlotte , was worked for fireclay . Below the Bradford Group and the Parker mine are the Top , Middle and Deep mines , and 60 feet ( 18 m ) below them , the Roger mine . The Top , Middle and Deep mines correspond to the Major , Bland , and Ashton Great mines in the Oldham Coalfield . The Crombouke mine in the western coalfield corresponds to the Roger mine at Bradford Colliery . In total the workable seams contained 310 million long tons ( 347 million short tons ) of coal . The Bradford Coalfield is crossed by a number of fault lines , principally the Bradford Fault . The extraction of coal caused that fault to reactivate in the 1960s , resulting in a scarp that seriously damaged Crompton Hall , a residential complex built in the early 20th century . The building was subsequently demolished . = = Early history = = The colliery was situated south of the Ashton Canal , built in 1797 , and north of Ashton New Road . A short arm of the canal , now filled in , was built to the colliery from between Lock No. 6 and Lock No. 7 , Beswick Lock . Coal has been mined at Bradford since at least the early 17th century , when the endeavour could be very profitable albeit with significant financial risk . Thomas Charnock is recorded as having invested £ 300 in his Bradford Colliery during the reign of King James I ( 1603 – 1624 ) ( equivalent to more than £ 500 @,@ 000 as of 2009 , At about that time the seams at Bradford were producing about 10 @,@ 000 long tons ( 11 @,@ 200 short tons ) of coal a year , and probably an average of 20 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 long tons ( 22 @,@ 400 – 33 @,@ 600 short tons ) a year over the course of the 17th century . The early mines were shallow , exploiting seams close to the surface of what was a largely rural area until the growth of nearby Manchester . Colliery records date from 1740 , when Oswald Mosley of Ancoats Hall granted a 200 @-@ year lease of mining rights . The first shaft for a deep colliery was sunk in 1840 . By 1856 the colliery was in the ownership of Thomas Livesey , and had two 18 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) diameter shafts to the Parker mine at a depth of 540 yards ( 490 m ) , providing ventilation . The colliery became known as the Bradford Colliery Company , and by 1896 employed 404 underground and 125 surface workers producing house coal and coal for manufacturing from the Parker mine . The high price of coal at the end of the 19th century persuaded the newly created Fine Cotton Spinners and Doublers Association to mitigate the effects on its members by purchasing the colliery in 1900 , thus ensuring a cheap supply of fuel for their steam @-@ powered mills . = = Expansion = = The new owners embarked on a programme of expansion and installed one of the earliest electrical plants at any colliery in 1900 . A sirocco @-@ type ventilation fan made by Hick , Hargreaves , which could be powered by either electricity or steam , was provided . Deepening the downcast shaft to access the Deep mine at 902 yards ( 825 m ) started in 1903 and coal was reached in 1906 . A massive timber headgear was built over the downcast shaft and a twin @-@ cylinder vertical winding engine , built by Robert Daglish of St Helens , installed in the engine house . Coal tubs holding 10 cwt of coal were wound , six at a time in double @-@ deck cages . The upcast shaft was used for winding men and had a smaller horizontal winding engine . An earlier shaft at the Forge pit was 155 yards ( 142 m ) deep and used for pumping water from the workings . A windlass was used for winding at this shaft . By the end of the 19th century the colliery site had become crowded , and included a brickworks that used fireclay and shale spoil from the pit . It was surrounded by housing and factories in what was one of the most industrial parts of Manchester . The ready supply of coal encouraged the development of Manchester 's chemical industry around the colliery and in the northeast of the city generally . A factory producing carbolic acid from coal tar was established in 1857 , and sulphuric acid and naphthalene were produced from 1865 in nearby Blackley , later the site of ICI 's Dyestuff 's Division . Coal was transported by canal and a railway connection to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Beswick branch built in the early 1900s , but most of it was used locally , transported by road using horse and carts and motor lorries , much of it destined for the adjacent Bradford Ironworks . The company bought a 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 saddle tank locomotive , Bradford , from the Avonside Engine Company of Bristol in 1928 to shunt wagons to the colliery siding . = = Later years = = In 1935 the colliery was acquired by Manchester Collieries . It had large reserves of high @-@ quality coal in the Roger mine below the seams already exploited , and although the mines dipped steeply , was a dry and relatively gas @-@ free pit . Manchester Collieries initially improved coal screening but had plans to develop the colliery and maximise output to 4000 long tons ( 4480 short tons ) per day , involving the complete replacement of the surface works . The Parker shaft was deepened to 955 yards ( 873 m ) between 1944 and 1948 , and winding installed to accommodate 12 @-@ long ton ( 13 @.@ 44 @-@ short ton ) capacity skips . The transport of coal underground was improved by the installation of three @-@ ton mine cars hauled by a battery @-@ powered locomotive and a system of conveyors . A 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) reinforced concrete winding tower was built to house a Koepe @-@ type friction wheel built by Metropolitan @-@ Vickers . A new headgear and winding engine were built at the Deep pit shaft ; ventilation was by means of two axial @-@ type fans installed in an underground chamber . After 1947 a 460 @-@ yard ( 420 m ) tunnel 55 yards ( 50 m ) below ground level was driven to the Stuart Street Power Station , to provide coal direct from the colliery . A conveyor within the tunnel delivered 200 long tons ( 224 short tons ) of small coal an hour to the power station 's bunker . Most of the developments begun by Manchester Collieries were completed after nationalisation in 1947 by the National Coal Board ( NCB ) . After modernisation and reconstruction , coal was extracted by longwall mining using coal @-@ cutting machinery and conveyors . This type of mining creates a void or goaf into which the roof is allowed to collapse . At Bradford , which had no spoil heap , the goaf was infilled with spoil or waste . As there was insufficient spoil to fill the void , some was brought from other pits . The NCB incorporated the takes , or coal reserves , of Moston and Ashton Moss Collieries into the redeveloped Bradford Colliery . Moston was closed , but the shafts of Ashton Moss were retained for winding men and equipment . = = Closure = = By the mid @-@ 1960s it was apparent that considerable subsidence was being caused by mining in the built @-@ up area of Manchester around Bradford Colliery . Many buildings were affected , particularly in Bradford village and Miles Platting , where in 1962 eleven council houses were so severely damaged they had to be demolished . The government approved an order restricting mining operations and ordered an enquiry to determine whether mining should continue unhindered , and if not whether compensation for loss of production should be paid ; for the first time , the NCB required planning permission to mine under the city of Manchester . The NCB gave evidence to the enquiry in 1966 stating that for each ton of coal extracted from the colliery 5s 2d had to be paid out in compensation for surface damage – the highest for any pit in the region – contrasted with a national average of 6d per ton . The NCB 's plans for the colliery included extending the mines beneath Collyhurst , Cheetham , and Ancoats , but the risk of causing yet more subsidence proved to be unacceptable . Therefore , despite sitting on " vast reserves of premium coal " , Bradford Colliery was closed in 1968 as being uneconomic . In its final year of operation the 1500 workers employed produced 530 @,@ 298 long tons ( 593 @,@ 933 short tons ) of coal . The 17 @-@ acre ( 6 @.@ 9 ha ) site , renamed Eastlands , was cleared and its two deep shafts capped with reinforced concrete in a scheme costing £ 8 million before redevelopment . Part of the site is now occupied by the City of Manchester Stadium . = = Incidents = = Francis Taylor is the first recorded fatality at the colliery , killed by a roof fall at " Bradford coal pitt " in 1622 . Although the mines were relatively gas @-@ free , there were nevertheless some gas @-@ related incidents . One collier , working by the light of a candle in 1874 , died from burns received in an explosion of firedamp . In 1907 a miner died in a shotfiring incident , when gas exploded as a fuse was lit . In 1924 a number of tubs transporting miners being hauled to the surface derailed and dislodged a pit prop , causing a roof collapse , known locally as a crump ; three men were killed and nine injured . The heat from a fire in the main winding engine house in 1953 caused the winding cables to snap , sending two coal @-@ carrying cages crashing to the bottom of the main shaft and trapping 350 men underground . All managed to reach a smaller shaft 40 yards ( 37 m ) away and were subsequently brought safely to the surface .
