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= Rocket to Russia =
Rocket to Russia is the third studio album by the American punk rock band the Ramones , and was released on November 4 , 1977 , through Sire Records . Its origins date back to the summer of 1977 , when " Sheena Is a Punk Rocker " was released as a single . That summer was known as the peak of the punk rock genre , since many punk bands were offered recording contracts . The album 's recording began in August 1977 , and the band had a considerably larger budget with Sire allowing them $ 25 @,@ 000 and $ 30 @,@ 000 ; much of this money went toward the album 's production rather than recording .
The album 's cover art was directed by John Gillespie . John Holmstrom and guitarist Johnny Ramone both worked on illustration , with the entire back cover contemplating a military theme , while the inner sleeve artwork depicted many of the themes portrayed in songs . The subject matter of songs varied throughout the album , though nearly all the tracks on the album incorporated humor into the lyrics . The musical style showed more of a surf rock influence , and many songs had minimal structuring .
The album received positive reception , with many critics appreciating the matured production and sound quality as compared to Rocket to Russia 's predecessors . Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it his favorite Ramones album as it contained several hooks and featured more variety of tempos . The album was not as commercially successful as the band had hoped , peaking at number 49 on the Billboard 200 . Band members blamed the Sex Pistols ' for their lack of sales , saying that they changed the punk image for the worse . This is the last album to feature original drummer Tommy Ramone who left the band in 1978 to work solely on production . The album was ranked at number 106 in Rolling Stone 's " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " in 2012 .
= = Conception = =
= = = Background = = =
In the summer of 1977 , " Sheena Is a Punk Rocker " was released as a single , being an outtake from the band 's previous release , Leave Home . This period was extremely significant to the punk rock genre , as it was the initial wave of New York City 's underground punk bands retrieving recording contracts . New York based clubs CBGB and Max 's Kansas City began to see bigger audiences crowd in to hear these bands . Punk fans commonly believed that this musical style would soon top the market , to which author Tom Carson explains : " To be in New York that summer was to have some sense of what it might have been like to live in San Francisco in 1966 or ' 67 , or in London when the Beatles and the [ Rolling ] Stones first hit . "
= = = Recording and production = = =
Sire Records allowed the band between $ 25 @,@ 000 and $ 30 @,@ 000 to fully record and produce the album , which is a considerably larger budget compared to the band 's previous albums . The band spent most of the money Sire had given them on the album 's production value . The studio rent was $ 150 per hour , usually using the first take of a song as its final recording . Johnny explained that " it 's best to do it quickly ... You do not wanna sit there and bullshit . It 's your money they 're spending . "
The recording began on August 21 , 1977 and took place in Midtown Manhattan at Media Sound Studios , a premises of a former Episcopalian Church . On the first day of sessions , guitarist Johnny Ramone brought a copy of the Sex Pistols ' single " God Save the Queen " with him , remarking that their type of music " robbed " the band . He emphasized that the album 's sound engineer Ed Stasium needed to incorporate better production than that of the Sex Pistols , to which Stasium replied " no problem . " Johnny relates : " These guys ripped us off and I want to sound better than this . "
Though the album cites Tony Bongiovi and Tommy Ramone as the head producers , much of the album 's production was done by Stasium ; Johnny so far as to insist that Bongiovi was omnipresent during the band 's recording sessions . Rocket to Russia 's final mastering was mainly done in Bongiovi 's Power Station studio . Infamous record producer Phil Spector offered to fabricate Rocket to Russia , but the band denied , feeling as though the album would not be the same without Tommy and Bongiovi .
= = = Title and packaging = = =
The album was released on November 4 , 1977 under the name Rocket to Russia , though it had a working title of Get Well . John Gillespie directed the artwork on the album , and the cover photo was taken by Danny Fields . Arturo Vega is credited as Artistic Coordinator , and Punk magazine editor John Holmstrom illustrated for the album . Holmstrom and Johnny collaborated on the back cover 's concept , eventually conceiving a military theme with an anti @-@ communist cartoon drawing . The back cover art depicts a " pinhead " riding a rocket from the US to Russia . The drawing features many landmarks which pertain to their global position , including The Empire State Building and Capitol Building , and Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Moscow . The original artwork is now featured in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio . The inside sleeve features cartoon illustrations of each song 's basic concept .
= = Lyrics and compositions = =
Compared to the band 's previous albums , the songs from Rocket to Russia were more surf music and bubblegum pop influenced . But similar to their previous releases , the lyrics integrated humor , specifically black comedy with themes circling mental disorders and psychiatry .
The album opens with " Cretin Hop , " which pays homage to Ramones fans , and was inspired by Cretin Avenue of St. Paul , Minnesota , named after former Bishop Joseph Crétin . When the piece was performed at concerts , the band would pogo dance on stage . " Rockaway Beach " was written by bassist Dee Dee Ramone , and was inspired by the Beach Boys along with other surf music bands . The title refers to a neighborhood and beach in Queens which Dee Dee was a fan of , as confirmed by Tommy and Joey . " I Don 't Care " is composed of three chords and features minimal text composition . The song is among the first pieces written by the band , and was originally recorded as a demo that was released on the 2001 expanded edition of the Ramones debut album . " Sheena Is a Punk Rocker " was written by Joey , who explains that the lyrics are about a young female outsider named Sheena who strayed away from the popular disco and surf music and instead visited nightclubs and listened to punk rock . The mid @-@ tempo song deviates from a three @-@ chord pattern and starts off with Joey shouting " Go ! " , followed guitar riffs deemed to have a " raucous " texture by author Tom Carson . The author also suggests that these chords " bump [ ed ] " into each other until the song 's fade @-@ out ending .
" We 're a Happy Family " is a caricature of the conditions which 20th century middle @-@ class American families lived in . The song 's lyrics depict a dysfunctional family where the father is a lying homosexual , the mother is addicted to prescription drugs , the infant has chills . The writing also tells of how the family are friends with the President of the United States and the Pope , and indicate that the family sells " dope , " which is slang for marijuana . The song fades out with various different lines taken from fake dialogue , which illustrate a side of Joey 's personality according to his brother Mickey Leigh .
Side B of the album begins with " Teenage Lobotomy , " which deals with the brain surgical operation lobotomy . The lyrics outlines how this procedure can cause serious consequences to the brain , with the line " Gonna get my Ph.D , I 'm a teenage lobotomy . " The composition features more complex melodies than that of other songs from the album , with Stasium proclaiming it to be a " mini @-@ Ramones Symphony . " Rocket to Russia is the first album to feature two cover songs : " Do You Wanna Dance ? " ( originally performed by Bobby Freeman ) and " Surfin ' Bird " ( originally performed by The Trashmen ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical = = =
Rocket to Russia was well received by critics , and was often given a positive review . Many critics appreciated the band 's progression of sound quality and production value , as opposed to the album 's predecessors . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , a music critic at AllMusic said that the production " only gives the Ramones ' music more force . " He rewarded the album five out of five stars , stating that although it lacks the revolutionary impact that their debut had , Rocket to Russia is the band 's " most listenable and enjoyable album " because of its surplus of hooks and varying tempo .
Critic Robert Christgau reaffirms that the album 's content evolved significantly since previous releases . Christgau noted that the album had " something for everyone " and called it a " ready @-@ made punk @-@ rock classic . " Rolling Stone critic Dave Marsh began his review of the album by stating : " Rocket to Russia is the best American rock & roll of the year and possibly the funniest rock album ever made . " Like other critics , Marsh recognized the advanced sound quality , explaining that " the guitars still riff relentlessly , but they are freer within the murky sound , and the songs give them much more to work with . "
= = = Sales and aftermath = = =
Though the band expected the album to spawn a few hit songs , Rocket to Russia sold few records . The album charted on the US Billboard 200 at number 49 , making this album one of the most successful of the Ramones ' releases . It also debuted at number 31 on the Swedish charts , 36 on the Canadian charts , and 60 on the UK Albums Chart .
The lack of record sales was largely due to the fellow punk band Sex Pistols turning people off the genre " with their antisocial behavior , " as put by author Brian J. Bowe . Rock music historian Legs McNeil relates : " Safety pins , razor blades , chopped haircuts , snarling , vomiting--everything that had nothing to do with the Ramones was suddenly in vogue , and it killed any chance Rocket to Russia had of getting any airplay . " Joey also insisted that the Sex Pistols were partially responsible for the low sale numbers , concluding that before 60 Minutes 's focused on the Sex Pistols , Rocket to Russia had decent airplay . After this , Joey asserted that " everyone flipped out and then things changed radically . It really kind of screwed things up for ourselves . "
= = = = Departure of Tommy = = = =
Drummer Tommy , who had also worked to co @-@ produce the album , was troubled by the lack of sales and began debating on continuing with the Ramones . He also considered touring to be " depressing , " and that the audience at unfamiliar gigs were " a bunch of very eccentric , high @-@ strung , crazy people , from one shit @-@ hole club to another . " The drummer left the band to continue on the album 's writing and mixing .
" I was thinking , ' What 's best for the Ramones ? ' There was all this tension between me and Johnny . I was trying to release the pressure , to keep the band going . I told Dee Dee and Joey first that I was leaving the band . They said , ' Oh no , don 't go , don 't go , blah , blah , blah . ' I told them we had to do something , because I was losing my mind . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs were written by the Ramones , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
The following personnel can be verified with AllMusic and the album 's liner notes .
Performing
Joey Ramone – lead vocals
Johnny Ramone – lead guitar
Dee Dee Ramone – bass guitar , backing vocals
Tommy Ramone – drums , producer
Production
Tony Bongiovi – producer
Ed Stasium – engineer
Don Berman – assistant engineer
Greg Calbi – mastering
Danny Fields – photography
John Holmstrom – artwork
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= One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e =
One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e ( One ～ 輝く季節へ ～ , lit . One ~ To the Radiant Season ~ ) is a Japanese adult visual novel , developed by Tactics , a brand of Nexton , released on May 29 , 1998 playable on Windows PCs . The erotic content was later removed when the game was ported to the PlayStation . The story follows the life of Kōhei Orihara , a high school student who has fun spending time with several girls about his age , while at the same time he is gradually being drawn into a mystical alternate space known as the Eternal World .
The gameplay in One follows a branching plot line which offers pre @-@ determined scenarios with courses of interaction , and focuses on the appeal of the six female main characters by the player character . The game ranked several times in the national top 50 for best @-@ selling PC games sold in Japan . A sequel loosely based on One titled One2 : Eien no Yakusoku was produced by BaseSon , another brand under Nexton , and was released in April 2002 .
Much of the staff that created the game later became the founding members of the visual novel brand Key . KSS produced a four @-@ episode all ages original video animation ( OVA ) series between 2001 and 2002 titled One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e . Cherry Lips produced a three @-@ episode adult OVA series between 2003 and 2004 titled One : True Stories . One : True Stories was later licensed for English language distribution by Media Blasters . Comic anthologies and four novels were also published , as were audio dramas .
= = Gameplay = =
One is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Kōhei Orihara . Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story 's narrative and dialogue . One follows a branching plot line with multiple endings , and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game , the plot will progress in a specific direction .
There are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the heroines in the story . Throughout gameplay , the player is given multiple options to choose from , and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made . To view all plot lines in their entirety , the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction . In the adult versions of the game , there are scenes with sexual CGs depicting Kōhei and a given heroine having sex . Later , ports of the game were released without the erotic content .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The main part One 's story takes place at a Japanese high school , though little is shown except for Kōhei 's classroom , the cafeteria , and a little of the surrounding area . The main school building is three @-@ stories , and the roof is accessible , albeit with a sign on the roof 's access door saying " No Entry " , but the door is never locked regardless . Adjacent to the main building is another which houses club rooms . The school borders a forest on one side with a chain link fence . Beyond the forest is a park with a fountain and a flight of stairs on a hill . Other than the school , the shopping district in town and the usual path Kōhei takes to school are shown , but otherwise the only other place depicted is Kōhei 's two @-@ story house .
= = = Main characters = = =
Kōhei Orihara is a young man in high school living a normal life . He tends to tease the girls he knows , especially his childhood friend Mizuka Nagamori , but deep down he is generally nice to girls . Mizuka usually takes good care of him , and worries about Kōhei , wondering if he could suddenly get a girlfriend . She is constantly sighing , being made to go along with Kōhei 's meaningless jokes . Kōhei meets a transfer student named Rumi Nanase early in the story whose goal is to become a " true maiden " and to that end , she behaves maidenly toward those around her , but she shows her true character just to Kōhei , who leaves a terrible first impression . Kōhei gets to know a quiet classmate named Akane Satomura who does not readily open her heart up to those around her , and refuses any help Kōhei may offer .
Kōhei also meets a blind upperclassman named Misaki Kawana who has a sociable personality where she can be unreserved with anyone . A mute underclassman girl named Mio Kouzuki meets Kōhei one day and uses a sketchbook to carry on written conversations . She belongs to the drama club , and despite not being able to speak , can still show emotion through various abundant expressions . The last girl Kōhei gets to know is a childish junior high school student named Mayu Shiina who refuses to go to school . Her one and only friend she could trust in life , a ferret named Myū , dies shortly before she meets Kōhei and the other main characters .
= = = Story = = =
The story revolves around Kōhei Orihara , the main protagonist . His father died when he was very young , followed by his younger sister Misao and finally his mother . Deeply depressed , he goes to live with his aunt Yukiko , his mother 's younger sister , about ten years before One 's story begins on November 30 , 1998 . After he meets Mizuka Nagamori as a child , Kōhei begins to seclude himself in the Eternal World , a world within his mind . The game 's main recurring motif is a focus on the Eternal World , a mystical alternate space which is never clearly explained , and the details of which are unknown . Shun Hikami 's remarks in the original game are possible clues about the Eternal World .
The Eternal World is a place similar to the afterlife where a person 's " other self " awaits . Anyone can access it , though it is only accessible once one has lost his or her grounding in the real world . It may be necessary to form a pledge with someone in the real world as a guide to the Eternal World , but one 's memories surrounding the pledge become vague . A grace period can be granted between when the pledge is made and when someone goes to the Eternal World . Once the process has started , nothing can prevent someone from going to the Eternal World , and returning to the real world is difficult . Someone about to leave to the Eternal World starts to be forgotten approximately one week before going , and the amount of time before someone forgets differs based on how much someone thinks about the person leaving . However , he or she is remembered the moment that person returns . If a strong emotional bond is established in the real world before leaving , a person in the Eternal World can be returned after approximately one year .
Kōhei is living a normal life in high school with Mizuka , and gets to know five other girls throughout the story who he helps with their various personal problems . While Kōhei likes to joke and tease these girls , deep down he is nice to girls and genuinely wants to help them . In the story , Kōhei is able to form intimate relationships with the six heroines : Mizuka Nagamori , Rumi Nanase , Misaki Kawana , Mio Kouzuki , Mayu Shiina , and Akane Satomura . While a given relationship will start out well , before long those around him start to forget him as he begins to retreat further into the Eternal World . If Kōhei forms a strong bond with one of the girls , she alone remembers him even after he leaves to the Eternal World . This ensures his eventual return one year later when he and the girl reunite .
= = Development and release = =
One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e is Tactics ' third title , after Moon and Dōsei . One 's production was headed by YET11 , the pseudonym of Tsutomu Yoshizawa , who also contributed to the music in the game . Planning was led by Jun Maeda , who worked on the scenario with fellow writer Naoki Hisaya . Maeda wrote the scenarios for Mizuka , Rumi and Mayu , while Hisaya wrote the routes for Misaki , Mio and Akane . Art direction was done by Itaru Hinoue who also worked on the computer graphics along with aritsts Miracle Mikipon and Shinory . In addition to YET11 , the soundtrack was composed by Shinji Orito , OdiakeS , M.S. and Ishisan .
One was first released on May 29 , 1998 in regular and limited edition versions playable on Windows PCs in CD @-@ ROM format ; the limited edition included the game 's first original soundtrack . Both the limited and regular editions of the original game contained no voice acting . On April 1 , 1999 , KID released an all ages version in regular and limited editions playable on the PlayStation under the title Kagayaku Kisetsu e ; the PS version contained full @-@ voice acting . On September 14 , 2000 , AI System released One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Memorial Selection , which was essentially the original game , though the price was cheaper at a little less than half the original price . On January 1 , 2003 , a full voice version of the Windows game was released by Nexton . Kōhei was not voiced in any of the versions .
On February 9 , 2007 , One was released playable on FOMA cell phones via a Java program by NTT DoCoMo . A second mobile release playable on au mobile phones was released on March 1 , 2007 by KDDI . A third mobile release , also playable on FOMA cell phones , was released by SoftBank Mobile on July 2 , 2007 . The last release by Nexton was on June 1 , 2007 as a Windows Vista compatible edition for the PC . Gyutto released the full @-@ voice , Vista @-@ compatible edition of One as a downloadable version on February 26 , 2010 . The version for the PlayStation , and the mobile versions released by KDDI and SoftBank Mobile did not contain adult material . A promotional video for the game is still available for download at Tactics ' One website .
= = Related media = =
= = = Printed media = = =
Four adult novels based on the series , written by Midori Tateyama , were published by Movic between August 1998 and April 2000 . Each volume focused on one of the main heroines in the story ; volumes one through four focused on Mizuka , Akane , Misaki , and Rumi , respectively . A 143 @-@ page official fan book , which focused on Moon and One , was released by the publisher Compass in October 1998 , titled Tactics Moon & One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Creation Image Collection . Aspect released a 95 @-@ page official fan book for the PlayStation version of One in October 1999 .
Compass also released a manga anthology called Tactics Anthology Comic One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Chapter in May 1999 . Movic released a two @-@ volume manga anthology called One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Comic Anthology between October and December 1999 . Ohzora released five volumes of manga anthologies : three in one series , and the last two as stand @-@ alone volumes . The three @-@ volume series is titled One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Anthology Comics and were released between May 2002 and February 2003 . The first stand @-@ alone volume called One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Dōjin Selection was released in September 2003 , and the second stand @-@ alone volume titled Hidamari One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e was released in January 2004 .
= = = Anime = = =
One was adapted twice into original video animation ( OVA ) series . The first was an all ages OVA titled One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e produced by KSS ; four DVD volumes were released in Japan between August 10 , 2001 and May 24 , 2002 . The all ages OVA is loosely based on the original One visual novel and is drawn with a different setting . The second series , produced by Cherry Lips , was an adult OVA under the title One : True Stories . Three DVD volumes containing a single episode each were released between November 21 , 2003 and May 28 , 2004 . One : True Stories was later licensed for English distribution by Media Blasters and the three episodes were released in a single volume on August 16 , 2005 .
= = = Music and audio CDs = = =
The visual novel 's one main piece of theme music is the ending theme " Kagayaku Kisetsu e " ( 輝く季節へ ) composed by Shinji Orito . Five of the heroines have background music leitmotifs , excluding Mayu Shiina . Mizuka Nagamori 's theme is " Happiki no Neko " ( 8匹のネコ , Eight Cats ) ; Rumi Nanase 's theme is " Otome Kibō " ( 乙女希望 , Maiden 's Wish ) ; Misaki Kawana 's theme is " Mitame wa Ojō @-@ sama " ( 見た目はお嬢様 , Ladylike Appearance ) ; Mio Kouzuki 's theme is " Mujaki ni Egao " ( 無邪気に笑顔 , Innocent Smile ) ; lastly , Akane Satomura 's theme is " Niji o Mita Shōkei " ( 虹をみた小径 , Path of a Rainbow Sighting ) . The first original soundtrack for the game was released on December 6 , 1998 , and a second followed on September 24 , 1999 as a piano arrange album . A remix album titled Sea Roars came bundled with the full voice Windows edition of the game released on January 1 , 2003 .
Three drama CDs based on the original game were released by Movic between November 6 , 1999 and January 30 , 2000 . Two drama CDs based on the all ages OVA series were released by KSS between November 2001 and July 2002 . A soundtrack for the all ages OVA series titled One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Music from the Animation ( also known as One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Vocal Mini album ) was released on August 10 , 2001 by KSS . An original soundtrack for One : True Stories was released by ChamberRecords / HOBiRECORDS on November 21 , 2003 .
= = Reception = =
According to a national ranking of how well bishōjo games sold nationally in Japan , the One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e Memorial Selection Windows release ranked in on seven separate occasions . The game premiered at number six in the rankings during the first two weeks of September 2000 . During the first two weeks of January 2001 , the Memorial Selection ranked in at number 30 , and a month later during the first two weeks of February 2001 , ranked in at number 38 . Memorial Selection ranked in again at 41 between the end of February and March 2001 , and the following two weeks ranked in at 32 . Memorial Selection ranked on the list again between May 7 – 20 , 2001 , ranking in at 47 , and then for a final time during the first two weeks of July 2001 , ranking in at 37 . The One full @-@ voice edition for Windows premiered at number 12 out of 50 in the ranking , and ranked the following two weeks at 40 . In the month that followed , the One full voice edition ranked first in 60th place , and then again in the following ranking at 44 .
The all ages OVA series was given a negative review by Carlos Ross of THEM Anime Reviews . Despite looking " kinda cute " , he criticized the characters as having " no personality beyond the standard cliches of [ a ] dating simulation . " However , Ross did praise the art style , commenting that it was " rather nice , being in traditional analog style rather than CG . " The One : True Stories adult OVA series was reviewed at Mania.com where the reviewer remarked , " One : True Stories is the perfect kind of entry level or couples type of show that focuses just as much on the story and emotions of the characters as the sex , if not more so . " The characters were found to be " appealing " , and the story is described as a " fantasy but it 's a nice fantasy . "
= = = Legacy = = =
After the release of One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e , the game 's producer YET11 was the only staff member who worked on the game who was later credited for future titles produced by Tactics , such as Tactics ' next visual novel Suzu ga Utau Hi in 1999 . The rest of the main production staff for One , along with its predecessor Moon , were later credited with the creation of the visual novel Kanon under the brand name Key attached to VisualArt 's .
A sequel loosely based on the original One visual novel titled One2 : Eien no Yakusoku ( One2 ～ 永遠の約束 ～ , lit . One2 ~ The Eternal Promise ~ ) was produced by the visual novel studio BaseSon , another brand under Nexton . One2 was released first on April 26 , 2002 , and then again on April 25 , 2003 with added voice acting , scenario , CGs and music . One2 used the concept of the Eternal World established in One as a major motif as One had done . The Eternal World in One2 is better explained than in One , though the two versions of the world differ to a certain extent due to the scenario writers that worked on One not being credited on the production staff of One2 .
Characters from One have appeared in other media not directly based on the One series . The six heroines from One have appeared in the Eternal Fighter Zero dōjin games by Twilight Frontier . Additionally , Rumi Nanase can be seen as a background character in several episodes of the Kanon anime series by Kyoto Animation . Itaru Hinoue , the art director of One , included illustrations from One in her art book White Clover : Itaru Hinoue Art Works released in 2009 .
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= You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) =
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " is a song by Jamaican recording artist Dawn Penn from her debut studio album , No , No , No ( 1994 ) . The song 's lyrics are credited to Penn , Bo Diddley and Willie Cobbs , and production was handled by Steely and Clevie . Penn recorded a song in 1967 called " You Don 't Love Me " , which incorporates elements of the music and lyrics of Cobbs ' 1960 song " You Don 't Love Me " . The Cobbs song was , in turn , based on Diddley 's 1955 song " She 's Fine , She 's Mine " . Thus , both are credited as songwriters on Penn 's recording . In 1994 , after a 17 @-@ year break from the music industry , she re @-@ recorded a dancehall version of the song retitled " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " .
Penn 's 1994 version of the song became a commercial success worldwide . In the United Kingdom , it peaked at number three on the Singles Chart . The song also reached the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland , and the top 40 in the Netherlands and New Zealand . In the United States , the single also charted at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 42 on the Hot R & B Singles chart . Multiple recording artists have performed cover versions and sampled " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " in their own works . Barbadian singer Rihanna remade the song for her debut studio album , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) , and American entertainer Beyoncé performed the song on her I Am ... World Tour concert tour ( 2009 – 10 ) .
= = Background = =
In Jamaica in 1967 , Penn recorded a song titled " You Don 't Love Me " , which " she first sang for Studio One , although the song itself originated in the American south , courtesy of R & B singer Willie Cobbs " . Cobb himself had based his song on blues singer Bo Diddley 's 1955 recording " She 's Fine , She 's Mine " . Penn 's cover of Cobb 's song was recorded at Kingston 's Studio One by influential producer Coxsone Dodd . Dodd , who had lived for a while in the United States , imported American rhythm and blues records to play for his sound system entertainment businesses . Penn 's song used lyrical and melodic elements of Cobbs ' song , but was performed in the emerging rocksteady style – a precursor to reggae . It starts out with a drum roll , " then a chugging bass line kicks in and Penn 's dreamy voice wails " :
No no no , you don 't love me and I know now ( 2 × )
'Cause you left me baby , and I got no place to go now ...
Dawn Penn 's " You Don 't Love Me " was successful in Jamaica , where it was a major hit . She recorded some other songs due to the positive feedback and reviews of " You Don 't Love Me " , such as " Blue Yes Blue " and a reggae cover version of Scottish singer Lulu 's " To Sir , with Love " . Despite her initial success , Penn decided to take a break from singing , which lasted 17 years . In the late 1980s , after working for banks , accountant agencies , and airlines , she returned to Jamaica in the hopes of reviving her career . In the early 1990s , she re @-@ recorded a version of " You Don 't Love Me " with the new title " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " . The noted Jamaican production team Steely and Clevie produced it and it featured an updated dancehall arrangement . Songwriting is credited to Penn , Cobbs , and Diddley .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ; it remained on the chart for 12 weeks . It also peaked at number 42 on the Hot R & B Singles chart , number 41 on the Hot R & B Airplay chart , and number 45 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . In the Wallonia region of Belgium , " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " debuted at number 44 on the chart week of 23 July 1994 , and peaked at number eight in its eighth week ; it remained on the chart for a total of 13 weeks . The song placed within the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland , peaking at numbers 13 and 17 , respectively . " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " also reached number 25 in New Zealand and number 38 in the Netherlands , and peaked at number 41 in both France and Germany . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart during the week of 11 June 1994 , later peaking at number three and remaining in the position for two consecutive weeks .
= = Formats = =
CD maxi single
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Extended Mix ) – 4 : 35
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Instrumental Dub ) – 3 : 02
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Original Radio Edit ) – 3 : 19
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Remix ) – 5 : 13
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Remix Instrumental ) – 6 : 07
Digital download
" You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " ( Album version ) – 4 : 37
= = Charts = =
= = Covers and other versions = =
Reggae group Aswad sampled " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " for their song " You 're No Good " , taken from their album Rise and Shine ( 1994 ) . " You 're No Good " peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart on 2 February 1995 . British music DJ 's Hexstatic included a mix of the song on " Mr. Scruff 's Ninja Tune Megamix " ( Hexstatic Edit ) by DJ Food on their 2002 DJ mix album Listen & Learn . Barbadian recording artist Rihanna recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with dancehall recording artist Vybz Kartel , for her debut studio album Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) . It was produced by Evan Rogers , Carl Sturken and D. " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ quee . Jason Birchmeier , writing for AllMusic , described Rihanna 's cover as " catchy " , while Chantal Jenoure , writing for The Jamaica Observer , labelled it as " hilarious " . English recording artist Lily Allen sampled the song for her " Shame for You " , included on her debut studio album , Alright , Still ( 2006 ) . Lucy Davies for the BBC reviewed the song , writing " Many of her reggae @-@ fused songs stick in your head whilst you desperately suss out why they 're familiar , but she rips off her influences with a comic acknowledgement , like ' Shame for You ' , which blatantly lifts the chorus hook from ' You Don 't Love Me ( No No No ) ' by Dawn Penn " .
In 2007 , American rapper Ghostface Killah covered the song on his compilation album , Hidden Darts : Special Edition , which consists of his rare album B @-@ sides , unreleased songs and mixtape tracks . American recording artist Beyoncé performed a part of the song on her I Am ... World Tour concert tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . After being lifted out of a 20 @-@ foot train by a harness and over the audience , she was lowered to the B @-@ stage , where she finished one song and continued with Penn 's " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " . It was later included on the CD / DVD release of the tour .
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= Burger King legal issues =
The legal issues of Burger King include several legal disputes and lawsuits , as both plaintiff and defendant , of the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King ( BK ) , in the years since its founding in 1954 . Situations involving these many legal topics have affected almost every aspect of the company 's operations . Depending on the ownership and executive staff at the time of these incidents , the company 's responses to these challenges have ranged from a conciliatory dialog with its critics and litigants to a more aggressive opposition with questionable tactics and negative consequences . The company 's response to these various issues has drawn praise , scorn , and accusations of political appeasement from different parties over the years .
Controversies and disputes have arisen from a diverse source of group such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) over the welfare of animals , governmental and social agencies over health issues and compliance with nutritional labeling laws , and unions and trade groups over labor relations and laws . These situations have touched on the concepts of animal rights , corporate responsibility and ethics , as well as social justice . While the majority of the disputes did not result in lawsuits , in many of the cases the situations raised legal questions , dealt with statutory compliance , or resulted in legal remedies such as changes in contractual procedure or binding agreements between parties . The resolutions to these legal matters have often altered the way the company interacts and negotiates contracts with its suppliers and franchisees or how it does business with the public .
Further controversies have occurred because of the company 's involvement in the Middle East . The opening of a Burger King location in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories lead to a breach of contract dispute between Burger King and its Israeli franchise ; the dispute eventually erupted into a geopolitical conflagration involving Muslim and Jewish groups on multiple continents over the application of and adherence to international law . The case eventually elicited reactions from the members of the 22 @-@ nation Arab League ; the Islamic countries within the League made a joint threat to the company of legal sanctions including the revocation of Burger King 's business licenses within the member states ' territories . A second issue involving members of the Islamic faith over the interpretation of the Muslim version of canon law , Shariah , regarding the promotional artwork on a dessert package in the United Kingdom raised issues of cultural sensitivity , and , with the former example , posed a larger question about the lengths that companies must go to insure the smooth operation of their businesses in the communities they serve .
A trademark dispute involving the owners of the identically named Burger King in Mattoon , Illinois led to a federal lawsuit ; the case 's outcome helped define the scope of the Lanham act and trademark law in the United States . An existing trademark held by a shop of the same name in South Australia forced the company to change its name in Australia , while another state trademark in Texas forced the company to abandon its signature product , the Whopper , in several counties around San Antonio . Legal decisions from other suits have set contractual law precedents in regards to long @-@ arm statutes , the limitations of franchise agreements , and ethical business practices ; many of these decisions have helped define general business dealings that continue to shape the entire marketplace .
= = Legal disputes & agreements = =
= = = Animal welfare = = =
In 2001 , the animal rights group PETA began targeting fast food chains in the United States regarding the treatment of chickens by suppliers such as Tyson Foods . Using parodies of corporate logos and slogans , the group sought to publicly embarrass the companies into changing their corporate policies in dealing with their poultry suppliers . After winning concessions from McDonald 's with its " McCruelty " campaign , the group targeted Burger King with a six @-@ month campaign it called Murder King . The group and its supporters , with the backing of celebrities including Alec Baldwin , James Cromwell , and Richard Pryor , staged protests outside Burger King restaurants across the United States , calling on the company to establish these new compliance guidelines . On June 28 , 2001 , Burger King entered into an agreement with the group and established a contractual framework that defined procedures to ensure that its suppliers were conforming to the agreed @-@ upon standards of animal welfare . These changes , along with the company 's new vegetarian offering , the BK Veggie sandwich , drew praise from the group .
In 2006 , PETA went before Burger King 's board of directors during its parent company 's annual corporate meeting to request that poultry suppliers switched to a more @-@ humane method of slaughter called controlled atmosphere killing ( CAK ) . Instead of using its previous tactic of stating that the procedure is more humane , the group claimed that CAK was economically more feasible as it reduces the chances of injury to workers in poultry factories and it produces better products by preventing injury to the animal . Responding to the proposal in March 2007 , Burger King announced it would make further changes to its animal @-@ welfare policies . The new policies favor suppliers of chickens that utilize CAK rather than electric shock to knock birds unconscious before slaughter , and require its pork and poultry suppliers to upgrade the living conditions of pigs and chickens . Under the agreement , 2 % of BK 's North American egg suppliers are to use cage @-@ free @-@ produced eggs and 10 % of pork suppliers are to use crate @-@ free pigs for its pork products . PETA and the Humane Society of the United States were quoted as saying that Burger King ’ s initiatives put it ahead of its competitors in terms of animal rights and welfare and that they were hopeful that the new initiatives would trigger reform throughout the fast food industry as a whole .
= = = Nutrition = = =
Since the 1980s , several parties , including the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) , the British Heart Foundation , the City of New York , and the Spanish government , have argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt , fat , trans @-@ fat and calories . After its purchase by TPG Capital from former parent company Diageo in 2002 , the company introduced several large , over @-@ sized products including its European BK XXL line , the British Angus burger six @-@ pack , the Enormous Omelet Sandwich line and the BK Stacker line . These new offerings , and others like them , have resulted in further international scorn and negative attention due the large portion size and increased amounts of unhealthy fats and trans @-@ fats in these items . Many consumer groups have accused Burger King and other fast food restaurant chains of failing to provide healthier alternatives .
A 1985 agreement with the New York city public health commissioner 's office , over publication of nutritional data regarding the food it sells , helped define guidelines used by the city for the dissemination of nutritional information . In a five @-@ month negotiation with Burger King and its then parent Grand Metropolitan PLC ( now part of Diageo ) , the company agreed to post complete nutritional information that complied with the Federal Government 's guidelines for the maximum daily recommended intake of fat and sodium . Additionally the data was to be presented in a format easy for the general public to understand and use . On the basis of this agreement , New York public health commissioner Mark Green , with support of Mayor David Dinkins , proposed legislation that would require all fast food restaurants to display nutritional data as well .
In response to the 2006 introduction of the BK XXL product line in Spain , the Spanish Health Ministry publicly claimed that the company had violated a voluntary agreement between the company and the Spanish Federation of Hoteliers and Restaurateurs , a group to which Burger King belongs , that called on its members to refrain from advertising large portions of food . The Minister of Health , Elena Salgado , claimed that the new promotion and the new sandwiches , averaging over 970 calories each , violated the accord . The head of Spain 's food regulatory body , Felix Lobo , stated a legal case could be made against Burger King for " illegally failing to comply with a contract " . In a response to the Government 's allegations , the European offices of Burger King released this statement : " In this campaign , we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years . Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto ' As you like it , ' in which our customers ' taste trumps all . " The company also explained that it had always worked " to reduce the risk of illness provoked by an inadequate diet and to promote a balanced ... diet . " A spokesperson for the company stated that customers have the choice of salads versus a Whopper , that they have the option to modify their sandwiches as they please , and that the company was going to continue to advertising the products .
In May 2007 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) sought a state @-@ level class action lawsuit against Burger King in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia over the inclusion of trans @-@ fats in foods served by Burger King and Burger King 's failure to set a definitive time line for their elimination from the company 's menu . The CSPI suit sought to require the company to place large heath warnings on Burger King 's food packaging that explained the dangers of trans @-@ fat and the levels of trans @-@ fat contained in its products . Burger King sought to move the case to the Federal courts and have the suit dismissed . The Federal Court denied the company 's motion for dismissal and sent the case back to the Superior Court for trial . To address the CSPI 's legal challenge , as well as several laws passed in New York City , Philadelphia and other cities regarding the issue of trans @-@ fats in its food , BK announced a plan in July 2007 to phase out all trans @-@ fats from its products by the end of 2008 .
In response to the issue of childhood obesity , Burger King announced in October 2007 that it was joining The Council of Better Business Bureau 's Children 's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative . The program is a voluntary self @-@ regulation program designed to modify advertising messages aimed at children so as to encourage healthier eating habits and lifestyles . As part of its participation in the program , Burger King announced a series of steps in its advertising and children 's product lines to which it was committing itself :
... In addition , Burger King Corp. will :
Restrict advertising to children under 12 that uses third @-@ party licensed characters to Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines
Refrain from advertising in elementary schools and from product placement in media primarily aimed at children under 12
Promote Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines on its Web site
Promote healthy lifestyles and healthy dietary choices in advertising
The modified Kid 's Meal line will include new products , such as broiled Chicken Tenders , apple " fries " ( French cut , raw apples served in a fry box ) , and Kraft macaroni and cheese . According to the statement by the company 's corporate parent , Burger King Brands , the meals will contain no more than 560 calories per meal , with less than 30 percent of the calories derived from fat , less than 10 percent of the calories from saturated fat , no added trans fats and no more than 10 percent of calories derived from added sugars . As of August 1 , 2008 , Burger King has introduced the product line in the United States , but not the broiled Chicken Tenders product available in the United Kingdom and Ireland .
= = = Labor = = =
A protracted South Florida labor dispute between the Coalition of Immokalee Workers ( CIW ) and growers of tomatoes in the region expanded to include Burger King and other major fast food companies , including McDonald 's and Yum ! Brands . In 2001 , the CIW sought a pay raise for tomato pickers in the region and , starting with its Boot the Bell campaign aimed at Yum ! subsidiary Taco Bell , began to target the chains with protests , letter writing campaigns , and petitions demanding that the companies purchase tomatoes only from suppliers who agree to the pay increase . The campaign , which eventually attracted the support of religious groups , labor organizations , student groups and anti @-@ slavery activists , became known as the Campaign for Fair Food with a stated goal to increase the wages of the pickers by 1 ¢ per pound picked above the 45 ¢ paid per bucket at the time , or about 77 ¢ for each 32 @-@ pound ( 14 @.@ 5 kg ) bucket in 2005 US dollars . In 2005 , McDonald 's Corporation and Yum ! signed agreements acquiescing to the group 's purchasing demands , although implementation was put on hold due to threats by the Florida Tomato Growers Exchange to fine its members $ 100 @,@ 000 if they complied ; however , Burger King corporate parent Burger King Brands declined to enter into a similar agreement with the group .
A December 2007 QSR Magazine article about the conflict claimed that Burger King Brands had devised a contingency plan to remove itself from the dispute . Citing internal company documents , the Associated Press stated BK had concerns that such agreements might prove to be a possible violation of anti @-@ trust laws , had possible tax implications , and that there were issues with third @-@ party oversight for the agreements . As part of the company 's plan , QSR Magazine claimed that the company was going to cease purchasing product from suppliers with whom the CIW was in disagreement . In response , the company issued a press release in February 2007 claiming that while it is a large purchaser , it is not responsible for the pay rates of it suppliers ' workers as wage disputes are the province of the producer . BK also pointed out that it has an open offer of employment for any dissatisfied CIW members and scholarships ( through its Have it Your Way Foundation ) for family members of CIW workers .
In the release , Steven Grover , BK Vice President of Global Food Safety , Quality Assurance , and Regulatory Compliance , confirmed the factuality of the QSR report and that if the dispute between the growers and the CIW continues , the company would go forward with its plans to stop purchasing tomatoes from farms in the Immokalee region . The company stated it would purchase only one percent of its tomatoes from that area and other suppliers could easily make up the difference . Speaking on the dispute , Grover stated , " We ’ re being asked to do something that we have legal questions about . We want to find a way to make sure that workers are protected and receive a decent wage . " CIW spokesperson Julia Perkins faulted this move , stating , " ... farm workers across the country and world face the same problems as those in the Immokalee region , but many do not have a human rights organization , such as the CIW , to stand up for their interests . Running away from the scene of the crime , does that make you any more innocent ? Are they really willing to pay an exorbitantly higher transportation cost [ s ] to bring in tomatoes from overseas or Mexico and pass that on to their customers rather than pay a penny more per pound ? "
In an April 2008 Senate hearing chaired by U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders ( I @-@ VT ) regarding farm conditions , Eric Schlosser , author of the best @-@ selling Fast Food Nation , commented on Burger King 's recalcitrance to sign an agreement with the CIW while Yum ! and McDonald 's had . Schlosser stated , " The admirable behavior of these two industry giants makes the behavior or Burger King ... seem completely unjustifiable . "
In May 2008 , several issues came to the fore that damaged the credibility of Burger King and its position on the topic . Steven Grover was found to be trolling websites that have posted pro @-@ CIW positions and opinions ; under an assumed screen name , Grover posted several comments disparaging the ethics and honesty of the leadership of the group . Besides the trolling incident , Grover was tied to several terse , stridently worded e @-@ mails sent from a possibly fictitious employee name at the BK global headquarters in Miami to supporters and media groups ; the company labeled these communications as unsanctioned and not reflecting official corporate positions . Additionally , Burger King was found to have hired an outside security company , Pembroke Pines , Florida based Diplomatic Tactical Services , to infiltrate the CIW and its supporting groups and spy on their members . After these issues came to light , BK terminated Grover and company spokesman Keva Silversmith , as well as its relationship with Diplomatic Tactical Services . Critics of the personnel action , such as PR Watch editor Sheldon Rampton , noted that it appeared that the two terminated employees were being made scapegoats by the company . Rampton went on to note that Silversmith had been , up to a few weeks before the story came to light , employed by the PR firm Edelman , which had been contracted by company parent Burger King Brands to provide PR services ; Edelman has employed tactics on the behalf of its other clients , Wal @-@ Mart and Microsoft , which Rampton and his organization termed " sleazy " . Sen. Sanders agreed with Rampton 's claim of scapegoating , and called for hearings into the incidents to investigate the company 's behaviors to see if other Burger King officers had instigated the attacks on the labor group as company policy . Sanders stated that he wished to " make sure that we find out how high up the corporate ladder this scheme went " .
The issue was resolved on May 23 , 2008 when BK CEO John Chidsey announced an agreement with the CIW granting the requested 1 ¢ pay increase to the workers . Chidsey also apologized on behalf of the company for the comments made about the pickers and the behavior of Grover and Silversmith . Additionally , the company agreed to provide a ½ ¢ per pound payment to the CIW to cover payroll taxes and administrative costs for the tomato growers .
= = = Israel , Palestine & the occupied territories = = =
In the summer of 1999 , a geopolitical dispute with the global Islamic community and Jewish groups in the United States and Israel arose over an Israeli franchisee opening stores in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories . When Burger King franchisee in Israel , Rikamor , Ltd . , opened a store in the West Bank settlement of Ma 'aleh Adumim in August of that year , Islamic groups , including the Arab League and American Muslims for Jerusalem , argued that international Burger King parent Burger King Corporation 's licensing of the store helped legitimize the illegal settlement . Beyond the called @-@ for Islamic boycott of the company , the Arab League also threatened the revocation of the business licenses of Burger King 's primary Middle Eastern franchise in the 22 countries that are part of the League 's membership .
Burger King Corporation quickly pulled the franchise license for that location and had the store shuttered explaining that Rikamor , Ltd. had violated its contract by opening the location in the West Bank . Several American @-@ based Jewish groups issued statements that denounced the decision as acceding to threats of boycotts by Islamic groups . Burger King Corporation issued a statement that it " made this decision purely on a commercial basis and in the best interests of thousands of people who depend on the Burger King reputation for their livelihood " .
= = = Islamic relations = = =
An issue of a religious nature arose in 2005 in the United Kingdom when Burger King introduced a new prepackaged ice cream product ; the label of the product included a silhouette of the ice cream that when rotated on its side bore a resemblance to the Islamic inscription for God , Allah ( الله ) . When a British Muslim named Rashad Akhtar , a resident of the community of High Wycombe , was presented with the ice cream cone in a Park Royal Burger King restaurant , he noticed the resemblance and became angered at what he felt was an offense to the Islamic faith . After being informed of the likeness , the local Islamic group Muslim Council of Britain pointed out the issue of the possible interpretation to Burger King and its relevance to Shariah , the Muslim version of canon law which governs the lives of members of the Islamic faith and carries the same weight as civil law in their belief structure . The company responded by voluntarily recalling the product and reissuing it with a new label . The Muslim Council praised the company for its " sensitive and prompt action " in resolving the matter ; however , Akhtar was not satisfied with the company 's withdrawal of the product .
In response to the perceived blasphemy , Akhtar declared it was his personal jihad to find those responsible for the packaging and destroy their professional status , personal life and the UK as a whole for having a culture allowing the insult to occur . This event , Akhtar 's reaction and other similar issues with companies such as Nike and Unilever have been used by conservative political critics , such as James Joyner , claiming that western nations and organizations are kowtowing in too easily to Muslims ' claims or threats and by commentators , including author Daniel C. Dennett , highlighting how factions of the Islamic faith gravitate towards iconoclasm .
= = Cases of note = =
= = = Burger King Corporation v. Hungry Jack 's Pty Limited = = =
When Burger King moved to expand its operations into Australia in the early 1970s , its business name was already trademarked by a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . As a result , Burger King provided the Australian franchisee , Jack Cowin , with a list of possible alternative names derived from pre @-@ existing trademarks already registered by Burger King and its then corporate parent Pillsbury that could be used to name the Australian restaurants . Cowin selected the Hungry Jack brand name , one of Pillsbury 's US pancake mixture products , and slightly changed the name to the possessive form , Hungry Jack 's . The first Australian franchise of Burger King Corporation was established in Perth in 1971 , under the auspices of Cowin 's new company Hungry Jack 's Pty , Limited .
In 1990 , Hungry Jack 's renewed its franchise agreement with then BK parent Burger King Corporation , which allowed Hungry Jack 's to license third party franchisee . One of the terms and conditions of the renewed agreement required Hungry Jack 's to open a minimum number of new locations each year for the duration of the contract . Shortly after the Australian trademark on the Burger King name lapsed in 1996 , Burger King requested that Cowin rebrand the Hungry Jack 's locations to Burger King , which Cowin declined . Burger King Corporation accused Hungry Jack 's of violating the conditions of the renewed franchise agreement by failing to expand the chain at the rate defined and sought to terminate the agreement . Under the aegis of this claim , Burger King Corporation , in partnership with Royal Dutch Shell 's Australian division Shell Company of Australia Ltd . , began to open its own stores in 1997 beginning in Sydney and extending throughout the regions of New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . In addition , BK sought to limit HJ 's ability to open new locations in the country , whether they were corporate locations or third @-@ party licensees .
As a result of Burger King 's actions , Hungry Jack 's owner Jack Cowin and his private holding company Competitive Foods Australia began legal proceedings in 2001 against Burger King 's parent Burger King Corporation with a counter @-@ claim that the company had violated the conditions of the master franchising agreement and was in breach of the contract . In a decision handed down by the Supreme Court of New South Wales that affirmed Cowin 's claims , Burger King was determined to have violated the terms of the contract and as a result was required to pay Cowin and Hungry Jack 's a A $ 46 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 41 @.@ 6 million 2001 ) award . The court 's decision was one of the first major cases in Australia that implied that the American legal concept of good faith negotiations existed with the framework of the Australian legal system , which until that verdict , had rarely been seen in the country 's courts . In its decision , the Court stated that Burger King had failed to act in good faith during contract negotiations by seeking to include standards and clauses that would engineer a default of the franchise agreement , allowing the company to limit the number of new Hungry Jack ’ s branded restaurants and ultimately claim the Australian market as its own , a purpose that was extraneous to the agreement .
After Burger King Corporation lost the case , it decided to terminate its operations in the country , and in July 2002 , the company transferred its assets to its New Zealand franchise group , Trans @-@ Pacific Foods ( TPF ) . The terms of the sale had TPF assume oversight of the Burger King franchises in the region as the Burger King brand 's master franchisee . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods administered the chain 's 81 locations until September 2003 when the new management team of Burger King Corporation reached an agreement with Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd to re @-@ brand the existing Burger King locations to Hungry Jack 's and make HJP the sole master franchisee of both brands . An additional part of the agreement required Burger King Corporation to provide administrative and advertising support as to insure a common marketing scheme for the company and its products . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods transferred its control of the Burger King franchises to Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd , which subsequently renamed the remaining Burger King locations as Hungry Jack 's .
= = = Burger King v. Rudzewicz = = =
In 1979 , two Michigan businessmen , John Rudzewicz and Brian MacShara , entered into a franchise agreement with Burger King to run a restaurant in Detroit , Michigan . After MacShara attended four months of training courses at the regional Burger King training facilities in Michigan and in the Florida headquarters on how to operate and administer a Burger King franchise , it was agreed that the partners would take over operation of an existing Burger King location in Drayton Plains , Michigan . However , during this time disagreements arose between the partners and BK over issues of rent , construction fees , building designs and the assignment of legal liabilities . MacShara and Ruzewicz finally signed their franchise agreement after gaining limited concessions over the issues , with Rudzewicz assuming a 20 @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 financial obligation over the life of the contract .
Due to a recessionary period in the United States beginning with the energy crisis in late 1979 , sales began to decline at the location and the partnership failed to pay their required franchise fees and rent service to Burger King Corporation . After attempts over the intervening months to negotiate a compromise with MacShara and Ruzewicz failed , Burger King terminated the franchise agreement and ordered the pair to vacate the property . Rudzewicz and MacShara refused to comply and continued operation of their restaurant even after they were served the notice . Burger King response was to file a lawsuit in May 1981 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida claiming breach of contract and trademark infringement . Burger King sought an injunction against the pair preventing them from operating the restaurant and seeking damages because MacShara and Ruzewicz were " ... tortiously infringing its [ Burger King ] trademarks and service marks through their continued , unauthorized operation as a Burger King restaurant " . The company also sought reimbursement of all legal fees and costs associated with the filing .
The defendants , MacShara and Rudzewicz , filed a motion to dismiss the case on the argument as Michigan residents , the District Court of Southern Florida did not have jurisdiction . After a hearing , the Court ruled that Florida has personal jurisdiction under State of Florida 's long @-@ arm statute , stating that " ... a non @-@ resident Burger King franchise is subject to the personal jurisdiction of this Court in actions arising out of its franchise agreements " . The partners filed a counter claim and alleged Burger King had violated Michigan 's Franchise Investment Law and sought damages and fees . After a short trial , the Court found for Burger King and ordered Rudzewicz and MacShara to close the restaurant and awarded BK damages , fees , and costs .
After the loss , MacShara withdrew from the case but Rudzewicz appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit . In the filing , Rudzewicz claimed that since they were residents of Michigan , and because the claims did not arise within the Southern District of Florida , that District Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them . Additionally Rudzewicz argued that the long @-@ arm statute violated the 14th Amendment and was unconstitutional . Citing a similar case , World @-@ Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson , the Appeals court agreed with the defendants and overturned the lower court 's decision . The court also agreed with Rudzewicz 's assertion of the constitutionality of Florida 's long arm statute in its application to the case .
In turn , Burger King Corporation asked for a rehearing , which was denied . Burger King then filed an appeal to the US Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case on its merits , after which it would decide if it had jurisdiction to grant a writ of certiorari . In its decision , the Supreme Court overturned the Appellate Court and found that Florida does have jurisdiction in the case . The Court concluded that the defendants , Rudzewicz and MacShara , sought out their franchise in the state of Florida and were availed of the protections of that state and were , therefore , subject to jurisdiction there . Additionally , the Court reasoned that the defendants had a " substantial and continuing " relationship with Burger King in Florida and that due process would not be violated because the defendants should have reasonably anticipated being summoned into court in Florida for breach of contract .
The decision in Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , has been criticized as complicating " personal jurisdiction jurisprudence by creating , in dicta , a new bifurcated test " that duplicates a venue analysis , adds little to the minimum contacts inquiry , hinders predictability , is a burdensome process , and potentially allows a plaintiff to manipulate a defendant 's constitutional rights .
= = = Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots = = =
As the company expanded , it was subject to several legal issues regarding trademarks . Because of its use as a case study in American law schools , one of the most prominent incidents of infringement in the United States occurred with the similarly named Burger King located in Mattoon , Illinois . Eugene and Elizabeth Hoots owned an ice cream shop in the city of Mattoon ; due to the success of the store , in 1957 they expanded it with an additional shop in a former garage next to the original operation . Keeping with theme related to the name of the ice cream shop , Frigid Queen , they named their burger stand Burger King and registered their trademark with the state of Illinois in 1959 . In 1962 The Hootses , with knowledge of the Federal trademark held by Burger King Corporation , added a second location in Charleston , Illinois .
In 1961 , with its first location in Skokie , Illinois , Burger King Corporation and its franchises began opening stores and by 1967 had over 20 locations spread throughout the state . The Hootses , claiming that their trademark gave them exclusive rights to the name in Illinois sued BK in the state , and later federal , courts under the case Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots 403 F.2d 904 ( 7th Cir . 1968 ) . The decision issued by United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois , and upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , stated that the BK federal trademark , applied for in 1961 and granted in 1963 , took precedence over the Hootses ' older , state trademark ; The Court granted the Hootses exclusive rights to the Burger King trademark within a circular area defined with a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) radius centered on their original location .
The Burger King v. Hoots trademark dispute and its resulting decision went beyond the original case , it established a major legal precedent in the United States in regards to the Lanham Act . The ruling states that while the senior user of the state service mark or trademark has prior usage of the common law marks , federal statute overrides the earlier , state service mark and prohibits the senior user from preventing the junior user from exercising the use of the federally registered mark outside a defined geographic reach of the senior user .
The Hoots decision would again affect Burger King as it moved into the state of Texas . When Burger King expanded into the San Antonio area , it was prevented from utilizing the name of its signature product , the Whopper , in its local advertising and stores due to a prior state registered service mark owned by a local chain known as Whopper Burger . The chain , owned by Frank and Barbara Bates , prevented the company from using the name in Bexar County for several years until Mrs. Bates , the CEO of Whopper Burger after the death of her husband in 1983 , retired and sold the chain with its related trademarks to then @-@ corporate parent Pillsbury in the mid @-@ 1980s .
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= Princess Theatre ( Edmonton ) =
The Princess Theatre is a two @-@ screen art @-@ house cinema located at 10337 Whyte Avenue in Edmonton ’ s historic Old Strathcona neighbourhood . The building was designed by prominent Edmonton architects Wilson and Herrald , a firm responsible for the design of many other Edmonton heritage sites . It became Edmonton 's oldest surviving theatre after the demolition of the Gem Theatre in 2006 . The building currently houses the main 400 @-@ seat theatre as well as the 100 @-@ seat Princess II , located in the basement .
It was originally known as the McKernan Block , after John W. McKernan , the building 's original financier , owner , and manager . McKernan was already a recognized theatre operator having previously run two other south side theatres before the Princess : the south side Gem and the South Side Bijou . Only the Princess was to survive the collapse of Strathcona ’ s building boom in 1913 .
The building and the theatre within has changed ownership several times , and its fortunes have largely depended on the current state of the Canadian theatre industry . It spent a dozen years as a retail space from 1958 – 1970 , and six years from 1970 @-@ 1976 mainly exhibiting mainstream pornographic films . The Princess was operated successfully as a repertory theatre from 1978 to late 1996 , after which it became a first run theatre . Until 2016 , the Princess was operated as a first run theatre by Edmonton ’ s native Magic Lantern Theatres . From January of 2016 the Cinema is being operated by Plaza Entertainment .
= = Silent era = =
= = = Early years under J.W. McKernan = = =
The Princess Block , was designed by Edmonton architects Wilson and Herrald , who also designed Whyte Avenue ’ s Douglas Block , the Strathcona Fire Hall , the Strathcona Public Library , and the University of Alberta ’ s Rutherford House . From the beginning , the building was designed to combine commercial and residential space , and featured a full basement , small multi @-@ use second floor apartments , and a full third floor in addition to the theatre space .
The building was originally known as the McKernan Block , after John W. McKernan , the Princess ’ s owner and manager until 1919 . The McKernans were a family of property developers in boomtown Strathcona ; John ’ s father developed and ran the historically important Dominion Hotel , also on Whyte Avenue . For his part , J.W. McKernan is considered an important trailblazer in Edmonton entertainment . He opened two other south side theatres before the Princess , the South Side Gem and the South Side Bijou , both of which failed during the collapse of Strathcona 's building boom in 1913 .
The Princess Theatre opened as a single @-@ screen cinema on March 8 , 1915 to rave reviews . It had cost McKernan CDN $ 75 @,@ 000 and had taken 10 months to build , longer than expected . The theatre opened with 660 seats and the largest live performance stage in a cinema west of Winnipeg . It was at the time the only cinema on Edmonton ’ s south side , and would keep that title until the opening of the Garneau Theatre in 1940 . Opening night was a benefit concert for The Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire , associated with the 19th Alberta Dragoons , B Squad . The program proudly included newsreels “ featuring actual war scenes ” . In audience were the Lt. Governor and Mayor W.T. Henry . The house ’ s first feature film , The Eagle ’ s Mate starring Mary Pickford , was screened the following night .
At the time , the Princess was considered a showpiece of elegance and modernity . It was the first building west of Winnipeg to be faced with marble . The Edmonton Journal remarked on the quality of the “ photoplay house ’ s ” finishings , remarking on the solid marble facade , frescoes , brass mirrors and the abundance of gold leaf decoration . On the technical side , two modern projectors were housed in their own fireproof machine room . The Princess was serviced by a freight elevator , which was an unusual feature for a building of its size , and the theatre lighting was indirect and gentle on theatregoers ’ eyes . The Journal was also impressed by three novel firsts for a movie theatre in Edmonton : an electric ticketing machine , an “ electric time @-@ projecting clock ” , and a refrigerated drinking fountain . Perhaps most importantly , the forced air ventilation system was capable of filtering , heating , and cooling air and featured dedicated intake and output fans making the Princess by far the most comfortable theatre in Edmonton .
By 1916 , the Princess had stopped booking live acts and was focusing exclusively on the more profitable cinema side of the business . Revenues from the rental spaces in the basement and upper floors had also begun to flow in . Notably , Hugh Morrow , a beat cop , had leased apartment 205 . His granddaughter Susan Morrow would manage the Princess from 1981 to 1994 .
Wartime proved hard on the film business . On September 23 , 1915 , Famous Players informed McKernan that “ On account of the boat Hesperian having been torpedoed by a German submarine , it will be necessary to skip two Weeklies ( short films ) , these having come forward to ourselves from our London representative via this boat . Regretting this occurrence , and trusting you will appreciate our position on this ... ” . McKernan ’ s supply of new films was decreased as the war dragged on , and McKernan advertised less and less frequently . Further complicating things , parts for the theatre ’ s Edison and Simplex projectors were difficult to come by at the best of times , and the complex machines proved difficult to maintain . McKernan did not live to see business pick up . He contracted Spanish Influenza and pneumonia in rapid succession , and died on February 18 , 1919 .
= = = Alexander Entwisle = = =
The McKernan family leased the theatre to Alexander Entwisle sometime in 1919 . Entwisle managed a chain of Edmonton vaudeville houses and cinemas on Jasper Avenue including the Pantages , Empress and Dreamland Theatres .
Around 1919 the basement was first leased to a pool hall , “ Dad ’ s Billiard Room ” . While this business was not present in 1920 , the basement would house a pool hall continuously from 1927 into the 1970s .
= = Arrival of the sound era = =
On January 7 , 1929 , The Capitol Theatre , a major Jasper Avenue competitor to the Princess , closed for renovations promising a change that “ will please every theatre @-@ goer in Edmonton ” . Almost three months later on March 27 , the theatre reopened with dual Movietone and Vitaphone sound systems . The availability of electronically indexed articles from the Edmonton Journal has caused the proliferation of a research error in several local histories . These histories claim that the first talkie screened in Edmonton was The Canary Murder Case , and that it was screened at the Princess . In fact , the first talkie in Edmonton was Mother Knows Best , screened at the Capitol .
The talkies were very well received and hugely successful . The Capitol 's business improved greatly in the weeks after re @-@ opening ; the size and volume of their advertising in the Journal and Bulletin increased in March , and by April 1929 was several times that of any of their competitors . Other theatres were pressured to modernize their equipment or close .
At the Princess , sound installation was completed by August 16 . An entire page of the Edmonton Bulletin was devoted to the reopening , including a congratulating ad from a local record store , an ad for the electrical contractors who installed the wiring , and a message congratulating the Princess placed by the managers of three other establishments already wired for sound : the Rialto , Empress and Capitol Theatres . The physical renovations necessary to accommodate the new wiring were carried out by S. H. Muttart , an important local builder and namesake of the Muttart Conservatory in Edmonton ’ s River Valley . The first talkie screened at the Princess was Close Harmony starring Buddy Rogers and Nancy Carroll .
= = Theatre closes = =
The arrival of television was a disruptive force for Edmonton ’ s cinemas . The theatre was forced to close in 1958 , and the McKernan family sold the Princess Block soon after . The Princess ’ s last advertisement ran on July 19 , 1958 advertising a double bill , Away All Boats and Day of Fury . There were no showtimes , articles or editorials printed in the following days .
The Princess Block disappeared from Henderson ’ s Directory , a local city directory , in 1956 , implying that its researchers thought it was completely vacant . The building was re @-@ included in 1960 , but the theatre 's former address at 10337 Whyte Avenue remained vacant and unlisted for another six years . By 1966 , the exterior doors had been removed entirely to create storefronts ( see photo ) , and the theatre itself had been occupied by Quick Cash Exchange , a pawnshop . The third floor was split into several apartments , while the second floor was entirely occupied by Strathcona TV and Columbia Photo Studio . The basement was still a pool hall , Princess Billiards .
= = Klondike Theatre = =
Towne Cinema Limited bought the Princess outright sometime in 1970 . The chain owned several theatres in Alberta , including the Towne Cinema on 118 Avenue . The theatre reopened on Christmas Day 1971 as the Klondike Theatre after almost a year of renovations . Towne Cinema restored the original function of the interior of the building , rebuilt sections of the exterior , and installed a new marquee at a cost of $ 270 @,@ 000 . Its first film was Man in the Wilderness , a family friendly feature starring Richard Harris .
But at some point in 1972 , family friendly programming began being interspersed with ( and was eventually replaced by ) “ blue movies ” , such as Swedish Fly Girls . The chain would come to be known for its generally risque material . In 1981 , prints of both Caligula and Dracula Sucks were confiscated from multiple Towne locations , and the company was sued by the Government of Alberta under obscenity laws .
The Klondike 's choice of programming earned it a negative reputation , and Towne Cinema was unable to run the Klondike profitably . The company sought buyers for the theatre as early as 1976 , asking $ 600 @,@ 000 . But , despite all of the theatre 's problems under Towne Cinema , it is unlikely that it would have been returned to its original use without the money they poured into its renovation . Their efforts to restore the building are a significant reason why the Princess is a cinema today .
= = Old Strathcona Foundation = =
The Old Strathcona Foundation , at that time a publicly funded community development initiative , leased the struggling Klondike in 1977 and began searching for ways to use the space . A member of the general public , Frank Grisdale , answered the solicitation , writing a paper outlining how the building could be successfully operated as a repertory theatre under its original name . The foundation was apparently impressed by his proposal , and Grisdale was installed as the Princess Theatre 's director upon completion of renovations in 1978 .
The theatre was profitable by its second year , and earned the Old Strathcona Foundation $ 1 million between 1979 and 1989 . This was in no small part due to Grisdale 's vision of a repertory film house dedicated to championing the independent film genre . During his tenure , Grisdale also introduced live performances , including touring acts such as Sneezy Water 's " Hank Williams - The Show He Never Gave " . After firmly establishing the Princess as a significant alternative arts establishment in Edmonton , Frank Grisdale resigned and Susan Morrow became the manager in 1981 . Morrow expanded the theatre ’ s program to a glossy monthly magazine . The theatre was offering Saturday morning cartoons , student pricing , and yearly memberships which all contributed to its steadily increasing attendance .
By 1982 , the Old Strathcona Foundation was confident enough in the theatre ’ s prospects to purchase the building outright from Towne Cinema . By this time , the asking price for the building had dropped to $ 425 @,@ 000 , which was estimated to be $ 8000 below its real market value . The Foundation began to make major upgrades and repairs to the interior of the building . A fundraising drive in 1987 allowed 422 modern sized plush seats to be installed , lowering the theatre ’ s original seating capacity by almost 240 . In 1989 , a soundproofed cry room was installed with an independent sound system , allowing patrons with small children to come to films without worry .
1992 was the theatre ’ s high @-@ water mark , with a record number of tickets and memberships sold . A state of the art video projection system was installed in June 1993 , but in that year revenue declined by $ 65 @,@ 000 , at least partly because of the growth of home video . The Old Strathcona Foundation began to see the theatre as a liability , and their confidence in the theatre was shaken when Susan Morrow quit her position as manager after having worked at the Princess for fifteen years .
= = Theatre in crisis = =
Brian Paisley became the manager in early 1994 . Paisley had a history with the Princess ; he operated the small , independent Chinook Theatre out of the basement from 1980 to 1983 . This organization was the seed of Paisley ’ s Fringe Theatre Event , which he founded while still working out of this space in 1982 . This event was the original Edmonton International Fringe Festival , now the largest event of its kind in North America .
Paisley quickly offered to buy the Princess , and reached an agreement with the Old Strathcona Foundation in October 1994 for an unspecified amount . The banks , however , refused to finance Paisley ’ s plan and the deal fell through in December . The Old Strathcona Foundation quickly pivoted , and attempted in early 1995 to transfer control of the cinema to the Princess Theatre Society , “ a small board made up of film experts and business people ” including Paisley .
The Princess Theatre Society , while promising , failed to convince the Old Strathcona Foundation that it was capable of profitably managing the theatre , and negotiations broke down in April 1996 . Paisley immediately resigned as director and ended his relationship with the theatre two months short of his contract expiring . Malcolm Parker became the new manager .
The Old Strathcona Foundation was running a major deficit by 1996 , and in April Edmonton City Council declined to renew a $ 100 @,@ 000 annual grant which the Foundation had received since 1985 . The Foundation needed cash , and quickly sold the theatre for $ 450 @,@ 000 to Calgary ’ s Brar family , owners of the Plaza Theatre in that city . The decision was not popular , and even Old Strathcona Foundation member Judy Berghofer called the sale hasty .
The entire theatre staff was laid off in December 1996 once it became clear that the Brars were seriously considering purchasing the theatre , and the theatre ’ s projectionists began what would be a six @-@ month strike when it became clear the Brars would not respect a recently signed two @-@ year contract with the Old Strathcona Foundation .
Edmonton ’ s native Magic Lantern Theatres unexpectedly tried to buy the Princess for $ 500 @,@ 000 on Christmas Eve 1996 . A condition in the Brar 's contract stated that the sale could be voided if another party bid at least ten percent more for the building . However , the Brars exercised an option to match any higher bids , and the sale went through in early January 1997 .
The theatre reputedly fell into disrepair under the Brars . In 1998 , the Princess was called “ an absolutely lousy advertisement for late 20th century privatization ” by Magic Lantern Theatre ’ s Rick Ostapchuk , who said that the current owners had allowed the theatre to sink “ with the velocity , if not the sanitized H20 , of a waterslide ” . By his count , 170 of the marquee ’ s 330 lights were burnt out , and he did not believe the interior had been regularly washed or maintained .
= = Magic Lantern Theatres = =
The Brars handed over management of the theatre to Magic Lantern Theatres in June 1998 , merely 18 months after purchasing it . Rick Ostapchuk immediately took over double duty as the manager of the recently renovated Garneau Theatre , as well as the Princess .
Ostapchuk vowed to return the Princess to the stature it held under Susan Morrow . To that end , he hired a new film programmer , Leonard Schein of Vancouver ’ s Fifth Avenue Cinemas . The first film exhibited under new management was Michael Moore ’ s The Big One . Ostapchuk began major renovations to the theatre , and in 1999 unveiled The Princess II in Chinook Theatre ’ s old space . The basement theatre featured 100 seats , its own concession and washrooms , and a new 35mm projector . The renovations cost $ 200 @,@ 000 .
= = Whyte Avenue multiplex debate = =
By 1999 , Leonard Schein had become president of Alliance Atlantis , and had decided to build a six @-@ screen art house cinema on Whyte Avenue . Many Edmontonians supported the plan , including former Princess manager Malcolm Parker , FAVA Executive Director Helen Folkmann , and Mayor Bill Smith .
Unsurprisingly , Ostapchuk was against Alliance Atlantis ’ s plans for Whyte Avenue , believing that it would put both the Garneau and the Princess out of business . The Old Strathcona Foundation sided with Magic Lantern , and fought the plans . The argument went all the way to Edmonton City Council , which was asked to waive Old Strathcona ’ s four @-@ story height limit for the six @-@ story multiplex . Council sided against Alliance Atlantis when Councillor Terry Cavanagh changed his vote at the last minute , defeating the motion 6 @-@ 5 .
= = Present day = =
The theatre was operated by Magic Lantern Theatres as a first run cinema until January , 2016 . At that point Plaza Entertainment , headed by Mike Brar , took it over again , ending Magic Lantern 's tenancy . In 2006 , after a lengthy dispute with a local developer , the City of Edmonton demolished the Gem Theatre ( constructed 1913 ) on Jasper Avenue , making the Princess the city ’ s oldest surviving cinema .
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= National Register of Electors =
The National Register of Electors is a continuously @-@ updated permanent database of eligible electors for federal elections in Canada maintained by Elections Canada . It was established in December 1996 when Bill C @-@ 63 was granted royal assent by the Governor General of Canada , and the preliminary National Register of Electors was populated with data in April 1997 during the final Canada @-@ wide enumeration . It replaced a system which required door @-@ to @-@ door enumeration of eligible electors for each electoral event . The database contains basic information about electors : name , address , sex , and date of birth . An elector may register or update their personal information between elections , or may request to be excluded from it per the Canada Elections Act .
Elections Canada has data sharing arrangements with federal , provincial , territorial , municipal , and other agencies throughout Canada to update the National Register of Electors and ensure its currency , and to enable other jurisdictions to update their respective databases with information from the National Register of Electors . Obtaining data from other parties , and sharing of data with those parties , must be consistent with the Canada Elections Act or the Elections Act of the respective province or territory . Elections Canada has two @-@ way data sharing arrangements with the electoral agencies of each province and territory except Saskatchewan and Yukon , from which it may obtain but to which it cannot send information .
In conjunction with the National Geographic Database , the National Register of Electors is used to create preliminary voters lists for each electoral district in Canada for each election , byelection , and referendum . Each candidate from each electoral district is given a voters list for that district , which is a subset of the data in the National Register of Electors whose addresses are within the boundaries of the district as defined in the National Geographic Database . That data may only be used for election purposes ; any other use of that data subjects the user to penalties including fines , imprisonment , or both . The voter lists are updated by returning officers based on information received during an election campaign , ultimately resulting in final voters lists being distributed by election day .
Use of the National Register of Electors has allowed Elections Canada to avoid over $ 100 million in election @-@ related expenditures up to the 2006 federal election .
= = Creation = =
The creation of a national permanent register of electors was first proposed in the 1930s , but serious consideration for such a project was not established until the 1980s . In 1989 , the government of Canada appointed the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing , which in 1991 " recommended that provincial lists be used for federal purposes " . A working group was established in 1995 , which in March 1996 submitted the report The Register of Electors Project : A Report on Research and feasibility to the chief electoral officer of Elections Canada . It had six main conclusions :
a national register would be cost effective and feasible
the minimum election period could be reduced from 47 to 36 days
the best sources of information to update the register would be Revenue Canada , files from Citizenship and Immigration Canada , and provincial and territorial driver 's licence files and vital statistics files
there was support amongst provincial and territorial agencies
legislative changes to the Canada Elections Act and the Income Tax Act would be required
the registration of electors for the first electoral event to use the register would cost the same as previous enumeration methods , and subsequent elections would avoid costs of about $ 40 million
To that point , the federal government , through Elections Canada , assumed responsibility for ensuring that every eligible elector was registered for each electoral event . For the 1988 federal general election , this required about 110 @,@ 000 enumerators , who would canvass door @-@ to @-@ door so the cost and effort to the individual was minimal .
This post @-@ writ canvassing to enumerate electors ensured that a high proportion of those electors were registered for each election , up to 98 % for some elections , minimizing participation inequality which typically affects individuals who are poor , young , or have little formal education that tend to not take the initiative to participate in electoral and related events . State enumeration , such as was done in Canada before the implementation of the National Register of Electors , " worked to augment voter turnout among all segments of society and thus mitigated a natural tendency toward participation inequality in electoral politics " .
= = = Legislation = = =
On 18 December 1996 , the Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc granted Royal Assent to Bill C @-@ 63 for the creation of a permanent list of voters to be used for all federal elections and referendums in Canada , the National Register of Electors , to be maintained by Elections Canada . In April 1997 , Elections Canada conducted a final house @-@ to @-@ house enumeration throughout Canada to establish the preliminary National Register of Electors , which was used for the Canadian federal election that June .
It replaced a system in which voter enumeration was conducted for each election once a writ of election was issued in the respective jurisdiction . Bill C @-@ 63 also reduced the minimum length of election campaigns from 47 days to 36 days , as the time required for voter enumeration was significantly reduced . Five provinces adopted similar provincial registers in the 1990s , joining British Columbia , which had relied on a permanent register for a long time .
Passage of the legislation , based on the earlier recommendation of the working group , was " facilitated by the consensus surrounding a single alternative " for a national register . Moreover , Elections Canada presented the idea to elected officials " at an opportune time , when both government and the main opposition parties found the arguments for change especially compelling and indeed self @-@ serving " .
= = = Legislative changes = = =
The Elections Act as amended by Bill C @-@ 2 granted royal assent on 31 May 2000 contained thirteen clauses regarding the National Register of Electors , clauses 44 to 56 . Maintenance of the register is specified in clause 44 , and clause 45 specifies that " an electronic copy of the Register for each electoral district shall be sent to the MP for the constituency " by 15 October of each year Clause 55 permits the chief electoral officer of Elections Canada to " enter into agreements with provincial bodies responsible for establishing voters ’ lists " and that a payment may be issued to the provincial body . Prohibition of unauthorised use of the National Register of Electors is stipulated in clause 56 , which also prohibits electors from providing false information .
Legislation was later introduced to amend the type of data collected and stored in the National Register of Electors . On 17 May 2007 , the Privacy Commissioner of Canada Jennifer Stoddart appeared before the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs regarding Bill C @-@ 31 , An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act and the Public Service Employment Act submitting a letter in which she criticised the proposed changes to the Elections Act . One of the problems was the inclusion of an elector 's date of birth in the voter lists sent to polling stations on election day for use by polling clerks and scrutineers ; Stoddart stated that verification of an elector 's birth year would be sufficient . The second problem she raised was inclusion of the date of birth in the voter lists sent to each candidate for all electoral districts in Canada , and also to all political parties .
She stated that inclusion of this information in the voter lists sent to candidates does not " contribute to protecting or improving the integrity of the electoral process " .
Despite this , the committee recommended inclusion of an elector 's date of birth in the elector lists " on the grounds that this would provide a further safeguard against electoral fraud , especially in cases where a prospective voter presents himself or herself at a poll without adequate identification " , and this was included in the committee stage in the House of Commons . At the committee stage in the Senate , an amendment to Sections 107 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of Bill C @-@ 31 was made so that " lists provided to candidates will not include the elector ’ s date of birth or the elector ’ s sex " , which is the version that was ultimately granted royal assent .
Bill C @-@ 31 also introduced the use of a unique personal identifier for each elector in the National Register of Electors , and changed the date by which electronic elector lists are to be made available to Members of Parliament for an electoral district to 15 November from 15 October .
= = = Unauthorised use = = =
Unauthorised use of data contained in the National Register of Electors or the list of electors generated from it may result in the imposition of a maximum penalty of a $ 5 @,@ 000 fine or one year in prison .
= = Data sharing = =
The Elections Act permits Elections Canada to synchronize the data in the National Register of Electors with information obtained from external parties . These include federal agencies and Crown corporations including the Canada Revenue Agency , Canada Post ( via the National Change of Address service ) , and Citizenship and Immigration Canada . The Act also specifies that Elections Canada may obtain information from other jurisdictions , such as from provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars , and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists . Since 1999 , Elections Canada has convened the Advisory Committee of Electoral Partners annually ( known as the National Register of Electors Advisory Committee until 2008 ) , usually in November in Ottawa , to discuss the permanent elector databases , data sharing arrangements , and other related topics .
In July 1998 , Elections Canada signed a one @-@ year interim agreement with the Division of Driver and Vehicle Licensing in Manitoba to transfer driver licence records to Elections Canada every three months . In September 1998 , the first batch of data on storage tape contained in a plastic cartridge was sent to Elections Canada ; it had information about 675 @,@ 000 licensed drivers in Manitoba . In January 1999 , Elections Canada lost the tape . A report about the investigation stated that " the tape had been deposited inadvertently into Elections Canada 's non @-@ recyclable waste " ; before the investigation , there had been concern that the tape and its data had been stolen . It resulted in separate investigations by the Privacy Commissioner of Canada George Radwanski , the Office of the Manitoba Ombudsman , and an audit commissioned by Elections Canada conducted by a private security firm . The interim agreement lapsed without renewal .
As a result of this incident , Elections Canada changed its practice so that " upon receipt ... these tapes are now sent directly to the secured computer room " .
Each province has an Elections Act which specifies how its provincial register of electors is created and maintained , the information it may release for external use ( such as integration into the National Register of Electors ) , and the information it may receive from external parties , such as the National Register of Electors , provincial driver 's licence records , and provincial vital statistics records . Section 55 of the national Elections Act permits the Chief Electoral Officer of Elections Canada " to enter into agreements with provincial election authorities to share information contained in the National Register with those provincial authorities " . A clause in Section 56 ensures that data shared in this manner may be used by the provincial or territorial agency , and " that it is not an offence to knowingly use personal information obtained from the Register in accordance with any conditions in an agreement entered into with the Chief Electoral Officer pursuant to section 55 " .
= = Voter registration = =
To register with the National Register of Electors , individuals who will be at least 18 years old at the next election must complete a form certifying Canadian citizenship and providing proof of identity and residential address . Registration will result in the assignment to the individual 's entry in the National Register of Electors of a unique identifier that is randomly generated , associating that identifier with the elector 's name , address , sex , and date of birth . That individual will then be eligible to cast a ballot in the electoral district in which the individual is normally resident . An elector may register or update their personal information between elections , or may request to be excluded from the National Register of Electors per section 44 ( 3 ) of the Canada Elections Act .
The National Register of Electors is updated to reflect various changes in the Canadian population , including address changes , reaching voting age , naturalisation , and death . Every year , about 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 address changes are processed by Elections Canada from information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency , Canada Post , provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars , and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists . Every year , about 400 @,@ 000 Canadians reach voting age and 200 @,@ 000 Canadians die , resulting in changes to the National Register of Electors based on information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency , provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars , and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists . Additionally , 120 @,@ 000 individuals a year become naturalised Canadians , and are added to the National Register of Electors by Elections Canada based on information obtained from Citizenship and Immigration Canada . Collectively , these represent about 20 % of the entries in the National Register of Electors .
Information provided by Canadian residents to the Canada Revenue Agency will only be shared with Elections Canada if the resident consents to such a transfer in their income tax and benefits return . If consent is granted , the Canada Revenue Agency will provide the resident 's " name , address , date of birth , and Canadian citizenship information " . Bill C @-@ 31 introduced an amendment to the Act to ensure that tax filers consenting to their personal information being included in the National Register of Electors are Canadian citizens ; before this change , it was possible for non @-@ citizen taxpayers to consent , and thus be included in the National Register of Electors , despite not being an eligible elector .
As part of the mandate of The Office of the Chief Electoral Officer , electoral event readiness was identified as a necessity in order to be consistent with the goal of an " electoral process that contributes to fairness , transparency and accessibility for all participants , in compliance with the legislative framework " . One element to achieve and maintain a state of readiness for " electoral events whenever they may be called " is the " currency and coverage of National Register of Electors " .
As part of the process , Elections Canada mails out letters to 18 @-@ year @-@ old citizens explaining how to register for inclusion on the voters list . The letters have been mistaken by some recipients as confirmation that they have been added to the voter list .
In the run @-@ up to each federal election , the National Register of Electors undergoes a comprehensive revision process , running for 28 days starting on the 33rd day before the election . Each federal electoral district is responsible for revising the list of electors in that district . Targeted revision involves sending pairs of " revising agents " to certain areas such as new residential developments , areas known for high population mobility , student residences , nursing homes and chronic care facilities . Electors may also be revised by using mail @-@ in forms , by visiting the returning office in that electoral district , or by registering on polling day .
= = Provincial and territorial voter lists = =
Provincial agencies which maintain permanent lists of voters include those in British Columbia and Quebec . Residents of Ontario may opt to have their personal information in the Permanent Register of Electors for Ontario not be shared with Elections Canada for inclusion in the National Register of Electors . By 2000 , Alberta , Ontario and Quebec had each conducted one election using a permanent voter register , Newfoundland and Labrador had established one , and New Brunswick had passed legislation to create one .
The Election Act of British Columbia permits the provincial chief electoral officer to " register as voters those individuals who appear to be qualified to register as voters " and to " update current voter registration information " based on the National Register of Electors without the involvement of the individual . Data collected may be used in accordance with the Canada Elections Act . This is possible as a result of changes to the British Columbia Election Act made on 20 May 2004 . Elections BC shares data with Elections Canada every six months . This coordination ensures that federally registered electors are also registered provincially , and vice versa . Because British Columbia has a six @-@ month residency requirement for an individual to become a registered elector , a criterion not required for the national register , the provincial register will filter updates received from the National Register of Electors to exclude individuals that do not meet that criterion . Before synchronisation with the National Register of Electors , the provincial voter list included 71 % of eligible electors ; after the 2005 provincial election in May 2005 , the first to use the synchronised system , it was expected to be 93 % , increasing voter registration from 2 @.@ 11 million to 2 @.@ 82 million electors from 2 @.@ 98 million eligible resident citizens .
Elections Alberta signed an agreement with Elections Canada in October 2000 to share data stored in their respective Register of Electors , and received $ 750 @,@ 000 as part of the contract . Despite the sharing agreement , Elections Alberta does not immediately integrate updates received from the National Register of Electors , as the provincial register includes only individuals who satisfy the " six @-@ month residency requirement in the provincial legislation which is not reflected in the federal legislation " , and thus excludes some electors from the national registry .
The Northwest Territories updates its voter list based on information in the National Register of Electors , as well as obtaining data from medical insurance data , the Student Financial Assistance program , and voter registration data held by municipal or Aboriginal governments .
As a result of changes to the provincial Elections Act , Nova Scotia first used the National Register of Electors in the 2003 general provincial election to elect members of the 59th General Assembly of Nova Scotia .
= = Voting = =
For a Canadian federal general election , an individual may cast a ballot if the individual is a Canadian citizen , is at least 18 years old on the day of the election , and is registered to vote . The latter is satisfied by inclusion in the National Register of Electors , in which case Elections Canada will mail the elector a voter information card listing locations for advance polls and election day polls , or by independently registering for each election at an advance poll or election day poll .
A revision period beginning 33 days before an election and ending six days before the election enables eligible electors to update their names and addresses on the National Register of Electors , to add their names to it , and request deletion of deceased and other individuals not qualified to vote from the list . An elector may also " file an objection against another elector " by filing an " affidavit of objection with the returning officer " after the issue of writs until 14 days before an election to dispute the eligibility of that individual as an elector .
The National Register of Electors is used to produce " lists of electors for election and referendum purposes " , and for by @-@ elections . Elections Canada prepares the preliminary elector lists for every polling station of each electoral district based on address information contained in the National Register of Electors . During the election period , returning officers for each electoral district use the lists to revise information for eligible electors . The lists are also used by candidates during their campaign in the election period , and by Elections Canada to " calculate election expense limits for political parties and candidates " .
The voter information card sent to each elector is meant to inform the elector of registration status , and to provide information about the location and date on which to cast a ballot .
= = Audit = =
A November 2005 report by the Auditor General of Canada stated that the data contained in the National Register of Electors as of May 2004 had " coverage rates of more than 95 percent and currency rates of more than 81 percent " , exceeding the stated goal of 92 percent for coverage ( the proportion of eligible voters who are included in the National Register of Electors ) and 77 percent for currency ( the proportion of all eligible voters whose address is correctly listed ) .
According to Elections Canada , from 1996 to 2008 the National Register of Electors allowed Elections Canada to avoid over $ 100 million in election @-@ related expenditures . From 2000 to 2005 , maintaining the National Register of Electors cost $ 19 @.@ 4 million , and required 40 full @-@ time employees . The system implemented by Elections Canada has been studied by other jurisdictions and agencies , including the Electoral Council of Australia ( whose members include the Electoral Commissioners of the federal and state governments ) in June 1999 .
= = National Geographic Database = =
Elections Canada and Statistics Canada used the National Register of Electors to generate the National Geographic Database ( NGD ) , a spatial database which contains roads and related attributes such as road " name , type , direction , and address ranges " , amongst other data . It was created in 1997 , and built from 1998 to 2000 using road data from Elections Canada , street network files from Statistics Canada , the National Topographic Database from Natural Resources Canada , and data from the Digital Chart of the World . The cost to Elections Canada to contribute to the NGD was $ 3 @.@ 6 million , and linking the National Register of Electors to the National Geographic Database cost $ 500 @,@ 000 .
Since 2001 , data quality improvements focussing on road and address range currency has been the primary area of updates to the National Geographic Database . It is used by Elections Canada to generate electoral district maps , and by Statistics Canada for census activities . The maintenance costs from the 2000 general election to 2005 was $ 16 @.@ 6 million , requiring 34 full @-@ time employees .
The National Geographic Database is used for electoral purposes to be " able to identify in which electoral district and in which polling division the elector 's residence is located " . An Electoral Geography Database which contains " the boundaries of the 308 electoral districts and about 58 @,@ 000 polling divisions " is combined with the NGD to " produce the various maps and other geographic products required to support electoral events " .
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= 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season =
The 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet compared to its predecessor , with all of the activity originating in the Bay of Bengal . The basin comprises the Indian Ocean north of the equator , with warnings issued by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) in New Delhi . There were six depressions throughout the year , of which five intensified into cyclonic storms – tropical cyclones with winds of 65 mph ( 40 km / h ) sustained over 3 minutes . Two of the storms strengthened into a very severe cyclonic storm , which has winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , equivalent to a minimal hurricane . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also tracked storms in the basin on an unofficial basis , estimating winds sustained over 1 minute .