= Birmingham campaign = The Birmingham campaign , or 1963 Birmingham movement , was a movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham , Alabama . Led by Martin Luther King , Jr . , James Bevel , Fred Shuttlesworth and others , the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities , and eventually led the municipal government to change the city 's discrimination laws . In the early 1960s , Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States , both as enforced by law and culturally . Black citizens faced legal and economic disparities , and violent retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems . Martin Luther King called it the most segregated city in the country . Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races , and end segregation in public facilities , restaurants , schools , and stores . When local business and governmental leaders resisted the boycott , SCLC agreed to assist . Organizer Wyatt Tee Walker joined Birmingham activist Shuttlesworth and began what they called Project C , a series of sit @-@ ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests . When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers , James Bevel , SCLC 's Director Direct Action , thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign . He then trained and directed high school , college , and elementary school students in nonviolence , and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk fifty at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation . This resulted in over a thousand arrests , and , as the jails and holding areas filled with arrested students , the Birmingham Police Department , led by Eugene " Bull " Connor , used high @-@ pressure water hoses and police attack dogs on the children and adult bystanders . Not all of the bystanders were peaceful , despite the avowed intentions of SCLC to hold a completely nonviolent walk , but the students held to the nonviolent premise . King and the SCLC drew both criticism and praise for allowing children to participate and put themselves in harm 's way . The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and , through the media , drew the world 's attention to racial segregation in the South . It burnished King 's reputation , ousted Connor from his job , forced desegregation in Birmingham , and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States . = = Background = = = = = City of segregation = = = Birmingham , Alabama was , in 1963 , " probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States . " Although the city 's population of almost 350 @,@ 000 was 60 % white and 40 % black , Birmingham had no black police officers , firefighters , sales clerks in department stores , bus drivers , bank tellers , or store cashiers . Black secretaries could not work for white professionals . Jobs available to blacks were limited to manual labor in Birmingham 's steel mills , work in household service and yard maintenance , or work in black neighborhoods . When layoffs were necessary , black employees were often the first to go . The unemployment rate for blacks was two and a half times higher than for whites . The average income for blacks in the city was less than half that of whites . Significantly lower pay scales for black workers at the local steel mills were common . Racial segregation of public and commercial facilities throughout Jefferson County was legally required , covered all aspects of life , and was rigidly enforced . Only 10 percent of the city 's black population was registered to vote in 1960 . In addition , Birmingham 's economy was stagnating as the city was shifting from blue collar to white collar jobs . According to Time magazine in 1958 , the only thing white workers had to gain from desegregation was more competition from black workers . Fifty unsolved racially motivated bombings between 1945 and 1962 had earned the city the nickname " Bombingham " . A neighborhood shared by white and black families experienced so many attacks that it was called " Dynamite Hill " . Black churches in which civil rights were discussed became specific targets for attack . Birmingham 's black population began to organize to effect change . After Alabama banned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in 1956 , Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights ( ACMHR ) the same year to challenge the city 's segregation policies through lawsuits and protests . When the courts overturned the segregation of the city 's parks , the city responded by closing them . Shuttlesworth 's home was repeatedly bombed , as was Bethel Baptist Church , where he was pastor . After Shuttlesworth was arrested and jailed for violating the city 's segregation rules in 1962 , he sent a petition to Mayor Art Hanes ' office asking that public facilities be desegregated . Hanes responded with a letter informing Shuttlesworth that his petition had been thrown in the garbage . Looking for outside help , Shuttlesworth invited Martin Luther King and the SCLC to Birmingham , saying , " If you come to Birmingham , you will not only gain prestige , but really shake the country . If you win in Birmingham , as Birmingham goes , so goes the nation . " = = = Campaign goals = = = King and the SCLC had recently been involved in a campaign to desegregate the city of Albany , Georgia , but did not see the results they had anticipated . Described by historian Henry Hampton as a " morass " , the Albany movement lost momentum and stalled . King 's reputation had been hurt by the Albany campaign , and he was eager to improve it . Determined not to make the same mistakes in Birmingham , King and the SCLC changed several of their strategies . In Albany , they concentrated on the desegregation of the city as a whole . In Birmingham , their campaign tactics focused on more narrowly defined goals for the downtown shopping and government district . These goals included the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown stores , fair hiring practices in shops and city employment , the reopening of public parks , and the creation of a bi @-@ racial committee to oversee the desegregation of Birmingham 's public schools . King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said : " The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis @-@ packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation " . = = = Commissioner of Public Safety = = = A significant factor in the success of the Birmingham campaign was the structure of the city government and the personality of its contentious Commissioner of Public Safety , Eugene " Bull " Connor . Described as an " arch @-@ segregationist " by Time magazine , Connor asserted that the city " ain 't gonna segregate no niggers and whites together in this town [ sic ] " . He also apparently believed that the Civil Rights Movement was a Communist plot , and after the churches were bombed , Connor blamed the violence on local blacks . Birmingham 's government was set up in such a way that it gave Connor powerful influence . In 1958 , police arrested ministers organizing a bus boycott . When the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated a probe amid allegations of police misconduct for the arrests , Connor responded that he " [ hadn 't ] got any damn apology to the FBI or anybody else " , and predicted , " If the North keeps trying to cram this thing [ desegregation ] down our throats , there 's going to be bloodshed . " In 1961 , Connor delayed sending police to intervene when Freedom Riders were beaten by local mobs . The police harassed religious leaders and protest organizers by ticketing cars parked at mass meetings and entering the meetings in plainclothes to take notes . The Birmingham Fire Department interrupted such meetings to search for " phantom fire hazards " . Connor was so antagonistic towards the Civil Rights Movement that his actions galvanized support for black Americans . President John F. Kennedy later said of him , " The Civil Rights movement should thank God for Bull Connor . He 's helped it as much as Abraham Lincoln . " Turmoil in the mayor 's office also weakened the Birmingham city government in its opposition to the campaign . Connor , who had run for several elected offices in the months leading up to the campaign , had lost all but the race for Public Safety Commissioner . Because they believed Connor 's extreme conservatism slowed progress for the city as a whole , a group of white political moderates worked to defeat him . The Citizens for Progress was backed by the Chamber of Commerce and other white professionals in the city , and their tactics were successful . In November 1962 , Connor lost the race for mayor to Albert Boutwell , a less combative segregationist . However , Connor and his colleagues on the City Commission refused to accept the new mayor 's authority . They claimed on a technicality that their terms would not expire until 1965 instead of in the spring of 1963 . So for a brief time , Birmingham had two city governments attempting to conduct business . = = Focus on Birmingham = = = = = Selective buying campaign = = = Modeled on the Montgomery Bus Boycott , protest actions in Birmingham began in 1962 , when students from local colleges arranged for a year of staggered boycotts . They caused downtown business to decline by as much as 40 percent , which attracted attention from Chamber of Commerce president Sidney Smyer , who commented that the " racial incidents have given us a black eye that we 'll be a long time trying to forget " . In response to the boycott , the City Commission of Birmingham punished the black community by withdrawing $ 45 @,@ 000 ( $ 350 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) from a surplus @-@ food program used primarily by low @-@ income blacks . The result , however , was a black community more motivated to resist . The SCLC decided that economic pressure on Birmingham businesses would be more effective than pressure on politicians , a lesson learned in Albany as few blacks were registered to vote in 1962 . In the spring of 1963 , before Easter , the Birmingham boycott intensified during the second @-@ busiest shopping season of the year . Pastors urged their congregations to avoid shopping in Birmingham stores in the downtown district . For six weeks supporters of the boycott patrolled the downtown area to make sure blacks were not patronizing stores that promoted or tolerated segregation . If black shoppers were found in these stores , organizers confronted them and shamed them into participating in the boycott . Shuttlesworth recalled a woman whose $ 15 hat ( $ 120 in 2016 ) was destroyed by boycott enforcers . Campaign participant Joe Dickson recalled , " We had to go under strict surveillance . We had to tell people , say look : if you go downtown and buy something , you 're going to have to answer to us . " After several business owners in Birmingham took down " white only " and " colored only " signs , Commissioner Connor told business owners that if they did not obey the segregation ordinances , they would lose their business licenses . = = = Project C = = = Martin Luther King 's presence in Birmingham was not welcomed by all in the black community . A local black attorney complained in Time that the new city administration did not have enough time to confer with the various groups invested in changing the city 's segregation policies . Black hotel owner A. G. Gaston agreed . A white Jesuit priest assisting in desegregation negotiations attested the " demonstrations [ were ] poorly timed and misdirected " . Protest organizers knew they would meet with violence from the Birmingham Police Department and chose a confrontational approach to get the attention of the federal government . Wyatt Tee Walker , one of the SCLC founders and the executive director from 1960 to 1964 , planned the tactics of the direct action protests , specifically targeting Bull Connor 's tendency to react to demonstrations with violence : " My theory was that if we mounted a strong nonviolent movement , the opposition would surely do something to attract the media , and in turn induce national sympathy and attention to the everyday segregated circumstance of a person living in the Deep South . " He headed the planning of what he called Project C , which stood for " confrontation " . Organizers believed their phones were tapped , so to prevent their plans from being leaked and perhaps influencing the mayoral election , they used code words for demonstrations . The plan called for direct nonviolent action to attract media attention to " the biggest and baddest city of the South " . In preparation for the protests , Walker timed the walking distance from the 16th Street Baptist Church , headquarters for the campaign , to the downtown area . He surveyed the segregated lunch counters of department stores , and listed federal buildings as secondary targets should police block the protesters ' entrance into primary targets such as stores , libraries , and all @-@ white churches . = = = = Methods = = = = The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit @-@ ins at libraries and lunch counters , kneel @-@ ins by black visitors at white churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a voter @-@ registration drive . Most businesses responded by refusing to serve demonstrators . Some white spectators at a sit @-@ in at a Woolworth 's lunch counter spat upon the participants . A few hundred protesters , including jazz musician Al Hibbler , were arrested , although Hibbler was immediately released by Connor . The SCLC 's goals were to fill the jails with protesters to force the city government to negotiate as demonstrations continued . However , not enough people were arrested to affect the functioning of the city and the wisdom of the plans were being questioned in the black community . The editor of The Birmingham World , the city 's black newspaper , called the direct actions by the demonstrators " wasteful and worthless " , and urged black citizens to use the courts to change the city 's racist policies . Most white residents of Birmingham expressed shock at the demonstrations . White religious leaders denounced King and the other organizers , saying that " a cause should be pressed in the courts and the negotiations among local leaders , and not in the streets " . Some white Birmingham residents were supportive as the boycott continued . When one black woman entered Loveman 's department store to buy her children Easter shoes , a white saleswoman said to her , " Negro , ain 't you ashamed of yourself , your people out there on the street getting put in jail and you in here spending money and I 'm not going to sell you any , you 'll have to go some other place . " King promised a protest every day until " peaceful equality had been assured " and expressed doubt that the new mayor would ever voluntarily desegregate the city . = = = = City reaction = = = = On April 10 , 1963 , Bull Connor obtained an injunction barring the protests and subsequently raised bail bond for those arrested from $ 300 to $ 1 @,@ 200 ( $ 2 @,@ 000 to $ 9 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) . Fred Shuttlesworth called the injunction a " flagrant denial of our constitutional rights " and organizers prepared to defy the order . The decision to ignore the injunction had been made during the planning stage of the campaign . King and the SCLC had obeyed court injunctions in their Albany protests and reasoned that obeying them contributed to the Albany campaign 's lack of success . In a press release they explained , " We are now confronted with recalcitrant forces in the Deep South that will use the courts to perpetuate the unjust and illegal systems of racial separation " . Incoming mayor Albert Boutwell called King and the SCLC organizers " strangers " whose only purpose in Birmingham was " to stir inter @-@ racial discord " . Connor promised , " You can rest assured that I will fill the jail full of any persons violating the law as long as I 'm at City Hall . " The movement organizers found themselves out of money after the amount of required bail was raised . Because King was the major fundraiser , his associates urged him to travel the country to raise bail money for those arrested . He had , however , previously promised to lead the marchers to jail in solidarity , but hesitated as the planned date arrived . Some SCLC members grew frustrated with his indecisiveness . " I have never seen Martin so troubled " , one of King 's friends later said . After King prayed and reflected alone in his hotel room , he and the campaign leaders decided to defy the injunction and prepared for mass arrests of campaign supporters . To build morale and to recruit volunteers to go to jail , Ralph Abernathy spoke at a mass meeting of Birmingham 's black citizens at the 16th Street Baptist Church : " The eyes of the world are on Birmingham tonight . Bobby Kennedy is looking here at Birmingham , the United States Congress is looking at Birmingham . The Department of Justice is looking at Birmingham . Are you ready , are you ready to make the challenge ? I am ready to go to jail , are you ? " With Abernathy , King was among 50 Birmingham residents ranging in age from 15 to 81 years who were arrested on Good Friday , April 12 , 1963 . It was King 's 13th arrest . = = = Martin Luther King jailed = = = Martin Luther King Jr. was held in the Birmingham jail and was denied a consultation with an attorney from the NAACP without guards present . When historian Jonathan Bass wrote of the incident in 2001 , he noted that news of King 's incarceration was spread quickly by Wyatt Tee Walker , as planned . King 's supporters sent telegrams about his arrest to the White House . He could have been released on bail at any time , and jail administrators wished him to be released as soon as possible to avoid the media attention while King was in custody . However , campaign organizers offered no bail in order " to focus the attention of the media and national public opinion on the Birmingham situation " . Twenty @-@ four hours after his arrest , King was allowed to see local attorneys from the SCLC . When Coretta Scott King did not hear from her husband , she called Walker and he suggested that she call President Kennedy directly . Mrs. King was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child when she received a call from President Kennedy the Monday after the arrest . The president told her she could expect a call from her husband soon . When Martin Luther King called his wife , their conversation was brief and guarded ; he correctly assumed that his phones were tapped . Several days later , Jacqueline Kennedy