The first storm of the season originated toward the end of March in the Bay of Bengal , one of only five March storms at the time in that body of water . Strong wind shear , which plagued several storms during the season , caused the storm to rapidly dissipate over open waters . In August , a weak depression struck the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , producing additional flooding after a deluge affected the area in July . There were 131 deaths in Andhra Pradesh , mostly by drownings or collapsed walls , while damage was estimated at ₹ 7 @.@ 76 billion rupees ( $ 170 million USD ) . There were two short @-@ lived storms in October – one dissipated offshore India in the middle of the month , and the other struck Bangladesh toward the end of the month . The latter storm destroyed many homes and boats , killing 77 in Bangladesh including 52 fishermen , and damage in the Indian state of Meghalaya was estimated at ₹ 600 million rupees ( $ 13 million USD ) . The strongest storm of the season struck Tamil Nadu in November , causing damages of ₹ 700 million rupees ( $ 15 million USD ) and 12 deaths . The final storm of the season hit eastern Sri Lanka , leaving 500 @,@ 000 homeless and killing nine .
= = Season summary = =
The India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) in New Delhi – the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean as recognized by the World Meteorological Organization – issued warnings for tropical cyclones developing in the region , using satellite imagery and surface data to assess and predict storms . The basin 's activity is sub @-@ divided between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal on opposite coasts of India , and is generally split before and after the monsoon season . Storms were also tracked on an unofficial basis by the American @-@ based Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
The season was much less active than the devastating 1999 season . Despite near normal water temperatures over the Arabian Sea , no storms developed in that portion of the basin . Convection was also lower than normal across the Bay of Bengal . The main factor against tropical cyclogenesis was persistently unfavorable wind shear . Overall , there were six depressions , five of which intensified into a cyclonic storm , which has maximum sustained winds of at least 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) .
= = Storms = =
= = = Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 = = =
Toward the end of March , an area of convection increased over the southern Bay of Bengal from an active equatorial trough . The system progressed northward , with a weak center between Sri Lanka and Sumatra by March 25 . On March 27 , a low pressure area developed , which the IMD designated as a depression by 12 : 00 UTC . The storm moved to the north @-@ northwest and failed to strengthen at first . However , the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) on March 29 , a signal of further organization . That day , the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm , and early on March 30 the storm attained winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) while curving to the north @-@ northeast . Increased wind shear from the westerlies imparted rapid weakening , causing the convection to dwindle to the northeast . According to the IMD , the storm rapidly dissipated on March 30 .
A climatological outlier , the storm was one of only five cyclonic storms at the time in the month of March in the Bay of Bengal . It dropped heavy rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , reaching 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) on Hut Bay . Although the storm dissipated over the Bay of Bengal according to the IMD , one analysis suggested the storm re @-@ intensified and made landfall on southeastern India between Chennai and Pondicherry on April 1 with winds potentially as high as 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . The storm did not receive advisories from the JTWC .
= = = Depression BOB 02 = = =
In late August , the monsoon trough spawned a series of disturbances in the Bay of Bengal , including one that developed on August 19 off the Odisha coast . It persisted and gradually organized , becoming a well @-@ marked low pressure area on August 22 . On the following day , the system became a depression , located about 150 km ( 90 mi ) south @-@ southeast of Visakhapatnam , Andhra Pradesh . Moving westward , the system soon moved ashore near Kakinada without intensifying beyond winds of 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) , and quickly weakened into a remnant low on August 24 . The low continued westward , eventually dissipating over Gujarat on August 28 .
While moving ashore , the depression produced torrential rainfall across Andhra Pradesh . The capital city of Hyderabad recorded 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of rainfall on August 24 . During the last week of August , the state recorded the highest precipitation in 46 years , which overflowed lakes and flooded several towns . The rains followed deadly flooding in July and preceded another flood event in September . About 98 @,@ 000 people evacuated their houses to 189 shelters , aided by the military , including about 35 @,@ 000 people in Hyderabad and neighboring Secunderabad . Thousands were forced to ride out the floods on their roofs , and helicopters airdropped food and relief goods . The depression damaged 27 @,@ 026 houses and destroyed another 8 @,@ 651 in 2 @,@ 886 towns or villages . Widespread irrigation systems were damaged , and 177 @,@ 987 ha ( 439 @,@ 820 acres ) of crops were lost , in addition to 5 @,@ 368 killed cattle . Traffic was disrupted after 7 @,@ 435 km ( 4 @,@ 620 mi ) of roads were damaged , impacting 2 @,@ 389 roads . The rains also marred the electrical system , with 6 @,@ 000 power lines damaged . There were 131 deaths in Andhra Pradesh , mostly by drownings or collapsed walls , while damage was estimated at ₹ 7 @.@ 76 billion rupees ( $ 170 million USD ) .
= = = Cyclonic Storm BOB 03 = = =
The active monsoon spawned a low pressure area in the central Bay of Bengal on October 12 . The system had an area of convection about 925 km ( 575 mi ) southeast of Kolkata , which moved slowly westward . By October 14 , there was an exposed circulation center east of the convection , although it organized enough for the IMD to classify it as a well @-@ marked low pressure area . On October 15 , the agency classified it as a depression as the circulation moved closer to the thunderstorms . Later that day , the JTWC issued a TCFA and the IMD upgraded it to a deep depression , based on improving outflow and organization . On October 16 , a nearby ship reported winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and that day the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 01B . Early the next day , the IMD followed suit and upgraded the deep depression to a cyclonic storm , estimating peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . However , the system persisted in an area of weak to moderate wind shear , preventing further development . The circulation became exposed from the convection , and the wind shear increased . On October 18 , the IMD downgraded the system to a deep depression , and the storm dissipated on the next day as it approached the eastern coast of India .
While the storm was active , officials issued warnings for fishermen not to venture out at sea . In Odisha , residents organized public prayers in hopes of avoiding a repeat of the deadly 1999 Odisha cyclone . Although it dissipated offshore , the storm brought rainfall to Andhra Pradesh and Odisha , but no damage was reported . Strong winds associated with the system killed 100 pelican chicks in Srikakulam after blowing them out of their nests .
= = = Cyclonic Storm BOB 04 = = =
Similar to the previous storm , the active monsoon trough spawned a low pressure area over the Andaman Sea on October 24 . There was a weak center that had good outflow . On October 25 , the IMD classified the system as a depression about 925 km ( 575 mi ) southeast of Kolkata . The system moved to the northwest and developed more convection close to the center , although the thunderstorms were intermittent . Turning more to the north , the depression intensified into a deep depression and later cyclonic storm on October 27 , reaching peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) ; the JTWC also classified it as Tropical Cyclone 02B . That day , the wind shear increased , although the convection was able to increase over the center and organize into a comma @-@ shaped rainband . Early on October 28 , the storm made landfall in southern Bangladesh near Mongla , by which time the wind shear had displaced much of the convection to the northeast . It rapidly weakened over land , degenerating into a remnant low over northern Bangladesh early on October 29 .
The storm dropped heavy rainfall , both in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as northeastern India . In Meghalaya state in northeastern India , the storm damaged hundreds of houses , leaving thousands homeless . Many livestock were lost , and crops were decimated . Damage in Meghalaya was estimated at ₹ 600 million rupees ( $ 13 million USD ) . While moving ashore in Bangladesh , the cyclone produced a storm tide of 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 1 m ( 4 – 7 ft ) , which wrecked hundreds of boats , and left 100 fishermen missing despite forewarning ; by a day after the storm , only eight fishermen were rescued from four boats , with 52 fishermen killed . Heavy rainfall , totaling 119 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) in Khulna , overflowed rivers and flooded houses after previous deadly flooding in September . High floods and wind gusts up to 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) damaged homes in Satkhira and Jessore districts , forcing thousands to evacuate to storm shelters . The storm knocked over trees , wrecked roads , and destroyed rice fields along its path through the low @-@ lying country . On land in Bangladesh , 25 people died due to the storm , with over 500 injured . After the storm , local governments provided relief goods to the worst affected areas .
= = = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 = = =
An upper @-@ level low persisted over the Andaman Sea on November 24 . By the next day , a circulation center was present about 370 km ( 230 mi ) west of Thailand , although convection was dislocated to the west due to wind shear . After the thunderstorms concentrated over the center early on November 26 , the IMD classified the system as a depression . A ridge to the north steered the system generally westward . Outflow and convective organization gradually increased , and late on November 26 the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 03B . As the rainbands organized around the center , the winds increased ; the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm on November 27 , and to a severe and later a very severe cyclonic storm on November 28 .
By November 28 , a 20 km ( 12 mi ) wide eye was developing , prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . By comparison , the IMD estimated peak winds of 190 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening , and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November 29 in eastern India near Cuddalore . A station there recorded a pressure of 983 mbar ( 29 @.@ 0 inHg ) . The storm rapidly weakened over land , and degenerated into a remnant low on November 30 . The remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December 1 , by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center . Two days later , the JTWC reissued advisories , based on an increase in outflow and convective organization . This was short @-@ lived , as the thunderstorms soon dwindled , and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December 5 . The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern Somalia .
Heavy rainfall , peaking at 450 mm ( 18 in ) in Tholudur , spread across Tamil Nadu . During the passage of the eye , residents reported a period of calm lasting about 45 minutes . Across Tamil Nadu , high winds knocked over 30 @,@ 000 trees , and many coconuts , plantains , and rice paddy farms were damaged in nearby Puducherry . The winds also damaged about 41 @,@ 000 houses , about 1 @,@ 000 of which lost their roofs . Flooding washed away 14 brick buildings , while 300 others were inundated by the sea . Over 1 @,@ 000 power lines were damaged . Overall damages were estimated at ₹ 700 million rupees ( $ 15 million USD ) , and there were 12 deaths .
= = = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 = = =
A near @-@ equatorial trough spawned a low pressure area on December 22 in the central Bay of Bengal . A circulation within the system developed into a depression on December 23 about 500 km ( 310 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Sri Lanka . A low @-@ latitude storm , the system organized while moving slowly westward . On December 24 , the depression strengthened into a deep depression , and the following day into a cyclonic storm , the same day that the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 04B . An eye developed in the center of the blossoming convection , and the system rapidly intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm on December 26 . According to the IMD , the cyclone attained peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) , and made landfall at that intensity along eastern Sri Lanka near Trincomalee around 12 : 00 UTC on December 26 . The JTWC assessed lower winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Weakening quickly over land , the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mannar on December 27 and failed to restrengthen . Later that day , it made a second landfall in extreme southern India near Thoothukudi as a cyclonic storm . Continuing westward , the system emerged into the Arabian Sea on December 28 as a depression , and degenerated into a remnant low the next day . The low merged with a trough and spread rainfall northward through India .
The strongest storm to threaten Sri Lanka since 1992 , the cyclone produced estimated wind gusts of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) near where it moved ashore . About 500 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , after the winds destroyed the roofs of many houses . One entire fishing village was destroyed , and about 20 @,@ 000 ha ( 49 @,@ 000 acres ) of rice fields were wrecked . While crossing the country , the cyclone dropped between 4 and 8 inches ( 100 to 200 mm ) of precipitation , compounding the effects of severe monsoonal flooding from the previous month . There were nine deaths in the country . Later , the storm brought heavy rainfall to southern India , with a peak 24 ‑ hour total of 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) in Nagapattinam . The storm damaged 480 houses and wrecked 95 fishing boats .
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= Trafford =
Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England . With an estimated population of about 211 @,@ 800 in 2006 , it covers 41 square miles ( 106 km2 ) and includes the towns of Altrincham , Partington , Sale , Stretford , and Urmston . The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Altrincham , Sale , and Stretford , the urban districts of Bowdon , Hale , and Urmston and part of Bucklow Rural District . All were previously in Cheshire , apart from Stretford and Urmston which were in Lancashire . The River Mersey flows through the borough , separating North Trafford from South Trafford . Historically the Mersey also acted as the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire .
The Trafford area has a long heritage , with evidence of Neolithic , Bronze Age , and Roman activity . Amongst the relics of the past are two castles – one of them a Scheduled Ancient Monument – and over 200 listed buildings . The area underwent change in the late 19th century and the population rapidly expanded with the arrival of the railway . Trafford is the home of Manchester United F.C. and Lancashire County Cricket Club and since 2002 the Imperial War Museum North .
Trafford has a strong economy with low levels of unemployment and contains both Trafford Park industrial estate and the Trafford Centre , a large out @-@ of @-@ town shopping centre . Apart from the City of Manchester , Trafford is the only borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income . Socially , the area includes both working class areas like Old Trafford and Stretford and middle class ones such as Bowdon and Hale . Altrincham and Sale West is one of the five parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester to be held by the Conservative Party , the others being Bury North , Hazel Grove , Cheadle and Bolton West .
= = History = =
The choice of the name Trafford for the borough was a " compromise between Altrincham , Stretford and Sale " , and " seemed to have wide support " . A Liberal councillor for the Municipal Borough of Sale suggested " Crossford ... whilst " Watlingford " was suggested by councillors in Hale , after the supposed name of an ancient Roman road in the district . Those names were rejected in favour of Trafford , because of the district 's " famous sports venue , a major employer as well as historic associations " , referring to Old Trafford ( cricket and football ) , Trafford Park and the de Trafford baronets respectively .
As a place name , Trafford is an Anglo @-@ French version of Stratford , deriving from the Old English words stræt ( a street , more specifically a Roman road ) and ford ( a river crossing ) . The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford has existed since 1974 , but the area it covers has a long history . Neolithic arrowheads have been discovered in Altrincham and Sale , and there is evidence of Bronze Age habitation in Timperley . Fragments of Roman pottery have been found in Urmston , and Roman coins have been found in Sale . The Roman road between the legionary fortresses at Chester ( Deva Victrix ) and York ( Eboracum ) crosses Trafford , passing through Stretford , Sale , and Altrincham . The settlements in Trafford have been based largely around agriculture , although Altrincham was founded as a market town in the mid 13th century . Although the Industrial Revolution affected Trafford , the area did not experience the same rate of growth as the rest of Greater Manchester . A 100 % increase in population in the Trafford area between 1841 and 1861 was a direct result of an influx due to the construction of the Manchester , South Junction and Altrincham Railway , which allowed residents to more easily commute from Trafford into Manchester . The area developed its own centres of industry in Broadheath ( founded in 1885 ) and Trafford Park ( founded in 1897 ) . They have since declined , although Trafford Park still employs 40 – 50 @,@ 000 people . Today , Trafford is mostly a commuter area . The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester .
= = Geography = =
The metropolitan boroughs of the City of Salford and the City of Manchester border Trafford to the north and east respectively ; the Cheshire East area of Cheshire lies to the south . The geology of South Trafford is Keuper marl with some Keuper waterstone and sandstone , whilst the geology of North Trafford is Bunter sandstone . The River Mersey runs east to west through the area , separating North Trafford from South Trafford ; other rivers in Trafford include the Bollin , the River Irwell , Sinderland Brook , and Crofts Bank Brook . The Bridgewater Canal , opened in 1761 and completed in 1776 , follows a course through Trafford roughly north to south and passes through Stretford , Sale , and Altrincham . The Manchester Ship Canal , opened in 1894 , forms part of Trafford 's northern and western boundaries with Salford .
Trafford is generally flat , with most of the land lying between 66 feet ( 20 m ) and 98 feet ( 30 m ) above sea level , apart from Bowdon Hill in South Trafford which rises 200 feet ( 60 m ) above sea level . The lowest point in Trafford , near Warburton , is 36 feet ( 11 m ) above sea level . There are areas of mossland in low @-@ lying areas : Warburton Moss , Dunham Moss , and Hale Moss . Greenspace accounts for 51 @.@ 8 % of Trafford 's total area , domestic buildings and gardens comprise 25 @.@ 6 % , the rest is made up of roads and non @-@ domestic buildings .
Localities within the boundaries of Trafford include :
North Trafford : Cornbrook , Davyhulme , Firswood , Flixton , Gorse Hill , Lostock , Old Trafford , Stretford , Trafford Park and Urmston .
South Trafford : Altrincham , Ashton @-@ Upon @-@ Mersey , Bowdon , Broadheath , Brooklands , Carrington , Dunham Massey , Hale , Hale Barns , Oldfield Brow , Partington , Sale , Sale Moor , Timperley , Warburton and West Timperley .
= = Governance = =
= = = Westminster = = =
The residents of Trafford Metropolitan Borough are represented in the British Parliament by Members of Parliament ( MPs ) for three separate parliamentary constituencies . Altrincham and Sale West is represented by Graham Brady MP ( Conservative ) . This is one of only a small number of seats in the North West held by the Conservative Party , and one of only two in Greater Manchester . Stretford and Urmston is represented by Kate Green MP ( Labour ) . Wythenshawe and Sale East , which also covers parts of the City of Manchester , is represented by Mike Kane MP ( Labour ) .
= = = European Parliament = = =
Trafford is part of the North West England constituency in the European Parliament . North West England is represented by eight MEPs ; at the 2014 European elections , the region elected two Conservatives , three from the Labour Party , and three members of the United Kingdom Independence Party .
= = = Council = = =
( See Trafford local elections and Healthcare in Greater Manchester )
In 1974 , Trafford Council was created to administer the newly formed Trafford Metropolitan Borough and is headquartered at Trafford Town Hall , which was previously named Stretford Town Hall . On its formation in 1974 , the council was controlled by the Conservative Party ; the Conservatives have been in control 1973 – 85 , 1988 – 94 , and 2004 to the present . The only time the Labour Party was in control was 1996 – 2002 . The rest of the time were periods of no overall control . The council meets to decide policy and allocate budget . Its duties include setting levels of council tax , monitoring the health service in Trafford , providing social care , and funding schools . John Holden is Mayor of Trafford for 2015 – 16 .
In 2007 the Audit Commission judged Trafford Council to be " improving strongly " in providing services for local people . Overall the council was awarded " three star " status meaning it was " performing well " and " consistently above minimum requirements " , similar to 46 % of all local authorities . In 2008 – 09 , Trafford council had a budget of £ 150 @.@ 5 million . This was collected from council tax ( 57 % ) and government grants ( 43 % ) . The council spent £ 31 @.@ 8 million on children and young people 's services ( 21 % ) ; £ 60 @.@ 1 million on community services and social care ( 40 % ) ; £ 34 @.@ 4 million on " prosperity , planning , and development " ( 23 % ) ; and £ 33 @.@ 8 million on customer and corporate services ( 22 % ) .
Civil parishes form the bottom tier of local government ; the parish councils are involved in planning , management of town and parish centres , and promoting tourism . In 2001 , 8 @,@ 484 people ( 4 @.@ 0 % of the borough 's population ) lived in Trafford 's four civil parishes : Carrington , Dunham Massey , Partington , and Warburton . They were all previously part of Bucklow Rural District . A rural district was a type of local government district for the administration of predominantly rural areas . The rest of Trafford is unparished . The unparished areas are : Altrincham ( Municipal Borough ) , Bowdon ( Urban District ) , Hale ( Urban District ) , Sale ( Municipal Borough ) , Stretford ( Municipal Borough ) , and Urmston ( Urban District ) . The status of each area prior to 1974 is shown in brackets . An urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area .
= = = = Electoral wards = = = =
There are 21 electoral wards in Trafford , each with 3 councillors , giving a total of 63 councillors with one @-@ third elected three years out of four . In the following table , the populations for each ward are based on 2013 population estimates from the Office for National Statistics .
= = = = Coat of arms = = = =
The coat of arms of Trafford Council depicts a griffin on a shield flanked by two unicorns . The line bisecting the shield horizontally symbolises the River Mersey running through Trafford from east to west and the canals in the borough . The white legs of a lion on a red background represent the parts of Trafford previously controlled by the De Massey family , while the red body and head of an eagle on a white background represents the areas of Trafford previously controlled by the De Traffords . Both elements were taken from the coats of arms of the respective families . The fist holding bolts of lightning represents Stretford and the electrical industry ; the cog on the arm represents Altrincham 's engineering industry . The unicorns stand for Sale and Altrincham . The oak branches represent Urmston and the rural areas of Trafford .
= = Demography = =
At the 2001 UK census , the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford had a total population of 210 @,@ 145 . Of the 89 @,@ 313 households in the borough , 36 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 31 @.@ 6 % were one @-@ person households , 7 @.@ 8 % were co @-@ habiting couples and 9 @.@ 7 % were lone parents , following a similar trend to the rest of England .
The population density was 1 @,@ 982 / km2 ( 5 @,@ 130 / sq mi ) and for every 100 females , there were 94 @.@ 6 males . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Trafford , 24 @.@ 7 % had no academic qualifications , significantly lower than the 28 @.@ 9 % in all of England . 8 @.@ 2 % of Trafford 's residents were born outside the United Kingdom , lower than the English average of 9 @.@ 2 % . The largest minority group was Asian , at 4 @.@ 0 % of the population .
In 1841 , 12 % of Trafford 's population was middle class compared to 14 % in England and Wales ; this increased to 21 % in 1931 ( 15 % nationally ) and 55 % in 2001 ( 48 % nationally ) . From 1841 to 1951 , the working class population of Trafford and across the country was in decline , falling steadily from 43 % to 18 % ( 36 % to 29 % nationally ) . It has since increased slightly , up to 27 % ( 26 % nationwide ) . The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers . In the 2008 / 2009 financial year , the crime rates in Trafford for violence against a person and sexual offences were below the national averages . However , the rate of robberies and burglaries were above the national average .
= = = Population change = = =
The table below details the population change since 1801 , including the percentage change since the last census 10 years earlier . Although Trafford was formed as a Metropolitan Borough in 1974 , figures have been generated by combining data from the towns , villages , and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of Trafford . The greatest percentage change in the population occurred between 1851 and 1871 , and was a result of the construction of the Manchester , South Junction and Altrincham Railway in 1849 . The decrease by 7 @.@ 7 % in Trafford 's population since the 1971 census mirrors the trend for Greater Manchester , although on a smaller scale ; this has been accounted for by the decline of Greater Manchester 's industries , particularly those in Manchester and Salford but including those in Trafford , and residents leaving to seek new jobs .
= = Economy = =
Historically , the economy of the Trafford area has been dominated by agriculture . This continued to some extent even during the Industrial Revolution , as the textile industry in Trafford did not develop as quickly or to the same extent as it did in the rest of Greater Manchester . There are only two known 18th @-@ century mill sites in Trafford , compared with 69 known in Tameside and 51 in Manchester . After reaching a high of 43 % in 1812 , employment in the textile industry in Trafford declined to 12 % according to the 1851 census . The textile industry in Trafford could not compete with that in places such as Manchester , Oldham , and Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , partly because of a reluctance to invest in industry on the part of the two main land owners in the area : the Stamfords and the de Traffords .
Trafford Park was founded in 1897 , and at its peak in 1945 employed 75 @,@ 000 people . As well as being the world 's first planned industrial estate , it is Europe 's largest business park . More than 1 @,@ 400 companies are within the park , employing between 40 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 people . The Trafford Centre , which opened on 10 September 1998 , is North West England 's largest indoor shopping complex . The centre has over 30 million visitors annually , and contains 235 stores , 55 restaurants , and the largest Odeon cinema in the UK .
Trafford is a prosperous area , with an average weekly income of £ 394 , and apart from Manchester it is the only borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income and is on average the highest in the county . Media , advertising and public relations have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Manchester and Trafford . Average house prices in Trafford are the highest out of all the metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester , 45 % higher than the average for the county .
At the 2001 UK census , Trafford had 151 @,@ 445 residents aged 16 to 74 . 2 @.@ 5 % of these people were students with jobs , 5 @.@ 7 % looking after home or family , 5 @.@ 4 % permanently sick or disabled and 2 @.@ 8 % economically inactive for other reasons . Trafford has a low rate of unemployment ( 2 @.@ 7 % ) compared with Greater Manchester ( 3 @.@ 6 % ) and England as a whole ( 3 @.@ 3 % ) . Trafford has the lowest number of unemployment benefit claimants compared to all the other boroughs in Greater Manchester ( 3 @.@ 7 % ) .
In 2001 , of 99 @,@ 146 residents of Trafford in employment , the industry of employment was 17 @.@ 1 % property and business services , 16 @.@ 5 % retail and wholesale , 12 @.@ 3 % manufacturing , 11 @.@ 9 % health and social work , 8 @.@ 2 % education , 8 @.@ 0 % transport and communications , 5 @.@ 9 % construction , 5 @.@ 5 % finance , 4 @.@ 5 % public administration and defence , 4 @.@ 0 % hotels and restaurants , 0 @.@ 8 % energy and water supply , 0 @.@ 6 % agriculture , and 4 @.@ 6 % other . This was roughly in line with national figures , except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average , reflecting Trafford 's suburban nature and its proximity to the centre of Manchester .
A study commissioned by Experian rated Trafford as the strongest and most resilient borough in North West England to dealing with sudden changes in the economy . Trafford 's low reliance on vulnerable businesses in the current recession and its high proportion of multinational companies were two factors which give the borough its high ranking .
= = Culture = =
= = = Landmarks = = =
As of March 2007 , Trafford has 6 Grade I , 11 Grade II * , and 228 Grade II listed buildings . Trafford has the equal second highest number of Grade I listed buildings out of the districts of Greater Manchester behind Manchester . Most of Trafford 's Grade I listed buildings are in the south of the borough : the old Church of St. Werburgh in Warburton ; Dunham Massey Hall itself , and the stables and carriage house belonging to the hall ; Royd House in Hale ; and the Church of All Saints in Urmston in the north of the borough . Trafford has three of Greater Manchester 's 21 Sites of Special Scientific Interest . Brookheys Covert is a semi @-@ natural wood consisting mainly of ash , birch , and rowan , with a wetland habitat covering 5 @.@ 8 acres ( 2 @.@ 3 ha ) in Dunham Massey . Cotteril Clough is an area of woodland that is among the most diverse in Greater Manchester . Dunham Park is an area of " pasture @-@ woodland or park @-@ woodland " and has been since the Middle Ages , including many oak trees that date back to the 17th century , and covers 192 @.@ 7 acres ( 78 @.@ 0 ha ) . Also in Trafford are many parks and open spaces ; there are 21 @.@ 2 square miles ( 55 km2 ) of greenspace , 51 @.@ 8 % of the total area covered by the borough . Tourist attractions in Trafford include Old Trafford football ground and Old Trafford Cricket Ground .
Chill Factore is an indoor ski slope in Trafford Park . It features the UK 's longest and widest real snow indoor slope , 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide and 180 metres ( 200 yd ) long .
Dunham Massey Hall and Park is an 18th @-@ century hall with a 250 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 0 km2 ) deer park , both now owned by the National Trust and previously owned by the Earls of Stamford . The hall is early Georgian in style . The hall and grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction , with nearly 200 @,@ 000 visitors in 2010 .
Imperial War Museum North is a war museum in Trafford Park and was opened in 2002 . The museum won the 2003 British Construction Industry Building Award , and the title of Large Visitor Attraction of the Year at the 2006 Manchester Tourism Awards .
Sale Water Park is a 152 @-@ acre ( 62 ha ) area of countryside and parkland including a 52 @-@ acre ( 21 ha ) artificial lake created when the M60 motorway was built . The water park is the site of the Broad Ees Dole wildlife refuge , a Local Nature Reserve that provides a home for migratory birds .
Timperley Old Hall is a medieval moated site in Timperley near Altrincham Municipal Golf Course . Excavation on the site over a period of 18 years has shown Timperley to be inhabited since the Bronze Age . A grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund has been made to develop the site into a community project .
Trafford has two medieval castles . Dunham Castle is an early medieval castle in Dunham Massey . It belonged to Hamon de Massey , and was probably still standing in the early 14th century . The bailey was landscaped into the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall and its moat turned into an ornamental pond . Watch Hill Castle is an early medieval motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle on the border of Dunham Massey and Bowdon . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The motte and surrounding ditch still survives , although it had fallen out of use by the 13th century .
= = = Sport = = =
Trafford is the home of several major sports teams , including Manchester United Football Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club ( LCCC ) . Manchester United began as Newton Heath L & YR F.C. in 1878 . The team plays at Old Trafford football ground , which is sometimes used as a stadium for international matches . Manchester United have won the FA Cup 11 times and been the Premier League champions 13 times ( since the league was formed 20 seasons ago ) and were Football League champions seven times in the years prior to that . The club last won the Premier League in 2013 . LCCC started as the Manchester Cricket Club , and represents the historic county of Lancashire . The club contested the original 1890 County Championship . Old Trafford Cricket Ground – Lancashire 's home ground – stages international matches , including Test matches and One Day Internationals . The team has won the county championship eight times outright ( with one shared ) and were the county champions in 2011 - the county 's first outright triumph since 1934 , but were then relegated to the second division in 2012 .
Also in the top division of their sports are Sale Sharks , who play rugby union . From 2009 , Manchester Phoenix , who play home games at the Altrincham Ice Dome , are members of the English Premier Ice Hockey League . The club was formed in 2003 as the successor to Manchester Storm and was one of the founder members of the Elite Ice Hockey League . In 2008 – 09 they finished sixth in the Elite Ice Hockey League . The Trafford Metros are the Phoenix 's junior side and are also based at the Altrincham Ice Dome . Rugby Union side Sale Sharks were formerly based in Trafford and although they now play at the AJ Bell Stadium in Salford , they retain their name from when they were based at Heywood Road in Sale ; their former home @-@ ground Road is still used as the team 's training ground . Sale Sharks won the Guinness Premiership in 2006 ; in 2008 – 09 they finished fifth .
As well as being home to several clubs in the top echelon of their sports , Trafford plays host to smaller clubs , including Altrincham F.C. , Flixton F.C. , and Trafford F.C .. Both Flixton F.C. and Trafford F.C. play in the North West Counties Football League Division One . Flixton F.C. was formed in 1960 and earned promotion to NWCFL Division One at the end of the 2006 – 07 season . Trafford F.C. was formed in 1990 and finished fifth in the 2006 – 07 season . Altrincham F.C. was founded in 1903 and plays in the Football Conference .
Within Trafford two clubs play in the National Premier Division of the Adidas England Hockey League . The two clubs are represented in both the Men 's Premier Division as well as the Women 's Premier Division : Brooklands MU ( Men ) & Brooklands Poynton ( Women ) based at Brooklands Sports Club in Sale and Bowdon ( Men ) & Bowdon Hightown ( Women ) based at Bowdon Sports Club in Bowdon .
= = Education = =
There are 73 primary schools in Trafford , 17 secondary and grammar schools , and 6 special schools . Trafford maintains a selective education system , with grammar schools , assessed by the Eleven Plus exam . Trafford College , a £ 29M " super college " in Stretford , is the only college of further education in Trafford . It was officially opened in 2008 , following a merger between South Trafford College and North Trafford College . Overall , Trafford was ranked 2nd out of all of the local education authorities in National Curriculum assessment performance in 2014 . Indeed , in 2014 Trafford was the first in the United Kingdom for Key Stage 2 results , with 87 % of Year 6 pupils achieving the expected standard of Level 4 or above in Reading , Writing and Arithmetic . Also in 2014 2nd for both GCSE and A @-@ Level results , with 72 @.@ 2 % of Year 11 pupils achieving the expected standard or above of 5 GCSE 's including English and Maths . For A @-@ Level results 25 % of students gained 3 A @-@ Levels at grades A * -A , which is twice the national average , whilst 33 % gained 3 A @-@ levels at grades A * -B .
Trafford has 7 Grammar schools and all 7 are in the top 10 best performing state schools in Greater Manchester .
= = Religion = =
At the 2001 UK census , 75 @.@ 8 % of Trafford 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 3 @.@ 3 % Muslim , 1 @.@ 1 % Jewish , 0 @.@ 6 % Hindu , 0 @.@ 2 % Buddhist and 0 @.@ 5 % Sikh . The census recorded 12 @.@ 0 % as having no religion , 0 @.@ 2 % had an alternative religion and 6 @.@ 4 % did not state their religion . Trafford is covered by the Catholic Dioceses of Shrewsbury and Salford , and the Church of England Dioceses of Manchester and Chester .
There are two Grade I listed churches in Trafford : St. Werburgh 's Church , in Warburton , is a timber framed church and dates back to at least the 14th century ; All Saints ' Church , in Urmston , was constructed in 1868 by E. W. Pugin , and is considered to be one of his best works . Of the 11 Grade II * listed buildings in Trafford , seven are churches : Hale Chapel in Hale ; the Church of St John the Divine in Sale ; Church of St Mary the Virgin in Bowdon ; St. Martin 's Church in Sale ; St. Michael 's Church in Flixton ; St. Margaret 's Church in Altrincham ; St. George 's Church in Carrington .
In 2007 , the Church of Scientology bought the Old Trafford Essence Distillery on Chester Road for a reported £ 3.6M. The Church stated that it had plans to turn the 51 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 4 @,@ 700 m2 ) Victorian building into a place of worship and religious instruction . The original plans were rejected by Trafford Council , but the Church stated its intention to revise the proposals and resubmit .
= = Transport = =
The Manchester Metrolink runs generally north – south through Trafford , with its southern terminus in Altrincham ; it serves Cornbrook , Trafford Bar , Old Trafford , Stretford , Dane Road , Sale , Brooklands , Timperley , Navigation Road , and Altrincham . The line opened in 1992 and replaced the Manchester , South Junction and Altrincham Railway . The other railway in Trafford is the Liverpool to Manchester via Warrington Central line , built by the Cheshire Lines Committee . The 20 @-@ acre ( 8 ha ) Trafford Park Euroterminal rail freight terminal was opened in 1993 . It cost £ 11 million and has the capacity to deal with 100 @,@ 000 containers a year .
The council is responsible for the maintenance of Trafford 's public roads and pavements . Part of the M60 orbital motorway passes through Trafford , from junctions 6 – 10 inclusive .
A range of bus services provide connections between various towns in the borough and links to the city centre , and other urban areas of Greater Manchester and Cheshire . Operators include Stagecoach Manchester , Arriva North West , First Greater Manchester as well as smaller operators , who generally run services under contract to Transport for Greater Manchester . Trafford Cycle Forum was established to promote cycling in Trafford ; the group actively campaigns to raise money for cycling in the borough .
= = = Video clips = = =
Trafford Council YouTube channel
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= UA 8699 =
UA 8699 ( University of Antananarivo specimen 8699 ) is a fossil mammalian tooth from the Cretaceous of Madagascar . A broken lower molar about 3 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 14 in ) long , it is from the Maastrichtian of the Maevarano Formation in northwestern Madagascar . Details of its crown morphology indicate that it is a boreosphenidan , a member of the group that includes living marsupials and placentals . David W. Krause , who first described the tooth in 2001 , interpreted it as a marsupial on the basis of five shared characters , but in 2003 Averianov and others noted that all those are shared by zhelestid placentals and favored a close relationship between UA 8699 and the Spanish zhelestid Lainodon . Krause used the tooth as evidence that marsupials were present on the southern continents ( Gondwana ) as early as the late Cretaceous and Averianov and colleagues proposed that the tooth represented another example of faunal exchange between Africa and Europe at the time .
= = Discovery and context = =
UA 8699 was discovered in a joint study by Stony Brook University and the University of Antananarivo ( UA ) and placed in the collections of the latter as specimen 8699 . It was found at a locality named MAD93 @-@ 95 in the Anembalemba Member of the Maevarano Formation , which is Maastrichtian ( latest Cretaceous ) in age . The locality is in the Mahajanga Basin of northwestern Madagascar . Several other mammals have been recovered from similarly aged Madagascar deposits , but most are also known from very limited material . These include the gondwanathere Lavanify , an indeterminate multituberculate , and a few other indeterminate teeth , as well as a nearly complete skeleton representing an otherwise unknown mammalian lineage . In a 2001 Nature paper , David Krause announced the discovery of UA 8699 and argued for marsupial affinities of the specimen . Because the specimen is so fragmentary , he refrained from assigning a new scientific name to the tooth . Two years later , Alexander Averianov , David Archibald , and Thomas Martin favored a placental interpretation in a paper in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , noting that the specimen was essentially similar to the zhelestid Lainodon . In a 2006 review of some of the Cretaceous vertebrates of Madagascar , Krause and colleagues continued to consider the specimen as a marsupial and announced that an upcoming paper by Case would make the case for marsupial affinities more fully .
= = Description = =
UA 8699 is a worn and broken left lower molar . Part of the trigonid ( the front group of cusps ) , at the mesiolingual ( inner front ) corner of the tooth is missing . Krause estimated that the complete tooth would have been 3 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 14 in ) long and 2 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 09 in ) wide . The tooth is tribosphenic , like that of modern mammals , as indicated by a number of features , including the broad basin of the talonid ( the back group of cusps ) , and the acute angle ( 48 ° ) between the cusps of the trigonid . UA 8699 lacks a cingulid ( ridge ) resembling a shelf on the lingual ( inner ) side , indicating that is not a member of Australosphenida ( the proposed clade uniting monotremes and some ancient Gondwanan mammals , including the Jurassic Madagascan Ambondro ) ; thus , it can be identified as representing Boreosphenida , which includes marsupials , placentals , and their extinct relatives .
Krause listed five features that indicate that UA 8699 is a marsupial , not a placental or primitive therian . There is a well @-@ developed cingulid at the outer back margin ( distobuccally ) , between the hypoconid ( one of the main cusps ) and the hypoconulid ( a smaller cuspule ) . The hypoconulid itself is located far lingually , relatively far from the hypoconid . The trigonid and talonid are about as broad , the trigonid is low @-@ crowned , and wear is mainly horizontal , resulting in broad , flat exposed wear facets . Averianov and colleagues noted that zhelestids , a placental group , share all those traits , though to varying degrees , and that the hypoconulid in similarly aged marsupials is even more lingually located , " twinned " to the entoconid ( the cusp on the back lingual corner of the tooth ) . They wrote that the specimen is on the whole more similar to zhelestids than to marsupials .
= = Interpretations = =
Krause wrote that UA 8699 was the first marsupial to be identified from Madagascar and the first from the Mesozoic of any part of Gondwana . Marsupials date back to the Eocene in Australia and Africa and to the Paleocene in South America ; although Cretaceous marsupials have been recorded there , none of the records are unambiguous . Marsupials were certainly present in the Northern Hemisphere during the late Cretaceous . He interpreted UA 8699 as evidence that marsupials must already have colonized the southern continents by the late Cretaceous , presumably having reached Madagascar through South America and Antarctica . By the late Cretaceous , boreosphenidans must already have been in the process of replacing archaic mammals like gondwanatheres on the southern continents , as suggested by the presence of Deccanolestes , a placental , in the Cretaceous of India .
Averianov , Archibald , and Martin instead placed UA 8699 in the context of faunal similarity and exchange between the late Cretaceous faunas of Europe and Africa , noting the presence of similar animals , such as snakes ( Medtsoia ) and sauropods ( Lirainosaurus and Repetosaurus ) , in the Cretaceous faunas of Madagascar and the Spanish locality Laño . They proposed the relationship between Lainodon , which is from Laño , and UA 8699 as another example of this relationship and cited a previous prediction by Gheerbrant and Astibia that zhelestids similar to Lainodon would be found in Africa .
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= No Jacket Required =
No Jacket Required is the third solo studio album by English singer @-@ songwriter Phil Collins , the lead vocalist and drummer for the rock band Genesis . The album was originally released on 18 February 1985 on Virgin ( UK and Ireland ) , Atlantic ( US and Canada ) , and WEA ( Rest of the world ) . It features guest backing vocalists , including Helen Terry , Peter Gabriel and Sting . Some of the songs , like " Don 't Lose My Number " and " Sussudio " , were based around improvisation . Other songs , like " Long Long Way to Go " , had a political message . " One More Night " , " Sussudio " , " Don 't Lose My Number " , and " Take Me Home " were released as singles , with corresponding music videos . All four singles were top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , with " Sussudio " and " One More Night " reaching number one . The three singles that were released in the UK all reached the top 20 on the UK charts .
The album was received favourably by the majority of music critics , although opinions have become more negative in subsequent decades and it has rarely been featured in " Best Albums of the 1980s " lists since . It won three Grammy Awards including for Album of the Year in 1986 . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that Collins was " quietly revolutionising and expanding the role of the drums in pop record making " . Rolling Stone reviewer David Fricke wrote that , " Like his ' 81 and ' 82 outings , Face Value and Hello , I Must Be Going ! , No Jacket Required is not an album that waits to be liked " . Collins ' most commercially successful solo album , it went on to peak at number one in several countries , including the US ( where it was at the top of the charts for seven weeks ) , the UK and Canada . According to the RIAA , the record sold over twelve million copies in the US , and in the UK , the album sold over two million copies , and was certified 6 × platinum . It was the second best @-@ selling album of 1985 in the UK , beaten to first place by Dire Straits ' Brothers in Arms . Worldwide , the album has sold over 25 million copies .
Many of the songs , including " Take Me Home " , and " Long Long Way to Go " , have been featured in episodes of Miami Vice and Cold Case , and " The Man with the Horn " was re @-@ written and re @-@ recorded for the episode " Phil the Shill " . " We Said Hello Goodbye " was remixed for the film Playing for Keeps .
Following the release of the album Collins embarked on the successful No Jacket Required World Tour . At the end of that tour , Collins received critical acclaim for performing at both the London and Philadelphia Live Aid concerts on 13 July 1985 . During the tour , Collins recorded a song with Marilyn Martin for the movie White Nights , called " Separate Lives " , which was a number one hit in the US , and a top ten hit in the UK . Remixes of six songs from the album were later included on the 12 " ers compilation album , released in 1987 .
= = Album title = =
The album is named after an incident at The Pump Room restaurant in Chicago , Illinois . Collins , entering the restaurant with former Led Zeppelin lead vocalist Robert Plant , was denied admittance because he did not meet the restaurant 's dress code of " jacket required " for dinner while Plant was allowed in . Collins was wearing a jacket and argued about it . The maître d ' argued that the jacket was not " proper " . Collins said in an interview with Playboy that he was , at that point , never so mad in his life . After the incident , the singer often appeared on shows such as Late Night with David Letterman and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , denouncing the restaurant and telling his story . The management of the restaurant later sent him a complimentary sport coat and an apology letter , stating that he could come to the restaurant wearing whatever he wanted .
= = Production and recording = =
Some of the songs from the album emerged from Collins ' improvisations with a drum machine , including the singles " One More Night " and " Sussudio " . Collins started singing " one more night " to an attempt of making a beat similar to The Jacksons , and improvised " sus @-@ sussudio " in another . Collins tried to replace the lyric with another phrase but decided to keep that way , leading to lyrics about a schoolboy crush on a girl at his school . Another song created mostly through improvisation , " Don 't Lose My Number " , was described by Collins as having been written mostly during the recordings for his first solo album , Face Value . Collins added that he does not fully understand the meaning of the lyrics , described by reviewer Stephen Holden of The New York Times as " vague , sketching the outlines of a melodrama but withholding the full story . "
Other songs were written with a more personal message . " Long Long Way to Go " is often considered one of Collins ' more popular songs never to be released as a single , and was at that point in his career his most political song . Former Police lead vocalist Sting provided backing vocals for the song . Sting and Collins first met through Band Aid , and became good friends after performing together in Live Aid . Collins was working on a song , and thought that Sting , having played at Band Aid , would relate to it very easily . Collins asked Sting to help him provide vocals for this song , and Sting accepted .
" Doesn 't Anybody Stay Together Anymore " is another song in which Collins was making a personal message . The song was made in response to everyone around him getting a divorce , including his manager , friends and himself years before . Collins later said that he sang this at Charles , Prince of Wales ' 40th birthday party , not knowing that the Prince 's divorce from his wife , Diana , Princess of Wales , would happen a short time later . The Phil Collins Big Band played this live on tour . In later years , Collins performed a re @-@ arranged version of the song as a ballad as part of his Serious Hits … Live ! tour , differing considerably from the original up @-@ beat album version .
" Take Me Home " is another song in which the meaning was originally very vague . At first listening , it appears that the song is about going home , but this is not true . Collins has stated that the song lyrics refer to a patient in a mental institution , and that it is very much based on the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Peter Gabriel , Helen Terry , and Sting all provide backing vocals . While recording " Long Long Way to Go " , Collins asked Sting to provide backing vocals for this song . The music video ( shot during the NJR tour ) features Collins in multiple cities around the world , including London , New York , Tokyo , Moscow , Sydney , Paris , St. Louis , Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) , San Francisco , and Memphis ( Graceland ) . At the end of the music video , Collins arrives home and hears a woman ( presumably his wife ) from inside the house asking him where he has been . He replies by saying he has been to some of the cities mentioned above . The woman replies " You 've been down at the pub , haven 't you ? " , as Collins grins at the camera .
" We Said Hello Goodbye " appeared as a B @-@ side to " Take Me Home " and " Don 't Lose My Number " originally , and as an " extra track " on the CD release of the album . Producer Arif Mardin composed the beginning portion of the song . A remix of the song with additional guitars and without an orchestra was released the following year ( 1986 ) on the soundtrack for the movie , Playing for Keeps . This remixed version received some radio airplay around the time of the soundtrack 's release ( which coincided with the No Jacket Required period ) , though it did not chart . Collins has mused that the song is unfairly classed as a " second class citizen " , stating that the song would have been looked at differently if it were added to the album . According to The New York Times reviewer Caryn James , the song is " a straightforward comment on leaving home " .
" The Man with the Horn " was originally recorded during sessions for Collins ' second solo album Hello , I Must Be Going ! in 1982 . However , the song was not released until it appeared as the B @-@ side to " Sussudio " in the UK , and as the B @-@ side to " One More Night " in the United States . Collins has said that he has " no emotional attachment " to the song . Music by The Jackson 5 inspired Collins to write the song " I Like the Way " , which also did not appear on the album , originally appearing as the B @-@ side to " One More Night " in the UK and " Sussudio " in the US . He called the song " dodgy " and has cited it among his least favourite songs .
= = Release and chart performance = =
No Jacket Required was released on 18 February 1985 . The lead singles were " Sussudio " in the UK and " One More Night " in the US . Both songs had music videos that were shot at a London pub owned by Richard Branson , featuring Collins playing both before and after the building closes .
In the first week of March , shortly after Collins won a Grammy for " Against All Odds " , the album debuted at the top spot of the UK Albums Chart and 24th in the Billboard 200 . It also got to tenth in the German charts and 15th in Canada . By the end of the month , it had climbed to number one in America as well . Collins had become the 15th British artist to top both the album and single Billboard charts , as " One More Night " was leading the Billboard Hot 100 that same week . The same thing was happening in the UK , where Collins ' duet with Philip Bailey , " Easy Lover " , was the UK Singles Chart number one . No Jacket Required was number one on the US charts for seven weeks , and on the British chart for five .
" Sussudio " was the first track to be released as a single in the UK , and the second to be released in the US . In the UK the song reached number 12 on the UK charts . In the US , the song entered frequent rotation on MTV in May , and by 6 July , both the single and the album had reached number one on their respective US Billboard charts . " One More Night " was Collins ' second US number @-@ one single , following " Against All Odds " , and was his fourth single to reach the top ten in the UK , peaking at number four on the singles chart . Its B @-@ side in the UK was " I Like the Way " , while the US version featured " The Man with the Horn " .
Meanwhile , " Don 't Lose My Number " , a single that Collins only released in the US , peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts during late September 1985 , and the B @-@ side of the single was " We Said Hello Goodbye " . Collins had difficulty conceptualising a plot for the corresponding music video . He decided to create a gag video based on this difficulty . In the video , he talks to clients and directors , all giving him crazy conceptual ideas . Collins parodies several other videos , including those by Michael Jackson , David Lee Roth , Elton John , The Cars , and The Police . The singer also filmed parodies of Mad Max , western films , and samurai movies .
" Take Me Home " , the final single released from the album , is often considered to be one of Collins ' most well known songs , and has been a part of all of his tours since The No Jacket Required World Tour . It reached number seven on the US Billboard charts , and number 19 on the UK charts . The song was not slated for a single release , but the label decided to do so after it became an airplay hit on several US radio stations who decided to play the track . " Take Me Home " also got a video where Collins sung in various locations around the world .
One song from the album would not reach chart success until it was released later . " Who Said I Would " was not released as a single from this album . However , a live version was released as a single from the Serious Hits ... Live ! album in the US , reaching number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 . A music video of the original version was filmed , for the No Jacket Required home video . It featured Collins playing the song in a concert . Some of the songs that were not released as singles still charted on Billboard charts . " Inside Out " went to number nine on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . " The Man with the Horn " , though not released as a single ( nor was it included on the album ) , charted at number 38 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks .
No Jacket Required remains Collins ' highest selling album , having been certified diamond for US shipment of over 10 million copies . Twenty years after its release , No Jacket Required remains among the 50 highest selling albums in the US . In the UK , the album was certified 6x platinum , selling over 1 @.@ 8 million copies . It has also sold over 20 million copies worldwide . A video produced by Atlantic Video in 1986 was also released , and included the four original music videos of the four released singles , and a live performance of " Who Said I Would " . Alternate versions of six songs from No Jacket Required were included on the remix album 12 " ers , released in January 1988 .
The album was re @-@ released and remastered by Steve Hoffman for the Audio Fidelity label in 2011 . It was reissued as a deluxe edition on CD , vinyl and digital on 15 April 2016 , including a new second disc with bonus tracks .
= = Critical reception = =
The reception for the album was mostly positive . Geoff Orens of AllMusic , in a review written years after the album 's release , said that while some of the songs are " dated " , the album contains " standout tracks " . He describes " Long Long Way to Go " as " one of Collins ' most effective ballads " , and " Take Me Home " as " pulsating " . Orens went on to say " It 's not a completely satisfying recording , but it is the best example of one of the most dominating and influential styles of the 1980s . " Lori E. Pike of the Los Angeles Times gave the album a grade of an A- , saying that " Collins ' recipe of tense vocals spiced with saucy horns and splashy electro @-@ jitterbugging synthesisers often leaves little room for real feeling to squeeze through . When he slows down and lets his smoldering moodiness take over , the effect is magical . "
Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that the album was " refreshing " , and that Collins was " adept " at setting a suspenseful or menacing mood . Holden described " Only You Know and I Know " as an " angry love song " that had some sampling of " Motown " style music mixed in . " In ' One More Night ' , Mr. Collins 's recent number @-@ one hit , a ticking snare drum injects a whisper of lurking fear into a song that suggests a sweeter , tenderer reprise of ' Against All Odds ' " , says Holden . Holden concluded by saying " On the surface , No Jacket Required , is an album bursting with soulful hooks and bright peppy tunes . But beneath its shiny exterior , Mr. Collins 's drums and his voice carry on a disjunctive , enigmatic dialogue between heart and mind , obsession and repression . "
Rolling Stone reviewer David Fricke said " Phil Collins ' sudden transformation from the balding bantam drummer for a prosperous British art @-@ rock group into a mainstream pop heartthrob might seem one of the Eighties ' most improbable success stories . But judging from the sly craft and warm , low @-@ key humour of his solo records and his successful productions for Philip Bailey and Frida , Collins ' newfound fame was inevitable . " Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times originally disliked the song " One More Night " , but later praised the song , saying that " Collins ' soulful but polite vocal style is also capable of capturing the pain of going through yet one more night without her . " The Dallas Morning News writer Lennox Samuels said that " No Jacket Required ( Atlantic ) is what fans have come to expect from Phil Collins — lots of horns and syncopation , heavy rhythm . "
Even those who were not normally fans of Collins ' work liked the album . Michael R. Smith of The Daily Vault wrote " Anomaly or not , it is indeed the album that Phil deserves to be remembered for . " Stephen Williams of Newsday said that the album was " loaded with musical hooks and textured arrangements ... it also lacks the tense edge that was part of Collins ' work with Genesis . " Keegan Hamilton of the Riverfront Times said that the album was " The 80 's Dance Pop Special : A smooth synthesiser groove , with an order of keyboards , drum machines , and horns on the side , " adding that " Sussudio " was the best track on the album , saying that it 's " catchy gibberish . " Hamilton says that " One More Night " was the worst song on the album , saying that " The album 's introspective slow jam wallows in self @-@ pity . "
On the negative side , Marty Racine of the Houston Chronicle said that " I Don 't Wanna Know " and " Take Me Home " were the only songs to " rise above the crowd " , and that Collins focused too much on his singing and less on his drumming , " which can be captivating " . Racine also added that the album makes the listener feel a little " cold " , but admired that the singer was " playing the game as well as anyone " . Writing an article in defence of Collins in 2010 , Gary Mills of The Quietus described the album as " determined dross " which Collins did not deserve to have his career judged by . In 2013 , music critic Tom Service of The Guardian was similarly scathing , saying the album had not stood the test of time and was " unlistenable to today " , singling out " Sussudio " for particular criticism , arguing : " the production , the drum machine , the inane sincerity of the lyrics ; there 's no colder or more superficial sound in popular music , precisely because it takes itself so seriously . " He also compared it unfavourably with the enduring appeal of Collins 's 1980s contemporaries such as the Human League and — in particular — the Pet Shop Boys , saying the latter were " geniuses by comparison " .
At the 28th Annual Grammy Awards , Collins was nominated in five categories . The album won the award for Album of the Year , and Collins won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . Collins shared the Producer of the Year ( Non @-@ Classical ) award with co @-@ producer of the album , Hugh Padgham . In 1986 the album received two American Music Award nominations for Favorite Pop / Rock Album and Favorite Pop / Rock Male Artist . At the Brit Awards in 1986 the album received two awards for Best British Album and British Male Artist , while Producer Hugh Padgham was nominated for Best British Producer . At the Brit Awards in 2010 , the album was one of ten nominees for Brits Album of 30 Years in a poll of BBC Radio 2 listeners ; the winner was ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? by Collins 's frequent critics Oasis .
= = Influence and legacy = =
" Sussudio " is one of Collins ' most famous songs and is referenced in many different media , including books , stand @-@ up comedy acts and television shows . He has said that this is the song people most often sing to him when they spot him on the street . In the book and film adaptation of American Psycho , the main character ( Patrick Bateman ) briefly discusses it , amongst other work by Collins . The synthesizer riff was heavily criticised for sounding too much like Prince 's 1982 song " 1999 " , a similarity that Collins does not deny , citing that he is a big fan of Prince 's work .
Three songs recorded during the No Jacket Required sessions aired on episodes of the television show Miami Vice . " Take Me Home " appeared in " The Prodigal Son " , the premiere of the second season . " Long Long Way to Go " was played in the closing scene of the Season 2 finale " Sons and Lovers " , during the funeral for Ricardo Tubbs ' girlfriend and son . " The Man with the Horn " was re @-@ written for an episode of Vice in which Collins guest @-@ starred as a con @-@ artist who got in trouble with cocaine distributors . The re @-@ written version was titled " Life Is a Rat Race " .
" Take Me Home " was the closing theme song for the World Wrestling Federation 's television show , Saturday Night 's Main Event for several years in the late 1980s . In 2003 , the hip @-@ hop group Bone Thugs @-@ n @-@ Harmony based their song " Home " on this single . That version of the song featured the original song 's chorus , and hit number 19 on the UK charts .
In a 2016 interview with Rolling Stone , Phil Collins said No Jacket Required is among his least favourite albums .
= = Tour = =
The album was followed by a concert tour in 1985 named The No Jacket Required World Tour . For the tour , Collins retained his usual cast of musicians , including Chester Thompson , Leland Sklar and Daryl Stuermer . The band was nicknamed the " Hot Tub Club " . A television special was recorded in Dallas and aired on HBO , titled " No Jacket Required ... Sold Out " . Another television special was recorded for Cinemax for a show titled " Album Flash " , taped in London , England at the Royal Albert Hall .
Reception for the tour was positive as well . Rick Kogan of the Chicago Tribune said that " After hearing and observing Collins ' eminently satisfying and frequently spectacular two @-@ hour performance , one is left not with a series of niggling questions about his popularity but rather with renewed admiration for the forcefulness of well @-@ crafted songs played in a straightforward manner . "
In interviews during the tour , it was remarked by interviewers that the singer appeared similar to actors Bob Hoskins and Danny DeVito . Collins joked that all three of them could play the Three Bears from the story Goldilocks and the Three Bears . DeVito heard the idea , and contacted Collins and Hoskins about making a film . Collins researched bears , and a script was planned . Kim Basinger reportedly wished to play the role of " Goldilocks " . However , problems arose ( mostly involving the script ) , and all three actors abandoned the film .
While on the No Jacket Required tour , Collins recorded a song for the movie White Nights , titled " Separate Lives " . The song , which was written by Collins ' friend Stephen Bishop , was a duet that Collins performed with Marilyn Martin . In the US , the song went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and it reached number four on the UK charts .
= = = Live Aid = = =
The No Jacket Required World Tour ended with Collins performing at both the Wembley Stadium and JFK Stadium Live Aid concerts . Collins claims that it all happened by accident , and that both he and Power Station were going to attend both Live Aid shows as well , but " they all chickened out . " " By default , I was the only one who did it , " he later claimed . Bob Geldof , the organiser of Live Aid , originally asked Collins to be part of Geldof 's first charity effort , Band Aid . Collins played the drums and performed backing vocals for Band Aid 's UK number one hit in 1984 , " Do They Know It 's Christmas ? " .
Collins first performed with Sting at Wembley , and together they performed " In the Air Tonight " , " Against All Odds " , " Long Long Way to Go " and " Every Breath You Take " , accompanied by saxophonist Branford Marsalis . After Collins finished performing , he flew on Concorde to the Live Aid show in Philadelphia . On the plane , he met Cher , and convinced her to be a part of the event . Once there he met Robert Plant , who had asked him if he would perform with him , Jimmy Page and Tony Thompson in a Led Zeppelin " reunion " of sorts . He first played drums on " Layla " , " White Room " and " She 's Waiting " for friend Eric Clapton . Then , Collins performed " Against All Odds " and " In the Air Tonight " , and finished the night playing drums for Led Zeppelin 's aforementioned act . The band has claimed that the performance was unspectacular , and critics place the blame on Collins . However , Collins says that " I would pledge to my dying day that it wasn 't me , " and that Thompson was racing through some of the performance . Collins later remarked , " ... I remember in the middle of the thing , I actually thought , How do I get out of here ? " Stephen Williams of Newsday commented that Collins ' performance of " In the Air Tonight " in Philadelphia " was one of the more moving moments of the day " . Live Aid raised $ 69 million in its effort . Collins later recalled the event as " extraordinary " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Phil Collins , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Musicians
Phil Collins – vocals , backing vocals , drums ( 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 @-@ 11 ) , keyboards ( 2 , 3 , 5 @-@ 11 ) , Roland TR @-@ 808 ( 3 , 5 ) , Roland TR @-@ 909 ( 1 , 10 ) , LinnDrum ( 2 , 6 ) , Simmons electronic drums ( credited on 2016 release as ' Simmonds ' ) ( 3 , 7 ) , vocoder ( 7 ) , kalimba ( 7 ) , synth bass ( 2 )
Daryl Stuermer – guitars ( 1 @-@ 10 ) , keyboards ( 4 )
David Frank – keyboards ( 1 , 6 , 7 ) , Mini Moog bass ( 1 , 7 ) , Oberheim DMX ( 1 )
Lee Sklar – bass guitar ( 3 @-@ 6 , 8 @-@ 11 ) , Piccolo bass ( 3 , 10 )
The Phenix Horns , arranged by Tom Tom 84 – horns ( 1 , 2 , 7 )
Gary Barnacle – saxophone ( 4 , 7 )
Don Myrick – saxophone ( 5 , 9 )
Arif Mardin – string arrangement ( 5 ) , orchestral introduction ( 11 )
Sting – backing vocals ( 3 , 10 )
Peter Gabriel – backing vocals ( 10 )
Helen Terry – backing vocals ( 10 )
Nick Glennie @-@ Smith – keyboards ( 11 )
Production
Produced and mixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham
Engineered by Hugh Padgham
Assistant Engineer – Steve Chase
Recorded and digitally mixed at the Townhouse , London and Old Croft , Surrey
Cover Photography – Peter Ashworth
Album Design by Phil Collins
Strings recorded at Air Studios , London , engineered by John Jacobs
= = Certifications = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Album = = =
= = = Singles = = =
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= Brother from the Same Planet =
" Brother from the Same Planet " is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . After Homer is late to pick up Bart from soccer practice , Bart turns to the program The Bigger Brothers , and is assigned a man named Tom . Homer gets himself a little brother named Pepi . Homer and Tom fight , and Homer reconciles with Bart , and Tom becomes Pepi 's bigger brother . Meanwhile , Lisa becomes addicted to the Corey hotline — a phone service where television fans can listen to the voice of a fictional actor based on popular actors Corey Feldman and Corey Haim .
The episode originally aired in the United States on Fox on February 4 , 1993 and was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . The producers tried to cast Tom Cruise for the role of Tom , but Cruise refused , and they used Phil Hartman instead . " Brother from the Same Planet " received favorable reception in books and in the media , and was highlighted among the five best episodes of the series by the writers of the Fox program King of the Hill .
= = Plot = =
After soccer practice , Bart waits for Homer to pick him up , though his father has forgotten . When Homer finally remembers , he reasons to an angered Bart that they should just both admit they are wrong and try to put the issue behind them . Later , Bart views a commercial for a mentor program called The Bigger Brothers , which pairs up fatherless boys with positive male role models . Still angry at Homer , Bart goes to the agency pretending to be a young boy whose father was a drunken gambler who abandoned him . Barts story is so sad that the receptionist pairs him up with their best Bigger Brother , a military test pilot named Tom . The two spend time together doing a variety of activities , though Bart begins to feel guilty over taking up Tom 's time despite not actually being fatherless . Eventually , Homer finds out about Bart 's Bigger Brother and confronts Bart for it . Homer then decides to go to the Bigger Brothers Agency to get revenge by being assigned with a replacement son ; a young poor boy named Pepi . Just like Tom and Bart , Homer and Pepi spend time together doing activities .
Later on , it is Bigger Brothers Day in Marine World , where the Bigger Brothers and their boys attend to celebrate ( including Homer , Tom , Bart , and Pepi ) . After running into Homer , Tom begins to brawl with him , in a fight which rages across Springfield . In the end , Homer winds up getting poked on the back by a fire hydrant , breaking his spine , much to Tom 's shock . As a result , Homer is sent to a hospital on a stretcher , and Bart holds himself responsible for this . Later on , Tom sadly talks about how much he will miss being a Bigger Brother , while Pepi is sad over losing his Bigger Brother . Fortunately , Bart suggests Tom become Pepi 's big brother , to which they happily agree , and both Tom and Pepi walk out into the sunset holding hands . At the same time , Homer ( whose back is now fixed ) and Bart reconcile , as Homer teaches Bart how to brawl due to his experience with Tom .
In the subplot , Marge finds an anomalously high phone bill for calls made by Lisa to the Corey hotline — a premium rate phone service where television fans can listen to the voice of a fictional actor based on The Two Coreys . Lisa promises to stop increasing the family 's phone bill , but continues to make calls to the hotline from such places as Doctor Hibbert 's office and a telephone at Springfield Elementary . After Principal Skinner catches her , Marge suggests that Lisa try to go until midnight without calling the hotline ; if she can do so , she will have conquered her addiction . Although tempted throughout the rest of the day , Lisa beats her addiction .
= = Production = =
" Brother from the Same Planet " was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . It originally aired in the United States on February 4 , 1993 , on Fox . The writers wrote the role of Tom for actor Tom Cruise . However , when offered the part , Cruise repeatedly turned it down , so the producers used Phil Hartman instead . The writers based the Corey character on the actors Corey Feldman and Corey Haim , known as The Two Coreys . Pepi was based on the fictional character Dondi from the daily comic strip of the same name .
In the episode , Bart and Tom watch The Ren & Stimpy Show . The producers contacted Nickelodeon to get authorization to use the two characters for that sequence . Nickelodeon was strict about what The Simpsons was allowed to do , and the producers were not allowed to have the savageness that they wanted . The Ren & Stimpy Show 's animators offered to do the layouts of Ren and Stimpy for the episode .
The television show Bart watches , Tuesday Night Live , is a parody of NBC 's Saturday Night Live . Krusty appears in a sketch called " The Big Ear Family " , and says that the sketch goes on for twelve more minutes , even though the joke 's punchline has already been established . That was Jon Vitti 's way of criticizing Saturday Night Live for having overlong sketches with thin joke premises . The sequence originally had a longer version of the Tuesday Night Live band playing into the commercial break , but it was cut because Vitti , who was a writer on Saturday Night Live during the 1985 – 86 season along with fellow The Simpsons writers , George Meyer and John Swartzwelder , did not want to come off as being bitter .
The writing staff was looking for a way to end the episode and executive producer Sam Simon suggested that they watch the film The Quiet Man . The writers came in on a Saturday to watch the film together . They were inspired by the film 's fight scene between John Wayne and Victor McLaglen 's characters to do a fight scene between Homer and Tom in the episode . The scene was difficult for the producers to sound @-@ mix because they wanted it to be funny but not horrifying . They discovered that the more realistic the effects used sounded , the funnier the scene became . The producers tried all sorts of different sounds for when Homer cracks his back on the fire hydrant and chose the tiniest realistic sound , because they believed that it was the most painful and " hilarious " .
= = Cultural references = =
The scene in which Milhouse writes " Trab pu kcip ! " Trab pu kcip ! " on the wall is a reference to " red rum " from Stanley Kubrick 's 1980 film The Shining .
The woman Bart mistakes for Homer is singing the Helen Reddy song " I Am Woman " .
While Bart is stuck in the storm waiting for Homer , a nun is lifted up by the wind , a reference to the TV series The Flying Nun .
Bart and Tom watch The Ren & Stimpy Show .
Homer watches an NFL Films production about Bart Starr , the quarterback on the Green Bay Packers who led the team to victory in the first two Super Bowls .
The scene where Homer accuses Bart of seeing his big brother is a reference to the 1966 film Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? , where Richard Burton accuses Elizabeth Taylor of adultery .
In a made @-@ up story Homer tells Pepi , Bart tells Homer to shut up and shoves half a grapefruit in his face , a reference to the 1931 film The Public Enemy .
Bart watches Tuesday Night Live , a parody of NBC 's Saturday Night Live .
The background music used for the fight scene is a knockoff of the music used in the fight scene in The Quiet Man .
Skinner 's creepy monologue about his mother watching him is a parody of Norman Bates ' similar dialogue from the 1960 Hitchcock film Psycho .
The title of the episode is a reference to the 1984 film The Brother from Another Planet .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Brother from the Same Planet " finished 18th in ratings for the week of February 1 – 7 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 , equivalent to approximately 13 @.@ 9 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Martin .
In their section on the episode in the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood comment : " We love Homer sitting at home trying to remember to pick up Bart — he 's watching a TV show about a baseball star called Bart , with pictures of Bart on all sides , and even Maggie seems to be calling her brother 's name . " Writing in the compilation work The Psychology of The Simpsons , Robert M. Arkin and Philip J. Mazzocco reference a scene from the episode where Homer " argues with his own brain about a desired course of action " to illustrate self @-@ discrepancy theory , the idea that " humans will go to great lengths to attain and preserve self @-@ esteem " .
The writers of the FOX program King of the Hill put " Brother from the Same Planet " among the five best episodes of The Simpsons , including " Homer the Heretic " , " Lisa 's Wedding " , " Lisa 's Substitute " , and " Behind the Laughter " . Mikey Cahill of the Herald Sun highlighted the quote " PickupBart ? What the hell is PickupBart ? " by Homer in his list of " Fab Fives " related to The Simpsons . When asked to pick his favorite season out of The Simpsons seasons one through twenty , Paul Lane of the Niagara Gazette picked season four and highlighted " Brother from the Same Planet " and " Mr. Plow " which he called " excellent " , along with " the sweetly funny " " Lisa 's First Word " , and " Homer the Heretic " . In a review of The Simpsons season four , Lyndsey Shinoda of Video Store cited " Brother from the Same Planet " and " I Love Lisa " among her " personal favorites " from the season .
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= Lisa del Giocondo =
Lisa del Giocondo ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈliːza del dʒoˈkondo ] ; née Gherardini [ ɡerarˈdiːni ] ; 15 June 1479 – 15 July 1542 or ca . 1551 ) , also known as Lisa Gherardini , Lisa di Antonio Maria ( or Antonmaria ) Gherardini and Mona Lisa , was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany in Italy . Her name was given to Mona Lisa , her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance .
Little is known about Lisa 's life . Born in Florence and married in her teens to a cloth and silk merchant who later became a local official , she was a mother to five children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary middle @-@ class life . Lisa outlived her husband , who was considerably her senior .
Centuries after Lisa 's death , Mona Lisa became the world 's most famous painting and took on a life separate from Lisa , the woman . Speculation by scholars and hobbyists made the work of art a globally recognized icon and an object of commercialization . In 2005 , Lisa was definitively identified as the model for the Mona Lisa .
= = Early life and family = =
Lisa 's Florentine family was old and aristocratic but over time had lost its influence . They were well off but not wealthy , and lived on farm income in a city that was among the largest in Europe and economically successful , while there were great disparities in wealth among its inhabitants .
Antonmaria di Noldo Gherardini , Lisa 's father , had lost two wives , Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de ' Carducci , whom he married in 1465 , and Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai , whom he married in 1473 . Both died in childbirth . Lisa 's mother was Lucrezia del Caccia , daughter of Piera Spinelli , and Gherardini 's wife by his third marriage in 1476 . Gherardini at one time owned or rented six farms in Chianti that produced wheat , wine and olive oil and where livestock was raised .
Lisa was born in Florence on 15 June 1479 on Via Maggio , although for many years it was thought she was born on one of the family 's rural properties , Villa Vignamaggio just outside Greve . She is named for Lisa , a wife of her paternal grandfather . The eldest of seven children , Lisa had three sisters , one of whom was named Ginevra , and three brothers , Giovangualberto , Francesco , and Noldo .
The family lived in Florence , originally near Santa Trinita and later in rented space near Santo Spirito , most likely because they were not able to afford repairs to their former house when it was damaged . Lisa 's family moved to what today is called Via dei Pepi and then near Santa Croce , where they lived near Ser Piero da Vinci , Leonardo 's father . They also owned a small country home in St. Donato in the village of Poggio about 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) south of the city . Noldo , Gherardini 's father and Lisa 's grandfather , had bequeathed a farm in Chianti to the Santa Maria Nuova hospital . Gherardini secured a lease for another of the hospital 's farms and , so that he could oversee the wheat harvest , the family spent summers there at the house named Ca ' di Pesa .
= = Marriage and later life = =
On 5 March 1495 , Lisa married Francesco di Bartolomeo di Zanobi del Giocondo , a modestly successful cloth and silk merchant , becoming his third wife at age 15 . Lisa 's dowry was 170 florins and the San Silvestro farm near her family 's country home , a sign that the Gherardini family was not wealthy at the time and reason to think she and her husband loved each other . The property lies between Castellina and San Donato in Poggio , near two farms later owned by Michelangelo . Neither poor nor among the most well @-@ to @-@ do in Florence , the couple lived a middle @-@ class life . Lisa 's marriage may have increased her social status because her husband 's family may have been richer than her own . Francesco is thought to have benefited because Gherardini is an " old name " . They lived in shared accommodation until 5 March 1503 , when Francesco was able to buy a house next door to his family 's old home in the Via della Stufa . Leonardo is thought to have begun painting Lisa 's portrait the same year .
Lisa and Francesco had five children : Piero , Camilla , Andrea , Giocondo , and Marietta , four of them between 1496 and 1507 . Lisa lost a baby daughter in 1499 . Lisa also raised Bartolomeo , the son of Francesco and his second wife , Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai , who was about a year old when his mother died . Lisa 's stepmother , Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai , and Francesco 's first wife were sisters , members of the prominent Rucellai family .
Camilla and Marietta became Catholic nuns . Camilla took the name Suor Beatrice and entered the convent of San Domenico di Cafaggio , where she was entrusted to the care of Antonmaria 's sister , Suor Albiera and Lisa 's sisters , Suor Camilla ( who was acquitted in a scandalous visitation by four men at the convent ) and Suor Alessandra . Beatrice died at age 18 and was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella . Lisa developed a relationship with Sant 'Orsola , a convent held in high regard in Florence , where she was able to place Marietta in 1521 . Marietta took the name Suor Ludovica and became a respected member of the convent in a position of some responsibility .
Francesco became an official in Florence . He was elected to the Dodici Buonomini in 1499 and to the Signoria in 1512 , where he was confirmed as a Priori in 1524 . He may have had ties to Medici family political or business interests . In 1512 when the government of Florence feared the return of the Medici from exile , Francesco was imprisoned and fined 1 @,@ 000 florins . He was released in September when the Medici returned .
In June 1537 in his will among many provisions , Francesco returned Lisa 's dowry to her , gave her personal clothing and jewelry and provided for her future . Upon entrusting her care to their daughter Ludovica and , should she be incapable , his son Bartolomeo , Francesco wrote , " Given the affection and love of the testator towards Mona Lisa , his beloved wife ; in consideration of the fact that Lisa has always acted with a noble spirit and as a faithful wife ; wishing that she shall have all she needs … " .
Lisa del Giocondo spent her final years at Florence 's Sant 'Orsola convent where she died in July 1542 at the age of 63 .
= = Mona Lisa = =
Like other Florentines of their financial means , Francesco 's family members were art lovers and patrons . His son Bartolomeo asked Antonio di Donnino Mazzieri to paint a fresco at the family 's burial site in the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze . Andrea del Sarto painted a Madonna for another member of his family . Francesco gave commissions to Leonardo for a portrait of his wife and to Domenico Puligo for a painting of Saint Francis of Assisi . He is thought to have commissioned Lisa 's portrait to celebrate both Andrea 's birth and the purchase of the family 's home .
Mona Lisa fulfilled 15th- and early 16th century requirements for portraying a woman of virtue . Lisa is portrayed as a faithful wife through gesture — her right hand rests over her left . Leonardo also presented Lisa as fashionable and successful , perhaps more well @-@ off than she was . Her dark garments and black veil were Spanish @-@ influenced high fashion ; they are not a depiction of mourning for her first daughter , as some scholars have proposed . The portrait is strikingly large ; its size is equal to that of commissions acquired by wealthier art patrons of the time . This extravagance has been explained as a sign of Francesco and Lisa 's social aspiration .
Leonardo had no income during the spring of 1503 , which may in part explain his interest in a private portrait . But later that year , he most likely had to delay his work on Mona Lisa when he received payment for starting The Battle of Anghiari , which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505 . In 1506 Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished . He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client . The artist 's paintings traveled with him throughout his life , and he may have completed Mona Lisa many years later in France , in one estimation by 1516 .
The painting 's title dates to 1550 . An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco 's family , Giorgio Vasari wrote , " Leonardo undertook to paint , for Francesco del Giocondo , the portrait of Mona Lisa , his wife " ( Italian : Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie . ) . The portrait 's Italian name La Gioconda is the feminine form of her married name . In French it is known by the variant La Joconde . Though derived from Lisa 's married name they have the added significance that the name derives from the word for " happy " ( in English , " jocund " ) or " the happy one " .
Speculation assigned Lisa 's name to at least four different paintings and her identity to at least ten different people . By the end of the 20th century , the painting was a global icon that had been used in more than 300 other paintings and in 2 @,@ 000 advertisements , appearing at an average of one new advertisement each week .
In 2005 , an expert at the University Library of Heidelberg discovered a margin note in the library 's collection that established with certainty the traditional view that the sitter was Lisa . The note , written by Agostino Vespucci in 1503 , states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo . The Mona Lisa has been in custody of France since the 16th century , when it was acquired by King Francis I ; after the French Revolution , however , it came into the possession of the people . Today about six million people visit the painting each year at the Louvre in Paris , where it is part of a French national collection .
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= Berkhamsted Castle =
Berkhamsted Castle is a Norman motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle in Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire . The castle was built to obtain control of a key route between London and the Midlands during the Norman conquest of England in the 11th century . Robert of Mortain , William the Conqueror 's half brother , was probably responsible for managing its construction , after which he became the castle 's owner . The castle was surrounded by protective earthworks and a deer park for hunting . The castle became a new administrative centre , and the former Anglo @-@ Saxon settlement of Berkhamsted reorganised around it . Subsequent kings granted the castle to their chancellors . The castle was substantially expanded in the mid @-@ 12th century , probably by Thomas Becket .
The castle was besieged in 1216 during the civil war between King John and rebellious barons , who were supported by France . It was successfully captured after Prince Louis , the future Louis VIII , attacked it with siege engines for twenty days , forcing the garrison to surrender . After being retaken by royal forces the subsequent year , it was given to Richard , Earl of Cornwall , beginning a long association with the Earldom of Cornwall and the later duchy . Richard redeveloped the castle as a palatial residence , and made it the centre of the earldom 's administration . Edward III further developed the castle in the 14th century and gave it to his son , Edward , the Black Prince , who expanded the hunting grounds . The castle was also used to hold royal prisoners , including John II of France and rival claimants to the English throne .
In the late 15th century , the castle became increasingly unfashionable and was fell into decline . By the mid @-@ 16th century , it was in ruins and unsuitable for royal use . Stone was taken from the castle to build houses and other buildings in the town . The castle was almost destroyed during the construction of the London and Birmingham Railway in the 1830s . As a result , it became the first building in Britain to receive statutory protection from Parliament . In 1930 , the castle passed from the Duchy of Cornwall to the government 's control . It is maintained as a tourist attraction by English Heritage .
= = History = =
= = = 1066 – 1217 = = =
Berkhamsted Castle was built during the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . After William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo @-@ Saxons at the Battle of Hastings he advanced from the coast , across the Thames Valley and north into Hertfordshire . Chroniclers suggest that the Archbishop of York surrendered to William in Berkhamsted , and William probably ordered the construction of the castle before proceeding south into London . Berkhamsted was strategically significant , as it lay on a key route into the Midlands from London through the Chiltern Hills . The actual construction work was probably overseen by William 's half @-@ brother , Robert of Mortain , who owned it by the time of the writing of the Domesday Book .
The castle was located slightly away from the main road , to give additional space for the earthworks involved , and was positioned as to benefit from natural springs running down from under the hill . It had a motte and bailey design , with a 40 foot ( 12 m ) high motte , and a bailey around 500 foot ( 150 m ) by 300 foot ( 91 m ) , enclosing 0 @.@ 6 acres ( 0 @.@ 24 ha ) acres . A double bank and ditch ran around the whole castle , with both sets of ditches filled with water . In total , the wider earthworks occupy around 11 acres ( 4 @.@ 5 ha ) . A fossarius – a specialised ditch digger – was recorded as being employed maintained at the castle in 1086 .
A large deer park , owned by the Crown , was established around the castle to provide hunting grounds . The castle was carefully positioned next to the park , which was overlooked by the motte . A vineyard was also maintained alongside the castle . The old Anglo @-@ Saxon manorial centre was moved to the site , and as a result the Anglo @-@ Saxon settlement of Berkhamsted also shifted from the area now called Northchurch to the castle ; several mills , essential for grinding flour , were present there in 1086 .
Robert 's son , William rebelled against Henry I and the castle was confiscated . Henry granted Berkhamsted to his chancellor , Ranulf . In 1123 , however , when Ranulf was travelling to the castle with Henry , the chancellor rode over the nearby hill , became overly excited at the view ahead of him and fell off his horse , dying from his injuries .
The castle was subsequently given by Henry II to Thomas Becket when he became chancellor in 1155 . Becket extended the castle to accommodate his large household , but fell from favour in 1164 and the castle was confiscated by the king . Henry II liked Berkhamsted and subsequently used it himself extensively . By the mid @-@ 12th century , the castle had been rebuilt in stone , probably by Becket , with a shell keep and an outer stone wall ; the bailey was divided in two by a wall to form an inner and an outer bailey . A gatehouse led down into the town , meeting with Castle Street . Henry II also officially recognised the surrounding settlement of Berkhamsted as a town in 1156 .
Under King John the castle was part of the lands forming the jointure of his second wife Isabella . John entrusted the castle to Geoffrey Fitz Peter in 1206 , who rebuilt much of the town . Geoffrey died in 1213 and the castle passed to his son , John Fitzgeoffrey .
Political tensions in England began to rise , however , and a potential conflict between King John and an alliance of rebel barons opposed to his rule began to look likely . In early 1215 , King John installed a trusted German mercenary called Ranulph in charge of Berkhamsted Castle and reviewed the defensive arrangements there that April . Civil war broke out later that same year . Initially , the rebels were hampered by a lack of equipment – in particular , siege engines – but in May 1216 the future Louis VIII crossed over the English Channel and joined the rebel cause , bringing with him heavy siege equipment .
King John died in October , and in December Louis besieged Berkhamsted Castle . The prince deployed his siege engines , probably trebuchets , and attacked the castle repeatedly for twenty days , throwing what chroniclers termed innumerable " damnable stones " at the defenders . During the 13th century , a set of earthworks were built around the outside of the walls , which may have been the firing platforms for these trebuchets . Having put up a strong defence , the garrison was allowed to surrender and to leave with their weapons and armour . When the forces loyal to the young Henry III defeated the rebels the following year , the castle was returned to royal hands .
= = = 1218 – 1461 = = =
In subsequent years , Berkhamsted then became closely associated with the Earls and Dukes of Cornwall . Henry III 's brother , Richard , became the Earl of Cornwall and inherited the castle from his mother Isabella , and it became a permanent part of the earldom . Berkhamsted was Richard 's favourite castle , partially because it was conveniently close to London . Richard had an impressive , three @-@ storey tower built onto the property in 1254 , and restored much of the rest of the castle ; the chroniclers of nearby Dunstable complained that his building works required so many carts to carry the timber that local trade in other goods was badly affected . The castle was used for the central administration of the earldom and Richard 's nine stewards would submit their annual financial reports there . Meanwhile , the town of Berkhamsted itself became rich as a result of the growing wool trade . Richard died at the castle in 1272 , and it passed to his son Edmund .
The castle passed on through Edward I , who found the castle in an apparently poor condition , and his second wife , Margaret , to Edward II . Edward II gave it to his royal favourite , Piers Gaveston , whom he made Earl of Cornwall . Gaveston was married there in 1307 , with Edward in attendance . Edward II and Gaveston fell from power in 1327 and John , Edward 's second son , took possession as the new Earl of Cornwall .
When John died , Edward III reclaimed Berkhamsted Castle ; a survey showed it to be in need of substantial repairs . Edward had not yet improved Windsor Castle , so used Berkhamsted as his main property , investing considerable sums in renovating it . His son , Edward , the Black Prince , was created Duke of Cornwall and also made extensive use of the castle , which formed part of the new duchy . The Black Prince took advantage of the aftermath of the Black Death to extend the castle 's park by 65 acres ( 26 ha ) , including some woodland pasture stretching over the Chilterns , eventually producing a park covering 991 acres ( 401 ha ) . The castle was used to hold John II of France after he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers . When the Black Prince fell ill following his campaigning in France , he retired to Berkhamsted and died there in 1376 .
Richard II inherited Berkamsted Castle in 1377 ; initially the use of it was given to his favourite , Robert de Vere and , after de Vere 's fall from power and exile in 1388 , to John Holland . Henry IV lived in the castle after he deposed Richard in 1400 , and he used the property to detain rival applicants to the throne . During this period Geoffrey Chaucer , later famous for his Canterbury Tales , oversaw renovation work on the castle in his role as a clerk . Both Henry V and Henry VI owned the castle , the latter making use of it until his overthrow in 1461 .
= = = 1462 – 1900 = = =
Berkhamsted was confiscated by Edward IV when he came to power during Wars of the Roses . In the late 15th century , the castle was occupied by his mother , Cecily Neville , the Duchess of York . By now the castle had become increasingly unfashionable , however , and was abandoned after her death in 1495 . By the time that antiquarian John Leland visited in the mid @-@ 16th century , it was in " much ruine " and was unsuitable for royal use .
In 1580 , the estate , including the ruins and the park , was leased from Elizabeth I by Sir Edward Carey , for the nominal rent of one red rose each year . Stone from the castle was used to build Berkhamsted Place , a local school and other buildings in the late 16th century . The castle 's park , which had reached 1 @,@ 252 acres ( 507 ha ) in size by 1627 , was broken up in the next two decades , shrinking to only 376 acres ( 152 ha ) . The English Civil War of the 1640s largely passed Berkhamsted by , with the castle apparently playing no part in the conflict .
In 1761 the wider estate and the castle were separated , the former being leased to the Duke of Bridgewater , while the latter remained in the direct control of the Duchy of Cornwall . In 1863 , the surrounding estates and park were sold off altogether by the duchy to Earl Brownlow ; Brownlow also agreed to rent the castle from the duchy for a nominal rent .
In the 1830s , plans were drawn up to build the new London and Birmingham Railway . From an engineering perspective , the ideal route for the railway ran through the site of the castle , but concerns over the need to protect ancient monuments and buildings had been growing for several years , and the local Bridgwater estate were also keen to protect the local view from their buildings . The castle was ultimately specifically protected in the 1833 act that sanctioned the railway , forcing the track to take a route across the valley floor . Berkhamsted was the first building in Britain to receive statutory protection from development in this way . Nonetheless , the route still required the track to pass through the outer fortifications of the castle , a major engineering operation which was carried out in 1834 , destroying the castle gatehouse in the process .
= = = 20th – 21st centuries = = =
The Office of Works acquired Berkhamsted Castle from the Duchy of Cornwall in 1930 . The inner ditch was subsequently drained of water in the 1950s . In the 21st century it is operated as a tourist attraction by English Heritage , and historian Isobel Thompson considers it " one of the best surviving motte and bailey castles " in England . The castle is protected by law as an ancient monument .
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= Kill the DJ =
" Kill the DJ " is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the second single from the band 's ninth studio album , ¡ Uno ! , on August 14 , 2012 . The song was recorded at Jingletown Studios from February 14 to June 26 , 2012 , and was released on the record labels Reprise Records and Warner Bros. A music video , directed by Samuel Bayer , was released on September 4 , 2012 .
The song takes influences from dance music , a departure for the band . " Kill the DJ " was compared to The Clash albums Sandinista ! ( 1980 ) and Combat Rock ( 1982 ) , as well as the output of the band The Rapture . " Kill the DJ " was based on " static and noise " ; it was an " imagery of waterboarding and torture straight into the dance club " . The song appeared on charts worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics .
= = Production and release = =
Green Day began to record material for the albums ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! and ¡ Tré ! on February 14 , 2012 . During the sessions , Mike Dirnt asked the frontman Billie Joe Armstrong to write a song with a " four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor " rhythm . After the release of " Oh Love " , the lead single from the album trilogy on July 16 , 2012 , the band revealed the artwork of " Kill the DJ " during a press release on July 30 , 2012 . The band performed the song eight days ahead of its release at a secret show held at the Echoplex on August 6 , 2012 .