called Coretta Scott King to express her concern for King while he was incarcerated . Using scraps of paper given to him by a janitor , notes written on the margins of a newspaper , and later a legal pad given to him by SCLC attorneys , King wrote his essay " Letter from Birmingham Jail " . It responded to eight politically moderate white clergymen who accused King of agitating local residents and not giving the incoming mayor a chance to make any changes . Bass suggested that " Letter from Birmingham Jail " was pre @-@ planned , as was every move King and his associates made in Birmingham . The essay was a culmination of many of King 's ideas , which he had touched on in earlier writings . King 's arrest attracted national attention , including that of corporate officers of retail chains with stores in downtown Birmingham . After King 's arrest , the chains ' profits began to erode . National business owners pressed the Kennedy administration to intervene . King was released on April 20 , 1963 . = = Conflict escalation = = = = = Recruiting students = = = Despite the publicity surrounding King 's arrest , the campaign was faltering because few demonstrators were willing to risk arrest . In addition , although Connor had used police dogs to assist in the arrest of demonstrators , this did not attract the media attention that organizers had hoped for . To re @-@ energize the campaign , SCLC organizer James Bevel devised a controversial alternative plan he named D Day that was later called the " Children 's Crusade " by Newsweek magazine . D Day called for students from Birmingham elementary schools and high schools as well as nearby Miles College to take part in the demonstrations . Bevel , a veteran of earlier nonviolent student protests with the Nashville Student Movement and SNCC , had been named SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education . After initiating the idea he organized and educated the students in nonviolence tactics and philosophy . King hesitated to approve the use of children , but Bevel believed that children were appropriate for the demonstrations because jail time for them would not hurt families economically as much as the loss of a working parent . He also saw that adults in the black community were divided about how much support to give the protests . Bevel and the organizers knew that high school students were a more cohesive group ; they had been together as classmates since kindergarten . He recruited girls who were school leaders and boys who were athletes . Bevel found girls more receptive to his ideas because they had less experience as victims of white violence . When the girls joined , however , the boys were close behind . Bevel and the SCLC held workshops to help students overcome their fear of dogs and jails . They showed films of the Nashville sit @-@ ins organized in 1960 to end segregation at public lunch counters . Birmingham 's black radio station , WENN , supported the new plan by telling students to arrive at the demonstration meeting place with a toothbrush to be used in jail . Flyers were distributed in black schools and neighborhoods that said , " Fight for freedom first then go to school " and " It 's up to you to free our teachers , our parents , yourself , and our country . " = = = Children 's Crusade = = = On May 2 , more than a thousand students skipped school and gathered at the 16th Street Baptist Church . The principal of Parker High School attempted to lock the gates to keep students in , but they scrambled over the walls to get to the church . Demonstrators were given instructions to march to the downtown area , to meet with the Mayor , and integrate the chosen buildings . They were to leave in smaller groups and continue on their courses until arrested . Marching in disciplined ranks , some of them using walkie @-@ talkies , they were sent at timed intervals from various churches to the downtown business area . More than 600 students were arrested ; the youngest of these was reported to be eight years old . Children left the churches while singing hymns and " freedom songs " such as " We Shall Overcome " . They clapped and laughed while being arrested and awaiting transport to jail . The mood was compared to that of a school picnic . Although Bevel informed Connor that the march was to take place , Connor and the police were dumbfounded by the numbers and behavior of the children . They assembled paddy wagons and school buses to take the children to jail . When no squad cars were left to block the city streets , Connor , whose authority extended to the fire department , used fire trucks . The day 's arrests brought the total number of jailed protesters to 1 @,@ 200 in the 900 @-@ capacity Birmingham jail . The use of children proved very controversial . Incoming mayor Albert Boutwell and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy condemned the decision to use children in the protests . Kennedy was reported in The New York Times as saying , " an injured , maimed , or dead child is a price that none of us can afford to pay " , although adding , " I believe that everyone understands their just grievances must be resolved . " Malcolm X criticized the decision , saying , " Real men don 't put their children on the firing line . " King , who had been silent and then out of town while Bevel was organizing the children , was impressed by the success of using them in the protests . That evening he declared at a mass meeting , " I have been inspired and moved by today . I have never seen anything like it . " Although Wyatt Tee Walker was initially against the use of children in the demonstrations , he responded to criticism by saying , " Negro children will get a better education in five days in jail than in five months in a segregated school . " The D Day campaign received front page coverage by The Washington Post and The New York Times . = = = Fire hoses and police dogs = = = When Connor realized that the Birmingham jail was full , on May 3 he changed police tactics to keep protesters out of the downtown business area . Another thousand students gathered at the church and left to walk across Kelly Ingram Park while chanting , " We 're going to walk , walk , walk . Freedom ... freedom ... freedom . " As the demonstrators left the church , police warned them to stop and turn back , " or you 'll get wet " . When they continued , Connor ordered the city 's fire hoses , set at a level that would peel bark off a tree or separate bricks from mortar , to be turned on the children . Boys ' shirts were ripped off , and young women were pushed over the tops of cars by the force of the water . When the students crouched or fell , the blasts of water rolled them down the asphalt streets and concrete sidewalks . Connor allowed white spectators to push forward , shouting , " Let those people come forward , sergeant . I want ' em to see the dogs work . " A.G. Gaston , who was appalled at the idea of using children , was on the phone with white attorney David Vann trying to negotiate a resolution to the crisis . When Gaston looked out the window and saw the children being hit with high @-@ pressure water , he said , " Lawyer Vann , I can 't talk to you now or ever . My people are out there fighting for their lives and my freedom . I have to go help them " , and hung up the phone . Black parents and adults who were observing cheered the marching students , but when the hoses were turned on , bystanders began to throw rocks and bottles at the police . To disperse them , Connor ordered police to use German shepherd dogs to keep them in line . James Bevel wove in and out of the crowds warning them , " If any cops get hurt , we 're going to lose this fight . " At 3 p.m. , the protest was over . During a kind of truce , protesters went home . Police removed the barricades and re @-@ opened the streets to traffic . That evening King told worried parents in a crowd of a thousand , " Don 't worry about your children who are in jail . The eyes of the world are on Birmingham . We 're going on in spite of dogs and fire hoses . We 've gone too far to turn back . " = = = = Images of the day = = = = A battle @-@ hardened Huntley @-@ Brinkley reporter later said that no military action he had witnessed had ever frightened or disturbed him as much as what he saw in Birmingham . Two out @-@ of @-@ town photographers in Birmingham that day were Charles Moore , who had previously worked with the Montgomery Advertiser and was now working for Life magazine , and Bill Hudson , with the Associated Press . Moore was a Marine combat photographer who was " jarred " and " sickened " by the use of children and what the Birmingham police and fire departments did to them . Moore was hit in the ankle by a brick meant for the police . He took several photos that were printed in Life . The first photo Moore shot that day showed three teenagers being hit by a water jet from a high @-@ pressure firehose . It was titled " They Fight a Fire That Won 't Go Out " . A shorter version of the caption was later used as the title for Fred Shuttlesworth 's biography . The Life photo became an " era @-@ defining picture " and was compared to the photo of Marines raising the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima . Moore suspected that the film he shot " was likely to obliterate in the national psyche any notion of a ' good southerner ' . " Hudson