BBC Radio 1 presenter Zane Lowe played the censored version of " Kill the DJ " on August 13 , 2012 . The next day , the single was made available on the iTunes Store . The song 's accompanying music video premiered on YouTube on September 4 , 2012 , to coincide with the release of the album trilogy 's third single " Let Yourself Go " on September 5 . A teaser was previously uploaded on the channel on August 29 , 2012 .
= = Theme and composition = =
" Kill the DJ " is a dance @-@ punk song that Armstrong states is close to " straight @-@ up dance music " with a " four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor " rhythm ; he compared the overall production of the song to The Clash 's 1980 album , Sandinista ! , Ian Dury 's " Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll " by and Tom Tom Club 's " Genius of Love " .
The band said that while producing the song , they attempted to find out " how to make dance music " without turning themselves into a dance act . Armstrong said it was the first time the band had written a dance song . Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound compared the song with the works of The Rapture and The Clash 's 1982 album , Combat Rock ; he said it was " strictly for basement dancefloors everywhere " . According to Armstrong , the lyrics of " Kill the DJ " can be considered as " a sweeping political statement " rather than being interpreted as " a comment on electronic music figures " . He told Rolling Stone the song is about " static and noise ... Like this government cannot , will not , agree with itself . They refuse to make it work . Right , left — it doesn ’ t matter . It blows your mind and pisses you off . It ’ s a song about being drunk , going through this chaos , feeling fucked up and all you want to do is get more drunk " .
Todd Martens of Los Angeles Times wrote that the word DJ in " Kill the DJ " does not signify a real DJ but another figure . He compared " Kill the DJ " to " The Static Age " , a song on Green Day 's album 21st Century Breakdown ( 2009 ) , which was " a foaming @-@ at @-@ the @-@ mouth guitar rant that everyone — pundits , politicians , celebrities — should stop babbling and shut up " . He added , " [ Kill the DJ ] drops some cursory nods to war and religion in the opening bars , but soon brings the imagery of waterboarding and torture straight into the dance club " .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " Kill the DJ " was directed by Green Day 's longtime collaborator Samuel Bayer , who previously directed the clip for the band 's previous single , " Oh Love " , and all the videos for their album American Idiot ( 2004 ) . The band announced the release of the clip with a teaser video which was uploaded to their YouTube channel on August 29 , 2012 . The teaser video featured several scenes from the video and a brief sample of the ending of the track . The full video premiered on September 4 , 2012 . The video starts with a black @-@ and @-@ white clip of the band riding motorcycles through a desert and finding their way into a nightclub . The band members walk through the club while others dance . As they perform in the club , two young women fight and some bottles are broken . Near the end , both women have a " bloodbath " ; they are depicted with blood on their faces and clothes while they continue to dance .
= = Critical reception = =
" Kill the DJ " was included in Zane Lowe 's Hottest Tracks of 2012 ; it finished second , while " Calling ( Lose My Mind ) " by Sebastian Ingrosso and Alesso came first . Jack Brad , writing for Hive Magazine , said the song was a " fun and funky " track showcasing a different musical direction for the band . He also said it encompassed a " catchy melody and ... infectious chorus " that proves the band was capable of experimenting with new musical styles on every new production , citing Warning ( 2000 ) and Nimrod ( 1997 ) as examples . David Renshaw from Gigwise said " Kill the DJ " ' s music video was not as violent as previous clips by the band ; he said , " those who attended the band 's brilliant Reading Festival set in August will testify " that things can get more violent than scenes in the video .
David Greenwald of Billboard magazine described " Kill the DJ " as a " profanity @-@ laced and Clash @-@ channeling " track . Zara Golden of VH1 said of the video , " The hit is only a symbolic one , though , and the only real violence to be had here is a slaying guitar riff . Rather , this is an assault against the dubbed @-@ out sound that seems to be dominating today ’ s air waves , Green Day ’ s own and only pretend bloody dubstep demolition . " Todd Martens of Los Angeles Times , criticizing the single , said , " It 's all played rather straight . ' I 'll pick up what 's left in the club , ' Armstrong sings suspiciously , and the video released Tuesday doesn 't do much to present the song as a statement " . Alex Young , writing for Consequence of Sound said the opening clips of the band driving motorbikes were irrelevant . Young said , " There ’ s also a random scene of the band riding dirt bikes through the desert , which doesn 't really make sense in the context of the video but seems like a good way to spend an excess video budget " .
= = Chart positions = =
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= Charlie Gardiner ( ice hockey ) =
Charles Robert " Chuck " Gardiner ( December 31 , 1904 – June 13 , 1934 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League . Born in Edinburgh , Scotland , Gardiner moved with his family to Canada as a child . Playing all of his junior hockey in or around Winnipeg , Manitoba , Gardiner joined the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1927 – 28 season . He played seven seasons with Chicago , winning two Vezina Trophies , earning three berths to the First All @-@ Star team , and a berth to the Second All @-@ Star team . In 1934 , Gardiner became the only NHL goaltender to captain his team to a Stanley Cup win . A few months after winning the Cup , Gardiner died from a brain hemorrhage brought on by a tonsillar infection , at the age of 29 . He became posthumously a charter member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945 .
= = Personal life = =
Gardiner was born in Edinburgh , Scotland , the third son and fourth child of John and Janet Gardiner . Along with his parents , older brothers John and Alexander , older sister Edith and younger sister Christina , he emigrated to Winnipeg , Manitoba at age seven in 1911 . The family initially lived in a house on William Avenue before relocating to Alexander Street ; both streets were south of the railways , and were full of Scottish @-@ Irish working @-@ class families . John took a job as a rail car repairer , and Gardiner took an early interest in the trains , often waiting up late at night to watch them arrive into the city . He was enrolled at the Albert School , and befriended Wilf Cude , an immigrant child from Wales who would also go on to be a National Hockey League ( NHL ) goaltender .
When the First World War began in 1914 , both of Gardiner 's brothers enlisted in the military and were sent overseas . Gardiner 's father John also enlisted , but he died May 30 , 1916 before he was sent overseas . Both his brothers returned home after the war ended ; while Alex was unharmed , John had been involved in a poison gas attack , and was seriously ill . To help provide for the family Gardiner began working for the J.H. Ashdown Hardware Company at the age of twelve . In December 1928 John began to develop an illness as a result of his poison gas attack in the war , and died December 13 . Edith had planned to get married on December 31 , but wanted to delay the marriage because of John 's death , though her family convinced her to continue with the original plan .
Gardiner married Myrtle Brooks August 6 , 1927 at Grace United Church in Winnipeg . Their first son , Robert Roy , was born May 20 , 1929 . They also had a girl on May 7 , 1931 , but she died the same day .
While working at the hardware store , Gardiner first played organised sports as a member of the store 's baseball team . Gardiner quickly started playing ice hockey , with the same passion as the children who were born in Canada . As he didn 't learn to skate until he was eight @-@ years @-@ old , he couldn 't skate very fast and was forced to play as the goaltender . He had tried to play as a forward and defenceman , but was too slow for either position . Playing on Winnipeg 's frozen ponds , Gardiner employed an acrobatic style , instead of the nearly @-@ universal stand @-@ up style played in that era , to avoid having his hands and feet frostbitten . He joined the Victorias , a team in the Winnipeg City League , at the age of 13 . He recorded a shutout in his first game , but the team was shut out in their following game , so Gardiner was cut . By the age of 14 , Gardiner made the intermediate team of the Selkirk Fishermen .
Aside from hockey , Gardiner excelled in Canadian football , and had joined the Winnipeg Tammany Tigers junior club in 1920 . As a defender , Gardiner quickly gained attention for his skill , and helped the Tigers reach the Western Canadian junior rugby championship in Regina , Saskatchewan , though they lost the championship game . The following year he changed positions and played as a right outer wing ; the Tigers went through the season undefeated and again played in the Western Canadian championship game ; held in Regina like the previous year , the team again lost .
Played in the 13th Grey Cup with the Winnipeg Tammany Tigers , who lost to the Ottawa Senators 24 – 1 .
Gardiner attended church services at Grace United Church in Winnipeg , the same place where he was married . He was also a Freemason , and joined the St. John 's Lodge in Winnipeg on April 21 , 1926 . During the summer of 1933 , he was selected as a Shriner at the Lodge ; at the age of 29 he was the youngest Shriner in the city .
Outside of hockey , Gardiner enjoyed several different hobbies . During one off @-@ season from the Black Hawks , Gardiner began taking flying lessons from his former teammate Konrad Johannesson . He quickly learned how to fly solo and would buy shares in the Winnipeg Flying Club , which Johannesson had founded . He also enjoyed shooting rifles ; in the summer of 1931 he was recognised for this when he was elected Field Secretary of the Winnipeg Gun Club . The following summer Gardiner earned a certificate in business administration and sales from the International Correspondence Schools . He then became a partner in a sporting goods business and travelled across Western Canada in the summer to sell products to sports teams .
= = Pre @-@ NHL career = =
Gardiner played junior ice hockey with the Winnipeg Tigers of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League ( MJHL ) for three seasons , from 1921 to 1924 . He joined the Selkirk Fishermen senior team for the 1924 – 25 season . The Fishermen played in the highest amateur league in Manitoba and were finalists for the championship the year before . Gardiner appeared in 18 games for Selkirk , posting two shutouts and a 1 @.@ 83 goals against average . They again reached the finals but lost to the Port Arthur Bearcats . The loss made Gardiner feel dejected and ashamed , though people assured him he had played well and had several offers for different teams . He decided to join the professional Winnipeg Maroons of the Central Hockey League ( CHL ) . As he would be a professional , Gardiner was forced to give up his baseball career , which he was reluctant to do ; he finished with a career batting average of .300 . Playing two seasons in Winnipeg , Gardiner appeared in 74 games , posting 12 shutouts , and 2 @.@ 14 and 2 @.@ 16 goals @-@ against average in the two seasons , respectively .
= = Chicago Black Hawks = =
Gardiner joined the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1927 – 28 season . In his first season with the Black Hawks , Gardiner played in 40 out of 44 of Chicago 's games . Posting a 2 @.@ 83 goals average , Gardiner won or tied only eight games , with three of those games being shutouts . The following season , Gardiner appeared in all of 44 of Chicago 's games . Known as the NHL 's " goalless wonders " , Chicago scored only 33 goals the entire season , finishing with a 7 – 29 – 8 record . Gardiner posted five shutouts and a 1 @.@ 85 goals against average that season . During a game against the New York Rangers on February 3 , 1929 WJ Holmes , manager of the Maroons came to Chicago to watch Gardiner play . The Rangers won the game 3 – 2 though Gardiner played well . Even so Frederic McLaughlin , owner of the Hawks , offered to sell him back to Winnipeg for $ 3500 . Only after Barney Stanley and Hugh Lehman talked to McLaughlin did he back down on the deal . After being booed by the Chicago fans , Gardiner nearly retired , before being talked out of it by Duke Keats .
After the NHL changed its rules to allow forward passing in the offensive zone in the 1929 – 30 season , goal scoring increased league @-@ wide . While Chicago increased its goals scored to 117 , Gardiner 's goals against average rose by only 0 @.@ 57 , to 2 @.@ 42 . Gardiner 's total number of shutouts fell by two , from five to three . Chicago improved its regular season record to 21 – 18 – 15 , placing second in the American Division , and making the playoffs . In the playoffs , the Black Hawks lost to the Montreal Canadiens 3 – 2 in a two @-@ game , total @-@ goal series , losing and tying one game . In the 1930 – 31 season , Chicago placed , once more , second in the American Division , with a 24 – 17 – 3 record . Gardiner recorded one of his best statistical years , recording 12 shutouts to go with a 1 @.@ 73 goals against average . Late in December 1930 the New York Americans offered $ 10 @,@ 000 to the Hawks in exchange for Gardiner , double his salary ; McLaughlin refused the offer . He was also named , for the first time , to the First All @-@ Star team . In the playoffs , Chicago advanced to the Stanley Cup final , losing once more to the Montreal Canadiens , three games to two . Posting a 5 – 3 – 2 record in the playoffs , Gardiner had another two shutouts and a 1 @.@ 32 goals against average .
In the 1931 – 32 season , Chicago posted an 18 – 19 – 11 regular season record . Gardiner posted four shutouts and a 1 @.@ 85 goals against average . Gardiner was named to the First All @-@ Star Team , and won the Vezina Trophy for his first time . Placing second in the American Division for the third season in a row , the Black Hawks lost a two @-@ game , total @-@ goal series 6 – 2 to the Toronto Maple Leafs . Gardiner posted a 1 – 1 playoff record , with one shutout and a 3 @.@ 00 goals against average . In the 1932 – 33 season , Chicago missed the playoffs , with a 16 @-@ 20 @-@ 12 record , placing fourth in the American Division . Gardiner recorded five shutouts , with a 2 @.@ 01 goals against average . He was named , for his only time , to the Second All @-@ Star team .
Before the beginning of the 1933 – 34 season , Gardiner 's teammates unanimously elected him captain . During the regular season , Chicago posted a 20 – 17 – 11 record . Gardiner had 10 shutouts , and a 1 @.@ 63 goals against average . He was named for the third time to the First All @-@ Star team , and won the Vezina Trophy for the second time . On February 14 , 1934 , he was a participant of the Ace Bailey Benefit Game , playing goaltender for the All @-@ Stars , who played against the Toronto Maple Leafs . In the playoffs , Gardiner had a 6 – 1 – 1 record , with two shutouts and a 1 @.@ 33 goals against average , as Chicago won its first Stanley Cup in franchise history . During the Stanley Cup parade , Chicago defenseman Roger Jenkins carted Gardiner in a wheelbarrow around Chicago 's business district after a pre @-@ playoff bet .
= = Illness and death = =
During the 1932 – 33 season Gardiner began to develop a tonsil infection that drained his strength . While he initially kept the infection private , Gardiner made his condition public on December 23 , 1932 . Even though he was ill , Gardiner played the next night in Toronto . Though his fifty @-@ five saves were the deciding factor in the Black Hawks win and his performance was so good that both league President Frank Calder and Maple Leafs star forward Charlie Conacher praised him , he was so sick he would collapse on the dressing room floor in between periods with a fever of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit ; after the game Gardiner was rushed to a local hospital . This was the first notable symptom of Gardiner 's health issues .
In January 1934 the Black Hawks were on a train back to Chicago when Gardiner felt an intense pain in his throat that spread to the rest of his body , notably his kidneys . When questioned by Tommy Gorman about his issue , Gardiner lied to Gorman and insisted it was only a minor headache . However when Gardiner woke up on the train in the morning , he had trouble seeing , as black spots obscured his vision . This was Gardiner 's first uremic convulsion .
Gardiner 's health continued to be an issue throughout the 1934 NHL playoffs . On March 29 , 1934 in a playoff game against the Montreal Maroons Gardiner had a shutout as the Black Hawks won 3 – 0 ; though he was named first star as the best player of the game , Gardiner was in extreme pain during the entire game with a fever of 102 Fahrenheit and was attended to by a doctor in the dressing room during intermissions .
Playing with a tonsillar infection for most of the season , Gardiner was often slumped over his crossbar during breaks in games , nearly blacking out . After leaving for a singing lesson in June 1934 , Gardiner , a baritone , collapsed . He went into a coma , from which he never woke . Gardiner died at age 29 , on Wednesday , June 13 , 1934 , from a brain hemorrhage brought on by the infection .
= = Legacy = =
Gardiner was the first goaltender who caught with his right hand to win the Vezina Trophy . He is the only NHL goaltender to captain his team to a Stanley Cup victory . In 1945 , Gardiner became a charter member of the Hockey Hall of Fame . In 1998 , he was ranked number 76 on The Hockey News ' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players . Gardiner is an Honored Member of Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame , Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum , and the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame . Overall , he played 316 NHL games , winning 122 , with a goals against average of 2 @.@ 02 goals , and 42 shutouts . In the playoffs , Gardiner appeared in 21 games , with a 1 @.@ 43 goals against average and five shutouts . When the Elite Ice Hockey League introduced a conference system in the 2012 – 13 season , one of its two conferences was named in honour of Gardiner .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
NHL statistics are from NHL.com.
= = Awards = =
= = = NHL = = =
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= Dragons of Autumn Twilight =
Dragons of Autumn Twilight is a 1984 fantasy novel by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman , based on a series of Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) game modules . It was the first Dragonlance novel , and first in the Chronicles trilogy , which , along with the Dragonlance Legends trilogy , are generally regarded as the core novels of the Dragonlance world . The Chronicles trilogy came about because the designers wanted novels to tell the story of the game world they were creating , something to which TSR , Inc . ( TSR ) agreed only reluctantly . Dragons of Autumn Twilight details the meeting of the Companions and the early days of The War of the Lance . This novel corresponds with the first two Dragonlance game modules , Dragons of Despair and Dragons of Flame , but with a different ending . The novel introduces many of the characters that are the subject of other novels and short stories .
The title Dragons of Autumn Twilight follows a pattern with the other novels in the series , Dragons of Winter Night and Dragons of Spring Dawning , as they all start with Dragons , followed the names of the seasons , Autumn , Winter , and Spring , as well as a series of time , Twilight , Night , and Dawning .
Margaret Weis includes allusions to A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens , one of her favorite stories . References include But there was something disquieting about him — secret , silent , self @-@ contained , and solitary as an oyster and The fate of mankind is my business . This quote is turned from meaning good to meaning harm .
= = Setting = =
The novels take place on the fantasy world of Krynn , created specifically for the gameplay . The world once worshiped the True Gods , a pantheon unique to the Dragonlance saga , but has come to believe that the True Gods have abandoned the world and those in it . The world is just starting to recover from the loss of the True Gods and a group has sprung up seeking to replace the True Gods ( the Seekers ) . The main focus of the novels is the continent Ansalon and the characters Tanis Half @-@ Elven , Sturm Brightblade , Caramon Majere , Raistlin Majere , Flint Fireforge , Tasslehoff Burrfoot , Goldmoon , and Riverwind .
= = Plot summary = =
The book begins with the return of a group of friends , consisting of Tanis , Sturm , Caramon , Raistlin , Flint , and Tasslehoff , who had separated to pursue their own quests and pledged to return in five years . Kitiara Uth Matar , the half sister of the twins Caramon and Raistlin , was supposed to be there as well , but only sent a mysterious note .
On the eve of their reunion , the Companions discover that the village where they are meeting has been taken over by a religious order called the Seekers . They are collaborating with the Dragon Highlords , who are preparing for the conquest of the continent of Ansalon .
The Companions soon discover that the Seekers are searching for a Blue Crystal Staff . When Goldmoon , a plainswoman in the same pub as the companions , heals a Seeker with her staff , the Companions are confronted by Highlord forces and are forced to flee the village .
The next day , the group is attacked by Draconians , reptilian creatures that serve as foot soldiers in the Highlords ' army . The Companions are driven into the woods , where they are attacked by undead and rescued by a centaur . The group is charged to go to the ruined city of Xak Tsaroth to retrieve the Disks of Mishakal , an object containing the teaching of the True Gods that will be instrumental for the restoration of the faith in the True Gods .
After a lengthy trip on the backs of pegasi and several encounters with the forces of darkness , the companions enter Xak Tsaroth and meet some gully dwarves , diminutive and stupid creatures . One of the dwarves , Bupu , leads them to the dragon Khisanth , who is killed by the holy power of the Blue Crystal Staff . When this happens , Goldmoon is consumed by its flame and presumed dead . However , they later find her resting at the foot of a statue of Mishakal ( the Goddess of Healing ) , which now bears the Blue Crystal Staff , and Goldmoon is blessed with true clerical powers . The Companions leave with the Disks of Mishakal . Bupu gives an ancient spellbook ( formerly belonging to the archmage Fistandantilus ) to Raistlin . When they return to the village to regroup they find it occupied . The Companions are captured by the Highlord armies and are chained in a slave caravan along with an elf named Gilthanas , the son of the leader of the elven nation of Qualinesti .
The group is freed by Gilthanas 's brother , Porthios . They flee to Qualinesti , where Tanis is reunited with his childhood sweetheart , the exceptionally beautiful elven princess , Laurana Kanan . Laurana is still in love with Tanis and wants to marry him , but Tanis breaks her heart by telling her he is now in love with Kitiara .
The Elven King Solostaran convinces the Companions to lead an attack on the slave @-@ mine Pax Tharkas to free the slaves from the control of the local Dragon Highlord . The Companions journey through a secret passage underground to Pax Tharkas and devise a plan to free the slaves . Laurana , desperate to win Tanis back , secretly follows the Companions . When Tanis discovers Laurana has followed them he angrily rebukes her for acting like a spoiled child . Laurana resolves to try to prove she is more than that .
The Companions infiltrate Pax Tharkas and Goldmoon heals Elistan , a dying Seeker , and converts him to the faith of the true gods . He becomes the first cleric of Paladine , and Goldmoon turns the Disks of Mishakal over to him . The Companions help the slaves break free . Laurana proves her worth in the battle by fighting bravely . The Dragon Highlord Verminaard and his red dragon Ember arrive to crush the revolt , but the insane red dragon Flamestrike kills Ember , while the Companions cut down Verminaard . A mysterious figure called " The Everman ” later appears at a celebration following the freeing of the slaves , but flees after being spotted .
According to Tracy Hickman , " The restoration of truth and faith are ... to a great extent , the theme of this first book in the series . "
= = Characters = =
= = = Heroes of the Lance = = =
Tanis Half @-@ Elven , a half @-@ elf and de facto leader of the companions , torn between the human woman Kitiara and the elfmaid Laurana
Sturm Brightblade , a squire to the Knights of Solamnia and deeply honorable man
Goldmoon , daughter of the chief of the Que @-@ Shu tribe , bearer of the Blue Crystal Staff , and first true cleric of good since the Cataclysm
Riverwind , bodyguard and romantic interest of Goldmoon . Outcast of their tribe
Caramon Majere , a huge , muscular , sometimes slow @-@ thinking warrior , with a deep affection for his brother , Raistlin , and a romantic interest in Tika
Raistlin Majere , a powerful , sarcastic , cynical , frail mage of the Red Robes , and the twin brother of Caramon
Flint Fireforge , a gruff old dwarf and old friend of Tanis
Tasslehoff Burrfoot , a happy @-@ go @-@ lucky , not @-@ so @-@ innocent , and genial kender
= = = Other major characters = = =
Laurana Kanan , an elven princess and romantic interest of Tanis
Gilthanas Kanan , elven prince and brother of Laurana , dislikes Tanis
Fizban , a muddled old wizard
Tika Waylan , a red @-@ haired barmaid turned warrior and romantic interest of Caramon
Elistan , leader of the refugees who becomes the first cleric of the good god , Paladine
Dragon Highlord Verminaard , the leader of the Red Dragonarmy and a priest of the evil goddess , Takhisis
= = Adaptations = =
= = = Comic = = =
Devil 's Due Publishing adapted the novel into comic format . A trade paperback collecting the issues was released in May 2006 . It was ranked 33 in the top 100 graphic novels in sales with an estimated preorder quantity of 2 @,@ 634 .
= = = Movie = = =
A movie adaptation of the novel was released on 15 January 2008 . It is the first direct @-@ to @-@ video movie release based on the Dragonlance campaign setting of Dungeons & Dragons . The screenplay adaptation was completed by George Strayton , with creative assistance by Weis and Hickman , and Will Meugniot directed . The movie used both 2D and 3D animation , and was made by Paramount Pictures .
= = Importance to Dragonlance = =
The storyline of the original Dragonlance series had been plotted and outlined before either the novel trilogy or the games were written . Dragons of Autumn Twilight was the first novel of the Dragonlance series . It was based upon a Dungeons & Dragons session played by the authors with some of their friends , some of whom later became Dragonlance writers . The novel was written after the completion of the first Dragonlance game modules . Weis and Hickman felt this was constraining and made the novel feel too episodic , so they reversed the process for the next books and completed the novels before the related modules were written .
This book sets up many of the most important characters , the group known as the Heroes of the Lance . According to the Dragonlance Nexus fansite , the Chronicles Trilogy sets the foundation for the rest of the novels . A Wizards of the Coast interview stated that Hickman and Weis make a good team because Hickman is better at writing about good characters , and Weis is better at writing about dark characters , evidenced by her love of Raistlin . Dragons of Autumn Twilight was the debut novel for both Weis and Hickman .
= = Reception = =
Dave Langford reviewed Dragons of Autumn Twilight for White Dwarf , suggesting that it was " inspired by an AD & D campaign full of chunks ripped bleeding from Tolkien " and complained about the " Deadly predictable questing , with stock D & D characters in familiar encounters " and ultimately reported that he " Couldn 't finish this one . "
Jason Heller , of The A.V. Club , stated a positive review of Dragonlance Chronicles , remarking that Dragons of Autumn Twilight is still widely read , although he noted the clichés of the series : " In Dragons Of Autumn Twilight , the adventurers meet up in a tavern — even if it is a tavern that ’ s nestled in the branches of a giant tree , something my 12 @-@ year @-@ old self thought was super cool . ( My 42 @-@ year @-@ old self agrees , although my days of getting drunk way up high up in a tree are starting to wind down . ) " .
= = Release details = =
Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman ; poetry by Michael Williams ; interior art by Denis Beauvais ( 1984 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Paperback ) . Lake Geneva , WI ; New York , United States : TSR . ISBN 0 @-@ 88038 @-@ 173 @-@ 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
Weis , Margaret ; Hickman , Tracy ( 1986 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Paperback ) . Harmondsworth , United Kingdom : Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 008718 @-@ 4 .
Weis , Margaret ; Hickman , Tracy ( March 1990 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Paperback ) . Lake Geneva , WI ; New York : TSR . ISBN 0 @-@ 88038 @-@ 173 @-@ 6 .
Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Library Binding ) . Topeka , Kansas : Rebound by Sagebrush . October 1999 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8335 @-@ 3164 @-@ 6 .
Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman ; poetry by Michael Williams ; cover art by Matt Stawicki ; interior art by Valerie Valusek ( 1 February 2000 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Paperback ) . United States : Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 @-@ 7869 @-@ 1574 @-@ 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
Weis , Margaret ; Hickman , Tracy ( 1 April 2003 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Hardcover ) . Lake Geneva , WI : Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 @-@ 7869 @-@ 3064 @-@ 0 .
Weis , Margaret ; Hickman , Tracy ( 5 May 2006 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Paperback ) . Chicago ; London : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 932796 @-@ 50 @-@ 9 .
writers , Margaret Weis , Tracy Hickman , Andrew Dabb ; artists , Steve Kurth , Stefano Raffaele ( 26 July 2006 ) . Dragons of Autumn Twilight ( Hardcover ) . Chicago ; London : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 932796 @-@ 70 @-@ 3 .
= = = Other Books = = =
Weis , Margaret ; Hickman , Tracy ( 2000 ) . The Annotated Chronicles . Renton , WA : Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 @-@ 7869 @-@ 1609 @-@ 5 .
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= History of Gaza =
The known history of Gaza spans 4 @,@ 000 years . Gaza was ruled , destroyed and repopulated by various dynasties , empires , and peoples . Originally a Canaanite settlement , it came under the control of the ancient Egyptians for roughly 350 years before being conquered and becoming one of the Philistines ' principal cities . Gaza fell to the Israelites in about 1000 BCE but became part of the Assyrian Empire around 730 BCE . Alexander the Great besieged and captured the city in 332 BCE . Most of the inhabitants were killed during the assault , and the city , which became a center for Hellenistic learning and philosophy , was resettled by nearby Bedouins . The area changed hands regularly between two Greek successor @-@ kingdoms , the Seleucids of Syria and the Ptolemies of Egypt , until it was besieged and taken by the Hasmoneans in 96 BCE .
Gaza was rebuilt by Roman General Pompey Magnus , and granted to Herod the Great thirty years later . Throughout the Roman period , Gaza maintained its prosperity , receiving grants from several different emperors . A 500 @-@ member senate governed the city , which had a diverse population of Greeks , Romans , Jews , Egyptians , Persians and Nabateans . Conversion to Christianity in the city was spearheaded and completed under Saint Porphyrius , who destroyed its eight pagan temples between 396 and 420 CE . Gaza was conquered by the Muslim general Amr ibn al- ' As in 637 CE , and most Gazans adopted Islam during early Muslim rule . Thereafter , the city went through periods of prosperity and decline . The Crusaders wrested control of Gaza from the Fatimids in 1100 , but were driven out by Saladin . Gaza was in Mamluk hands by the late 13th @-@ century , and became the capital of a province that stretched from the Sinai Peninsula to Caesarea . It witnessed a golden age under the Ottoman @-@ appointed Ridwan dynasty in the 16th century .
Gaza experienced destructive earthquakes in 1903 and 1914 . In 1917 , during World War I , British forces captured the city . Gaza grew significantly in the first half of the 20th @-@ century under Mandatory rule . The population of the city swelled as a result of the Palestinian exodus during the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War . Gaza came under Egyptian rule until it was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six Day War . Gaza became a center of political resistance during the First Intifada , and under the Oslo Accords of 1993 , it was assigned to be under the direct control of the newly established Palestinian Authority . Israel unilaterally withdrew from Gaza in 2005 . By 2007 , Hamas emerged both as the victor in Palestinian elections and in factional fighting with rival Fatah in the city and in the wider Gaza Strip and has since been the sole governing authority . Israel subsequently blockaded the Strip and launched assaults against it in 2008 – 2009 , 2012 and 2014 , as a response to rocket attacks .
= = Bronze Age = =
Settlement in the region of Gaza dates back to 3300 – 3000 BCE at Tell as @-@ Sakan , a site located south of the present @-@ day city , which began as an Ancient Egyptian fortress built in Canaanite territory . Tell as @-@ Sakan prospered as Canaanite cities began to trade agricultural goods with the Egyptians . However , when Egypt 's economic interests shifted to the cedar trade with Lebanon , Gaza 's role was reduced to that of a port for ships carrying goods and it declined economically . The site was virtually abandoned and remained so throughout the Early Bronze Age II .
Gaza enjoyed demographic and economic growth again when the local Canaanite population began to resettle Tell as @-@ Sakan around 2500 , but in 2250 , the area experienced a total collapse of civilization and all of the cities in the Gaza region were abandoned by the 23rd century BCE . In its place emerged semi @-@ nomadic cultures with pastoral camps made up of rustic family dwellings which continued to exist throughout the Early Bronze Age IV . An urban center known as Tell al @-@ Ajjul began to arise inland along the Wadi Ghazza riverbed . During the Middle Bronze Age , Tell as @-@ Sakan was the southernmost locality in Canaanite territory , serving as a fort , and by 1650 BCE , while Egypt was occupied by the Canaanite Hyksos , a second city developed on the ruins of the first Tell as @-@ Sakan . This city was destroyed about a century later , when the Hyksos were routed from Egypt . Egypt settled Gaza once again and Tell al @-@ Ajjul rose for the third time in the 15th century BCE . The city finally ceased to exist in the 14th century , at the end of the Bronze Age .
= = Ancient period = =
A city which would become present @-@ day Gaza began to develop on the site of Tell al @-@ Ajjul . This city served as Egypt ’ s administrative capital in Canaan , and was the residence of the Egyptian governor of the region . A caravan point of strategic importance from the earliest times , it was constantly involved in the wars between Egypt and Syria and the Mesopotamian powers , and appeared frequently in Egyptian and Assyrian records . Under Tuthmosis III , it is mentioned on the Syrian @-@ Egyptian caravan route and in the Amarna letters as " Azzati " . Gaza was in Egyptian hands for 350 years , until it was settled by the Philistines , a seafaring people with cultural links to the Aegean , in the 12th century BCE . It then became a part of the pentapolis ; a league of the Philistines ' five most important city @-@ states .
The Hebrew Bible mentions the Avvites occupying an area that extended as far as Gaza , and that these people were dispossessed by the Caphtorites from the island of Caphtor ( modern Crete ) . Some scholars speculate that the Philistines were descendants of the Caphtorites .
Gaza is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the place where Samson was imprisoned and met his death . The prophets Amos and Zephaniah are believed to have prophesied that Gaza would be deserted . According to biblical accounts , Gaza fell to Israelite rule , from the reign of King David in the early 11th century BCE . When the United Monarchy split in about 930 BCE , Gaza became a part of the northern Kingdom of Israel . When the Kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians under Tiglath @-@ Pileser III and Sargon II around 730 BCE , Gaza came under Assyrian rule . In the 7th century , it again came under Egyptian control , but during the Persian period ( 6th @-@ 4th centuries BCE ) it enjoyed a certain independence and flourished . In 529 BCE , Cambyses I unsuccessfully attacked Gaza and later , around 520 BCE , the Greeks established a trading post in Gaza . The first coins were minted on the Athens model around 380 BCE .
Alexander the Great besieged Gaza — the last city to resist his conquest on his path to Egypt — for five months , finally capturing it 332 BCE . Led by a eunuch named Batis and defended by Arab mercenaries , Gaza withstood the siege for two months , until it was overcome by storm . The defenders , mostly local elements , fought to the death and the women and children were taken as captives . The city was resettled by neighboring Bedouins , who were sympathetic to Alexander 's rule . He then organized the city into a polis or " city @-@ state " and Greek culture took root in Gaza which gained a reputation as a flourishing center of Hellenic learning and philosophy . Belonging at first to the Ptolemaic kingdom , it passed after 200 BCE to the Seleucids .
In the 1st century BCE and the first half of that century , it was the Mediterranean port of the Nabateans , whose caravans arrived there from Petra or from Elath on the Red Sea . In 96 BCE , the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus besieged the city for a year . The inhabitants , who had hoped for help from the Nabatean king Aretas II , were killed and their city destroyed by Jannaeus when Aretas did not come to their aid .
= = Classical antiquity = =
= = = Roman rule = = =
Gaza was rebuilt by consul Aulus Gabinius after it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 63 BCE , under the command of Pompey Magnus . Roman rule brought six centuries of relative peace and prosperity to the city — which became a busy port and locus of trade between the Middle East and Africa .
In the Acts of the Apostles , Gaza is mentioned as being on the desert route from Jerusalem to Ethiopia . The Christian gospel was explained to an Ethiopian eunuch along this road by Philip the Evangelist , and he was baptised in some nearby water .
Gaza was granted to Herod the Great by Roman emperor Augustus in 30 BCE , where it formed a separate unit within his kingdom ; and Cosgabar , the governor of Idumea , was in charge of the city 's affairs . On the division of Herod 's kingdom , it was placed under the proconsul of Syria . After Herod 's death in 4 BCE , Augustus annexed it to the Province of Syria . In 66 CE , Gaza was burned down by Jews during their rebellion against the Romans . However , it remained an important city ; even more so after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus the following year . Titus passed through Gaza on his march toward to Jerusalem , and again in his return . The establishment of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea restored trade links with Petra and Aila .
Throughout the Roman period , Gaza was a prosperous city and received grants and attention from several emperors . A 500 @-@ member senate governed Gaza , and a diverse variety of Philistines , Greeks , Romans , Canaanites , Phoenicians , Jews , Egyptians , Persians and Bedouin populated the city . Gaza 's mint stamped out coins adorned with the busts of gods and emperors . During his visit in 130 CE , Emperor Hadrian , who favored Gaza , personally inaugurated wrestling , boxing and oratorical competitions in Gaza 's new stadium , which soon became known from Alexandria to Damascus . The city was adorned with many pagan temples — the main cult being that of Marnas . Other temples were dedicated to Zeus , Helios , Aphrodite , Apollo , Athena and the local deity Tyche .
The spread of Christianity in Gaza was initiated by Philip the Arab around 250 CE ; first in the port of Maiuma , but later into the city . The religion faced obstacles as it spread through the inland population because pagan worship was strong . In 299 , an unverified number of local Christians who assembled in Gaza to hear the Scriptures read were seized and mutilated by the Romans . Also , its Christians were harshly repressed during the Diocletianic Persecution in 303 . The first bishop of Gaza was Philemon , believed to have been one of the 72 disciples , but the first cleric was Saint Silvanus who , during the persecution by Maximinianus in 310 , was arrested along with about 30 other Christians , and condemned to death .
= = = Byzantine rule and advent of Christianity = = =
On the breakup of the Roman Empire , Gaza became part of the Byzantine Empire as part of the Palaestina Prima province . The official recognition of Christianity by Constantine I did not increase sympathy of the religion in Gaza . Although Gaza was represented by Bishop Asclepas in the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , the vast majority of its inhabitants continued to worship the native gods . As the Roman Empire was crumbling at this time , Gaza remained unaffected . At this time , the inhabitants of Maiuma converted to Christianity en masse . Constantine II decided to separate it from pagan Gaza in 331 , giving Maiuma its own episcopal see . Julian reversed the process during his reign in the latter half of the 4th century . Although Maiuma had its own bishop , clergy , and diocesan territory , it shared its magistrates and administration with Gaza . Upon Julian 's death , Maiuma 's independence was restored and the rivalry between it and Gaza intensified .
During most of the 4th century , the Christian community was small , poor , and carried no influence in the city . The church was insignificant and its members were not allowed to hold political office . However , conversion to Christianity in Gaza was spearheaded under Saint Porphyrius between 396 and 420 . In 402 , after obtaining a decree from the emperor , he ordered all eight of the city 's pagan temples destroyed and idol worship was forbidden by the Byzantine government . Paganism continued and Christians were still persecuted in the city , forcing St. Porphyrius to undertake more measures . As a result of his persuasion , Empress Aelia Eudocia commissioned the construction of a church atop the ruins of the Temple of Marnas in 406 . ( Note that according to MacMullen it is likely that Porphyrius did not even exist . ) Persecution against Christians did not cease , but it was less harsh and frequent than previously . A large 6th century synagogue with a mosaic tile floor depicting King David was discovered in Gaza . An inscription states that the floor was donated in 508 – 509 CE by two merchant brothers . Around 540 , Gaza became the starting point for pilgrimages to the Sinai Peninsula . It was an important city in the early Christian world and many famous scholars taught at its academy of rhetoric , including 6th @-@ century scholar Procopius of Gaza . The celebrated Church of Saint Sergius was built in this century .
Depicted in the mosaic Map of Madaba of 600 , Gaza was the most important political and commercial center on the southern coast of Palestine . Its northern municipal border was marked by Wadi al @-@ Hesi , just before Ashkelon , and its southern boundary is unknown , but Gaza 's jurisdiction did not reach Raphia . The towns of Bethelea , Asalea , Gerarit and Kissufim were included in Gaza 's territories . Its large representation , approximately half of which is preserved , cannot be easily explained , mainly because only small tentative excavations have been made there and because Byzantine Gaza is covered by the still inhabited Old City .
= = Arab caliphates = =
= = = Rashidun rule = = =
There were already converts to Islam among the city 's Greek @-@ speaking Christian population before Gaza 's capitulation to the Muslims . At the near end of the Byzantine era , Gaza had become the home of an increasingly influential group of Arab traders from Mecca , including Umar ibn al @-@ Khattab , who later became the second ruler of the Islamic Caliphate . Muhammad visited the city more than once before being a prophet of Islam .
In 634 , Gaza was besieged by the Rashidun army under general ' Amr ibn al- ' As , with assistance from Khalid ibn al @-@ Walid , following the Battle of Ajnadayn between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in central Palestine . The Muslims ' victory at Ajnadayn gave them control over much of Palestine 's countryside , but not the major cities with garrisons such as Gaza . With Umar succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph ( head of the Caliphate ) , the Rashidun forces began to make stronger efforts at conquering Byzantine territory . During the three @-@ year siege of Gaza , the city 's Jewish community fought alongside the Byzantine garrison . In the summer of 637 , Amr 's forces broke the siege and captured Gaza , killing its Byzantine garrison , but not attacking its inhabitants . Amr 's victory is attributed to a combination of Arab strategy , Byzantine weakness , and the influence of Gaza ’ s Arab residents . Believed to be the site where Muhammad 's great grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf — who also lived as a merchant in Gaza — was buried , the city was not destroyed by the victorious Arab army .
The arrival of the Muslim Arabs brought drastic changes to Gaza ; its churches were transformed into mosques , including the Cathedral of John the Baptist ( previously the Temple of Marnas ) which became the Great Mosque of Gaza . Gaza 's population adopted Islam as their religion relatively quick in contrast with the city 's countryside . Eventually , Arabic became the official language . The Christian population was reduced to an insignificant minority and the Samaritan residents deposited their property with their high priest and fled the city east upon the Muslim conquest . Gaza was placed under the administration of Jund Filastin ( " District of Palestine " ) of Bilad al @-@ Sham province during Rashidun rule , and continued to be a part of the district under the successive caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids .
= = = Arab dynasties = = =
Under the Umayyads Gaza served as a minor administrative center . In 672 an earthquake struck the city but there are few details of its effects . Under the caliph @-@ appointed governors , Christians and Jews were taxed , though their worship and trade continued , as noted in the writings of the bishop Saint Willibald , who visited the city in 723 . The year 750 saw the end of Umayyad rule in Palestine and the arrival of the Abbasids , with Gaza becoming a center for the writing of Islamic law . In 767 , Muhammad ibn Idris ash @-@ Shafi 'i was born in Gaza and lived his early childhood there ; al @-@ Shafi 'i founded one of the prominent fiqhs ( schools of law ) of Sunni Islam , named Shafi 'i after him .
In 796 the city was laid waste during a civil war by the Arab tribes of the area . Gaza apparently recovered by the 9th century according to Persian geographer Istakhri who wrote that merchants grew rich there " for this place was a great market for the people of the Hejaz . " A Christian writer , writing in 867 , described it as " rich in all things " . Gaza 's port , however , occasionally succumbed to neglect under Arab rule and an overall decline in commerce followed because of infighting among Palestine 's rulers and Bedouin bandits who disrupted overland trade routes towards the city .
From 868 to 905 the Tulunids ruled Gaza , and around 909 , the influence of the Fatimids from Egypt started to grow , leading to a slow decline of the city . The orange was introduced to the area , arriving from India in 943 . In 977 , the Fatimids established an agreement with the Seljuk Turks , whereby the Fatimids would control Gaza and the land south of it , including Egypt . By the 985 CE , while under Fatimid rule , the Arab geographer al @-@ Muqaddasi described Gaza as " a large town lying on the highroad to Egypt on the border of the desert . There is here a beautiful mosque , also to be seen is the monument for the Khalif Umar . " The Arabic language poet , Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al @-@ Ghazzi was born in the city in 1049 .
= = Crusader and Ayyubid rule = =
The Crusaders wrested control of Gaza from the Fatimids in 1100 . According to the chronicler William of Tyre , the Crusaders found it uninhabited and in ruins . Unable to totally refortify the hilltop on which Gaza was built , due to a lack of resources , King Baldwin III built a small castle there in 1149 . The possession of Gaza completed the military encirclement of the Fatimid @-@ held city of Ascalon to the north . After the castle 's construction , Baldwin granted it and the surrounding region to the Knights Templar . He also had the Great Mosque converted into the Cathedral of Saint John .
In 1154 , the Arab traveler al @-@ Idrisi wrote Gaza " is today very populous and in the hands of the Crusaders . " William of Tyre confirms that in 1170 , a civilian population was persuaded to occupy the area outside the castle and establish feeble fortifications and gates surrounding the community . That same year , King Amalric I of Jerusalem withdrew Gaza 's Templars to assist him against an Egypt @-@ based Ayyubid force led by Saladin at nearby Darum . However , Saladin evaded the Crusader force and assaulted Gaza instead , destroying the town built outside the castle 's walls and killing its inhabitants after they were refused refuge in the castle , managed by Miles of Plancy at the time . Seven years later , the Templars prepared for another defense of Gaza against Saladin , but this time his forces fell on Ascalon . In 1187 , following Ascalon 's capitulation , the Templars surrendered Gaza in return for the release of their master Gerard of Ridefort . Saladin then ordered the destruction of the city 's fortifications in 1191 . A year later , after recapturing it , Richard the Lionheart apparently refortified the city , but the walls were dismantled as a result of the Treaty of Ramla agreed upon months later in 1193 .
According to geographer Abu al @-@ Fida , Gaza was a medium @-@ sized city , possessing gardens and a seashore in the early 13th century . The Ayyubids constructed the Shuja 'iyya neighborhood — the first extension of Gaza beyond the Old City .
= = Mamluk rule = =
Ayyubid rule virtually ended in 1260 , after the Mongols under Hulagu Khan completely destroyed Gaza — Hulagu 's southernmost point of conquest . Hulagu left his army in Gaza after being recalled due to the death of the Mongol emperor , and Mamluk general az @-@ Zahir Baybars subsequently drove the Mongols out of the city and again defeated them at Baysan in the Galilee . He was proclaimed sultan of Egypt on his way back from the battlefield after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz . Baibars passed through Gaza six times during his expeditions against the remnants of the Crusader states and the Mongols between 1263 and 1269 . Mamluk domination started in 1277 , with Gaza initially being a small village in the territory of Ramla . In 1279 , Sultan al @-@ Mansur Qalawun encamped in Gaza for fifty days while on a march against the Mongols .
In 1293 , Qalawun 's son an @-@ Nasir Muhammad instituted Gaza as the capital of the province that bore its name , Mamlakat Ghazzah ( the Governorship of Gaza ) . This province covered the coastal plain from Rafah in the south to just north of Caesarea , extending in the east to the western slopes of Samaria and the Hebron Hills ; its major towns were Qaqun , Ludd , and Ramla . In 1294 , an earthquake devastated Gaza , and five years later the Mongols again destroyed all that was restored by the Mamluks . That same year , Gaza was the center of a conspiracy against Sultan al @-@ Adil Kitbugha , but the plot was detected and crushed before being carried out .
The Syrian geographer al @-@ Dimashqi described Gaza in 1300 as " so rich in trees it looks like a cloth of brocade spread out upon the land " . He accounted to Gaza the cities and towns of Ascalon , Jaffa , Caesarea , Arsuf , Deir al @-@ Balah , al @-@ Arish ( in north @-@ central the Sinai ) , Bayt Jibrin , Karatiyya , Hebron and Jerusalem — all of which had their own sub @-@ governors . Emir Baibars al @-@ Ala 'i ruled Mamlakat Ghazzah between 1307 @-@ 1310 , during the second reign of an @-@ Nasir Muhammad until the latter was briefly overthrown by Baybars al @-@ Jashnakir . Gaza was one of the places that returned to the allegiance of the exiled sultan ; in 1310 , an @-@ Nasir Muhammad defeated Sultan Baybars in Gaza , forcing the latter to surrender his throne to him . Baybars was imprisoned in the city .
Emir Sanjar al @-@ Jawli acquired the governorship of Gaza and central Palestine in 1311 . He highly favored Gaza and transformed it into a flourishing city , having built in it a horse @-@ race course , a madrasa ( college ) , a mosque , a khan ( caravansary ) , a maristan ( hospital ) , and a castle . In late 1332 , coinciding with the appointment of Emir Taynal al @-@ Ashrafi as governor , some of the provincial privileges of Gaza , such as the governor 's direct subordination to the sultan in Cairo , were removed by an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's decree . From then , and until 1341 when Sanjar al @-@ Jawli served a second term as governor , Gaza became subordinate to the na 'ib as @-@ saltana ( viceroy ) of Syria , Emir Tankiz al @-@ Husami .
In 1348 the Bubonic Plague spread to the city , killing the majority of its inhabitants , and in 1352 , Gaza suffered a destructive flood — which was rare in that arid part of Palestine . However , by 1355 , the Berber traveler Ibn Batutta visited the city and noted that it was " large and populous , and has many mosques . But there were no walls round it . There was here of old a fine Jami ' Mosque ( the Great Mosque ) , but the one present [ ly ] used was built by Amir Jawli [ Sanjar al @-@ Jawli ] . "
In the early 1380s , the governor of Gaza , Akbuga Safawi , plotted to commit treason against Sultan az @-@ Zahir Barquq . The plot was detected and Safawi was exiled to al @-@ Karak , and replaced by Husam al @-@ Din ibn Bakish . Soon after , the city fell into the hands of Emir Yalbugha an @-@ Nasiri who revolted against Barquq . Gaza was retaken without violence , and Ibn Bakish met Yalbugha at its gates with gifts and proposals of peace . The unseated Barquq regained his throne in 1389 , and retook Gaza the next year . In 1401 a swarm of locusts destroyed Gaza 's crops . A battle between the rival Mamluk emirs Akbirdi and Qansuwa Khamsiyah occurred in Gaza ; Khamsiyah had failed in usurping the Mamluk throne and fled to Gaza where he made his unsuccessful last stand . Between 1428 and 1433 , Gaza was governed by Emir Sayf ad @-@ Din Inal , who would later become sultan in 1453 . During his sultanate , in 1455 , Inal 's dawadar ( executive secretary ) had the Madrasa of Birdibak built in the Shuja 'iyya neighborhood .
= = Ottoman era = =
= = = Early Ottoman rule and the Ridwan dynasty = = =
In 1516 , Gaza — by now a small town with an inactive port , ruined buildings and reduced trade — was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman army quickly and efficiently crushed a small @-@ scale uprising , and the local population generally welcomed them as fellow Sunni Muslims . Shortly after Palestine 's quick submission to the Ottomans , it was divided into six districts , including the Gaza Sanjak ( District of Gaza ) which stretched from Jaffa in the north to Bayt Jibrin in the east and Rafah in the south . The sanjak was a part of the larger Damascus Eyalet or the " Province of Damascus " .
An early governor of Gaza Sanjak was Kara Shahin Mustafa , a former jannissary ( member of a military corps ) who rose to become an elite military officer and state minister and eventually a vizier and trusted aide of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . He received the governorship of Gaza apparently as an interim appointment before he was appointed Governor of Egypt , although he was deposed three years later by Sultan Selim II . Mustafa died a short while later and his son Ridwan Pasha , who was the treasurer of Yemen , became governor shortly before Mustafa 's death . The Ridwan dynasty , which would rule Gaza for over a century , derives its name from Ridwan Pasha . He was later appointed Governor of Yemen , but was deposed two years later and returned to the governorship of Gaza . After becoming governor of Ethiopia , Basra , and Diyarbakir in that order , he successfully led an Ottoman contingent against Safavid Persia in 1579 . The sultan then awarded him the province of Anatolia where he died in 1585 .
Although no explanation is provided in the biographies of the Ridwan family , it is evident they chose Gaza as their home and the place for their castle . Ridwan Pasha 's son Ahmad Pasha succeeded him and governed Gaza for thirty years , sometimes incorporating the sanjaks of Nablus and Jerusalem . He became Governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1601 after bribing several viziers and bureaucrats in Istanbul and died in 1607 . Next in line was Hasan Pasha ibn Ahmad who became known ' Arab Hasan ( " Hasan the Bedouin " ) because by then , the Ridwans were identified with the control and knowledge of the Bedouin . He successfully led his pro @-@ Ottoman Bedouin troops against the army of the rebel Fakhr ad @-@ Din in a series of battles . He was later appointed Governor of Tripoli in Lebanon , but he was deposed in 1644 . ' Arab Hasan had many wives and concubines and 85 children . He led the Ridwans successfully militarily , however , he burdened the dynasty with heavy debt .
'Arab Hasan 's son Husayn Pasha was governor of Nablus and Jerusalem , and inherited the impoverished governorship of Gaza when his father died . He borrowed a large sum from the French in order to meet the heavy taxes imposed on the city by Hassan Aga , governor Sidon Eyalet — the province that Gaza briefly belonged to . Husayn 's period in office was peaceful and prosperous for the city , and he gained a good reputation for considerably reducing the strife between the nearby Bedouins and the settled population . He appointed his son Ibrahim to be governor of the Gaza and Jerusalem sanjaks , but when Ibrahim was killed during an expedition against the Druze in Mount Lebanon in 1660 , Husayn resumed control of Gaza . That year , Gaza was designated the capital of Palestine , indicating the city 's rapid recovery . The Great Mosque was restored , and six other mosques constructed , while Turkish baths and market stalls proliferated . Anonymous petitions from Damascus sent to Istanbul complaining about Husayn 's failure to protect the Hajj caravan and his alleged pro @-@ Christian tendencies , however , served as an excuse for the Ottoman government to depose him . He was soon imprisoned in Damascus and his assets confiscated by provincial authorities . He was later sent to Istanbul and died in prison there in 1663 .
Husayn 's brother Musa Pasha then governed Gaza into the early 1670s , implementing an anti @-@ French and anti @-@ Christian regime to appease the Ottoman government . Soon after his reign ended , Ottomans officials were appointed to govern . The Ridwan period is considered Gaza 's last golden age during Ottoman rule and the city gradually dwindled after they were removed from office .
In 1723 , the Ottomans appointed Salih Pasha Tuqan of the Nablus @-@ based Tuqan family to govern Gaza and two other sanjaks until his death in 1742 . In the 1750s , a local Bedouin tribes disposed of the plunder from a Meccan caravan , consisting of 13 @,@ 000 camel @-@ loads of goods , into Gaza 's markets , boosting the city 's wealth . The attack on the caravan was a reprisal to the Ottomans who had recently replaced the governor of Damascus . In 1763 , there was a revolt in Gaza against the Ottomans . Then , in November 1770 , Ali Bey al @-@ Kabir , the rebellious Mamluk sultan of Egypt , sent troops to Gaza to aid Zahir al @-@ Umar in the Galilee , helping him check the power of the Ottomans in the Levant . Gaza was briefly occupied by the French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte , who referred to it as " the outpost of Africa , the door to Asia " , in 1799 . Most of its inhabitants fled as a result . His forces easily razed the remains of the city walls ( which had not been rebuilt since their destruction by Saladin ) , but abandoned the city after their failed siege of Acre that same year . The duration of French influence in Gaza was too short to have a palpable effect .
= = = Egyptian rule and Ottoman revival = = =
Gaza was culturally dominated by neighboring Egypt from the early 19th century ; Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquered it and most of Palestine in 1832 . Strangely , in 1833 , Muhammad Ali instructed his son Ibrahim Pasha not to purchase Gaza 's cotton harvest ( cotton production was Ali 's main source of wealth and Egypt 's production was low that year ) , instead allowing its residents to dispose of it how they wished .
American scholar Edward Robinson visited Gaza in 1838 , describing it as a " thickly populated " town larger than Jerusalem , with its Old City lying upon a hilltop , while its suburbs laid on the nearby plain . He further stated that its soil was rich and supported groves of " delicious and abundant " apricots and mulberries . Although Gaza 's port was by then inactive , it benefited from trade and commerce because of its position on the caravan route between Egypt and Syria , as well as from the production of soap and cotton for trade with the Bedouin . The governor of Gaza at the time was Sheikh Sa 'id . Robinson noted that virtually all of Gaza 's vestiges of ancient history and antiquity had disappeared due to constant conflict and occupation .
The Bubonic Plague struck again in 1839 and the city stagnated , as it lacked political and economic stability . In 1840 , Egyptian and Ottoman troops battled outside of Gaza , with the Ottomans emerging victorious , effectively ending Egyptian rule over Palestine . The battles brought about more death and destruction , just barely after the city began to recover from the plague . The Church of Saint Porphyrius was renovated in 1856 , and in 1874 , French orientalist Charles Clermont @-@ Ganneau visited Gaza , gathering and cataloging a sizable collection of Byzantine inscriptions and describing the city 's Great Mosque in detail . Sultan Abdul Hamid II had the wells of Gaza restored in 1893 .
Although the first municipal council of Gaza was formed in 1893 under the chairmanship of Ali Khalil Shawa , modern mayorship began in 1906 with his son Said al @-@ Shawa , who was appointed mayor by Ottoman authorities . Like other regions and cities in Palestine at the time , Gaza was economically and politically dominated by a number of powerful clans , particularly the Shawa , Husseini , and Sourani families . Two destructive earthquakes occurred in 1903 and 1914 .
When World War I erupted in 1917 , British forces were defeated by the Ottomans in the first and second Battle of Gaza . General Edmund Allenby , leading the Allied Forces , finally conquered Gaza in a third battle .
= = British rule = =
After the war , the League of Nations granted quasi @-@ colonial authority over former Ottoman territories to Great Britain and France ; Gaza was included in the British Mandate of Palestine .
The Jewish Quarter of Gaza was destroyed in the 1929 Palestine riots and most of Gaza 's fifty Jewish families fled the city . In the 1930s and 1940s , Gaza underwent major expansion , with new neighborhoods , such as Rimal and Zeitoun being built along the coast , and the southern and eastern plains . Areas damaged in the riots also went through reconstruction . Most of the funding for these developments came from international organizations and missionary groups .
= = Egyptian control = =
As a result of the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War , Egypt obtained control of Gaza and the surrounding area . Gaza 's growing population was augmented by an influx of refugees fleeing nearby cities , towns and villages that were captured by Israel . From 1948 through 1959 , Gaza was nominally under the jurisdiction of the All @-@ Palestine Government , an entity established by the Arab League during the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War , purportedly to provide a Palestinian government for Palestine . However , the members of the Government were removed to Cairo , and had little or no influence over events in Gaza . Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip was interrupted for four months during the 1956 Suez Crisis .
Upon the withdrawal of Israeli forces , Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser issued several reforms in Gaza , including the expansion of educational opportunities and civil services , provision of housing and the establishment of local security forces . As in Egypt , political activity in Gaza was severely curtailed , but the government @-@ sponsored Arab National Union was established in place of the All @-@ Palestine Government that Nasser abolished in 1959 , which gave the city 's citizens a greater voice in national politics . In 1959 , with the abolishment of the All @-@ Palestine Government , Gaza had officially become a part of the United Arab Republic , a union of Syria and Egypt , under the pan @-@ Arab policy of Nasser . In reality however , Gaza turned to be under direct Egyptian military governorship , which also continued upon the withdrawal of Syria from the UAR shortly afterwards . When the Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) was founded in 1964 , Nasser formally , but not practically , proclaimed that it would hold authority over Gaza , and a year later , conscription was instituted for the Palestinian Liberation Army .
= = Israeli control = =
Gaza was occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War after the defeat of a coalition of Arab armies . Under Israeli occupation , existing structures of administration in Gaza would be maintained and administrative tasks would continue to be executed by Palestinian civil servants . Although this policy of " government but not administration " was declared , some felt that the Israeli military frequently interfered in the city 's administration in order to control local resistance to the occupation . In the immediate aftermath of the 1967 War , the military governor of Gaza threatened to dismiss the municipal council and cut off utility services if the local leadership was unable to force the residents of the city to turn in their weapons . This action was deemed excessive and was revoked by the Israeli military governor of the Gaza Strip , however . Organized armed struggle against Israel peaked between 1969 and 1971 , but was largely crushed by the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) under the command of Ariel Sharon .
In 1971 , the Israeli Army attempted to disperse the high concentration of Palestinian refugees in al @-@ Shati camp and developed new housing schemes that resulted in the establishment of the northern Sheikh Radwan district . The United Nations Relief and Works Agency ( UNRWA ) and the PLO were vociferous in their opposition to the move , claiming it was forced resettlement . In 1972 , Gaza 's military governor dismissed the city 's mayor , Rashad al @-@ Shawa , for refusing to annex al @-@ Shati camp to the municipality of Gaza . Since the 1970s , frequent conflicts erupted between Palestinians and the Israeli authorities in the city , leading to the First Intifada in 1987 . Gaza became a center of confrontation during this uprising , and consequently , economic conditions in the city worsened .
= = Palestinian control = =
= = = Palestinian Authority = = =
In September 1993 , leaders of Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords calling for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho , which was implemented in May 1994 . Israeli forces withdrew from Gaza , leaving a new Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) to administer and police the city . Led by Yasser Arafat , the PNA chose Gaza as its first provincial headquarters . The newly established Palestinian National Council held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996 .
In 2005 the Israeli cabinet withdrew its military and settlements from the Gaza Strip including the Philadelphi Route , a narrow strip adjacent to the border with Egypt , as part of its unilateral disengagement plan . Since the Palestinian organization , Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian elections of 2006 , it has been engaged in a violent power struggle with rival Palestinian organization Fatah .
= = = Hamas administration = = =
In 2007 , Hamas overthrew Fatah forces in the Gaza Strip and Hamas members were dismissed from the PNA government in the West Bank in response . Currently , Hamas has de facto control of the city and Strip . Israel bombarded Gaza and nearby cities in the Gaza Strip in an air and ground assault codenamed " Operation Summer Rains " with the aim to end continued Qassam rocket attacks launched by Hamas and Islamic Jihad , and to secure the release of an Israeli soldier captured by Palestinian militants .
In March 2008 , a human rights coalition charged that the humanitarian situation in Gaza had reached its worst point since Israel occupied the territory in the 1967 Six @-@ Day War . On December 27 – 28 , 2008 Israel commenced air strikes against Gaza , codenamed " Operation Cast Lead " . Israel stated the strikes were in response to repetitive rocket and mortar attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel since 2005 , while the Palestinians stated that they were responding to Israel 's military excursions and the blockade of the Gaza Strip . By January 3 , 2009 , Israeli tanks and infantry were invading Gaza with air and naval support . Thirteen Israelis , including ten soldiers were killed , while , according to Palestinian sources , a total of more than 1 @,@ 300 Palestinians were killed and 5 @,@ 500 injured . In addition 4 @,@ 000 buildings were destroyed and 20 @,@ 000 damaged throughout the Gaza Strip . Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012 , lasting eight days . On 7 July 2014 , Hamas took responsibility for rocket attacks against Israel after several of their members where killed , leading to Israel launching an operation the next day .
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= 2003 Chicago balcony collapse =
On June 29 , 2003 , the deadliest porch collapse in United States history occurred in Chicago . An overloaded balcony collapsed during a party in an apartment building , killing thirteen people and seriously injuring fifty @-@ seven others . The ensuing investigation was highly critical of the way the balcony was built , finding a large number of errors in its construction which ultimately resulted in the collapse . However , the building 's owner continues to blame overcrowding on the balcony for its complete structural failure , although he has taken steps to strengthen the balconies at his properties to prevent a recurrence of the disaster . The accident resulted in sweeping inspections of similar structures across Chicago , with 1 @,@ 260 cases being actioned by the city authorities .
= = Background = =
The porch was attached to the rear of an apartment building located in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of the city 's North Side . The second and third floors were being used as a party venue at the time of the collapse . Most of the party @-@ goers were in their early 20s , and knew each other from their days at New Trier High School and Lake Forest High School of Chicago 's North Shore suburbs . One witness says she warned other people in the building that the balconies were unsafe , but another later said that " it looked like it was newly built . It looked sturdy . "
= = Collapse = =
About fifty people were on the top wooden balcony at the time of the collapse . According to one witness , the sound of splintering wood was heard immediately before the collapse , which occurred shortly after midnight local time . The collapse started on the third floor , pulling down other balconies below . The first , second , and third floor balconies all collapsed into the basement below , carrying a total of approximately one hundred people among them . Several people were also trapped in a basement stairwell . Survivors helped to pull victims out from under the debris of the balconies , and rescue workers had to use chainsaws to free others . One of the survivors was a nurse , and had started a rescue effort before the emergency services arrived . The Chicago Fire Department supplied the main rescue effort . Eleven people were killed in the collapse , with two more subsequently dying while hospitalized ; fifty @-@ seven people were injured .
= = Investigation = =
Initial inquiries suggested that the collapse was probably due to overcrowding . This was backed up by neighbors , who told authorities that the balconies were designed to hold only between twenty and thirty people . Chicago 's fire chief said that " It appears to be a case of too many people in a small space . " Norma Reyes , the city ’ s building commissioner , said " I have no indication of any substandard problems or insufficiencies with the porch at this time . The buildings are not made for large assemblies and parties . "
However , it was ultimately determined that poor construction was to blame . In 1998 , a permit was issued to owner LG Properties to install furnaces , air conditioners and water heaters in the building , but not to build the balcony . The balcony jutted out eleven feet from the building , one foot further than permitted by city codes , and had an area of 231 square feet ( 21 @.@ 5 m2 ) , 81 square feet ( 7 @.@ 5 m2 ) larger than permitted . The balcony also had inadequate supports , was floored with undersized lengths of wood , and was attached to the walls with screws that were too short . However , the City of Chicago 's Inspectional Services Department visited this site over 5 times and never noticed or cited the code violations noted above .
= = Aftermath = =
Three days after the disaster , the city sued the owners and managers of the building in the Housing Court due to a number of breaches in building regulations . Those named in the complaint included LG Properties , the company 's president Philip Pappas , and George Koutroumos , the contractor who built the balcony . The city was reportedly seeking $ 500 per violation for each day the structure was in existence , totaling hundreds of thousands of dollars , and a court order for the replacement of the balcony . The apartment block was legally uninhabitable until the balconies were replaced , as they provided mandatory emergency exits . The city 's Buildings Department inspected forty @-@ two other buildings owned or managed by Pappas and / or LG Properties for similar violations . The city also claimed that twenty @-@ one other buildings owned by Pappas had similar problems . They did , however , note the fact that he had since made " dramatic improvements " to all twenty @-@ one porches .
In the aftermath of the disaster , Chicago inspected a huge number of similar structures to ensure they were safe , with 500 cases being turned over to the city 's Law Department for court action , and 760 cases referred to administrative hearing officers .
Pappas continued to blame overcrowding for the disaster . However , an undercover press investigation discovered all his properties now display notices forbidding parties on the balconies . Pappas also claims that a police report says two unnamed witnesses informed a paramedic that they saw several people " jumping up and down " on the balconies shortly prior to the collapse .
In 2005 , the city of Chicago filed a negligence lawsuit against two of the survivors , William Fenton @-@ Hathaway and John Koranda . The city alleged that the balcony collapse occurred after defendants Fenton @-@ Hathaway and Koranda " intentionally and negligently " began jumping up and down on the porch . Koranda 's brother , Robert Koranda , was killed in the collapse . The charges against Fenton @-@ Hathaway and Koranda were later dropped .
No criminal charges were filed and Pappas was fined a total of $ 108 @,@ 000 as a result of the collapse . Twenty @-@ seven families sued Pappas and the city over the accident . The balcony was rebuilt afterwards , this time with metal .
= = In popular culture = =
The disaster inspired the 2005 season finale of the ER television show , titled " The Show Must Go On " .
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= Hardanger Line =
The Hardanger Line ( Norwegian : Hardangerbana or Hardangerbanen ) was a 27 @.@ 45 @-@ kilometre ( 17 @.@ 06 mi ) railway between Voss and Granvin in Hordaland , Norway . The line connected to the Bergen Line in Voss , and ran to the Hardangerfjord and the district of Hardanger . Construction started in 1921 , but the line did not open until 1 April 1935 . Owned and operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) , the passenger transport was provided by three NSB Class 64 electric multiple units . They remained in use until 1985 , when passenger transport was terminated . All transport ceased in 1988 , and 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) of the line was demolished in 1991 . The 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) from Voss to Palmafoss remains , and is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . The line featured six stations , fourteen halts , four tunnels and was among Norway 's steepest railways . It was NSB 's first line to open electrified . The line was known as the Granvin Line ( Granvinbanen ) until February 1936 .
= = Route = =
The Hardanger Line ran 27 @.@ 45 kilometres ( 17 @.@ 06 mi ) from Voss to Granvin in Hardanger . From Voss to Skjervet , the line ran in relatively flat terrain , with easy construction . Along this section the route followed what is now Norwegian National Road 13 . At Skjervet , the two split ; towards Nesheim the gradient increased and the topography became more difficult . On this section there were four tunnels , named Skjervet Tunnel I through IV , the longest being 1 @,@ 101 metres ( 3 @,@ 612 ft ) . Between the two longest tunnels , the line was built on a shelf . Later , the tunnel was extended from 630 metres ( 2 @,@ 070 ft ) to also include that portion in the tunnel . From Skjervet , the railway ran on the west side of the river Granvinvatnet , while the road ran on the east side .
The Hardanger Line was built with a minimum curve radius of 180 metres ( 590 ft ) , a maximum gradient of 4 @.@ 5 percent and built with standard gauge tracks weighing 25 kilograms per meter ( 50 lb / yd ) , later increased to 30 kilograms per meter ( 60 lb / yd ) . In 1980 , the 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) section from Voss to Palmafoss had a permitted axle load of 18 tonnes ( 18 long tons ; 20 short tons ) and a maximum speed of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . From Palmafoss to Granvin , the permitted axle load was 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) and the maximum speed was 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) . The system had stations with buildings at Voss , Palmafoss , Mønshaug , Skjervet , Nesheim and Granvin . In addition , there were halts at Haugamo , Kinne , Bjørgum , Mala , Dalsleitet , Flatlandsmo , Såkvitno , Selland and Kolanes .
Granvin is a port on the Hardangerfjord and was the center for freight transport in Hardanger . Hardanger is dominated by a small number of large industrial companies , primarily smelters , which were responsible for more than 80 percent of the line 's cargo volume . While Hardanger in the 1980s had a population of 40 @,@ 000 , Granvin had a population of 1 @,@ 000 and was the smallest municipality in Hardanger . Granvin served as a ferry hub for services by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap ( HSD ) , and in 1980 there up to two daily services with the local ferry services in Hardanger , in addition to fast ferries to both Bergen and Stavanger . Buses operated to Granvin from Norheimsund and Kvanndal .
The line and power system is intact for 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) from Voss to Palmafoss and is retained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . From there to Skjervet , the line has been asphalted , and is used as a hiking and bicycle path . The section from Skjervet to Nesheim is disused , although it has been proposed used as a road . From Nesheim the hiking and bicycle path continues , although the last kilometer before Granvin the right @-@ of @-@ way is disused . The station buildings at Nesheim and Granvin remain , but the ones at Palmafoss , Mønshaug and Skjervet has been demolished .
= = History = =
During construction of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss , there was a proposal to extend the line from Voss to Granvin on the Hardangerfjord . The plans were again taken up to consideration with the construction of the Bergen Line , but also this time the plans were scrapped . Some people wanted the line to be a tramway and when it was passed by the Parliament of Norway on 12 July 1919 ; the plans incorporated some elements of a tramway , giving the line a lower standard than the mainline . The railway was to be built electrified , and construction started in 1921 . However , there was a lack of engineers , forcing a slow pace . On 5 November 1923 , parliament passed the final plans for the railway , and the pace of construction was accelerated .
In 1927 , Minister of Labour Worm Hirsch Darre @-@ Jenssen of the Conservative Party stopped the work on the railway , stating that time had run out and that there instead should be built a road . By then , NOK 5 million had been invested and parliament decided that construction should continue . However , Darre @-@ Jenssen convinced Hordaland County Council to make a statement against the Hardanger Line , the Flåm Line and the Namsos Line , without this stopping construction . In 1931 , parliament reconsidered the electrification of the line , and there was consensus for electrification . The Hardanger Line opened on 1 April 1935 and became NSB 's first line to be electrified at the time of opening . In February 1936 , the line changed name from the Granvin Line to the Hardanger Line .
Three Class 64 electric multiple units ( EMU ) were delivered from Strømmens Værksted in 1934 . Only 16 metres ( 52 ft ) long , they were the smallest EMUs ever operated by NSB . In addition , four passenger cars were delivered , with each multiple unit able to haul two passenger cars . Occasionally , Class 64 trains were used on the Flåm Line , after it was electrified in 1944 , and El 9 @-@ hauled trains from the Flåm Line used on the Hardanger Line .
In the first year of operation , the line had 60 @,@ 850 passengers , significantly over expectations . After the opening , there were five daily round trips . In 1939 , the extension of the longest tunnel started , because the nearby section was subject to landslides . It was completed by the German occupational forces during World War II , but not taken into use by the railway until 1945 because of the German military 's use of the tunnel as an ammunition depot . Because of the electric traction , the line was not affected by the lack of coal during World War II , and in 1945 it had 285 @,@ 900 passengers . After the end of the war , the number of daily round trips increased to seven , but this was reduced to six in the 1950s . In 1955 , a morning and evening coach service started between Granvin and Voss . It was further extended in 1968 , when it started corresponding with services on the Bergen Line .
Initially , the freight transport was small . During the war , transport increased many @-@ fold , particularly because of export of lumber . In 1966 , a spur was built just south of Palmafoss to Voss Cementvarefabrikk . By the end of the 1960s , the line was transporting 30 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 30 @,@ 000 long tons ; 33 @,@ 000 short tons ) . During the late 1970s , the amount of transport fel dramatically , and reached 11 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 11 @,@ 000 long tons ; 12 @,@ 000 short tons ) in 1980 . Nearly half of this was import of lumber to three sawmills and manufacturing companies . In 1972 , Linjegods established a daily scheduled truck service to Granvin . Although Linjegods used train to and from Voss , the service from Voss to Granvin was operated parallel to the railway . In 1975 , Tollpost Globe also established a similar service between Voss and Granvin . During the late 1970s , the manufacturer Bjølvefossen experienced a large drop in the demand of ferroalloys , reducing production — and thus transport on the line — by 10 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 800 long tons ; 11 @,@ 000 short tons ) . Another issue for the line was that it has a permitted axle load of only 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) ; this either prehibited optimal wagon weights on the main lines , or causing transshipment at Voss , both causing increased costs . In 1977 , the average distance for cargo shipped from the Hardanger Line was 444 kilometres ( 276 mi ) by rail .
In 1980 , the line had NOK 2 @.@ 1 million in income , of which NOK 1 @.@ 6 million was from freight ( representing all revenue from freight that ran on the Hardanger Line ) . Operating expenses were NOK 4 @.@ 8 million , and the deficit was covered by the national government . The line employed 21 people . In 1980 , the estimated cost of upgrading the line to 18 tonnes ( 18 long tons ; 20 short tons ) axle load was NOK 9 @.@ 6 million . Freight volume was then estimated to increase between 100 and 300 percent , and an upgrade was calculated to give a positive net present value , although it would not be sufficient to cover the full existing deficit . The plans included introduction of a refrigerated depot at Granvin . At the same time , it was estimated that the cost of retaining a 12 @-@ tonne ( 12 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 13 @-@ short @-@ ton ) axle load would require investments of NOK 6 million .
In 1979 , the concession for passenger transport between Voss and Granvin was transferred from NSB 's bus division to HSD and Bergen – Hardanger – Voss Billag . At the same time , the number of weekly services increased from 14 to 34 . This was largely a result of the 1975 declaration by Hordaland County Council to support the closure of the line . In 1980 , the railway had 60 @,@ 000 passengers . A halt was opened at Mala in 1981 , but then all passenger traffic was terminated on 2 June 1985 . Class 64 had remained in use until the end , and there existed no political desire to invest in new rolling stock . Freight transport was retained , at first using El 9 , and later shunting locomotives because of the lack of maintenance . From 1 March 1989 , all transport on the line was terminated . NSB wanted to renovate the line and continue operations . Among the plans were to transport metal from the smelters in Hardanger via the Hardanger Line to Continental Europe . This would have required the axle load to be increased . Other plans were to extend some of the departures of the Bergen Commuter Rail from Voss to Granvin or operate commercially profitable tourist trains similar to the service provided on the Flåm Line .
The municipalities of Voss and Granvin wanted to use the right @-@ of @-@ way for a hiking and bicycle path , and NSB canceled their plans . Demolish started on 10 December 1991 , although the section from Voss to Palmafoss was kept to serve a cement factory . Two of the Class 64 trains have been preserved by the Norwegian Railway Association and are based at the Old Voss Line in Bergen .
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= Christmas truce =
The Christmas truce ( German : Weihnachtsfrieden ; French : Trêve de Noël ) was a series of widespread but unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front around Christmas 1914 . In the week leading up to the holiday , German and British soldiers crossed trenches to exchange seasonal greetings and talk . In areas , men from both sides ventured into no man 's land on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day to mingle and exchange food and souvenirs . There were joint burial ceremonies and prisoner swaps , while several meetings ended in carol @-@ singing . Men played games of football with one another , giving one of the most memorable images of the truce . Peaceful behaviour was not ubiquitous ; fighting continued in some sectors , while in others the sides settled on little more than arrangements to recover bodies .
The following year , a few units arranged ceasefires but the truces were not nearly as widespread as in 1914 ; this was , in part , due to strongly worded orders from the high commands of both sides prohibiting fraternisation . Soldiers were no longer amenable to truce by 1916 . The war had become increasingly bitter after devastating human losses suffered during the battles of the Somme and Verdun , and the incorporation of poison gas .
The truces were not unique to the Christmas period , and reflected a growing mood of " live and let live " , where infantry close together would stop overtly aggressive behaviour and often engage in small @-@ scale fraternisation , engaging in conversation or bartering for cigarettes . In some sectors , there would be occasional ceasefires to allow soldiers to go between the lines and recover wounded or dead comrades , while in others , there would be a tacit agreement not to shoot while men rested , exercised or worked in full view of the enemy . The Christmas truces were particularly significant due to the number of men involved and the level of their participation — even in very peaceful sectors , dozens of men openly congregating in daylight was remarkable — and are often seen as a symbolic moment of peace and humanity amidst one of the most violent events of human history .
= = Background = =
The first five months of World War I had seen an initial German attack through Belgium into France , which had been repulsed outside Paris by French and British troops at the Battle of the Marne in early September 1914 . The Germans fell back to the Aisne valley , where they prepared defensive positions . In the subsequent Battle of the Aisne , the Allied forces were unable to push through the German line , and the fighting quickly degenerated into a stalemate ; neither side was willing to give ground , and both started to develop fortified systems of trenches . To the north , on the right of the German army , there had been no defined front line , and both sides quickly began to try to use this gap to outflank one another . In the ensuing " Race to the Sea " , the two sides repeatedly clashed , each trying to push forward and threaten the end of the other 's line . After several months of fighting , during which the British forces were withdrawn from the Aisne and sent north into Flanders , the northern flank had developed into a similar stalemate . By November , there was a continuous front line running from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier , occupied on both sides by armies in prepared defensive positions .
In the lead up to Christmas 1914 , there were several peace initiatives . The Open Christmas Letter was a public message for peace addressed " To the Women of Germany and Austria " , signed by a group of 101 British women suffragettes at the end of 1914 as the first Christmas of World War I approached . Pope Benedict XV , on 7 December 1914 , had begged for an official truce between the warring governments . He asked " that the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang . " This attempt was officially rebuffed .
= = Fraternisation = =
Fraternisation — peaceful and sometimes friendly interactions between opposing forces — was a regular feature in quiet front @-@ line sectors of the Western Front . In some areas , it manifested simply as a passive inactivity , where both sides would refrain from overtly aggressive or threatening behaviour , while in other cases it extended to regular conversation or even visits from one trench to another .
Truces between British and German units can be dated to early November 1914 , around the time opposing armies had begun static trench warfare . At this time , both sides ' rations were brought up to the front line after dusk , and soldiers on both sides noted a period of peace while they collected their food . By 1 December , a British soldier could record a friendly visit from a German sergeant one morning " to see how we were getting on " . Relations between French and German units were generally more tense , but the same phenomenon began to emerge . In early December , a German surgeon recorded a regular half @-@ hourly truce each evening to recover dead soldiers for burial , during which French and German soldiers exchanged newspapers . This behaviour was often challenged by both junior and senior officers ; the young Charles de Gaulle wrote on 7 December of the " lamentable " desire of French infantrymen to leave the enemy in peace , while the commander of 10th Army , Victor d 'Urbal , wrote of the " unfortunate consequences " when men " become familiar with their neighbours opposite " . Other truces could be enforced on both sides by weather conditions , especially when trench lines flooded in low @-@ lying areas , though these often lasted after the weather had cleared .
The proximity of trench lines made it easy for soldiers to shout greetings to each other , and this may have been the most common method of arranging informal truces during 1914 . Men would frequently exchange news or greetings , helped by a common language ; many German soldiers had lived in England , particularly London , and were familiar with the language and the culture . Several British soldiers recorded instances of Germans asking about news from the football leagues , while other conversations could be as banal as discussions of the weather or as plaintive as messages for a sweetheart . One unusual phenomenon that grew in intensity was music ; in peaceful sectors , it was not uncommon for units to sing in the evenings , sometimes deliberately with an eye towards entertaining or gently taunting their opposite numbers . This shaded gently into more festive activity ; in early December , Sir Edward Hulse of the Scots Guards wrote that he was planning to organise a concert party for Christmas Day , which would " give the enemy every conceivable form of song in harmony " in response to frequent choruses of Deutschland Über Alles .
= = Christmas 1914 = =
Roughly 100 @,@ 000 British and German troops were involved in the unofficial cessations of hostility along the Western Front . The first truce started on Christmas Eve 1914 , when German troops decorated the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres , Belgium and particularly in Saint @-@ Yvon ( called Saint @-@ Yves , in Plugstreet / Ploegsteert – Comines @-@ Warneton ) , where Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather described the truce .
The Germans placed candles on their trenches and on Christmas trees , then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols . The British responded by singing carols of their own . The two sides continued by shouting Christmas greetings to each other . Soon thereafter , there were excursions across No Man 's Land , where small gifts were exchanged , such as food , tobacco and alcohol , and souvenirs such as buttons and hats . The artillery in the region fell silent . The truce also allowed a breathing spell where recently killed soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial parties . Joint services were held . In many sectors , the truce lasted through Christmas night , continuing until New Year 's Day in others .
On the day itself , Brigadier @-@ General Walter Congreve , then commanding 18 Infantry Brigade , stationed near Neuve Chapelle , wrote a letter recalling the Germans initiated by calling a truce for the day . One of his brigade 's men bravely lifted his head above the parapet and others from both sides walked onto no man 's land . Officers and men shook hands and exchanged cigarettes and cigars , one of his Captains " smoked a cigar with the best shot in the German army " , the latter no more than 18 years old . Congreve admitted he was reluctant to personally witness the scene of the truce for fear he would be a prime target for German snipers .
Bruce Bairnsfather , who served throughout the war , wrote :
I wouldn 't have missed that unique and weird Christmas Day for anything . ... I spotted a German officer , some sort of lieutenant I should think , and being a bit of a collector , I intimated to him that I had taken a fancy to some of his buttons . ... I brought out my wire clippers and , with a few deft snips , removed a couple of his buttons and put them in my pocket . I then gave him two of mine in exchange . ... The last I saw was one of my machine gunners , who was a bit of an amateur hairdresser in civil life , cutting the unnaturally long hair of a docile Boche , who was patiently kneeling on the ground whilst the automatic clippers crept up the back of his neck .
Future nature writer Henry Williamson , then a nineteen @-@ year @-@ old private in the London Rifle Brigade , wrote to his mother on Boxing Day : " Dear Mother , I am writing from the trenches . It is 11 o 'clock in the morning . Beside me is a coke fire , opposite me a ' dug @-@ out ' ( wet ) with straw in it . The ground is sloppy in the actual trench , but frozen elsewhere . In my mouth is a pipe presented by the Princess Mary . In the pipe is tobacco . Of course , you say . But wait . In the pipe is German tobacco . Haha , you say , from a prisoner or found in a captured trench . Oh dear , no ! From a German soldier . Yes a live German soldier from his own trench . Yesterday the British & Germans met & shook hands in the Ground between the trenches , & exchanged souvenirs , & shook hands . Yes , all day Xmas day , & as I write . Marvellous , isn 't it ? "
Captain Sir Edward Hulse reported how the first interpreter he met from the German lines was from Suffolk where he had left his girlfriend and a 3 @.@ 5 hp motorcycle . Hulse went on to describe a sing @-@ song which " ended up with ' Auld lang syne ' which we all , English , Scots , Irish , Prussians , Wurttenbergers , etc , joined in . It was absolutely astounding , and if I had seen it on a cinematograph film I should have sworn that it was faked ! "
Captain Robert Patrick Miles , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry , who was attached to the Royal Irish Rifles recalled in an edited letter that was published in both the Daily Mail and the Wellington Journal & Shrewsbury News in January 1915 , following his death in action on 30 December 1914 :
Friday ( Christmas Day ) . We are having the most extraordinary Christmas Day imaginable . A sort of unarranged and quite unauthorized but perfectly understood and scrupulously observed truce exists between us and our friends in front . The funny thing is it only seems to exist in this part of the battle line – on our right and left we can all hear them firing away as cheerfully as ever . The thing started last night – a bitter cold night , with white frost – soon after dusk when the Germans started shouting ' Merry Christmas , Englishmen ' to us . Of course our fellows shouted back and presently large numbers of both sides had left their trenches , unarmed , and met in the debatable , shot @-@ riddled , no man 's land between the lines . Here the agreement – all on their own – came to be made that we should not fire at each other until after midnight tonight . The men were all fraternizing in the middle ( we naturally did not allow them too close to our line ) and swapped cigarettes and lies in the utmost good fellowship . Not a shot was fired all night .
Of the Germans he wrote : " They are distinctly bored with the war ... In fact , one of them wanted to know what on earth we were doing here fighting them . " The truce in that sector continued into Boxing Day ; he commented about the Germans , " The beggars simply disregard all our warnings to get down from off their parapet , so things are at a deadlock . We can 't shoot them in cold blood ... I cannot see how we can get them to return to business . "
On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day ( 24 and 25 December ) 1914 , Alfred Anderson ’ s unit of the 1st / 5th Battalion of the Black Watch was billeted in a farmhouse away from the front line . In a later interview ( 2003 ) , Anderson , the last known surviving Scottish veteran of the war , vividly recalled Christmas Day and said :
I remember the silence , the eerie sound of silence . Only the guards were on duty . We all went outside the farm buildings and just stood listening . And , of course , thinking of people back home . All I ’ d heard for two months in the trenches was the hissing , cracking and whining of bullets in flight , machinegun fire and distant German voices . But there was a dead silence that morning , right across the land as far as you could see . We shouted ‘ Merry Christmas ’ , even though nobody felt merry . The silence ended early in the afternoon and the killing started again . It was a short peace in a terrible war .
Nor were the observations confined to the British . French Leutnant Johannes Niemann wrote : " grabbed my binoculars and looking cautiously over the parapet saw the incredible sight of our soldiers exchanging cigarettes , schnapps and chocolate with the enemy . "
General Sir Horace Smith @-@ Dorrien , commander of the British II Corps , issued orders forbidding friendly communication with the opposing German troops . Adolf Hitler , then a young corporal of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry , was also an opponent of the truce .
In the Comines sector of the front there was an early fraternisation between German and French soldiers in December 1914 , during a short truce , and there are at least two other testimonials , from French soldiers , of similar behaviours in sectors where German and French companies opposed each other . Gervais Morillon wrote to his parents : ‘ The Boches waved a white flag and shouted " Kamarades , Kamarades , rendez @-@ vous . " When we didn ’ t move they came towards us unarmed , led by an officer . Although we are not clean they are disgustingly filthy . I am telling you this but don ’ t speak of it to anyone . We must not mention it even to other soldiers . ’ Gustave Berthier wrote : ‘ On Christmas day the Boches made a sign showing they wished to speak to us . They said they didn ’ t want to shoot ... They were tired of making war , they were married like me , they didn ’ t have any differences with the French but with the English . ’
In sections of the front where German and Belgian troops faced each other in December 1914 , there was at least one such instance when a truce was achieved at the request of Belgian soldiers who wished to send letters back to their families , over the German @-@ occupied parts of their own country .
Richard Schirrmann , who was in a German regiment holding a position on the Bernhardstein , one of the mountains of the Vosges , wrote an account of events in December 1915 : " When the Christmas bells sounded in the villages of the Vosges behind the lines ..... something fantastically unmilitary occurred . German and French troops spontaneously made peace and ceased hostilities ; they visited each other through disused trench tunnels , and exchanged wine , cognac and cigarettes for Westphalian black bread , biscuits and ham . This suited them so well that they remained good friends even after Christmas was over . " He was separated from the French troops by a narrow No Man 's Land and described the landscape as : " Strewn with shattered trees , the ground ploughed up by shellfire , a wilderness of earth , tree @-@ roots and tattered uniforms . " Military discipline was soon restored , but Schirrmann pondered over the incident , and whether " thoughtful young people of all countries could be provided with suitable meeting places where they could get to know each other . " He went on to found the German Youth Hostel Association in 1919 .
= = = Football matches = = =
Many accounts of the truce involve one or more football matches played in no @-@ man 's land . This was mentioned in some of the earliest reports , with a letter written by a doctor attached to the Rifle Brigade , published in The Times on 1 January 1915 , reported " a football match ... played between them and us in front of the trench . " A wide range of similar stories have been told over the years , often naming specific units or a precise score . Some accounts of the game bring in elements of fiction by Robert Graves , a British poet and writer who reconstructed the encounter in a story published in 1962 ; in Graves 's version , the score was 3 – 2 to the Germans .
However , the truth of the accounts has been disputed by some historians ; in 1984 , Malcolm Brown and Shirley Seaton concluded that there were probably attempts to play organised matches which failed due to the state of the ground , but that the contemporary reports were either hearsay or refer to ' kick @-@ about ' matches with ' made @-@ up footballs ' such as a bully @-@ beef tin . Chris Baker , former chairman of The Western Front Association and author of The Truce : The Day the War Stopped is also skeptical , but says that although there is little hard evidence , the most likely place that an organised match could have taken place was near the village of Messines : " There are two references to a game being played on the British side , but nothing from the Germans . If somebody one day found a letter from a German soldier who was in that area , then we would have something credible . " In fact , there is a German reference . Leutnant Kurt Zehmisch of Germany 's 134th Saxons Infantry Regiment said that the English " brought a soccer ball from their trenches , and pretty soon a lively game ensued . How marvelously wonderful , yet how strange it was . " In 2011 , Mike Dash concluded that " there is plenty of evidence that football was played that Christmas Day — mostly by men of the same nationality , but in at least three or four places between troops from the opposing armies " .
A wide variety of units were reported in contemporary accounts to have taken part in games ; Dash listed the 133rd Royal Saxon Regiment pitched against " Scottish troops " ; the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders against unidentified Germans ( with the Scots reported to have won 4 – 1 ) ; the Royal Field Artillery against " Prussians and Hanovers " near Ypres ; and the Lancashire Fusiliers , based near Le Touquet , with the specific detail of a bully beef ration tin as the " ball " . One recent writer has identified 29 separate reports of football , though does not give substantive details .
= = = Eastern Front = = =
A separate manifestation of the Christmas truce in December 1914 occurred on the Eastern front , where the first move originated from the Austrian commanders , at some uncertain level of the military hierarchy . The Russians responded positively and soldiers eventually met in no man ’ s land .
= = Public awareness = =
The events of the truce were not reported for a week , in an unofficial press embargo which was eventually broken by the New York Times , published in the then @-@ neutral United States , on 31 December . The British papers quickly followed , printing numerous first @-@ hand accounts from soldiers in the field , taken from letters home to their families , and editorials on " one of the greatest surprises of a surprising war " . By 8 January pictures had made their way to the press , and both the Mirror and Sketch printed front @-@ page photographs of British and German troops mingling and singing between the lines . The tone of the reporting was strongly positive , with the Times endorsing the " lack of malice " felt by both sides and the Mirror regretting that the " absurdity and the tragedy " would begin again .
Coverage in Germany was more muted , with some newspapers strongly criticising those who had taken part , and no pictures published . In France , meanwhile , the greater level of press censorship ensured that the only word that spread of the truce came from soldiers at the front or first @-@ hand accounts told by wounded men in hospitals . The press was eventually forced to respond to the growing rumours by reprinting a government notice that fraternising with the enemy constituted treason , and in early January an official statement on the truce was published , claiming it had happened on restricted sectors of the British front , and amounted to little more than an exchange of songs which quickly degenerated into shooting .
= = Later truces = =
After Christmas 1914 , sporadic attempts were made at seasonal truces ; a German unit attempted to leave their trenches under a flag of truce on Easter Sunday 1915 , but were warned off by the British opposite them , and later in the year , in November , a Saxon unit briefly fraternised with a Liverpool battalion . In December 1915 , there were explicit orders by the Allied commanders to forestall any repeat of the previous Christmas truce . Individual units were encouraged to mount raids and harass the enemy line , whilst communicating with the enemy was discouraged by artillery barrages along the front line throughout the day . The prohibition was not completely effective , however , and a small number of brief truces occurred .
An eyewitness account of one truce , by Llewelyn Wyn Griffith , recorded that after a night of exchanging carols , dawn on Christmas Day saw a " rush of men from both sides ... [ and ] a feverish exchange of souvenirs " before the men were quickly called back by their officers , with offers to hold a ceasefire for the day and to play a football match . It came to nothing , as the brigade commander threatened repercussions for the lack of discipline , and insisted on a resumption of firing in the afternoon . Another member of Griffith 's battalion , Bertie Felstead , later recalled that one man had produced a football , resulting in " a free @-@ for @-@ all ; there could have been 50 on each side " , before they were ordered back .
In an adjacent sector , a short truce to bury the dead between the lines led to official repercussions ; a company commander , Sir Iain Colquhoun of the Scots Guards , was court @-@ martialled for defying standing orders to the contrary . While he was found guilty and reprimanded , the punishment was annulled by General Haig and Colquhoun remained in his position ; the official leniency may perhaps have been because he was related to H. H. Asquith , the Prime Minister .
In the Decembers of 1916 and 1917 , German overtures to the British for truces were recorded without any success . In some French sectors , singing and an exchange of thrown gifts was occasionally recorded , though these may simply have reflected a seasonal extension of the live @-@ and @-@ let @-@ live approach common in the trenches .
At Easter 1915 there were recorded instances of truces between Orthodox troops of opposing sides on the Eastern front . The Bulgarian writer Yordan Yovkov , serving as an officer near the Greek border at the Mesta river , witnessed one such truce . It inspired his short story ' Holy Night ' , translated into English in 2013 by Krastu Banaev .
= = Legacy and historical significance = =
Although the popular tendency has been to see the December 1914 Christmas Truces as unique and therefore of romantic rather than political significance , they have also been interpreted as part of the widespread non @-@ cooperation with the war spirit and conduct by serving soldiers . In his book on trench warfare , historian Tony Ashworth describes what he calls the ' live and let live system . ' Complicated local truces and agreements not to fire at each other were developed by men along the front throughout the war . These often began with agreement not to attack each other at tea , meal or washing times , and in some places became so developed that whole sections of the front would see few casualties for extended periods of time . This system , Ashworth argues , ' gave soldiers some control over the conditions of their existence . ' The December 1914 Christmas Truces then can be seen as not unique , but as the most dramatic example of non @-@ cooperation with the war spirit that included refusal to fight , unofficial truces , mutinies , strikes , and peace protests .
In the 1933 play Petermann schließt Frieden oder Das Gleichnis vom deutschen Opfer ( Petermann makes peace : or , the parable of German sacrifice ) , written by Nazi writer and World War I veteran Heinz Steguweit ( German ) , a German soldier , accompanied by Christmas carols sung by his comrades , erects an illuminated Christmas tree between the trenches , but is shot dead by the enemy . Later , when the fellow soldiers find his body , they notice in horror that enemy snipers have shot down every single Christmas light from the tree .
The 1967 song " Snoopy 's Christmas " by the Royal Guardsmen was based on the Christmas truce . As in real life , it is the Red Baron , Germany 's ace pilot and war hero , who initiates the truce with the fictitious Snoopy .
The 1969 film Oh ! What a Lovely War includes a scene of a Christmas truce with British and German soldiers sharing jokes , alcohol and songs .
The video for the 1983 song " Pipes of Peace " by Paul McCartney depicts a fictionalized version of the Christmas truce .
The final episode of the BBC television series Blackadder Goes Forth references the Christmas truce , with the main character Edmund Blackadder having played in a football match . He is also seen being annoyed at having had a goal disallowed for offside .
The song " All Together Now " by Liverpool band The Farm took its inspiration from the Christmas Day Truce of 1914 . The song has been re @-@ recorded by The Peace Collective for release in December 2014 to mark the centenary of the event .
The truce is dramatized in the 2005 French film Joyeux Noël ( English : Merry Christmas ) , depicted through the eyes of French , British and German soldiers . The film , written and directed by Christian Carion , was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival .
In 2008 , the truce was depicted on stage at the Pantages Theater in Minneapolis , in the radio musical drama All Is Calm : The Christmas Truce of 1914 . It was created and directed by Peter Rothstein , and co @-@ produced by Theater Latté Da and the vocal ensemble Cantus , both Minneapolis @-@ based organizations . It has continued to play at the Pantages Theater each December since its premiere .
Ahead of the centenary of the truce ( December 2014 ) , English composer Chris Eaton and singer Abby Scott produced the song , 1914 – The Carol of Christmas , to benefit British armed forces charities . At 5 December 2014 , it had reached top of the iTunes Christmas chart .
In 2014 , the Northumbria and Newcastle Universities Martin Luther King Peace Committee produced resources to enable schools and churches to mark the December 1914 Christmas Truces . These included lesson plans , hand @-@ outs , worksheets , PowerPoint slide shows , and full plans for assemblies , and carol services / Christmas productions . The authors explained that their purpose was both to enable schoolteachers to help children learn about the remarkable events of December 1914 , but also to use the theme of Christmas to provide a counterpoint to the UK government 's glorification of the First World War as heroic . As the Peace Committee argues , " These spontaneous acts of festive goodwill directly contradicted orders from high command , and offered an evocative and hopeful – albeit brief – recognition of shared humanity " – and thereby , they argue , give a rereading of the traditional Christmas message of " on earth peace , good will toward men . "
The grocery chain Sainsbury 's produced a short film for the 2014 Christmas season as an advertisement re @-@ enacting the events of the Christmas truce , primarily following a young English soldier in the trenches .
= = = Monuments = = =
A Christmas truce memorial was unveiled in Frelinghien , France , on 11 November 2008 . Also on that day , at the spot where , on Christmas Day 1914 , their regimental ancestors came out from their trenches to play football , men from the 1st Battalion , The Royal Welch Fusiliers played a football match with the German Battalion 371 . The Germans won 2 – 1 .
On 12 December 2014 , a memorial was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire , England by Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and the England national football team manager Roy Hodgson . The Football Remembers memorial was designed by ten @-@ year @-@ old schoolboy Spencer Turner after a UK @-@ wide competition .
= = = Annual reenactments = = =
The Midway Village in Rockford , Illinois has hosted reenactments of the Christmas Truce .
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= Billie Jean =
" Billie Jean " is a song by American singer Michael Jackson . It is the second single from the singer 's sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . It was written and composed by Jackson and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . There are contradictory claims on the meaning of the song 's lyrics . One suggests that they are derived from a real @-@ life experience , in which a female fan claimed that Jackson ( or one of his brothers ) had fathered one of her twins . However , Jackson himself stated that " Billie Jean " was based on groupies he had encountered . The song is well known for its distinctive bassline played by Louis Johnson and Jackson 's vocal hiccups . The song was mixed 91 times by audio engineer Bruce Swedien before it was finalized , though he reportedly went with the 2nd mix as the final product .
The song became a success ; it was one of the best @-@ selling singles of 1983 and is one of the best @-@ selling singles worldwide . The song topped both the US and UK charts simultaneously . In other countries , it topped the charts of Switzerland and reached the top ten in Austria , Italy , New Zealand , Norway and Sweden . " Billie Jean " was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1989 . Rolling Stone magazine placed the song in the 58th spot on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .
Awarded numerous honours — including two Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and an induction into the Music Video Producers Hall of Fame — the song and corresponding music video helped propel Thriller to the status of best @-@ selling album of all time . The song was promoted with a short film that broke down MTV 's racial barrier as the first video by a black artist to be aired in heavy rotation . Also , Jackson 's Emmy @-@ nominated performance on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever , in which Jackson premiered his " moonwalk " , helped to popularize the song . It was additionally promoted through Jackson 's Pepsi commercials ; during the filming of one commercial , Jackson 's scalp was severely burned . Covered by modern artists , " Billie Jean " sealed Jackson 's status as an international pop icon .
= = Background = =
Jackson stated several times that " Billie Jean " was based on the groupies he and his brothers encountered while part of The Jackson 5 . " Billie Jean is kind of anonymous . It represents a lot of girls . They used to call them groupies in the ' 60s . " He added : " They would hang around backstage doors , and any band that would come to town they would have a relationship with , and I think I wrote this out of experience with my brothers when I was little . There were a lot of Billie Jeans out there . Every girl claimed that their son was related to one of my brothers . "
Jackson 's biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli promoted the theory that " Billie Jean " was derived from a real life experience the singer faced in 1981 . The Magic & The Madness documents how a young woman wrote Jackson a letter , which informed the singer that he was the father of one of her twins . Jackson , who regularly received letters of this kind , had never met the woman in question and ignored it . The woman , however , continued to send Jackson more letters , which stated that she loved him and wanted to be with him . She wrote of how happy they would be if they raised the child together . She pondered how Jackson could ignore his own flesh and blood . The letters disturbed the singer to the extent that he suffered nightmares .
Following the letters , Jackson received a parcel containing a photograph of the fan , as well as a letter and a gun . Jackson was horrified ; the letter asked that the pop singer kill himself on a certain day and at a specific time . The fan would do the same once she had killed their baby . She wrote that if they could not be together in this life , then they would be in the next . To his mother 's dismay , Jackson had the photograph of the woman framed and hung above the dining room table of their family home . Afterwards , the Jacksons discovered that the fan had been sent to a psychiatric hospital .
= = Production = =
Michael Jackson wrote " Billie Jean " with his female fans in mind , and later stated that when he wrote the song , he knew it would be a success : " A musician knows hit material . Everything has to feel in place . It fulfills you and it makes you feel good . That 's how I felt about ' Billie Jean ' . I knew it was going to be big when I was writing it . " The singer explained that he was so absorbed by the song that , in one instance , he did not notice that his car had caught fire as he drove down a freeway with a friend until a passing motorcyclist informed him . Jackson noted : " The kid probably saved our lives . "
Jackson faced numerous disagreements with the song 's co @-@ producer . It has been reported that Quincy Jones did not want the song to appear on Thriller and that he felt that the song was too weak to be part of the collection , but Jones has stated this is a false rumor . The producer disliked the demo and did not care for the song 's bassline . Jones wanted to cut Jackson 's 29 @-@ second introduction , which was the longest one ever created at the time . The entertainer , however , insisted that it be kept . " I said , ' Michael we 've got to cut that intro ' " Jones later recalled . " He said : ' But that 's the jelly ! ' [ ... ] ' That 's what makes me want to dance ' . And when Michael Jackson tells you , ' That 's what makes me want to dance ' , well , the rest of us just have to shut up . " Jones also wanted to change the track 's title to " Not My Lover " , as he believed that people would think the song referred to the tennis player Billie Jean King . Jackson refused to change the title and asked Jones to give him co @-@ producing credits for the track , as he felt that the demo tape sounded exactly like the finished product . In addition , Jackson wanted extra royalties . Jones granted neither and the two fell out for several days .
Having resolved their differences , Jones had Jackson sing his vocal overdubs through a six @-@ foot @-@ long cardboard tube . Jackson 's entire lead vocal was performed in one take ; he had received vocal training every morning throughout the production of the song . Jazz saxophonist Tom Scott played the lyricon . Bass guitarist Louis Johnson was then brought in and he played his part on every guitar he owned , before Jackson finally settled for a Yamaha bass . Greg Phillinganes was also drafted in and he played the keyboard . He later said of the song , " ' Billie Jean ' is hot on every level . It 's ( sic ) hot rhythmically moving action got Michael excited . It 's hot sonically , because the instrumentation is so minimal , you can really hear everything . It 's hot melodically [ ... ] lyrically [ and ] vocally . It affects you physically , emotionally , even spiritually . "
The song was mixed by Bruce Swedien ninety @-@ one times — unusual for Swedien , who usually mixed a song just once . Jones had told Swedien to create a drum sound that no one had ever heard before . The audio engineer was also told to add a different element : " sonic personality " . " What I ended up doing was building a drum platform and designing some special little things , like a bass drum cover and a flat piece of wood that goes between the snare and the hi @-@ hat " Swedien later wrote . " The bottom line is that there aren 't many pieces of music where you can hear the first three or four notes of the drums , and immediately tell what the piece of music is . " He concluded , " But I think that is the case with ' Billie Jean ' — and that I attribute to sonic personality . "
= = Composition = =
" Billie Jean " blends sounds of post @-@ disco , rhythm and blues , funk , and dance @-@ pop . The song opens with a standard drum beat along with a standard hi @-@ hat , and it contains hardly any reverberation . After two bars , another standard open hi @-@ hat enters . After two more bars , a repetitive bassline enters . Each time it passes through the tonic , the note is doubled by a distorted synth bass . This accompaniment is followed by a repetitive three @-@ note synth , played staccato with a deep reverb . The defining chord progression is then established . Jackson 's quiet vocals enter , accompanied by a finger @-@ snap , which comes and goes during the verses , as the rhythm and chord progression repeats .
According to Daryl Hall , when Jackson was recording " We Are the World " , Jackson approached him and admitted to lifting the bassline for " Billie Jean " from a Hall & Oates song ( apparently referring to Hall 's " I Can 't Go for That ( No Can Do ) " from the 1981 album Private Eyes ) : " Michael Jackson once said directly to me that he hoped I didn 't mind that he copied that groove . " Hall says he told Jackson that he had lifted the bassline himself , remarking , " it 's something we all do . "
According to Inside the Hits , the lyrics refer to the commotion created by Billie Jean on a dance floor . She entices the crowd with a seductive come @-@ on before luring Jackson to her bedroom , through the fragrance of her perfume . Jackson 's vocal range spanned from a high baritone to a falsetto and he usually wrote melodies to show this range . However , in the verses of " Billie Jean " , the singer 's vocals range from a tenor to a low falsetto . A four note falsetto is showcased in the chorus and , during the last line , Jackson peaks at a full octave . The song has a tempo of 117 beats per minute and is in the key of F ♯ minor . Following the first chorus , a cello @-@ like synth eases in at the beginnings of both the third , and later , the fourth , verses . Upon the announcement that the baby 's eyes resemble Jackson 's , a voice laments , " oh no " . This is met with Jackson 's signature falsetto " hee hee " . The bridge debuts the strings , and holds a pedal tone tonic with the exception of two lines and a chord leading into the chorus . Violins are then played , followed by a four @-@ note minor guitar solo . During the solo , vocal shouts , screams and laughs are added . Throughout this , the chord progression remains unaltered and is laced with Jackson 's vocal hiccups . All the musical and vocal elements are then brought together in the final chorus . In the fade , Jackson repeats the denial of fathering Billie Jean 's child .
= = Release and reception = =
On December 1 , 1982 , Thriller was released to critical and commercial success . A month later , on January 2 , 1983 , " Billie Jean " was released as the album 's second single ; it follows Jackson 's successful duet with Paul McCartney on " The Girl Is Mine " . The song reached number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 chart , where it remained for seven weeks . After seven weeks at number one , the song fell to number 5 , and stayed in the top ten for 11 weeks . Billboard ranked it at the No. 2 song for 1983 . " Billie Jean " topped the R & B chart within three weeks , and became Jackson 's fastest @-@ rising number one single since " ABC " , " The Love You Save " and " I 'll Be There " in 1970 . It remained at number one for nine weeks , before the single was eventually replaced by The Gap Band 's " Outstanding " . " Billie Jean " peaked at number 9 on the Adult Contemporary chart . It was also number one in the UK Singles Chart . " Billie Jean " and Thriller topped both the singles and album charts in the same week . This occurred on both sides of the Atlantic simultaneously , a feat very few acts have ever achieved . The song was the third best selling single of 1983 in the US and ninth in the UK . " Billie Jean " also reached number one in Switzerland , the top ten in Austria , Italy , New Zealand , Norway and Sweden .
In a Rolling Stone review , Christopher Connelly described " Billie Jean " as a " lean , insistent funk number whose message couldn 't be more blunt : ' She says I am the one / But the kid is not my son ' " . He added that the track was a " sad , almost mournful song , but a thumping resolve underlies [ Jackson 's ] feelings " . Blender stated that the song was " one of the most sonically eccentric , psychologically fraught , downright bizarre things ever to land on Top 40 radio " . They added that it was " frighteningly stark , with a pulsing , cat @-@ on @-@ the @-@ prowl bass figure , whip @-@ crack downbeat and eerie multi @-@ tracked vocals ricocheting in the vast spaces between keyboards and strings " . Overall , the magazine described the track as " a five @-@ minute @-@ long nervous breakdown , set to a beat " . Stylus said of the song , " It 's one of the best representations of film noir in pop music , ending with no resolution except a single mother and selfish , careless scumball . " In a review of Thriller 25 , AllMusic observed that " Billie Jean " was " startling " in its " futuristic funk " . The track also won praise from Jackson biographers . Nelson George stated that Jerry Hey 's string arrangement added danger to " Billie Jean " , while J. Randy Taraborrelli added that it was " dark and sparse " by Quincy Jones ' production standards .
" Billie Jean " has been recognized with numerous awards and honors . At the 1984 Grammy Awards the song earned Jackson two of a record eight awards ; Best R & B Song and Best R & B Male Vocal Performance . It won the Billboard Music Award for favorite dance / disco 12 " LP , and the magazine 's 1980 's poll named " Billie Jean " as the " Black Single of the Decade " . The American Music Awards recognized the track as the Favorite Pop / Rock Single , while Cash Box honored the song with the awards for Top Pop Single and Top Black Single . The track was recognised with the Top International Single award by the Canadian Black Music Awards , and awarded the Black Gold Award for Single of the Year . " Billie Jean " has also been awarded for its sales . It won the National Association of Recording Merchandisers Gift of Music award for best selling single in 1984 . By 1989 , the standard format single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of at least one million units . The digital sales of " Billie Jean " were certified gold in 2005 , for shipments of at least 500 @,@ 000 units . The digital sales of " Billie Jean " were certified 2x Platinum in US on May 9 , 2013 . The total number of digital downloads of the song in the US , as of October 2014 , stands at 2 @.@ 9 million . In May 2014 , a viral video of a high school @-@ aged teenager imitating Jackson 's Motown 25 performance of the song helped the song re @-@ enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number 14 , with much of its chart performance was 95 % credited to streams of the viral video .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
The short film for " Billie Jean " is considered the video that brought MTV , until then a fairly new and unknown music channel , into mainstream attention . It was one of the first videos by a black artist to be aired regularly by the channel , as the network 's executives felt black music wasn 't " rock " enough . Directed by Steve Barron , the video shows a photographer who follows Jackson . The paparazzo never catches the singer , and when photographed Jackson fails to materialize on the developed picture . The entertainer dances his way to Billie Jean 's hotel room and as he walks along a sidewalk , each tile lights up at his touch .
After he performs a quick spin , Jackson jumps and lands , freeze framed , on his toes . Upon arrival at the hotel , Jackson climbs the staircase to Billie Jean 's room . Each step lights up as he touches it and a burnt out " Hotel " sign illuminates as he passes . The paparazzo then arrives at the scene and watches as Jackson vanishes under the covers of Billie Jean 's bed . Trailed by the police , the paparazzo is then arrested for spying on Billie Jean . Jackson sported a new look for the video ; Jheri curled hair . Jackson 's clothes , a black leather suit with a pink shirt and a red bow tie , were copied by children around the US . Imitation became so severe that , despite pupil protests , Bound Brook High School banned students from wearing a single white glove like Jackson had on during the performance of " Billie Jean " at Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever .
Walter Yetnikoff , the president of Jackson 's record label CBS , approached MTV to play the " Billie Jean " video . He became enraged when MTV refused to play the video , and threatened to go public with MTV 's stance on black musicians . " I said to MTV , ' I 'm pulling everything we have off the air , all our product . I 'm not going to give you any more videos . And I 'm going to go public and fucking tell them about the fact you don 't want to play music by a black guy . ' " MTV relented and played the " Billie Jean " video in heavy rotation along with Prince 's " Little Red Corvette " . After the video was aired , Thriller went on to sell an additional 10 million copies . The short film was inducted into the Music Video Producers Hall of Fame in 1992 . In a 2005 poll of 31 pop stars , video directors , agents and journalists conducted by telecommunications company 3 , the music video was ranked fifth in their " Top 20 Music Videos Ever " . The video was also ranked as the 35th greatest music video in a list compiled by MTV and TV Guide at the millennium .
The music video is featured on the DVDs Video Greatest Hits – HIStory , Number Ones , on the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 and Michael Jackson 's Vision .
= = = Motown 25 = = =
On March 25 , 1983 , Michael Jackson performed " Billie Jean " to critical and popular acclaim . Staged at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium , Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever was a celebration of Motown Records ' twenty @-@ fifth anniversary ( despite the fact that Motown , launched in 1959 , was only 24 years old in 1983 ) . Organized by Suzanne de Passe , the event was to feature all of the most popular Motown acts , both past and present . The Motown stars were to reunite for one evening , to pay tribute to Berry Gordy and acknowledge his effect on their lives . Jackson initially refused the invitation , but reconsidered after a personal visit from Gordy , for whom the singer had great respect . It was decided that the singer would perform " Billie Jean " .
Following performances by Marvin Gaye , Smokey Robinson , and Mary Wells , The Jacksons took to the stage for their first group performance together in eight years . The brothers sang a medley of their old hits . After they finished with " I 'll Be There " , they left Michael alone on stage . He addressed the audience and then went into his routine . He wore black pants , leather penny loafers , a black sequined jacket , and a single white rhinestone glove . To begin his performance , Jackson snapped a fedora to his head and struck a pose — his right hand on his hat and his left leg bent . During a musical interlude , the singer executed a move which many believe to have sealed his status as a pop icon . Jackson glided backwards to perform the moonwalk , before he spun on his heels and landed en pointe . It was the first time Jackson had performed the moonwalk in public ; he had practiced it in his kitchen prior to the show .
Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever was watched by 50 million people and Jackson 's routine earned him an Emmy nomination . With the performance , Jackson reached a new audience and increased the sales of Thriller , which eventually became the best @-@ selling album of all @-@ time . The day after the show aired , Jackson was called by his childhood idol Fred Astaire , who commended the singer . Another childhood idol , Sammy Davis , Jr . , had admired Jackson 's black sequined jacket during the performance and later received it as a gift .
Jackson stated at the time that he was disappointed in his performance ; he had wanted to remain on his toes longer than he had . Jackson subsequently said that " Billie Jean " was one of his favorite songs to perform live , but only when he did not have to do it the way he had on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever . " The audience wants a certain thing — I have to do the moonwalk in that spot , " he later said . " I 'd like to do a different version . "
In a Top 100 list compiled by VH1 and Entertainment Weekly in 2000 , Jackson 's performance was ranked as the sixth greatest rock ' n ' roll TV moment . Five years later , Entertainment Weekly named Jackson 's Motown 25 performance as one of the most important pop culture moments in history . " It was a moment that crossed over in a way that no live musical performance ever had . There was a messianic quality to it " , Entertainment Weekly editor Steve Daly commented . The performance has been shown on television numerous times . It is also featured on the DVDs : HIStory on Film , Volume II and the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 .
= = = Pepsi commercials = = =
In 1984 , Pepsi sponsored the Jacksons ' Victory Tour . In return , Michael and his brothers were to star in two commercials for the company . Jackson had reworked " Billie Jean " for the commercial and entitled it " Pepsi Generation " . The song was used as the official jingle for the commercials and released as a 7 " promo single . The launch of " The Choice of a New Generation " campaign in February 1984 was attended by 1 @,@ 600 people who were issued with a programme and the 7 " single . During the filming of the second commercial , a firework exploded and Jackson 's hair caught fire . The incident left the singer in need of reconstructive surgery . The commercials were premiered at the Grammy Awards , the same night he collected a record eight awards .
= = Live performances = =
Along with " Thriller " , " Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' " , and " Beat It " , " Billie Jean " was performed for all of Michael Jackson 's tour concerts . After the ending chorus , the drum solo is always extended for a period of time as Jackson dances under one spotlight . The song almost always ends with Jackson singing " Billie Jean is not my lover " and throwing his hat towards the audience . Exceptions are some of the concerts in the Victory Tour , where he held his hat up and threw it afterwards . Since the Victory Tour , the performance has evolved in terms of dance moves and overall song length .
Victory Tour – Performance just over six minutes in length ; only about 30 @-@ 45 seconds in the spotlight dance ending .
Bad tour – Flashing lights and sounds transition Beat It to Billie Jean . The first and second leg performances are considerably different , as the first leg was more like the " Victory Tour " , and Jackson did more dance moves in the second leg and the ending was therefore longer in the second leg , around seven minutes in length .
In the Dangerous World Tour , an illusion was made for Jackson to appear on the upper floor the moment " Thriller " ended through the use of a masked dancer posing as Jackson who he had switched with in the middle of the song . Jackson performed the song at a slightly slower speed than the Victory and Bad tours , but still faster than the studio version .
1993 Super Bowl – Jackson performed a part of Billie Jean consisting of only the first refrain , second chorus and instrumental bridge where he did the moonwalk before ending with a pose .
1995 MTV VMA & 1999 MJ & Friends – Shortened studio remix performed as part of a medley during the 1995 MTV Awards . Snares from " Why You Wanna Trip On Me " were added in the solo , in addition to the Billie Jean Bassline .
Royal Brunei Concert 1996 – Similar tempo and instrumentation to the HIStory Tour. and the snare sample from " Why You Wanna Trip On Me " is repeatedly played throughout the spotlight ending along with the main drumbeat , but there is no bassline .
HIStory Tour – Performances of the song were usually eight minutes with some up to nine minutes , always preceded by the two- or three @-@ minute " suitcase " intro , in which Jackson pulls his jacket , glove and hat out from a suitcase . Similar tempo and arrangement to the studio version .
Madison Square Garden – Very similar to the HIStory Tour in instrumentation and vocal mixing , but some verses before the moonwalk are sung live and switches back and forth with playback . The " suitcase " intro is seen here as well .
This Is It – One of these rehearsals was filmed completely and shown in the film This Is It . Here , the song is approximately 6 minutes in length .
Performances of the song are available on the HIStory on Film , Volume II , HIStory World Tour , Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour , and Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 video albums .
= = Billie Jean 2008 = =
Michael Jackson 's original version of " Billie Jean " was remixed by Kanye West for Thriller 25 , a 25th anniversary reissue of Jackson 's Thriller . Entitled " Billie Jean 2008 " , the remix garnered a mixed reception ; most critics felt that it was impossible to improve upon the original . Pitchfork Media 's Tom Ewing explained that a guest verse " might have added dynamics to the mix 's clumsy claustrophobia " .
Mike Joseph , in review of Thriller 25 for PopMatters , described the track listing of the reissue as " pleasant " but West 's " lazy " remix was the only exception . He added , " You 've been given the opportunity to remix the most iconic single from one of the most iconic albums of all time , and all you can do is stick a drum machine on top of the song 's original arrangement ? " . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone disliked the removal of the original bassline , and compared it to " putting Bobby Orr on the ice without a hockey stick " . IGN 's Todd Gilchrist praised West 's remix and stated that it was a " pretty great track " . He added , " it almost overplays the track 's originally understated drama , his additions enhance the song and demonstrate that in a contemporary context . "
= = Cover versions = =
= = = The Bates version = = =
In 1995 German punk rock band The Bates covered " Billie Jean " on their album Pleasure + Pain . The cover was also successful although intricacies of the original were not included in the cover . The music video parodies Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho .
= = = = Track listing = = = =
Maxi @-@ CD
Billie Jean – 4 : 25
Tonight ( Remix ) – 3 : 45
Love Is Dead ( Part II ) – 3 : 22
Yeah ( Acoustic Version ) – 1 : 06
= = = = Charts = = = =
= = = The Sound Bluntz version = = =
Canadian dance group The Sound Bluntz also recorded a cover which peaked at No. 17 on the Australian charts during March 2003 . It also reached No. 17 in Belgium , No. 14 in Finland , and No. 53 in the Netherlands .
= = = = Track listing = = = =
CD @-@ Maxi Kontor 14305 @-@ 5 ( Edel )
Billie Jean ( Beat Radio Mix ) – 4 : 00
Billie Jean ( Beat Clubb Mix ) – 6 : 50
Billie Jean ( Full Effect Mix ) – 7 : 34
Dura Dura ( Reprise ) – 1 : 36
= = = = Charts = = = =
= = = Other notable cover versions = = =
In 1983 , Slingshot hit number one on the Billboard Dance / Disco charts with " Do It again / Billie Jean Medley " . British funk group Linx recorded the track in 1997 and retitled it " Billie Jean Got Soul " . Their cover peaked at number 34 in Sweden .
English musician Ian Brown took " Billie Jean " to number 5 on the UK charts in 2000 . It was the B @-@ side of " Dolphins Were Monkeys " . Brown later commented , " I love Jackson . I want to do a Jackson EP with ' Thriller ' , ' Beat It ' , ' Billie Jean ' and ' Rockin ' Robin ' or ' ABC ' on it . Hopefully I 'll get it done " . The singer later covered " Thriller " on Golden Gaze , from his second solo album , Golden Greats .
" Billie Jean " was recorded by American rock musician Chris Cornell for his Carry On album in 2007 . Cornell said of his cover , " I didn 't plan on it . It just sort of happened organically . I changed the music quite a bit , I didn 't touch the lyrics . " He added , " And it 's not a joke . I took a completely different approach to it , musically . " Cornell had previously performed the song live in Europe , including an acoustic set in Stockholm , Sweden in September 2006 . He later said , " I was getting ready to do some acoustic shows on a promotional tour for Revelations and I just wanted to have fun with it . " The cover received favorable reviews from critics . MTV noted the " bluesier , more pained and impassioned feel " which stripped away " any pop elements of the original " . Los Angeles Times described the track as " a grim , spooky take " on Jackson 's " Billie Jean " , and added that it was " amusing enough , even if it sounds a lot more like Metallica 's ' Nothing Else Matters ' " . The newspaper concluded that " Jacko 's mega hit [ survived ] the stunt translation " . In 2008 , Cornell 's version was performed live by David Cook on the seventh season of American Idol , and this version charted on Billboard 's Hot 100 at No. 47 . In May of the same year , dance act Signature used " Nachna Onda Nei " on Britain 's Got Talent in their audition and again in their final performance . In 2011 , Patrick Stump covered the song in an a cappella mash @-@ up tribute to Jackson along with several other songs over pre @-@ recorded backing vocals .
= = Legacy = =
" Billie Jean " aided Thriller in becoming the biggest selling album of all time and has been referenced by performers such as Justin Timberlake , Chris Brown and Usher . The Guardian reflected that " more thought went into the production of this single than would go into the entire recording careers of Axl Rose , Coldplay , Shania Twain or Gwen Stefani . " The song and accompanying performances contributed to Jackson 's status as a legendary pop icon .
It was popularly believed that " Billie Jean " was an autobiographical song , referring to someone who claimed Jackson was the father of her child . Based on this theory , Lydia Murdock wrote the song " Superstar " , which was a minor hit in 1983 , intending this song as a criticism of Jackson 's purported denial of paternity .
Frequently listed in magazine polls of the best songs ever made , " Billie Jean " was named the greatest dance record of all time by BBC Radio 2 listeners . In a list compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV in 2000 , the song was ranked as the sixth greatest pop song since 1963 .
Rolling Stone placed the song at # 58 on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 2010 ) . Billie Jean was voted number 2 in the ' The Nation 's Favourite Number 1 Single " , a British TV programme airing on ITV on 21 July 2012 . The British public had to choose their favourite number one from the past 60 years of music . " Bohemian Rhapsody " by Queen was voted the favourite . In a similar poll in 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's second favourite 1980s number one , being beaten to first place by " Every Breath You Take " by The Police .
In 2013 , WatchMojo.com ranked " Billie Jean " as the best Michael Jackson song . Users of the site cast their votes online . According to the host Rebecca Brayton she commented , " Its perfect blend of dance , pop and R & B cemented Jackson 's place in music history while its video helped popularize MTV and shatter racial boundaries . "
In an interview , Pharrell Williams stated that " Billie Jean " was one of his favorite songs . " It is hard to say if there is a greater song than " Billie Jean " . I think there will never be a song like this one again , with this bassline , with this kind of effect , this eternalness , this perfection . " The song has featured in the film Charlie 's Angels and the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City . When re @-@ released as part of the Visionary campaign in 2006 , " Billie Jean " charted at No. 11 in the UK . It remained in the top 200 for over 40 weeks and was the most successful reissue by some distance . To this day , " Billie Jean " is still in heavy rotation ; it is played on over 90 % of the world 's radios and receives more than 250 @,@ 000 spins per week in clubs around the world .
= = Personnel = =
Michael Jackson – songwriting , composition , vocals arrangement , rhythm arrangement , lead vocals , background vocals .
Leon Ndugu Chancler – drums
Louis Johnson – bass guitar
David Williams – guitar
Michael Boddicker – E @-@ mu Emulator
Greg Smith – synthesizer
Bill Wolfer – synthesizer and synthesizer programming
Jerry Hey – string arrangement
Jeremy Lubbock – string conducting
Bruce Swedien – mixing
= = Charts and sales = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
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= Lajjun =
Lajjun ( Arabic : اللجّون , al @-@ Lajjûn ) was a Palestinian Arab village located 16 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) in Mandatory Palestine , northwest of Jenin and 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) south of the remains of the biblical city of Megiddo . Named after an early Roman legion camp in Syria Palaestina province called " Legio " , located at the village site , Lajjun 's history of habitation spanned some 2 @,@ 000 years . Under Abbasid rule it was the capital of a subdistrict , during Mamluk rule , it served as an important station in the postal route and during Ottoman rule , it was the capital of a district that bore its name . After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire towards the end of World War I , Lajjun and all of Palestine was placed under the administration of the British Mandate . The village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War , when it was captured by Israel . Most of its residents subsequently fled and settled in the nearby city of Umm al @-@ Fahm .
= = Etymology = =
The name Lajjun derives from the Roman name Legio , referring to the Roman legion stationed there . In the 3rd century , the town was renamed Maximianopolis ( " City of Maximian " ) by Diocletian in honor of Maximian , his co @-@ emperor , but the inhabitants continued to use the old name . Under the Caliphate , the name was Arabicized into al @-@ Lajjûn or el @-@ Lejjûn , which was used until the Crusaders conquered Palestine in 1099 . The Crusaders restored the Roman name " Legio " , and introduced new names such as Ligum and le Lyon , but after the town was reconquered by the Muslims in 1187 , " al @-@ Lajjun " once again became its name .
= = History = =
= = = Antiquity = = =
Lajjun is about 1 kilometer ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) south of Tel Megiddo , also called Tell al @-@ Mutasallim , which is identified with ancient Megiddo . During the rule of the Canaanites and then the Israelites , Megiddo , located on the military road leading from Asia to Egypt and in a commanding situation , was heavily fortified by both peoples . After the Bar Kochba Revolt — a Jewish uprising against the Roman — had been suppressed in 135 CE , the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered a second Roman legion , Legio VI Ferrata , ( " Ironclad " ) , to be stationed in the north of the country to guard the Wadi Ara region , a crucial line of communication between the coastal plain of Palestine and the Jezreel Valley . The place where it established its camp was known as Legio . Then in the 3rd century CE , when the army was removed , Legio became a city and its name was augmented with the adjectival Maximianopolis .
= = = Early Muslim period = = =
Some Muslim historians believe the site of the Battle of Ajnadayn between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantines in 634 CE was at Lajjun . Following the Muslim victory , Lajjun , along with most of Palestine , and southern Syria were incorporated into the Caliphate . According to medieval geographers Estakhri and Ibn Hawqal , Lajjun was the northernmost town of Jund Filastin ( military district of Palestine ) .
The 10th @-@ century Persian geographer Ibn al @-@ Faqih wrote of a local legend related by the people of Lajjun regarding the source of the abundant spring used as the town 's primary water source over the ages :
there is just outside al @-@ Lajjun a large stone of round form , over which is built a dome , which they call the Mosque of Abraham . A copious stream of water flows from under the stone and it is reported that Abraham struck the stone with his staff , and there immediately flowed from it water enough to suffice for the supply of the people of the town , and also to water their lands . The spring continues to flow down to the present day .
In 940 , Ibn Ra 'iq , during his conflict over control of Syria with the Ikhshidids of Egypt , fought against them in an indecisive battle at Lajjun . During the battle , Abu Nasr al @-@ Husayn — the Ikhshidid general and brother of the Ikhshidid ruler , Muhammad ibn Tughj — was killed . Ibn Ra 'iq was remorseful at the sight of Husayn 's dead body and offered his seventeen @-@ year @-@ old son , Abu 'l @-@ Fath Muzahim , to Ibn Tughj " to do with him whatever they saw fit " . Ibn Tughj was honored by Ibn Ra 'iq 's gesture ; instead of executing Muzahim , he gave the latter several gifts and robes , then married him to his daughter Fatima .
In 945 , the Hamdanids of Aleppo and the Ikhshidids fought a battle in Lajjun . It resulted in an Ikhshidid victory putting a halt to Hamdanid expansion southward under the leadership of Sayf al @-@ Dawla . The Jerusalemite geographer , al @-@ Muqaddasi , wrote in 985 that Lajjun was " a city on the frontier of Palestine , and in the mountain country ... it is well situated and is a pleasant place " . Moreover , it was the center of a nahiya ( subdistrict ) of Jund al @-@ Urdunn , which also included the towns of Nazareth and Jenin .
= = = Crusader , Ayyubid and Mamluk periods = = =
When the Crusaders invaded and conquered the Levant from the Fatimids in 1099 , al @-@ Lajjun 's Roman name , " Legio " , was restored and the town formed a part of the lordship of Caesarea . During this time , Christian settlement in Legio grew significantly . John of Ibelin records that the community " owed the service of 100 sergeants " . Bernard , the archbishop of Nazareth granted some of the tithes of Legio to the hospital of the monastery of St. Mary in 1115 , then in 1121 , he extended the grant to include all of Legio , including its church as well as the nearby village of Ti 'inik . By 1147 , the de Lyon family controlled Legio , but by 1168 , the town was held by Payen , the lord of Haifa . Legio had markets , a town oven and held other economic activities during this era . In 1182 , the Ayyubids raided Legio , and in 1187 , it was captured by them under the leadership of Saladin 's nephew Husam ad @-@ Din ' Amr and consequently its Arabic name was restored .
In 1226 , Arab geographer Yaqut al @-@ Hamawi writes of the Mosque of Abraham in Lajjun , the town 's " copious stream " , and that it was a " part of the Jordan Province " . A number of Muslim kings and prominent persons passed through the village , including Ayyubid sultan al @-@ Kamil , who gave his daughter ' Ashura ' in marriage to his nephew while visiting the town in 1231 . The Ayyubids ceded Lajjun to the Crusaders in 1241 , but it fell to the Mamluks under Baibars in 1263 . A year later , a party of Templars and Hospitallers raided Lajjun and took 300 men and women captives to Acre . In the treaty between Sultan Qalawun and the Crusaders on 4 June 1283 , Lajjun was listed as the Mamluk territory .
By 1300 , the the Levant was entirely in Mamluk hands and divided into several provinces . Lajjun became the center of a nahiya ( subdistrict ) in the province of Safad , encompassing the villages of al @-@ Ashir , Kawkab al @-@ Hawa , and Jenin . The Mamluks fortified it in the 15th century and the town became a major staging post on the postal route ( braid ) between Egypt and Damascus .
= = = Ottoman era = = =
= = = = Early rule and the Tarabay family = = = =
The Ottoman Empire conquered most of Palestine from the Mamluks after the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1517 . As the army of Sultan Selim I moved south towards Egypt , Tarabay ibn Qaraja , chieftain of the Bani Hareth , a Bedouin tribe from the Hejaz , supported them by contributing guides and scouts . When the Mamluks were completely uprooted and Selim returned to Istanbul , the Tarabays were granted the territory of Lajjun . The town eventually became the capital of the Sanjak ( " District " ) of Lajjun , which was a part of the province of Damascus , and encompassed the Jezreel Valley , northern Samaria , and a part of the north @-@ central coastline of Palestine as its territory . It was composed of four nahiyas ( " sub @-@ districts " ) ( Jinin , Sahel Atlit , Sa 'ra , and Shafa ) , and encompassed a total of 55 villages , including Haifa , Jenin , and Baysan .
After a short period in which the Tarabays were in a state of rebellion , tensions suddenly died down and the Ottomans appointed Ali ibn Tarabay as the governor of Lajjun in 1559 . His son Assaf Tarabay ruled Lajjun from 1571 to 1583 . During his reign , he extended Tarabay power and influence to Sanjak Nablus . In 1579 , Assaf , referred to as the " Sanjaqbey of al @-@ Lajjun , " is mentioned as the builder of a mosque in the nearby village of al @-@ Tira . Assaf was deposed and banished in 1583 to the island of Rhodes . Six years later , in 1589 , he was pardoned and resettled in the town . At the time , an impostor also named Assaf , had attempted to seize control of Sanjak Lajjun . Known later as Assaf al @-@ Kadhab ( " Assaf the Liar " ) , he was arrested and executed in Damascus where he traveled in attempt to confirm his appointment as governor of the district . In 1596 , Lajjun was a part of the nahiya of Sha 'ra and paid taxes on a number of crops , including wheat , barley , as well as goats , beehives and water buffaloes .
Assaf Tarabay was not reinstated as governor , but Lajjun remained in Tarabay hands , under the rule of Governor Tarabay ibn Ali who was succeeded upon his death by his son Ahmad in 1601 , who also ruled until his death in 1657 . Ahmad , known for his courage and hospitality , helped the Ottomans defeat the rebel Janbulad and gave shelter to Yusuf Sayfa — Janbulad 's principal rival . Ahmad , in coordination with the governors of Gaza ( the Ridwan family ) and Jerusalem ( the Farrukh family ) , also fought against Fakhr ad @-@ Din II in a prolonged series of battles , which ended with the victory of the Tarabay @-@ Ridwan @-@ Farrukh alliance after their forces routed Fakhr ad @-@ Din 's army at the al @-@ Auja river in central Palestine in 1623 .
The Ottoman authorities of Damascus expanded Ahmad 's fief as a token of gratitude . Ahmad 's son Zayn Tarabay ruled Lajjun for a brief period until his death in 1660 . He was succeeded by Ahmad 's brother Muhammad Tarabay , who — according to his French secretary — had good intentions for governing Lajjun , but was addicted to opium and as a result had been a weak leader . After his death in 1671 , other members of the Tarabay family ruled Lajjun until 1677 when the Ottomans replaced them with a government officer . The main reason behind the Ottoman abandonment of the Tarabays was that their larger tribe , the Bani Hareth , migrated east of Lajjun to the eastern banks of the Jordan River . Later during this century , Sheikh Ziben , ancestor to the Arrabah @-@ based Abd al @-@ Hadi clan , became the leader of Sanjak Lajjun . When Henry Maundrell visited in 1697 , he described the place as " an old village near which was a good khan .
= = = = Later Ottoman rule = = = =
By the 18th @-@ century , Lajjun was replaced by Jenin as the administrative capital of the sanjak which now included the Sanjak of Ajlun . By the 19th @-@ century it was renamed Sanjak Jenin , although Ajlun was separated from it . Zahir al @-@ Umar , who became the effective ruler of the Galilee for a short period during the second half of the 18th @-@ century , was reported to have used cannons against Lajjun in the course of his campaign between 1771 @-@ 1773 to capture Nablus . It is possible that this attack led to the village 's decline in the years that followed . By that time , Lajjun 's influence was diminished by the increasing strength of Acre 's political power and Nablus 's economic muscle .
Edward Robinson visited in 1838 , and noted that the khan , which Maundrell commented on , was for the accommodation of the caravans passing on the great road between Egypt and Damascus which Lajjun comes over the hills from the western plain along the coast and enters that of Esdraelon . When the British consul James Finn visited the area in the mid @-@ 19th century , he did not see a village . The authors of the Survey of Western Palestine also noticed a khan , however , south of the ruins of Lajjun in the early 1880s .
In the late 19th @-@ century , Arabs from Umm al @-@ Fahm migrated to al @-@ Lajjun to make use of its farmland . Gradually , they settled in the village , building their houses around the springs , especially next to the khan . When the massive mound at nearby Tall al @-@ Mutasallim ( ancient Megiddo ) was excavated by German archaeologists in 1903 , some of the inhabitants of Lajjun reused stones from the ancient structure that had been unearthed to build new housing .
= = = British Mandate period = = =
More people moved to Lajjun during the British mandate period , particularly in the late thirties , due to the British crackdown on participants in the 1936 – 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine . The tomb of Yusuf Hamdan , a local leader of the revolt , is located in the village . Lajjun 's economy grew rapidly as a result of the influx of the additional population . As the village expanded , it was divided into three quarters , one to the east , one to the west , and another known as Khirbat al @-@ Khan . Each quarter was inhabited by one or more hamulas ( " clans " ) ; the al @-@ Mahajina al @-@ Tahta and al @-@ Ghubariyya clans , the al @-@ Jabbarin and al @-@ Mahamid clans , and the al @-@ Mahajina al @-@ Fawqa clan .
Lajjun had a school that was founded in 1937 and that had an enrollment of 83 in 1944 . It was located in the quarter belonging to the al @-@ Mahajina al @-@ Fawqa clan , that is , in Khirbat al @-@ Khan . In 1943 one of the large landowners in the village financed the construction of a mosque , built of white stone , in the al @-@ Ghubariyya ( eastern ) quarter . Another mosque was also established in the al @-@ Mahamid quarter during the same period , and was financed by the residents themselves .
There was a small market place in the village , as well as six grain mills ( powered by the numerous springs and wadis in the vicinity ) , and a health center . The various quarters of Lajjun had many shops . A bus company was established in Lajjun by a villager from Umm al @-@ Fahm ; the bus line served Umm al @-@ Fahm , Haifa , and a number of villages , such as Zir 'in . In 1937 , the line had seven buses . Subsequently , the company was licensed to serve Jenin also , and acquired the name of " al @-@ Lajjun Bus Company " .
= = = 1948 War = = =
Lajjun was allotted to the Arab state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan . The village was defended by the Arab Liberation Army ( ALA ) . It was first assaulted by the Haganah on April 13 , during the battle around kibbutz Mishmar HaEmek . ALA commander Fawzi al @-@ Qawuqji claimed Jewish forces ( " Haganah " ) had attempted to reach the crossroads at Lajjun in an outflanking operation , but the attack failed . The New York Times reported that twelve Arabs were killed and fifteen wounded during that Haganah offensive . Palmach units of the Haganah raided and blew up most of Lajjun on the night of April 15 – 16 .
On April 17 , it was occupied by the Haganah . According to the newspaper , Lajjun was the " most important place taken by the Jews , whose offensive has carried them through ten villages south and east of Mishmar Ha 'emek . " The report added that women and children had been removed from the village and that 27 buildings in the village were blown up by the Haganah . However , al @-@ Qawuqji states that attacks resumed on May 6 , when ALA positions in the area of Lajjun were attacked by Haganah forces . The ALA 's Yarmouk Battalion and other ALA units drove back their forces , but two days later , the ALA commander reported that the Haganah was " trying to cut off the Lajjun area from Tulkarm in preparation of seizing Lajjun and Jenin ... "
On May 30 , 1948 , in the first stage of the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War , Lajjun was captured by Israel 's Golani Brigade in Operation Gideon . The capture was particularly important for the Israelis because of its strategic location at the entrance of the Wadi Ara , which thus , brought their forces closer to Jenin . During the second truce between Israel and the Arab coalition , in early September , a United Nations official fixed the permanent truce line in the area of Lajjun , according to press reports . A 500 @-@ yard strip was established on both sides of the line in which Arabs and Jews were allowed to harvest their crops . Lajjun was used as transit place by the Israel Defense Forces to transfer 1 @,@ 400 Arab women , children and elderly from Ijzim , who then were sent on foot to Jenin .
Walid Khalidi describes the remains of Lajjun :
Only the white stone mosque , one village mill , the village health center , and a few partially destroyed houses remain on the site . The mosque has been converted into a carpentry workshop and one of the houses has been made into a chicken coop . The health center and grain mill are deserted , and the school is gone . The cemetery remains , but it is in a neglected state ; the tomb of Yusuf al @-@ Hamdan , a prominent nationalist who fell in the 1936 revolt , is clearly visible . The surrounding lands are planted with almond trees , wheat , and barley ; they also contain animal sheds , a fodder plant , and a pump installed on the spring of ' Ayn al @-@ Hajja . The site is tightly fenced in and entry is blocked .
= = = Post @-@ 1948 = = =
Kibbutz Megiddo was built on some of Lajjun 's village lands . A few of the buildings from Lajjun still stand within the kibbutz grounds , including the mosque known as the " White " which was built in 1943 . Today the building is a carpentry shop . Andrew Petersen , inspecting the place in 1993 , noted that the principal extant buildings at the site are the khan and a bridge . The bridge , which crosses a major tributary of the Kishon River , is approximately 4 meters ( 13 ft ) wide and 16 meters ( 52 ft ) to 20 meters ( 66 ft ) long . It is carried on three arches , the north side has been robbed of its outer face , while the south side is heavily overgrown with vegetation . According to Petersen , the bridge was already in ruins when drawn by William Charles Wilson in the 1870s . The khan is located on a low hill 150 meters ( 490 ft ) to the southwest of the bridge . It is a square enclosure measuring approximately 30 meters ( 98 ft ) per side with a central courtyard . The ruins are covered with vegetation , and only the remains of one room is visible .
= = Geography = =
Lajjun is situated on an elevated hill with an altitude of 150 meters above sea level , located on the southwestern edge of the Jezreel Valley ( Marj ibn Amer ) . The village is located on both the banks of Wadi al @-@ Lajjun , with Jenin and the entire valley visible from it . It is bordered by Tall al @-@ Mutsallem to the northeast , and by Tall al @-@ Asmar to the northwest . Lajjun , which was linked by secondary roads to the Jenin @-@ Haifa road , and the road that led southwest to the town of Umm al @-@ Fahm , laid close to the junctions of the two highways . The main spring that supplied the village with water was Ayn al @-@ Hajja .
Lajjun was located 16 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) northwest of Jenin and according to al @-@ Hamawi , roughly 32 kilometers ( 20 mi ) southwest of Tabariyyah and 64 kilometers ( 40 mi ) north of Ramla . Nearby localities included , the destroyed village of Ayn al @-@ Mansi to the northwest , and the surviving villages of Zalafa to the south , Baiada and Musheirifa to the southwest , and Zububa ( part of the Palestinian territories ) to the southeast . The largest town near al @-@ Lajjun was Umm al @-@ Fahm , to the south .
Lajjun , Umm al @-@ Fahm and seven hamlets had a total land area of 77 @.@ 24 square kilometres ( 29 @.@ 82 sq mi ) , of which 68 @.@ 3 square kilometres ( 26 @.@ 4 sq mi ) was Arab @-@ owned , and the remainder being public property . There was a total of 50 km2 ( 12 @,@ 000 acres ) of land that was cultivated ; 4 @.@ 3 km2 ( 1 @,@ 100 acres ) were used for plantations and irrigated , and 44 @.@ 6 km2 ( 11 @,@ 000 acres ) were planted with cereals ( wheat and barley ) . The built @-@ up area of the villages was 0 @.@ 128 km2 ( 32 acres ) , most of it being in Umm al @-@ Fahm and Lajjun .
= = Demographics = =
During early Ottoman rule , in 1596 , Lajjun had a population of 226 people . In the British Mandate census in 1922 , there were 417 inhabitants . In the 1931 census of Palestine , the population had more than doubled to 857 , of which 829 were Muslims , 26 were Christians , as well as two Jews . In that year , there were 162 houses in the village . At the end of 1940 , Lajjun had 1 @,@ 103 inhabitants .
The prominent families of al @-@ Lajjun were the Jabbarin , Ghubayriyya , Mahamid and the Mahajina . Around 80 % of its inhabitants fled to Umm al @-@ Fahm , where they currently live as Arab citizens of Israel and internally displaced Palestinians .
= = Culture = =
Local tradition centered on Ayn al @-@ Hajja , the spring of Lajjun , date back to the 10th century CE when the village was under Islamic rule . According to geographers of that century , as well as the 12th century , the legend was that under the Mosque of Abraham , a " copious stream flowed " which formed immediately after the prophet Abraham struck the stone with his staff . Abraham had entered the town with his flock of sheep on his way towards Egypt , and the people of the village informed him that the village possessed only small quantities of water , thus Abraham should pass on the village to another . According to the legend , Abraham was commanded to strike the rock , resulting in water " bursting out copiously " . From then , the village orchards and crops were well @-@ irrigated and the people satisfied with a surplus of drinking water from the spring .
In Lajjun there are tombs for two Mamluk @-@ era Muslim relics who were from the village . The holy men were Ali Shafi 'i who died in 1310 and Ali ibn Jalal who died in 1400 .
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= John S. Clark =
John S. Clark ( 21 March 1885 – 1 June 1956 ) was a Scottish @-@ born Australian entomologist and myrmecologist known for his study of Australian ants . Born in Glasgow , he developed an interest in entomology at a young age . Clark first arrived in Australia in 1905 and originally worked for the state railways in Queensland . He developed an interest in ants shortly afterwards , collecting his first specimens in North Queensland . He married his first wife , Maggie Forbes in 1908 , bearing four children , until her death in 1935 . He married his second wife , Phyllis Marjorie Claringbulls in 1939 and had two daughters with her until she committed suicide in 1943 . As a result , Clark sent his daughters to an orphanage .
In 1919 , Clark worked as the assistant to the entomologist on probation in the Western Australian Department of Agriculture , but in 1920 , he took on this position full @-@ time . He started to publish his first articles about pest insects and ants from 1921 ; in 1926 he became an entomologist at the National Museum in Melbourne , remaining there for 20 years . Clark continued to publish more articles until he resigned from the National Museum of Victoria in 1944 . Living in poverty , Clark lived a reclusive life , publishing his last book in 1951 . He died on 1 June 1956 at the age of 71 , survived by his six children . One of Clark 's most notable achievements was describing Nothomyrmecia macrops , the most primitive living ant . Several ants have been named after him in recognition of his contributions .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
John S. Clark was born on 21 March 1885 in Glasgow , Scotland , to parents James Souttar Clark , a coach @-@ painter , and Maggie Clark ( née Scott ) . At an early age , Clark had an interest in entomology throughout his years in Glasgow and adult life in Australia . Clark migrated to Australia in 1905 with little formal education but found himself working for the state railways in Queensland . There , he found an interest in ants and made his first collection of specimens in North Queensland . In May 1908 , Clark married his first wife , Maggie Forbes , at the Cairns Presbyterian Church . After their marriage , they moved to Geraldton in Western Australia , where Clark worked for the railways as a wheelwright . He had one son and three daughters with Forbes ; Forbes would later die from heart disease in 1935 .
= = = Career = = =
Australian entomologist Leslie John William Newman of the Western Australian Department of Agriculture noticed Clark 's enthusiasm for natural history , and on probation , took Clark in as the assistant to the entomologist in 1919 . In 1920 , Clark 's position in the Department of Agriculture was confirmed ; due to this , Clark and his family moved to Perth . He began publishing his first papers discussing the history of entomology in Western Australia in 1921 , and also basic articles about ants , insect pests in Australian forests and myrmecophilous beetles . Three years after his articles were first published , Clark was promoted to assistant @-@ entomologist . Scientists attending the 1926 Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science suggested that Clark should apply for a position as " entomologist " at the National Museum of Victoria , in which he was appointed in late 1926 and began working there in 1927 . After working for the museum , he found museum work " not to his liking " and tried to apply for the post of " economic entomologist " in New Guinea , which at the time was an Australian administered @-@ territory . However , this was unsuccessful for Clark , who would remain at the National Museum of Victoria for nearly 20 years . In 1933 , Clark sold 8 @,@ 000 ant specimens he collected to the museum for about £ 200 .
Following the death of his first wife in 1935 , Clark moved from Hawthorn to Ferntree Gully in Melbourne . A couple of years later in 1939 , he married his second wife , Phyllis Marjorie Claringbull , at the Office of the Government Statist , bearing two more daughters . Claringbull committed suicide in 1943 , three months after she gave birth to her second daughter ; Clark would later send them to an orphanage as he was unable to look after them . Clark 's intemperate attitude to his peers and superiors and lack of qualifications bedevilled his career , although he was welcoming to amateurs . In 1944 , Clark resigned from the National Museum of Victoria after Australian botanist Richard Pescott became the director of the museum . As a result , he moved to Mooroolbark and lived in poverty , losing all of his entitlements . Due to his reputable view as an authority on ants , Clark worked on a monograph of ants in Australia , supported by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation through grants . His first volume was published in 1951 , which covered the Australian bulldog ants ( subfamily Myrmeciinae ) . However , the first volume received poor reviews , and no further volume was released . In fact , it is unknown whether or not any further volume will be released .
= = Research = =
Aside from some papers published discussing myrmecophilous beetles and insect pests in forests , Clark predominately researched and published articles about the taxonomy of Australian ants . All of his articles and monographs were published in Australia . Throughout his career , Clark described around 200 different species of ants , but half of these may be synonyms . He worked and researched with all of the main groups of Australian ants , but his research and revisionary efforts were extensive with members of the former subfamily Cerapachyinae ( now Dorylinae ) , especially those of Phyracaces , the Myrmeciinae , Rhytidoponera and members of the tribe Dolichoderini .
Clark is most notable for describing the dinosaur ant ( Nothomyrmecia macrops ) , which is the most primitive living ant in the world and second most primitive when the fossil record is included . The first collection of Nothomyrmecia was made in December 1931 by Amy Crocker who collected specimens of two worker ants , reportedly near the Russell Range from Israelite Bay in Western Australia . Crocker sent the two specimens to Clark at the museum for study ; in 1934 , Clark published a formal description of Nothomyrmecia as a completely new genus of the Myrmeciinae . He did so because the two specimens ( which then became the syntypes ) bore no resemblance to any ant species he knew of , although they did share similar morphological characteristics with the extinct genus Prionomyrmex . This unusual ant remained unknown to scientists , causing intense scientific interest in the early 1950s . Over three decades , however , teams of Australian and American collectors failed to re @-@ find it after they initiated a series of searches . Then , in 1977 , entomologist Robert Taylor and his party of entomologists from Canberra found a solitary worker ant at Poochera , southeast of Ceduna , some 1 @,@ 300 km ( 810 mi ) from the reported site of the 1931 discovery . After 46 years of searching for it , entomologists have dubbed the ant the " Holy Grail " of myrmecology . Such discovery of Nothomyrmecia and its general nature marks it as one of Clark 's most notable achievements .
= = Death and recognition = =
Clark died at his Mooroolbark home on 1 June 1956 , at the age of 71 . American entomologist William Brown Jr. notes that Clark was living the life of a " recluse " during his declining years . Survived by six children , Clark was buried in Burwood Cemetery . At the time of his death , the majority of his ant collection were housed in the National Museum of Victoria , the Natural History Museum in London and the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge . One of Clark 's daughters , Ellen Clark , was a renowned naturalist . She had worked with her father at the museum in 1940 and was the secretary of the virus department of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research . As well as that , she worked for the Argus and Australasian and published papers on influenza virus research and crustaceans .
A number of ants have been named after Clark . The holotype of Polyrhachis clarki was originally collected by Clark , but it was not described until 2013 . There , the author of the article named the ant after him . Leptogenys clarki is another ant named after Clark for his contributions towards Australian ants , being described by American entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1933 . Ants he collected that bear his name include Dolichoderus clarki , Plagiolepis clarki and Stigmacros clarki .
= = Published works = =
Over the course of his career , Clark published over 35 entomological papers . The following publications are found at the Hymenoptera Online Database :
Books
Clark , J.S. ( 1951 ) . The Formicidae of Australia ( Volume 1 ) . Subfamily Myrmeciinae . ( PDF ) . Melbourne , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1 – 230 .
Journals
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= The Boat Race 1909 =
The 66th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1909 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge were reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race , while Oxford 's heavier crew contained three Olympic gold medallists . In a race umpired by Frederick I. Pitman , Oxford won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 50 seconds . It was their first win in four races and took the overall record to 35 – 30 in their favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1908 race by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , while Oxford led overall with 34 victories to Cambridge 's 30 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , Francis Escombe ( for the sixth consecutive year ) , Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) , W. F. C. Holland who had rowed for Oxford four times between 1887 and 1890 , and Felix Warre ( who had rowed in 1898 and 1899 ) . Cambridge were coached by Stanley Muttlebury , five @-@ time Blue between 1886 and 1890 , and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . For the sixth year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races .
Former rower and author George Drinkwater noted that Oxford had " a considerable wealth of material " at their disposal , while Cambridge had " very good Trial Eights " . He went on to describe Oxford as " a very rough crew " upon arrival at Putney . Conversely , Cambridge " rapidly got together " and despite a late replacement at bow , Cambridge were favourites to win the race .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 8 @.@ 25 lb ( 79 @.@ 8 kg ) , 3 @.@ 25 pounds ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained three rowers with Boat Race experience , including H. E. Kitching , Edward Williams and Douglas Stuart . Oxford saw six crew members return to the boat , including Alister Kirby and Albert Gladstone , both of whom were making their fourth consecutive appearances . Six occupants of the Dark Blue boat were educated at Eton College . Oxford 's number three , Australian Collier Cudmore , was the only non @-@ British participant registered in the race . Three of the Oxford crew who were studying at Magdalen College , Duncan Mackinnon , James Angus Gillan and Cudmore , were gold medallists in the men 's coxless four at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Cambridge 's number five , Edward Gordon Williams , won a bronze medal in the men 's eight in the same Olympiad . Six of the Oxford crew were studying at Magdalen College , while five of Cambridge 's were matriculated at Trinity Hall .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Drinkwater described the conditions as " perfect " and umpire Pitman started the race at 12 : 38 p.m. Both crews made strong starts but Oxford edged ahead and held a third of a length lead after a minute which they extended to a half @-@ length after two minutes . The Cambridge stroke Stuart kept the Light Blue stroke rate high round the bend to the Mile Post and his counterpart Bourne allowed them to draw level by Harrods Furniture Depository .
As the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge , Cambridge held a slender lead . Despite a number of spurts from Oxford , the Light Blues held on to the lead , but relinquished it briefly before Stuart spurted once again as the crews passed into Corney Reach to re @-@ take the lead . Oxford pushed on 300 yards ( 270 m ) before Barnes Bridge and left Cambridge behind " as if standing " . Clear at Barnes Bridge , Oxford extended their lead with every stroke and won by three and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 50 seconds . It was Oxford 's first victory in four years and took the overall record in the event to 35 – 30 in their favour .
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= SpongeBob SquarePants =
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon . The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The series ' popularity has made it a media franchise , as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon , and the most distributed property of MTV Networks . The media franchise has generated $ 8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon .
Many of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which Hillenburg created in 1989 . He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , and turned to Tom Kenny , who had worked with him on that series , to voice the title character . SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy , and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy ! , but these were both changed , as the name was already trademarked .
Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1 , 1999 , following the television airing of the 1999 Kids ' Choice Awards . The series officially premiered on July 17 , 1999 . It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season . A feature film , The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , was released in theaters on November 19 , 2004 , and a sequel was released on February 6 , 2015 . On July 21 , 2012 , the series was renewed and aired its ninth season , beginning with the episode " Extreme Spots " .
The series has won a variety of awards , including six Annie Awards , eight Golden Reel Awards , two Emmy Awards , 12 Kids ' Choice Awards , and two BAFTA Children 's Awards . Despite its widespread popularity , the series has been involved in several public controversies , including one centered on speculation over SpongeBob 's intended sexual orientation , and another focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show 's content since the release of the first film . In 2011 , a newly described species of mushroom , Spongiforma squarepantsii , was named after the cartoon 's title character .
= = Premise = =
= = = Characters = = =
The series revolves around its title character and his various friends . SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge ( although his appearance more closely resembles a kitchen sponge ) who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab . He has a pet snail , Gary , who meows like a cat . Living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star , a dim @-@ witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock . Despite his " mental setbacks " , Patrick still sees himself as intelligent . Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBob 's next @-@ door neighbor and co @-@ worker at the Krusty Krab . Squidward is an arrogant and ill @-@ tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and dislikes his neighbors ( especially SpongeBob ) for their childlike behavior . He enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self @-@ portraits , but hates his job as a cashier .
Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks , a squirrel from Texas . She is a scientist and an expert in karate . She lives in an underwater tree dome ( a tree Sandy brought with her that is entrapped in a clear glass dome locked by a tight , hand @-@ turned seal ) . When outside of her dwelling , she wears an astronaut @-@ like suit because she cannot breathe underwater . Mr. Krabs , a miserly crab obsessed with money , is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBob 's boss . His rival , Plankton , is a small green copepod who owns a low @-@ rank fast @-@ food restaurant called the Chum Bucket , located across the street from the Krusty Krab . Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs ' popular Krabby Patty burgers , so as to gain the upper hand and put the Krusty Krab out of business .
Other recurring characters appear throughout the series , such as SpongeBob 's ever @-@ suffering driving teacher Mrs. Puff ; Mr. Krabs ' whiney teenage whale daughter Pearl ; Plankton 's intelligent yet sarcastic computer wife Karen ; the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon , Larry the Lobster ; a pirate specter known as The Flying Dutchman ; and retired superheroes Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy , who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick .
= = = Setting = = =
The series predominantly takes place in the benthic underwater city of Bikini Bottom which , according to some third @-@ party sources , is located in the Pacific Ocean beneath the real @-@ life coral reef known as Bikini Atoll . In 2015 , Tom Kenny confirmed that the fictitious city was named after Bikini Atoll , but denied an Internet fan theory that connected the series ' characters to actual nuclear testing that occurred in the atoll .
The citizens live in mostly aquatic @-@ themed buildings and use " boatmobiles " , amalgamations of cars and boats , as a mode of transportation . Recurring establishments present in Bikini Bottom include two competing restaurants , the Krusty Krab and the Chum Bucket ; Mrs. Puff 's Boating School ; and Shady Shoals Rest Home . Goo Lagoon , a popular beach hangout , is within the vicinity of the city , as is Jellyfish Fields . There are also a few episodes with businesses such as the grocery store , joke store , and mattress store .
When the crew began production on the pilot , they were tasked with designing the stock locations where " ... the show would return to again and again , and in which most of the action would take place , such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob 's pineapple house " . The idea for the series was " to keep everything nautical " , so the crew used a great amount of rope , wooden planks , ships ' wheels , netting , anchors , boilerplates , and rivets in creating the show 's setting . Bubbles filing up the screen is also a nautical technique used to transition from scene to scene .
The series features " sky flowers " as a main setting material . They first appeared in the pilot and have since become a common feature throughout the series . When series background designer Kenny Pittenger was asked what they were , he answered , " They function as clouds in a way , but since the show takes place underwater , they aren 't really clouds " . Since the series was influenced by tiki , the background painters have to use a lot of pattern . Pittenger said that the sky flowers were meant to " evoke the look of a flower @-@ print Hawaiian shirt " .
= = Development = =
= = = Early inspirations = = =
Series creator Stephen Hillenburg first became fascinated with the ocean as a child . Also at a young age , he began developing his artistic abilities . However , these two interests would not coincide for a long time — the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him . During college , he majored in marine biology and minored in art . After graduating in 1984 , he joined the Ocean Institute , an organization in Dana Point , California , dedicated to educating the public about marine science and maritime history .
While Hillenburg was there , he created a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants : a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which was used by the institute to teach visiting students about the animal life of tide pools . The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms , many of which would evolve into SpongeBob characters . Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published , but none of the companies to which he sent it were interested .
= = = Conception = = =
During his time of employment at the Ocean Institute , Hillenburg attended an animation festival and determined that he wanted to pursue a career in that field . He had already been planning on returning to college for a master 's degree in art . Instead , he chose to study experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts . His thesis film , Wormholes , is about the theory of relativity . It was screened at festivals , and at one of these , Hillenburg met Joe Murray , creator of the popular Nickelodeon animated series , Rocko 's Modern Life . Murray was impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job . Hillenburg joined the series as a director and later , during the fourth season , he took on the roles of producer and creative director .
Martin Olson , one of the writers for Rocko 's Modern Life , read The Intertidal Zone and encouraged Hillenburg to create a television series with a similar concept . At that point , Hillenburg had not even considered creating his own series . However , he realized that if he ever did , this would be the best approach . He began to further develop some of the characters from The Intertidal Zone , including the comic 's " announcer " , Bob the Sponge . He wanted his series to stand out from most popular cartoons of the time , which he felt were exemplified by buddy comedies such as The Ren & Stimpy Show . As a result , Hillenburg decided to focus on one main character : the weirdest sea creature that he could think of . This led him to the sponge . Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge , and at first Hillenburg continued this design . In determining the new character 's personality , Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent , childlike figures that he enjoyed , such as Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy , Jerry Lewis , and Pee @-@ wee Herman . He then considered modeling the character after a kitchen sponge and realized that this idea would perfectly match the character 's square personality .
To voice the central character of the series , Hillenburg turned to Tom Kenny , whose career in animation had started alongside Hillenburg 's on Rocko 's Modern Life . Elements of Kenny 's own personality were employed in further developing the character . Initially , Hillenburg wanted to use the name SpongeBoy — the character would have had no last name , and the series would have been called SpongeBoy Ahoy ! However , the Nickelodeon legal department discovered — after voice acting had been completed for the original seven @-@ minute pilot episode — that the name " SpongeBoy " was already in use for a mop product . Flaming Carrot Comics creator Bob Burden also owned the trademark to a character of the same name . In choosing a replacement name , Hillenburg felt that he still had to use the word " Sponge " , so that viewers would not mistake the character for a " Cheese Man " . He settled on the name " SpongeBob " . " SquarePants " was then chosen as a family name after Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked , " Boy , look at this sponge in square pants , thinking he can get a job in a fast food place . " Hillenburg loved the phrase upon hearing Kenny say it and felt that it would reinforce the character 's nerdiness .
= = = Pitching = = =
In 1997 , while pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives , Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt , brought along an " underwater terrarium with models of the characters " , and played Hawaiian music to set the theme . The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as " pretty amazing " . When they were given money and two weeks to write the pilot episode " Help Wanted " , Derek Drymon , Stephen Hillenberg , and Nick Jennings returned with what was described by Nickelodeon official Albie Hecht as , " a performance [ he ] wished [ he ] had on tape " . Although executive producer Derek Drymon described the pitch as stressful , he said it went " very well " . Kevin Kay and Hecht had to step outside because they were " exhausted from laughing " , which worried the cartoonists .
In an interview , Cyma Zarghami , the current president of Nickelodeon , said , " their [ Nickelodeon executives ' ] immediate reaction was to see it again , both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they 'd ever seen before " . Zarghami was one of four executives in the room when SpongeBob SquarePants was screened for the first time .
= = Production = =
= = = Executive producers and showrunners = = =
Series creator Stephen Hillenburg has served as the executive producer over the course of the series ' entire history , and functioned as the showrunner from the series ' debut in 1999 until 2004 . The series went on hiatus in 2002 , after Hillenburg halted production to work on a feature film of the series , The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . Once the film was finalized and the third season finished , Hillenburg resigned as the series ' showrunner . Although he no longer has a direct role in the production of the series , he still maintains an advisory role and reviews each episode .
When the film was completed , Hillenburg intended for it to be the series finale , " so [ the show ] wouldn 't jump the shark . " However , Nickelodeon wanted more episodes , so Hillenburg appointed Paul Tibbitt , who previously served on the show as a writer , director , and storyboard artist , to take over his role as showrunner and produce further seasons . Hillenburg considered Tibbitt one of his favorite members of the show 's crew , and " totally trusted him " . Tibbitt still holds the showrunner position , and has also functioned as a supervising producer since 2005 and an executive producer since 2008 .
On December 13 , 2014 , it was announced that Hillenburg would return to the series in an unspecified position .
= = = Writing = = =
For SpongeBob SquarePants a team of five outline and premise writers creates the initial storylines . Writer Luke Brookshier said , " SpongeBob is written differently than many television shows " . Writing for an episode of the series starts with a two @-@ page outline . A storyboard director then takes the outline and develops it into a full episode — jokes and dialogue are added during this stage . Another writer for the series , Merriwether Williams , described in an interview that she and Mr. Lawrence would write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4 o 'clock .
Hillenburg decided early on , prior to starting the production of the series , that he wanted SpongeBob SquarePants to be storyboard @-@ driven , rather than script @-@ driven . This required an approach in which artists " would take a skeletal story outline and flesh it out with sight gags , dialogue and a structure that would strike a balance between narrative and whimsy " . Hillenburg originally wanted " a team of young and hungry people " to work on the series . The primary figures , who had previously worked with Hillenburg on Rocko 's Modern Life , consisted of Alan Smart , Nick Jennings , and Derek Drymon . Head writer Steven Banks said , " The writers come up with an idea and write premises and outlines describing the story , and the storyboarders ( who are also writers ) write the dialogue while they draw the storyboard panels . Most other shows are script @-@ driven . We don 't write scripts and that has made all the difference ! "
The writing staff often used their individual life experiences for inspirations to come up with the storylines of the series ' episodes . For example , the episode " Sailor Mouth " , in which SpongeBob and Patrick learn profanity , was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon 's experience of getting in trouble as a child for using the f @-@ word in front of his mother . Drymon said , " The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle , with SpongeBob chasing him , is pretty much how it happened in real life " . The end of the episode , in which Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick , was inspired " by the fact that my [ Drymon 's ] mother has a sailor mouth herself " . The idea for the episode " The Secret Box " also came from one of Drymon 's childhood experiences . Hillenburg explained , " Drymon had a secret box [ as a kid ] and started telling us about it . We wanted to make fun of him and use it . "
Almost every episode is divided into two 11 @-@ minute segments . Hillenburg explained that " [ I ] never really wanted to deliberately try to write a half @-@ hour show " . He added , " I wrote the shows to where they felt right " . Each 11 @-@ minute segment takes about five months to produce .
= = = Voice actors = = =
SpongeBob SquarePants has six main cast members : Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Carolyn Lawrence , and Mr. Lawrence .
Kenny provides the voices of SpongeBob SquarePants , his pet snail Gary , the French Narrator , Harold SquarePants , Patchy the Pirate , and the Dirty Bubble . Kenny previously worked with Hillenburg on Rocko 's Modern Life and , when Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants , he approached Kenny to voice the character . The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor background character in Rocko 's Modern Life . Kenny says that SpongeBob 's high @-@ pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique . They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker .
Fagerbakke voices Patrick Star and other miscellaneous characters . At the same time when Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill were writing the pilot " Help Wanted " , Hillenburg was also conducting auditions to find voices for the characters . Fagerbakke auditioned for the role of Patrick after Kenny had been cast . In an interview , Fagerbakke compared himself to the character and said , " It 's extremely gratifying " . Fagerbakke modeled his performance whenever Patrick is angry after that of American actress Shelley Winters .
Bumpass performs the voice of Squidward Tentacles and other miscellaneous characters . Arthur Brown , author of Everything I Need to Know , I Learned from Cartoons ! , has compared Squidward 's voice to that of Jack Benny 's . Hillenburg originally had Mr. Lawrence in mind for the role of voicing Squidward .
Clancy Brown provides the voice of Mr. Krabs .
Carolyn Lawrence provides the voice of Sandy Cheeks . Lawrence got the role of Sandy when she was in the Los Feliz neighborhood in Los Angeles . She met Donna Grillo , a casting director , on a sidewalk . Lawrence was with a friend who knew Grillo , and she said Lawrence had an interesting voice . Grillo brought in Lawrence to audition and she got the part of Sandy . Lawrence modeled her performance of Sandy after that of American actress Holly Hunter .
Mr. Lawrence voices Plankton . Drymon said , " We knew Doug [ Lawrence ] from Rocko , where he was a storyboard director and where he also did the voice of Filburt . We were showing Doug the storyboard , and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger / Gregory Peck voice . It was really funny , and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time " . Hillenburg loved the voice and decided to give Lawrence the part of series villain , Plankton . Aside from Plankton , Mr. Lawrence also voices recurring characters like Larry Lobster .
Karen , Mrs. Puff , Pearl , and the Flying Dutchman are voiced by Kenny 's wife Jill Talley , Mary Jo Catlett , Lori Alan and Brian Doyle @-@ Murray , respectively . Mr. Krabs ' mother , Mama Krabs , who debuted in the episode " Sailor Mouth " , was voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt . However , voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt 's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode " Enemy In @-@ Law " in 2005 . Tom Kenny portrays Patchy the Pirate , the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club , while series creator Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot . After Hillenburg 's departure as showrunner in 2004 , Tibbitt was given the role in voicing Potty the Parrot .
In addition to the regular cast , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , athletes , authors , musicians , and artists . Recurring guest voices include : Ernest Borgnine , who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his death in 2012 ; Tim Conway as the voice of Barnacle Boy ; and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants . Notable guests who have provided vocal cameo appearances includes David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis , Johnny Depp as the voice of the surf guru , Jack Kahuna Laguna , in the episode " SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One " , and Victoria Beckham as the voice of Queen Amphitrite in the episode " The Clash of Triton " .
Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors , which Kenny describes as " getting more unusual " . Kenny said , " That 's another thing that 's given SpongeBob its special feel . Everybody 's in the same room , doing it old radio @-@ show style . It 's how the stuff we like was recorded " . Series writer Jay Lender said , " The recording sessions were always fun ... " For the first three seasons , Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio , and they directed the actors . In the fourth season , Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director . Wednesday is recording day , the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999 . Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said , " I loved Wednesdays " .
= = = Animation = = =
Approximately 50 people work together in animating and producing an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants . Throughout its run , production of the series has been handled domestically at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank , California , while the finished animation has been created overseas at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea . Storyboarding for each episode is done by the crew in California . The storyboards are then used as templates by the crew in Korea , who animate by hand , color cels on computers , and paint backgrounds . Episodes are finished in California , where they are edited and have music added . Every season , character designs are updated or modified to solve technical issues in the animation .
During the first season , the series used cel animation . A shift was made the following year to digital ink and paint animation . In 2009 , executive producer Paul Tibbitt said " The first season of SpongeBob was done the old @-@ fashioned way on cells , and every cell had to be part @-@ painted , left to dry , paint some other colours . It 's still a time @-@ consuming aspect of the process now , but the digital way of doing things means it doesn 't take long to correct " .
In 2008 , the crew shifted to using Wacom Cintiqs for the drawings instead of pencils . The fifth season episode " Pest of the West " was the first episode in the series to which the crew applied this method . Series background designer Kenny Pittenger said , " The only real difference between the way we draw now and the way we drew then is that we abandoned pencil and paper during the fifth season " . The crew began the shift while they were working on the episode . Pittenger said , " It was while we were working on ' Pest of the West ' , one of the half @-@ hour specials , that we made the switch ... did you notice ? " The shift to Wacom Cintiqs let the designers and animators draw on computer screens and make immediate changes or undo mistakes . Pittenger said , " Many neo @-@ Luddites — er ... I mean , many of my cohorts — don 't like working on them , but I find them useful . There 's no substitute for the immediacy of drawing on a piece of paper , of course , but digital nautical nonsense is still pretty fun " .
A stop @-@ motion opening sequence for the series ' 10th anniversary special was created by LA @-@ based animation studio Screen Novelties . The group was re @-@ enlisted a few years later to produce the eighth season episode " It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! " This was the first full @-@ length episode in the series to be produced in stop motion animation . Mark Caballero , Seamus Walsh , and Christopher Finnegan of Screen Novelties animated the episode , and Caballero and Walsh also served as its directors .
= = = Music = = =
The theme song was composed by Mark Harrison and Blaise Smith , while the lyrics to the song were written by series creator Stephen Hillenburg and the series ' original creative director Derek Drymon . The melody was inspired by the sea shanty " Blow the Man Down " . An old oil painting of a pirate is used in the opening sequence . It has been dubbed " Painty the Pirate " , and according to Tom Kenny , Hillenburg found it in a thrift shop " years ago " . Patrick Pinney gives voice to Painty the Pirate , singing the theme song as the character . Hillenburg 's lips were imposed onto the painting and move along with the lyrics . Kenny joked that this is " about as close of a glimpse as most SpongeBob fans are ever going to get of Steve Hillenburg " , because of Hillenburg 's private nature .
A cover of the song by Avril Lavigne can be found on the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack . Another cover by the Violent Femmes aired on Nickelodeon as a promotion for the series moving to prime time .
Steve Belfer , one of Hillenburg 's friends from CalArts , wrote and performed the music that is played over the end credits . This theme includes ukulele music , per Hillenburg 's request . Drymon said , " It 's so long ago , it 's hard to be sure , but I remember Hillenburg having the Belfer music early on , maybe before the pilot " .