remarked later that his only priorities that day were " making pictures and staying alive " and " not getting bit by a dog . " Right in front of Hudson stepped Parker High School senior Walter Gadsden when a police officer grabbed the young man 's sweater and a police dog charged him . Gadsden had been attending the demonstration as an observer . He was related to the editor of Birmingham 's black newspaper , The Birmingham World , who strongly disapproved of King 's leadership in the campaign . Gadsden was arrested for " parading without a permit " , and after witnessing his arrest , Commissioner Connor remarked to the officer , " Why didn 't you bring a meaner dog ; this one is not the vicious one . " Hudson 's photo of Gadsden and the dog ran across three columns in the prominent position above the fold on the front page of The New York Times on May 4 , 1963 . Television cameras broadcast to the nation the scenes of fire hoses knocking down schoolchildren and police dogs attacking unprotected demonstrators . Such coverage and photos were given credit for shifting international support to the protesters and making Bull Connor " the villain of the era " . President Kennedy told a group of people at the White House that The New York Times photo made him " sick " . Kennedy called the scenes " shameful " and said that they were " so much more eloquently reported by the news camera than by any number of explanatory words . " The images also had a profound effect in Birmingham . Despite decades of disagreements , when the photos were released , " the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King " , according to David Vann , who would later serve as mayor of Birmingham . Horrified at what the Birmingham police were doing to protect segregation , New York Senator Jacob K. Javits declared , " the country won 't tolerate it " , and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill . Similar reactions were reported by Kentucky Senator Sherman Cooper , and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse , who compared Birmingham to South Africa under apartheid . A New York Times editorial called the behavior of the Birmingham police " a national disgrace . " The Washington Post editorialized , " The spectacle in Birmingham ... must excite the sympathy of the rest of the country for the decent , just , and reasonable citizens of the community , who have so recently demonstrated at the polls their lack of support for the very policies that have produced the Birmingham riots . The authorities who tried , by these brutal means , to stop the freedom marchers do not speak or act in the name of the enlightened people of the city . " President Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce . Marshall faced a stalemate when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge . = = = Standoff = = = Black onlookers in the area of Kelly Ingram Park abandoned nonviolence on May 5 . Spectators taunted police , and SCLC leaders begged them to be peaceful or go home . James Bevel borrowed a bullhorn from the police and shouted , " Everybody get off this corner . If you 're not going to demonstrate in a nonviolent way , then leave ! " Commissioner Connor was overheard saying , " If you 'd ask half of them what freedom means , they couldn 't tell you . " To prevent further marches , Connor ordered the doors to the churches blocked to prevent students from leaving . By May 6 , the jails were so full that Connor transformed the stockade at the state fairgrounds into a makeshift jail to hold protesters . Blacks arrived at white churches to integrate services . They were accepted in Roman Catholic , Episcopal , and Presbyterian churches but turned away at others , where they knelt and prayed until they were arrested . Well @-@ known national figures arrived to show support . Singer Joan Baez arrived to perform for free at Miles College and stayed at the black @-@ owned and integrated Gaston Motel . Comedian Dick Gregory and Barbara Deming , a writer for The Nation , were both arrested . The young Dan Rather reported for CBS News . The car of Fannie Flagg , a local television personality and recent Miss Alabama finalist , was surrounded by teenagers who recognized her . Flagg worked at Channel 6 on the morning show , and after asking her producers why the show was not covering the demonstrations , she received orders never to mention them on air . She rolled down the window and shouted to the children , " I 'm with you all the way ! " Birmingham 's fire department refused orders from Connor to turn the hoses on demonstrators again , and waded through the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church to clean up water from earlier fire @-@ hose flooding . White business leaders met with protest organizers to try arrange an economic solution but said they had no control over politics . Protest organizers disagreed , saying that business leaders were positioned to pressure political leaders . = = = City paralysis = = = The situation reached a crisis on May 7 , 1963 . Breakfast in the jail took four hours to distribute to all the prisoners . Seventy members of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce pleaded with the protest organizers to stop the actions . The NAACP asked for sympathizers to picket in unity in 100 American cities . Nineteen rabbis from New York flew to Birmingham , equating silence about segregation to the atrocities of the Holocaust . Local rabbis disagreed and asked them to go home . The editor of The Birmingham News wired President Kennedy and pleaded with him to end the protests . Fire hoses were used once again , injuring police and Fred Shuttlesworth , as well as other demonstrators . Commissioner Connor expressed regret at missing seeing Shuttlesworth get hit and said he " wished they 'd carried him away in a hearse " . Another 1 @,@ 000 people were arrested , bringing the total to 2 @,@ 500 . News of the mass arrests of children had reached Western Europe and the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union devoted up to 25 percent of its news broadcast to the demonstrations , sending much of it to Africa , where Soviet and U.S. interests clashed . Soviet news commentary accused the Kennedy administration of neglect and " inactivity " . Alabama Governor George Wallace sent state troopers to assist Connor . Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to activate the Alabama National Guard and notified the Second Infantry Division from Fort Benning , Georgia that it might be deployed to Birmingham . No business of any kind was being conducted downtown . Organizers planned to flood the downtown area businesses with black people . Smaller groups of decoys were set out to distract police attention from activities at the 16th Street Baptist Church . Protesters set off false fire alarms to occupy the fire department and its hoses . One group of children approached a police officer and announced , " We want to go to jail ! " When the officer pointed the way , the students ran across Kelly Ingram Park shouting , " We 're going to jail ! " Six hundred picketers reached downtown Birmingham . Large groups of protesters sat in stores and sang freedom songs . Streets , sidewalks , stores , and buildings were overwhelmed with more than 3 @,@ 000 protesters . The sheriff and chief of police admitted to Burke Marshall that they did not think they could handle the situation for more than a few hours . = = = Resolution = = = On May 8 at 4 a.m. , white business leaders agreed to most of the protesters ' demands . Political leaders held fast , however . The rift between the businessmen and the politicians became clear when business leaders admitted they could not guarantee the protesters ' release from jail . On May 10 , Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King told reporters that they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters , restrooms , drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days , and to hire blacks in stores as salesmen and clerks . Those in jail would be released on bond or their own recognizance . Urged by Kennedy , the United Auto Workers , National Maritime Union , United Steelworkers Union , and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL @-@ CIO ) raised $ 237 @,@ 000 in bail money ( $ 1 @,@ 830 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) to free the demonstrators . Commissioner Connor and the outgoing mayor condemned the resolution . On the night of May 11 , a bomb heavily damaged the Gaston Motel where King had been staying — and had left only hours before — and another damaged the house of A. D. King , Martin Luther King 's brother . When police went to inspect the motel , they were met with rocks and bottles from neighborhood blacks . The arrival of state troopers only further angered the crowd ; in the early hours of the morning , thousands of blacks rioted , numerous buildings and vehicles were burned , and several people , including a police officer , were stabbed . By May 13 , three thousand federal troops were deployed to Birmingham to restore order , even though Alabama Governor George Wallace told President Kennedy that state and local forces were sufficient . Martin Luther King returned to Birmingham to stress nonviolence . Outgoing mayor Art Hanes left office after the Alabama State Supreme Court ruled that Albert Boutwell could take office on