The series ' music editor and main composer is Nicolas Carr . After working with Hillenburg on Rocko 's Modern Life , Carr struggled to find a new job in his field . He had been considering a career change when Hillenburg offered him the job . The first season 's score primarily featured selections from the Associated Production Music Library , which Carr has said includes " lots of great old corny Hawaiian music and big , full , dramatic orchestral scores . " Rocko 's Modern Life also used music from this library . It was Hillenburg 's decision to adopt the approach . The selections for SpongeBob SquarePants have been described by Carr as being " more over @-@ the @-@ top " than those for Rocko 's Modern Life .
Hillenburg also felt that it was important for the series to develop its own music library , consisting of scores that could be reused and re @-@ edited throughout the years . He wanted these scores to be composed by unknowns , and a group of twelve was assembled . They formed " The Sponge Divers Orchestra " , which includes Carr and Belfer . This group went on to provide the majority of the music for later seasons , although Carr still draws from the Associated Production Music Library , as well as another library that he founded himself — Animation Music Inc .
= = Broadcast = =
= = = Episodes = = =
= = = Tenth anniversary = = =
Nickelodeon began celebrating the 10th anniversary of the series on January 18 , 2009 with a live cast reading of the episode " SpongeBob vs. The Big One " . The reading — a first for the series — was held at that year 's Sundance Film Festival . The episode , which would not premiere on TV until April 17 , featured Johnny Depp as a guest star . Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series ( spongebob.com ) and the introduction of new merchandising . A " SpongeBob and water conservation @-@ themed element " was also added to Nickelodeon 's pro @-@ social campaign The Big Green Help . In an interview , Tom Kenny said , " What I 'm most proud of is that kids still really like [ SpongeBob SquarePants ] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes . People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it 's funny . That 's the loving cup for me " .
Three nights before the official anniversary date , an hour @-@ long documentary of the series , Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants , premiered on VH1 . Critically acclaimed duo Patrick Creadon and Christine O 'Malley created the film as a followup to I.O.U.S.A. – a documentary on America 's financial situation . Creadon remarked , " After spending two years examining the financial health of the United States , Christine and I were ready to tackle something a little more upbeat . Telling the SpongeBob story feels like the perfect fit . " On Friday July 17 , Nickelodeon marked the official anniversary of the series , with a 50 @-@ hour television marathon titled " The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend " . The marathon began with a new episode , " To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants " . Saturday saw a countdown of the top ten episodes as picked by fans , as well as an airing of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . The marathon finished on Sunday , which saw a countdown of episodes as picked by celebrities , as well as the premiere of ten new episodes .
Nickelodeon continued celebrating the anniversary through the rest of the year . An eight @-@ episode DVD set featuring " To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants " shortly followed the marathon , with a July 21 release . Next a 2 @,@ 200 minute , 14 @-@ disc DVD set titled The First 100 Episodes was released on September 22 . Finally , on November 6 , an hour @-@ long television film , titled Truth or Square , debuted on Nickelodeon . The film is narrated by Ricky Gervais and features live action cameo appearances by Rosario Dawson , Craig Ferguson , Will Ferrell , Tina Fey , LeBron James , P ! nk , Triumph the Insult Comic Dog , and Robin Williams . It was released as part of a five @-@ episode DVD set on November 10 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings and run @-@ length achievements = = =
Within its first month on air , SpongeBob SquarePants overtook Pokémon 's position as the highest rated Saturday @-@ morning children 's series . It held an average national Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 9 among children aged two through eleven , denoting 1 @.@ 9 million viewers . Two years later , the series had firmly established itself as Nickelodeon 's second highest rated children 's program , after Rugrats . It had gained a significant adult audience by that point – nearly 40 percent of the series ' 2 @.@ 2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34 . That year , 2001 , Nickelodeon took the " Saturday @-@ morning ratings crown " for the fourth straight season . In response to this weekend @-@ found success , the studio gave SpongeBob SquarePants time slots at 6 PM and 8 PM , Monday through Thursday , to increase exposure of the series . By the end of that year SpongeBob SquarePants boasted the highest ratings for any children 's series , not only on Nickelodeon , but on all of television . Weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million , at least five million of which were adults .
In October 2002 , another Nickelodeon series titled The Fairly OddParents ranked as the No. 2 program for children between 2 and 11 years old . Its ratings at that time were almost equal to SpongeBob SquarePants ' then @-@ average of 2 @.@ 2 million viewers per episode . The Fairly OddParents even briefly surpassed SpongeBob SquarePants , causing the latter series to drop into second place — at this time The Fairly OddParents had a 6 @.@ 2 rating and nearly 2 @.@ 5 million child viewers , while SpongeBob SquarePants had a 6 @.@ 0 rating and 2 @.@ 4 million kids 2 – 11 . Nickelodeon " recognized " The Fairly OddParents for its climbing ratings and installed it into a new 8 P.M. time slot , previously occupied by SpongeBob SquarePants . In an interview , Cyma Zarghami , then @-@ general manager and executive vice president of Nickelodeon , said , " Are we banking on the fact that Fairly OddParents will be the next SpongeBob ? ... We are hoping . But SpongeBob is so unique , it 's hard to say if it will ever be repeated " .
However , in 2012 , it was reported that the series ' ratings were declining . The average number of viewers aged 2 to 11 watching SpongeBob at any given time dropped 29 % in the first quarter from a year earlier , according to Nielsen . Wall Street Journal business writer John Jannarone suggested that the age of the series and oversaturation of the series might be contributing to the decline of the series ' ratings , and might also be directly responsible for the decline in Nickelodeon 's overall ratings . Media analyst Todd Juenger directly attributes the decline in Nickelodeon 's ratings to the availability of streaming video content on services like Netflix , a provider of on @-@ demand Internet streaming media .
Philippe Dauman , the president and CEO of Viacom , contradicted the notion , saying he did not think " the limited amount of Nick library content on Netflix ... has had a significant impact " . A Nickelodeon spokesman said SpongeBob is performing consistently well and remains the number one rated animated series in all of children 's television . He added , " There is nothing that we have seen that points to SpongeBob as a problem " . Dauman blamed the drop on " some ratings systemic issues " at Nielsen , citing extensive set @-@ top @-@ box data that " does in no way reflect " the Nielsen data .
Juenger noted that SpongeBob could affect the ratings of other Nickelodeon programming because children often change channels to find their favorite programs , then stay tuned into that network . Nickelodeon recently reduced its exposure in television . In the first quarter of 2012 , the network cut back on the number of episodes it aired by 16 % compared with a year earlier .
On April 22 , 2013 , Netflix CEO Reed Hastings announced their intentions not to renew their existing deal with Viacom . Since then , Viacom 's deal with Netflix expired , and shows such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer were removed . On June 4 , 2013 , Viacom announced a multi @-@ year licensing agreement which would move its programs , such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer , to Amazon.com , Netflix 's top competitor . Amazon agreed to pay more than $ 200 million to Viacom for the license , its largest subscription streaming transaction ever .
SpongeBob SquarePants is one of the longest @-@ running series on Nickelodeon . It became the Nickelodeon series with the most episodes , during its eighth season , surpassing the 172 episodes of Rugrats with 178 . In its ninth season , a total of 26 episodes pushed the series over the 200th episode mark , reaching 204 produced episodes . In a statement , Brown Johnson , animation president for Nickelodeon , said , " SpongeBob 's success in reaching over 200 episodes is a testament to creator Stephen Hillenburg 's vision , comedic sensibility and his dynamic , lovable characters . The series now joins the club of contemporary classic Nicktoons that have hit this benchmark , so we 're incredibly proud " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
SpongeBob SquarePants has received generally positive reviews from critics , and it has been noted for its appeal towards different age groups . James Poniewozik of Time magazine described the title character as " the anti @-@ Bart Simpson , temperamentally and physically : his head is as squared @-@ off and neat as Bart 's is unruly , and he has a personality to match — conscientious , optimistic and blind to the faults in the world and those around him " . According to Laura Fries of Variety magazine , the series is " a thoughtful and inventive cartoon about a hopelessly optimistic and resilient sea sponge ... Devoid of the double entendres rife in today 's animated TV shows , this is purely kid 's stuff ... However , that 's not to say that SpongeBob is simplistic or even juvenile . It 's charming and whimsical , but clever enough to appeal to teens and college @-@ aged kids , as well " . The New York Times critic Joyce Millman said SpongeBob " is clever without being impenetrable to young viewers and goofy without boring grown @-@ ups to tears . It 's the most charming toon on television , and one of the weirdest . And it 's also good , clean fun , which makes sense because it is , after all , about a sponge " . Millman wrote , " His relentless good cheer would be irritating if he weren 't so darned lovable and his world so excellently strange ... Like Pee @-@ wee 's Playhouse , SpongeBob joyfully dances on the fine line between childhood and adulthood , guilelessness and camp , the warped and the sweet " .
Robert Thompson , a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at Syracuse University , told The New York Times , " There is something kind of unique about [ SpongeBob ] . It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre @-@ irony era . There 's no sense of the elbow @-@ in @-@ rib , tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture – including kids ' shows like the Rugrats . I think what 's subversive about it is it 's so incredibly naive – deliberately . Because there 's nothing in it that 's trying to be hip or cool or anything else , hipness can be grafted onto it " . In a 2007 interview , Barack Obama named SpongeBob his favorite TV character and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants is " the show I watch with my daughters " . British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also said he watches the series with his children .
= = = Awards and accolades = = =
SpongeBob SquarePants has received many awards and nominations ; among these are two Emmy Awards ( " Outstanding Special Class Animated Program " in 2010 and " Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation " in 2014 ) ; six Annie Awards ; and two BAFTA Children 's Awards . In 2006 , IGN ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th on its list , " Top 25 Animated Series of All Time " , and in 2013 , it ranked the series 12th on its list , " The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults " . Additionally , the website 's UK division ran a " Top 100 Animated Series " list , and like its US counterpart , ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th .
The series is among the " All @-@ TIME 100 TV Shows " as chosen by Time television critic James Poniewozik in 2007 . He said , " It 's the most funny , surreal , inventive example of the explosion in creative kids ' ( and adult ) entertainment that Nick , Cartoon Network and their ilk made possible " . Viewers of the UK television network Channel 4 voted SpongeBob SquarePants the 28th " Greatest Cartoon " in a 2004 poll . TV Guide listed the character of SpongeBob SquarePants at No. 9 for its " 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time " . In 2013 , the publication ranked SpongeBob SquarePants the eighth " Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time " . In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly named SpongeBob one of the " 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years " .
= = = Legacy = = =
In July 2009 , Madame Tussauds wax museum in New York launched a wax sculpture of SpongeBob in celebration of the series ' 10th anniversary . This made SpongeBob the first animated character to ever receive a statue made entirely out of wax . In May 2011 , a new species of mushroom , Spongiforma squarepantsii , was described , named after the series ' title character .
The character has also become a trend in Egypt at Cairo 's Tahrir Square . After the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , SpongeBob became a fashion phenomenon , appearing on various items of merchandise from hijabs to boxer shorts . The phenomenon led to the creation of the Tumblr project called " SpongeBob on the Nile " . The project was founded by American students Andrew Leber and Elisabeth Jaquette and attempts to document every appearance of SpongeBob in Egypt . Sherief Elkeshta cited the phenomenon in an essay about the incoherent state of politics in Egypt in an independent monthly paper titled Midan Masr . He wrote , " Why isn 't he [ SpongeBob ] at least holding a Molotov cocktail ? Or raising a fist ? " The phenomenon has even spread to Libya , where a Libyan rebel in SpongeBob dress was photographed celebrating the revolution . Although The Guardian and Vice have asserted that the trend has little to no political significance , " joke " presidential campaigns have been undertaken for SpongeBob in Egypt and Syria .
A clip was posted to YouTube in February 2013 that features soldiers in the Russian army and navy singing the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song as they march . According to the website that uploaded the video , this is one of the " most popular marching songs " in the Russian military . The video garnered nearly 50 @,@ 000 views within its first week .
= = = Criticism and controversy = = =
In 2005 , a promotional video which showed SpongeBob and other characters from children 's shows singing together to promote diversity and tolerance was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States because they saw SpongeBob as being used to " advocate homosexuality " . James Dobson of Focus on the Family accused the video of promoting homosexuality , due to it being sponsored by a pro @-@ tolerance group . The incident accentuated questions as to whether or not SpongeBob is gay . Although the character has enjoyed popularity with gay viewers , series creator Stephen Hillenburg had already denied the issue three years earlier , clarifying at the time that he considers the character to be " somewhat asexual " . After Dobson 's comments , Hillenburg reasserted his position , stating that sexual preference does not play a part in what they are " trying to do " with the series . Tom Kenny and other production members were distraught that such an issue had arisen .
Dobson later stated that his comments were taken out of context , and that his original complaints were not with SpongeBob , the video , or any of the characters in the video , but rather with the organization that sponsored the video , the We Are Family Foundation . Dobson indicated that the We Are Family Foundation posted pro @-@ gay material on their website , but later removed it . After the controversy , John H. Thomas , the United Church of Christ 's general minister and president , said they would welcome SpongeBob into their ministry . He said " Jesus didn 't turn people away . Neither do we " .
Jeffery P. Dennis , author of the journal article " Queertoons " , argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are not romantically in love , while adding that he believed that SpongeBob and Patrick " are paired with arguably erotic intensity " . Martin Goodman of Animation World Magazine described Dennis ' comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick as " interesting " . Ukrainian website Family Under the Protection of the Holy Virgin , which has been described as a " fringe Catholic " group by The Wall Street Journal , levied criticism against SpongeBob SquarePants for its alleged " promotion of homosexuality " . The group sought to have the series banned , along with several other popular children 's properties . The National Expert Commission of Ukraine on the Protection of Public Morality took up the matter for review in August 2012 .
On April 2009 , Burger King released a SpongeBob @-@ themed advertisement featuring a parody of Sir Mix @-@ a @-@ Lot 's song " Baby Got Back " . The Campaign for a Commercial @-@ Free Childhood protested the ad for being sexist and inappropriately sexual , especially contemplating that SpongeBob 's fan base includes young children . In official statements released by Burger King and Nickelodeon , both companies claimed that the campaign was aimed at parents .
A 2011 study conducted at the University of Virginia and published in the journal Pediatrics suggested that allowing preschool @-@ aged audiences to watch the series caused short @-@ term disruptions in mental function and attention span due to frequent shot changes . A Nickelodeon executive responded in an interview that the series was not intended for an audience of that age and that the study used " questionable methodology and could not possibly provide the basis for any valid findings that parents could trust " .
= = = Criticism of declining quality = = =
Critics ' reviews of early SpongeBob episodes praised the show for its wit , clever humor , and " uncanny brilliance " . However , in 2007 , around the airing of season five , the tone and emphasis of the show began to change . Some fans " began to turn away from the show " , causing online fansites to " [ become ] deserted " . They pointed to a shift from clever humor to what they perceived as " boring , unfunny humor [ ... ] geared too much towards children " .
Paul Tibbitt , showrunner from season four to the season 9 episode , " Spongebob , You 're Fired ! " has been the subject of criticism . While The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was generally well received by fans of the show , it is also considered a turning point in the show 's history , as many fans believe the decline occurred after the film 's release , when Stephen Hillenburg resigned as showrunner and Tibbitt was appointed to replace him . Episodes produced since the movie have been variously categorized as " kid @-@ pandering attention @-@ waster [ s ] " , " tedious " , " boring " and " dreck " , a " depressing plateau of mediocrity " , and " laugh @-@ skimpy " .
Many believe the show 's ratings decline as of 2012 correlates with the alleged decline in quality , and " whatever fan support [ the show ] enjoys is not enough " to save it from its ratings slide .
Many fans claimed that show quality increased after Paul Tibbitt resigned as showrunner / supervising producer . Vincent Waller , creative director for season 4 to the first half of season 9 , and Marc Ceccareli , a writer and storyboard director for season 8 , have taken Tibbitt 's place as showrunner / supervising producers starting with the second half of season 9 .
= = Other media = =
= = = Home video = = =
= = = Comic books = = =
In February 2011 , creator Hillenburg first announced the release of the 32 @-@ page bimonthly comic book series , SpongeBob Comics , based on the show . The release marked the first time Hillenburg authored his own books . He said , " I 'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me " . The comic book series is published by Hillenburg 's production company , United Plankton Pictures , and distributed by Bongo Comics Group . Although the characters of the series had previously appeared in Nickelodeon Magazine and in Cine @-@ Manga , the first issue of SpongeBob Comics marked the first time the characters have appeared in their own comic books in the United States . Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as " original and always true to the humor , characters , and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series " .
Chris Duffy , the former senior editor of Nickelodeon Magazine , serves as managing editor of SpongeBob Comics . Hillenburg and Duffy met with various comic book writers and artists — including James Kochalka , Hilary Barta , Graham Annable , Gregg Schigiel , and Jacob Chabot — to contribute to each issues . Retired horror comics writer and artist Stephen R. Bissette returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012 , with Tony Millionaire and Al Jaffee . In an interview with Tom Spurgeon , Bissette said , " I 've even broken my retirement to do one work @-@ for @-@ hire gig [ for SpongeBob Comics ] so I could share everything about that kind of current job " .
In the United Kingdom , Titan Magazines publishes comics based on SpongeBob SquarePants every four weeks . These comics were first published on February 3 , 2005 . Titan Magazines teamed @-@ up with Lego to release a limited edition SpongeBob @-@ themed comic .
= = = Films = = =
Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies produced The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , an animated film adaptation of the series that was released on November 19 , 2004 . The film was directed by creator Stephen Hillenburg , and was written by long @-@ time series writers comprising Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , and Paul Tibbitt . Hillenburg and Julia Pistor produced the film , while the film score was composed by Gregor Narholz . The film is about Plankton 's evil plan to steal King Neptune 's crown and send it to Shell City . SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs ' life from Neptune 's raft and their home , Bikini Bottom , from Plankton 's plan . The film features guest appearances by Jeffrey Tambor as King Neptune , Scarlett Johansson as the King 's daughter Mindy , Alec Baldwin as Dennis , and David Hasselhoff as himself . It received positive critical reception , and grossed over $ 140 million worldwide .
Two television films were released . The two television films are SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis released in 2007 and SpongeBob 's Truth or Square released in 2009 .
A sequel to the 2004 film was released in theaters on February 6 , 2015 . The series ' main cast members are reprise their roles , and the underwater parts are traditionally animated in the manner of the series and the live @-@ action parts uses CGI animation with the SpongeBob characters . The film has a budget similar to the previous film and did not cost more than $ 100 million to produce .
On April 30 , 2015 , Viacom announced a third movie was in development . On August 3 , 2015 , via Twitter , Vincent Waller confirmed that the sequel is in pre @-@ production and that Paul Tibbitt will once again direct .
= = = Music = = =
Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums SpongeBob SquarePants : Original Theme Highlights ( 2001 ) , SpongeBob 's Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) , and The Yellow Album ( 2005 ) . The first two charted on the US Billboard 200 , reaching number 171 and 122 , respectively . Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release , and have not been featured on the show . For example , the song " My Tidy Whities " written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley was released only for the album The Best Day Ever ( 2006 ) . Kenny 's inspiration for the song was " underwear humor " . Kenny said , " Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh @-@ getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic , normal , Kmart , three @-@ to @-@ a @-@ pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush , beautiful love song to his underwear " . The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More ... , a soundtrack album featuring the score of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , was released along with the feature @-@ length film in November 2004 . Various artists including the Flaming Lips , Wilco , Ween , Motörhead , the Shins , and Avril Lavigne contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US Billboard 200 .
= = = Theme park rides = = =
SpongeBob SquarePants 4 @-@ D film and ride opened in various locations , including Six Flags Over Texas , Flamingo Land Resort , and the Shedd Aquarium . The ride features water squirts , real bubbles , and other sensory enhancements . In 2012 , Nickelodeon teamed up again with SimEx @-@ Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce SpongeBob SquarePants 4 @-@ D : The Great Jelly Rescue . The attraction opened in early 2013 at the Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration . The attraction was also released at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Orlando , Florida . The seven @-@ minute film follows SpongeBob , Patrick and Sandy to their old hijinks while rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton 's evil clutches .
SpongeBob SquarePants appears at the Mall of America 's Nickelodeon theme park re @-@ branded from the Mall of America 's Park at MOA , formerly Camp Snoopy , to Nickelodeon Universe in the Minneapolis @-@ St. Paul suburb of Bloomington , Minnesota . The new theme park features a SpongeBob @-@ themed Gerstlauer Euro @-@ Fighter custom roller coaster , the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge , which has replaced the Mystery Mine Ride and Olde Time Photo store on the west end of the theme park , which opened March 15 , 2008 .
On May 23 , 2015 , an interactive 3D show titled " SpongeBob SubPants Adventure " opened in Texas at Moody Gardens . According to Moody Gardens President and CEO John Zendt , " Visitors will be able to interact with the Nickelodeon characters on a digital stage as they have never been able to do before . "
= = = Video games = = =
Numerous video games based on the series have been produced . Some of the early games include Legend of the Lost Spatula ( 2001 ) and SpongeBob SquarePants : Battle for Bikini Bottom ( 2003 ) . The 2003 video game was added to the Greatest Hits by Sony . It also served as the engine basis for a video game based on the The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . Heavy Iron Studios , the game 's developers , tweaked the graphics to give the game a sharper and more imaginative look than that of Battle for Bikini Bottom . They also increased the polygon count , added several racing levels , and incorporated many of the creatures seen in the film . In 2013 , Nickelodeon published and distributed SpongeBob Moves In , a freemium city @-@ building game app developed by Kung Fu Factory for iOS .
= = = SpongeBob SquareShorts = = =
Nickelodeon launched the first global SpongeBob SquarePants @-@ themed short film competition , SpongeBob SquareShorts : Original Fan Tributes , in 2013 . The contest encourages fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in Hollywood . The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28 , 2013 . On July 19 , 2013 , Nickelodeon announced the finalists for the competition , and , on August 13 , 2013 , the " under 18 years of age " category was won by David of the United States for his " The Krabby Commercial " , while the " Finally Home " short by Nicole of South Africa won the " 18 and over " category .
= = Merchandise = =
The popularity of SpongeBob SquarePants inspired merchandise from T @-@ shirts to posters . It was reported that the franchise generated an estimated $ 8 billion merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon . It is also the most distributed property of MTV Networks . SpongeBob is viewed in 170 countries speaking 24 languages , and has also become " a killer merchandising app " . The title character and his friends have been used as a theme for special editions of well @-@ known family board games , including Monopoly , Life , and Operation , as well as a SpongeBob SquarePants edition of Ants in the Pants , and Yahtzee .
In 2001 , SpongeBob SquarePants signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King , expanding its merchandising . The popularity of SpongeBob has translated well into sales figures . In 2002 , SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75 @,@ 000 per week , which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time . SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan , specifically with Japanese women . Nickelodeon 's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women in the country . Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan , as the character 's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu . Ratings and merchandise sales showed SpongeBob SquarePants has caught on with parents and with college audiences . In a recent promotion , college @-@ oriented website Music.com gave away 80 @,@ 000 SpongeBob T @-@ shirts , four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central 's South Park .
Kids ' meal tie @-@ ins have been released in snacks and fast food restaurants in many parts of the world , including Burger King in Europe and North America , as well as Wendy 's in North America , and Hungry Jack 's in Australia . A McDonald 's Happy Meal tie @-@ in with SpongeBob @-@ themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007 . In Australia , the advertisement for the McDonald 's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads are entice young children to want its food because of the free toy . As a tie @-@ in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , 7 @-@ Eleven released the limited edition " Under @-@ the @-@ Sea Pineapple Slurpee " in March 2004 . Pirate 's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate 's Booty snacks in 2013 .
In 2007 , high @-@ end SpongeBob @-@ themed electronics have been introduced by Imation Electronics Products under the Npower brand , including MP3 players , digital cameras , a DVD player , and a flatscreen television . Pictures of SpongeBob SquarePants also began to appear on the labels of 8 oz. cans of Green Giant cut green beans and frozen packages of Green Giant green beans and butter sauce , which featured free stickers in 2007 as part of an initiative to encourage kids to eat their vegetables . The Simmons Jewelry Co. released a $ 75 @,@ 000 diamond pendant as part of a SpongeBob collection . In New Zealand , the UK @-@ based Beechdean Group unveiled the SpongeBob SquarePants Vanilla Ice Cream character product as part of a licence deal with Nickelodeon . NZ Drinks launched the SpongeBob SquarePants bottled water .
Build @-@ A @-@ Bear Workshop introduced the new SpongeBob SqaurePants collection in stores and online in North America on May 17 , 2013 . Shoppers can dress their SpongeBob and Patrick plush in a variety of clothing and accessories . Sandy Cheeks and Gary the Snail are also available as pre @-@ stuffed minis . Build @-@ A @-@ Bear Workshop stores nationwide celebrated the arrival of SpongeBob with a series of special events from May 17 through May 19 .
On July 13 , 2013 , Toyota , with Nickelodeon , unveiled a SpongeBob @-@ inspired Toyota Highlander . The 2014 Toyota Highlander was launched on SpongeBob Day at the San Diego 's Giants v. Padres game . The SpongeBob Toyota Highlander visited seven U.S. locations during its release , including the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Florida .
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= Washington State Route 27 =
State Route 27 ( SR 27 ) is a 90 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 145 km ) state highway serving Whitman and Spokane counties , located in the eastern region of the U.S. state of Washington . The highway travels generally north from U.S. Route 195 ( US 195 ) through Pullman , Palouse , Tekoa , and Spokane Valley to SR 290 north of an interchange with Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) . SR 27 serves the Palouse region as part of the Palouse Scenic Byway and travels between US 195 to the west and US 95 to the east in Idaho , with several auxiliary routes connecting to the two other highways . The highway has been part of the state highway system since 1913 , as a part of the Second Division of the Eastern Route of the Inland Empire Highway between Pullman and Oakesdale that later became a branch of Primary State Highway 3 ( PSH 3 ) , as well as Secondary State Highway 3H ( SSH 3H ) in 1937 . Both highways were combined to form SR 27 during the 1964 highway renumbering and the designation was extended south to the US 195 bypass of Pullman in 1975 and north to SR 290 in 1991 .
= = Route description = =
SR 27 begins its 90 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 145 km ) route as Grand Avenue and part of the Palouse Scenic Byway at an intersection with US 195 south of Pullman . The highway travels through downtown Pullman and becomes concurrent with SR 270 as it passes west of the Washington State University main campus . Grand Avenue crosses the South Fork Palouse River and leaves the city of Pullman , parallel to a Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) rail line as it travels into the Palouse . SR 27 travels northeast to the city of Palouse and crosses the Palouse River before a short concurrency with SR 272 . The highway continues northwest alongside the WSDOT rail line through the town of Garfield and Oakesdale before serving as the southern terminus of SR 271 west of Oakesdale Airport . SR 27 travels northeast and crosses Hangman Creek into Tekoa as Crosby Street before it intersects SR 274 , locally known as Poplar Street , at the north end of the city . The highway turns west onto Poplar Street and travels under a bridge carrying the John Wayne Pioneer Trail before leaving Tekoa and Whitman County for Spokane County .
SR 27 continues north along a Union Pacific rail line through Latah and Fairfield toward Rockford , where it serves as the western terminus of SR 278 and the Palouse Scenic Byway ends . The highway travels north out of the Palouse and to the Spokane Valley neighborhood of Opportunity , and widens to four lanes as Pines Road . SR 27 intersects I @-@ 90 in a diamond interchange that utilizes Indiana Avenue and Montgomery Drive as exit ramps . The highway continues north and crosses two rail lines , belonging to the Spokane International branch of Union Pacific and BNSF , before the designation ends at Trent Avenue , signed as SR 290 .
Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 27 was its interchange with I @-@ 90 in Spokane Valley , serving 27 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busy section was between Tekoa and Latah , serving 640 vehicles .
= = History = =
SR 27 was first codified as part of the Second Division of the Eastern Route of the Inland Empire Highway between Pullman and Oakesdale in 1913 and later became a paved branch of PSH 3 during the creation of the primary and secondary state highways in 1937 . The branch route traveled 68 @.@ 71 miles ( 110 @.@ 58 km ) north from US 195 at the Idaho state border through Pullman and Oakesdale to PSH 3 and US 195 south of Rosalia . SSH 3H was also established in 1937 , traveling 38 @.@ 69 miles ( 62 @.@ 27 km ) north from the PSH 3 branch in Oakesdale through the Palouse to PSH 2 and US 10 in Spokane Valley . The two highways were combined to form SR 27 during the 1964 highway renumbering , part of a new state highway system still in place today . A western bypass of Pullman for US 195 was originally planned in the late 1960s and was opened in 1974 as part of a proposed ring road around the city . US 195 was routed onto the completed segment and SR 27 was extended south over its former route to intersect the new highway in 1975 , while the rest of the bypass would become the un @-@ built SR 276 . The highway was extended north within Spokane Valley from its interchange with I @-@ 90 to Trent Avenue , signed as SR 290 , in 1991 . The highway between Pullman and Tekoa was designated as part of the Palouse Scenic Byway on December 19 , 2002 , as part of the Washington State Scenic and Recreational Highways program . The scenic byway was extended north in 2011 to SR 278 in Rockford .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Drowning Girl =
Drowning Girl ( also known as Secret Hearts or I Don 't Care ! I 'd Rather Sink ) is a 1963 painting in oil and synthetic polymer paint on canvas by Roy Lichtenstein . Using the conventions of comic book art , a thought bubble conveys the thoughts of the figure , while Ben @-@ Day dots echo the effect of the mechanized printing process . It is one of the most representative paintings of the pop art movement , and part of the Museum of Modern Art 's permanent collection since 1971 . The painting is considered among Lichtenstein 's most significant works , perhaps on a par with his acclaimed 1963 diptych Whaam ! . Drowning Girl has been described as a " masterpiece of melodrama " , and is one of the artist 's earliest images depicting women in tragic situations , a theme to which he often returned in the mid @-@ 1960s .
The painting shows a teary @-@ eyed woman on a turbulent sea . She is emotionally distressed , seemingly from a romance . A thought bubble reads : " I Don 't Care ! I 'd Rather Sink — Than Call Brad For Help ! " This narrative element highlights the clichéd melodrama , while its graphics reiterate Lichtenstein 's theme of painterly work imitating mechanized reproduction . The work is derived from a 1962 DC Comics panel , while also borrowing from Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa and from elements of modernist artists Jean Arp and Joan Miró . It is one of several Lichtenstein works that mention a character named Brad who is absent from the picture . Both the graphical and narrative elements of the work are cropped from the source image .
= = Background = =
During the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of American painters began to adapt the imagery and motifs of comic strips . Roy Lichtenstein made drawings of comic strip characters in 1958 . Andy Warhol produced his earliest paintings in the style in 1960 . Lichtenstein , unaware of Warhol 's work , produced Look Mickey and Popeye in 1961 . Although Warhol had produced silkscreens of comic strips and of other pop art subjects , he supposedly relegated himself to Campbell 's Soup Cans as a subject at the time to avoid competing with the more finished style of comics by Lichtenstein . He once said " I 've got to do something that really will have a lot of impact that will be different enough from Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist , that will be very personal , that won 't look like I 'm doing exactly what they 're doing . "
Drowning Girl depicted the advancement of Lichtenstein 's cartoon work , which represented his 1961 departure from his abstract expressionism period , from animated cartoons to more serious themes such as romance and wartime armed forces . Lichtenstein said that , at the time , " I was very excited about , and very interested in , the highly emotional content yet detached impersonal handling of love , hate , war , etc . , in these cartoon images . " Lichtenstein parodied four Picassos between 1962 and 1963 . Picasso 's depictions of weeping women may have influenced Lichtenstein to produce portrayals of vulnerable teary @-@ eyed women , such as the subjects of Hopeless and Drowning Girl . Another possible influence on his emphasis on depicting distressed women in the early- to mid @-@ 1960s was that his first marriage was dissolving at the time . Lichtenstein 's first marriage to Isabel Wilson , which resulted in two sons , lasted from 1949 to 1965 ; the couple separated in 1963 .
When Lichtenstein made his transition to comic @-@ based work , he began to mimic the style while adapting the subject matter . He applied simplified color schemes and commercial printing @-@ like techniques . The style he adopted was " simple , well @-@ framed images comprised of solid fields of bold color often bounded by thick , stark border lines . " The borrowed technique was " representing tonal variations with patterns of colored circles that imitated the half @-@ tone screens of Ben Day dots used in newspaper printing " . PBS asserts that this is an adaptation of the ligne claire style associated with Hergé . Lichtenstein once said of his technique : " I take a cliche and try to organize its forms to make it monumental . "
The subject of Drowning Girl is an example of Lichtenstein 's post @-@ 1963 comics @-@ based women who " look hard , crisp , brittle , and uniformly modish in appearance , as if they all came out of the same pot of makeup . " In the early 1960s , Lichtenstein produced several " fantasy drama " paintings of women in love affairs with domineering men causing women to be miserable , such as Drowning Girl , Hopeless and In the Car . These works served as prelude to 1964 paintings of innocent " girls next door " in a variety of tenuous emotional states . " In Hopeless and Drowning Girl , for example , the heroines appear as victims of unhappy love affairs , with one displaying helplessness ... and the other defiance ( she would rather drown than ask for her lover 's help ) . " Drowning Girl , the aforementioned works and Oh , Jeff ... I Love You , Too ... But ... are among those tragedies that make the author a popular draw at museums .
= = History = =
Drowning Girl is derived from the splash page from " Run for Love ! " , illustrated by Tony Abruzzo and lettered by Ira Schnapp , in Secret Hearts # 83 ( November 1962 ) , DC Comics . This is the same comic book issue that inspired Hopeless .
In 1963 , Lichtenstein was parodying various types of sources such as commercial illustrations , comic imagery and even modern masterpieces . The masterpieces represented what could have been dubbed the " canon " of art and was thought of as " high art , " while the " low @-@ art " subject matter included comic strip images . His masterworks sources included the likes of Cézanne , Mondrian and Picasso . During this time in his career , Lichtenstein noted that " the things that I have apparently parodied I actually admire . " At the time , Lichtenstein was exploring the theme of " industrialization of emotion " . In Lichtenstein 's obituary , Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Knight said the work was " a witty rejoinder to De Kooning 's famously brushy paintings of women " . His comic romances often depicted stereotypical representations of thwarted passions . Although the Lichtenstein Foundation website claims that Lichtenstein did not begin using his opaque projector technique until the fall of 1963 , Lichtenstein described his process for producing comics based art , including Drowning Girl :
As directly as possible ... From a cartoon , photograph or whatever , I draw a small picture — the size that will fit into my opaque projector ... I don 't draw a picture to reproduce it — I do it in order to recompose it ... I project the drawing onto the canvas and pencil it in and then I play around with the drawing until it satisfies me .
When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City in February 1962 , it sold out before the opening . In addition to Drowning Girl , the exhibition included Look Mickey , Engagement Ring , Blam and The Refrigerator . The show ran from February 10 through March 3 , 1962 . According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website , Drowning Girl was part of Lichtenstein 's first exhibition at Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles from April 1 – April 27 , 1963 , featuring Masterpiece , Portrait of Madame Cézanne and other works from 1962 and 1963 . It was also part of his second solo exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery from September 28 – October 24 , 1963 that included Torpedo ... Los ! , Baseball Manager , In the Car , Conversation , and Whaam ! . Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph Crak ! The Museum of Modern Art acquired Drowning Girl in 1971 , and their webpage for this work credits Philip Johnson and Mr. and Mrs. Bagley Wright for the acquisition .
= = Description = =
Some sources describe the subjects of Lichtenstein 's tragic girls series as heroines ( in the sense that they are the counterparts to the heroes ) , and others do not ( in the sense that they are not heroic ) . Drowning Girl is a painting of a female subject who would prefer to give in to the power of the ocean than call for aid . Lichtenstein 's version of the scene eliminates everything but the sea and a few body parts of the subject : her head , shoulder and hand , which are barely above the water . As her face is presented her eyes are shut with drops of what appear to be tears flowing from them . Because Lichtenstein only presents a single frame , the viewer does not know what happened before this moment and what is going to happen after it . Furthermore , the viewer has no way to know who Brad is and why she is so reluctant to call him .
According to The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art , the most important element of Lichtenstein 's procedure in the early 1960s was " the enlargement and unification of his source material " . Although , according to some sources , the changes made to produce Drowning Girl are not regarded as significant , Lichtenstein made several notable changes from the original source : " In the original illustration , the drowning girl 's boyfriend appears in the background , clinging to a capsized boat . Lichtenstein cropped the image dramatically , showing the girl alone and encircled by a threatening wave . He changed the caption from ' I don 't care if I have a cramp ! ' to ' I don 't care ! ' and the boyfriend 's name from Mal to Brad . " With the former narrative change , Lichtenstein removed evidence that the drowning girl has a cramp in her leg . With the latter narrative change , Lichtenstein attempted to change the perception of the boyfriend . When discussing another work ( I Know ... Brad ) , Lichtenstein stated that the name Brad sounded heroic to him and was used with the aim of clichéd oversimplification .
Lichtenstein 's method entailed " strengthening of the formal aspects of the composition , a stylization of motif , and a ' freezing ' of both emotion and actions " . Although comic @-@ book panels depict a moment in time , Drowning Girl is borrowed from an example of a comic @-@ book panel depiction of a moment relatively more " pregnant " with past- and future @-@ dependent drama than most moments . This work also marks a phase in Lichtenstein 's career when many of his works were given present @-@ participial titles such as Sleeping Girl , Crying Girl and Blonde Waiting , which accentuates the works ' " relation to process and action . " According to The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art , during this phase of Lichtenstein 's career " a constant if restrained and a gentle sense of humor contribute just as much to the cheerful lightness of Lichtenstein 's work as the balanced , completely harmonious composition . "
Narrative content was in the forefront of much of Lichtenstein 's work as a means to engage the viewer . Measuring 171 @.@ 6 cm × 169 @.@ 5 cm ( 67 @.@ 625 in × 66 @.@ 75 in ) , Drowning Girl presents " a young woman who seems to have cried herself a river ... literally drowning in emotion , " according to Janis Hendrickson . The melodrama makes it clear that she has been hurt by a " Brad " , the name given to several of Lichtenstein 's heroes . Vian Shamounki Borchert says that the caption makes it clear that the subject is practically " drowning in a sea of tears " .
In typical Lichtenstein fashion , the tragic female is presented " in a suspended state of distress . " According to Janis Hendrickson , the subject 's head appears to rest on a wave as if it were a pillow and lies in the water as if it were a bed , creating a blend of " eroticism and final resting place " . The waters of the sea swirl around the subject 's waves of hair creating the perception of a whirlpool . The painting is representative of Lichtenstein 's affinity for single @-@ frame drama that reduces the viewer 's ability to identify with it and that abstracts emotion . His use of industrial and mechanical appearance further trivialize the sentiments , although the painterly touches add to its simplification .
= = General context = =
In the early 1960s Lichtenstein 's theme of comics @-@ based work was hotly debated . In a 1963 New York Times article , Brian O 'Doherty wrote that Lichtenstein 's work was not art , saying Lichtenstein was " one of the worst artists in America " who " briskly went about making a sow 's ear out of a sow 's ear . " This was part of a widespread debate about the merits of Lichtenstein 's comic blow @-@ ups as true art . In January 1964 Life ran a story under the title " Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S. ? " on this controversy . Later reviews were much kinder and Todd Brewster noted that this may have been motivated by popular demand saying in Life in 1986 that " Those cartoon blowups may have disturbed the critics , but collectors , tired of the solemnity of abstract expressionism , were ready for some comic relief . Why couldn 't the funny pages be fine art ? " Although his work is now widely accepted , there remain critics who continue to raise issues about it such as the claim that every comic @-@ based work was done without attributing the original creators , nor paying any royalties or seeking permission from the original copyright holders . David Barsalou has dedicated decades to identifying all of Lichtenstein 's source materials and has posted over 1000 images on Flickr detailing Lichtenstein 's unrecognized sources .
Today some critics question Lichtenstein 's artistic skills as it relates to comics . Everett Kinstler notes that , although today Lichtenstein is closely associated with romance comics due to his teary " mannered close @-@ ups " , in his day " no comics publisher would have hired Lichtenstein — he wasn 't good enough . " He felt Lichtenstein lacked the ability to portray the emotional range of the story through facial expressions and body language independently .
= = Reception = =
Many sources describe Whaam ! and Drowning Girl as Lichtenstein 's most famous works . The Daily Mail listed it along with Whaam ! and Oh , Jeff ... I Love You , Too ... But ... as one of his most famous at the time of its 2013 Lichtenstein Retrospective display at the Tate Modern . It is also regarded as one of his most influential works along with Whaam ! and Look Mickey . John Elderfield , Museum of Modern Art chief curator noted that the 2004 " MoMA in Berlin " exhibition held during the Museum 's renovation was a " synoptic overview of 20th @-@ century art " . Highlights from the 212 @-@ piece exhibition according to various publications such as The New York Times and artnet were van Gogh 's Starry Night , Matisse 's Dance and Lichtenstein 's Drowning Girl , all of which were touring outside the United States for the first time .
Drowning Girl was part of the largest ever retrospective of Lichtenstein that visited the Art Institute of Chicago from May 16 to September 3 , 2012 , the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. from October 14 , 2012 to January 13 , 2013 , the Tate Modern in London from February 21 to May 27 , 2013 and The Centre Pompidou from July 3 to November 4 , 2013 . During the 2012 – 13 retrospective , The Huffington Post described Drowning Girl as Lichtenstein 's " masterpiece of melodrama " . Danish art critic and Louisiana Museum of Modern Art director Poul Erik Tøjner called the work an example of Lichtenstein 's " post @-@ coital perdition " pieces , describing it as the " star witness " of this genre of his works . He notes that the subject is reaching far @-@ flung depths as she acts out of pride . Tøjner perceived eroticism in this painting , likening the open mouth to a vaginal feature and noting the singularity of Lichtenstein using an open mouth . With that in mind , he compares the tears to ejaculate residue .
This was painted at the apex of Lichtenstein 's use of enlarged dots , cropping and magnification of the original source . Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum curator Diane Waldman notes that Lichtenstein made Drowning Girl a cornerstone of his career because of " his extraordinary sense of organization , his ability to use a sweeping curve and manipulate it into an allover pattern " . According to The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists , the work is " a mix of cliché , melodrama , pathos , and absurdity ... " The result is described by art scholar Jonathan Fineberg as " a remarkably impassive style " . The image is typical of Lichtenstein 's depiction of comic subjects responding to a situation in a clichéd manner .
Lichtenstein 's tinkering with the source material resulted in a recomposition with sharper focus after he eliminated several elements that distract from the depiction of the woman , such as the capsized boat , troubled male subject and the general seascape . The result was swirling , swooping waves and " animate white foam " that envelope the subject with a " pictorial buoyancy " that form an " aquatic continuum " .
Drowning Girl presents an " unmistakeable acknowledgement to the flamboyant linearism of Art Nouveau " . The waves are intended to " recall Hokusai as well as the biomorphic forms of Arp and Miró ; " just as the source comics may have intended to . Lichtenstein has claimed a strong relation between the original comic book source panel and Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa , making this work a bridge between the two . The adaptation of the wave print is said to add a decorative look and feel to the painting , without which the work might be much more alarming to the viewer . Lichtenstein even made the connection between Drowning Girl 's arabesque waves and " the Art Nouveau aesthetic " . Regarding this work , Lichtenstein stated :
In the Drowning Girl the water is not only Art Nouveau , but it can also be seen as Hokusai . I don 't do it just because it is another reference . Cartooning itself sometimes resembles other periods in art – perhaps unknowingly ... They do things like the little Hokusai waves in the Drowning Girl . But the original wasn 't very clear in this regard – why should it be ? I saw it and then pushed it a little further until it was a reference that most people will get ... it is a way of crystallizing the style by exaggeration .
Tøjner describes the work as " Lichtenstein 's finest formulation of a counter @-@ image to the many explosions in his universe " , noting that the drama is past its peak although it may seem to be at a crescendo . He also notes that " the tears are drawn with classic Lichtenstein waxy fullness " despite the surrounding water , which must be significant since " naturalistic justification " is absent . A November 1963 Art Magazine review stated that this was one of the " broad and powerful paintings " of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli 's Gallery . Nonetheless , the name of the work was not universally known . In a December 1964 Art Magazine review of his October 24 – September 19 , 1964 Castelli Gallery show , Lichtenstein was referred to as the author of I Don 't Care , I 'd Rather Sink ( Drowning Girl ) . According to Gary Garrels of the Museum of Modern Art , the work is a " poetics of the utterly banal , of displaced ordinariness " resulting in an " image frozen in time and space " , making it " iconic " . Comparing this to the source , Garrels says it is a rendering " in a simplified vocabulary " produced while Lichtenstein put aside his mechanical objectivity . According to The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art , extreme examples of his formalization become " virtual abstraction " when the viewer recalls that the motif is an element of a larger work . Thus , Lichtenstein reinforced a non @-@ realist view of comic strips and advertisements , presenting them as artificial images with minimalistic graphic techniques . Lichtenstein 's magnification of his source material stressed the plainness of his motifs as an equivalent to mechanical commercial drawing , leading to implications about his statements on modern industrial America . Nonetheless , Lichtenstein appears to have accepted the American capitalist industrial culture .
Lanchner wrote of how Lichtenstein 's translation of a " highly charged " content with coolly handled presentation intensified the contrast between the two . While contrasting Lichtenstein 's Ben @-@ Day dots use in Drowning Girl with another artist 's work , Sarah Rich and Joyce Henri Robinson note that the work " satirizes the melodrama of soap operas and serial comics , turning the drama of the title figure 's potential suicide into a high camp performance " .
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= Defeated Sanity =
Defeated Sanity is a German technical death metal band from Dachsbach , Bavaria , that was formed in 1994 , originally as a side project of guitarist Wolfgang Teske and his son , drummer Lille Gruber . Gruber is the only original remaining member left in the band , following the departure of Teske in July 2008 . The other members are Christian Kühn ( guitar ) , and Jacob Schmidt ( bass guitar ) . For almost a year the band was looking for a new vocalist , due to Jens Staschel leaving the band shortly before Teske ; Staschel 's replacement , A.J. Magana from Disgorge , was announced in June 2009 .
Since their formation , Defeated Sanity has released four studio albums : Prelude to the Tragedy ( 2004 ) , and Psalms of the Moribund ( 2007 ) , both through the United Kingdom @-@ based label Grindethic Records ; and Chapters of Repugnance ( 2010 ) and Passages into Deformity ( 2013 ) through Willowtip Records . Defeated Sanity also released numerous promos , demos and splits . Influenced by bands such as Cannibal Corpse and Suffocation , their music is mostly based on the American death metal style . On 2 May 2009 , the band announced their signing to Willowtip Records .
= = History = =
Defeated Sanity was formed in Dachsbach , Germany in 1994 by guitarist Wolfgang Teske and drummer Lille Gruber , initially as a side project . In 1996 , bassist Jonas Gruber and vocalist Robert Colnik joined the band as session musicians . This line @-@ up recorded the first two demos , Devoured by the Black in the same year , followed by Withdrawn from Beauty in 1998 . After undergoing a line @-@ up change , Defeated Sanity eventually recruited guitarist Christian Müenzner and bassist Tino Köhler . Colnik departed the band shortly after recording a demo in 2000 . He was replaced by Markus Keller , who re @-@ recorded a track from the demo ; the track was included on the split with Poppy Seed Grinder , released through the Czech label Grodhaisn in 2001 . Later that year , Münzner left the band to join Necrophagist . Defeated Sanity released a 7 @-@ inch split EP with Brazilian death metal band Imperious Malevolence through Merciless Records in 2003 .
= = = Prelude to the Tragedy = = =
In 2004 , Defeated Sanity signed with UK label Grindethic Records to release their full @-@ length debut . The album was recorded at Soundforge Studios in Rhauderfehn , Germany . The band produced the record and Andreas Hilbert handled the engineering and mastering . Prelude to the Tragedy was released in November that same year . The album received mixed reviews . Diabolical Conquest said , " Prelude to the Tragedy is a gleaming chrome harpoon of immaculate technical death metal , deftly interweaving cryptic riff @-@ tangles with convolutional percussive violence to surprisingly comprehensible and utterly enjoyable results . Drumwork , relentless in its complexity , enhances both the progressive and barbaric elements of the tracks , nailing ambitious patterns to them with satisfying snare punch , lucid cymbals and expert fills . " Negative criticism of the album was mostly about the higher technical style of their music . Lords of Metal said , " This is only interesting for the real die hard trash ( not thrash ! ) lovers , and mathematicians , of course . " To promote the album , the band toured during 2005 , appearing at Rotterdam Deathfest ( an extreme metal festival in The Netherlands ) , along with bands such as Suffocation , Visceral Bleeding , and Vomit Remnants .
= = = Psalms of the Moribund and Chapters of Repugnance = = =
Defeated Sanity underwent further line @-@ up changes with Jens Staschel joining on vocals , Christian Kuehn on guitar and Jacob Schmidt filling in on bass . In August 2006 , the band recorded their second studio album at Soundlodge Studios . It was produced and engineered by Jörg Ukenand , and mastered by Robbert Kok of Disavowed . In the meantime , Gruber played drums for Austrian blackened death metal band Belphegor on their North American tour with Unleashed and Krisiun . Psalms of the Moribund was released through Grindethic Records in March 2007 . Like its predecessor , the album received mixed reviews , with Erik Thomas of webzine Teeth of the Divine saying , " With ultra deep , almost grindcore styled burps layered over complex yet savage riffs , Defeated Sanity , unlike some of their US peers , do manage to throw in some nice grooves and lurches amid the blasting carnage , hence the Suffocation and Devourment comparisons , but otherwise , Psalms of the Moribund is a pretty breakneck assault of squealing , pinch harmonics and ravenous blast beats . " Chronicles of Chaos reviewer Kostas Sarampalis criticized the vocal style of Jens Staschel , stating , " The constant low guttural growling is completely unintelligible , used more like a ( very blunt ) instrument rather than a means to convey lyrics . "
The band played at Maryland Deathfest at the Sonar in Baltimore , Maryland in May 2008 , along with Anaal Nathrakh and Monstrosity . In July 2008 , two members left Defeated Sanity : first Staschel , and shortly afterward Teske . Defeated Sanity brought in vocalist A.J. Magana from Disgorge , who recorded the vocals on the band 's third full @-@ length album , Chapters of Repugnance , released through Willowtip Records on 4 May 2010 . The album was recorded at Soundforge Studios in Berlin . According to Cosmo Lee of Decibel magazine , Chapters of Repugnance is the first album cover on Willowtip that the printer has refused to print . " It 's a so @-@ bad @-@ it 's @-@ good Hieronymus Bosch @-@ esque depiction of hell in which everyone is nude and bald . " Beginning in late 2015 , Defeated Sanity embarked on a headline U.S. tour , performing their first concert shows in the United States since 2008 .
= = = Disposal of the Dead / Dharmata = = =
Before the summer of 2016 , Defeated Sanity confirmed work on a new release , which is a two part full @-@ length album with one side titled Disposal of the Dead and the other titled Dharmata . These two parts represent two EPs compiled onto a full @-@ length , with each part carrying a sound unique to it .
= = Style and influences = =
Although the band is of German origin , their music is based on the American style of death metal . Drummer Lille Gruber explained , " Blues and rock music was developed in the U.S. , that means it all goes back to this country . The roots are there and I think the best musicians will always be there . " When asked about the difference in terms of sound and direction between Psalms of the Moribund and Prelude to the Tragedy , Gruber stated , " We got our own style on Psalms to the Moribund where Prelude to the Tragedy had very obvious hints of the bands we idolized . Psalms of the Moribund splits in two extremes , it went more chunky , brutal , thick and deep , but at the same time that math @-@ approach and the technicality went up a lot ! "
Defeated Sanity 's main influences are the early work of Cannibal Corpse , Immolation , and Suffocation . Gruber also cited newer bands like Disgorge and Devourment as a source of inspiration . Defeated Sanity 's lyrics are influenced by Brodequin 's " awesome concept " . Gruber described the band 's lyrics as " dark and brutal " , which fit with Defeated Sanity 's gore imagery .
= = Members = =
Lille Gruber – drums ( 1994 – present )
Christian Kühn – guitar ( 2005 – present )
Jacob Schmidt – bass ( 2005 – present )
Konstantin Lühring – vocals ( 2011 – present )
= = = Former members = = =
A.J. Magana - vocals ( 2009 – 2011 )
Jens Staschel – vocals ( 2004 – 2008 )
Markus Keller – vocals ( 2000 – 2004 )
Robert Colnik – vocals ( 1998 – 2000 )
Wolfgang Teske – guitar ( 1994 – 2008 )
Christian Müenzner – guitar ( 1999 – 2002 )
Tino Köhler – bass ( 1998 – 2005 )
Jonas Gruber – bass ( 1996 – 1998 )
= = Timeline = =
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
Prelude to the Tragedy ( 2004 ) , Grindethic Records
Psalms of the Moribund ( 2007 ) , Grindethic Records
Chapters of Repugnance ( 2010 ) , Willowtip
Passages into Deformity ( 2013 ) , Willowtip
Disposal of the Dead / Dharmata ( 2016 ) , Willowtip
= = = Demos / EP = = =
Devoured by the Black ( 1996 )
Withdrawn from Beauty ( 1998 )
Prelude to the Tragedy EP ( 2004 )
Promo 2000 ( 2000 )
Promo 2005 ( 2005 )
Promo 2007 ( 2008 )
= = = Split albums = = =
Talk Evolution / The Parasite ( split with Poppy Seed Grinder ) ( 2002 )
Live in Germany ( split with Imperious Malevolence ) ( 2003 )
Cerebric Turmoil / Defeated Sanity ( 2008 )
Unleashing the Seed of Parricide ( 4 @-@ way split with Venomed , Splattered Orgasm and Moonfog ) ( 2010 )
= = = Compilations = = =
Collected Demolition ( 2010 ) , Sick Chainsaw
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= Sai Baba of Shirdi =
Sai Baba of Shirdi , also known as Shirdi Sai Baba , was an Indian spiritual master who was regarded by his devotees as a saint , fakir , and satguru , according to their individual proclivities and beliefs . He was revered by both his Hindu and Muslim devotees , and during , as well as after , his life it remained uncertain if he was a Hindu or a Muslim . This , however , was of no consequence to Sai Baba . He stressed the importance of surrender to the true Satguru or Murshid , who , having trod the path to divine consciousness , will lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual training .
Sai Baba is worshipped by people around the world . He had no love for perishable things and his sole concern was realization of the self . He taught a moral code of love , forgiveness , helping others , charity , contentment , inner peace , and devotion to God and guru . He gave no distinction based on religion or caste . Sai Baba 's teaching combined elements of Hinduism and Islam : he gave the Hindu name Dwarakamayi to the mosque in which he lived , practised Muslim rituals , taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions , and was buried in Shirdi . One of his well known epigrams , " Sabka Malik Ek " ( " One God governs all " ) , is associated with Hinduism , Islam and Sufism . He also said , " Trust in me and your prayer shall be answered " . He always uttered " Allah Malik " ( " God is King " ) .
= = Background = =
Baba 's dress will be always simple Sai Baba 's real name , his birthplace and date of birth are unknown . When asked about his past , he often gave elusive responses . The name " Sai " was given to him upon his arrival at Shirdi , a town in the West Indian state of Maharashtra . The word " Sai " refers to a religious mendicant . In several Indian and Middle Eastern languages the term " Baba " is an honorific signifying grandfather , father , old man or sir . Thus Sai Baba denotes holy father , saintly father or ( venerable ) poor old man . Some of Sai Baba 's disciples became famous as spiritual figures and saints , such as Mahalsapati , a priest of the Khandoba temple in Shirdi , and Upasni Maharaj . He was revered by other saints , such as Saint Bidkar Maharaj , Saint Gangagir , Saint Janakidas Maharaj , and Sati Godavari Mataji . Sai Baba referred to several saints as ' my brothers ' , especially the disciples of Swami Samartha of Akkalkot .
= = Early years = =
According to the book Sai Satcharita , Sai Baba arrived at the village of Shirdi in the Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra , British India , when he was about 16 years old . He led an ascetic life , sitting motionless under a neem tree and meditating while sitting in an asana . The Shri Sai Satcharita recounts the reaction of the villagers :
The people of the village were wonder @-@ struck to see such a young lad practising hard penance , not minding heat or cold . By day he associated with no one , by night he was afraid of nobody .
His presence attracted the curiosity of the villagers , and he was regularly visited by the religiously inclined , including Mahalsapati , Appa Jogle and Kashinatha . Some considered him mad and threw stones at him . Sai Baba left the village , and little is known about him after that .
There are some indications that he met with many saints and fakirs , and worked as a weaver . He claimed to have been with the army of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is generally accepted that Sai Baba stayed in Shirdi for three years , disappeared for a year , and returned permanently around 1858 , which suggests a birth year of 1838 .
= = Return to Shirdi = =
In the year 1858 Sai Baba returned to Shirdi . Around this time he adopted his famous style of dress consisting of a knee @-@ length one @-@ piece Kafni robe and a cloth cap . Ramgir Bua , a devotee , testified that Sai Baba was dressed like an athlete and sported ' long hair flowing down to the end of his spine ' when he arrived in Shirdi , and that he never had his head shaved . It was only after Baba forfeited a wrestling match with one Mohiddin Tamboli that he took up the kafni and cloth cap , articles of typical Sufi clothing . This attire contributed to Baba 's identification as a Muslim fakir and was a reason for initial indifference and hostility against him in a predominantly Hindu village .
For four to five years Baba lived under a neem tree and often wandered for long periods in the jungle around Shirdi . His manner was said to be withdrawn and uncommunicative as he undertook long periods of meditation . He was eventually persuaded to take up residence in an old and dilapidated mosque and lived a solitary life there , surviving by begging for alms , and receiving itinerant Hindu or Muslim visitors . In the mosque he maintained a sacred fire which is referred to as a dhuni , from which he gave sacred ashes ( ' Udhi ' ) to his guests before they left . The ash was believed to have healing and apotropaic powers . He performed the function of a local hakim and treated the sick by application of ashes . Sai Baba also delivered spiritual teachings to his visitors , recommending the reading of sacred Hindu texts along with the Qur 'an . He insisted on the indispensability of the unbroken remembrance of God 's name ( dhikr , japa ) , and often expressed himself in a cryptic manner with the use of parables , symbols and allegories .
After 1910 Sai Baba 's fame began to spread in Mumbai . Numerous people started visiting him , because they regarded him as a saint with the power of performing miracles or even as an Avatar . They built his first temple at Bhivpuri , Karjat .
= = Teachings and practices = =
Sai Baba opposed all persecution based on religion or caste . He was an opponent of religious orthodoxy — Christian , Hindu and Muslim .
Sai Baba encouraged his devotees to pray , chant God 's name , and read holy scriptures . He told Muslims to study the Qur 'an and Hindus to study texts such as the Ramayana , Bhagavad Gita , and Yoga Vasistha . He was impressed by the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita and encouraged people to follow it in their own lives . He advised his devotees and followers to lead a moral life , help others , love every living being without any discrimination , and develop two important features of character : devotion to the Guru ( Sraddha ) and waiting cheerfully with patience and love ( Saburi ) . He criticised atheism .
In his teachings , Sai Baba emphasised the importance of performing one 's duties without attachment to earthly matters and of being content regardless of the situation . In his personal practice , Sai Baba observed worship procedures belonging to Hinduism and Islam ; he shunned any kind of regular rituals but allowed the practice of namaz , chanting of Al @-@ Fatiha , and Qur 'an readings at Muslim festival times . Occasionally reciting the Al @-@ Fatiha , Baba enjoyed listening to mawlid and qawwali accompanied with the tabla and sarangi twice daily .
Sai Baba interpreted the religious texts of both Islam and Hinduism . He explained the meaning of the Hindu scriptures in the spirit of Advaita Vedanta . His philosophy also had numerous elements of bhakti . The three main Hindu spiritual paths — Bhakti Yoga , Jnana Yoga , and Karma Yoga — influenced his teachings .
Sai Baba encouraged charity , and stressed the importance of sharing . He said : " Unless there is some relationship or connection , nobody goes anywhere . If any men or creatures come to you , do not discourteously drive them away , but receive them well and treat them with due respect . Shri Hari ( God ) will certainly be pleased if you give water to the thirsty , bread to the hungry , clothes to the naked , and your verandah to strangers for sitting and resting . If anybody wants any money from you and you are not inclined to give , do not give , but do not bark at him like a dog . "
= = Worship and devotees = =
The Shirdi Sai Baba movement began in the 19th century , while he was living in Shirdi . A local Khandoba priest , Mhalsapati Nagre , is believed to have been his first devotee . In the 19th century Sai Baba 's followers were only a small group of Shirdi inhabitants and a few people from other parts of India .
Because of Sai Baba , Shirdi has become a place of importance and is counted among the major Hindu places of pilgrimage . The first Sai Baba temple is situated at Kudal , Sindhudurg . This temple was built in 1922 . It is believed that Sai Baba gave one Rupee to Dada Madye ji with which he built the temple in Kudal . The Sai Baba Mandir in Shirdi is visited by around 20 @,@ 000 pilgrims a day and during religious festivals this number can reach up to 100 @,@ 000 . Shirdi Sai Baba is especially revered and worshiped in the states of Maharashtra , Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu and Gujarat . In August 2012 , an unidentified devotee for the first time donated two costly diamonds valuing Rs 11 @.@ 8 million at the Shirdi temple , Saibaba trust officials revealed .
The Shirdi Sai movement has spread to the Caribbean and to countries such as the Nepal , Canada , United States , Australia , United Arab Emirates , Malaysia , United Kingdom , Germany , France and Singapore .
= = = Notable disciples = = =
Sai Baba left behind no spiritual heirs , appointed no disciples , and did not even provide formal initiation ( diksha ) , despite requests . Some disciples of Sai Baba achieved fame as spiritual figures , such as Upasni Maharaj of Sakori . After Sai Baba died , his devotees offered the daily Aarti to Upasni Maharaj when he paid a visit to Shirdi , two times within 10 years .
= = Claimed miracles = =
Sai Baba 's disciples and devotees claim that he performed many miracles such as bilocation , levitation , mindreading , materialisation , exorcisms , making the river Yamuna , entering a state of Samādhi at will , lighting lamps with water , removing his limbs or intestines and sticking them back to his body ( khandana yoga ) , curing the incurably sick , appearing beaten when another was beaten , preventing a mosque from falling down on people , and helping his devotees in a miraculous way . He also gave Darshan ( vision ) to people in the form of Sri Rama , Krishna , Vithoba , Shiva and many other gods depending on the faith of devotees .
According to his followers he appeared to them in dreams and gave them advice . His devotees have documented many stories .
On 15 April 2010 , in Wellington 's Lower Hutt Suburb , Wainuiomata in New Zealand ,
a Sri Lankan Christian Developer was developing a new Subdivision , in his 10 acres of land .
While digging the field , a Digger found a solid object , about 6 to7 feet under the ground .
He stopped digging immediately and lifted this object out of the ground .
The Developer , on seeing that this solid object was the Statue of some Deity , halted further digging and got the Statue cleaned .
He then called a Hindu Priest to identify the Deity , as he himself was not sure about it .
The Statue roughly 2 feet tall , happened to be of Shirdi Sai Baba in a sitting posture .
Soon , water started coming out from the place where the digger had found Baba 's Statue and slowly it turned into a small pond .
Hence , Baba 's Statue was put on a small wooden pallet and now rests floating in the pond , at the same place .
Also , apparently the Developer has decided to leave this particular spot untouched and re @-@ develop another area .
= = In various religions = =
= = = Hinduism = = =
During Sai Baba 's life , the Hindu saint Anandanath of Yewala declared Sai Baba to be a " spiritual diamond . " Another saint , Gangagir , also called him a " jewel . " Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba , and in 1873 , when he met him he bestowed the title Jagad guru upon him . Sai Baba was also greatly respected by Vasudevananda Saraswati ( known as Tembye Swami ) . He was also revered by a group of Shaivic yogis , to which he belonged , known as the Nath @-@ Panchayat .
According to B.V. Narasimhaswami , a posthumous follower who was widely praised as Sai Baba 's apostle , many Hindus regarded Sai Baba as a Muslim . This attitude was prevalent up to 1954 even among some of his devotees in Shirdi .
= = = Zoroastrianism = = =
Sai Baba was revered by prominent Zoroastrians such as Nanabhoy Palkhivala and Homi Bhabha , and has been cited as the Zoroastrians ' most popular non @-@ Zoroastrian religious figure .
Meher Baba , who was born into a Zoroastrian family , met Sai Baba once , during World War I , in December 1915 . Meher Baba was a youngster named Merwan Sheriar Irani , when he met Sai Baba for a few minutes during one of Sai Baba 's processions in Shirdi . This event is considered as the most significant in Meher Baba 's life . Shri Sai Satcharita ( Sai Baba 's life story ) , makes no mention of Meher Baba . But in Lord Meher , the life story of Meher Baba , there are numerous references to Sai Baba .
Meher Baba credited his Avataric advent to Upasni , Sai Baba , and three other Perfect Masters : Hazrat Babajan , Hazrat Tajuddin Baba , and Narayan Maharaj . He declared Sai Baba to be a Qutub @-@ e @-@ Irshad ( the highest of the five Qutubs , a " Master of the Universe " in the spiritual hierarchy ) .
= = In culture = =
= = = Sacred art and architecture = = =
There are many Sai Baba temples in India . There are also temples located in countries outside India , including in the United States , Netherlands , Kenya , Benin , Cuba , Canada , Pakistan , Australia , United Kingdom , Germany , Japan . In the mosque in Shirdi , in which Sai Baba lived , there is a life @-@ size portrait of him by Shama Rao Jaykar , an artist from Mumbai . Numerous monuments and statues depicting Sai Baba , which serve a religious function , have been made . One of them , made of marble by a sculptor named Balaji Vasant Talim , is in the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi where Sai Baba was buried .
= = = Film and television = = =
Sai Baba has been the subject of several feature films in many languages produced by India 's film industry .
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= Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft =
Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft was a legal dispute between Microsoft and a Canadian Belmont High School student named Mike Rowe over the domain name " MikeRoweSoft.com " . The case received international press attention following Microsoft 's perceived heavy @-@ handed approach to a 12th grade student 's part @-@ time web design business and the subsequent support that Rowe received from the online community . A settlement was eventually reached , with Rowe granting ownership of the domain to Microsoft in exchange for an Xbox and additional compensation .
= = Background = =
The domain name MikeRoweSoft.com was initially registered by Canadian student Mike Rowe in August 2003 . Rowe set up the site as a part @-@ time web design business , choosing the domain because of the phonetic pun by adding the word " soft " to the end of his name . Microsoft saw the name as trademark infringement because of its phonetic resemblance to their trademarked corporate name and demanded that he give up the domain . After receiving a letter on January 14 , 2004 from Microsoft 's Canadian legal representatives Smart & Biggar , Rowe replied asking to be compensated for giving up the domain .
Microsoft offered to pay Rowe 's out @-@ of @-@ pocket expenses of $ 10 , the original cost of registering the domain name . Rowe countered asking instead for $ 10 @,@ 000 , later claiming that he did this because he was " mad at " Microsoft for their initial $ 10 offer . Microsoft declined the offer and sent a cease and desist order spanning 25 pages . Microsoft accused Rowe of setting up the site in order to try to force them into a large financial settlement , a practice known as cybersquatting .
= = Press coverage and settlement = =
Rowe went to the press , creating publicity for the case and garnering support for his cause , including donations of over $ 6 @,@ 000 and an offer of free advice from a lawyer . At one point Rowe was forced to take down his site after it was overwhelmed by around 250 @,@ 000 page views over a period of twelve hours , only managing to get the site back up after changing to a service provider with a higher capacity . The case , portrayed as a David versus Goliath struggle by the media , characterized Microsoft in a negative light . The resulting bad publicity was later described as a " public relations mess . " The public showing of support that Rowe received was credited with " softening Microsoft 's stance , " leading to an eventual settlement .
In late January 2004 , it was revealed that the two parties had come to an out of court settlement , with Microsoft taking control of the domain . In return Microsoft agreed to pay all of the expenses that Rowe had incurred including setting up a new site at and redirecting traffic to MikeRoweforums.com. Additionally , Microsoft provided Rowe with a subscription to the Microsoft Developer Network , an all expenses paid trip for him and his family to the Microsoft Research Tech Fest at their headquarters in Redmond , Washington , training for Microsoft certification and an Xbox with a selection of games . Following an online poll , Rowe donated most of his legal defense fund to a children 's hospital and used the remaining money for his future university education .
= = Further developments = =
After settling the dispute with Microsoft , Rowe attempted to auction off the documentation he had received on the on @-@ line auction site eBay , describing it as " a piece of Internet history . " The materials included one copy of the original 25 page cease and desist letter as well as an inch @-@ thick WIPO book containing copies of trademarks , web pages and e @-@ mails between him and Microsoft . The auction received more than half a million page views and bidding rose to more than $ 200 @,@ 000 . The high bids turned out to be fraudulent and the auction was restricted to pre @-@ approved bidders . After restarting from the reserve price of $ 500 , the documents eventually sold for $ 1 @,@ 037 .
Microsoft later admitted that they may have been too aggressive in their defense of the " Microsoft " trademark . Following the case it was suggested by Struan Robertson – editor of Out @-@ Law.com – that Microsoft had little choice but to pursue the issue once it had come to light or they would have risked weakening their trademark . This view was also espoused by ZDNet , who noted that had Microsoft knowingly ignored Rowe 's site , the company would have risked losing the right to fight future trademark infringements . Robertson opined that — had legal proceedings ensued — Rowe would have made a strong argument for keeping his domain , as he was using his real name and was not claiming to be affiliated with Microsoft .
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= Abby Martin =
Abigail Suzanne " Abby " Martin ( born September 6 , 1984 ) is an American journalist and presenter of The Empire Files , a weekly investigative news program on teleSUR English . She was formerly the host of Breaking the Set on RT America network , working from the Washington , D.C. bureau . Before hosting her own show , she had worked for two years as a correspondent for RT America .
Martin is also an artist and activist , and helped found the citizen journalism website , Media Roots . She serves on the board of directors for the Media Freedom Foundation which manages Project Censored . Martin appeared in the documentary film Project Censored The Movie : Ending the Reign of Junk Food News ( 2013 ) , and co @-@ directed 99 % : The Occupy Wall Street Collaborative Film ( 2013 ) .
= = Early life = =
Martin grew up in Pleasanton , California , where she attended Amador Valley High School , graduating in 2002 . She became interested in journalism when her old high school boyfriend enlisted in the military after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . " I didn 't want him going to war , let alone fighting in one , " she recalls . " I began to critically ask ' What is really going on ? ' " By the time she was a sophomore at San Diego State University , she began questioning what she called the " selling " of the Iraq War by the media . She received an undergraduate degree in political science and minored in Spanish .
In 2004 , she campaigned for John Kerry 's presidential campaign , but became disillusioned with the left @-@ right paradigm , a concept proposing that societies have a tendency to divide themselves into ideological opposites . Martin worked for a time as an investigative journalist for a San Diego @-@ based online news site until moving back to Northern California . In 2008 , Martin posted a video showing her support for the 9 / 11 Truth movement . She has labelled the US government 's version of September 11 , 2001 as " propaganda " . During the administration of President George W. Bush she said of the attacks : " I 've researched it for three years and every single thing that I uncover solidifies my belief that it was an inside job and that our government was complicit in what happened . " The New York Times described her as a 9 / 11 conspiracy theorist , but Martin told the Associated Press in March 2014 that she " no longer subscribes " to the theory that 9 / 11 was an inside job as she did earlier .
= = Graphic arts = =
After high school , Martin began painting . Themes in her paintings include politics , nature , and psychedelia . She also takes photographs and makes collages . Her works have been exhibited several times around California . She views art as " an amazing outlet " and a " way to interpret the ugly truths in the world and reflect a better future . "
= = Media Roots = =
In 2009 , Martin founded the organization Media Roots , a citizen journalism platform for reporting news . As an independent journalist with Media Roots , Martin covered the Occupy Oakland ( California ) actions during the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011 . Her documentary video footage of Occupy Oakland protests was used by the family of 24 @-@ year @-@ old Scott Olsen , who was injured during the protests , in a lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department . Martin 's footage was used to argue that the protests were non @-@ violent at the time Olsen was allegedly hit in the head with a police projectile . RT took notice of Martin 's work and began using her as a correspondent . In the fall of 2010 , she moved to Washington , D.C.
= = Breaking the Set = =
Martin began hosting her own show , Breaking the Set , on RT America in September 2012 from Washington , D.C. The show mixes media criticism with investigative journalism . It describes itself as " a show that cuts through the pre @-@ written narrative that tries to tell you what to think , and what to care about " , and as a show that " cuts through the false Left / Right paradigm set by the establishment & reports the hard facts " . The original opening credits depict Martin applying a sledgehammer to a television tuned to CNN . A later version of the opening credits depicted Martin traveling in a helicopter over Manhattan 's Central Park . According to Rolling Stone magazine , past shows investigated " Monsanto , Nestle , the U.S. federal electoral system , the drone program , the NSA , Israel , Obama , and water fluoridation " .
Martin drew widespread media attention when she closed her show on March 3 , 2014 , with a minute @-@ long statement condemning the Russian military intervention in Ukraine . She appeared to be reading from a teleprompter , leading observers to conclude that her remarks were made with the consent of the show 's producers . Glenn Greenwald wrote a piece that compared Martin 's statement favorably to the behavior of the United States media during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . RT also issued a statement saying : " Contrary to the popular opinion , RT doesn 't beat its journalists into submission , and they are free to express their own opinions , not just in private but on the air . " RT added : " [ W ] e 'll be sending her to Crimea to give her an opportunity to make up her own mind from the epicentre of the story . " Martin declined the offer , saying " I am not going to Crimea despite the statement RT has made . "
The Breaking the Set program came to an end in February 2015 , with Martin leaving RT and stating she had " decided to focus on investigative field reporting " . Speaking for RT , Anna Belkina told BuzzFeed , “ Abby decided that this is the time for her to try something new . We are proud of the great work she has done as the host of Breaking the Set . "
= = Reception = =
Journalist Nik Afanasjew of Der Tagesspiegel said Martin " looks like a model and acts like a punk . " Writer Jeremy Koss described her as " vibrant , artistic and outspoken " . Millennial Magazine portrayed Martin as an " unfiltered " media representative for the Millennial generation who reports " stories that deserve public recognition " .
= = Selected work = =
Television
The Empire Files ( 2015 – , host )
Breaking the Set ( 2012 – 15 ) , host
RT America ( 2010 – 12 ) , correspondent
Film
99 % : The Occupy Wall Street Collaborative Film ( 2013 ) , co @-@ director
Project Censored the Movie ( 2013 ) , as herself
Books
Martin , Abby . ( 2011 ) . Framing the Messengers : Junk Food News and News Abuse for Dummies . In Mickey Huff ( Ed . ) Censored 2012 : The Top 25 Censored Stories of 2010 – 11 . Seven Stories Press . ISBN 1609803582 .
Martin , Abby . ( 2011 ) . Media Democracy in Action . In Mickey Huff ( Ed . ) Censored 2012 : The Top 25 Censored Stories of 2010 – 11 . Seven Stories Press . ISBN 1609803582 .
Radio
Media Roots Radio ( 2010 – 15 )
Project Censored , KPFA ( 94 @.@ 1 FM ) , co @-@ host
Video
Media Roots TV ( 2009 – present )
Artwork
The Crisis of Civilization ( 2011 ) , film poster
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= Lotus Intro =
" Lotus Intro " is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for her seventh studio album , Lotus ( 2012 ) . Written by Aguilera , Dwayne Abernathy , Candice Pillay and Alex da Kid , the song is about her rebirth as an artist , and is a representation of the symbolic nature of the Lotus Flower . " Lotus Intro " was created from Aguilera 's passion for " chill @-@ out " electronica music , and incorporates electronic and electronica styles . A sample of M83 's " Midnight City " was originally included in the demo , but was ultimately not cleared .
Upon its release , " Lotus Intro " garnered mixed reviews from music critics ; some complimented its hypnotizing melody , while others stated the song 's name is misleading , as the track is a full @-@ length song , and not a short introduction . Aguilera first performed " Lotus Intro " at the 40th American Music Awards on November 18 , 2012 , as part of a medley with Lotus tracks " Army of Me " and " Let There Be Love " . Upon the release of the album , the song debuted at number 165 on the South Korean international singles chart , selling 1 @,@ 898 copies .
= = Background and recording = =
After the release of Aguilera 's sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , which failed to generate sales , she divorced from her husband Jordan Bratman , made her acting debut in a film called Burlesque and recorded its accompanying soundtrack . The singer then became a coach on NBC 's singing contest show The Voice and appeared as a guest vocalist on Maroon 5 's single " Moves Like Jagger " ( 2011 ) , which spent four weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Following these events , Aguilera announced that she wanted to record her seventh album , stating that she wanted high quality and " personal " songs to record . She revealed that the album would be a " culmination of everything I 've experienced up until this point ... I 've been through a lot since the release of my last album , being on ( The Voice ) , having had a divorce ... This is all sort of a free rebirth for me . " She continued to say that " I 'm embracing many different things , but it 's all feel @-@ good , super @-@ expressive [ and ] super @-@ vulnerable . " She further expressed that the album would be about " self @-@ expression and freedom " because of the personal struggles she had overcome during the last couple of years .
Speaking about her new material on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in 2012 , Aguilera revealed that the album was taking a while to record because " I don 't like to just get songs from producers . I like them to come from a personal place ... I 'm very excited . It 's fun , exciting , introspective , it 's going to be great " . " Lotus Intro " was inspired by Aguilera 's passion for " chill @-@ out " electronica . Recorded at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California by Josh Mosser , " Lotus Intro " was written by Christina Aguilera , Dwayne Abernathy , Candice Pillay , Alexander Grant , and it was produced by Alex da Kid and Dem Jointz . Aguilera 's vocals were recorded by Oscar Ramirez at The Red Lips Room in Beverly Hills , California , while Aguilera and Pillay conducted the vocal production . Mike Delo Rio contributed additional vocals on the track , and J Browz added additional strings . The original demo of the track included a sample of M83 's " Midnight City " , but it was not approved and therefore not included on the final version .
= = Composition and critical reception = =
" Lotus Intro " is an electronic music song which lasts for a duration of 3 : 17 ; it was inspired by Aguilera 's passion for electronica . It has a " hypnotic " yet " dark , serious " tone which develops and matures as it progresses , depicting Aguilera 's rebirth , similar to the life cycle of a Lotus Flower . The track opens with tribal chant by Aguilera , who sings the line " Rise up lotus , rise / This is the beginning " over a " heavy " hip hop beat . Aguilera sings the lyrics " I look at my reflection and embrace the woman I 've become / The unbreakable lotus in me , I now set free " over electronic " bleeps and beeps " . Some of the opening lyrics , including " Rise up / This is the beginning " and " Leave the past behind " , serve as a mission statement for the rest of the album . Despite claiming to " submerge from hurt , pain , broken pieces " and " leave the past behind / say goodbye to the scared child inside , " Andrew Hampp for Billboard felt that the singer " still has a few scores to settle . " According to Robert Copsey for Digital Spy , the singer explains how the a Lotus Flower is " the unbreakable flower " in the lyrics " To the sky I rise / Spread my wings and fly " . He further wrote that the listener could be fooled by the title " Lotus Intro " , as it is a full length song and not a short introduction . Sarah Godfrey for The Washington Post was critical of Aguilera 's vocal performance , writing that although the singer 's strength is her voice , she sounds " modulated beyond recognition " .
= = Live performance = =
Aguilera performed " Lotus Intro " for the first time at the 40th American Music Awards on November 18 , 2012 , held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles , California . As one of the first singers to be announced as a performer at the award ceremony , Aguilera sang " Lotus Intro " as part of a medley with two other tracks from Lotus : " Let There Be Love " and " Army of Me " . During an interview with MTV News , Aguilera revealed what the performance would be like and the creative direction behind it :
It 's very exciting . It 's definitely going to be a reflection of what Lotus means to me . If you take that album cover and give it a little performance twist , I 'll bring that album cover to life , so it 's going to be really fun . I can 't give too much away about the songs , but it 's definitely going to represent the album because the album is very multilayered . It doesn 't represent ' Your Body ' as a single tone . It has its ballads ; and everything comes from a very sincere , deep – rooted place whether it 's having fun or being vulnerable .
Wearing a " fuller @-@ figure " " cinched in corset " designed by The Blonds , who also design outfits for Lady Gaga . Leah Simpson for the Daily Mail wrote that Aguilera put a " sexy twist on patriotism with a star – spangled bodysuit and managed to get a few pulses racing in the over @-@ the @-@ top ensemble . " The performance featured dance routines and dancers wearing torture bags over their heads with the words ' Freak ' and ' Queen ' printed on them . Bruna Nessif for E ! Online described the performance as " interesting , " and noted that the theme " to celebrate everyone for who they are " was similar to the moral content presented on Gaga 's album Born This Way ( 2011 ) . As Aguilera finished her set , the singer was joined on stage by Pitbull to perform his song " Feel This Moment " , on which she is a featured artist .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , CA .
Vocals recorded at The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , CA .
Personnel
Songwriting – Christina Aguilera , Dwayne Abernathy , Candice Pillay , Alexander Grant
Production – Alex da Kid , Dem Jointz
Recording – Josh Mosser
Vocal recording – Oscar Ramirez
Vocal production – Christina Aguilera , Candice Pillay
Additional vocals – Mike Del Rio
Additional strings – J Browz
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Lotus , RCA Records .
= = Charts = =
Upon the release of Lotus , " Lotus Intro " debuted on the South Korean international singles chart at number 165 during the week of November 11 to 17 , 2012 , due to digital download sales of 1 @,@ 898 .
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= 2012 New Mexico Bowl =
The 2012 Gildan New Mexico Bowl was a post @-@ season American college football bowl game that was held on December 15 , 2012 , at University Stadium on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque , New Mexico in the United States . The seventh edition of the New Mexico Bowl began at 11 : 00 a.m. MST and aired on ESPN . It featured the Nevada Wolf Pack , who represented the Mountain West Conference in their first year as a member , against the Arizona Wildcats , who represented the Pac @-@ 12 Conference . The Wolf Pack accepted their invitation with a 7 – 4 record in their first eleven games of the season , while the Wildcats accepted their invitation after finishing the regular season at 7 – 5 . The bowl was the first of 35 played in the 2012 – 13 bowl game season .
Coming into the game , both teams had sound offenses and were led by their respective running backs , sophomore Ka 'Deem Carey for Arizona and senior Stefphon Jefferson for Nevada , who ranked number one and number two respectively in total rushing yards during the regular season . Arizona and Nevada ranked third and fourth respectively in total offense . Both teams ' defenses were ranked towards the bottom of college football . Consequently , the game was widely expected to be high @-@ scoring .
Arizona won the game 49 – 48 after scoring two touchdowns in the final two minutes to come back for the victory . As expected , the game was dominated by offense ; Arizona and Nevada combined for 1234 total yards and 70 first downs . Despite losing the game , Nevada possessed the ball nearly twice as long and gained twice as many rushing yards as Arizona . Arizona quarterback Matt Scott was named the game 's offensive most valuable player ( MVP ) , and teammate Marquis Flowers , a linebacker , was named the game 's defensive MVP .
= = Teams = =
The New Mexico Bowl is played annually at the campus stadium of the University of New Mexico , a founding member of the Mountain West Conference which has had a tie @-@ in since the game 's establishment in 2006 . 2012 was the first year of the Pac @-@ 12 's tie in . The game featured the nation 's top rushers , Arizona 's All @-@ American Ka 'Deem Carey ( 146 @.@ 4 ypg ) and Nevada 's Stefphon Jefferson ( 141 @.@ 9 ypg ) . It also featured Arizona quarterback Matt Scott ( 3 @,@ 723 total offense yards ) and Nevada quarterback Cody Fajardo ( 3 @,@ 511 total offense yards ) .
This was the fourth meeting between these two teams . Arizona leads the all @-@ time record 2 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 . The last time they played was in 1941 .
= = = Arizona = = =
Arizona came off of a 7 @-@ 5 ( 4 @-@ 5 in conference ) season in coach Rich Rodriguez 's debut with the team . Arizona started their season by beating Toledo , Oklahoma State , and South Carolina State prior to getting blown out 49 @-@ 0 by Oregon . Later in the season , Arizona beat USC who was ranked # 9 . Star running back Ka 'Deem Carey had his best game of the year against Colorado totaling 366 yards to give the Wildcats their sixth win of the season . Their regular season concluded with a loss to rival Arizona State 41 @-@ 34 .
The 2012 edition was the first appearance in the bowl for both Arizona and for the Pac @-@ 12 . Arizona , seventh best in the nation in total offense ( 521 @.@ 83 ypg ) , was led by quarterback Matt Scott ( 338 @.@ 45 ypg , 3 @,@ 238 yards passing ) , All @-@ American running back Ka 'Deem Carey who led the nation in rushing ( 146 @.@ 42 ypg ) and set a school record with his 1 @,@ 757 rushing yards , good for 21 touchdowns , and wide receiver Austin Hill who totaled 1 @,@ 189 yards . 2012 was the first season in Arizona 's history during which they had a 3000 @-@ yard passer , a 1000 @-@ yard rusher , and a 1000 @-@ yard receiver . Senior place kicker John Bonano was named the 2012 Pac @-@ 12 Football Scholar @-@ Athlete of the Year ( Physiology major with a 3 @.@ 927 GPA ) .
= = = Nevada = = =
The Wolf Pack came off their inaugural season as a member of the Mountain West , during which they compiled a conference record of 4 @-@ 3 , good for fifth place in the conference . They began their season by defeating rival California 31 @-@ 24 . After losing to South Florida by a single point , Nevada won five consecutive games to achieve bowl eligibility . The Wolf Pack then dropped three of their final four to bring their record to 7 @-@ 5 . After defeating the New Mexico Lobos to improve their record to 7 @-@ 4 , the Wolf Pack accepted an invitation to the New Mexico Bowl .