May 21 , 1963 . Upon picking up his last paycheck , Bull Connor remarked tearfully , " This is the worst day of my life . " In June 1963 , the Jim Crow signs regulating segregated public places in Birmingham were taken down . = = After the campaign = = Desegregation in Birmingham took place slowly after the demonstrations . King and the SCLC were criticized by some for ending the campaign with promises that were too vague and " settling for a lot less than even moderate demands " . In fact , Sydney Smyer , president of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce , re @-@ interpreted the terms of the agreement . Shuttlesworth and King had announced that desegregation would take place 90 days from May 15 . Smyer then said that a single black clerk hired 90 days from when the new city government took office would be sufficient . By July , most of the city 's segregation ordinances had been overturned . Some of the lunch counters in department stores complied with the new rules . City parks and golf courses were opened again to black and white citizens . Mayor Boutwell appointed a biracial committee to discuss further changes . However , no hiring of black clerks , police officers , and firefighters had yet been completed and the Birmingham Bar Association rejected membership by black attorneys . The campaign brought national and international attention to racist violence in Birmingham . Fear that unrest might spread provoked a meeting of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy with James Baldwin and other Black leaders . The reputation of Martin Luther King soared after the protests in Birmingham , and he was lauded by many as a hero . The SCLC was much in demand to effect change in many Southern cities . In the summer of 1963 , King led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered his most famous speech , " I Have a Dream " . King became Time 's Man of the Year for 1963 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 . The Birmingham campaign , as well as George Wallace 's refusal to admit black students to the University of Alabama , convinced President Kennedy to address the severe inequalities between black and white citizens in the South : " The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased cries for equality that no city or state or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them . " Despite the apparent lack of immediate local success after the Birmingham campaign , Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker pointed to its influence on national affairs as its true impact . President Kennedy 's administration drew up the Civil Rights Act bill . After being filibustered for 75 days by " diehard southerners " in Congress , it was passed into law in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson . The Civil Rights Act applied to the entire nation , prohibiting racial discrimination in employment and in access to public places . Roy Wilkins of the NAACP , however , disagreed that the Birmingham campaign was the primary force behind the Civil Rights Act . Wilkins gave credit to other movements , such as the Freedom Rides , the integration of the University of Mississippi , and campaigns to end public school segregation . Birmingham 's public schools were integrated in September 1963 . Governor Wallace sent National Guard troops to keep black students out but President Kennedy reversed Wallace by ordering the troops to stand down . Violence continued to plague the city , however . Someone threw a tear gas canister into Loveman 's department store when it complied with the desegregation agreement ; twenty people in the store required hospital treatment . Four months after the Birmingham campaign settlement , someone bombed the house of NAACP attorney Arthur Shores , injuring his wife in the attack . On September 15 , 1963 , Birmingham again earned international attention when Ku Klux Klan members bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church on a Sunday morning and killed four young girls . The Birmingham campaign inspired the Civil Rights Movement in other parts of the South . Two days after King and Shuttlesworth announced the settlement in Birmingham , Medgar Evers of the NAACP in Jackson , Mississippi demanded a biracial committee to address concerns there . On June 12 , 1963 , Evers was fatally shot outside his home . He had been organizing demonstrations similar to those in Birmingham to pressure Jackson 's city government . In 1965 Shuttlesworth assisted Bevel , King , and the SCLC to lead the Selma to Montgomery marches , intended to increase voter registration among blacks . = = = Campaign impact = = = Historian Glenn Eskew wrote that the campaign " led to an awakening to the evils of segregation and a need for reforms in the region . " The black middle class generally assumed leadership in Birmingham and the SCLC , and the black underclass still struggled . According to Eskew , the riots that occurred after the bombing of the Gaston Motel foreshadowed rioting in larger cities later in the 1960s . ACMHR vice president Abraham Woods claimed that the rioting in Birmingham set a precedent for the " Burn , baby , burn " mindset , a cry used in later civic unrest in the Watts Riots , the 12th Street riots in Detroit , and other American cities in the 1960s . A study of the Watts riots concluded , " The ' rules of the game ' in race relations were permanently changed in Birmingham . " Wyatt Tee Walker wrote that the Birmingham campaign was " legend " and had become the Civil Rights Movement 's most important chapter . It was " the chief watershed of the nonviolent movement in the United States . It marked the maturation of the SCLC as a national force in the civil rights arena of the land that had been dominated by the older and stodgier NAACP . " Walker called the Birmingham campaign and the Selma marches " Siamese twins " joining to " kill segregation ... and bury the body " . Jonathan Bass declared that " King had won a tremendous public relations victory in Birmingham " but also stated pointedly that " it was the citizens of the Magic City , both black and white , and not Martin Luther King and the SCLC , that brought about the real transformation of the city . "
= The Brothers Grimm ( film ) = The Brothers Grimm is a 2005 adventure fantasy film directed by Terry Gilliam . The film stars Matt Damon , Heath Ledger , and Lena Headey in an exaggerated and fictitious portrait of the Brothers Grimm as traveling con @-@ artists in French @-@ occupied Germany , during the early 19th century . However , the brothers eventually encounter a genuine fairy tale curse which requires real courage instead of their usual bogus exorcisms . Supporting characters are played by Peter Stormare , Jonathan Pryce , and Monica Bellucci . In February 2001 , Ehren Kruger sold his spec script to Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) . With Gilliam 's hiring as director , the script was rewritten by Gilliam and Tony Grisoni , but the Writers Guild of America refused to credit them for their work , thus Kruger received sole credit . MGM eventually dropped out as distributor , but decided to co @-@ finance The Brothers Grimm with Dimension Films and Summit Entertainment , while Dimension took over distribution duties . The film was shot entirely in the Czech Republic . Gilliam often had on @-@ set tensions with brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein , which caused the original theatrical release date to be delayed nearly ten months . The Brothers Grimm was finally released on 26 August 2005 with mixed reviews and a $ 105 @.@ 3 million box office performance . This also marks Terry Gilliam 's first film to receive a PG @-@ 13 rating by the MPAA . = = Plot = = Wilhelm Grimm ( Matt Damon ) and Jakob Grimm ( Heath Ledger ) arrive in French @-@ occupied Germany during the early 1800s . They go to Karlstadt to rid the town of a witch 's ghost . After killing the " ghost " , it is revealed that the Brothers Grimm have actually set up a fake witch to trick the town . Afterwards , as they are celebrating , Italian torturer Mercurio Cavaldi ( Peter Stormare ) takes them to the French General Delatombe ( Jonathan Pryce ) . Delatombe forces them to solve a mystery : The girls of the small village of Marbaden are disappearing , and the villagers are convinced that supernatural beings are responsible . The Grimms are charged with finding who is responsible , and they soon discover that it is the work of a real supernatural force : a beautiful , yet evil , 500 @-@ year @-@ old Thuringian Queen ( Monica Bellucci ) stealing young girls to restore her own beauty . Will and Jake have a complicated relationship ; Jake is the smaller , younger , more sensitive one that Will feels he needs to protect . Will is often very hard on Jake ( dating all the way back to their childhood , when Jake spent their money that was to be used for medicine for their dying sister on " magic beans " ) and orders him around . Will is somewhat of a womanizer and wants to make money , whereas Jake is more interested in fairy tales and adventures . Jake feels that Will doesn 't care about or believe in him ; but Will is just frustrated about the way Jake acts so spontaneously , making it hard for Will to protect him . Long ago , King Childeric I came to the forest to build a city while the Queen experimented with black magic to gain eternal life . A plague swept through the land , and she hid in her tower , while her husband and everyone below her perished . Her spell granted her immortal life , but not the youth and beauty to go along with it . Her youthful appearance now only exists in her mirror , the source of her life , as an illusion and nothing more . She needs to drink the blood of twelve young girls to regain her beauty ; ten have already been reported missing . The Queen is working an enchantment to regain her beauty with the aid of her werewolf huntsman and his magic axe , crow familiars , and various creatures in the forest . The Grimms , with the help of Cavaldi and Angelika ( Lena Headey ) , a knowing huntress from the village , intend to destroy the Mirror Queen . After another girl goes missing , Cavaldi takes the Grimms and Angelika back to Delatombe . Because they have failed , Cavaldi is ordered to kill both the Grimms ; but , after convincing Delatombe that the magic in the forest is actually caused by German rebels , he sends them back . While Cavaldi stays behind with Angelika in the village , the brothers attempt to get into the tower . Jake succeeds and discovers the Queen and the power of her mirror . Meanwhile , another girl , named Sasha , is captured despite Angelika and Cavaldi 's efforts to save her . Jake rides into the forest alone after a spat with Will , who follows him . After mistaking a dummy that is smashed into the tower for Jake , Will realizes that Jake needs him to believe in him and assists Jake in climbing up the tower . On the roof of the tower , Jake notices twelve crypts in which the twelve victims must lie . When Sasha 's body comes up from a well , the werewolf takes her to a tomb . After rescuing Sasha and taking the werewolf 's magic axe , the Grimms return to the village . Delatombe captures the brothers and believes them to be frauds . French soldiers begin burning down the forest , and Cavaldi represses his sympathy to the brothers , but they are eventually saved by Angelika . The werewolf is revealed to be Angelika 's father , who is under the Queen 's spell . It turns out that he is only able to keep on living due to an enchanted spike that is lodged into his chest and , without such , the spell is broken . Angelika is drowned by her father , becoming the 12th victim . The Brothers reach the tower while the Queen breathes an ice wind that puts out the forest fire . Delatombe notices that the Grimms have escaped and goes after them with Cavaldi . When Cavaldi refuses to kill the Grimms , Delatombe shoots him but is later impaled by Will . Will and Jake enter the tower , where Will falls under the Queen 's spell when the Queen takes the enchanted spike from Angelika 's father and thrusts it into Will 's chest . Jake shatters the enchanted mirror in the tower , preventing the Queen from completing the spell that will restore her youth . With the last of his strength , Angelika 's father destroys the rest of the mirror by jumping out of the window with it ; and Will , attempting to save the Queen , tries to take back the mirror and falls with him , and both men are killed . Outside , Cavaldi survives , having donned the Grimm 's faux @-@ magic armor . He finds Will 's body and recites an Italian curse , and the tower falls apart . Jake escapes , and Cavaldi informs Jake that he can break the spell and awaken Angelika with a kiss , which in turn resurrects the other girls and Will . With the menace gone and their daughters returned to them , the villagers of Marbaden celebrate and give their heart @-@ felt thanks to the brothers . Cavaldi stays in the village and joins the villagers for the feast . Angelika kisses both the Grimms and tells them that they are always welcome at the village . The Brothers Grimm decide to pursue a new profession , presumably recording fairy tales , although they are now wanted criminals of the state . One of the Queen 's crows is seen flying off with the last shard of her mirror , still holding the Queen 's watchful eye and presumably , her living soul . = = Cast = = Matt Damon and Heath Ledger as Wilhelm " Will " and Jakob " Jake " Grimm : Johnny Depp was Gilliam 's first choice for Will Grimm , but producer Bob Weinstein believed Depp was not commercially famous enough for the role . Damon joked that Weinstein " was kicking himself because half @-@ way through production , Pirates of the Caribbean came out and Depp was all of a sudden a big sensation . " Ledger met Gilliam in November 2002 when Nicola Pecorini recommended the actor to the director , comparing him to Depp . Gilliam intended to cast Ledger opposite Depp . Damon and Ledger were originally cast in opposite roles before they petitioned to have their characters switched . Damon had wanted to work with Gilliam for years and actively campaigned to land the role of Will Grimm . The actor " grew up loving [ Gilliam 's ] Time Bandits , the way that movie created this weird but totally convincing world " . Gilliam elected to have Damon wear a prosthetic nose , but Weinstein said " it would have distracted audiences from Damon 's star @-@ studded good looks " . Gilliam later reasoned that " it would have been the most expensive nose job ever " . Peter Stormare as Mercurio Cavaldi , Delatombe 's Italian associate . Cavaldi originally has a grudge against the brothers , but eventually has a change of heart . Robin Williams was cast in the role before dropping out . Lena Headey as Angelika : Her father is a woodsman transformed into a werewolf by the Mirror Queen 's spell . Gilliam 's first choice for the role was Samantha Morton . Jonathan Pryce as General Vavarin Delatombe , a cruel French military commander . Delatombe attempts to burn down the forest and kill the brothers . Tomáš Hanák as Woodsman Julian Bleach as Letorc Monica Bellucci as the Mirror Queen , a beautiful , evil queen who experimented with black magic before being struck by the Bubonic plague , her spell giving her eternal life but not the eternal youth she had expected . Nicole Kidman turned down the role over scheduling conflicts . Mackenzie Crook and Richard Ridings as Hidlick and Bunst : Duo sidekicks for the Grimms ; they are eventually beheaded by French soldiers . Roger Ashton @-@ Griffiths as the Mayor , who is duped into employing the Grimms to rid his village of its haunting . Anna Rust as Sister Grimm = = Production = = Ehren Kruger 's screenplay was written as a spec script ; in February 2001 , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) purchased the script , with Summit Entertainment to co @-@ finance the film . In October 2002 , Terry Gilliam entered negotiations to direct , and rewrote Kruger 's script alongside frequent collaborator Tony Grisoni . However , the Writers Guild of America refused to credit Gilliam and Grisoni for their rewrite work , and Kruger received sole credit . After Gilliam 's hiring , production was put on fast track for a target November 2004 theatrical release date . The budget , originally projected at $ 75 million , was to be Dimension Films ' most expensive film ever . The studio had trouble financing the film , and dropped out as main distributor . Weeks later , Bob Weinstein , under his Dimension Films production company , made a deal with MGM and Summit to co @-@ finance The Brothers Grimm , and become the lead distributor . = = = Filming = = = The original start date was April 2003 , but filming did not begin until 30 June . It was decided to shoot The Brothers Grimm entirely in the Czech Republic over budget constraints . Gilliam reasoned that " this is an $ 80 million movie , which would probably cost $ 120 — $ 140 million in America " . The majority of filming required sound stages and backlots from Barrandov Studios in Prague . Filming at Barrandov ended on 23 October . Location filming began afterwards , which included the Křivoklát Castle . Along with Alien vs. Predator and Van Helsing , The Brothers Grimm provided work for hundreds of local jobs and contributed over $ 300 million into the Czech Republic 's economy . Gilliam hired Guy Hendrix Dyas as production designer after he was impressed with Dyas ' work on X2 . Gilliam often disputed with executive producers Bob and Harvey Weinstein during production . The Weinstein Brothers fired cinematographer and regular Gilliam collaborator Nicola Pecorini after six weeks . Pecorini was then replaced by Newton Thomas Sigel . " I 'm used to riding roughshod over studio executives , " Gilliam explained , " but the Weinsteins rode roughshod over me . " Gilliam got so upset , filming was shut down for nearly two weeks . Matt Damon reflected on the situation : " I 've never been in a situation like that . Terry was spitting rage at the system , at the Weinsteins . You can 't try and impose big compromises on a visionary director like him . If you try to force him to do what you want creatively , he 'll go nuclear . " The feud between Gilliam and the Weinsteins was eventually settled , although Bob Weinstein blamed the entire situation on yellow journalism . Filming was scheduled to end in October , but due to various problems during filming , principal photography did not end until the following 27 November . Due to the tensions between the filmmaker and the producers during production , Gilliam said in retrospect about the film , " [ I ] t 's not the film they wanted and it 's not quite the