Nevada coach Chris Ault was one of three members of the College Football Hall of Fame to lead a team into a bowl game , along with Barry Alvarez ( Wisconsin interim coach ) and Steve Spurrier ( South Carolina ) . Nevada 's senior receiver Brandon Wimberly had caught a pass in all 39 games of his college career . This was the Wolf Pack 's second New Mexico Bowl ; they had previously played in the 2007 edition ( then as a member of the Western Athletic Conference ) , losing to the hometown New Mexico Lobos by a score of 23 @-@ 0 .
= = Pregame buildup = =
This was the first bowl of the 2012 @-@ 13 College Football Bowl season . Prior to 2012 , the teams had not met since 1941 despite their close proximity . In 1941 , Arizona beat Nevada 26 – 7 . Overall , the series record prior to the game was 1 – 1 – 1 . Arizona , who had appeared in a bowl game in four of the previous five seasons , made the Pac @-@ 12 's first appearance in the New Mexico Bowl . Nevada made its eighth consecutive bowl appearance and second all @-@ time in the New Mexico Bowl .
= = = Offense = = =
Coming into the game , Arizona and Nevada were two of the top offenses in the country , ranking 7th and 10th in yards per game respectively . There was also significant hype surrounding the game because it featured two of the best running backs in the country , Ka 'Deem Carey for Arizona , and Stefphon Jefferson for Nevada . Carey was ranked number one in the country in total rushing yards , while Jefferson was ranked number two . The duo were also prolific scorers ; Jefferson was second in the country in rushing touchdowns with 25 and Carey was third with 24 . The game was widely expected to be a shoot @-@ out , as both teams were in the top @-@ 20 scoring offenses in the regular season .
= = = Defense = = =
There were very low expectations for the defenses ; the over / under was set at 75 @.@ 5 total points . During the regular season , both defenses were ranked in the bottom 30 ( out of 120 ) in points allowed . Despite having three players on the All @-@ Mountain West team , Nevada allowed opponents to convert third downs 47 @.@ 2 % of the time ( 107th in the country ) . Arizona was led defensively during the regular season by Jake Fischer , who accumulated 119 total tackles , while Nevada was led by Albert Rosette who totaled 135 regular season tackles .
= = Game summary = =
= = = First quarter = = =
Nevada methodically moved down the field on their first drive and scored first on a 16 @-@ yard run by Stefphon Jefferson to cap off an 8 @-@ play , 75 @-@ yard drive . Later in the quarter , the Wolf Pack took a 14 @-@ 0 lead following a 17 @-@ yard touchdown pass from quarterback Cody Fajardo to Zach Sudfeld . Arizona fumbled on the ensuing kickoff . On the first play of their drive , Nevada took a 21 @-@ 0 lead on a 28 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Sudfeld . All @-@ American running back Ka 'Deem Carey finally got Arizona on the board with a 21 @-@ yard touchdown run late in the first quarter .
= = = Second quarter = = =
In the second quarter , Arizona outscored Nevada 21 @-@ 10 . Taking advantage of two Nevada turnovers , an interception thrown by Cody Fajardo and a fumble by Stefphon Jefferson , Arizona was able to tie the game at 21 with one @-@ yard touchdown runs by Matt Scott and Carey , respectively . Nevada regained the lead on a 14 @-@ yard rushing touchdown by Jefferson , but Arizona tied the game once again on a 9 @-@ yard Carey touchdown run , his third of the game . Nevada enjoyed a three @-@ point lead at the half after a 27 field goal by Allen Hardison capped off a 16 @-@ play , 65 @-@ yard drive and made the score 31 @-@ 28 .
= = = Third quarter = = =
After kicking off to start the game , Arizona got the ball first in the second half . Their first drive went three @-@ and @-@ out . After a 51 @-@ yard punt , Nevada took over at their own 11 @-@ yard line . They put together an 11 @-@ play , 89 @-@ yard drive that culminated with a 33 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Cody Fajardo to Richy Turner . During the course of throwing the touchdown pass , Fajardo hurt his hand and was seen shaking it on his way to the end zone to celebrate the score . He returned for Nevada 's next offensive drive . Arizona 's next drive got them into Nevada territory , but an interception thrown by Matt Scott ended any hopes of scoring . Nevada took the field and drove 84 yards down the field on 15 plays . Near the end of the drive once Nevada was inside the 10 @-@ yard line , Fajardo ran the ball for a gain of three yards . During the course of the play , he took a hit to the head from an Arizona defender . He exited the game for one play , but subsequently returned on that drive and scored a one @-@ yard rushing touchdown . Arizona was held scoreless in the quarter , and heading into the final quarter of regulation , Nevada possessed a 45 @-@ 28 lead .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
Arizona came in to the fourth quarter trailing Nevada by 17 points . Arizona was able to cut the lead to 45 @-@ 35 on a 63 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Scott to Austin Hill soon after the 4th quarter began . Nevada then took a 48 @-@ 35 lead on a 25 @-@ yard field goal from Hardison , for a 13 @-@ point lead with only 1 : 44 left in regulation time . Arizona , with no timeouts and needing two scores to win the game , was able to cut the lead down to 48 @-@ 42 with only 42 seconds left in regulation on a short touchdown pass from Scott to Hill . After Marquis Flowers successfully recovered the onside kick , Arizona quickly scored with another short Scott touchdown pass , this time to Tyler Slavin , to take tie the game at 48 with only 19 seconds left in regulation . Prior to the extra point attempt , Nevada coach Chris Ault called his final timeout to try to ice kicker John Bonano . The tactic was unsuccessful , as Bonano made the extra point to give Arizona a one @-@ point lead . The final 19 seconds of the game were the only time that Arizona led . Arizona held on to the lead after Arizona 's Flowers intercepted a Fajardo pass with a few seconds remaining in the game .
= = Scoring summary = =
= = Statistics = =
= = = Individual statistics = = =
Passing
Rushing
Receiving
= = Aftermath = =
On December 28 , 2012 , nearly two weeks after the bowl game , Nevada head coach Chris Ault announced that he would retire from his position as head football coach at Nevada . Son of former National Football League executive Bill Polian Brian Polian was subsequently signed a five @-@ year contract to be the new head coach of the Wolf Pack on January 7 , 2013 .
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= Ramón Ramírez ( Venezuelan pitcher ) =
Ramón A. Ramírez ( born September 16 , 1982 in Cagua , Venezuela ) is a Venezuelan pitcher . He stands 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall and weighs 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Previously , he has pitched for the Cincinnati Reds . He bats and throws right @-@ handed . He throws three pitches : a fastball , a slider , and a changeup .
Ramírez was signed by the San Diego Padres in 2000 as an outfielder , but he was released in 2001 . The Reds signed him in 2003 as a pitcher , and he reached the major leagues in 2008 , when he made four starts for the Reds . The next year , he appeared in 11 games in relief for the Reds . After the season , the Tampa Bay Rays claimed him off waivers , but they released him . The Boston Red Sox claimed him off waivers , and he spent 2010 in the minor leagues for them . He signed with the Doosan Bears of the Korea Baseball Organization in 2011 , but he was released before appearing in a game with them .
= = Professional career = =
= = = San Diego Padres = = =
On March 27 , 2000 , Ramírez was signed by the San Diego Padres as an outfielder . He was released by the Padres on June 12 , 2001 .
= = = Cincinnati Reds = = =
= = = = 2004 – 2007 = = = =
On May 12 , 2003 , Ramírez was signed by the Cincinnati Reds , this time as a pitcher . In 2004 , he pitched for the Billings Mustangs of the Pioneer League , a rookie league . In 17 games ( 12 starts ) , he had three wins and six losses , which was tied for fourth in the league . However , he was 10th in the league in strikeouts ( 60 ) , third in innings pitched ( 74 1 ⁄ 3 ) , and second in earned run average ( 3 @.@ 39 , behind only Samuel Deduno 's 3 @.@ 18 ERA ) .
In 2005 , Ramírez pitched for the Dayton Dragons of the single @-@ A Midwest League . He had a 5 – 7 record , a 4 @.@ 50 ERA , 114 innings pitched , and 90 strikeouts in 30 games ( 19 starts ) .
Ramírez pitched for the Sarasota Reds of the single @-@ A advanced Florida State League in 2006 . He had a 4 – 5 record , a 4 @.@ 29 ERA , 53 strikeouts , 65 innings pitched , and one complete game in 15 games ( 11 starts ) .
In 2007 , Ramírez began the year with Sarasota again . He had a 5 – 2 record , a 4 @.@ 05 ERA , 73 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and 86 strikeouts in 15 games ( 12 starts ) ; and he was promoted to the Chattanooga Lookouts of the double @-@ A Southern League on June 22 . At Chattanooga , used exclusively as a relief pitcher , he had a 5 – 1 record , a 4 @.@ 60 ERA , 31 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and 35 strikeouts in 16 games . On August 18 , he was promoted to the Louisville Bats of the triple @-@ A International League to replace Elizardo Ramírez , who was called up to the Reds . With Louisville , Ramón Ramírez had a 1 – 0 record , an 0 @.@ 00 ERA , 14 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and 16 strikeouts in five games ( two starts ) . In the minor leagues that year , he had 11 wins ( tied for fourth in the Reds ' system ) , 3 losses , a 3 @.@ 70 ERA ( ninth ) , 119 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and 137 strikeouts ( second ) in 36 games ( 14 starts ) . The Cincinnati Reds added him to their 40 @-@ man roster on November 20 .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
Ramírez attended Reds ' spring training in 2008 but was optioned to the minors on March 10 after having an 11 @.@ 57 ERA in three games . He began the season with Chattanooga . After he had a 2 – 3 record , a 4 @.@ 70 ERA , 46 innings pitched , and 52 strikeouts in 11 games ( nine starts ) , he was promoted to Louisville on May 23 . At Louisville , he had a 4 – 5 record , a 3 @.@ 08 ERA , 99 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and 93 strikeouts in 19 games ( 15 starts ) . On August 30 , he was called up to the Reds make a start that day in place of the injured Johnny Cueto . He gave up three runs over seven innings while striking out six , but he received a no decision in a 7 – 6 victory over the San Francisco Giants . He was optioned to Sarasota the next day to make room for Wilkin Castillo on the roster but was recalled on September 2 . On September 4 , he threw three perfect innings in relief of an injured Josh Fogg in an 8 – 6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . Afterwards , he made three more starts for the Reds . He got his first career decision ( a win ) on September 19 when he gave up two runs and struck out five batters in six innings as the Reds defeated the Milwaukee Brewers , 11 – 2 . He got his only other decision of the year on September 24 , when he gave up two runs in five innings in a 5 – 0 loss to the Houston Astros . Ramírez finished the year 1 – 1 , with a 2 @.@ 67 ERA , 21 strikeouts , and 27 innings pitched in 5 games ( 4 starts ) . In the minors , he had a 6 – 8 record , a 3 @.@ 59 ERA , 145 strikeouts , and 145 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched in 30 games ( 24 starts ) .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Ramírez was expected to compete for a spot in the Reds ' starting rotation in 2009 ; however , because he missed much of spring training at the World Baseball Classic , he began the year with Louisville . On May 19 , he was called up from Louisville to replace the injured Nick Masset in the bullpen . After appearing in one game , he was optioned back to Louisville on May 22 to make room for Carlos Fisher on the roster . He remained in Louisville until August 31 , when he was recalled between games of a doubleheader . After giving up 4 runs in his first 3 games of the season , Ramírez gave up 1 run in his last 8 games . Used exclusively out of the bullpen , he finished the year with an 0 – 0 record , a 3 @.@ 65 ERA , eight strikeouts , and 12 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched in 11 games . At Louisville , he had a 6 – 7 record , a 4 @.@ 03 ERA , 78 strikeouts , and 127 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched in 31 games ( 20 starts ) .
= = = Tampa Bay Rays / Boston Red Sox = = =
On November 9 , the Tampa Bay Rays claimed Ramírez off waivers , but they released him on December 3 . On December 9 , the Boston Red Sox claimed him off waivers . He spent the 2010 season with the Pawtucket Red Sox of the International League , where he had a 5 – 5 record , a 4 @.@ 92 ERA , one complete game , 97 innings pitched , and 80 strikeouts in 28 games ( 13 starts ) . On November 6 , he became a free agent .
= = = Doosan Bears = = =
In 2011 , Ramírez signed with the Doosan Bears of the Korea Baseball Organization . However , he was released before playing a regular season game after he struggled in the preseason .
= = International play = =
In 2009 , Ramírez represented Venezuela in the World Baseball Classic , deciding to play in the tournament at the last minute . On March 10 , he gave up one run in three innings of relief as Venezuela defeated Italy 10 – 1 to advance to the second round of the Classic . He pitched a scoreless 2 ⁄ 3 of an inning on March 16 as Venezuela defeated Puerto Rico 2 – 0 . In his final game of the Classic ( on March 18 ) , Ramírez gave up two runs in 1 2 ⁄ 3 innings , but Venezuela defeated the United States 10 – 6 to advance to the semifinals .
= = Pitching style = =
Ramírez throws three pitches : a fastball , a slider , and a changeup . Rays ' general manager Andrew Friedman described the fastball as " average " , the slider as " pretty good " , and the changeup as " above @-@ average . "
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= John Barrowman =
John Scot Barrowman , MBE ( born 11 March 1967 ) , is a Scottish @-@ American actor , singer , dancer , presenter and writer who holds both British and American citizenship . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , he emigrated to the United States with his family in 1975 . Encouraged by his high school teachers , Barrowman studied performing arts at the United States International University in San Diego before landing the role of Billy Crocker in Cole Porter 's Anything Goes at London 's West End .
Since his debut in professional theatre , Barrowman has played lead roles in various musicals both in the West End and on Broadway , including Miss Saigon , The Phantom of the Opera , Sunset Boulevard and Matador . After appearing in Sam Mendes ' production of The Fix , he was nominated for the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical and , in the early 2000s , returned to the role of Billy Crocker in the revival of Anything Goes . His most recent West End credit was in the 2009 production of La Cage aux Folles .
Aside his theatrical career , Barrowman has appeared in various films including the musical biopic De @-@ Lovely ( 2004 ) and musical comedy The Producers ( 2005 ) . Before venturing into British television , he featured in the American television dramas Titans and Central Park West but he is better known for his acting and presenting work for the BBC that includes his work for CBBC in its earlier years , his self @-@ produced entertainment programme Tonight 's the Night , and his BAFTA Cymru @-@ nominated role of Captain Jack Harkness in the science fiction series Doctor Who and Torchwood . Barrowman has also had a number of guest roles in television programmes both in the US and the UK . He appeared as a contestant on the first series of celebrity ice skating show Dancing on Ice while his theatrical background allowed him to become a judge on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's musical talent shows How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? , Any Dream Will Do and I 'd Do Anything . In 2006 , he was voted Stonewall 's Entertainer of the Year . Starting in 2013 , he hosts the BBC One quiz show Pressure Pad . Barrowman now stars in the CW 's Arrow as Malcolm Merlyn , the show 's version of the DC villain Merlyn and one of the series ' main antagonists .
Barrowman is also featured on more than a dozen musical theatre recordings including cover tunes found on his 2007 album , Another Side , and 2008 's Music Music Music . Both albums accrued places on the UK Albums Chart , as did his self @-@ titled John Barrowman ( 2010 ) , which reached number 11 , his highest chart placing to date . Furthermore , Barrowman has published two memoirs and autobiographies , Anything Goes ( 2008 ) and I Am What I Am ( 2009 ) , with his sister Carole as co @-@ author . The siblings also teamed up to write a novel , Hollow Earth ( 2012 ) . The second book in the series , Bone Quill , has been released in the UK and was released in the US in July 2013 .
= = Early life = =
Barrowman was born in 1967 in Glasgow , the youngest of three siblings . He lived in Glasgow for the first eight years of his life . Barrowman 's mother was a singer and worked as a clerk in a record shop while his father was employed by the Caterpillar heavy machinery company in Uddingston . In 1975 , his father 's company relocated the family to the United States , where his father managed the Caterpillar tractor factory in Aurora , Illinois . Barrowman recalls his family as loving , but strict and mindful of etiquette : always polite and respectful towards others . Comparing the two countries where he was raised , Barrowman concludes : " Scotland gave us , as a family , closeness ; America gave us the get @-@ up @-@ and @-@ go . " The family settled in Joliet , where Barrowman attended Joliet West High School in the heart of a " quintessentially middle @-@ class conservative town " . Barrowman 's high school music and English teachers changed the future course of his life , with his music tutor instilling in him the love of performing , and his English teacher encouraging Barrowman to rise to his true artistic potential . His English teacher moved him into a Gifted Programme and coached Barrowman for the school 's speech team . With the support of his teacher , Barrowman competed with other schools in statewide speech competitions , where he sharpened his skills reading scenes from plays .
As a freshman , Barrowman won parts in several musical productions and from 1983 to 1986 , he performed in such musical productions as Oliver ! , Camelot , Hello , Dolly ! , Li 'l Abner and Anything Goes . Looking back , Barrowman acknowledges that " without the support he received in high school , chances are that he would not now be appearing in royal command performances in the West End in front of the Royal Family or having Stephen Sondheim ask him to play opposite Carol Burnett " .
Barrowman spent his senior year shovelling coal for an Illinois power company . His father had arranged the job ( and similar jobs for his brother and sister ) to give Barrowman the experience of manual labour . His father told him : " If you want to do manual labour for the rest of your life you 'll know that when you do it ; it 's a choice . But if you don 't like it , you 'll understand the importance of educating yourself and – if you decide what you want to do – being good at your craft or your skill . " Barrowman worked for the power company for the entire summer , but did not like the job . Eventually , he convinced the company to move him to work in the storeroom .
Barrowman graduated from high school in 1985 , and became a naturalised citizen of the United States ( although he maintains dual citizenship of both the United Kingdom and the US ) . After he graduated from high school , he moved to San Diego , to study performing arts at the United States International University ( USIU ) . As part of an exchange programme , he returned to his native Britain in 1989 , to study Shakespeare for six months .
= = Acting career = =
= = = Theatre = = =
Barrowman 's professional acting career began in London 's West End in 1989 , playing the role of Billy Crocker in Cole Porter 's Anything Goes at the Prince Edward Theatre , alongside Elaine Paige as Reno Sweeney and Bernard Cribbins as Moonface Martin . He continued to appear in West End productions for the next decade , taking the title role of Domingo Hernandez in Matador at the Queen 's Theatre in 1991 ; as Raoul in The Phantom of the Opera at Her Majesty 's Theatre in 1992 ; as Claude in Hair at the Old Vic Theatre in 1993 ; as Chris in Miss Saigon at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1993 ; as Joe Gillis in Sunset Boulevard at the Adelphi Theatre from 1994 – 1995 ; and as Beast in Beauty and the Beast at the Dominion Theatre in 1999 . Barrowman was part of the musical Godspell in 1994 , and was a soloist in two songs , " We Beseech Thee " and " On The Willows " . He was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 1998 for originating the role of Cal Chandler in The Fix , a performance he repeated in Cameron Mackintosh 's 1998 gala concert Hey , Mr Producer ! . Barrowman played Joe Gillis in Sunset Boulevard in the West End and , briefly , on Broadway . His only other Broadway credit is in the role of Barry in the Stephen Sondheim revue Putting It Together ( 1999 – 2000 ) at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre opposite Carol Burnett and George Hearn . In a review of Putting It Together , theatre critic Tom Samiljan noted Barrowman 's " fine baritone voice and suave looks " . In 2002 , Barrowman appeared as Bobby in Sondheim 's Company in the Kennedy Center 's Stephen Sondheim Celebration .
Barrowman returned to the role of Billy Crocker in Trevor Nunn 's 2003 West End revival of Anything Goes , and appeared in West End non @-@ musical dramas , such as his role as Wyndham Brandon in Rope at the Minerva Theatre , Chichester in 1993 , and he starred as Lieutenant Jack Ross opposite Rob Lowe in the 2005 production of A Few Good Men .
Barrowman starred in pantomime productions of Cinderella at the New Wimbledon Theatre ( Christmas , 2005 – 06 ) and in Jack and the Beanstalk at Cardiff 's New Theatre ( Christmas , 2006 – 07 ) . He played the title role in Aladdin at the Birmingham Hippodrome over Christmas 2007 – 8 and as a guest act for the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium in 2008 . Barrowman played the lead in the Robin Hood pantomime at the Birmingham Hippodrome for the 2008 – 09 season . He presented Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 60th birthday party in London 's Hyde Park on 14 September 2008 . Exactly one year later , Barrowman succeeded Roger Allam as Zaza / Albin in the West End revival of La Cage aux Folles , at the Playhouse Theatre .
= = = Television presenter = = =
Barrowman was one of the original hosts of Live & Kicking , a children 's Saturday morning variety show on the BBC . During this time , he became known for his catchphrase , " it 's a dirty rat ! " , which he used during a phone @-@ in game set in a haunted house . From 1993 – 1994 , Barrowman reported on technology news as the host of the Electric Circus segment of the show . He appeared on the children 's television game show , The Movie Game from 1994 – 1996 . Barrowman was one of the regular presenters on Five channel 's afternoon show 5 's Company from 1997 – 1999 . Barrowman read bedtime stories on the CBeebies channel between 1 and 5 May 2006 . That summer , Barrowman was on a Judges panel with Andrew Lloyd Webber , David Ian , and Zoe Tyler on BBC One 's music talent show How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? . In the same year , Barrowman made two television appearances on New Year 's Eve : He talked about spirituality and civil partnerships on BBC Television 's Heaven & Earth , hosted by Gloria Hunniford , and he appeared as a guest on Graham Norton 's one @-@ off BBC Television programme , The Big Finish , teaming up with Craig Revel Horwood and Louis Walsh to take a lighthearted look at news stories in 2006 . On 11 February 2007 , Barrowman co @-@ presented coverage of the BAFTA Film Awards , along with Ruby Wax for E ! : Entertainment Television . On 11 and 18 February 2007 , Barrowman guest @-@ presented two editions of Elaine Paige on Sunday , a pre @-@ recorded BBC Radio 2 weekly musical theatre and film music showcase .
In 2007 , Barrowman was a judge on the BBC One TV series Any Dream Will Do , hosted by Graham Norton . The show searched for a new , unknown actor to play the role of Joseph in a West End revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , eventually choosing Lee Mead . He guested on the BBC Two comedy panel quiz show Never Mind the Buzzcocks ( Series 19 , Episode 5 ) , challenging host Simon Amstell to a " gay @-@ off " . He also guested on Al Murray 's Happy Hour , The Charlotte Church Show , and Friday Night with Jonathan Ross .
On 27 July 2007 , Barrowman guest hosted The Friday Night Project , on Channel 4 . In 2008 Barrowman presented a primetime BBC game show called The Kids Are All Right . On the show , four adults compete against seven " smart and sassy " children for cash in four rounds " testing their brainpower , knowledge and speed of response " . On 16 and 23 February 2008 , he presented the National Lottery Draw .
On 1 March 2008 , Barrowman appeared as a panellist of the Eurovision Song Contest selection show , Eurovision : Your Decision on BBC 1 with Carrie Grant and Terry Wogan . From 29 April to 1 May , he presented This Morning . Barrowman began featuring as a judge on the Canadian version of How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? in June 2008 . In 2008 , Barrowman became the presenter for Animals at Work , a children 's television show on CBBC that showcases " animals with extraordinary skills that make people 's lives easier and safer " ; Animals at Work began in 2009 with 26 episodes . In February 2010 , Barrowman appeared as a guest host on UK shopping channel QVC
In the summer of 2012 , Barrowman signed up to host This Morning .
In July 2012 , Barrowman co @-@ hosted the G4 's 2012 Live Comic Con in San Diego with Candace Bailey .
In 2013 , Barrowman began hosting the BBC One game show Pressure Pad and in 2014 , he hosted Channel 4 show Superstar Dogs : Countdown to Crufts , which began airing on 17 February 2014 .
Beginning on 3 November 2014 , Barrowman hosted the Channel 4 programme Small Animal Hospital .
= = = Prime time drama = = =
Barrowman 's television career began with several appearances in short @-@ lived prime @-@ time soap operas . Barrowman first starred as Peter Fairchild in Central Park West ( 1995 ) a show American film critic Ken Tucker calls " a tale of ritzy , ditsy New York City careerists — some struggling to make it , others plotting to retain their status and power . " Television critic David Hiltbrand called Barrowman 's character a " Prince Charming ... a virtuous , hardworking assistant DA who keeps getting distracted by women who swoon in his path . " Tucker noted Barrowman 's character of Peter Fairchild to be " physically an eye @-@ widening cross between John Kennedy Jr. and Hugh Grant " . The show lasted for two seasons on CBS , from September 1995 to June 1996 . Barrowman then appeared as Peter Williams in Titans ( 2000 ) . According to writer Joanna Bober , in Titans , Barrowman plays a " ruthless mogul " who gains " control of the family 's private aviation company ( a fleet of ' Titans ' ) from his semi @-@ retired father " while increasing the profitability of the company amidst a series of soap opera intrigues . Titans was cancelled after airing eleven episodes . Barrowman was also considered for the role of Will in Will and Grace , but the producers reportedly felt he was " too straight " and the role eventually went to Eric McCormack instead . Commenting on the decision , Barrowman remarked , " The sad thing is it 's run by gay men and women . "
On 25 March 2008 , Barrowman made a guest appearance in episode 22 of the BBC 's Hotel Babylon . Entertainment Weekly reported that Barrowman would appear in the 2010 season of Desperate Housewives , " for a minimum of five episodes , portraying Patrick Logan , the ex @-@ boyfriend at the center of the Angie Bolen ( Drea de Matteo ) mystery . " On 23 February 2010 Barrowman announced on The One Show that his contract had been extended to a total of six episodes .
Barrowman starred in the ABC drama series pilot Gilded Lillys created and produced by Shonda Rhimes .
Since 2012 , Barrowman has portrayed Malcolm Merlyn in The CW 's Arrow , one of the series main antagonists . Barrowman was a recurring cast member for the first two seasons and was promoted to a main cast member beginning with the third season . By July 2016 , he signed a deal that allows him to continue being a series regular on Arrow as well as the other superhero shows produced by Greg Berlanti , including The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow .
= = = Film and reality television = = =
Barrowman appeared as Ben Carpenter in the low @-@ budget film Shark Attack 3 : Megalodon ( 2002 ) . His musical abilities are featured in several film roles : as Jack in the Cole Porter biopic De @-@ Lovely ( 2004 ) , singing a duet with Kevin Kline on the song " Night and Day " ; and as the lead tenor Stormtrooper in The Producers ( 2005 ) , singing " Springtime for Hitler " . Barrowman co @-@ presented and performed in the BBC One series The Sound of Musicals ( 2006 ) .
Barrowman took part in the reality television series Dancing on Ice on ITV1 in January and February 2006 . Resembling a real ice skating competition , ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean trained celebrities to compete on the show . His skating partner was World Junior Gold Medalist and three @-@ time Russian champion Olga Sharutenko . On 4 February , Barrowman and Sharutenko faced Stefan Booth and Kristina Lenko in the skate off and were eliminated by the judges ' by a vote of 3 to 2 . He was one of five celebrity guests on the Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special ( 2010 ) , and achieved both the top score and also first place when the audience vote had been counted . His professional partner was Kristina Rihanoff and they danced the Quickstep . In September 2012 Barrowman was a guest host on Attack of the Show ! .
= = = Doctor Who and Torchwood = = =
Barrowman is best known in the UK for his role in the BBC science fiction drama Doctor Who . When the series was revived in 2005 , Barrowman came on board as recurring guest character Captain Jack Harkness , an omnisexual time traveller from the 51st century . His first appearance as Harkness was in the two @-@ part story " The Empty Child " / " The Doctor Dances " . He went on to appear in the next three episodes , " Boom Town " , " Bad Wolf " and " The Parting of the Ways " . Jack became so popular , he was given his own show – Torchwood , a Doctor Who spin @-@ off series featuring a team of alien hunters based in modern @-@ day Cardiff , which premiered in 2006 . American film and television critic Ken Tucker describes Barrowman 's role on Torchwood as " dashing " , " utterly fabulous " , " celestially promiscuous " , and " like Tom Cruise with suspenders , but minus the Scientology " . In the show , Jack " tracks down — and occasionally beds — ETs with the help of his quartet of bedazzled groupies — slash — Experts in Their Fields : One 's a doctor , one 's a cop , one 's a scientist , and one ... makes coffee and late nights piping hot . It 's like the Justice League of Extended @-@ Pinkie Nerds . "
Barrowman continued to guest star in Doctor Who in 2007 , appearing in " Utopia " , " The Sound of Drums " , and " Last of the Time Lords " . He also participated in a Doctor Who special on the BBC 's The Weakest Link . In 2008 , Barrowman appeared in the two @-@ part 2008 series finale , " The Stolen Earth " / " Journey 's End " and reprised the role of Captain Jack Harkness in the " Doctor Who : Tonight 's the Night " special . In 2010 , Barrowman returned to Doctor Who with a cameo in The End of Time along with other previous stars . Series 3 of Torchwood was broadcast in July 2009 as a miniseries of five episodes called Children of Earth . Filming of Series 4 called Torchwood : Miracle Day began on 11 January 2011 primarily in Los Angeles , and in and around Cardiff , Wales . The first episode of Miracle Day aired on Starz Network in the USA on 8 July 2011 and was broadcast on BBC One in the UK on 14 July 2011 . Both Doctor Who and Torchwood became popular in the United States on the BBC America network . In November 2013 he appeared in the one @-@ off 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot .
= = Books = =
Barrowman 's memoir and autobiography , Anything Goes , was published in 2008 by Michael O 'Mara Books . His sister , English professor and journalist Carole Barrowman , helped write the book using her brother 's dictations . In 2009 , Barrowman published I Am What I Am , his second memoir detailing his recent television work and musings on fame .
Barrowman 's first published work of original fiction was a Torchwood comic strip , titled Captain Jack and the Selkie , co @-@ written with sister Carole . Commenting on the characterisation of Jack Harkness in the comic strip Barrowman states : " We ’ d already agreed to tell a story that showed a side of Jack and a part of his history that hadn ’ t been explored too much in other media . I wanted to give fans something original about Jack . " Barrowman 's début fantasy novel titled Hollow Earth , co @-@ written with his sister Carole , was published in the United Kingdom on 2 February 2012 by Buster Books . The novel is about twins Matt and Emily ( " Em " ) Calder who share an ability that allows them to make artwork come to life , due to their powerful imaginations . Their ability is sought after by antagonists who wish to use it to breach Hollow Earth — a realm in which all demons and monsters are trapped . Two sequels from the same team concerning Hollow Earth followed - The Bone Quill ( 2013 ) and The Book of Beasts ( 2014 ) - and Conjuror ( 2016 ) , the first in a new series ( the " Orion Chronicles " ) featuring the same twins , as well as a separate novel Torchwood : Exodus Code ( 2013 ) .
= = Personal life = =
Barrowman learned an American accent after school children picked on his Scottish accent when he moved to the United States . His General American accent is often said to hint at , or is called , Mid @-@ Atlantic .
Barrowman is openly gay : he met his husband , Scott Gill , during a production of Rope at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 1993 , after Gill came to see Barrowman in the play . The couple have houses in London , England ; Cardiff , Wales ; and Palm Springs , California . Barrowman and Gill entered into a civil partnership on 27 December 2006 . A small ceremony was held in Cardiff with friends and family , with the cast of Torchwood and executive producer Russell T Davies as guests . The pair were legally married in the state of California on 2 July 2013 , following the United States Supreme Court 's decision to deny an appeal to overturning California Proposition 8 in Hollingsworth v. Perry .
On 30 November 2008 , Barrowman exposed himself during an episode of Radio 1 's Switch programme . Although the act was not seen ( a show staff member had covered the webcam ) , the BBC and Barrowman subsequently apologised for any offence caused .
= = = Views and advocacy = = =
Barrowman worked with Stonewall , a gay rights organisation in the UK , on the " Education for All " campaign against homophobia in the schools . In April 2008 , the group placed posters on 600 billboards that read , " Some people are gay . Get over it ! " Barrowman contributed his support to the project asking people to join him and " Help exterminate homophobia . Be bold . Be brave . Be a buddy , not a bully . " That same month , Barrowman spoke at the Oxford Union about his career , the entertainment industry , and gay rights issues . The event was filmed for the BBC programme The Making of Me , in an episode exploring the science of homosexuality . He was voted Entertainer of the Year in 2006 by Stonewall and placed on the Out 100 list for 2008 , an annual list of notable LGBT people compiled by Out magazine . In June 2010 , Barrowman met with the current Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron as a representative of the LGBT community .
Barrowman was one of 48 British celebrities who signed a public notice warning voters against Conservative Party policy towards the BBC prior to the 2010 general election . In 2011 , he released his own skin care line , entitled HIM . In the 2012 presidential election , Barrowman endorsed Democrat Barack Obama , who was running for re @-@ election . Barrowman publicly supported Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , and was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing independence .
= = Filmography = =
= = Theatre = =
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
= = = Compilation albums = = =
= = = Box set = = =
= = = Cast recordings = = =
= = = Soundtracks = = =
= = = Other appearances = = =
= = Home video releases = =
An Evening With John Barrowman ( 2009 )
John Barrowman : Live at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2010 )
= = Honours = =
In July 2011 , Barrowman was awarded an Honorary degree from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland .
For the role of Captain Jack Harkness in Torchwood : Miracle Day , Barrowman was long listed in the category Drama Performance : Male at the 2012 National Television Awards .
Barrowman was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to light entertainment and charity .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
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= 1986 New York Giants season =
The 1986 New York Giants season was one of the most successful seasons in the professional football franchise 's history . The Giants , who play in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) , won their fifth championship — and first Super Bowl — in franchise history during the season . Led by consensus league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) linebacker Lawrence Taylor and Super Bowl MVP quarterback Phil Simms , the Giants posted a 14 – 2 record during the regular season , tied for the best record in the league with the defending Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears and the best in team history . The Giants improved on their 10 – 6 record from 1985 , won their first division championship since the NFL @-@ AFL merger in 1970 , and won Super Bowl XXI against the Denver Broncos .
In the playoffs the Giants , who were the top seed in the conference ahead of the Bears , defeated the San Francisco 49ers for the second consecutive year in the playoffs by a score of 49 – 3 . They then disposed of their division rivals , the Washington Redskins , in the NFC Championship Game 17 – 0 . In the Super Bowl , behind Simms ' 88 % pass completion percentage and their strong defense , the Giants overcame a 10 – 9 halftime deficit and scored thirty second half points while allowing only ten more and defeated the Broncos 39 – 20 .
After making the playoffs in 1984 and 1985 , the Giants entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl . They began the season with 31 – 28 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , before winning five consecutive games . After losing 17 – 12 to the Seattle Seahawks in week seven , the Giants won their final nine regular season games . Following the regular season , coach Bill Parcells won the NFL Coach of the Year Award , and eight Giants were named to the Pro Bowl . The Giants ' defense , nicknamed the Big Blue Wrecking Crew , finished second in the league in points and yards allowed .
The 1986 Giants had been ranked as one of the greatest NFL teams of all time by fans , and members of the media . It was this Giants team that popularized the practice of the " Gatorade shower " , which entailed the players dousing members of the coaching staff with Gatorade near the end of a victorious game .
= = Off @-@ season = =
After two consecutive playoff seasons , the Giants entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl .
= = = Draft = = =
The Giants had five selections in the first two rounds of the 1986 NFL Draft , as opposed to the normal two , and 14 selections in the 12 @-@ round draft overall . Of the draft Giants ' General Manager George Young said , " This is not a blue @-@ chip draft , but a strong blue @-@ collar draft . A lot of people think there 's better quantity than quality . " With their first selection they chose defensive end Eric Dorsey # 19 overall from the University of Notre Dame . With their four second @-@ round selections they chose Mark Collins , cornerback out of Cal State @-@ Fullerton , Erik Howard , nose tackle out of Washington State University , Pepper Johnson , linebacker out of Ohio State University , and Greg Lasker , defensive back out of the University of Arkansas .
= = Personnel = =
= = = Staff = = =
= = = Roster = = =
= = = Depth chart = = =
= = Pre season = =
= = = Schedule = = =
= = Regular season = =
= = = Schedule = = =
= = = Game summaries = = =
= = = = Week 1 = = = =
The Giants had their first test in the opening week Monday Night Football game against the defending Eastern Division champion Dallas Cowboys . Playing in front of 59 @,@ 804 fans at Texas Stadium , the Giants lost the opener , 31 – 28 . The teams played fairly evenly statistically ; the Giants totalled 416 yards to the Cowboys ' 392 . Highlights of the game included Cowboys running back Herschel Walker , in his first NFL game , rushing 10 times for 64 yards and the game @-@ winning touchdown , and fellow running back Tony Dorsett scoring on a 36 @-@ yard screen pass on the game 's opening drive . The Giants struggled at the start of the game ; they failed to get a first down on their first three drives , but their offense came alive and scored 28 points in the final three quarters .
= = = = Week 2 = = = =
In week two , the Giants defeated the San Diego Chargers 20 – 7 in front of 74 @,@ 921 fans at Giants Stadium . The Giants led the Chargers 10 – 7 after three quarters before scoring 10 in the fourth quarter to put the game out of reach . Joe Morris rushed 30 times for 83 yards and defensive backs Terry Kinard and Kenny Hill intercepted two passes each . Chargers quarterback Dan Fouts threw five second half interceptions . " We took away their outside running game and their short passes , " Giants ' defensive coordinator Bill Belichick said . " When Fouts tried to go deep , that 's when we got interceptions . " The Giants dominated the Chargers in time of possession ; 39 minutes 44 seconds to the Chargers ' 20 minutes 16 seconds . The Giants defense forced eight turnovers overall , and held the Chargers to 41 rushing yards on 13 carries . After the game Fouts complimented the Giants defense , " There was no comparing the Giants ' defense with the Dolphins ' defense ( the Chargers scored 50 points and totalled 500 yards against the Dolphins in week one ) . We never got anything established against the Giants . Momma said there would be days like this , and she was right . "
= = = = Week 3 = = = =
The Giants played the Los Angeles Raiders in Los Angeles in week three . Joe Morris rushed for 110 yards on 18 carries — the first time in 19 games someone had rushed for 100 yards against the Raiders — and the Giants ' defense held the Raiders to three field goals . Raiders running back Marcus Allen was held to 40 yards on 15 carries , ending his then @-@ NFL record 11 game 100 yard rushing streak , and the Giants defeated the Raiders 14 – 9 . The Raiders gained a total of 58 rushing yards , and committed nine penalties . Raiders ' quarterback Jim Plunkett completed 21 of 41 passes for 281 yards , and Phil Simms threw touchdown passes of 18 and 11 yards to wide receiver Lionel Manuel .
= = = = Week 4 = = = =
The Giants rallied to beat the New Orleans Saints 20 – 17 in front of 72 @,@ 769 fans at Giants Stadium in week four . They came back from a 17 – 0 second quarter deficit , by scoring 20 points in the final three quarters . Rueben Mayes of the Saints returned the second half kickoff 99 yards for an apparent touchdown only to have the play called back because of an illegal block by linebacker Sam Mills . The decisive points came on Phil Simms 's 4 @-@ yard touchdown pass to tight end Zeke Mowatt midway through the fourth quarter . The Giants dominated the Saints in time of possession , holding the ball for 38 minutes and 47 seconds to the Saints 21 minutes and 13 seconds .
= = = = Week 5 = = = =
The Giants faced the St. Louis Cardinals in St. Louis in their fifth game of the season . The Giants offense struggled , with Morris leading the team with a meager 53 rushing yards and quarterback Phil Simms completing only 8 of 20 passes for 104 yards . Mark Bavaro caught two passes and Bobby Johnson caught two as well , for 55 yards — the only passes caught by a Giants ' wide receiver . The game was a defensive struggle that featured 17 punts , four field goals ( two by each team ) , and one touchdown . The Giants won 13 – 6 , and the decisive score was a 1 @-@ yard touchdown run by Joe Morris early in the third quarter . The Giants defense held the Cardinals to 2 @.@ 4 yards per rush attempt and 3 @.@ 8 yards per pass attempt in the victory .
= = = = Week 6 = = = =
In week six , the Giants hosted the Eagles at the Meadowlands . Linebacker Harry Carson scored his first career touchdown by catching a pass on a fake field goal in the third quarter , and the Giants defense sacked Eagles ' quarterbacks Ron Jaworski and Randall Cunningham three times each . The Giants won 35 – 3 ; their largest margin of victory since they defeated the Seattle Seahawks , 32 – 0 , in 1981 . The Giants defense held the Eagles to 58 total yards , and Lawrence Taylor had four sacks and seven tackles . The sack total was Taylor 's highest single game total since the 1984 season . The Giants dominated in time of possession ; they held the ball for 39 minutes and 33 seconds to the Eagles 20 minutes and 27 seconds . Simms completed 20 of 29 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and ran for another touchdown .
= = = = Week 7 = = = =
The Giants allowed six sacks in their week seven 17 – 12 loss to the Seattle Seahawks . Seahawks defensive end Jacob Green outplayed offensive tackle Karl Nelson and recorded a career high four sacks . Phil Simms threw four interceptions but coach Bill Parcells denied he was struggling , " [ y ] ou 'd like not to take a sack in the scoring zone , but sometimes it 's hard to know when to throw it away . Two of Phil 's interceptions were rebounds that had nothing to do with the quarterback . On the interception on fourth and 14 at the end , he was trying to make a play . I think I would have thrown there , too . The other interception was his mistake . I don 't think he 's in a slump . "
= = = = Week 8 = = = =
On the same night the New York Mets were coming from behind to defeat the Boston Red Sox in Game 7 of the 1986 World Series , the Giants defeated the Redskins 27 – 20 in week eight to improve to 6 – 2 and move into a tie with the Redskins for the division lead . With the teams tied 20 – 20 , Joe Morris scored the game @-@ winning touchdown on a 13 @-@ yard run with 98 seconds remaining . The Giants offense featured a two tight end formation throughout much of the game which allowed them to run the ball more effectively . The Giants used Mark Bavaro and Zeke Mowatt throughout much of the game , sometimes even lining them up on the same side . Morris finished the game with 181 yards . Redskins quarterback Jay Schroeder threw for 420 yards in the loss .
= = = = Week 9 = = = =
The Giants played the Cowboys at Giants Stadium in week nine . Defensive end George Martin recorded a late sack , termed by head coach Bill Parcells as the biggest play of the game , to help the Giants to a 17 – 14 victory . The Giants held running backs Tony Dorsett to 45 yards in 10 carries and Herschel Walker to 34 yards in 10 carries . The Cowboys outgained the Giants 408 to 245 in total yardage , and had 25 first downs compared with the Giants ' 14 . Phil Simms struggled and completed only 6 of 18 passes for 67 yards , but Joe Morris rushed 29 times for 181 yards and two touchdowns as the Giants improved to 7 – 2 .
= = = = Week 10 = = = =
In week 10 , the Giants the travelled to Philadelphia to play the Eagles . In a physical game marked by several scuffles , the Giants passing game struggled as several receivers played with injuries , and quarterback Phil Simms completed only one pass to a wide receiver ; a 17 @-@ yarder to Solomon Miller . Coach Bill Parcells placed the blame for the passing game 's performance on dropped passes by the receivers . " You can 't throw the ball much better than Phil did yesterday , " commented Parcells . " But he didn 't have the numbers to show for it . " The Eagles rushed for 153 yards and outgained the Giants 265 to 237 in total yards . The Giants won 17 – 14 nonetheless despite Simms completing only 14 of 36 passes overall . The Giants rode their running attack as Joe Morris passed the 100 yard mark for the fourth consecutive game ; Morris totalled 116 , 181 , 181 and 111 yards in that period . Lawrence Taylor recorded three sacks of the Giants defense seven sacks in the victory .
= = = = Week 11 = = = =
Trailing the Minnesota Vikings 20 – 19 with 72 seconds left in the fourth quarter at the Metrodome in week 11 , Phil Simms completed a desperate 22 @-@ yard pass on fourth and 17 to Bobby Johnson for a first down . The completion led to Raul Allegre 's fifth field goal and an important Giants victory 22 – 20 . In the Giants ' three previous games , Simms had completed only six passes to wide receivers . In the Giants ' victory he completed eight to wide receivers , four to tight end Mark Bavaro and 13 to his running backs — four to Ottis Anderson in the final two drives , three to Maurice Carthon , three to Joe Morris and three to Tony Galbreath . Simms commented years later , " [ i ] t 's my favorite game in my career , because it 's everything I always wanted to be as a player . I wanted to be tough , making big throws , immune to pressure , not worried about outcomes . It was truly like standing on the tee box in golf and there 's trees on each side and water and you just go ' Man , I 'm gonna rip it down the middle . ' And no other thought crosses your mind . " The game has frequently been credited as a signature game of their season , and the Giants players celebrated the victory in the tunnel leading to their locker room and in the locker room itself in a raucous manner that was highly atypical for the team . " They high @-@ fived themselves silly , " recalled Peter King . " They were screaming and hooting and raising hell — happier than they had been all year . "
= = = = Week 12 = = = =
In week 12 , in what would turn out to be a preview of Super Bowl XXI , veteran defensive end George Martin ( at 34 the oldest player on the team ) intercepted a pass from Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway and returned it 78 yards for a touchdown before being tackled from behind in the end zone by a celebrating Lawrence Taylor . Then in the final two minutes of the game , Simms hit fan – favorite Phil McConkey for a 46 @-@ yard pass . This led to another game @-@ winning kick from Allegre as the Giants defeated Denver 19 – 16 in front of 75 @,@ 116 fans at Giants Stadium . With the victory the Giants completed their second five @-@ game winning streak of the season , several of them in close contests ; the margin of victory in those five games was 7 , 3 , 3 , 2 , and 3 points .
= = = = Week 13 = = = =
In a Monday night encounter at San Francisco in week 13 , the Giants overcame a 17 – 0 halftime deficit to Joe Montana 's 49ers en route to a 21 – 17 victory . In the win , Simms threw for nearly 400 yards and wide receiver Stacy Robinson made an acrobatic catch at the goalline to set up the winning touchdown . Another important play also occurred during that Monday Night Football game . Here is a description of the play taken from a Monday Night Football broadcast in 2005 : " On Dec. 1 1986 , New York Giants tight end Mark Bavaro cements his reputation as one of the toughest men in the NFL . With the Giants trailing , Bavaro catches an innocent pass from Phil Simms over the middle . It takes nearly seven 49ers defenders to finally drag him down , some of which are carried for almost 20 yards , including future Hall of Famer Ronnie Lott . Bavaro ’ s inspiring play jump starts the Giants , who win the game and eventually the Super Bowl . "
= = = = Week 14 = = = =
The Giants defeated the Redskins 24 – 14 in week 14 to move into sole possession of first place in the NFC East . The Redskins held Joe Morris , who had rushed for 181 yards in the Giants week eight victory , to 62 yards on 22 carries . However , Lawrence Taylor recorded three sacks and harassed Redskins ' quarterback Jay Schroeder all game , as the Giants recorded four sacks and the Redskins only recorded one . Phil Simms threw touchdown passes to Mark Bavaro , Bobby Johnson , and Phil McConkey in the victory . Schroeder threw six interceptions in the game , matching Sammy Baugh 's franchise record , and the Redskins had 7 turnovers overall . After the game , Parcells gave the Redskins credit for their performance and told the reporters that he had a feeling that the two would meet again sometime in the playoffs .
= = = = Week 15 = = = =
The Giants defeated the St. Louis Cardinals 27 – 7 in their fifteenth game of the season in front of 75 @,@ 261 fans at Giants Stadium . Joe Morris ran for 179 yards and three touchdowns , but had three fumbles . Phil Simms struggled , but the offense was effective nonetheless ; of the Giants 313 total yards , 252 came on the ground , while only 62 came from the passing game . The Giants defense controlled the Cardinals throughout the game , particularly in the first half ; the Cardinals ' first four possessions ended in third @-@ down sacks and fourth @-@ down punts . The Giants committed only two penalties for a total of ten yards , and their defense set a franchise record with nine sacks , despite sending Lawrence Taylor into pass coverage for most of the game . With the victory the Giants clinched their first NFC East division crown .
= = = = Week 16 = = = =
The Giants headed into their final regular season game against the Green Bay Packers as 11 ½ -point favorites and needed a victory to secure homefield advantage throughout the playoffs . Sparked by a blocked punt returned for a TD by Tom Flynn , who had recently been picked up from the Packers , the Giants defeated the Packers 55 – 24 in front of 71 @,@ 351 fans at Giants Stadium to finish the regular season with a franchise record 14 victories . The win was the Giants ' ninth consecutive , matching the team record set in 1962 . The Giants also set a franchise record for points in the first quarter of a game with 21 . Although the Packers cut the score to 24 – 17 at halftime , the Giants scored 21 second half points to put the game out reach .
= = = Standings = = =
= = Playoffs = =
Following the season eight Giants — tight end Mark Bavaro , offensive lineman Brad Benson , nose tackle Jim Burt , linebackers Lawrence Taylor and Harry Carson , punter Sean Landeta , running back Morris , and defensive end Leonard Marshall — were selected to the Pro Bowl . Taylor , who recorded a league @-@ leading 20 @.@ 5 sacks , became one of just three defensive players to win the NFL Most Valuable Player award and the only defensive player to ever win the award unanimously . Taylor also won his record third Defensive Player of the Year Award and coach Bill Parcells won his first NFL Coach of the Year Award .
= = = Schedule = = =
= = = Divisional = = =
The Giants defeated the San Francisco 49ers 49 – 3 in their opening playoff game . Favored by only three points , the Giants caught a break when 49ers WR Jerry Rice fumbled an apparent touchdown catch @-@ and @-@ carry off his knee early in the game , then dominated the Niners the rest of the way . Their defense held the 49ers to 29 yards rushing , 184 yards in total offense , and 2 of 14 on third @-@ down conversions . The Giants did not commit a turnover and totalled 216 rushing yards . Jim Burt knocked 49ers quarterback Joe Montana out of the game in the second quarter , hitting him as he threw a pass which Lawrence Taylor intercepted and returned 34 yards for a touchdown . The Giants defense also held the 49ers to only nine first downs , and 15 of 37 passing for zero touchdowns and three interceptions .
= = = Conference Championship = = =
With wind gusts reaching 33 miles per hour ( 53 km / h ) , coach Bill Parcells chose to take the wind when his team won the opening coin toss of the Giants ' NFC Championship Game against the Washington Redskins . With the wind at their backs the Giants scored 10 first quarter points while the Redskins managed only two first downs . The Redskins were forced to punt three times in the quarter , and the wind limited those punts to 23 , 27 , and 24 yards . The Redskins launched a drive behind Jay Schroeder 's 48 @-@ yard completion to wide receiver Art Monk in the second quarter . However , after the Redskins botched the field goal snap on a 51 @-@ yard field goal attempt , the Giants drove for a touchdown with the wind in their face to make the score 17 – 0 at halftime . The Giants defense dominated the second half , and both teams went scoreless to make the final score 17 – 0 . Schroeder completed only 20 of 50 passes for a meager 3 @.@ 8 yards per attempt . Keys to the victory were tackle Brad Benson 's neutralizing of Redskins pass rusher Dexter Manley , who had 18 @.@ 5 sacks on the season , and the team 's defense . After the game , John Madden remarked : " Last year , I thought the Bears had the best defense I had ever seen . But in the last two weeks , I feel these Giants have as good a defense as has ever played in this league . "
= = = Super Bowl = = =
The Giants played the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXI in front of 101 @,@ 063 fans at the Rose Bowl . After the Broncos ' Rich Karlis kicked a 48 @-@ yard field goal on the game 's opening drive , the Giants took the lead with a 78 @-@ yard touchdown scoring drive , led by quarterback Phil Simms 's 6 @-@ for @-@ 6 passing . The Broncos scored on a 4 @-@ yard quarterback draw by John Elway to make the score 10 – 7 at the end of the first quarter . Although the two teams quarterbacks combined to complete all 13 passes attempted in the second quarter , the only score came when Giants ' defensive end George Martin sacked Elway in the endzone for a safety to make the score 10 – 9 .
A turning point of the game came on the first possession of the second half . The Giants received the second half kickoff , and led a short drive that stalled at their own 47 @-@ yard line . On fourth and 1 , the Giants lined up in a punt formation before shifting to a traditional set . Second string quarterback Jeff Rutledge then looked over to Parcells for a signal as to whether he should try to draw the defense offside or run a play . After a nod of approval from Parcells , he ran a quarterback sneak for a first down . The Giants scored on the drive , and built a 39 – 13 lead before a late touchdown by the Broncos made the final score 39 – 20 . Simms threw touchdown passes to Mark Bavaro and Phil McConkey to give him three on the game , and Joe Morris and Ottis Anderson each rushed for one touchdown . The Giants ' defense limited the Broncos to only two net yards and 10 offensive plays in the third quarter . The 30 second half points set a Super Bowl @-@ record for points in a half , and Simms was named MVP after completing 22 of 25 ( 88 % ) of his passes — a Super Bowl record which still stands .
= = Gatorade shower = =
( John Facenda voice ) It was these 1986 Giants that popularized the football tradition of dousing the head coach with a cooler of Gatorade near the end of a victorious game . This originated in 1984 when Jim Burt , incensed by what he thought was mistreatment he received during practice , exacted revenge on Bill Parcells by dumping a cooler of Gatorade on him . Lawrence Taylor and Harry Carson later picked up on the ploy and would often sneak up on Coach Parcells near the end of games to dump the remaining Gatorade over his head . The dousing was a big hit with fans , and the Gatorade dumping continued throughout the season after each win , with Taylor , Carson , and several other players ( Burt had since ceased doing it ) concocting increasingly elaborate , sneaky , and playful ruses , so as to at least attempt to keep the inevitable dousing a surprise .
= = Historical ranking = =
The 1986 New York Giants are considered one of the greatest NFL teams of all time , being recognized by the NFL Films series America 's Game as the 13th greatest Super Bowl Champion , as well as being selected as the eighth greatest NFL team of all time by readers in a " Page 2 " article on ESPN.com. In 2010 , the team was tied for fifth in ESPN.com 's NFL Super League , a project that ranked the 16 greatest NFL Super Bowl winning teams using computer simulations of a season of play between these teams , and were ranked eighth in The Ultimate Super Rankings , a 2007 ESPN ranking of the top 80 Super Bowl era NFL teams .
= = Season facts = =
The Giants beat the Redskins three times in one season twice in the regular season and once in the playoffs . This was the third time that a team won three games in season against the same opponent . ( 1982 Dolphins @-@ Jets and 1983 Seahawks @-@ Raiders )
During the season , the Giants honored the memories of two of their former players on their uniforms . A helmet sticker with the number 38 was added to the uniforms after John Tuggle , a former running back the Giants selected as the final pick of the 1983 draft , died of angiosarcoma in August 1986 . After former defensive back and two @-@ time Pro Bowler Spider Lockhart died of lymphoma in July 1986 , a patch with Lockhart 's nickname and number were added to the jerseys and the Giants wore both the sticker and the jersey patch the whole season .
= = Awards and honors = =
Bill Parcells , National Football League Coach of the Year Award
Phil Simms , Super Bowl Most Valuable Player
Lawrence Taylor , AP NFL MVP
Lawrence Taylor , PFWA NFL MVP
Lawrence Taylor , Bert Bell Award
Lawrence Taylor , AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year
Lawrence Taylor , NEA NFL Defensive Player of the Year
Lawrence Taylor , UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year
Lawrence Taylor , NFC Defensive Player of the Year
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= Rainband =
A rainband is a cloud and precipitation structure associated with an area of rainfall which is significantly elongated . Rainbands can be stratiform or convective , and are generated by differences in temperature . When noted on weather radar imagery , this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure . Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation . Tropical cyclone rainbands contain showers and thunderstorms that , together with the eyewall and the eye , constitute a hurricane or tropical storm . The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone 's intensity .
Rainbands spawned near and ahead of cold fronts can be squall lines which are able to produce tornadoes . Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front 's orientation due to the formation of a low @-@ level barrier jet . Bands of thunderstorms can form with sea breeze and land breeze boundaries , if enough moisture is present . If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front , they can mask the location of the cold front itself . Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an extratropical cyclone can yield significant amounts of rain or snow . Behind extratropical cyclones , rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the Great Lakes . If the atmosphere is cold enough , these rainbands can yield heavy snow .
= = Extratropical cyclones = =
Rainbands in advance of warm occluded fronts and warm fronts are associated with weak upward motion , and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature . In an atmosphere with rich low level moisture and vertical wind shear , narrow , convective rainbands known as squall lines generally in the cyclone 's warm sector , ahead of strong cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones . Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts , which tend to have more stratiform , and less convective , precipitation . Within the cold sector north to northwest of a cyclone center , in colder cyclones , small scale , or mesoscale , bands of heavy snow can occur within a cyclone 's comma head precipitation pattern with a width of 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) to 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) . These bands in the comma head are associated with areas of frontogensis , or zones of strengthening temperature contrast . Southwest of extratropical cyclones , curved flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm Great Lakes can lead to narrow lake effect snow bands which bring significant localized snowfall .
= = Tropical cyclones = =
Rainbands exist in the periphery of tropical cyclones , which point towards the cyclone 's center of low pressure . Rainbands within tropical cyclones require ample moisture and a low level pool of cooler air . Bands located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) to 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) from a cyclone 's center migrate outward . They are capable of producing heavy rains and squalls of wind , as well as tornadoes , particularly in the storm 's right @-@ front quadrant .
Some rainbands move closer to the center , forming a secondary , or outer , eyewall within intense hurricanes . Spiral rainbands are such a basic structure to a tropical cyclone that in most tropical cyclone basins , use of the satellite @-@ based Dvorak technique is the primary method used to determine a tropical cyclone 's maximum sustained winds . Within this method , the extent of spiral banding and difference in temperature between the eye and eyewall is used to assign a maximum sustained wind and a central pressure . Central pressure values for their centers of low pressure derived from this technique are approximate .
Different programs have been studying these rainbands , including RAINEX .
= = Forced by geography = =
Convective rainbands can form parallel to terrain on its windward side , due to lee waves triggered by hills just upstream of the cloud 's formation . Their spacing is normally 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) apart . When bands of precipitation near frontal zones approach steep topography , a low @-@ level barrier jet stream forms parallel to and just prior to the mountain ridge , which slows down the frontal rainband just prior to the mountain barrier . If enough moisture is present , sea breeze and land breeze fronts can form convective rainbands . Sea breeze front thunderstorm lines can become strong enough to mask the location of an approaching cold front by evening . The edge of ocean currents can lead to the development of thunderstorm bands due to heat differential at this interface . Downwind of islands , bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low level wind convergence downwind of the island edges . Offshore California , this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts .
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= Statue of James II , Trafalgar Square =
The statue of James II is an outdoor bronze sculpture located in the front garden of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square in London , United Kingdom . Probably inspired by French statues of the same period , it depicts James II of England as a Roman emperor , wearing Roman armour and a laurel wreath ( traditionally awarded to a victorious Roman commander ) . It originally also depicted him holding a baton . It was produced by the workshop of Grinling Gibbons , though probably not by Gibbons himself . The statue has been relocated several times since it was first erected in the grounds of the old Palace of Whitehall in 1686 , only two years before James II was deposed .
= = Description = =
The statue is executed in bronze and depicts James II as a Roman emperor . He is shown standing in a contrapposto pose and pointing downwards in " great ease of attitude and a certain serenity of air " , as Allan Cunningham described it . It formerly held a baton in its right hand , though this is now missing . The face is said to be an excellent depiction of the king . Unusually for the time , Gibbons sought a degree of fidelity to original classical styles ; James is depicted wearing a laurel wreath on top of short hair , whereas other imperial @-@ style statues of both Charles II and James II depicted the two kings with an anachronistic combination of Roman armour and a 17th @-@ century periwig . The statue was probably inspired by similar imperial portrayals of Louis XIV of France . One in particular , a colossal statue by Martin Desjardins of Louis XIV wearing Roman armour with a laurel wreath and baton , is so similar in type to the figures of Charles II and James II that it may have been their direct inspiration .
The plinth is inscribed with the legend JACOBUS SECUNDUS / DEI GRATIA / ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ / FRANCIÆ ET / HIBERNIÆ / REX / FIDEI DEFENSOR / ANNO M.D.C.LXXXVI , which translates to : " James II , by the grace of God , King of England , Scotland , France and Ireland . Defender of the Faith . 1686 . "
= = History = =
The statue of James II is one of three of the Stuart monarchs commissioned by the royal servant Tobias Rustat from Grinling Gibbons 's workshop in the 1670s and ' 80s , the others being of James 's brother and predecessor Charles II : an equestrian statue in Windsor Castle and a standing figure at the Royal Hospital in Chelsea . The statue of James II was commissioned for the Palace of Whitehall , apparently at the same time as the standing Charles II , and the two works might have been intended as pendent pieces . It was produced in the workshop of Grinling Gibbons at a reported cost of £ 300 ( equivalent to about £ 42 @,@ 000 at 2014 prices ) . Although long attributed to Gibbons himself , large @-@ scale sculptures were not his forté and it is probable that the statue 's principal originator was the Dutch sculptor Artus Quellinus III ( also known as Arnold Quellan ) , who was working at Gibbons ' workshop at the time .
The James II was erected at the Palace of Whitehall on 24 March 1686 , as recorded by a contemporary , Sir John Bramston the Younger . George Vertue , who found an agreement and a receipt of payment for the work , wrote that it was " modelled & made by Lawrence [ Vandermeulen ] ( of Brussels ) ... & Devoot [ i.e. Peter Van Dievoet ] ( of Mechlin ) who was imployed by ... Gibbons " , and that Thomas Benniere was involved in the casting . A series of five drawings in the British Museum , which might be for either the standing Charles II or the James II , is attributed variously to Gibbons or to Peter Van Dievoet . Its artistic qualities were praised by J.P. Malcolm in his 1803 history , London Redivivum , in which he wrote :
There is but one fault in the figure , and that is the attitude . The King seems to point with a baton at the earth , to which his eyes are directed ; but why ? Surely this is an egregious error . However , perhaps the artist may have been commanded to model the statue thus ; and if not , his mistake is more than counter @-@ balanced by the beautiful turns of the muscles , the excellence of the features , and the true folds of the drapery .
James II 's statue has stood in several locations since it was first erected . It originally stood in the Palace of Whitehall 's Pebble Court , where it was installed on New Year 's Day , 1686 . It was situated behind the Banqueting House and faced the river , a position which attracted much satirical comment after James ' flight from London during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ; it was said that the statue 's location indicated his method of escape .
It was taken down after the Glorious Revolution but was replaced by order of William III . In 1898 it was moved to a location in the garden of Gwydyr House but was taken down four years later to make room for the stands for the coronation of Edward VII . It lay on its back amid grass and weeds in a state of total neglect until it was re @-@ erected in 1903 outside the New Admiralty building , but was displaced again when the Admiralty Citadel was built in 1940 . During the Second World War it was put into storage at Aldwych tube station . It was relocated to its present site in 1947 . The statue is listed by Historic England as a Grade I listed building , a status which it was granted in 1970 .
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= Bumblebee =
A bumblebee , also written bumble bee , is a member of the bee genus Bombus , in the family Apidae . The brood parasitic or cuckoo bumblebees have sometimes been classified as a subgenus or genus , Psithyrus , but are now usually treated as members of Bombus . This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini , though a few extinct related genera ( e.g. , Calyptapis ) are known from fossils . Over 250 species of bumblebee are known . They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere , although they are also found in South America where a few lowland tropical species have been identified . European bumblebees have also been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania .
Bumblebees are social insects which form colonies with a single queen . Colonies are smaller than those of honeybees , growing to as few as 50 individuals in a nest . Female bumblebees can sting repeatedly , but generally ignore humans and other animals . Cuckoo bumblebees do not make nests ; their queens aggressively invade the nests of other bumblebee species , kill the resident queens and then lay their own eggs which are cared for by the resident workers .
Bumblebees have round bodies covered in soft hair ( long , branched setae ) , called pile , making them appear and feel fuzzy . They have aposematic ( warning ) coloration , often consisting of contrasting bands of colour , and different species of bumblebee in a region often resemble each other in mutually protective Müllerian mimicry . Harmless insects such as hoverflies often derive protection from resembling bumblebees , in Batesian mimicry , and may be confused with them . Nest @-@ making bumblebees can be distinguished from similarly large , fuzzy cuckoo bees by the form of the female hind leg . In nesting bumblebees , it is modified to form a pollen basket , a bare shiny area surrounded by a fringe of hairs used to transport pollen , whereas in cuckoo bees , the hind leg is hairy all round , and pollen grains are wedged among the hairs for transport .
Like their relatives the honeybees , bumblebees feed on nectar , using their long hairy tongues to lap up the liquid ; the proboscis is folded under the head during flight . Bumblebees gather nectar to add to the stores in the nest , and pollen to feed their young . They forage using colour and spatial relationships to identify flowers to feed from . Some bumblebees rob nectar , making a hole near the base of a flower to access the nectar while avoiding pollen transfer . Bumblebees are important agricultural pollinators , so their decline in Europe , North America , and Asia is a cause for concern . The decline has been caused by habitat loss , the mechanisation of agriculture , and pesticides .
= = Etymology and common names = =
The word " bumblebee " is a compound of " bumble " + " bee " — " bumble " meaning to hum , buzz , drone , or move ineptly or flounderingly . The generic name Bombus , assigned by Pierre André Latreille in 1802 , is derived from the Latin word for a buzzing or humming sound .
According to the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , the term " bumblebee " was first recorded as having been used in the English language in the 1530 work Lesclarcissement by John Palsgrave , " I bomme , as a bombyll bee dothe . " However the OED also states that the term " humblebee " predates it , having first been used in 1450 in Fysshynge wyth Angle , " In Juyll the greshop & the humbylbee in the medow . " The latter term was used in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( circa 1600 ) by William Shakespeare , " The honie @-@ bags steale from the humble Bees . " An old provincial name , " dumbledor " , also denoted a buzzing insect such as a bumblebee or cockchafer , " dumble " probably imitating the sound of these insects , while " dor " meant " beetle " . In On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) , Charles Darwin speculated about " humble @-@ bees " and their interactions with other species :
I have [ ... ] reason to believe that humble @-@ bees are indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease ( Viola tricolor ) , for other bees do not visit this flower . From experiments which I have tried , I have found that the visits of bees , if not indispensable , are at least highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our clovers ; but humble @-@ bees alone visit the common red clover ( Trifolium pratense ) , as other bees cannot reach the nectar .
However , " bumblebee " remained in use , for example in The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse ( 1910 ) by Beatrix Potter , " Suddenly round a corner , she met Babbitty Bumble-- " Zizz , Bizz , Bizzz ! " said the bumble bee . " Since World War II " humblebee " has fallen into near @-@ total disuse .
= = Phylogeny = =
The bumblebee tribe Bombini is one of four groups of corbiculate bees ( those with pollen baskets ) in the Apidae , the others being the Apini ( honeybees ) , Euglossini ( orchid bees ) , and Meliponini ( stingless bees ) . The corbiculate bees are a monophyletic group . Advanced eusocial behaviour appears to have evolved twice in the group , giving rise to controversy , now largely settled , as to the phylogenetic origins of the four tribes ; it had been supposed that eusocial behaviour had evolved only once , requiring the Apini to be close to the Meliponini , which they do not resemble . It is now thought that the Apini ( with advanced societies ) and Euglossini are closely related , while the primitively eusocial Bombini are close to the Meliponini , which have somewhat more advanced eusocial behaviour . Sophie Cardinal and Bryan Danforth comment that " While remarkable , a hypothesis of dual origins of advanced eusociality is congruent with early studies on corbiculate morphology and social behavior . " Their analysis , combining molecular , morphological and behavioural data , gives the following cladogram :
On this hypothesis , the molecular data suggest that the Bombini are 25 to 40 million years old , while the Meliponini ( and thus the clade that includes the Bombini and Meliponini ) are 81 to 96 million years old , about the same age as the corbiculate group .
The fossil record for bees is very incomplete , but by 2012 some 11 specimens that might possibly be Bombini , some poorly documented , had been described ; some ( such as Calyptapis florissantensis from Florissant , USA , and Oligoapis beskonakensis from Beskonak , Turkey ) dated from the Oligocene . In 2012 a fossil bumblebee , Bombus ( Bombus ) randeckensis was found in the Miocene rocks of the Randeck Maar in southwestern Germany and confidently placed in the subgenus Bombus . In 2014 , a new bumblebee , Bombus cerdanyensis , was described from Late Miocene lacustrine beds of La Cerdanya , Spain , while another , Oligobombus cuspidatus was described from the late Eocene Bembridge Marls of the Isle of Wight .
= = Taxonomy = =
The genus Bombus , the only one extant in the tribe Bombini , comprises over 250 species ; for an overview of the differences between bumblebees and other bees and wasps , see characteristics of common wasps and bees . The genus has been divided variously into up to 49 subgenera , a degree of complexity criticised by Williams ( 2008 ) . The cuckoo bumblebees Psithyrus have sometimes been treated as a separate genus but are now considered to be part of Bombus , in one or more subgenera . Williams identifies 15 subgenera that are seen to be monophyletic , fewer in number , diagnosable from morphology , and at least roughly correspond to behavioural and ecological groupings : Examples of Bombus species include Bombus atratus , Bombus dahlbomii , Bombus fervidus , Bombus lapidarius , Bombus ruderatus , and Bombus rupestris .
= = General description = =
Bumblebees are varied in appearance , but are generally plump and densely furry . Compared to honeybees they are larger and stouter @-@ bodied . Many species have broad bands of colour , the patterns helping to distinguish different species . Whereas honeybees have short tongues and therefore mainly pollinate open flowers , some bumblebee species have long tongues and collect nectar from flowers that are closed into a tube . Compared to a honeybee , a bumblebee has a broader body and a more rounded tip to the abdomen . Bumblebees have fewer stripes ( or none ) , and usually have part of the body covered in black fur , while honeybees have many stripes including several grey stripes on the abdomen . Sizes are very variable even within species ; the largest British species , B. terrestris , has queens up to 22 mm long , males up to 16 mm long , and workers between 11 and 17 mm long . The largest bumblebee species in the world is B. dahlbomii of Chile , up to about 40 mm long , and described as " flying mice " and " a monstrous fluffy ginger beast " .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Bumblebees are typically found in temperate climates , and are often found at higher latitudes and altitudes than other bees , although a few lowland tropical species exist . A few species ( B. polaris and B. alpinus ) range into very cold climates where other bees might not be found ; B. polaris occurs in northern Ellesmere Island in the high Arctic , along with another bumblebee B. hyperboreus , which parasitises its nest . This is the most northernmost occurrence of any eusocial insect . One reason for their presence in cold places is that bumblebees can regulate their body temperature , via solar radiation , internal mechanisms of " shivering " and radiative cooling from the abdomen ( called heterothermy ) . Other bees have similar physiology , but the mechanisms seem best developed and have been most studied in bumblebees . They adapt to higher elevations by extending their wing stroke amplitude . Bumblebees have a largely cosmopolitan distribution but are absent from Australia ( apart from Tasmania where they have been introduced ) and are found in Africa only north of the Sahara .
= = Biology = =
= = = Feeding = = =
The bumblebee tongue ( the proboscis ) is a long , hairy structure that extends from a sheath @-@ like modified maxilla . The primary action of the tongue is lapping , that is , repeated dipping of the tongue into liquid . The tip of the tongue probably acts as a suction cup and during lapping , nectar may be drawn up the proboscis by capillary action . When at rest or flying , the proboscis is kept folded under the head . The longer the tongue , the deeper the bumblebee can probe into a flower and bees probably learn by experience which flower source is best @-@ suited to their tongue length . Bees with shorter proboscides , like Bombus bifarius , have a more difficult time foraging nectar relative to other bumblebees with longer proboscides ; to overcome this disadvantage , B. bifarius workers were observed to lick the back of spurs on the nectar duct , which resulted in a small reward .
= = = Wax production = = =
The exoskeleton of the abdomen is divided into plates called dorsal tergites and ventral sternites . Wax is secreted from glands on the abdomen and extruded between the sternites where it resembles flakes of dandruff . It is secreted by the queen when she starts a nest and by young workers . It is scraped from the abdomen by the legs , moulded until malleable and used in the construction of honeypots , to cover the eggs , to line empty cocoons for use as storage containers and sometimes to cover the exterior of the nest .
= = = Coloration = = =
The brightly coloured pile of the bumblebee is an aposematic ( warning ) signal , given that females can inflict a painful sting . Depending on the species and morph , the warning colours range from entirely black , to bright yellow , red , orange , white , and pink . Dipteran flies in the families Syrphidae ( hoverflies ) , Asilidae ( robber flies ) , Tabanidae ( horseflies ) , Oestridae ( bot or warble flies ) and Bombyliidae ( bee flies ) all include Batesian mimics of bumblebees , resembling them closely enough to deceive at least some predators .
Many species of Bombus , including the group sometimes called Psithyrus ( cuckoo bumblebees ) , have evolved Müllerian mimicry , where the different bumblebees in a region resemble each other , so that a young predator need only learn to avoid any of them once . For example , in California a group of bumblebees consists of largely black species including B. californicus , B. caliginosus , B. vandykei , B. vosnesenskii , B. insularis and B. fernaldae . Other bees in California include a group of species all banded black and yellow . In each case , Müllerian mimicry provides the bees in the group with a selective advantage . In addition , parasitic ( cuckoo ) bumblebees resemble their hosts more closely than would be expected by chance , at least in areas like Europe where parasite @-@ host co @-@ speciation is common ; but this too may be explained as Müllerian mimicry , rather than requiring the parasite 's coloration to deceive the host ( aggressive mimicry ) .
= = = Temperature control = = =
Bumblebees are active in conditions when honeybees stay at home , and can readily absorb heat from even weak sunshine . The thick pile created by long setae ( bristles ) acts as insulation to keep bumblebees warm in cold weather ; species from cold climates have longer setae ( and thus thicker insulation ) than those from the tropics . The temperature of the flight muscles , which occupy much of the thorax , needs to be at least 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) before flight can take place . The muscle temperature can be raised by shivering . It takes about five minutes for the muscles to reach this temperature at an air temperature of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) .
= = = = Chill @-@ coma temperature = = = =
The chill @-@ coma temperature in relation to flying insects is the temperature at which flight muscles cannot be activated . Compared to honey bees and carpenter bees , bumblebees have the lowest chill @-@ coma temperature . Of the bumblebees Bombus bimaculatus has the lowest at 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) . However , bumblebees have been seen to fly in colder ambient temperatures . This discrepancy is likely because the chill @-@ coma temperature was determined by tests done in a laboratory setting . However , bumblebees live in insulated shelters and can shiver to warm up before venturing into the cold .
= = = Communication = = =
Bumblebees do not have ears , and it is not known whether or how well they can hear . However , they are sensitive to the vibrations made by sound travelling through wood or other materials .
Bumblebees do not exhibit the " bee dances " used by honeybees to tell other workers the locations of food sources . Instead , when they return from a successful foraging expedition , they run excitedly around in the nest for several minutes before going out to forage once more . These bees may be offering some form of communication based on the buzzing sounds made by their wings , which may stimulate other bees to start foraging . Another stimulant to foraging activity is the level of food reserves in the colony . Bees monitor the amount of honey in the honeypots , and when little is left or when high quality food is added , they are more likely to go out to forage .
= = = Reproduction and nesting = = =
Bumblebees form colonies of between roughly 50 and 400 individuals ; these are small compared to honeybee hives , which hold about 50 @,@ 000 bees . Many species nest underground , choosing old rodent burrows or sheltered places , and avoiding places that receive direct sunlight that could result in overheating . Other species make nests above ground , whether in thick grass or in holes in trees . A bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee ; the cells are instead clustered together untidily . The workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance , helping to prevent disease . Nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter .
In the early spring , the queen comes out of diapause and finds a suitable place to create her colony . Then she builds wax cells in which to lay her eggs which were fertilised the previous year . The eggs that hatch develop into female workers , and in time , the queen populates the colony , with workers feeding the young and performing other duties similar to honeybee workers . In temperate zones , young queens ( gynes ) leave the nest in the autumn and mate , often more than once , with males ( drones ) that are forcibly driven out of the colony . The drones and workers die as the weather turns colder ; the young queens feed intensively to build up stores of fat for the winter . They survive in a resting state ( diapause ) , generally below ground , until the weather warms up in the spring with the early bumblebee being the species that is among the first to emerge . Many species of bumblebee follow this general trend within the year . Bombus pensylvanicus is a species that follows this type of colony cycle . For this species the cycle begins in February , reproduction starts in July or August , and ends in the winter months . The queen remains in hibernation until spring of the following year in order to optimize conditions to search for a nest .
In fertilised queens , the ovaries only become active when the queen starts to lay . An egg passes along the oviduct to the vagina where there is a chamber called the spermatheca , in which the sperm from the mating is stored . Depending on need , she may allow her egg to be fertilised . Unfertilised eggs become haploid males ; fertilised eggs grow into diploid females and queens . The hormones that stimulate the development of the ovaries are suppressed in female worker bees , while the queen remains dominant .
To develop , the larvae must be fed both nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein . Bumblebees feed nectar to the larvae by chewing a small hole in the brood cell into which they regurgitate nectar . Larvae are fed pollen in one of two ways , depending on the bumblebee species . Pocket @-@ making bumblebees create pockets of pollen at the base of the brood @-@ cell clump from which the larvae feed themselves . Pollen @-@ storing bumblebees keep pollen in separate wax pots and feed it to the larvae .
After the emergence of the first or second group of offspring , workers take over the task of foraging and the queen spends most of her time laying eggs and caring for larvae . The colony grows progressively larger and eventually begins to produce males and new queens . Unlike the workers of more advanced social insects such as honeybees , bumblebee workers are fertile , and can lay unfertilised haploid eggs ( with only a single set of chromosomes ) that develop into viable male bumblebees . Only fertilised queens can lay diploid eggs ( one set of chromosomes from a drone , one from the queen ) that mature into workers and new queens .
In a young colony , the queen minimises reproductive competition from workers by suppressing their egg @-@ laying through physical aggression and pheromones . Worker policing leads to nearly all eggs laid by workers being eaten . Thus , the queen is usually the mother of all of the first males laid . Workers eventually begin to lay male eggs later in the season when the queen 's ability to suppress their reproduction diminishes . Because of the reproductive competition between workers and the queen , bumblebees are considered " primitively eusocial " .
Although a large majority of bumblebees follow such monogynous colony cycles that only involve one queen , some select Bombus species ( such as Bombus atratus ) will spend part of their life cycle in a polygynous phase ( have multiple queens in one nest during these periods of polygyny ) .
= = = Foraging behaviour = = =
Bumblebees generally visit flowers that exhibit the bee pollination syndrome and these patches of flowers may be up to 1 – 2 km from their colony . They tend to visit the same patches of flowers every day , as long as they continue to find nectar and pollen there , a habit known as pollinator or flower constancy . While foraging , bumblebees can reach ground speeds of up to 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) .
Bumblebees use a combination of colour and spatial relationships to learn from which flowers to forage . They can also detect both the presence and the pattern of electric fields on flowers , which occur due to atmospheric electricity , and take a while to leak away into the ground . They use this information to find out if a flower has been recently visited by another bee . After arriving at a flower , they extract nectar using their long tongues ( " glossae " ) and store it in their crops . Many species of bumblebees also exhibit " nectar robbing " : instead of inserting the mouthparts into the flower in the normal way , these bees bite directly through the base of the corolla to extract nectar , avoiding pollen transfer .
Pollen is removed from flowers deliberately or incidentally by bumblebees . Incidental removal occurs when bumblebees come in contact with the anthers of a flower while collecting nectar . When it enters a flower , the bumblebee 's body hairs receive a dusting of pollen from the anthers . In queens and workers this is then groomed into the corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) on the hind legs where it can be seen as bulging masses that may contain as many as a million pollen grains . Male bumblebees do not have corbiculae and do not purposively collect pollen . Bumblebees are also capable of buzz pollination , in which they dislodge pollen from the anthers by creating a resonant vibration with their flight muscles .
In at least some species , once a bumblebee has visited a flower , it leaves a scent mark on it . This scent mark deters bumblebees from visiting that flower until the scent degrades . This scent mark is a general chemical bouquet that bumblebees leave behind in different locations ( e.g. nest , neutral , and food sites ) , and they learn to use this bouquet to identify both rewarding and unrewarding flowers . Bumblebees rely on this chemical bouquet more when the flower has a high handling time , that is , where it takes a longer time for the bee to find the nectar once inside the flower .
Once they have collected nectar and pollen , female workers return to the nest and deposit the harvest into brood cells , or into wax cells for storage . Unlike honeybees , bumblebees only store a few days ' worth of food , so are much more vulnerable to food shortages . Male bumblebees collect only nectar and do so to feed themselves . They may visit quite different flowers from the workers because of their different nutritional needs .
= = = Asynchronous flight muscles = = =
Bees beat their wings about 200 times a second . Their thorax muscles do not contract on each nerve firing , but rather vibrate like a plucked rubber band . This is efficient , since it lets the system consisting of muscle and wing operate at its resonant frequency , leading to low energy consumption . Further , it is necessary , since insect motor nerves generally cannot fire 200 times per second . These types of muscles are called asynchronous muscles and are found in the insect wing systems in families such as Hymenoptera , Diptera , Coleoptera , and Hemiptera . Bumblebees must warm up their bodies considerably to get airborne at low ambient temperatures . Bumblebees have been known to reach an internal thoracic temperature of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) using this method .
= = = Cuckoo bumblebees = = =
Bumblebees of the subgenus Psithyrus ( known as ' cuckoo bumblebees ' , and formerly considered a separate genus ) are brood parasites , sometimes called kleptoparasites , in the colonies of other bumblebees , and have lost the ability to collect pollen . Before finding and invading a host colony , a Psithyrus female , such as that of the Psithyrus species of B. sylvestris , feeds directly from flowers . Once she has infiltrated a host colony , the Psithyrus female kills or subdues the queen of that colony , and uses pheromones and physical attacks to force the workers of that colony to feed her and her young . Usually , cuckoo bumblebees can be described as queen @-@ intolerant inquilines , since the host queen is often killed to enable the parasite to produce more offspring , though some species , such as B. bohemicus , actually enjoy increased success when they leave the host queen alive .
The female Psithyrus has a number of morphological adaptations for combat , such as larger mandibles , a tough cuticle and a larger venom sac that increase her chances of taking over a nest . Upon emerging from their cocoons , the Psithyrus males and females disperse and mate . The males do not survive the winter but , like nonparasitic bumblebee queens , Psithyrus females find suitable locations to spend the winter and enter diapause after mating . They usually emerge from hibernation later than their host species . Each species of cuckoo bee has a specific host species , which it may physically resemble . In the case of the parasitism of B. terrestris by B. ( Psithyrus ) vestalis , genetic analysis of individuals captured in the wild showed that about 42 % of the host species ' nests at a single location had " [ lost ] their fight against their parasite " .
= = = Sting = = =
Queen and worker bumblebees can sting . Unlike in honeybees , a bumblebee 's stinger lacks barbs , so the bee can sting repeatedly without injuring itself ; by the same token , the stinger is not left in the wound . Bumblebee species are not normally aggressive , but may sting in defence of their nest , or if harmed . Female cuckoo bumblebees aggressively attack host colony members , and sting the host queen , but ignore other animals unless disturbed .
= = Predators , parasites and pathogens = =
Bumblebees , despite their ability to sting , are eaten by certain predators . Nests may be dug up by badgers and eaten whole , including any adults present . Adults are preyed upon by robber flies and beewolves in North America . In Europe , birds including bee @-@ eaters and shrikes capture adult bumblebees on the wing ; smaller birds such as great tits also occasionally learn to take bumblebees , while camouflaged crab spiders catch them as they visit flowers .
The great grey shrike is able to detect flying bumblebees up to 100 metres away ; once captured , the sting is removed by repeatedly squeezing the insect with the mandibles and wiping the abdomen on a branch . The European honey buzzard follows flying bees back to their nest , digs out the nest with their feet , and eats larvae , pupae and adults as they find them .
Bumblebees are parasitised by tracheal mites , Locustacarus buchneri ; protozoans including Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi ; and microsporidians including Nosema bombi and Nosema ceranae . The tree bumblebee B. hypnorum has spread into the United Kingdom despite hosting high levels of a nematode that normally interferes with queen bees ' attempts to establish colonies . Deformed wing virus has been found to affect 11 % of bumblebees in Great Britain .
= = Relationship to humans = =
= = = Agricultural use = = =
Bumblebees are important pollinators of both crops and wildflowers . Because bumblebees do not overwinter the entire colony , they do not stockpile honey , so are not useful as honey producers . Bumblebees are increasingly cultured for agricultural use as pollinators , among other reasons because they can pollinate plants such as tomato in greenhouses by buzz pollination whereas other pollinators cannot . Commercial production began in 1987 , when Roland De Jonghe founded the Biobest company ; in 1988 they produced enough nests to pollinate 40 hectares of tomatoes . The industry grew quickly , starting with other companies in the Netherlands . Bumblebee nests , mainly of buff @-@ tailed bumblebees , are produced in at least 30 factories around the world ; over a million nests are grown annually in Europe ; Turkey is a major producer .
Bumblebees are Northern Hemisphere animals . When red clover was introduced as a crop to New Zealand in the nineteenth century , it was found to have no local pollinators , and clover seed had accordingly to be imported each year . Four species of bumblebee from the United Kingdom were therefore imported as pollinators . In 1885 and 1886 the Canterbury Acclimatization Society brought in 442 queens , of which 93 survived and quickly multiplied . As planned , red clover was soon being produced from locally @-@ grown seed . Bumblebees are also reared commercially to pollinate tomatoes grown in greenhouses . The New Zealand population of buff @-@ tailed bumblebees naturally colonised Tasmania , 1 @,@ 500 miles away , in 1992 .
Some concerns exist about the impact of the international trade in mass @-@ produced bumblebee colonies . Evidence from Japan and South America indicates bumblebees can escape and naturalise in new environments , causing damage to native pollinators . Greater use of native pollinators , such as Bombus ignitus in China and Japan , has occurred as a result . In addition , mounting evidence indicates mass @-@ produced bumblebees may also carry diseases , harmful to wild bumblebees and honeybees .
= = = Population decline = = =
Bumblebee species are declining in Europe , North America , and Asia due to a number of factors , including land @-@ use change that reduces their food plants . In North America , pathogens are possibly having a stronger negative effect especially for the subgenus Bombus . A major impact on bumblebees was caused by the mechanisation of agriculture , accelerated by the urgent need to increase food production during the Second World War . Small farms depended on horses to pull implements and carts . The horses were fed on clover and hay , both of which were permanently grown on a typical farm . Little artificial fertiliser was used . Farms thus provided flowering clover and flower @-@ rich meadows , favouring bumblebees . Mechanisation removed the need for horses and most of the clover ; artificial fertilisers encouraged the growth of taller grasses , outcompeting the meadow flowers . Most of the flowers , and the bumblebees that fed on them , disappeared from Britain by the early 1980s . The last native British short @-@ haired bumblebee was captured near Dungeness in 1988 . This significant increase in pesticide and fertilizer use associated with the industrialization of agriculture has had adverse effects on the Bombus genus.The bees are directly exposed to the chemicals in two ways : by consuming nectar that has been directly treated with pesticide , or through physical contact with treated plants and flowers . The species Bombus hortorum in particular has been found to be impacted by the pesticides ; their brood development has been reduced and their memory has been negatively affected . Additionally , pesticide risk pose consequences colony development and size .
Bumblebees are in danger in many developed countries due to habitat destruction and collateral pesticide damage . The European Food Safety Authority ruled that three neonicotinoid pesticides ( clothianidin , imidacloprid , and thiamethoxam ) presented a high risk for bees . While most work on neonicotinoid toxicity has looked at honeybees , a study on B. terrestris showed that " field @-@ realistic " levels of imidacloprid significantly reduced growth rate and cut production of new queens by 85 % , implying a " considerable negative effect " on wild bumblebee populations throughout the developed world . Low levels of neonicotinoids can reduce the number of bumblebees in a colony by as much as 55 % , and cause dysfunction in the bumblebees ' brains . The Bumblebee Conservation Trust considers this evidence of reduced brain function " particularly alarming given that bumblebees rely upon their intelligence to go about their daily tasks . " A study on B. terrestris had results that suggests that use of neonicotinoid pesticides can affect how well bumblebees are able to forage and pollinate . Bee colonies that had been affected by the pesticide released more foragers and collected more pollen than bees who had not been dosed with neonicotinoid . Although the bees affected by the pesticide were able to collect more pollen , they took a longer amount of time doing so .
Of 19 species of native nestmaking bumblebees and six species of cuckoo bumblebees formerly widespread in Britain , three have been extirpated , eight are in serious decline , and only six remain widespread . Similar declines have been reported in Ireland , with four species designated endangered , and another two considered vulnerable to extinction . A decline in bumblebee numbers could cause large @-@ scale changes to the countryside , resulting from inadequate pollination of certain plants .
Some bumblebees native to North America are also vanishing , such as Bombus terricola , Bombus affinis , and Bombus occidentalis , and one , Bombus franklini , may be extinct . In South America , Bombus bellicosus was extirpated in the Northern Limit of its distribution range , probably due to intense land use and climate change effects .
= = = Conservation efforts = = =
In 2006 the bumblebee researcher Dave Goulson founded a registered charity , the Bumblebee Conservation Trust , to prevent the extinction " of any of the UK 's bumblebees . " In 2009 and 2010 , the Trust attempted to reintroduce the short @-@ haired bumblebee , Bombus subterraneus , which had become extinct in Britain , from the British @-@ derived populations surviving in New Zealand from their introduction there a century earlier . From 2011 the Trust , in partnership with Natural England , Hymettus and the RSPB , has reintroduced short @-@ haired bumblebee queens from Skåne in southern Sweden to restored flower @-@ rich meadows at Dungeness in Kent . The queens were checked for mites and American foulbrood disease . Agri @-@ environment schemes spread across the neighbouring area of Romney Marsh have been set up to provide over 800 hectares of additional flower @-@ rich habitat for the bees . By the summer of 2013 , workers of the species were found near the release zone , proving that nests had been established . The restored habitat has produced a revival in at least five " Schedule 41 priority " species : the ruderal bumblebee , Bombus ruderatus ; the red @-@ shanked carder bee , Bombus ruderarius ; the shrill carder bee , Bombus sylvarum ; the brown @-@ banded carder bee , Bombus humilis and the moss carder bee , Bombus muscorum .
The world 's first bumblebee sanctuary was established at Vane Farm in the Loch Leven National Nature Reserve in Scotland in 2008 .
In 2011 , London 's Natural History Museum led the establishment of an International Union for the Conservation of Nature Bumblebee Specialist Group , chaired by Dr. Paul H. Williams , to assess the threat status of bumblebee species worldwide using Red List criteria .
= = = Misconception about flight = = =
According to 20th @-@ century folklore , the laws of aerodynamics prove the bumblebee should be incapable of flight , as it does not have the capacity ( in terms of wing size or beats per second ) to achieve flight with the degree of wing loading necessary .
Supposedly someone did a back of the envelope calculation , taking the weight of a bumblebee and its wing area into account , and worked out that if it only flies at a couple of metres per second , the wings wouldn 't produce enough lift to hold the bee up , ' explains Charlie Ellington , Professor of Animal Mechanics at Cambridge University .
The origin of this claim has been difficult to pin down with any certainty . John H. McMasters recounted an anecdote about an unnamed Swiss aerodynamicist at a dinner party who performed some rough calculations and concluded , presumably in jest , that according to the equations , bumblebees cannot fly . In later years , McMasters has backed away from this origin , suggesting there could be multiple sources , and the earliest he has found was a reference in the 1934 book Le Vol des Insectes by French entomologist Antoine Magnan ( 1881 – 1938 ) ; they had applied the equations of air resistance to insects and found their flight was impossible , but " One shouldn 't be surprised that the results of the calculations don 't square with reality " .
The following passage appears in the introduction to Le Vol des Insectes :
Tout d 'abord poussé par ce qui se fait en aviation , j 'ai appliqué aux insectes les lois de la résistance de l 'air , et je suis arrivé avec M. Sainte @-@ Laguë à cette conclusion que leur vol est impossible .
This translates to :
First prompted by what is done in aviation , I applied the laws of air resistance to insects , and I arrived , with Mr. Sainte @-@ Laguë , at this conclusion that their flight is impossible .
Magnan refers to his assistant André Sainte @-@ Laguë . Some credit physicist Ludwig Prandtl ( 1875 – 1953 ) of the University of Göttingen in Germany with popularizing the idea . Others say Swiss gas dynamicist Jacob Ackeret ( 1898 – 1981 ) did the calculations .
The calculations that purported to show that bumblebees cannot fly are based upon a simplified linear treatment of oscillating aerofoils . The method assumes small amplitude oscillations without flow separation . This ignores the effect of dynamic stall ( an airflow separation inducing a large vortex above the wing ) , which briefly produces several times the lift of the aerofoil in regular flight . More sophisticated aerodynamic analysis shows the bumblebee can fly because its wings encounter dynamic stall in every oscillation cycle .
Additionally , John Maynard Smith , a noted biologist with a strong background in aeronautics , has pointed out that bumblebees would not be expected to sustain flight , as they would need to generate too much power given their tiny wing area . However , in aerodynamics experiments with other insects , he found that viscosity at the scale of small insects meant even their small wings can move a very large volume of air relative to their size , and this reduces the power required to sustain flight by an order of magnitude .
= = = In music and literature = = =
The orchestral interlude Flight of the Bumblebee was composed ( c . 1900 ) by Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . It represents the turning of Prince Guidon into a bumblebee so he can fly away to visit his father , Tsar Saltan , in the opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan , although the music may reflect the flight of a bluebottle rather than a bumblebee . The music inspired Walt Disney to feature a bumblebee in his 1940 animated musical Fantasia and have it sound as if it were flying in all parts of the theater . This early attempt at " surround sound " was unsuccessful , and the music was excluded from the film 's release .
In 1599 , during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , someone , possibly Tailboys Dymoke , published Caltha Poetarum : Or The Bumble Bee , under the pseudonym " T. Cutwode " . This was one of nine books censored under the Bishop 's Ban issued by the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and the Bishop of London Richard Bancroft .
Emily Dickinson made a bumblebee the subject of her parody of Isaac Watts 's well @-@ known poem about honeybees , How Doth the Little Busy Bee ( 1715 ) . Where Watts wrote " How skilfully she builds her cell ! How neat she spreads the wax ! " , Dickinson 's poem , " The Bumble @-@ Bee 's Religion " ( 1881 ) begins " His little Hearse @-@ like Figure / Unto itself a Dirge / To a delusive Lilac / The vanity divulge / Of Industry and Morals / And every righteous thing / For the divine Perdition / of Idleness and Spring . " The letter was said to have enclosed a dead bee .
The entomologist Otto Plath wrote Bumblebees and Their Ways in 1934 . His daughter , the poet Sylvia Plath , wrote a group of poems about bees late in 1962 , within four months of her suicide , transforming her father 's interest into her poetry .
The scientist and illustrator Moses Harris ( 1731 – 1785 ) painted accurate watercolour drawings of bumblebees in his An Exposition of English Insects Including the Several Classes of Neuroptera , Hymenoptera , & Diptera , or Bees , Flies , & Libellulae ( 1776 – 80 ) .
Bumblebees appear as characters , often eponymously , in children 's books . The surname Dumbledore in the Harry Potter series ( 1997 – 2007 ) is an old name for bumblebee . J. K. Rowling said the name " seemed to suit the headmaster , because one of his passions is music and I imagined him walking around humming to himself " . Among the many books for younger children are Bumble the Bee by Yvon Douran and Tony Neal ( 2014 ) ; Bertie Bumble Bee by K. I. Al @-@ Ghani ( 2012 ) ; Ben the Bumble Bee : How do bees make honey ? by Romessa Awadalla ( 2015 ) ; Bumble Bee Bob Has a Big Butt by Papa Campbell ( 2012 ) ; Buzz , Buzz , Buzz ! Went Bumble @-@ bee by Colin West ( 1997 ) ; Bumble Bee by Margaret Wise Brown ( 2000 ) ; How the Bumble Came to Bee by Paul and Ella Quarry ( 2012 ) ; The Adventures of Professor Bumble and the Bumble Bees by Stephen Brailovsky ( 2010 ) . Among Beatrix Potter 's " little books " , Babbity Bumble and other members of her nest appear in The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse ( 1910 ) .
Bumblebee is the name of a prominent character in the Transformers franchise , his name denotes his Black @-@ on @-@ Yellow vehicle paint job , directly referencing the bee @-@ genus because of its black and yellow stripes . Bumblebee is also the name of an automotive Racing stripe that wraps around the grill instead of down the centre of the vehicle ; it can be found mainly on Chevrolet Camaros ( which happens to be the Transformers Autobot 's most popular vehicle mode ) .
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= Enola Gay =
The Enola Gay ( pronunciation : / ᵻˈnoʊlə ˈɡeɪ / ) is a Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress bomber , named for Enola Gay Tibbets , the mother of the pilot , Colonel Paul Tibbets , who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line . On 6 August 1945 , during the final stages of World War II , it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb . The bomb , code @-@ named " Little Boy " , was targeted at the city of Hiroshima , Japan , and caused unprecedented destruction . Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura . Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target , Nagasaki , being bombed instead .
After the war , the Enola Gay returned to the United States , where it was operated from Roswell Army Air Field , New Mexico . It was flown to Kwajalein for the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in the Pacific , but was not chosen to make the test drop at Bikini Atoll . Later that year it was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution , and spent many years parked at air bases exposed to the weather and souvenir hunters , before being disassembled and transported to the Smithsonian 's storage facility at Suitland , Maryland , in 1961 .
In the 1980s , veterans groups engaged in a call for the Smithsonian to put the aircraft on display , leading to an acrimonious debate about exhibiting the aircraft without a proper historical context . The cockpit and nose section of the aircraft were exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) in downtown Washington , D.C. , for the bombing 's 50th anniversary in 1995 , amid controversy . Since 2003 , the entire restored B @-@ 29 has been on display at NASM 's Steven F. Udvar @-@ Hazy Center . The last survivor of its crew , Theodore Van Kirk , died on July 28 , 2014 , at the age of 93 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Early history = = =
The Enola Gay ( Model number B @-@ 29 @-@ 45 @-@ MO , Serial number 44 @-@ 86292 , Victor number 82 ) was built by the Glenn L. Martin Company ( now Lockheed Martin ) at its Bellevue , Nebraska plant , located at what is now known as Offutt Air Force Base . The bomber was one of 15 B @-@ 29s with the " Silverplate " modifications necessary to deliver atomic weapons . These modifications included an extensively modified bomb bay with pneumatic doors and British bomb attachment and release systems , reversible pitch propellers that gave more braking power on landing , improved engines with fuel injection and better cooling , and the removal of protective armor and gun turrets .
Enola Gay was personally selected by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . , the commander of the 509th Composite Group , on 9 May 1945 , while still on the assembly line . The aircraft was accepted by the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) on 18 May 1945 and assigned to the 393d Bombardment Squadron , Heavy , 509th Composite Group . Crew B @-@ 9 , commanded by Captain Robert A. Lewis , took delivery of the bomber and flew it from Omaha to the 509th 's base at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , on 14 June 1945 .
Thirteen days later , the aircraft left Wendover for Guam , where it received a bomb @-@ bay modification , and flew to North Field , Tinian , on 6 July . It was initially given the Victor ( squadron @-@ assigned identification ) number 12 , but on 1 August , was given the circle R tail markings of the 6th Bombardment Group as a security measure and had its Victor number changed to 82 to avoid misidentification with actual 6th Bombardment Group aircraft . During July , the bomber made eight practice or training flights , and flew two missions , on 24 and 26 July , to drop pumpkin bombs on industrial targets at Kobe and Nagoya . Enola Gay was used on 31 July on a rehearsal flight for the actual mission .
The partially assembled Little Boy gun @-@ type nuclear weapon L @-@ 11 was contained inside a 41 @-@ inch ( 100 cm ) x 47 @-@ inch ( 120 cm ) x 138 @-@ inch ( 350 cm ) wooden crate weighing 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) that was secured to the deck of the USS Indianapolis . Unlike the six Uranium @-@ 235 target discs , which were later flown to Tinian on three separate aircraft arriving 28 and 29 July , the assembled projectile with the nine Uranium @-@ 235 rings installed was shipped in a single lead @-@ lined steel container weighing 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) that was securely locked to brackets welded to the deck of Captain Charles B. McVay III 's quarters . Both the L @-@ 11 and projectile were dropped off at Tinian on 26 July 1945 .
= = = Hiroshima mission = = =
On 5 August 1945 , during preparation for the first atomic mission , Tibbets assumed command of the aircraft and named it after his mother , Enola Gay Tibbets , who had herself been named for the heroine of a novel . When it came to selecting a name for the plane , Tibbets later recalled that :
my thoughts turned at this point to my courageous red @-@ haired mother , whose quiet confidence had been a source of strength to me since boyhood , and particularly during the soul @-@ searching period when I decided to give up a medical career to become a military pilot . At a time when Dad had thought I had lost my marbles , she had taken my side and said , " I know you will be all right son . "
The name was painted on the aircraft on 5 August by Allan L. Karl , an enlisted man in the 509th . Regularly assigned aircraft commander Robert Lewis was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission , and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of 6 August to see it painted with the now @-@ famous nose art .
Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , in the Mariana Islands , about six hours ' flight time from Japan , accompanied by two other B @-@ 29s , The Great Artiste , carrying instrumentation , and a then @-@ nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , to take photographs . The director of the Manhattan Project , Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , wanted the event recorded for posterity , so the takeoff was illuminated by floodlights . When he wanted to taxi , Tibbets leaned out the window to direct the bystanders out of the way . On request , he gave a friendly wave for the cameras .
After leaving Tinian , the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima , where they rendezvoused at 2 @,@ 440 meters ( 8 @,@ 010 ft ) and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 9 @,@ 855 meters ( 32 @,@ 333 ft ) . Captain William S. " Deak " Parsons of Project Alberta , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area .
The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy took 43 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at 31 @,@ 060 feet ( 9 @,@ 470 m ) to the predetermined detonation height about 1 @,@ 968 feet ( 600 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11 @.@ 5 mi ( 18 @.@ 5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Although buffeted by the shock , neither Enola Gay nor The Great Artiste was damaged .
The detonation created a blast equivalent to 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) . The U @-@ 235 weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1 @.@ 7 % of its fissile material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4 @.@ 4 square miles ( 11 km2 ) . Americans estimated that 4 @.@ 7 square miles ( 12 km2 ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 – 7 % damaged . Some 70 @,@ 000 – 80 @,@ 000 people , or some 30 % of the city 's population , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70 @,@ 000 injured . Out of those killed , 20 @,@ 000 were soldiers .
Enola Gay returned safely to its base on Tinian to great fanfare , touching down at 2 : 58 pm , after 12 hours 13 minutes . The Great Artiste and Necessary Evil followed at short intervals . Several hundred people , including journalists and photographers , had gathered to watch the planes return . Tibbets was the first to disembark , and was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross on the spot .
= = = Nagasaki mission = = =
The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike . Originally scheduled for 11 August , it was brought forward by two days to 9 August owing to bad weather . This time , a Fat Man nuclear weapon was carried by B @-@ 29 Bockscar , piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney . Enola Gay , flown by Captain George Marquardt 's Crew B @-@ 10 , was the weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura , the primary target . Enola Gay reported clear skies over Kokura , but by the time Bockscar arrived , the city was obscured by smoke from fires from the conventional bombing of Yawata by 224 B @-@ 29s the day before . After three unsuccessful passes , Bockscar diverted to its secondary target , Nagasaki , where it dropped its bomb . In contrast to the Hiroshima mission , the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched , although the mission did meet its objectives . The crew encountered a number of problems in execution , and had very little fuel by the time they landed at the emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa .
= = Crews = =
= = = Hiroshima mission = = =
Enola Gay 's crew on 6 August 1945 , consisted of 12 men . The crew was :
Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . – pilot and aircraft commander
Captain Robert A. Lewis – co @-@ pilot ; Enola Gay 's regularly assigned aircraft commander *
Major Thomas Ferebee – bombardier
Captain Theodore " Dutch " Van Kirk – navigator
Captain William S. Parsons , USN – weaponeer and mission commander .
First Lieutenant Jacob Beser – radar countermeasures ( also the only man to fly on both of the nuclear bombing aircraft )
Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson – assistant weaponeer
Technical Sergeant George R. " Bob " Caron – tail gunner *
Technical Sergeant Wyatt E. Duzenbury – flight engineer *
Sergeant Joe S. Stiborik – radar operator *
Sergeant Robert H. Shumard – assistant flight engineer *
Private First Class Richard H. Nelson – VHF radio operator *
Source : Campbell , 2005 , p . 30 . Asterisks denote regular crewmen of the Enola Gay .
Of mission commander Parsons , it was said : " There is no one more responsible for getting this bomb out of the laboratory and into some form useful for combat operations than Captain Parsons , by his plain genius in the ordnance business . "
= = = Nagasaki mission = = =
For the Nagasaki mission , Enola Gay was flown by Crew B @-@ 10 , normally assigned to Up An ' Atom :
Captain George W. Marquardt – aircraft commander
Second Lieutenant James M. Anderson – co @-@ pilot
Second Lieutenant Russell Gackenbach – navigator
Captain James W. Strudwick – bombardier
First Lieutenant Jacob Beser – radar countermeasures
Technical Sergeant James R. Corliss – flight engineer
Sergeant Warren L. Coble – radio operator
Sergeant Joseph M. DiJulio – radar operator
Sergeant Melvin H. Bierman – tail gunner
Sergeant Anthony D. Capua , Jr . – assistant engineer / scanner
Source : Campbell , 2005 , p . 134 , 191 − 192 .
= = Subsequent history = =
On 6 November 1945 , Lewis flew the Enola Gay back to the United States , arriving at the 509th 's new base at Roswell Army Air Field , New Mexico , on 8 November . On 29 April 1946 , Enola Gay left Roswell as part of Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in the Pacific . It flew to Kwajalein on 1 May . It was not chosen to make the test drop at Bikini Atoll and left Kwajalein on 1 July , the date of the test , reaching Fairfield @-@ Suisun Army Air Field , California , the next day .
The decision was made to preserve the Enola Gay , and on 24 July 1946 , the aircraft was flown to Davis @-@ Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona , in preparation for storage . On 30 August 1946 , the title to the aircraft was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution and the Enola Gay was removed from the USAAF inventory . From 1946 to 1961 , the Enola Gay was put into temporary storage at a number of locations . It was at Davis @-@ Monthan from 1 September 1946 until 3 July 1949 , when it was flown to Orchard Place Air Field , Park Ridge , Illinois , by Tibbets for acceptance by the Smithsonian . It was moved to Pyote Air Force Base , Texas , on 12 January 1952 , and then to Andrews Air Force Base , Maryland , on 2 December 1953 , because the Smithsonian had no storage space for the aircraft .
It was hoped that the Air Force would guard the plane but , lacking hangar space , it was left outdoors on a remote part of the air base , exposed to the elements . Souvenir hunters broke in and removed parts . Insects and birds then gained access to the aircraft . Paul E. Garber , the first head of the National Air Museum of the Smithsonian Institution , became concerned about the Enola Gay 's condition , and on 10 August 1960 , Smithsonian staff began dismantling the aircraft . The components were transported to the Smithsonian storage facility at Suitland , Maryland , on 21 July 1961 .
Enola Gay remained at Suitland for many years . By the early 1980s , two veterans of the 509th , Don Rehl and his former navigator in the 509th , Frank B. Stewart , began lobbying for the aircraft to be restored and put on display . They enlisted Tibbets and Senator Barry Goldwater in their campaign . In 1983 , Walter Boyne , a former B @-@ 52 pilot with the Strategic Air Command , became director of the National Air and Space Museum , and he made the Enola Gay 's restoration a priority . Looking at the aircraft , Tibbets recalled , was a " sad meeting . [ My ] fond memories , and I don 't mean the dropping of the bomb , were the numerous occasions I flew the airplane .... I pushed it very , very hard and it never failed me .... It was probably the most beautiful piece of machinery that any pilot ever flew . "
Restoration of the bomber began on 5 December 1984 , at the Paul E. Garber Preservation , Restoration , and Storage Facility in Suitland @-@ Silver Hill , Maryland . The propellers that were used on the bombing mission were later shipped to Texas A & M University . One of these propellers was trimmed to 12 @.@ 5 feet ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) for use in the university 's Oran W. Nicks Low Speed Wind Tunnel . The lightweight aluminium variable @-@ pitch propeller is powered by a 1 @,@ 250 kVA electric motor providing a wind speed up to 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) . Two engines were rebuilt at Garber and two at San Diego Air & Space Museum . The work was slow and meticulous . Every component was carefully cleaned . Some parts and instruments had been removed and could not be located . Replacements were found or fabricated , and marked so that future curators could distinguish them from the original components .
= = Restoration = =
= = = Exhibition controversy = = =
Enola Gay became the center of a controversy at the Smithsonian Institution when the museum planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995 as part of an exhibit commemorating the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . The exhibit , The Crossroads : The End of World War II , the Atomic Bomb and the Cold War , was drafted by the Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum staff , and arranged around the restored Enola Gay .
Critics of the planned exhibit , especially those of the American Legion and the Air Force Association , charged that the exhibit focused too much attention on the Japanese casualties inflicted by the nuclear bomb , rather than on the motivations for the bombing or the discussion of the bomb 's role in ending the conflict with Japan . The exhibit brought to national attention many long @-@ standing academic and political issues related to retrospective views of the bombings . As a result , after various failed attempts to revise the exhibit in order to meet the satisfaction of competing interest groups , the exhibit was canceled on 30 January 1995 . Martin O. Harwit , Director of the National Air and Space Museum , was compelled to resign over the controversy .
The forward fuselage did go on display on 28 June 1995 . On 2 July 1995 , three people were arrested for throwing ash and human blood on the aircraft 's fuselage , following an earlier incident in which a protester had thrown red paint over the gallery 's carpeting . The exhibition closed on 18 May 1998 , and the fuselage was returned to the Garber Facility for final restoration .
= = = Complete restoration and display = = =
Restoration work began in 1984 , and would eventually require 300 @,@ 000 staff hours . While the fuselage was on display , from 1995 to 1998 , work continued on the remaining unrestored components . The aircraft was shipped in pieces to the National Air and Space Museum 's Steven F. Udvar @-@ Hazy Center in Chantilly , Virginia from March – June 2003 , with the fuselage and wings reunited for the first time since 1960 on 10 April 2003 and assembly completed on 8 August 2003 . The aircraft is currently at Washington Dulles International Airport in the Steven F. Udvar @-@ Hazy Center , since the museum annex opened on 15 December 2003 .
= = Gallery = =
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= Hershey Creamery Company =
Hershey Creamery Company , also known as Hershey 's Ice Cream , is a creamery that produces Hershey 's brand ice cream , sorbet , sherbet , and frozen yogurt , and other frozen treats such as smoothies and frozen slab style ice cream mixers . Founded by Jacob Hershey and four of his brothers in 1894 ( all of whom have no relation to Milton S. Hershey and the chocolate company that he founded , also in 1894 ) , it was taken over by the Holder family in the 1920s . The company was one of the first to offer consumers pre @-@ packaged ice cream pints . In 1998 , it modernized its operations to increase efficiency and reduce overhead . With their shared names and cities of origin , Hershey Creamery and Hershey Company have had a tumultuous relationship marked by multiple lawsuits over trademark issues . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the companies settled their most recent legal battles out of court , with the creamery agreeing to add a disclaimer to its ice cream products to note that it is not affiliated with The Hershey Company .
The family @-@ owned business has approximately 450 employees and operates 22 distribution centers in 28 states across the Eastern and Northeastern United States . It is a publicly traded company , with its stocks listed only on Pink Sheets as the company offers a limited number of shares to potential shareholders . In 2001 , the company posted a profit of $ 4 @.@ 1 million with sales reaching $ 91 @.@ 4 million .
= = History = =
The Hershey brothers , Jacob , Isaac , John , Paris , and Eli , founded Hershey Creamery Company in 1894 , with the company originally operating out of the Hershey family 's Lancaster County farmhouse . The ice cream was packed in metal @-@ lined wooden containers that the Hershey brothers designed and built . The containers were loaded into trucks with ice packed around them to keep the ice cream fresh and cold . Salesmen traveled daily routes to deliver product to customers in the county and in surrounding areas .
In the 1920s , the company was merged with the Holder family 's Bethlehem @-@ based Meyer Dairy Company , retaining the Hershey name . In 1926 , with demand for the ice cream exceeding the capacity of the farmhouse , the newly merged company constructed its first ice cream plant in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . During the Great Depression , the company became the first ice cream maker to offer its products in pre @-@ packaged pints . It began creating new flavors of ice cream which it then sold to other ice cream makers . Following World War II , the company continued to answer the call for greater convenience in consumer foods and expanded its offerings to include single @-@ serve , easy to eat items such as popsicles and ice cream sandwiches . In the 1960s , the Holder family assumed full ownership of the company .
As the company grew , it split its production operations , with the Harrisburg location mixing the ice cream and a new facility in Lower Swatara Township used for the actual hardening and packaging of the product . While local orders continued to be delivered in small Hershey 's Ice Cream refrigerated trucks , the company shifted to transporting most of its ice cream to refrigerated tractor trailer trucks , enabling it to stretch its market beyond the state of Pennsylvania . It expanded its distribution facilities , eventually occupying 22 co @-@ owned distribution centers . This enabled the company to ship products out more quickly after orders are received and resulted in less travel time for the products , ensuring freshness and quality were maintained . In the summer months , the company greatly increased its workforce and leased additional cold @-@ storage space to help meet the seasonal orders , as the orders were prepared by hand . In 1998 , operations were modernized and automated when the company purchased 105 acres ( 0 @.@ 42 km2 ) in nearby Middletown where it constructed a modern 1 @.@ 3 million cubic foot warehouse , enabling it to boost its efficiency , reducing the need to increase its summer workforce , and reducing the frequent product loss caused by hand orders and inefficient packing systems . The modernization of its warehouse also improved inventory management , order accuracy , and has helped the company continue its growth .
= = = Trademark disputes with Hershey Company = = =
Hershey Creamery has been involved in multiple legal disputes with the similarly named Hershey Company , founded around the same time in Lancaster by Milton S. Hershey — no relation to the founding Hershey brothers . The first troubles came after the Hershey Creamery began producing chocolate candy and cocoa . Milton S. Hershey learned of the candies in 1919 , and assigned Charles Ziegler to " find instances of confusion and infringement and of unfair competition " . Ziegler found that in addition to making similar products , the packaging used on the chocolates resembled that used by Hershey Company — then called Hershey Chocolate . Investigating complaints from retailers in Boston , New York , Binghamton , Norfolk , and Richmond , Ziegler reportedly found that retailers were confusing the two products , and sometimes deliberately replacing the higher priced Hershey Company products with the Hershey Creamery products . In Harrisburg , Ziegler found a display of Hershey Creamery " Hershey Kisses " , which were bite @-@ sized chocolate drops similar to the chocolate company 's creations . After cease and desist letters failed to resolve the problem , Milton Hershey filed suit in 1921 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania for trademark infringement . In 1926 , a district judged partially sided with Hershey Chocolate and prohibited the creamery from using the name Hershey 's in connection with " manufacture , advertisement , distribution , or sale of , among other things , chocolate , cocoa , chocolate confections , and chocolate or cocoa products " .
In 1958 , the creamery registered for and was granted the " Hershey 's " trademark for use with ice cream and butter products . Seven years later , the company filed suit in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against Hershey Company and Consolidated Foods Corporation after learning the companies were planning to partner to make a line of Hershey 's branded ice cream bars . Hershey Creamery alleged " trademark infringement , unfair competition , false designation of origin , false descriptions , and false representations " , to which Hershey Chocolate responded with a counterclaim questioning the validity of the trademark , claiming it was fraudulently obtained . The companies settled out of court the following year , with the creamery agreeing to drop " butter " from its trademark and fix a filing error with it , and allowing Hershey Company to release the licensed bars within certain guidelines . Hershey Company also agreed not to challenge the creamery 's " Hershey 's " trademark for use on ice cream again .
Shortly after this , Hershey Creamery expanded its trademark to include other ice cream products : " ice cream , ice milk , sherbet , water ice , and frozen confections in which ice cream , ice milk , sherbet or water ice is a component " . In 1989 , the creamery expanded its products to include frozen yogurt and filed for a new trademark for this new line of products . Upon learning of the registration request , the Hershey Company — then named Hershey Foods — demanded the company cease production of the products claiming it violated Hershey Company 's trademarks . The creamery dropped its application , but continued releasing the products , so in May 1990 , Hershey Company filed suit in the Middle District court of Pennsylvania seeking a legal injunction to stop Hershey Creamery from producing and marketing its Hershey 's branded frozen yogurt , as well as to attempt to stop the company from using the " Hershey 's " trademark outside of its " traditional thirteen @-@ state trading area " and to demand that the company include a disclaimer disavowing its relation to Hershey Company on all of its products . Hershey Creamery counter sued in the New York South District court , concerned that Hershey Company demands reneged on the 1967 settlement , and requested the Pennsylvania court actions be transferred to the New York court as that was where the settlement was originally handled . The request was denied and the court instead blocked the Hershey Creamery 's suit in New York . The Creamery appealed but this was denied .
After three years in court , the two companies again settled , with Hershey Creamery agreeing to put a disclaimer on all of its products , corporate website , and in promotional materials and press releases . On their website , the disclaimer simply notes " not affiliated with Hershey 's Chocolate " .
= = = Other legal issues = = =
In November 2008 , Hershey Creamery Company became the first company in the nation to be prosecuted and fined for failing to implement a Risk Management Program ( RMP ) as required by the Clean Air Act . The charges were brought by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , which stated that the company failed to develop the required plans with regard to its storage and use of anhydrous ammonia , which is a regulated substance . In the charges , the EPA noted that the creamery twice certified that it had developed the RMP plan , once in 1999 and again in 2004 . Later inspection showed that the certifications were false and on December 7 , 2006 , the EPA issued a civil compliance order against the company , ordering the company to come into compliance . Hershey Creamery complied and in April 2007 submitted the appropriate RMPs , which were confirmed to be in @-@ place through subsequent inspection . The case was heard at the Federal Middle District court of Pennsylvania , with Hershey Creamery pleading guilty to the charges ; it was subsequently fined $ 100 @,@ 000 and given a year probation .
= = Business model = =
Hershey Creamery is a family operated business , with each new generation raised to assume roles within the company hierarchy upon graduation of high school . As of 2009 , George Holder is its president , while his younger brothers , Walter and Tom , are vice president of manufacturing and vice president of sales and marketing , respectively . The company has approximately 450 employees .
The company operates 22 distribution centers , which serve some 22 @,@ 000 clients in 28 states across the eastern United States , with Florida , Illinois , and the Carolinas being its newest market areas after its 2005 expansion . Since 1996 , management has focused on the company 's main distribution center rather than expansion outside of existing footprint . In 2003 , it shifted its focus to moving its operations from the Harrisburg area , which is flood @-@ prone and landlocked , to the Lower Swatara area . It opened a distribution center there in 1998 , and plans to shift its headquarters and production facilities there over the next five to ten years . Unlike other ice cream makers , Hershey Creamery maintains ownership over its delivery trucks , distribution centers and warehouses , a practice the Holder family feels is important to maintaining the traditions of the " private , conservative " company .
Sales are primarily derived from branded ice cream parlors , quick @-@ serve restaurants , and the distribution of its pre @-@ packaged items to convenience stores , food service operators such as schools , hospitals , prisons , military installations , sports stadiums , amusement parks , and assisted living centers . Pre @-@ packaged items are also sold in regional supermarkets , but this accounts for a minority of the company 's sales .
= = = Financials = = =
Hershey Creamery Company is a publicly traded company , with only 36 @,@ 000 shares available , which are listed on Pink Sheets ( OTC Pink : HRCR ) and sold via the over @-@ the @-@ counter market . The company has fewer than 500 shareholders , primarily among the Holder family . Its stocks are considered to be " thinly traded " in that its shares are rarely traded , and then only a few shares are sold at a time . In 2006 , the company maintained a 6 @.@ 2 to 1 price @-@ to @-@ earnings ratio with no long @-@ term debt and shareholders receive quarterly dividends and special dividends .
In 1936 , the company shares traded at $ 2 @.@ 01 per share . The value of the stock continued to grow steadily and by 1996 , shares were trading at $ 2 @,@ 300 per share ; and hitting as high as $ 3 @,@ 600 a share in 2003 . Though not required to provide U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) filings , the company does distribute similar @-@ style reports to its shareholders annually , and in the 1930s and 40s , its annual earnings were reported in the Christian Science Monitor . In 1936 , the company reported an net income of $ 195 @,@ 077 , up nearly $ 10 @,@ 000 from its 1935 earnings of $ 185 @,@ 320 . As the company grew , so did its earnings . In 2001 , the company reported sales of $ 91 @.@ 4 million , giving it a net profit of $ 4 @.@ 6 million . Sales began declining , and by 2007 , they were down to $ 44 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 .
Hershey Creamery ranked # 90 in Dairy Foods magazine 's 2005 list of the top 100 dairy companies , which ranks dairy companies based on annual sales . This was one rank higher than its 2004 rank of 91st .
= = = Products = = =
As of 2009 , Hershey Creamery Company offers 98 flavors of regular , hand @-@ dipped premium ice cream , with 31 of those varieties marked as super premium gold rim products and 4 available in no sugar added ( NSA ) varieties that use the alternate sweetening product Splenda . Additionally , it offers two flavors of sorbet , three flavors of sherbet , and eight flavors of frozen yogurt . For pre @-@ packaged half @-@ gallons , the company offers consumers 32 ice cream flavors , including 4 no @-@ fat varieties of its basic flavors and five sherbet flavors . In pints , it offers 13 flavors in its traditional square packaging and 15 flavors in its newer round pint packaging , including 2 limited edition and 2 no @-@ sugar added varieties . It also offers three basic pre @-@ made ice cream cakes .
In addition to these traditional ice cream treats , Hershey Creamery offers a variety of novelty ice cream treats , including ice cream sandwiches , popsicles , sundae cups , ice cream sticks , squeeze ups , and pre @-@ made cones . It also distributes smoothies under its " Tropi @-@ Kool Smoothies " brand and frozen slab ice cream under its " Creation Station " brand .
In January 2007 , the company became one of the first companies to offer a frozen energy drink : Banzai Energy Ice , which it created with using the then popular energy drink Banzai . Though the 4 @-@ ounce product received good reviews for its citrus flavor and convenient squeeze @-@ up container for on @-@ the @-@ go consumer , the product was a financial failure and was dropped .
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= Independence Day ( Pakistan ) =
Independence Day ( Urdu : یوم آزادی ; Yaum @-@ e Āzādī ) , observed annually on 14 August , is a national holiday in Pakistan . It commemorates the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign nation following the end of the British Raj in 1947 . Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement which aimed for the creation of an independent Muslim state by division of the north @-@ western regions of South Asia . The movement was led by the All @-@ India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah . The event was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act 1947 under which the British Raj gave independence to the Dominion of Pakistan ( later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ) which comprised West Pakistan ( present @-@ day Pakistan ) and East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . In the Islamic calendar , the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27 , the eve of which , being Laylat al @-@ Qadr , is regarded as sacred by Muslims .
The main Independence Day ceremony takes place in Islamabad , where the national flag is hoisted at the Presidential and Parliament buildings . It is followed by the national anthem and live televised speeches by leaders . Usual celebratory events and festivities for the day include flag @-@ raising ceremonies , parades , cultural events , and the playing of patriotic songs . A number of award ceremonies are often held on this day , and citizens often hoist the national flag atop their homes or display it prominently on their vehicles and attire .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The area constituting Pakistan was historically a part of the British Indian Empire throughout much of the nineteenth century . The East India Company begun their trade in South Asia in the 17th century , and the company rule started from 1757 when they won the Battle of Plassey . Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown assuming direct control over much of the Indian subcontinent . All @-@ India Muslim League was founded by the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka , in 1906 , in the context of the circumstances that were generated over the division of Bengal in 1905 and the party aimed at creation of a separate Muslim state .
The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms , but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and strident calls for self @-@ rule by Indian activists . The widespread discontent of this period crystallized into nationwide non @-@ violent movements of non @-@ cooperation and civil disobedience . The idea for a separate religion @-@ based state was introduced by Allama Iqbal in his speech as the President of the Muslim League in December 1930 . Three years later , the name " Pakistan " as the name of a separate state was proposed in a declaration made by Choudhary Rahmat Ali . Like Iqbal , Bengal was left out of the proposal made by Rahmat Ali .
In the 1940s , as the Indian independence movement intensified , an upsurge of Muslim nationalism helmed by the All @-@ India Muslim League took place , of which Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the most prominent leader . Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India , the Muslim League played a decisive role during the 1940s in the Indian independence movement and developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in the South Asia . During a three @-@ day general session of All @-@ India Muslim League from 22 – 24 March 1940 , a formal political statement was presented , known as the Lahore Resolution , which called on for the creation of an independent state for Muslims .
= = = Independence = = =
In 1946 , the Labour government in Britain , exhausted by recent events such as World War II and numerous riots , realized that it had neither the mandate at home , the support internationally , nor the reliability of the British Indian Army for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India . The reliability of the native forces for continuing their control over an increasingly rebellious India diminished , and so the government decided to end the British rule of the Indian Subcontinent . In 1946 , the Indian National Congress , being a secular party , demanded a single state . The Muslim majorities , who disagreed with the idea of single state , stressed the idea of a separate Pakistan as an alternative . The 1946 Cabinet Mission to India was sent to try and reach a compromise between Congress and the Muslim League , proposing a decentralized state with much power given to local governments , but it was rejected by both of the parties and resulted in a number of riots in South Asia .
Eventually , in February 1947 , Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government would grant full self @-@ governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest . On 3 June 1947 , the British government announced that the principle of division of British India into two independent states was accepted . The successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth . Viceroy Mountbatten chose the second anniversary of Japan 's surrender in the World War II as the date of power transfer . He chose 14 August as the date of the ceremony of power transfer to Pakistan because he wanted to attend the ceremonies in both India and Pakistan .
The Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo 6 c . 30 ) passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom divided British India into the two new independent dominions ; the Dominion of India ( later to become the Republic of India ) and the Dominion of Pakistan ( later to become the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ) . The act provided a mechanism for division of the Bengal and Punjab provinces between the two nations ( see partition of India ) , establishment of the office of the Governor @-@ General , conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies , and division of joint property between the two new countries . On 14 August 1947 , the new Dominion of Pakistan became independent and Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first governor general in Karachi . Independence was marked with widespread celebration , but the atmosphere remained heated as communal riots marked the independence of Pakistan in 1947 . The act later received royal assent on 18 July 1947 .
= = = The date of independence = = =
Since the transfer of power took place on the midnight of 14 and 15 August , the Indian Independence Act 1947 recognised 15 August as the birthday of both Pakistan and India . The act states ;
" As from the fifteenth day of August , nineteen hundred and forty @-@ seven , two independent Dominions shall be set up in India , to be known respectively as India and Pakistan . "
Jinnah in his first broadcast to the nation stated ;
" August 15 is the birthday of the independent and sovereign state of Pakistan . It marks the fulfilment of the destiny of the Muslim nation which made great sacrifices in the past few years to have its homeland . "
The first commemorative postage stamps of the country , released in July 1948 , also gave 15 August 1947 as the independence day , however in subsequent years 14 August was adopted as the independence day . The night of 14 – 15 August 1947 coincided with 27 Ramadan 1366 of the Islamic calendar , which Muslims regard as a sacred night .
= = Celebration = =
The independence day is one of the six public holidays observed in Pakistan and is celebrated all across the country . To prepare and finalise the plans for independence day celebrations , meetings are held in the provincial capitals by local government which are attended by government officials , diplomats , and politicians . As the month of August begins , special stalls and shops are set up across the country for the sale of national flags , buntings , banners and posters , pictures of national heroes , and other celebratory items . Vehicles , private buildings , homes , and streets are decorated with the national flag and buntings . Various organisations , educational institution , and government departments organise seminars , sports competitions , and social and cultural activities leading up to the independence day . In Karachi , drives are initiated to clean and prepare the Mazar @-@ e @-@ Quaid ( Jinnah Mausoleum ) for the celebration .
The day begins with special prayers for integrity , solidarity , and development of Pakistan in mosques and religious places across the country . The official festivities take place in Islamabad and commence with the raising of the national flag on the Parliament House and the Presidency followed by a 31 @-@ gun salute in the capital and a 21 @-@ gun salute in provincial capitals . The President and Prime Minister of Pakistan address the nation in live telecasts . Government officials and other political leaders deliver speeches during various rallies and events highlighting Pakistani achievements , goals set for the future , and praise the sacrifices and efforts of national heroes . National flags are displayed on Shahrah @-@ e @-@ Faisal , Shahara @-@ e @-@ Quaideen , and Mazar @-@ e @-@ Quaid Road leading up to the Jinnah 's mausoleum in Karachi . Minar @-@ e @-@ Pakistan in Lahore , where Pakistan Resolution was passed in 1940 , is fully illuminated on the eve of the independence day to signify its importance in the creation of Pakistan .
Citizens attending independence day parades and other events are usually dressed in Pakistan ’ s official colours , green and white . Various government buildings including the Parliament House , Supreme Court , and President House are decorated and illuminated with lights and bright colours . Streets and houses are decorated with candles , oil lamps and pennants , national flag as well as firework shows occur as a part of celebration . Along with flag hoisting , the national anthem is sung at various government places , schools , residences , and monuments on the day . Homage is paid to the people who lost their lives in migration and riots during the independence of Pakistan in 1947 , martyrs of Pakistan Army and recipients of Nishan @-@ e @-@ Haider , political figures , and famous artists and scientists .
A change of guard takes place at national monuments . In the cities around the country , the flag hoisting ceremony is carried out by the nazim ( mayor ) belonging to the respective constituency and at various private organisations the ceremony is conducted by a senior officer of that organisation . The Pakistani diaspora also celebrates independence day in various countries throughout the world , especially in countries which have large Pakistani communities .
= = Security measures = =
Security measures in the country are intensified as the independence day approaches , especially in major cities and in troubled areas . The security is set up after various representatives of intelligence and investigation agencies meet . High alert is declared in sensitive areas such as the country 's capital , to restrict security threats . Despite this , there have been instances where attacks have occurred on independence day by insurgents who boycott the celebrations as a part of their protest . On 13 August 2010 , the country witnessed floods causing deaths of 1 @,@ 600 people and affecting 14 million lives . On the account of the calamity , the president made an announcement that there would not be any official celebration of the independence day that year .
= = In popular culture = =
From the beginning of August , radio channels play milli naghmay ( patriotic songs ) and various TV shows and programmes highlighting the history , culture , and achievements of Pakistan are broadcast . Evergreen patriotic songs like Dil Dil Pakistan and Jazba @-@ e @-@ Junoon are played and sung all over the country . The film Jinnah released in 1998 follows the story of Jinnah and details the events leading up to the independence of Pakistan . The events during the independence of Pakistan are depicted in many literary and scholarly works . Khushwant Singh 's novel Train to Pakistan , Saadat Hasan Manto 's short story Toba Tek Singh , Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre 's book Freedom at Midnight , and poetic works of Faiz Ahmad Faiz chronicle events during the independence of Pakistan . Ali Pur Ka Aeeli by Mumtaz Mufti is an autobiography narrating the account of bringing his family from Batala to Lahore . Khaak aur Khoon ( Dirt and Blood ) by Naseem Hijazi describes the sacrifices of Muslims of South Asia during independence . Dastaan , a Pakistani drama serial , based on the novel Bano by Razia Butt , also tells the story of Pakistan Movement and events of independence of Pakistan .
Pakistan Post released four commemorative stamps in July 1948 for the country 's first independence anniversary . Three of the four stamps depicted places from Pakistan while the fourth stamp depicted a motif . The stamps were inscribed " 15th August 1947 " because of the prevailing confusion of actual date of independence . In 1997 , Pakistan celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence . The State Bank of Pakistan issued a special banknote of rupee 5 depicting the tomb of Baha @-@ ud @-@ din Zakariya on 13 August 1997 , commemorating the 50th independence day . On the front of the note a star burst is encircled by Fifty Years Anniversary of Freedom in Urdu and ' 1947 – 1997 ' in numerals .
In November 1997 , the 1997 Wills Golden Jubilee Tournament was held in Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore to mark the golden jubilee . During the final of the tournament , Pakistan Cricket Board honoured all the living test cricket captains of Pakistan by parading them in horse @-@ drawn carriages and presenting them with gold medals . On 14 August 2004 , Pakistan displayed the largest flag of the time with the dimensions of 340 by 510 feet ( 100 m × 160 m ) .
Since 2011 , the Google Pakistan homepage has featured special doodles designed with Pakistani symbols to mark Pakistan 's Independence Day . Such symbols have included the star and crescent , national monuments and colours , artistic representations , geographic landscapes and other national symbols . In 2015 , Facebook allowed its users in Pakistan to post a status with a mood setting of " celebrating Independence Day " , with a Pakistani flag icon on the status .
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= Beryllium =
Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4 . It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe . It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals . Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl ( aquamarine , emerald ) and chrysoberyl . As a free element it is a steel @-@ gray , strong , lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal .
Beryllium improves many physical properties when added as an alloying element to aluminium , copper ( notably the alloy beryllium copper ) , iron and nickel . Tools made of beryllium copper alloys are strong and hard and do not create sparks when they strike a steel surface . In structural applications , the combination of high flexural rigidity , thermal stability , thermal conductivity and low density ( 1 @.@ 85 times that of water ) make beryllium metal a desirable aerospace material for aircraft components , missiles , spacecraft , and satellites . Because of its low density and atomic mass , beryllium is relatively transparent to X @-@ rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore , it is the most common window material for X @-@ ray equipment and components of particle physics experiments . The high thermal conductivities of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in thermal management applications .
The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium @-@ containing dusts that can cause a chronic life @-@ threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical properties = = =
Beryllium is a steel gray and hard metal that is brittle at room temperature and has a close @-@ packed hexagonal crystal structure . It has exceptional stiffness ( Young 's modulus 287 GPa ) and a reasonably high melting point . The modulus of elasticity of beryllium is approximately 50 % greater than that of steel . The combination of this modulus and a relatively low density results in an unusually fast sound conduction speed in beryllium – about 12 @.@ 9 km / s at ambient conditions . Other significant properties are high specific heat ( 1925 J · kg − 1 · K − 1 ) and thermal conductivity ( 216 W · m − 1 · K − 1 ) , which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight . In combination with the relatively low coefficient of linear thermal expansion ( 11 @.@ 4 × 10 − 6 K − 1 ) , these characteristics result in a unique stability under conditions of thermal loading .
= = = Nuclear properties = = =
Naturally occurring beryllium , save for slight contamination by cosmogenic radioisotopes , is essentially beryllium @-@ 9 , which has a nuclear spin of 3 / 2 . Beryllium has a large scattering cross section for high @-@ energy neutrons , about 6 barns for energies above approximately 10 keV . Therefore , it works as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator , effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy range of below 0 @.@ 03 eV , where the total cross section is at least an order of magnitude lower – exact value strongly depends on the purity and size of the crystallites in the material .
The single primordial beryllium isotope 9Be also undergoes a ( n , 2n ) neutron reaction with neutron energies over about 1 @.@ 9 MeV , to produce 8Be , which almost immediately breaks into two alpha particles . Thus , for high @-@ energy neutrons , beryllium is a neutron multiplier , releasing more neutrons than it absorbs . This nuclear reaction is :
9
4Be + n → 2 ( 4
2He ) + 2n
Neutrons are liberated when beryllium nuclei are struck by energetic alpha particles producing the nuclear reaction
9
4Be + 4
2He → 12
6C + n , where 4
2He is an alpha particle and 12
6C is a carbon @-@ 12 nucleus .
Beryllium also releases neutrons under bombardment by gamma rays . Thus , natural beryllium bombarded either by alphas or gammas from a suitable radioisotope is a key component of most radioisotope @-@ powered nuclear reaction neutron sources for the laboratory production of free neutrons .
Small amounts of tritium are liberated when 9
4Be nuclei absorb low energy neutrons in the three @-@ step nuclear reaction
9
4Be + n → 4
2He + 6
2He , 6
2He → 6
3Li + β- , 6
3Li + n → 4
2He + 3
1H
Note that 6
2He has a half life of only 0 @.@ 8 seconds , β- is an electron , and 6
3Li has a high neutron absorption cross @-@ section . Tritium is a radioisotope of concern in nuclear reactor waste streams .
As a metal , beryllium is transparent to most wavelengths of X @-@ rays and gamma rays , making it useful for the output windows of X @-@ ray tubes and other such apparatus .
= = = Isotopes and nucleosynthesis = = =
Both stable and unstable isotopes of beryllium are created in stars , but the radioisotopes do not last long . It is believed that most of the stable beryllium in the universe was originally created in the interstellar medium when cosmic rays induced fission in heavier elements found in interstellar gas and dust . Primordial beryllium contains only one stable isotope , 9Be , and therefore beryllium is a monoisotopic element .
Radioactive cosmogenic 10Be is produced in the atmosphere of the Earth by the cosmic ray spallation of oxygen . 10Be accumulates at the soil surface , where its relatively long half @-@ life ( 1 @.@ 36 million years ) permits a long residence time before decaying to boron @-@ 10 . Thus , 10Be and its daughter products are used to examine natural soil erosion , soil formation and the development of lateritic soils , and as a proxy for measurement of the variations in solar activity and the age of ice cores . The production of 10Be is inversely proportional to solar activity , because increased solar wind during periods of high solar activity decreases the flux of galactic cosmic rays that reach the Earth . Nuclear explosions also form 10Be by the reaction of fast neutrons with 13C in the carbon dioxide in air . This is one of the indicators of past activity at nuclear weapon test sites . The isotope 7Be ( half @-@ life 53 days ) is also cosmogenic , and shows an atmospheric abundance linked to sunspots , much like 10Be .
8Be has a very short half @-@ life of about 7 × 10 − 17 s that contributes to its significant cosmological role , as elements heavier than beryllium could not have been produced by nuclear fusion in the Big Bang . This is due to the lack of sufficient time during the Big Bang 's nucleosynthesis phase to produce carbon by the fusion of 4He nuclei and the very low concentrations of available beryllium @-@ 8 . The British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle first showed that the energy levels of 8Be and 12C allow carbon production by the so @-@ called triple @-@ alpha process in helium @-@ fueled stars where more nucleosynthesis time is available . This process allows carbon to be produced in stars , but not in the Big Bang . Star @-@ created carbon ( the basis of carbon @-@ based life ) is thus a component in the elements in the gas and dust ejected by AGB stars and supernovae ( see also Big Bang nucleosynthesis ) , as well as the creation of all other elements with atomic numbers larger than that of carbon .
The innermost electrons of beryllium may contribute to chemical bonding . Therefore , when 7Be decays by electron capture , it does so by taking electrons from atomic orbitals that may participate in bonding . This makes its decay rate dependent to a measurable degree upon its electron configuration – a rare occurrence in nuclear decay .
The shortest @-@ lived known isotope of beryllium is 13Be which decays through neutron emission . It has a half @-@ life of 2 @.@ 7 × 10 − 21 s . 6Be is also very short @-@ lived with a half @-@ life of 5 @.@ 0 × 10 − 21 s . The exotic isotopes 11Be and 14Be are known to exhibit a nuclear halo . This phenomenon can be understood as the nuclei of 11Be and 14Be have , respectively , 1 and 4 neutrons orbiting substantially outside the classical Fermi ' waterdrop ' model of the nucleus .
= = = Occurrence = = =
The Sun has a concentration of 0 @.@ 1 parts per billion ( ppb ) of beryllium . Beryllium has a concentration of 2 to 6 parts per million ( ppm ) in the Earth 's crust . It is most concentrated in the soils , 6 ppm . Trace amounts of 9Be are found in the Earth 's atmosphere . The concentration of beryllium in sea water is 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 6 parts per trillion . In stream water , however , beryllium is more abundant with a concentration of 0 @.@ 1 ppb .
Beryllium is found in over 100 minerals , but most are uncommon to rare . The more common beryllium containing minerals include : bertrandite ( Be4Si2O7 ( OH ) 2 ) , beryl ( Al2Be3Si6O18 ) , chrysoberyl ( Al2BeO4 ) and phenakite ( Be2SiO4 ) . Precious forms of beryl are aquamarine , red beryl and emerald . The green color in gem @-@ quality forms of beryl comes from varying amounts of chromium ( about 2 % for emerald ) .
The two main ores of beryllium , beryl and bertrandite , are found in Argentina , Brazil , India , Madagascar , Russia and the United States . Total world reserves of beryllium ore are greater than 400 @,@ 000 tonnes .
= = Production = =
The extraction of beryllium from its compounds is a difficult process due to its high affinity for oxygen at elevated temperatures , and its ability to reduce water when its oxide film is removed . The United States , China and Kazakhstan are the only three countries involved in the industrial @-@ scale extraction of beryllium .
Beryllium is most commonly extracted from the mineral beryl , which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture . The sintering process involves mixing beryl with sodium fluorosilicate and soda at 770 ° C ( 1 @,@ 420 ° F ) to form sodium fluoroberyllate , aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide . Beryllium hydroxide is precipitated from a solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water . Extraction of beryllium using the melt method involves grinding beryl into a powder and heating it to 1 @,@ 650 ° C ( 3 @,@ 000 ° F ) . The melt is quickly cooled with water and then reheated 250 to 300 ° C ( 482 to 572 ° F ) in concentrated sulfuric acid , mostly yielding beryllium sulfate and aluminium sulfate . Aqueous ammonia is then used to remove the aluminium and sulfur , leaving beryllium hydroxide .
Beryllium hydroxide created using either the sinter or melt method is then converted into beryllium fluoride or beryllium chloride . To form the fluoride , aqueous ammonium hydrogen fluoride is added to beryllium hydroxide to yield a precipitate of ammonium tetrafluoroberyllate , which is heated to 1 @,@ 000 ° C ( 1 @,@ 830 ° F ) to form beryllium fluoride . Heating the fluoride to 900 ° C ( 1 @,@ 650 ° F ) with magnesium forms finely divided beryllium , and additional heating to 1 @,@ 300 ° C ( 2 @,@ 370 ° F ) creates the compact metal . Heating beryllium hydroxide forms the oxide , which becomes beryllium chloride when combined with carbon and chlorine . Electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride is then used to obtain the metal .
= = Chemical properties = =
Beryllium 's chemical behavior is largely a result of its small atomic and ionic radii . It thus has very high ionization potentials and strong polarization while bonded to other atoms , which is why all of its compounds are covalent . It is more chemically similar to aluminium than its close neighbors in the periodic table due to having a similar charge @-@ to @-@ radius ratio . An oxide layer forms around beryllium that prevents further reactions with air unless heated above 1000 ° C. Once ignited , beryllium burns brilliantly forming a mixture of beryllium oxide and beryllium nitride . Beryllium dissolves readily in non @-@ oxidizing acids , such as HCl and diluted H2SO4 , but not in nitric acid or water as this forms the oxide . This behavior is similar to that of aluminium metal . Beryllium also dissolves in alkali solutions .
The beryllium atom has the electronic configuration [ He ] 2s2 . The two valence electrons give beryllium a + 2 oxidation state and thus the ability to form two covalent bonds ; the only evidence of lower valence of beryllium is in the solubility of the metal in BeCl2 . Due to the octet rule , atoms tend to seek a valence of 8 in order to resemble a noble gas . Beryllium tries to achieve a coordination number of 4 because its two covalent bonds fill half of this octet . A coordination of 4 allows beryllium compounds , such as the fluoride or chloride , to form polymers .
This characteristic is employed in analytical techniques using EDTA as a ligand . EDTA preferentially forms octahedral complexes – thus absorbing other cations such as Al3 + which might interfere – for example , in the solvent extraction of a complex formed between Be2 + and acetylacetone . Beryllium ( II ) readily forms complexes with strong donating ligands such as phosphine oxides and arsine oxides . There have been extensive studies of these complexes which show the stability of the O @-@ Be bond .
Solutions of beryllium salts , e.g. beryllium sulfate and beryllium nitrate , are acidic because of hydrolysis of the [ Be ( H2O ) 4 ] 2 + ion .
[ Be ( H2O ) 4 ] 2 + + H2O ⇌ [ Be ( H2O ) 3 ( OH ) ] + + H3O +
Other products of hydrolysis include the trimeric ion [ Be3 ( OH ) 3 ( H2O ) 6 ] 3 + . Beryllium hydroxide , Be ( OH ) 2 , is insoluble even in acidic solutions with pH less than 6 , that is at biological pH . It is amphoteric and dissolves in strongly alkaline solutions .
Beryllium forms binary compounds with many non @-@ metals . Anhydrous halides are known for F , Cl , Br and I. BeF2 has a silica @-@ like structure with corner @-@ shared BeF4 tetrahedra . BeCl2 and BeBr2 have chain structures with edge @-@ shared tetrahedra . All beryllium halides have a linear monomeric molecular structure in the gas phase .
Beryllium difluoride , BeF2 , is different than the other difluorides . In general , beryllium has a tendency to bond covalently , much more so than the other alkaline earths and its fluoride is partially covalent ( although still more ionic than its other halides ) . BeF2 has many similarities to SiO2 ( quartz ) a mostly covalently bonded network solid . BeF2 has tetrahedrally coordinated metal and forms glasses ( is difficult to crystallize ) . When crystalline , beryllium fluoride has the same room temperature crystal structure as quartz and shares many higher temperature structures also . Beryllium difluoride is very soluble in water , unlike the other alkaline earths . ( Although they are strongly ionic , they do not dissolve because of the especially strong lattice energy of the fluorite structure . ) However , BeF2 has much lower electrical conductivity when in solution or when molten than would be expected if it were fully ionic .
Beryllium oxide , BeO , is a white refractory solid , which has the wurtzite crystal structure and a thermal conductivity as high as in some metals . BeO is amphoteric . Salts of beryllium can be produced by treating Be ( OH ) 2 with acid . Beryllium sulfide , selenide and telluride are known , all having the zincblende structure .
Beryllium nitride , Be3N2 is a high @-@ melting @-@ point compound which is readily hydrolyzed . Beryllium azide , BeN6 is known and beryllium phosphide , Be3P2 has a similar structure to Be3N2 . Basic beryllium nitrate and basic beryllium acetate have similar tetrahedral structures with four beryllium atoms coordinated to a central oxide ion . A number of beryllium borides are known , such as Be5B , Be4B , Be2B , BeB2 , BeB6 and BeB12 . Beryllium carbide , Be2C , is a refractory brick @-@ red compound that reacts with water to give methane . No beryllium silicide has been identified .
= = History = =
The mineral beryl , which contains beryllium , has been used at least since the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt . In the first century CE , Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder mentioned in his encyclopedia Natural History that beryl and emerald ( " smaragdus " ) were similar . The Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis , written in the third or fourth century CE , contains notes on how to prepare artificial emerald and beryl .
Early analyses of emeralds and beryls by Martin Heinrich Klaproth , Torbern Olof Bergman , Franz Karl Achard , and Johann Jakob Bindheim always yielded similar elements , leading to the fallacious conclusion that both substances are aluminium silicates . Mineralogist René Just Haüy discovered that both crystals are geometrically identical , and he asked chemist Louis @-@ Nicolas Vauquelin for a chemical analysis .
In a 1798 paper read before the Institut de France , Vauquelin reported that he found a new " earth " by dissolving aluminium hydroxide from emerald and beryl in an additional alkali . The editors of the journal Annales de Chimie et de Physique named the new earth " glucine " for the sweet taste of some of its compounds . Klaproth preferred the name " beryllina " due to the fact that yttria also formed sweet salts . The name " beryllium " was first used by Wöhler in 1828 .
Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride , as follows :
BeCl2 + 2 K → 2 KCl + Be
Using an alcohol lamp , Wöhler heated alternating layers of beryllium chloride and potassium in a wired @-@ shut platinum crucible . The above reaction immediately took place and caused the crucible to become white hot . Upon cooling and washing the resulting gray @-@ black powder he saw that it was made of fine particles with a dark metallic luster . The highly reactive potassium had been produced by the electrolysis of its compounds , a process discovered 21 years before . The chemical method using potassium yielded only small grains of beryllium from which no ingot of metal could be cast or hammered .
The direct electrolysis of a molten mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride by Paul Lebeau in 1898 resulted in the first pure ( 99 @.@ 5 to 99 @.@ 8 % ) samples of beryllium . The first commercially successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt . Their process involves the electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluorides and barium , which causes molten beryllium to collect on a water @-@ cooled iron cathode .
A sample of beryllium was bombarded with alpha rays from the decay of radium in a 1932 experiment by James Chadwick that uncovered the existence of the neutron . This same method is used in one class of radioisotope @-@ based laboratory neutron sources that produce 30 neutrons for every million α particles .
Beryllium production saw a rapid increase during World War II , due to the rising demand for hard beryllium @-@ copper alloys and phosphors for fluorescent lights . Most early fluorescent lamps used zinc orthosilicate with varying content of beryllium to emit greenish light . Small additions of magnesium tungstate improved the blue part of the spectrum to yield an acceptable white light . Halophosphate @-@ based phosphors replaced beryllium @-@ based phosphors after beryllium was found to be toxic .
Electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride was used to isolate beryllium during the 19th century . The metal 's high melting point makes this process more energy @-@ consuming than corresponding processes used for the alkali metals . Early in the 20th century , the production of beryllium by the thermal decomposition of beryllium iodide was investigated following the success of a similar process for the production of zirconium , but this process proved to be uneconomical for volume production .
Pure beryllium metal did not become readily available until 1957 , even though it had been used as an alloying metal to harden and toughen copper much earlier . Beryllium could be produced by reducing beryllium compounds such as beryllium chloride with metallic potassium or sodium . Currently most beryllium is produced by reducing beryllium fluoride with purified magnesium . The price on the American market for vacuum @-@ cast beryllium ingots was about $ 338 per pound ( $ 745 per kilogram ) in 2001 .
Between 1998 and 2008 , the world 's production of beryllium had decreased from 343 to about 200 tonnes , of which 176 tonnes ( 88 % ) came from the United States .
= = = Etymology = = =
Early precursors of the word beryllium can be traced to many languages , including Latin Beryllus ; French Béry ; Greek βήρυλλος , bērullos , beryl ; Prakrit veruliya ( वॆरुलिय ) ; Pāli veḷuriya ( वेलुरिय ) , veḷiru ( भेलिरु ) or viḷar ( भिलर ् ) – " to become pale " , in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl . The original source is probably the Sanskrit word वैडूर ् य ( vaidurya ) , which is of Dravidian origin and could be related to the name of the modern city of Belur . For about 160 years , beryllium was also known as glucinum or glucinium ( with the accompanying chemical symbol " Gl " , or " G " ) , the name coming from the Greek word for sweet : γλυκυς , due to the sweet taste of beryllium salts .
= = Applications = =
= = = Radiation windows = = =
Because of its low atomic number and very low absorption for X @-@ rays , the oldest and still one of the most important applications of beryllium is in radiation windows for X @-@ ray tubes . Extreme demands are placed on purity and cleanliness of beryllium to avoid artifacts in the X @-@ ray images . Thin beryllium foils are used as radiation windows for X @-@ ray detectors , and the extremely low absorption minimizes the heating effects caused by high intensity , low energy X @-@ rays typical of synchrotron radiation . Vacuum @-@ tight windows and beam @-@ tubes for radiation experiments on synchrotrons are manufactured exclusively from beryllium . In scientific setups for various X @-@ ray emission studies ( e.g. , energy @-@ dispersive X @-@ ray spectroscopy ) the sample holder is usually made of beryllium because its emitted X @-@ rays have much lower energies ( ~ 100 eV ) than X @-@ rays from most studied materials .
Low atomic number also makes beryllium relatively transparent to energetic particles . Therefore , it is used to build the beam pipe around the collision region in particle physics setups , such as all four main detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider ( ALICE , ATLAS , CMS , LHCb ) , the Tevatron and the SLAC . The low density of beryllium allows collision products to reach the surrounding detectors without significant interaction , its stiffness allows a powerful vacuum to be produced within the pipe to minimize interaction with gases , its thermal stability allows it to function correctly at temperatures of only a few degrees above absolute zero , and its diamagnetic nature keeps it from interfering with the complex multipole magnet systems used to steer and focus the particle beams .
= = = Mechanical applications = = =
Because of its stiffness , light weight and dimensional stability over a wide temperature range , beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high @-@ speed aircraft , guided missiles , spacecraft , and satellites . Several liquid @-@ fuel rockets have used rocket nozzles made of pure beryllium . Beryllium powder was itself studied as a rocket fuel , but this use has never materialized . A small number of extreme high @-@ end bicycle frames have been built with beryllium . From 1998 to 2000 , the McLaren Formula One team used Mercedes @-@ Benz engines with beryllium @-@ aluminium @-@ alloy pistons . The use of beryllium engine components was banned following a protest by Scuderia Ferrari .
Mixing about 2 @.@ 0 % beryllium into copper forms an alloy called beryllium copper that is six times stronger than copper alone . Beryllium alloys are used in many applications because of their combination of elasticity , high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity , high strength and hardness , nonmagnetic properties , as well as good corrosion and fatigue resistance . These applications include non @-@ sparking tools that are used near flammable gases ( beryllium nickel ) , in springs and membranes ( beryllium nickel and beryllium iron ) used in surgical instruments and high temperature devices . As little as 50 parts per million of beryllium alloyed with liquid magnesium leads to a significant increase in oxidation resistance and decrease in flammability .
The high elastic stiffness of beryllium has led to its extensive use in precision instrumentation , e.g. in inertial guidance systems and in the support mechanisms for optical systems . Beryllium @-@ copper alloys were also applied as a hardening agent in " Jason pistols " , which were used to strip the paint from the hulls of ships .
Beryllium was also used for cantilevers in high performance phonograph cartridge styli , where its extreme stiffness and low density allowed for tracking weights to be reduced to 1 gram , yet still track high frequency passages with minimal distortion .
An earlier major application of beryllium was in brakes for military airplanes because of its hardness , high melting point , and exceptional ability to dissipate heat . Environmental considerations have led to substitution by other materials .
To reduce costs , beryllium can be alloyed with significant amounts of aluminium , resulting in the AlBeMet alloy ( a trade name ) . This blend is cheaper than pure beryllium , while still retaining many desirable properties .
= = = Mirrors = = =
Beryllium mirrors are of particular interest . Large @-@ area mirrors , frequently with a honeycomb support structure , are used , for example , in meteorological satellites where low weight and long @-@ term dimensional stability are critical . Smaller beryllium mirrors are used in optical guidance systems and in fire @-@ control systems , e.g. in the German @-@ made Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 main battle tanks . In these systems , very rapid movement of the mirror is required which again dictates low mass and high rigidity . Usually the beryllium mirror is coated with hard electroless nickel plating which can be more easily polished to a finer optical finish than beryllium . In some applications , though , the beryllium blank is polished without any coating . This is particularly applicable to cryogenic operation where thermal expansion mismatch can cause the coating to buckle .
The James Webb Space Telescope will have 18 hexagonal beryllium sections for its mirrors . Because JWST will face a temperature of 33 K , the mirror is made of gold @-@ plated beryllium , capable of handling extreme cold better than glass . Beryllium contracts and deforms less than glass – and remains more uniform – in such temperatures . For the same reason , the optics of the Spitzer Space Telescope are entirely built of beryllium metal .
= = = Magnetic applications = = =
Beryllium is non @-@ magnetic . Therefore , tools fabricated out of beryllium @-@ based materials are used by naval or military explosive ordnance disposal teams for work on or near naval mines , since these mines commonly have magnetic fuzes . They are also found in maintenance and construction materials near magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) machines because of the high magnetic fields generated by them . In the fields of radio communications and powerful ( usually military ) radars , hand tools made of beryllium are used to tune the highly magnetic klystrons , magnetrons , traveling wave tubes , etc . , that are used for generating high levels of microwave power in the transmitters .
= = = Nuclear applications = = =
Thin plates or foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapon designs as the very outer layer of the plutonium pits in the primary stages of thermonuclear bombs , placed to surround the fissile material . These layers of beryllium are good " pushers " for the implosion of the plutonium @-@ 239 , and they are also good neutron reflectors , just as they are in beryllium @-@ moderated nuclear reactors .
Beryllium is also commonly used in some neutron sources in laboratory devices in which relatively few neutrons are needed ( rather than having to use a nuclear reactor , or a particle accelerator @-@ powered neutron generator ) . For this purpose , a target of beryllium @-@ 9 is bombarded with energetic alpha particles from a radioisotope such as polonium @-@ 210 , radium @-@ 226 , plutonium @-@ 239 , or americium @-@ 241 . In the nuclear reaction that occurs , a beryllium nucleus is transmuted into carbon @-@ 12 , and one free neutron is emitted , traveling in about the same direction as the alpha particle was heading . Such alpha decay driven beryllium neutron sources , named " urchin " neutron initiators , were used some in early atomic bombs . Neutron sources in which beryllium is bombarded with gamma rays from a gamma decay radioisotope , are also used to produce laboratory neutrons .
Beryllium is also used in fuel fabrication for CANDU reactors . The fuel elements have small appendages that are resistance brazed to the fuel cladding using an induction brazing process with Be as the braze filler material . Bearing pads are brazed on to prevent fuel bundle to pressure tube contact , and inter @-@ element spacer pads are brazed on to prevent element to element contact .
Beryllium is also used at the Joint European Torus nuclear @-@ fusion research laboratory , and it will be used in the more advanced ITER to condition the components which face the plasma . Beryllium has also been proposed as a cladding material for nuclear fuel rods , because of its good combination of mechanical , chemical , and nuclear properties . Beryllium fluoride is one of the constituent salts of the eutectic salt mixture FLiBe , which is used as a solvent , moderator and coolant in many hypothetical molten salt reactor designs , including the liquid fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) .
= = = Acoustics = = =
The low weight and high rigidity of beryllium make it useful as a material for high @-@ frequency speaker drivers . Because beryllium is expensive ( many times more than titanium ) , hard to shape due to its brittleness , and toxic if mishandled , beryllium tweeters are limited to high @-@ end home , pro audio , and public address applications . Some high @-@ fidelity products have been fraudulently claimed to be made of the material .
= = = Electronic = = =
Beryllium is a p @-@ type dopant in III @-@ V compound semiconductors . It is widely used in materials such as GaAs , AlGaAs , InGaAs and InAlAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ) . Cross @-@ rolled beryllium sheet is an excellent structural support for printed circuit boards in surface @-@ mount technology . In critical electronic applications , beryllium is both a structural support and heat sink . The application also requires a coefficient of thermal expansion that is well matched to the alumina and polyimide @-@ glass substrates . The beryllium @-@ beryllium oxide composite " E @-@ Materials " have been specially designed for these electronic applications and have the additional advantage that the thermal expansion coefficient can be tailored to match diverse substrate materials .
Beryllium oxide is useful for many applications that require the combined properties of an electrical insulator and an excellent heat conductor , with high strength and hardness , and a very high melting point . Beryllium oxide is frequently used as an insulator base plate in high @-@ power transistors in radio frequency transmitters for telecommunications . Beryllium oxide is also being studied for use in increasing the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide nuclear fuel pellets . Beryllium compounds were used in fluorescent lighting tubes , but this use was discontinued because of the disease berylliosis which developed in the workers who were making the tubes .
= = Healthcare = =
Beryllium is a component of several dental alloys .
= = Precautions = =
Approximately 35 micrograms of beryllium is found in the average human body , an amount not considered harmful . Beryllium is chemically similar to magnesium and therefore can displace it from enzymes , which causes them to malfunction . Chronic berylliosis is a pulmonary and systemic granulomatous disease caused by inhalation of dust or fumes contaminated with beryllium ; either large amounts over a short time or small amounts over a long time can lead to this ailment . Symptoms of the disease can take up to five years to develop ; about a third of patients with it die and the survivors are left disabled . The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) lists beryllium and beryllium compounds as Category 1 carcinogens . In the US , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has designated a permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) in the workplace with a time @-@ weighted average ( TWA ) 0 @.@ 002 mg / m3 and a constant exposure limit of 0 @.@ 005 mg / m3 over 30 minutes , with a maximum peak limit of 0 @.@ 025 mg / m3 . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of constant 0 @.@ 0005 mg / m3 . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value is 4 mg / m3 .
Acute beryllium disease in the form of chemical pneumonitis was first reported in Europe in 1933 and in the United States in 1943 . A survey found that about 5 % of workers in plants manufacturing fluorescent lamps in 1949 in the United States had beryllium @-@ related lung diseases . Chronic berylliosis resembles sarcoidosis in many respects , and the differential diagnosis is often difficult . It killed some early workers in nuclear weapons design , such as Herbert L. Anderson .
Beryllium may be found in coal slag . When the slag is formulated into an abrasive agent for blasting paint and rust from hard surfaces , the beryllium can become airborne and become a source of exposure .
Early researchers tasted beryllium and its various compounds for sweetness in order to verify its presence . Modern diagnostic equipment no longer necessitates this highly risky procedure and no attempt should be made to ingest this highly toxic substance . Beryllium and its compounds should be handled with great care and special precautions must be taken when carrying out any activity which could result in the release of beryllium dust ( lung cancer is a possible result of prolonged exposure to beryllium @-@ laden dust ) . Although the use of beryllium compounds in fluorescent lighting tubes was discontinued in 1949 , potential for exposure to beryllium exists in the nuclear and aerospace industries and in the refining of beryllium metal and melting of beryllium @-@ containing alloys , the manufacturing of electronic devices , and the handling of other beryllium @-@ containing material .
A successful test for beryllium in air and on surfaces has been recently developed and published as an international voluntary consensus standard ASTM D7202 . The procedure uses dilute ammonium bifluoride for dissolution and fluorescence detection with beryllium bound to sulfonated hydroxybenzoquinoline , allowing up to 100 times more sensitive detection than the recommended limit for beryllium concentration in the workplace . Fluorescence increases with increasing beryllium concentration . The new procedure has been successfully tested on a variety of surfaces and is effective for the dissolution and ultratrace detection of refractory beryllium oxide and siliceous beryllium ( ASTM D7458 ) .
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= Emma Stone =
Emily Jean " Emma " Stone ( born November 6 , 1988 ) is an American actress . One of the highest @-@ paid actresses in the world , she has been nominated for an Academy Award , two British Academy Film Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards , and has won two Screen Actors Guild Awards . Aside from her acting career , Stone promotes several causes , such as promoting awareness of breast cancer .
Drawn to acting as a child , Stone had her first role in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000 . As a teenager , she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother , and made her television debut in VH1 's In Search of the New Partridge Family ( 2004 ) , a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot . After a series of small television roles , she won a Young Hollywood Award for her film debut in Superbad ( 2007 ) , and received positive media attention for her role in Zombieland ( 2009 ) .
Stone 's first starring role was in the teen comedy Easy A ( 2010 ) , for which she was nominated for the BAFTA Rising Star Award and a Golden Globe Award . She followed this breakthrough role with the commercially successful film Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) , and a dramatic part in the critically acclaimed film The Help ( 2011 ) . Stone received wider recognition for playing Gwen Stacy in the 2012 superhero film The Amazing Spider @-@ Man , and its sequel in 2014 . She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role of a recovering drug addict in the black comedy @-@ drama Birdman ( 2014 ) . Stone made her Broadway debut in a revival of the musical Cabaret ( 2014 – 15 ) .
= = Early life = =
Stone was born on November 6 , 1988 , in Scottsdale , Arizona , to Krista Jean Stone ( née Yeager ) , a homemaker , and Jeffrey Charles Stone , the founder and CEO of a general @-@ contracting company . Her parents were co @-@ owners of the Camelback Golf Club , and she lived on the grounds of the Camelback Inn resort from the age of 12 to 15 . She has a younger brother , Spencer . Her paternal grandfather , Conrad Ostberg Stone , was of Swedish descent . His family 's original surname " Sten " was anglicized as " Stone " when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island . She also has German , English , Scottish , and Irish ancestry .
As an infant , Stone had baby colic and cried frequently ; she later developed nodules and calluses on her vocal chords . According to Stone , she was " loud " and " bossy " while growing up . She was educated at Sequoya Elementary School and attended Cocopah Middle School for the sixth grade . Despite not liking school , she has said : " I made sure I got all As " citing her controlling nature as the reason . In a gymnastics class , she fell off the parallel bars and broke both arms . Stone also suffered panic attacks as a child ; she stated that the attacks caused a decline in her social skills . She underwent therapy but claims that it was her participation in local theater plays that helped cure the attacks . She recalled :
The first time I had a panic attack I was sitting in my friend 's house , and I thought the house was burning down . I called my mom and she brought me home , and for the next three years it just would not stop . I would go to the nurse at lunch most days and just wring my hands . I would ask my mom to tell me exactly how the day was going to be , then ask again 30 seconds later . I just needed to know that no one was going to die and nothing was going to change .
Stone was drawn to acting from the age of four . She wanted a career in sketch comedy initially , but shifted focus toward musical theater , and took voice lessons for several years . She made her acting debut at the age of 11 with a role in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows , playing the part of Otter . Stone was homeschooled for two years , during which time she appeared in sixteen productions at Phoenix 's Valley Youth Theatre , including : The Princess and the Pea , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . She also performed with the theater 's improvisational comedy troupe . She traveled to Los Angeles and auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in Nickelodeon 's All That . This led her parents to send her to private acting lessons with a local acting coach , who had worked at the William Morris Agency in the 1970s .
After attending Xavier College Preparatory — an all @-@ girl Catholic high school — as a freshman for one semester , Stone dropped out to become an actress . She prepared a PowerPoint presentation for her parents titled " Project Hollywood " ( featuring Madonna 's 2003 song " Hollywood " ) to convince them to let her move to California to pursue an acting career . In January 2004 , she moved with her mother to an apartment in Los Angeles . She recalled : " I went up for every single show on the Disney Channel and auditioned to play the daughter on every single sitcom , " adding , " I ended up getting none . " Between auditions for roles , she enrolled in online high @-@ school classes , and worked part @-@ time at a dog @-@ treat bakery .
= = Career = =
= = = 2004 – 08 : Early career = = =
When Stone registered for the Screen Actors Guild the name " Emily Stone " was already taken . She chose " Riley Stone " as her stage name initially , but after guest @-@ starring on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle , she decided that she was more comfortable with " Emma " , a nickname that her mother had given her . She made her television debut as Laurie Partridge on the VH1 talent competition reality show In Search of the New Partridge Family ( 2004 ) . The resulting show , retitled The New Partridge Family ( 2004 ) , remained an unsold pilot . She followed this with guest appearances in a number of television series , including : Medium , Malcolm in the Middle , and Lucky Louie . She auditioned to star as Claire Bennet in the NBC science fiction drama Heroes and overheard in the casting room , " On a scale of 1 to 10 , you 're an 11 " ; but the casting directors were referring to Hayden Panettiere , who was cast instead . Stone deemed it her " rock bottom " experience . In April 2007 , she played Violet Trimble in the Fox action drama Drive , but the show was canceled after seven episodes .
Stone made her feature film debut in Greg Mottola 's comedy Superbad ( 2007 ) , co @-@ starring Michael Cera and Jonah Hill . The film tells the story of two high school students who go through a series of comic misadventures after they plan to buy alcohol for a party . To play the role of Hill 's romantic interest she dyed her hair red . A reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter found her " appealing " , but felt that her role was poorly written . Stone has described the experience of acting in her first film as " amazing ... [ but ] very different than other experiences I 've had since then " . The film was a commercial success , and earned her the Young Hollywood Award for Exciting New Face .
The following year , Stone starred in the comedy The Rocker ( 2008 ) playing Amelia Stone , the " straight face " bass guitarist in a band ; she learned to play the bass for the role . Stone , who has described herself as " a big smiler and laugher " , admitted that she found it difficult portraying a character whose personality traits were so different from her own . The film , and her performance , received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure . However , her next release , the romantic comedy The House Bunny , performed better at the box @-@ office , becoming a moderate commercial success . The film saw her play the president of a sorority , and perform a cover version of the Waitresses ' 1982 song " I Know What Boys Like " . Reviews for the film were generally negative , though she was praised for her supporting role . TV Guide 's Ken Fox commented on her performance : " She 's positively incandescent , lighting up a movie that would be pretty dim without her . " That year , she also expressed a desire to become a film producer .
= = = 2009 – 11 : Breakthrough = = =
Stone had three film releases in 2009 . Her first role was opposite Matthew McConaughey , Jennifer Garner , and Michael Douglas in Mark Waters 's Ghosts of Girlfriends Past . Loosely based on Charles Dickens ' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol , the romantic comedy has her playing a ghost who haunts her former boyfriend . Critical reaction to the film was negative , though it was a modest commercial success . Her most financially profitable venture that year was Ruben Fleischer 's $ 102 @.@ 3 million @-@ grossing horror comedy film Zombieland , in which she was featured alongside Jesse Eisenberg , Woody Harrelson , and Abigail Breslin . She appears as a con @-@ artist , and survivor of a zombie apocalypse in a role which Empire 's Chris Hewitt found to be " somewhat underwritten " . In a more positive review , The Daily Telegraph wrote : " [ T ] he hugely promising Stone ... [ is ] a tough cookie who projects the aura of being wiser than her years . " Stone 's final release in 2009 was Kieran and Michelle Mulroney 's Paper Man , a comedy @-@ drama which polarized critics .
Stone provided the voice of an Australian Shepherd in Marmaduke ( 2010 ) , a comedy from director Tom Dey , which is based on Brad Anderson 's long @-@ running comic strip of the same name . Her breakthrough came the same year with her starring role in Easy A , a teen comedy directed by Will Gluck ; website WatchMojo.com considered it her best performance to date . Partially based on Nathaniel Hawthorne 's 1850 historical romance novel The Scarlet Letter , the film tells the story of Olive Penderghast ( Stone ) , a high school student who becomes embroiled in a comic sex scandal after a false rumor circulates that she is sexually promiscuous . Stone read the script before the project was optioned for production , and pursued it with her manager while production details were being finalized . She found the script " so different and unique from anything I 'd read before " , opining that it was " funny and sweet " . When Stone discovered that the film had begun production , she met with Gluck , expressing her enthusiasm for the project . A few months later , the audition process started and she met again with Gluck and was one of the first actresses to audition . The film received positive critical reviews , and Stone 's performance was considered its prime asset . Anna Smith of Time Out commented : " Stone gives a terrific performance , her knowing drawl implying intellect and indifference with underlying warmth . " With a total box office of US $ 75 million , the film was a commercial success . She was nominated for BAFTA Rising Star Award , and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy , and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance .
In October 2010 , Stone hosted an episode of NBC 's late @-@ night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live , describing it as " the greatest week of my life " . She hosted it again in 2011 , appeared in an episode in 2014 , and in its 40th anniversary special in 2015 . A brief appearance in the sex comedy Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) reunited Stone with Gluck . She followed this with a supporting role in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa 's romantic comedy Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) alongside Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling . The film features her as a law school graduate , and the love interest of Gosling 's character . Despite finding " some inevitable collapses into convention " in the film , Drew McWeeny of HitFix wrote that she " ties the whole film together " . At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , she won the Choice Movie Actress – Comedy award for her performance in the film . Crazy , Stupid , Love was a box office success , grossing US $ 142 @.@ 9 million worldwide with a production budget of US $ 50 million .