film I wanted . It 's the film that is a result of [ ... ] two groups of people , who aren ’ t working well together . " With regards to the Weinsteins also producing Martin Scorsese 's film Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , Gilliam stated : " Marty [ Scorsese ] said almost the exact same quote I said , without us knowing it : ' They took the joy out of filmmaking . ' " = = = Visual effects = = = Post @-@ production was severely delayed when Gilliam disagreed with the Weinsteins over the final cut privilege . In the meantime , the conflict lasted so long that Gilliam had enough time to shoot another feature film , Tideland . To create the visual effects , Gilliam awarded the shots to Peerless Camera , the London @-@ based effects studio he founded in the late @-@ 1970s with visual effects supervisor Kent Houston . However , two months into filming , Houston said that Peerless " ran into a number of major issues with The Brothers Grimm and with the Weinstein Brothers " . He continued that " the main problem was the fact that the number of effects shots had dramatically increased , mainly because of issues that arose during shooting with the physical effects . " Meanwhile , the Queen 's chamber inside the tower was actually built by the Art Department as 2 sets . One set was resplendent and new while the other was old and decrepit . The sets were joined to each other by the central mirror , a piece of transparent glass giving the illusion that a single set was reflected and used to create the effect . There were originally to be about 500 effect shots , but it increased to 800 . The post @-@ production conflict between Gilliam and the Weinsteins also gave enough time for Peerless to work on another film , The Legend of Zorro . Four different creatures were required for computer animation : a Wolfman , a mud creature , the Mirror Queen , and a living tree . John Paul Docherty , who headed the digital visual effects unit , studied the animation of the computer @-@ generated Morlocks in The Time Machine for the Wolfman . Docherty depicted the Morlocks " as a nice mix between human and animal behaviors " . The death of The Mirror Queen was the most complex effect of the film . In the sequence , the Queen turns into hundreds of shards of glass and shatters . With computerized rendering , this could not happen , as the 3D volume of the body suddenly turns into 2D pieces of glass . The problem was eventually solved due to sudden advances that occurred with Softimage XSI software . = = Release = = The original theatrical release date was due in November 2004 before being changed many times ; the dates had been moved to February 2005 , 29 July , 23 November , and finally 26 August . Executive producer Bob Weinstein blamed the pushed back release dates on budgetary concerns . To help promote The Brothers Grimm , a three @-@ minute film trailer was shown at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival , while twenty minutes of footage was shown at the 2005 event . = = = Box office = = = The Brothers Grimm was released in the United States in 3 @,@ 087 theaters , earning $ 15 @,@ 092 @,@ 079 in its opening weekend . The film eventually grossed $ 37 @,@ 916 @,@ 267 in the United States and $ 67 @.@ 4 million internationally , coming to a worldwide total of $ 105 @,@ 316 @,@ 267 . The Brothers Grimm was shown at the 62nd Venice International Film Festival on 4 September 2005 , while in competition for the Golden Lion , but lost to Brokeback Mountain , also starring Ledger . = = = Critical reception = = = The Brothers Grimm was released with mixed reviews from critics . Based on 179 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 38 % of the critics enjoyed the film , with an average score of 5 @.@ 2 / 10 . By comparison , Metacritic collected a score of 51 / 100 based on 36 reviews . The majority of critics believed Gilliam sacrificed the storyline in favor of the visual design . Roger Ebert called the film " an invention without pattern , chasing itself around the screen without finding a plot . The movie seems like a style in search of a purpose , with a story we might not care about . " Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote that " The Brothers Grimm looks terrific , yet it remains essentially inert . You keep waiting for something to happen , and after a while your mind wanders from the hollow frenzy up there with all its filigrees and fretwork . " Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle felt " despite an appealing actor in each role , the entire cast comes across as repellent . Will and Jake Grimm are two guys in the woods , surrounded by computerized animals , putting audiences to sleep all over America . " Peter Travers , writing in Rolling Stone magazine , largely enjoyed The Brothers Grimm . He explained that " if you 're a Gilliam junkie , as I am , you go with it , even when the script loses its shaky hold on coherence . " Travers added , " even when Gilliam flies off the rails , his images stick with you . " Gene Seymour of Newsday called the film " a great compound of rip @-@ snorting Gothic fantasy and Python @-@ esque dark comedy " . = = = Home media = = = Currently , Disney own home video rights , while Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer holds television rights . The DVD release of The Brothers Grimm in December 2005 includes audio commentary by Gilliam , two " making @-@ of " featurettes , and deleted scenes . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc format in October 2006 . Both the DVD and Blu @-@ ray were released by Lionsgate Home Entertainment , under license from Disney . = = TV series = = Miramax has hired Ehren Kruger to adapt the film into a television series .
= Russian ironclad Sevastopol = The Russian ironclad Sevastopol ( Russian : Севастополь ) was ordered as a 58 @-@ gun wooden frigate by the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1860s , but was converted while under construction into a 32 @-@ gun armored frigate . She served in the Baltic Fleet and was reclassified as a training ship in 1880 . Sevastopol was decommissioned five years later , but was not sold for scrap until 1897 . = = Description = = Sevastopol was 300 feet ( 91 @.@ 4 m ) long between perpendiculars , with a beam of 50 feet 4 inches ( 15 @.@ 3 m ) and a draft of 22 feet 2 inches ( 6 @.@ 8 m ) ( forward ) and 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) ( aft ) . She displaced 6 @,@ 135 long tons ( 6 @,@ 233 t ) and she was fitted with a blunt iron ram at her bow . Sevastopol was considered to be a good sea boat and her total crew numbered 607 officers and enlisted men . The ship was fitted with a horizontal return @-@ connecting @-@ rod steam engine built by the Izhora Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single two @-@ bladed propeller using steam that was provided by an unknown number of rectangular boilers . During the ship 's sea trials , the engine produced a total of 3 @,@ 088 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 303 kW ) and gave the ship a maximum speed of 13 @.@ 95 knots ( 25 @.@ 84 km / h ; 16 @.@ 05 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 400 long tons ( 410 t ) of coal , but her endurance is unknown . She was schooner @-@ rigged with three masts . As a heavy frigate , Sevastopol was intended to be armed with 54 of the most powerful guns available to the Russians , the 7 @.@ 72 @-@ inch ( 196 mm ) 60 @-@ pounder smoothbore gun , and four long 36 @-@ pounder smoothbores . Her armament was revised when she was converted to an ironclad and she was completed with an armament of thirty @-@ two 60 @-@ pounder guns , four on the upper deck as chase guns and 28 on the lower deck . In 1868 , one chase gun and two guns on the lower deck were replaced by 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) rifled guns and 11 more of the 60 @-@ pounders were replaced by seven 8 @-@ inch guns two years later . In 1877 , her armament was changed again to 14 eight @-@ inch guns on the lower deck and two more on the upper deck . Also mounted on the upper deck were one 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) and ten 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) rifled guns . The entire ship 's side was protected with wrought @-@ iron armor that extended 5 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 6 m ) below the waterline . It was 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick amidships , backed by 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of teak , that thinned to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , backed by six inches of teak , in steps beginning 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) from the ship 's ends . = = Construction and service = = Sevastopol , named for the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War , was laid down on 7 September 1860 as a 58 @-@ gun heavy frigate at Kronstadt . She was reordered as ( converted into ) a 32 @-@ gun armored frigate on 26 July 1862 while still under construction . The ship was launched on 12 August 1864 and commissioned on 8 July 1865 . She served with the Baltic Fleet for her entire career and was reclassified as a training ship on 23 March 1880 . Sevastopol was decommissioned on 15 June 1885 and sold for breaking up in May 1897 .

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