Disillusioned at being typecast as the " sarcastic interest of the guy " , Stone co @-@ starred with Viola Davis in Tate Taylor 's period drama The Help ( 2011 ) , a film she found to be challenging . The film is based on Kathryn Stockett 's 2009 novel of the same name and is set in 1960s Jackson , Mississippi . She met with Taylor to express a desire to work in the film . Taylor said : " Emma was completely awkward and dorky , with her raspy voice , and she sat down and we got a little intoxicated and had a blast , and I just thought , ' God ! God ! This is Skeeter . " He cast her in the role . She portrayed Eugenia " Skeeter " Phelan , an aspiring writer learning about the lives of the African @-@ American maids . In preparation for the part , she trained to speak in a Southern dialect ; in addition , she educated herself on the civil rights movements through literature and film . With a worldwide gross of US $ 216 million against a budget of US $ 25 million , The Help became Stone 's most commercially successful film at that point . The film , and her performance , received positive reviews from critics . Writing for Empire , Anna Smith thought that Stone was " well @-@ meaning and hugely likable " despite finding " flaws " in her character . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture , and won Best Ensemble Cast from the Women Film Critics Circle and the Broadcast Film Critics Association .
= = = 2012 – present : Mainstream and critical success = = =
Stone declined a role in the action comedy film 21 Jump Street after signing on to The Amazing Spider @-@ Man — her sole release in 2012 . The Marc Webb @-@ directed superhero film was a reboot of the eponymous film series ; she portrayed Gwen Stacy , Peter Parker 's ( played by Andrew Garfield ) love interest . She went back to blond from her previous red hair color for the role . In an interview with the The Vancouver Sun newspaper , Stone stated that she felt a responsibility to educate herself about Spider @-@ Man and admitted that she had not read the comic book . She said : " my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love , " concluding that she was only familiar with Stacy 's character from her The Help co @-@ star Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider @-@ Man 3 . The Amazing Spider @-@ Man was a commercial success and was the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of 2012 with global revenues of US $ 757 @.@ 9 million . Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum found Stone " irresistible " , and Ian Freer of Empire magazine was particularly impressed with Stone 's and Garfield 's " great " and " strong " performances . At the annual People 's Choice Awards ceremony , she was nominated for three awards , including Favorite Movie Actress . Later that year , Stone voiced a role in the crime @-@ based video game , Sleeping Dogs , which earned her a Spike Video Game Award for Best Performance by a Human Female nomination .
Stone began 2013 with a voice role in DreamWorks ' The Croods , an animated feature nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . She then appeared in the anthology film Movie 43 , which consists of sixteen short stories ; she played the title role in the segment entitled Veronica . Stone collaborated with Ryan Gosling and Sean Penn in Ruben Fleischer 's Gangster Squad ( 2013 ) , a crime thriller set in Los Angeles during the 1940s . The New York Times ' A. O. Scott dismissed the film as " a hectic jumble of fedoras and zoot suits " , but praised her pairing with Gosling . Stone expressed a desire to work with Gosling on more projects .
In 2014 , Stone reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 . In an interview with Total Film , Stone explained that her character was not dependent on the film 's protagonist . " She saves him more than he saves her . She 's incredibly helpful to Spider @-@ Man ... He 's the muscle , she 's the brains . " Her performance was well received by critics ; an Empire reviewer praised her for standing out in the film : " Stone is the Heath Ledger of this series , doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character . " The role earned her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards . Later that year , Stone took on a role in Woody Allen 's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight , a modest commercial success . A. O. Scott criticized her role , and pairing with Colin Firth , describing it as " the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect " .
The black comedy @-@ drama Birdman , from director Alejandro González Iñárritu , was Stone 's final film release in 2014 . Co @-@ starring Michael Keaton and Edward Norton , the film features her in the role of Sam Thomson , the recovering @-@ addict daughter of actor Riggan Thomson ( Keaton ) , who becomes his assistant . In an interview with Interview magazine , Iñárritu said that he wrote Stone 's character based on his experience with his daughter . Birdman was critically acclaimed , and was the most the successful film at the 87th Academy Awards ; it was nominated for nine awards , winning four , including Best Picture . The Movie Network considered it one of Stone 's best performances to date and Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph was impressed with a monologue she delivers , which he thought was " like a knitting needle to the gut " . She received numerous accolades for her portrayal , including nominations for an Academy , a BAFTA , a Golden Globe , a Screen Actors Guild , and a Critics ' Choice Movie award for Best Supporting Actress .
From November 2014 to February 2015 , Stone appeared in the Broadway musical Cabaret as Sally Bowles , taking over the role from Michelle Williams . Considering it to be " the most nerve @-@ racking thing ever " , Stone told the Entertainment Weekly magazine that she listened to a French radio station to mentally prepare herself for the role . Variety 's Marilyn Stasio was critical of her singing and found her performance " a bit narrow as an emotional platform , but a smart choice for her acting skills , the perfect fit for her sharp intelligence and kinetic energy . " Both of Stone 's 2015 films — the romantic comedy @-@ drama Aloha , and the mystery drama Irrational Man — were critical and commercial failures , and her roles were panned by critics . In Cameron Crowes 's Aloha , she took on the role of an Asian @-@ American air force pilot alongside Bradley Cooper , and in the Woody Allen @-@ directed Irrational Man , she portrayed the romantic interest of Joaquin Phoenix 's character , a philosophy professor . The former was controversial for whitewashing the cast ; Stone later regretted the project , acknowledging whitewashing as a widespread problem in Hollywood . Despite the criticism , she was nominated for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards .
As of April 2016 , Stone is filming her third film with Ryan Gosling — Damien Chazelle 's musical comedy @-@ drama La La Land , in which she plays an actress and the love interest of Gosling 's character . In addition , she has signed on to co @-@ star as Billie Jean King in Battle of the Sexes , a sports comedy @-@ drama based on the 1973 battle of the sexes match between tennis players King and Bobby Riggs . She is also set to star in the drama Love May Fail , based on Matthew Quick 's 2015 novel and Cruella de Vil in a live @-@ action spin @-@ off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians .
= = Personal life = =
Stone moved from Los Angeles to Greenwich Village , New York City in 2009 . In 2016 , she moved back to Los Angeles . Despite frequent media coverage , she has refused to speak about her private life . Concerned with living a " normal " life , she has said that she finds little value in media attention . She has expressed her fondness for her profession , and cited actress Diane Keaton as an influence who is , in her words , " one of the most covered @-@ up actresses of all time " . She has also named actress and singer @-@ songwriter Marion Cotillard as another of her inspirations .
Stone has a close relationship with her family ; she says : " I am blessed with a great family and great people around me that would be able to kick me in the shins if I ever for one minute got lost up in the clouds . " She maintains close friendships with Jennifer Lawrence and Taylor Swift . During the production of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man in 2010 , Stone dated co @-@ star Andrew Garfield . The nature of their relationship was well @-@ documented by the media , with frequent speculation about an impending engagement or a break @-@ up . She refused to talk about it publicly , though she made several appearances with him . In 2015 , the couple were reported to have broken up .
According to Stone , she suffers from asthma , which she discovered after having difficulty breathing while filming Easy A. Her mother was diagnosed with triple @-@ negative breast cancer and was cured in 2008 . Stone and her mother celebrated by getting tattoos , of birds feet , designed by Paul McCartney , a reference to the Beatles ' " Blackbird " , which is a song she and her mother love . She appeared in a Revlon campaign that promoted breast cancer awareness . In 2011 , she featured in a collaborative video between Star Wars and Stand Up to Cancer , which aimed to raise funds for cancer research . Two years later , she attended an event by Gilda 's Club , an organization working for a similar purpose . From 2012 to 2014 , she hosted the Entertainment Industry Foundation 's Revlon Run / Walk , which helps fight women 's cancer .
Stone , alongside three other celebrities , was present at the 2012 Nickelodeon HALO Awards , a television special that profiled five teenagers who are " Helping And Leading Others " ( HALO ) . In 2014 , On an occasion in New York , Stone and Garfield encouraged paparazzi to visit websites , which spread awareness of causes , such as autism . She attended the 2014 Earth Hour , a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature . In 2015 , she was part of a fundraising event in support of the Motion Picture & Television Fund , which helps people in the television and film industry with limited or no resources .
= = Media image = =
Several media publications consider Stone one of her generation 's most talented actresses . Commenting on her performance in The Help , Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called her " one of our very best young actresses " . She is known for starring in both high @-@ profile , mainstream productions and low @-@ budget independent films . Time 's Daniel D 'Addario describes the latter as " substantive risk " and adds that taking on a role in them provides her an opportunity to " try something new and to get credibility " . Analyzing her on @-@ screen persona , Jessica Kiang of Indiewire noted that Stone " usually [ plays ] the approachable , down @-@ to @-@ earth , girl @-@ next @-@ door type , [ and ] in person she demonstrates many of those qualities too , along with an absolute refusal to take herself too seriously . "
As her career in Hollywood films has developed , Stone has become a successful and popular actress . In 2008 , she topped Saturday Night Magazine 's Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30 and was included in a similar list compiled by Moviefone . LoveFilm placed her on their list of 2010 Top 20 Actresses Under 30 , and her performance in Easy A was included in Time 's Top 10 Everything of 2010 . She appeared in the 2013 Celebrity 100 , a compilation of the 100 most powerful people in the world , as selected annually by Forbes . The magazine reported that she had earned US $ 16 million from June 2012 to June 2013 . That same year , she was ranked first in the magazine 's Top 10 Best Value Stars . In 2015 , Forbes published that she had become one of the highest @-@ paid actresses with earnings of US $ 6 @.@ 5 million .
Stone is considered a style icon — the media cites her hair , eyes , and husky voice as her trademarks . Vogue credits Stone for her " sophisticated , perfectly put @-@ together looks " , writing that " her charisma , both on @-@ screen and off- , has charmed many . " In 2009 , she featured in AskMen 's Top 99 Women , FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World , and Maxim magazine 's Hot 100 ; the latter also placed her on the list on three other occasions — 2010 , 2011 , and 2014 . She continued to be featured in AskMen 's annual beauty lists from 2010 to 2015 , ranking among the top forty each year . In 2011 , she appeared in Victoria 's Secret 's list of What is Sexy ? as the Sexiest Actress . She was mentioned in several other media outlet lists that year , including People magazine 's 100 Most Beautiful Women , each of FHM 's and FHM Australia 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World , and Men 's Health magazine 's 100 Hottest Women . Stone was named the best dressed woman of 2012 by Vogue magazine and was featured in a similar listing by Glamour in 2013 and 2015 .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Video games = = =
= = = Music videos = = =
= = Theater = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
Stone has been nominated for an Academy Award , two British Academy Film Awards and two Golden Globe Awards . She has also won an MTV Movie Award , a People 's Choice Award , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and three Teen Choice Awards . She was recognized for her roles in Superbad , Zombieland , Easy A , Crazy , Stupid , Love , The Help , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man and Birdman .
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= Vikram ( actor ) =
Vikram ( born as Kennedy John Victor on 17 April 1966 ) is an Indian film actor who predominantly appears in Tamil language films and has won seven Filmfare Awards as well as one National Film Award and Tamil Nadu State Film Award amongst other recognitions and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the People 's University of Milan in May 2011 .
He made his debut in the 1990 film En Kadhal Kanmani , which was followed by a series of small @-@ budget Tamil , Malayalam and Telugu films in the 1990s , many of which went unnoticed . However the success of Bala 's tragedy film Sethu ( 1999 ) , in which Vikram appeared as a rogue turned lover , started Vikram 's successful career as an actor . In the early 2000s , Vikram appeared in a series of masala films , with Dhill ( 2001 ) , Gemini ( 2002 ) , Dhool ( 2003 ) and Saamy ( 2003 ) becoming commercially successful ventures . During the period , Vikram also appeared in diverse roles and received critical acclaim for his performance as a blind villager in Kasi and a Robin Hood @-@ esque figure in Samurai . In 2003 , Vikram 's performance as a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorders in Bala 's Pithamagan saw him win the National Film Award for Best Actor , with his character only speaking a couple of lines of dialogue in the entire film . His appearance as an idealistic lawyer with multiple personality disorder in Shankar 's blockbuster Anniyan ( 2005 ) also won critical acclaim , as did his appearance as a superhero in Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) . Vikram 's portrayal of Veeraiya , a tribal leader inspired by the Ramayana character Ravana , in Mani Ratnam 's Raavanan saw him secure further accolades , as did his appearance as a mentally challenged adult with the maturity of a six @-@ year @-@ old boy in Deiva Thirumagal ( 2011 ) . He consequently appeared in multiple get @-@ ups as a bodybuilder and a crippled hunchback , losing up to 35 kilograms for sequences , during the making of Shankar 's romantic thriller I ( 2015 ) and won rave reviews from critics for his performance . It is currently the third highest @-@ grossing Tamil film of all time .
Vikram has promoted various social causes and appeared as the Youth Envoy for the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2011 . He has been a brand ambassador of Sanjeevani Trust and a school for special children , Vidya Sudha , which he stayed at during the making of Deiva Thirumagal as well as having long @-@ term associations with the Kasi Eye Care and running his own welfare association through the Vikram Foundation . In 2016 , he produced and directed the video to the flood relief anthem , Spirit of Chennai , as a tribute to the city 's volunteers following the 2015 South Indian floods .
= = Early life = =
Vikram was born in a Tamil Family as Kennedy to a Christian father and a Hindu mother in Madras , Tamil Nadu , on 17 April 1966 . His father , John Victor alias Vinod Raj was a native of Paramakudi and ran away from home to start a career in films . His father however did not fare successfully , and only managed to act in supporting roles in Tamil films and television serials and this inspired Vikram to take part in theatre lessons and become professionally trained in classical and cinema dance forms to ensure he became a leading actor . Rajeshwari , Vikram 's mother , was a sub @-@ collector and her brother , Thyagarajan is an established director @-@ actor in the Tamil film industry ; with his son , actor Prashanth , being Vikram 's first cousin . Vikram has a younger sister , Anita , who is a teacher and a younger brother , Arvind , who was previously set to make his film debut in the 2008 film Saroja but eventually did not feature . Vikram is used as a screen name as he disliked his original name , Kennedy ; the name Vikram was composed by taking " Vi " from his father 's name , " K " from Kennedy , " Ra " from his mother 's name and " ram " from his sun sign , Aries .
Vikram was educated at Montfort School , Yercaud , a boarding school in a hill station near Salem and graduated in 1983 . He has mentioned that he used his opportunities at school well by taking part in karate , horseback riding and swimming and noted that such early exposure to activities gave him confidence as a youngster . Vikram lurked in the fringes of the school 's theatre club for a long period and often took part in backstage work before being handed the lead role in a school adaptation of Molière 's The Doctor in Spite of Himself after the original lead had contracted chicken pox . Despite expressing his interest to join films after school , his father forced him to go through education with Vikram subsequently graduating in English literature from Loyola College , Chennai and working half way through an MBA programme . Through the prolific dramatics club , Vikram appeared in stage productions including college adaptations of The Caine Mutiny Court @-@ Martial and Peter Shaffer 's Black Comedy , receiving best actor awards for his performances . After winning a Best Actor Award at a function held at IIT Madras , Vikram was knocked down by a truck during a major motorbike accident on the way home and suffered a serious leg injury . He remained hospital @-@ ridden bed for three years during college and subsequently went through twenty three surgeries to stop his leg being amputated . Vikram then returned to finish the final year of his degree after his accident and secured permission to finish his dissertation at home , as he was only able to walk on crutches for a short period .
= = Film career = =
= = = 1990 – 1999 = = =
Vikram began his professional career by modelling in advert films for brands including Chola Tea , TVS Excel and Alwyn watches as well as appearing in a six episode television serial titled Galatta Kudumbam which aired between November and December 1988 . During the final year of his M.B.A programme at Loyola College , he was recognised by the film industry , with veteran director C. V. Sridhar approaching him for a lead role in a film . Vikram made his film debut in 1990 by appearing in En Kadhal Kanmani , a small budget love story featuring him alongside Rekha Nambiar , with Sridhar 's Thanthu Vitten Ennai opposite Rohini being his next release . He then signed on to be a part of cinematographer P. C. Sriram 's college love story , Meera with high expectations , however the three films failed to launch his career . His appearances in Meera and in Kaaval Geetham , with another veteran director S. P. Muthuraman , helped him secure film offers from the Malayalam and Telugu film industries . In 1993 , he almost signed on to appear in Mani Ratnam 's Bombay and featured in the initial photo shoot alongside Manisha Koirala . However Mani Ratnam wanted Vikram to remove his beard for the role , and Vikram could not do so due to continuity problems with another film he had signed and hence was dropped from the project .
Between 1993 and 1994 , Vikram appeared in a series of films where he portrayed supporting roles . He appeared in three successful Malayalam films by appearing with Mammooty , Suresh Gopi and Jayaram in Joshi 's successful action film Dhruvam , before teaming up with Gopi again for Shaji Kailas 's Mafia , which explored Bangalore 's criminal underworld . Furthermore , Joshi cast him again alongside Mammooty in the action drama Sainyam in the role of an air cadet . During the period , Vikram also appeared in the small budget Telugu film Chirunavvula Varamistava in the lead role and as Akkineni Nageswara Rao 's eldest son in the family drama Bangaru Kutumbam with both films failing commercially . A brief return to Tamil films also proved unsuccessful , with his role in Vikraman 's multistarrer Pudhiya Mannargal with music composed by A. R. Rahman turning out to be a commercial failure .
Throughout 1995 and 1996 , Vikram appeared in further Telugu and Malayalam films to receive income , being kept away from Tamil films due to a lack of offers . He played the lead role in Malayalam film Mayoora Nritam directed by Vijayakrishnan 's and even played villain in Street opposite Babu Antony and lead roles in the small budget Telugu films Adalla Mazaka and Sriraj Ginne 's Akka ! Bagunnava ? . He collaborated again with Mammooty in Indraprastham and Suresh Gopi in Rajaputhran , before appearing in his first lead role in Malayalam with Itha Oru Snehagatha opposite Laila . Vikram signed Amitabh Bachchan 's first Tamil language film production , Ullaasam , which also featured Ajith Kumar and Maheswari . The big budget film created anticipation prior to release but was ultimately panned and fared poorly at the box office . However , Vikram acknowledged the film for expanding his female fan base as a result of the soft @-@ personality of his character . He followed it up with appearances in the unsuccessful films Kurralla Rajyam in Telugu and then in the Ilaiyaraaja musical Kangalin Vaarthaigal , before playing a short role in Parthiban 's critically acclaimed film , Housefull .
During his struggling phase , Vikram dubbed for other heroes in films including voices for Prabhu Deva in Kaadhalan and Minsara Kanavu , Ajith Kumar in Amaravathi and Abbas in Kandukondain Kandukondain respectively . Vikram has mentioned that he did not look down on dubbing and saw it as a " dignity of labour " . During the period he also attended dancing classes every day , and tried acting out different scenes , different characters with his small group of friends . He began to turn down chances to play supporting roles in films and was intent on making a breakthrough as a lead actor and notably turned down the role of Swarnamalya 's fiancée in Mani Ratnam 's Alaipayuthey . Vikram also rejected approaches from television serial producers , citing that working in television would reduce his chances of becoming a mainstream actor . He also refused opportunities to take part in film events as a backing dancer , with actor Sriman revealing that Vikram was " one amongst not many " who was not interested in travelling to Canada to participate in such shows .
= = = 1999 – 2001 = = =
In 1997 , debutant director Bala offered him the role of the rogue , Sethu ( Chiyaan ) , in the film Sethu . To prepare for the character , Vikram shaved his head , lost twenty @-@ one kilograms and grew his nails long for the role . After beginning production in April 1997 , the film went through development hell after industry strikes and lack of funds hampered progress . During this phase , he did not accept other acting offers in order to maintain the continuity of his looks . The film then struggled to find a distributor , who shunned it due to the tragic climax and the film remained unreleased . Vikram described the period of production as " the worst phase of his career " as he was financially strapped and " his fire was in danger of dying down " . He turned down an opportunity from a friend to take up a job in technology and attempted to stay in the industry by directing a serial titled Mounam Pesiyadhey , with Ameer as his assistant director . Sethu finally released in December 1999 and initially began running at a single noon show at a suburban theater but gradually gained an audience through word @-@ of @-@ mouth publicity . Eventually it ran for over one hundred days at several cinema halls across Chennai . Vikram was constantly being mobbed by people on the streets as a result of the film 's success . Critics praised Vikram 's performance with a reviewer referring to Vikram as " a revelation " and that " he is very natural and his acting in last few scenes are just too good and could even be compared with the best we have seen " . Similarly , a critic from the Malaysian daily , New Straits Times , described the film as an " unforgettable experience " and described Vikram 's performance as " praise @-@ worthy " . The performance drew accolades with Vikram winning the Filmfare Special Award – South and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for his portrayal of the title character , while reports emerged that he missed out on the National Film Award for Best Actor by a single vote to Mohanlal . Post @-@ Sethu , Vikram has described the film would have been close to him regardless of its commercial success and that it put him on the " right path " , with Vikram choosing to adapt the prefix of Chiyaan to his screen name .
Vikram did not sign up to a film for sixty five days after the release of Sethu , to ensure that he made the right career move . Vikram spent time completing projects he had agreed to feature in before the release of Sethu and hence made a couple of appearances in the Malayalam films , Red Indians and the horror film Indriyam . He also played a leading role in Siragugal , a rare Tamil telefilm produced and featuring Radhika Sarathkumar , which was shot entirely in the suburbs of London . Furthermore , he also completed two Telugu films during the period ; 9 Nelalu and Youth . 9 Nelalu featured Vikram as the husband of the character played by Soundarya , who faces the challenges of being a surrogate mother . The film won positive reviews , with a critic mentioning that Vikram gave a " controlled performance ; while Vikram 's newfound popularity in Tamil films saw the film dubbed into Tamil soon after as Kandane Seethayai , with an inserted comedy track by comedian Vivek . His next release was Rajakumaran 's Vinnukum Mannukum , alongside Sarath Kumar , Kushboo and Devayani , which revolved around an ordinary boy falling in love with an actress . Vikram has since mentioned his displeasure at being a part of the film , claiming that he had arguments with the director for every single shot and that " everything in that film , right from the first shot was wrong " ; the film became a failure commercially . His next film was Dhill where he played an aspiring police officer , Kanagavel , who tackles a corrupt policeman . To appear trim in the role of the aspiring police officer , Vikram went on a strict diet eating only fruits and drinking juice . The film opened to positive reviews with a critic from The Hindu claiming that " Vikram has the ability and potential " and that " Vikram has once again proved that his success in Sethu was not a fluke " . Dhill subsequently went on to become Vikram 's first success in the masala film genre and led the way for more such films in the same genre for him . Vikram 's portrayal of a blind folk singer in Vinayan 's Kasi won him the Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award and the film also did well commercially . For the movie , he sunbathed on the terrace of his beachside home in Chennai for a sunburnt look and got dizzying headaches while practising to look blind . Again , Vikram 's performance won positive reviews from critics with a reviewer describing it as an " extraordinarily detailed performance " and that " as the blind singer , he brings laughter , tears and a lump in one ’ s throat " .
= = = 2002 – 03 = = =
The following year , Vikram went on to play the title role in Saran 's Gemini produced by AVM Productions , his first big @-@ budget film in the Tamil industry , which featured him in the role of a local rowdy . The action film won good reviews , with a critic citing that Vikram " delivers a convincing performance " and consequently became a box office triumph . Similarly , the film 's soundtrack composed by Bharathwaj had become popular prior to release , with Vikram also singing a version of the hit song " O Podu ! " for the album . Balaji Sakthivel 's Samurai was his next release featuring him as a vigilante Robin Hood @-@ esque figure who kidnapped corrupt politicians . Vikram had signed the film in early 2000 and the film was on hold during production leading to a two @-@ year delay and the film finally opened to average reviews and collections . The critic from The Hindu drew praise for Vikram 's " admirably well @-@ maintained physique and powerful eyes " , whilst another labelled that the film 's single major positive was Vikram 's convincing portrayal . His final release of the year was Prabhu Solomon 's King , a drama film which featured him alongside Sneha and Nassar . Vikram played Raja , a magician , who is unaware that he has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis with his family trying to keep the truth away from him . The film also met with an unfavorable response commercially but won positive acclaim from critics .
The success of Dharani 's Dhill resulted in the film 's team collaborating to make a film in a similar genre , Dhool , which also featured Jyothika , Reemma Sen and Vivek . The film saw Vikram play Aarumugham , a villager , who comes to the city seeking help in regard to a water crisis back home but subsequently ends up tackling the corrupt politicians who are behind the water scam . In regard to his performance , the Rediff.com review praised his enactment citing that " Vikram is at his peak " and that " he seems as much at home with comedy as with action , in romance as in emotional sequences " , while the critic from The Hindu also praised his performance . The film became a blockbuster and his fifth success in two and a half years with Vikram being dubbed as " the matinee idol of our times " by a leading Indian newspaper . He also featured in the romantic film , Kadhal Sadugudu with Priyanka Trivedi which was a critical and commercial failure , with reviewers claiming that " there are times you wish Vikram were a little more brisk and dynamic " in regard to his performance . Post release , Vikram was critical of the film 's failure confessed that the story " underwent a lot of changes after the initial narration " , lamenting he was " taken for a royal ride " by the producers .
Vikram was then signed on by K. Balachander to appear in his banner 's biggest production till date , Saamy , directed by Hari . Vikram played Aarusaamy , an honest cop working in Tirunelveli who solves the region 's communal problems with his down @-@ to @-@ earth approach . Vikram worked on his body for the film , sporting a thick waist to show notable differences from his other police film , Dhill and also put on eight kilograms . The film took a large opening , grossing over Rs . 7 crores in 10 days in Tamil Nadu , while also taking the largest opening of the new millennium in Kerala , with the Telugu remake rights also sold for a record price . Due to the good opening , the film has proved to be profitable just 10 days after its release and consequently went on to become a blockbuster . Vikram 's performance also was lapped up by critics earning him a nomination for Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award , with the critic from Sify claiming Vikram had " succumbed to the superstar image trap " , but is the " mainstay of the picture " .
= = = 2003 – 09 = = =
Later that year he starred in Bala 's Pithamagan along with Suriya , Sangeetha and Laila , playing the role of Chitthan , a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorders . He did not have any dialogue in the film and the actor ’ s acting muscles were stretched as he had to use body language and facial expressions to convey his feelings and thoughts , with Vikram also applying the make up for the character himself . The film won positive reviews with the critic from The Hindu calling it a " symphony on celluloid " , while noting that it will be a " milestone in Vikram 's career " and " he carves a niche for himself in the viewer 's mind with his expressions and excellent body language " . His portrayal won him both the Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award and the National Film Award for Best Actor , with the latter accolade making him only the third Tamil actor to win the award . His next release , the revenge drama Arul directed by Hari , garnered poor reviews and box office collections .
Vikram signed on to feature in the action thriller , Anniyan directed by prominent director Shankar in March 2004 . Vikram agreed to shoot for the film for 140 days , which was revealed to be amongst the longest contracts signed by an actor in a Tamil film . The film featured him as a character suffering from dissociative identity disorder with three distinct personae : a meek lawyer , a suave fashion model and a psychotic serial killer . Prior to release , the film was touted as the most expensive South Indian film ever , costing Rs 26 @.@ 38 crores , and released across India with 400 prints . Anniyan took an " extraordinary opening " , went on to become a blockbuster grossing more than Rs.100 crores through the original and two dubbed versions . Vikram 's performance was unanimously praised , with a reviewer from Sify citing that " Anniyan truly belongs to Vikram and the film is unthinkable without him " and " it is a role that could have been reduced to a caricature by a lesser actor " . The film won 8 out of the 15 awards possible at the 2005 Filmfare Awards South , with Vikram adjudged Best Actor . Later in the year , he signed and completed Shafi 's comedy film with Asin , Majaa , in less than five months . The film which also featured Pasupathy as his brother , saw Vikram work as the assistant director under Shafi . Majaa faced a poor response at the box office and fetched average reviews with a reviewer citing that " you will surely find something missing " .
Vikram then signed up for Bheema in October 2005 , with the film facing severe delays and only releasing in January 2008 . The film saw him portray Sekhar , who grows up idolizing the gangster played by Prakash Raj , and Vikram revealed that he approached the film like an actor even though the film 's script was written " for a star " . Upon release , the film gained mixed reviews though reviewers praised Vikram 's performance with a critic claiming that " Vikram breathes life into the film " , " he looks sensational with his toned body , killer looks unarguably delivers yet another outstanding performance of his career " and to " see the film only for him " . Similarly the review from The Hindu was critical of the excessive violence and mentioned that " as narration gives way after a point , Vikram can only appear helpless " . His next release , Kanthaswamy , directed by Susi Ganesan and also featuring Shriya Saran , became the first superhero film in Tamil cinema with Vikram being featured as a vigilante dressed as an anthropomorphic rooster , Kokorako and CBI Officer . Kanthaswamy became Vikram 's most expensive production beating Anniyan , with the film boasting of high production values of having an innovative pre @-@ launch trailer and with scenes shot in Italy and Mexico . The film earned a mixed response from critics with the reviewer from Sify claiming that the film " strikes a fine balance between style and substance " and proceeding to state that " Vikram is mesmerizing and has given an extra dimension to the characters he plays in the film and steers it to the winning post " , suggesting that " there are very few people in Indian cinema who can do the larger @-@ than @-@ life fantasy character as easily as Vikram " . Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu labelled the film as " slow death " , claiming that " as an actor , Vikram has nothing to do " . The film took a strong opening with a collection of Rs . 37 crore , including Rs . 16 crore in Tamil Nadu , at the box @-@ office in the opening week of its international release . The film subsequently went on to become one of the most profitable films of the year and ran in theaters for over one hundred days .
= = = 2010 – 2014 = = =
Vikram then featured in Mani Ratnam 's bilingual films Raavanan and Raavan , inspired by the ancient Sanskrit epic Ramayana , with Vikram featuring as the tribal leader , Veeraiya , in the Tamil version and the cop , Dev Pratap Sharma , in the Hindi version of the films which were shot simultaneously . Vikram revealed that changes between the two characters during filming took up to 45 minutes , with Abhishek Bachchan playing the tribal leader in the Hindi version whilst Prithviraj played the cop in the Tamil version , with Aishwarya Rai also in the cast . Vikram was initially apprehensive because both roles were to be shot almost simultaneously but revealed he succeeded by showing differences in his body language and expressions . Vikram revealed that he and Abhishek Bachchan played the roles in the respective versions without inspiration from one another . Despite being a non @-@ speaker and making his debut in Hindi , he dubbed his lines in the language remarking jovially it was the " most difficult thing in the world " . After promotions at the Cannes Film Festival and a premiere at Leicester Square in London , the two versions and the dubbed Telugu version released simultaneously in 2 @,@ 200 screens worldwide and took a big opening on day one earning 20 crores . The Tamil version , Raavanan won rave reviews from critics with The Hindu calling it a " masterstroke " and claiming Vikram " raises the bar higher with every venture " . The critic cited that " emotions of love , animus , anguish and joy dance on his face in quick succession " , concluding that " Vikram lifts the role to an admirable level " . The critic from Sify labelled it as a " astonishing portrayal " , while the critic from the Hindustan Times praised Vikram 's " ability to get into Veeraiya ’ s skin and emote with conviction " . The Tamil version consequently went on to become a commercial success , with Vikram 's performance leading to him winning the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor among other accolades . In contrast , the Hindi version fetched mixed reviews with critics agreeing that Vikram 's performance as the tribal leader was more convincing than Bachchan 's . Baradwaj Rangan , writing for The New Indian Express rated the film 4 / 5 and said " Raavan falls for Sita ( and vice versa ) in an intriguingly idiosyncratic take on the Ramayana – if you can get past the lead performances , that is " whereas Taran Adarsh , writing for Bollywood Hungama rated it 1 @.@ 5 / 5 and said , " On the whole , Raavan is a king @-@ sized disappointment , in terms of content " though mentioning that Vikram was " first @-@ rate , although the role isn 't substantial enough " . Raavan subsequently went on to become a surprise flop at the Indian box office . The film was also screened at the Venice Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival , with Vikram in attendance .
After two years of discussions , Vikram began a film under the direction of Selvaraghavan in a project dubbed by the media as Sindubad . The film began shoot and completed a schedule by early 2010 in the Himalayas with Swati Reddy appearing as the female lead . However , the film was reported to be momentarily shelved and subsequently never took off again after the producer Singanamala Ramesh walked out . Vikram then agreed terms to feature in Vikram Kumar 's 24 produced by Mohan Natarajan , with Ileana D 'Cruz signed on to play the female lead role . The film progressed briefly with shots being canned in caves , before the director was ousted from the project , cancelling the film . Vikram then also shot briefly for a third successive shelved project directed by Boopathy Pandian for the same producer , featuring him in the role of an investigative cop ; however the film failed to progress and instead Natarajan financed Vikram 's next . His 2011 release , Deiva Thirumagal directed by A. L. Vijay , saw Vikram portray a father with a developmental disability having the mental maturity of a seven @-@ year @-@ old . To prepare for the role , Vikram visited homes for the mentally challenged such as Vidya Sagar and Vidya Sudha for a month , watching their body language and taking notes . He also communicated with the patients , to pick up the nuances of people with impaired speech . Vikram has since gone on to describe his role as Krishna as the best character he has ever portrayed . The film which also featured Sara Arjun , Anushka Shetty and Amala Paul in supporting roles , opened to predominantly positive reviews from critics and enjoyed commercial success at the box office . The reviewer from The Deccan Chronicle described that the film was " Vikram ’ s show all the way " and that " his rendition of a mentally @-@ challenged man trying to cope with the everyday realities of raising a child is a work of art " , praising his " fiery , complex performance as one of the more viciously honest depictions of mental illness cinema has seen " . Similarly another critic described that the on @-@ screen chemistry between Vikram and his daughter , played by Sara Arjun , is " magic " and their performances " are sure to leave a lump in your throat " . The critic from The Hindu praised the film and Vikram 's performance but analysed that " a problem arises only when you stop looking at Krishna as a character , and begin to see him as Vikram , the hero " and that Vikram should have " underplayed a little here and there and it would have worked better " . However Vikram once again completed a sweep of the top acting awards that year , with further recognition at the Vijay and Filmfare Awards .
Vikram next featured in Rajapattai ( 2011 ) alongside Deeksha Seth under the direction of Suseenthiran where he played a henchman trying to get a break in the Tamil film industry . The film opened to mixed reviews from critics in December 2011 and performed below expectations at the box office . Vikram also completed half of a fantasy period film during 2011 , Karikalan in which he played Karikala Chola , a Tamil king who ruled in 270 BC , opposite Zarine Khan under the direction of graphics director Kannan , but the film was later shelved owing to production troubles . He then appeared in his second project with director Vijay , portraying the lead role of a blinded RAW agent in the action @-@ thriller , Thaandavam . The film , which also featured Anushka Shetty , Amy Jackson and Lakshmi Rai in pivotal roles , opened to mixed reviews in September 2012 . For his role of a blind man , Vikram trained under noted human echolocation specialist Daniel Kish , with the latter also playing a cameo in the film . A critic from Sify.com noted that it was " Vikram and him alone who diverts your attention from the film 's little logical script flaws and spellbinds you with an endearing act that is Thaandavam 's biggest strength " ; subsequently the film did average business commercially . The actor was next seen portraying the title role in Bejoy Nambiar 's bilingual David , which released with different cast members in Hindi and Tamil . Vikram remained the only common lead actor in the versions , with his segment playing out a love story between a careless drunkard fisherman and a mute girl played by Isha Sherwani . While the Tamil version opened to predominantly positive review , the Hindi film also won mixed reviews , with both films performing average business at the box office .
= = = 2015 – present = = =
Vikram signed on to collaborate again with Shankar for I , a romantic thriller opposite Amy Jackson , in early 2012 . Following hushed production developments , it was revealed that the actor would sport four significantly different looks in the film : a body builder , a beast , a model and a hunchback . He put on weight to portray the bodybuilder , sticking to a diet of protein and coffee , to ensure his muscles are defined on screen . Vikram subsequently lost weight to portray a model , before shaving his head and reducing his weight to 56 kilograms to portray the crippled hunchback . He changed his physique by eating small meals of egg whites and apples instead of regular food intakes , while engaging in an intensive weight loss regime to become thin . The cast and crew of the film reportedly struggled to recognise the actor at times , while he also stayed away from the media for close to a year when sporting the look . Taking almost three years for production , Vikram described the film " as the toughest he has ever done " and regularly suffered folliculitis as a result of the prosthetic make @-@ up he had to wear . The film opened amidst much expectation in January 2015 to mixed reviews , though critics gave Vikram 's portrayal of Lingesan , unanimously positive reviews . A critic from Times of India noted " Vikram bowls you over with a heart @-@ wrenching performance whether he is handsome or disfigured " , while The Hindu added his transformation was " laudable " , and that " Vikram wins hearts as the earnest @-@ to @-@ boot gym rat and as the strapping new model on the block , he floors the audience with his performance as Koonan , the deformed hunchback " . Similarly Rediff.com noted the actor " is truly impressive and deserves much applause " , while Sify.com added he " lived the role " . Despite mixed reviews , I performed well at the box office , as well as becoming the most successful Tamil film of all time in Kerala . He then worked on Vijay Milton 's road @-@ thriller , 10 Enradhukulla ( 2015 ) , which featured him as an unnamed race driver who goes on a road trip through India . Paired opposite Samantha , the film opened to mixed reviews and did not perform well at the box office . A critic from Sify.com however noted Vikram " breathes life to his role and his energy level is highly infectious " , adding that " the way he smiles , dances and fight is a treat for his fans " . Likewise a critic from The Hindu criticised the film 's script adding " it 's hard to see Vikram in this fluff " . Vikram is currently working simultaneously on two different projects , with the first release likely to be Iru Mugan , an action film directed by Anand Shankar , featuring him alongside Nayantara and Nithya Menen . He is also a part of Thiru 's Garuda , where he features alongside Kajal Aggarwal .
= = Other work = =
= = = Film and television work = = =
Apart from acting , Vikram has also been a part of other film @-@ making processes with credits as a playback singer and as an assistant director . In 2000 , Vikram and actress Meena launched a pop album titled Kadhalism , which the pair would sing and appear in music videos for , although the project was completed without much promotion . Following the success of Bharathwaj 's music for Vikram 's 2002 film Gemini , Vikram sang a version of the hit song " O Podu ! " for the extended version of the album . During the making of Kanthaswamy in 2009 , the music composer Devi Sri Prasad had asked Vikram to sing a few rough tracks during the film ’ s song composition in Malaysia . The producers were impressed with his voice and Vikram ended up singing four songs in the film . Furthermore , Vikram also recorded all four tracks in the Telugu version of the album titled Mallana . He then went on to sing for a film he was unrelated to , by lending five different voices in " Meghame " for G. V. Prakash Kumar 's album in Madrasapattinam . He sang two further songs under Prakash Kumar for his Deiva Thirumagal , singing in the voice of his character , an adult with the maturity of a six @-@ year @-@ old . In 2011 he sang the song " Laddu Laddu " for his film Rajapattai under composer Yuvan Shankar Raja 's direction . Vikram announced his own production company Reel Life Entertainment in July 2009 and announced that Sasikumar would direct his first film , the action thriller Easan , featuring Samudrakani , Vaibhav , Abhinaya and Aparnaa Bajpai . However , after 90 % of the shoot had been completed , Vikram pulled out of the venture citing that Sasikumar had overshot his budget and the director eventually bought and released the film . The actor however was later listed as one of the three producers for his 2013 bilingual film , David , thereby making his debut in film financing . Vikram has also worked as the assistant director under Shafi in Majaa , and has mentioned he would like to direct a film in the future .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
Vikram has promoted various social causes with several of his charity work being linked to characters he had portrayed in his films . He has been a brand ambassador of Sanjeevani Trust and a school for special children Vidya Sudha , which he stayed at during the making of Deiva Thirumagal . Moreover , he has had a long @-@ term association since the making of his film Kasi with the Kasi Eye Care , which does free eye surgeries for the poor . Vikram has also set up The Vikram Foundation through his fan club to provide heart operations for the poor , educate poor children and rehabilitate victims from natural disasters . Every year Vikram has celebrated his birthday doing charity work across Tamil Nadu and in 2008 , he organised a camp where a thousand of his fans pledged their eyes in an eye donation appeal .
He has lent his support for the Chennai @-@ based charity , The Banyan , and appeared in the charity musical Netru , Indru , Naalai directed by Mani Ratnam for the cause . The actor also starred in the 2010 " Mile Sur Mera Tumhara " music video on national integration alongside a bevy of Indian actors and musicians , describing the experience as " phenomenal " . In 2011 , Vikram was selected as a Youth Envoy for the United Nations Human Settlements Programme with his aim being to spread awareness about the statutes of U.N Habitat which include urban stabilisation and to help formulate plans for effective water management , slum eradication and women and youth empowerment . Soon after he announced two further social projects , " Karka Kasadara " and " Patchai Puratchi " , with the former being to identify school and college drop outs and help them to stand on their own feet , while the latter was about planting trees with an aim to make Chennai go green . In 2016 , he produced and directed the video to the flood relief anthem , Spirit of Chennai , as a tribute to the city 's volunteers following the 2015 South Indian floods .
= = In the media = =
Since the success of Sethu , Vikram 's intense performances and variety of roles has received critical acclaim . His performances as a rogue turned mentally ill patient in Sethu , a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorder in Bala 's Pithamagan , a Brahmin lawyer with multiple personality disorder in Anniyan and a mentally challenged adult with the maturity of a six @-@ year @-@ old boy in Deiva Thirumagal are all roles in which he played a mentally affected man , with Vikram mentioning he does such roles to reinvent himself on screen . Furthermore , Vikram has enjoyed a large fan following in Andhra Pradesh as a result of a series of successful dubbed Telugu films with Aparichitudu , dubbed from his Tamil film Anniyan , being among the most successful Telugu films of 2005 . All his films are thus released in Telugu soon after their original release in Tamil , while Anniyan was also dubbed in Hindi as Aparichit . He has also enjoyed success in Kerala , where his films have demanded large box office openings akin to Malayalam film stars . In 2004 , Vikram participated in a live stadium stage event organised by producer P. L. Thenappan titled " Vikram Mega Nite " . The event , held in Singapore , attracted several hundreds of his South East Asian fans and was held in the form of a stage musical .
His pan @-@ Indian popularity has also prompted him to be regularly considered for brand endorsements . In 2005 , Vikram was signed as Coca @-@ Cola 's brand ambassador in Tamil Nadu . He has been the ambassador for Brooke Bond 3 Roses , Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd and Josco Jewellers since 2010 . In 2015 , Vikram has endorsed Big Deal TV , a celebrity @-@ driven home shopping channel .
He is amongst the most decorated actors in terms of awards in the history of Tamil cinema . He holds a National Film Award for Best Actor ; a feat only matched by four other actors in Tamil films . Moreover , Vikram holds seven Flimfare Awards South , with the tally being only second to Kamal Haasan who has ten wins . In 2010 his film , Raavan was promoted at the Cannes Film Festival and then screened at Venice Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival . Within weeks of release , Deiva Thirumagal was sent to the Asia Pacific Screen Awards after it was nominated by the Film Federation of India and the National Film Development Corporation . Vikram is also a recipient of the Kalaimamani Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2004 . Other recognitions includes a string of Cinema Express Awards , Vijay Awards and Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , including recognition in three different categories . In 2011 , Vikram was awarded an honorary doctorate from Università Popolare degli Studi di Milano ( People 's University of Milan ) in the field of Fine Arts . Vikram accepted the title on 29 May 2011 and in his next release , Deiva Thirumagal , he was creditted as Dr. Chiyaan Vikram .
= = Personal life = =
Vikram met his wife , Shailaja Balakrishnan , for the first time when he was in crutches , following three years of being hospital @-@ ridden after his broken leg in the late 1980s . Vikram got married to Shailaja in 1992 at Guruvayoor in an event which saw dozens of other couples get married at the same time at the same place . The pair also then had a low @-@ key wedding ceremony conducted at the church at Loyola College , Chennai . She originates from Thalassery , Kerala and now works as a psychology teacher at a leading Chennai school . Shailaja also worked in the team of Deiva Thirumagal by giving professional advice on how people with special needs are treated and helping develop the characteristics of the character played by Vikram . Vikram has a daughter , Akshita and a son Dhruv , with Vikram suggesting that his son is a keen actor . He resides near the beach in Besant Nagar , Chennai and has stated that he would remain based in Chennai regardless of any offers in other regional films .
= = Filmography and awards = =
= = = Selected filmography = = =
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
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= Garrick 's Temple to Shakespeare =
Garrick 's Temple to Shakespeare is a small garden folly erected in 1756 on the north bank of the River Thames at Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . Grade I listed , it was built by the actor David Garrick to honour the playwright William Shakespeare , whose plays Garrick performed to great acclaim throughout his career . During his lifetime Garrick used it to house his extensive collection of Shakespearean relics and for entertaining his family and guests . It passed through a succession of owners until coming into public ownership in the 20th century , but fell into serious disrepair by the end of the century . After a campaign supported by distinguished actors and donations from the National Lottery 's " good causes " fund , it was restored in the late 1990s and reopened to the public as a museum and memorial to the life and career of Garrick . It is reputedly the world 's only shrine to Shakespeare .
= = Description = =
The temple is an octagonal domed building with a nod to the Pantheon , Rome , constructed in undecorated brick with a single east @-@ facing entrance . It was built in the Classical style popularised by the Italian architect Palladio with an Ionic portico , four columns wide by three deep , flanking the entrance . Several steps lead up to the portico . Inside , glazed arched windows reaching to the ground face the river . A deep curved recess in the west wall provides room for a statue . Outside , a lawn and garden provide views over the Thames to the south .
= = History = =
= = = Construction = = =
Garrick built the temple on land adjoining a villa that he had bought in October 1754 to serve as a country retreat . The villa 's riverside garden , a plot now known as Garrick 's Lawn , was separated from the main property by the road from Kingston upon Thames to Staines . Garrick commissioned the building of an elaborate grotto @-@ tunnel under the road , illuminated by 500 lanterns , to facilitate private access to the lawn from the house .
At some point in 1755 he decided to build a summer @-@ house by the riverside which he intended to dedicate to his muse Shakespeare as a " temple " to the playwright . The temple 's architect is unknown as his decision to build it is not recorded in his own papers . Robert Adam and Lancelot " Capability " Brown have both been suggested as possibilities . An " Ionic Temple " of similar design stands in the gardens of Chiswick House a few miles away . This may well have been the inspiration for Garrick 's Temple , as Garrick had spent his honeymoon at Chiswick House a few years earlier in the company of his wife 's guardians the Burlingtons .
On 4 August 1755 , his neighbour and friend Horace Walpole wrote to a correspondent : " I have contracted a sort of intimacy with Garrick , who is my neighbour . He affects to study my taste ; I lay it all upon you – he admires you . He is building a graceful temple to Shakespeare : I offered him this motto : Quod spiro et placeo , si placeo tuum est [ If I inspire and give pleasure , it is because of you ] . " A year later , Walpole wrote in another letter :
He has built a temple to his master Shakespear [ sic ] , and I am going to adorn the outside , since his modesty would not let me decorate it within , as I proposed , with these mottos :
The garden in front of the temple was laid out in accordance with Garrick 's friend William Hogarth 's theory of the Line of Beauty . An S @-@ shaped path ran between flowering shrubs in accordance with the theory 's preference for serpentine shapes . Walpole donated a grove of Italian cypresses to plant in the garden . It was widely admired in its time and its idyllic prospect so moved Samuel Johnson that he told Garrick : " Ah , David , it is the leaving of such places that makes a deathbed so terrible . "
= = = Contents = = =
The temple 's interior was furnished as a shrine to Shakespeare . It was dominated by a statue of the playwright commissioned by Garrick from the French Huguenot sculptor Louis @-@ François Roubiliac at a cost of 300 guineas ( £ 315 , equivalent to approximately £ 32 @,@ 000 now ) . Roubiliac chose to model the statue on the Chandos portrait of Shakespeare while Garrick himself is said to have posed for the sculpture . Its appearance is rather more reminiscent of Garrick than Shakespeare ; it is said that the actor struck a pose and exclaimed , " Lo , the Bard of Avon ! " to illustrate how he wanted Shakespeare to be portrayed . The statue 's head was not to Garrick 's satisfaction , and Roubiliac had to replace it with another , carved from a different type of marble . During Garrick 's lifetime the statue was displayed in the temple . On his death it was willed to the British Museum , where it is still on display in the King 's Library . A copy of the statue , donated by the museum , is currently displayed in the temple .
Garrick exhibited his collection of Shakespeare relics in the temple , including a chair made from a mulberry tree which had supposedly been planted by Shakespeare in the grounds of New Place , his house at Stratford upon Avon . The chair was designed by Hogarth , according to Walpole , and had a medal of Shakespeare carved into its backrest . The chair survives and is today owned by the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington , D.C .. Other items on display included various personal effects of Shakespeare such as " an old leather glove , with pointed fingers and blackened metal embroidery " , a dagger and " a signet ring with W.S. on it . " The collection was sold and dispersed on the death of Garrick 's widow ; he had collected so much Shakespearean memorabilia that it took ten days to auction it all .
= = = Usage = = =
Garrick employed the temple not just as a museum but as a working building . As well as using it as a quiet place to learn his lines and write letters , the actor used it to entertain his wife and guests for afternoon tea and dinner . The painter Johann Zoffany , a protégé of Garrick , painted a number of scenes of the actor , his wife and their friends on the lawn and in front of the temple . One of his guests , the letter @-@ writer Mrs Delany , described the scene at one such entertainment in a letter of 1770 :
We had an excellent dinner nicely served , and then went over directly into the garden – a piece of irregular ground sloping down to the Thames , very well laid out , and planted for shade and shelter ; and an opening to the river which appears beautiful from that spot , and from Shakespeare 's Temple at the end of the Improvement , where we drank tea , and where there is a very fine statue of Shakespeare in white marble , and a great chair with a large carved frame , that was Shakespeare 's own chair , made for him on some particular occasion , with a medallion fixed in the back . Many were the relics we saw of the favourite poet . At six o 'clock Lady Weymouth 's fine group of children walked into the garden , which added to the agreeableness of the scene .
His visitors were encouraged to pay homage to the Bard by writing verses in Shakespeare 's honour and placing them at the foot of the statue . Garrick had the best of them published anonymously in the London journals . Some found this practice cloying ; Samuel Foote commented sarcastically that Garrick had " dedicated a temple to a certain divinity ... before whose shrine frequent libations are made , and on whose alter the fat of venison , a viand grateful to this deity , is seen often to smoke . "
In August 1774 , the temple and gardens were the centrepiece of Garrick 's elaborate silver jubilee celebrations to celebrate 25 years of marriage . The London Chronicle reported :
Last night Mr Garrick gave a splendid entertainment or Fete Champetre at his gardens at Hampton . Signior Torre conducted a most brilliant fire @-@ work ; an elegant concert of music was performed ; and the company , which consisted of a great number of Nobility and Gentry , expressed the utmost satisfaction on the occasion . The temple of Shakespeare , and gardens , were illuminated with 6000 lamps , and the forge of Vulcan made a splendid appearance .
Garrick also opened the temple and garden to the public on special occasions . Each May Day , seated on the chair noted by Mrs Delany and accompanied by his wife , he would give the poor children of Hampton money and cakes . A woman who attended one such May Day event later recalled : " When I was called up , I took my six [ children ] into the Temple , where Mr Garrick was sitting by the fine bust with great cakes before him ; he took down all their names , and then gave a shilling and a piece of plum @-@ cake to every individual one ; not even leaving out poor babes in their mothers ' arms . "
= = = Preservation and restoration = = =
The temple and villa remained in the hands of Garrick 's wife until her death in 1822 at the age of 98 . It was subsequently bought by her solicitor , Thomas Carr , who preserved it as a monument to Garrick and even erected a statue of him in the temple to replace the Roubiliac Shakespeare . It changed hands several more times until , in 1923 , the villa was converted into apartments . The riverside lawn was sold separately along with the temple and was bought by a Paul Glaize , who built a three @-@ storey house alongside the temple . This caused such controversy and public outcry that in 1932 the site was bought by Hampton Urban District Council so that Glaize 's Temple House could be demolished . The lawn and temple were subsequently opened to the public . They have remained in public ownership ever since .
During the Second World War the temple was used as a post for Air Raid Precautions wardens . It was given Grade I listed status in September 1952 and became part of a conservation area in the 1960s , when it was used for poetry readings . However , it had become neglected and vandalised by the 1970s . It suffered from wet and dry rot , vibrations from traffic on the busy nearby road had damaged the fabric of the building and thieves had stolen the lead off the roof . Donald Insall Associates , a specialist conservation architectural firm , was commissioned by Richmond upon Thames Council to restore the building at a cost of £ 37 @,@ 000 . The work was carried out by the building firm Gostling and the architect James Lindus Forge . Patrick Baty advised on the paint colours .
By the 1990s the temple 's condition had deteriorated again and it had suffered heavy vandalism . The Richmond and Twickenham Times reported in 1994 that it was in a state of " dangerous disrepair " and had suffered from " the theft of lead from the roof and graffiti spray @-@ painted on the walls of the Georgian folly . " Vandals had also hacked away one of the wooden columns supporting the portico . In 1995 a campaign was launched to restore the temple and the garden and put them back into use for cultural purposes . The Heritage Lottery Fund provided £ 70 @,@ 000 in 1998 – 99 . Other local groups and a campaign led by the actor Sir John Gielgud provided additional funding to carry out restoration work . The restoration fund was also supported by the actors Sir Peter Hall , Sir Donald Sinden and Richard Briers , and Dame Judi Dench , Jeremy Irons and others have subsequently made donations .
The restoration work was undertaken by Donald Insall Associates . The temple was reopened to the public in late 1998 , and in early 1999 the garden was replanted to replicate its original Georgian appearance . The British Museum provided a copy of Roubiliac 's statue of Shakespeare to occupy the vacant niche where the original had once stood . The temple was populated with an exhibition on Garrick 's life and career , including copies of portraits by Gainsborough , Reynolds and Zoffany . The project was completed by April 1999 .
Today the temple is managed by Garrick 's Temple Partnership , which brings together the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames , the Garrick 's Temple to Shakespeare Trust , the Temple Trust , the Thames Landscape Strategy and Hampton Riverside Trust . The Garrick 's Temple to Shakespeare Trust is chaired by the actor Clive Francis , and Liz Crowther is a member of the Temple Management Committee . The temple is open to the public on Sunday afternoons between April and September . It is used for concerts , annual general meetings and private events , and runs an educational programme for local schoolchildren in conjunction with the nearby Orleans House .
= = See Also = =
Astoria ( recording studio ) ( neighbor )
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= Crash ( Gwen Stefani song ) =
" Crash " is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Written by Stefani and No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal , the song uses automobile metaphors to describe a relationship , and it received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Not originally planned as a single , the song was released as the album 's sixth and final single on January 24 , 2006 during Stefani 's pregnancy .
= = Background and writing = =
Stefani had been working on her solo project with Linda Perry . The two penned several songs , including lead single " What You Waiting For ? " , but Stefani found the process difficult , commenting , " It 's humiliating and intimidating even if they 're sweet and excited , because you 're drowning in their creativity . " When the two began working on a song about a deceased friend of Stefani 's , Perry began writing the lyrics and Stefani , feeling that Perry was encroaching on her territory , broke down and left .
Stefani 's No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal invited her to his house so that the two could go out with friends . When she arrived , however , Kanal surprised her by playing some tracks on which he had been working and revealed that he had prepared some for Stefani . Though Stefani had wanted to work with Kanal , she was concerned that his work would not fit with her dance @-@ oriented album ; however , she called it her " favorite track that [ she had ] written so far " , and the two worked on the track , modeling it after hip hop trio Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa .
= = Critical reception = =
" Crash " received mixed reviews from critics . In a review for The New York Times , Kelefa Sanneh noted that the track " successfully conjure [ s ] up the infectious spirit of early Madonna . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called the song " a pricey retro fashion blurb " on which Stefani appears as " an old @-@ school , gold @-@ chained rapper " . Krissi Murison of the NME disagreed , calling it one of " the best bits of the decade of decadence " and referring to it as " Salt @-@ N @-@ Pepa 's cartoon rap " . Jason Shawhan of About.com stated that the song 's " great Narada Michael Walden bleepy synth noises [ ... ] pop out of the mix like the car stereo just decided to sing along " , and Jennifer Nine of Yahoo ! Music commented that the track had " icy @-@ cool schoolyard sass " . Eric Greenwood of Drawer B argued that the track " carelessly revisits Stefani 's blatant fondness for 80 's pop , but not even [ ... ] Tony Kanal can save her from lifeless retreads like these . " The Washington Post reviewer Sean Daly compared it to Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa 's 1987 single " Push It " and added that Stefani " pushes it real good " . PopMatters 's Jason Damas gave it a very strong review , stating that " Stefani nails all the vocal mannerisms " and that Kanal " reveals a major mainstream pop jones here , especially in the way he layers the cut [ ... ] with dozens of orchestra hits [ ... ] which have been absent from almost all pop albums for a decade or more now . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave the song a mixed review , stating that it " features some near @-@ fatal car metaphors " but that Stefani " maintains her signature sass throughout " .
= = Release and commercial performance = =
" Crash " had originally not been planned as a major single release from Love . Angel . Music . Baby . In late 2005 Stefani announced that she was pregnant ( while performing the song on tour in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ) and would be delaying her second solo album , and the song was announced as the sixth single in January 2006 . The song impacted US contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the US on January 24 , 2006 . Because " Crash " was released as the sixth single , success was very limited since many consumers had already purchased the album , which at the time had been certified triple platinum in both the US and Canada . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 11 , 2006 at number 95 . It reached number 45 for two weeks and remained on the chart for a total of eight weeks . The single was somewhat more successful on the pop charts , reaching number 20 on the Top 40 Mainstream and number 28 on the Pop 100 , and had some crossover success , reaching number 38 on the Rhythmic Top 40 .
" Crash " was the only single from Love . Angel . Music . Baby. that did not receive a CD single solicitation in Canada ; in addition , the track experienced minimal radio success , peaking at number 87 on the BDS Airplay Chart in March 2006 .
Due to Stefani 's pregnancy , a live music video was released instead of a narrative video . The video was directed by Sophie Muller at a performance in Anaheim , California during Stefani 's Harajuku Lovers Tour .
= = Track listings = =
US 12 " promotional single
A1 . " Crash " ( Album Version ) – 4 : 06
B1 . " Crash " ( Instrumental ) – 4 : 05
B2 . " Crash " ( A Cappella ) – 4 : 06
European promotional CD single
" Crash " ( Album Version ) – 4 : 06
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby .
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals , songwriting
Brian " Big Bass " Gardner – mastering
Lee Groves – keyboards , mix programming
Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
Tony Kanal – keyboards , production , programming , songwriting , synthesizers
Colin " Dog " Mitchell – recording
Mark " Spike " Stent – mixing
David Treahearn – assistant engineering
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Hamurabi =
Hamurabi is a text @-@ based strategy video game of land and resource management first developed by Doug Dyment in 1968 . It was developed by Dyment at Digital Equipment Corporation as The Sumer Game before the rise of the commercial video game industry in the early history of video games as a computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill 's newly invented FOCAL programming language . The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player , as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi , manages how much of their grain to spend on crops for the next round , feeding their people , and purchasing additional land , while dealing with random variations in crop yields and plagues . The Sumer Game was possibly inspired by the 1966 The Sumerian Game , a much more in @-@ depth text @-@ based economic simulation intended for children .
Multiple versions of the game were created for the FOCAL and FOCAL @-@ 69 languages , but in 1973 David H. Ahl released BASIC Computer Games , a book of games written in the BASIC programming language and the first million @-@ selling computer book , which included his version of The Sumer Game . This expanded version of the game , titled Hamurabi , quickly became the more prominent version due to the popularity of both the book and the programming language . Hamurabi influenced many later strategy and simulation games and is also an antecedent to the city @-@ building genre .
= = Gameplay = =
Hamurabi is a text @-@ based strategy video game centered on resource management in which the player , identified in the text as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi , enters numbers in response to questions posed by the game . The resources that the player must manage are people , acres of land , and bushels of grain . These are managed over the course of ten rounds , each of which represents a year . Each person can farm a set amount of land , which produces grain . Grain , in turn , can be used to feed people , who otherwise die the following round , or planted for the following year 's crop . The player may also buy or sell land to their neighbors each turn in exchange for grain . Each round begins with an adviser stating " Hamurabi : I beg to report to you " the current status of the city , including the prior year 's harvest and change in population , followed by a series of questions as to how many bushels of grain to spend on land , seeds , and feeding the people .
The game 's variations are driven by random numbers : the price of land is randomly decided each round from between 17 and 26 bushels per acre , the amount of bushels generated each round is randomly decided , random amounts of bushels are eaten by rats , and new people come to the city each year in random amounts . Each year also presents the possibility of a plague reducing the population by half . The game ends after ten rounds , or earlier if the entire population of the city dies or at least 45 percent of the people starve in a single round . The end @-@ game appraisal , added in the 1973 version of the game , compares the player to historical rulers — such as " Your heavy @-@ handed performance smacks of Nero and Ivan IV . "
= = Development = =
In 1968 , Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) employee Richard Merrill invented the FOCAL programming language . As an early program for the language , fellow employee Doug Dyment developed The Sumer Game , programming it for a DEC PDP @-@ 8 minicomputer . The game is sometimes erroneously attributed to Merrill in 1969 , but a 1973 program catalog by the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society ( DECUS ) lists Dyment as the original developer . The game was originally described as : " This is a simulation program / game which will run on a minimal PDP @-@ 8 system . The economy of a Sumerian city in the year 3000 B. C. is simulated in the fashion of a modern @-@ day ' business game . ' " " Business games " were text @-@ based business management simulation games , such as The Management Game , which was used in business schools such as at Carnegie Mellon University since at least 1958 . By 1961 , there were over 89 different business and economic simulation games in use , with various graphical capabilities . In 1966 , IBM employee William McKay developed a business simulation called The Sumerian Game for the Board of Cooperative Educational Services in Northern Westchester County , New York . It is not known whether The Sumer Game was inspired by the prior Sumerian game , which was a much more in @-@ depth text @-@ based economic simulation intended for children , developed in consultation with ancient Middle East history experts .
Multiple versions of the The Sumer Game were created ; the 1973 DECUS catalog additionally lists a French @-@ language version by Belgians J. F. Champarnaud and F. H. Bostem for the FOCAL @-@ 69 version of the language , and a 1978 catalog adds Ruben by James R. B. Howard II and Jimmie B. Fletcher , " a modification of the " King of Sumeria " game " with additional features . The French version of the game , however , despite being listed as " Sumer ( French ) " , described itself not as a translation of the original game , but as a translation of " Hamurabi ( The Sumer Game ) " , due to another version of the game which was already released by then .
Around 1971 , DEC employee David H. Ahl had written a version of The Sumer Game in the BASIC programming language . Unlike FOCAL , BASIC was run not just on mainframe computers and minicomputers , but also on personal computers , then termed microcomputers , making it a much more popular language . In 1973 , Ahl published BASIC Computer Games , a best @-@ selling book of games written in BASIC whose 1978 edition was the first million @-@ selling computer book , which included his version of The Sumer Game . The expanded version was renamed Hamurabi and added an end @-@ of @-@ game performance appraisal . The popularity of both the book and the programming language itself meant that Ahl 's version of the game became the more widely known version over the relatively obscure original , as evidenced by the 1973 French FOCAL version considering " Hamurabi " to be the more prominent name . BASIC Computer Games noted that the game was a modification of a game " written in FOCAL at DEC " , but listed the author as " unknown . " The 1978 edition of the book noted that the game 's name was intended to be " Hammurabi " , the correct spelling of the Babylonian king , but not only was one " m " dropped in the file name to fit in an eight @-@ character limit , but Ahl consistently misspelled the name inside of the game , leading to the generally accepted name of the game to be Hamurabi .
= = Legacy = =
In addition to the multiple versions of Hamurabi , several simulation games have been created as expansions of the core game . These include Kingdom ( 1974 ) by Lee Schneider and Todd Voros , which was then expanded to Dukedom ( 1976 ) . Other derivations include King ( 1978 ) by James A. Storer , and Santa Paravia en Fiumaccio ( 1978 ) by George Blank ; Santa Paravia added the concept of city building management to the basic structure of Hamurabi , making it an antecedent to the city @-@ building genre as well as an early strategy game . Hamurabi held the status as the forerunner of economic simulation games even after the creation of its more complicated descendants ; as late as 1983 's M.U.L.E. , critics described games with similar systems in terms of being similar to Hamurabi .
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= Walter Woon =
Walter Woon Cheong Ming ( simplified Chinese : 温长明 ; traditional Chinese : 溫長明 ; pinyin : Wēn Cháng Míng ; born 12 September 1956 ) is a Singaporean lawyer , academic , diplomat and politician . He is currently professor of law at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law and the Dean of the Singapore Institute of Legal Education . His expertise is in company law and securities regulation . Educated at NUS and St. John 's College , Cambridge , he joined the teaching staff of the NUS Faculty of Law in 1981 and later served as Sub @-@ Dean and Vice @-@ Dean . He was Legal Adviser to the President of Singapore and Council of Presidential Advisors from 1995 to 1997 , and was appointed as professor of law in 1999 .
Woon was a Nominated Member of Parliament between 1992 and 1996 . He became the first Member of Parliament since 1965 to have a Private Member 's Bill become a public law in Singapore – the Maintenance of Parents Act , which was passed in 1995 . Between 1997 and 2006 , Woon served in a number of diplomatic capacities , including Ambassador to Germany ( 1998 – 2003 ) with an accreditation to Greece ( 2000 – 2003 ) , and Ambassador to Belgium with concurrent accreditation to the European Union , the Netherlands , Luxembourg and the Holy See . Woon was appointed Second Solicitor @-@ General in 2006 and Solicitor @-@ General the following year . He served as Attorney @-@ General between 2008 and 2010 , and then returned to academia .
= = Early life and education = =
Woon , a Peranakan , was born on 12 September 1956 in Singapore to schoolteachers . He was a head prefect at Pasir Panjang Primary School ( which his father became principal of years later ) and a prefect while at Raffles Institution . Following his A @-@ levels he was considering business administration , but ended up accepting a scholarship from DBS Bank to study law instead . According to Woon in an April 2008 interview , " When I went for the scholarship interview , the interviewer said , ' We looked at your results and you look like you might be a lawyer ; would you like to do law ? ' I said , ' Fine , if you want to give me the scholarship to do law , I 'll do law ' . I didn 't plan to do law . "
He earned his Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B. ) from the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , graduating in 1981 with first class honours . That same year , he also topped the postgraduate practice law course , winning the Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par Memorial Prize . He joined the teaching staff of the NUS Faculty of Law that year , focusing his teaching and research on company law and securities regulation . In 1983 he graduated with a Master of Laws ( LL.M. ) degree with first class honours from St. John 's College , Cambridge , which he completed on a Commonwealth Academic Staff scholarship .
= = Career = =
= = = Academic = = =
Woon was called to the Singapore Bar in 1985 . The first edition of his book Company Law was published in 1988 . The same year he became a Sub @-@ Dean of the NUS Faculty of Law , then served as Vice @-@ Dean from 1991 to 1995 . On 1 February 1999 Woon was appointed a professor of law . In November 1990 , Woon appeared before the Parliamentary Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment No. 3 ) Bill ( Bill No. 23 / 90 ) to make representations on the proposed introduction of an elected President for Singapore . He took the view that since the elected President should be politically neutral , Cabinet members should only be eligible to stand for election five years after leaving politics .
Never afraid to speak his mind , in July 1991 in an interview by The Straits Times Woon commented : " We effectively don 't have a Constitution . We have a law that can be easily changed by Parliament , and by the party in power because the party is Parliament . The changes themselves might not be controversial , but it is unsettling how flexible the Constitution is , unlike , say , in the United States . " In reply , Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong pointed out that past changes to the Constitution had been made only with a two @-@ thirds parliamentary majority and not done lightheartedly , as the intensive discussions and the two @-@ year gestation period of the Elected President Bill proved . He affirmed that the Constitution had to evolve to reflect the changing needs of the people , and that it could not be assumed that the Constitution , drafted in 1965 , would be the best Constitution for always and should be frozen in time . " So to say that because the Government in power changes the Constitution there is no Constitution is ridiculous , to put it mildly . "
= = = Nominated Member of Parliament = = =
Woon was a Nominated Member of Parliament ( NMP ) for three terms , from 7 September 1992 to 6 September 1994 , from 7 September 1994 to 6 September 1996 , and from 7 September 1996 till 15 December 1996 when Parliament was dissolved for the 1997 general election .
In 1992 at the start of the Government 's annual Speak Mandarin Campaign , the Minister for Information and the Arts George Yeo said in a newspaper article that the rising use of English by Chinese Singaporeans was a " disturbing trend " as " [ w ] e become very exposed to Western cultural influences via books , magazines and films . Some influences are good . Others are harmful , especially to the structure of the family . " This provoked Woon to respond that " [ t ] he subliminal message being sent is that those who speak English are dangerous to society and that the wider use of English threatens the social fabric of Singapore " . He deplored this view because good values were neither Asian nor Western : " Why should we confine ourselves to one or the other ? Singapore isn 't a Western society . It isn 't an Asian society . It is a cosmopolitan society . " He noted that " [ t ] he emancipation of women , the rule of law , the equality of citizens irrespective of race , language or religion , the right to representative government : These are values we have adopted from the ' decadent ' West . "
In September 1992 , Woon was appointed to the select committee to review the Companies ( Amendment ) Bill ( Bill No. 33 / 92 ) which proposed , among other things , that scripless trading in securities listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore be authorised so that share transfers can be made through computerised book entries . He was a director of Intraco Ltd . ( 1989 – 2000 ) and Natsteel Ltd . ( 1997 – 2001 ) , both listed on the Stock Exchange .
On 23 May 1994 , Woon moved a Private Member 's Bill which was eventually passed by Parliament on 2 November 1995 as the Maintenance of Parents Act . The Act , which entitles parents at least 60 years old and unable to maintain themselves adequately to apply to a tribunal for their children to be ordered to pay maintenance to them , was the first public law that originated from a private member 's bill since Singapore 's independence in 1965 . In its 5 December 1994 issue , Time magazine picked Woon as one of 100 young world leaders , the only Singaporean to make the list .
From 1995 to 1997 , Woon was Legal Adviser to the President of Singapore and Council of Presidential Advisors . During this time , he represented the President as junior counsel before the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal in Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995 , which involved the interpretation of provisions of the Constitution of Singapore touching on the ability of Parliament to curtail the President 's discretionary powers .
= = = Diplomat = = =
Between September 1997 and September 2006 , Woon was seconded to the Foreign Service . He was Singapore 's Ambassador to Germany from 6 February 1998 to July 2003 , and was concurrently accredited to Greece from March 2000 to July 2003 . He then served as Ambassador to Belgium ( from 22 August 2003 ) with concurrent accreditation to the European Union , the Netherlands ( from 22 October 2003 ) , Luxembourg and the Holy See . In this capacity , he represented Singapore together with Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Law S. Jayakumar at the funeral mass of Pope John Paul II in the Vatican City on 8 April 2005 , believed to be the largest gathering of heads of state in history . In 2006 , the Vatican made Woon a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great , which is conferred on Roman Catholic men and women in recognition of their service to the Church , unusual labours , support of the Holy See , and the good example set in their communities and country .
= = = Solicitor @-@ General and Attorney @-@ General = = =
Woon was appointed to the post of Second Solicitor @-@ General on 3 October 2006 , and Solicitor @-@ General on 2 July 2007 . In 2007 , he was also made a Senior Counsel . Between January 2007 and 31 March 2010 , he was a member of the Advisory Board of the School of Law of the Singapore Management University . In February 2008 , Woon was appointed by the Ministry of Finance to chair a steering committee to review the Companies Act .
Woon became Attorney @-@ General on 11 April 2008 . Three months into the job , he created some controversy when delivering an off @-@ the @-@ cuff speech at the launch of the Law Society of Singapore 's Public and International Law Committee . He said :
[ W ] hen it comes to implementation [ of human rights ] , there will be arguments about where the lines are to be drawn . And when there are new so @-@ called rights , then there has to be debate – is it really a right ? ... Just because some Western societies have accepted it , doesn 't make it a human right . ... Many of these fanatics think : ' We 've decided that this is human rights , therefore when Singapore does something , we 're entitled to criticise them . ' I say rubbish . You want to do it in your society , do it in your society . Don 't come and tell us you draw the line for the rest of the world . "
In mid @-@ May , Woon commented that an acquitted person may not be guilty in law , but guilty in fact . Two months later , without referring directly to these remarks , Judge of Appeal V.K. Rajah wrote in a judgment that such comments could undermine confidence in the courts ' verdicts and the criminal justice system , which was based on the doctrine of the presumption of innocence . The Minister for Law K. Shanmugam was asked in Parliament on 25 August 2008 to clarify the Attorney @-@ General 's comments . Shanmugam described the presumption of innocence as an " important and fundamental principle " which the Government was " absolutely committed to upholding " . Nonetheless , it was " entirely possible for a person to have committed acts which amount to a crime and yet , there may be no conviction " , as the trial process was designed to prove guilt and not innocence . He added : " It is for the courts , and the courts alone , to exercise judicial power and decide the question of guilt , in a trial . "
With effect from 20 May 2008 , Woon was appointed a director of the Monetary Authority of Singapore . He also served on the Presidential Council for Minority Rights between 2008 and 2010 .
Woon was the first Attorney @-@ General in more than ten years to personally appear in court . On 28 July 2008 , he argued before the Court of Appeal that a woman who had manipulated her teenage lover into killing her husband should be given a life sentence . The Court held that a life sentence was inappropriate due to the defendant 's psychiatric condition , and affirmed the nine @-@ year jail term imposed by the High Court . Woon elected to take proceedings against Tang Wee Sung , chairman of the company C.K. Tang which owns Tangs department store , for the illegal purchase of a human organ – a kidney – in the first case of its kind in Singapore . The decision to do so was criticised by Dr. Lee Wei Ling , Director of the National Neuroscience Institute and daughter of Minister Mentor and former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew , in an article published in The Straits Times on 5 September 2008 . Woon replied , pointing out a number of misconceptions she held as to the facts and the law , and emphasising that the prosecution had been brought as no one was above the law . Subsequently , in response to further comments by Dr. Lee , he wrote an extended article entitled " Wrong Facts and Faulty Logic " that appeared in The Straits Times on 18 September 2008 .
He also prosecuted a number of contempt of court cases , including suits against Dow Jones Publishing Company ( Asia ) , Inc. for material published in The Wall Street Journal Asia ; against US @-@ based lawyer Gopalan Nair for comments on his blog ; and against three Singapore Democratic Party supporters , John Tan Liang Joo , Isrizal bin Mohamed Isa and Muhammad { { { 2 } } } Syahmi bin Sariman , who wore T @-@ shirts bearing the image of a kangaroo dressed in a judge 's gown outside the Supreme Court Building . On 15 March 2010 , in one of his last cases before his term of office ended , he defended the constitutionality of capital punishment in Singapore before the Court of Appeal in an appeal by a man sentenced to death for drug trafficking .
At the third annual Singapore Children 's Society Lecture entitled " Changing Social Mores : Protecting Children from Themselves ? " on 31 October 2009 , Woon expressed the view that prosecuting teenagers from having underage sex with each other served little purpose . " It 's basically kids having sex ... What do you do if the couple think they 're in love ? It 's less easy if the girl consents . ... The judges cannot do very much by themselves . Sending them [ the teenagers ] to jail per se will not make them reflect on their lives . That is the last thing that is going to happen . But good or ill , this is the framework that we have . "
Woon established a new division in the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers for the prosecution of cases in the Subordinate Courts of Singapore to enhance the development of criminal litigation skills , and recruited a number of young and talented lawyers into the Singapore Legal Service . In 2008 he hosted the International Association of Prosecutors Conference in Singapore . He also assisted in the setting up of the Centre for International Law at NUS to improve international law expertise in Singapore and the region . He was Singapore 's alternate representative on the High Level Task Force for the Drafting of the ASEAN Charter , a key constitutional document for ASEAN , which was signed in November 2007 . Subsequently , he co @-@ authored a book entitled The Making of the ASEAN Charter ( 2009 ) .
Woon stepped down as Attorney @-@ General on 10 April 2010 after a two @-@ year term . In a media interview , he said that the post " was not a job I really wanted or enjoyed . I did it because I was asked to do the job . So I did my best under the circumstances with what I had . " When asked whether he had " annoyed the powers that be " , he said :
It 's not unlikely that I have . Look , to be fair , nobody called me in the middle of the night to say you must do this , you must do that . ... Whether or not they 're happy with me – this one you 've got to ask PM [ Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong ] . This is a mutual parting of the ways . Best to leave before you outstay your welcome , although I think amongst some people , I 've already outstayed my welcome .
He subsequently clarified that when he said he had outstayed his welcome he had been " thinking more about the people I prosecuted rather than anything else " , and that " I was kidding , I was being facetious " .
= = = Return to academia = = =
Woon returned to academia at NUS , and was appointed the first Dean of the Singapore Institute of Legal Education ( SILE ) , a company incorporated by the Singapore Academy of Law on 18 January 2010 to manage the postgraduate practical training of graduates from local and overseas universities seeking admission to the Singapore Bar , training contracts , and continuing legal education for practising lawyers . He has denied any intention to enter politics – " Why would I leave one hot seat to jump into another hot seat ? I 've said for years that I would want to go back to my natural habitat eventually . Why wouldn 't anyone believe me ? " – although when asked if he had forever ruled out a political career , he said : " Forever is a long time but definitely not now . " Subsequently , he reiterated in a Today interview : " I am not a politician and I am not interested in politics and have no desire to go into politics . I do not know why people do not believe me when I say so . I have said it a thousand times but people do not seem to believe me . "
Woon is currently Chairman of the Singapore International Law Society ( since 2006 ) , Judge Advocate General ( since 2007 ) , and President of the Goethe Institute Singapore ( since 2010 ) .
= = Fiction writing = =
Woon won a consolation prize for a short story called The Body in Question which he submitted for the 1985 National Short Story Writing Competition . In 2002 , he published his first novel , The Advocate 's Devil . This was followed three years later by The Devil to Pay ( 2005 ) . Both books are crime novels set in 1930s Singapore with Dennis Chiang , an English @-@ educated Peranakan lawyer , as the protagonist . Woon has said that fiction writing was " something I did on the side when I got tired of writing non @-@ fiction " . A reviewer of The Advocate 's Devil commented : " That the author is a lawyer first and promising novelist second is most glaring in the language used in Devil . ... This must be the first made @-@ in @-@ Singapore whodunnit that needs to be read with a dictionary at hand . " Although the protagonist Chiang 's " view of human beings other than himself is patronising at best " and might leave readers with a " rather sour aftertaste " , the novel 's " light touches of romance and compassion do much to lift the storyline " and had " masterful pacing " .
= = Selected works = =
= = = Non @-@ fiction = = =
= = = = Articles = = = =
" Precedents that Bind – A Gordian Knot : Stare Decisis in the Federal Court of Malaysia and the Court of Appeal , Singapore " , Malaya Law Review 24 : 1 – 25 , 1982 .
" Ultra Vires and Corporate Capacity in Singapore " , Singapore Academy of Law Journal 1 : 52 – 67 , 1989 .
" Some check is better than no check : Walter Woon reflects on opposition politics in Singapore " , The Straits Times , 29 November 1990 .
" Protecting the Minority Shareholder " , Singapore Academy of Law Journal 4 : 123 – 132 , 1992 .
" The Scripless Trading System in Singapore " , International Journal of Law and Information Technology 1 ( 1 ) : 77 – 89 , 1993 , doi : 10 @.@ 1093 / ijlit / 1 @.@ 1 @.@ 77 .
" Regulation of the Securities Industry in Singapore " , Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 4 : 731 – 755 , 1995 .
" Crime and Punishment : The Problems of Sentencing " , Singapore Law Review 27 : 1 – 11 , 2009 .
= = = = Book chapters = = = =
Woon , Walter ( c . 1980 ) , " Protection of Shareholders and Investors " , Papers on Duties & Liabilities of Company Directors in Public Listed Companies , Singapore : Professional Resources Agency .
Woon , Walter ; Chew , Margaret ; Tjio , Hans ( 1986 – ) , " Securities Regulation in Singapore " , in Rosen , Robert C. [ et al . ] , International Securities Regulation , [ Dobbs Ferry , N.Y. ] : Oceana Publications , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 379 @-@ 20825 @-@ 2 .
Woon , Walter ( 1994 ) , " Nominated MPs : Some Check is Better than No Check [ ch . 3 ] " , in da Cunha , Derek , ed . , Debating Singapore : Reflective Essays , Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , pp. 15 – 18 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 3016 @-@ 82 @-@ 8
Woon , Walter ( 1997 ) , " Securities Regulation [ ch . 7 ] " , in Chong , Amelyn , ed . , The Business Guide to Singapore , Singapore : Butterworth @-@ Heinemann Asia , pp. 138 – 164 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 00 @-@ 6793 @-@ 9 .
Woon , Walter ( 1997 ) , " Singapore " , in Tan , Poh @-@ Ling , ed . , Asian Legal Systems : Law , Society , and Pluralism in East Asia , Sydney : Butterworths , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 31008 @-@ 5 .
Woon , Walter ( 1999 ) , " The Applicability of English Law in Singapore [ ch . 6 ] and The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent [ ch . 8 ] " , in Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] , ed . , The Singapore Legal System ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : Singapore University Press , pp. 230 – 248 and 297 – 323 , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 69 @-@ 212 @-@ 4 .
= = = = Books = = = =
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1986 ) , Commercial Law of Singapore : An Introduction , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire ; Dover , N.H. : Woodhead @-@ Faulkner , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 85941 @-@ 281 @-@ 0 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1988 ) , Company Law , Singapore : Longman Singapore Publishers , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 89 @-@ 959 @-@ 2 . Later editions :
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1997 ) , Company Law ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : FT Law & Tax Asia Pacific , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 3069 @-@ 32 @-@ 9 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1997 ) , Company Law ( 2nd ( student ) ed . ) , Selangor , Malaysia : Sweet & Maxwell Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 983 @-@ 9088 @-@ 51 @-@ 9 .
Tan , Cheng Han ; Woon , Walter C.M. ( 2009 ) , Walter Woon on Company Law ( 3rd ed . ) , Singapore : Sweet & Maxwell / Thomson Reuters , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 2593 @-@ 5 .
Woon , Walter C.M. , ed . ( 1989 ) , The Singapore Legal System , Singapore : Longman , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 89 @-@ 962 @-@ 2 . Later edition :
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] , ed . ( 1999 ) , The Singapore Legal System ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : Singapore University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 69 @-@ 212 @-@ 4 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ; Hicks , Andrew ( 1989 ) , The Companies Act of Singapore : An Annotation , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99568 @-@ 8 . Later editions :
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1994 – ) , Woon 's Corporations Law , Singapore : LexisNexis , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99692 @-@ 0 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 2005 ) , Woon 's Corporations Law , Singapore : LexisNexis , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99692 @-@ 0 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1994 ) , Regionalisation of Corporate & Securities Law : The Singapore and Malaysia Experience , [ Brisbane ] : Asia Pacific Economic Law Forum , OCLC 221428384 .
Woon , Walter Cheong Ming , advisory ed . ( 1994 – ) , Malaysian and Singapore Company and Securities Law Reports , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99695 @-@ 1 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1995 ) , Basic Business Law in Singapore , Singapore ; New York : Prentice Hall , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 00 @-@ 2888 @-@ 6 . Later edition :
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 2000 ) , Basic Business Law in Singapore ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : Prentice Hall , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 4058 @-@ 25 @-@ 4 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ; Hicks , Andrew ( 1996 – ) , The Companies Act of Malaysia : An Annotation , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99834 @-@ 4 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1997 ) , Butterworths ' Annotated Statutes of Singapore : Companies and Securities , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99843 @-@ 6 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 1998 ) , Butterworths Handbook of Singapore Securities Law , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99938 @-@ 9 .
Koh , Tommy ; Manalo , Rosario G. ; Woon , Walter , eds . ( 2009 ) , The Making of the ASEAN Charter , Hackensack , N.J. : World Scientific Publishing Co . , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 283 @-@ 390 @-@ 7 .
= = = Fiction = = =
Woon , C.M. ( 2002 ) , The Advocate 's Devil , Singapore : Times Books International , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 232 @-@ 393 @-@ 4 .
Woon , Walter C.M. ( 2005 ) , The Devil to Pay , Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Editions , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 261 @-@ 235 @-@ 9 .
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= Joseph Barbera =
Joseph Roland " Joe " Barbera ( / bɑːrˈbɛrə / bar @-@ BERR @-@ ə or / ˈbɑːrbərə / BAR @-@ bər @-@ ə ; Italian pronunciation : [ barˈbɛːra ] ; March 24 , 1911 – December 18 , 2006 ) was an American animator , director , producer , storyboard artist , and cartoon artist , whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the 20th century .
Through his young adult years , Barbera lived , attended college , and began his career in New York City . After working odd jobs and as a banker , Barbera joined Van Beuren Studios in 1932 and subsequently Terrytoons in 1936 . In 1937 , he moved to California and while working at Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) , Barbera met William Hanna . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry and live action / animated hybrid films . In 1957 , after MGM dissolved their animation department , they co @-@ founded Hanna @-@ Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , producing programs such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , Scooby @-@ Doo , Top Cat , The Smurfs , Huckleberry Hound and The Jetsons . In 1967 , Hanna @-@ Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained head of the company until 1991 . At that time , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner , owners of Warner Bros. , in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors .
Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna @-@ Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 20 languages .
= = Personal life = =
Joseph Barbera was born at 10 Delancey Street in the Little Italy ( Lower East Side ) section of Manhattan , New York , to immigrants Vincent Barbera ( Italian from Lebanese origin ) and Francesca Calvacca , born in Sciacca , Agrigento , Sicily , Italy , and he grew up speaking Italian . His family moved to Flatbush , Brooklyn , New York when he was four months old . He had two younger brothers , Larry and Ted , both of whom served in World War II . As a member of the United States Army , Larry participated in the invasion of Sicily . Ted was a fighter pilot with the United States Army Air Forces and served in the Aleutian Islands Campaign . Barbera 's father , Vincent , was the prosperous owner of three barbershops who squandered the family fortunes on gambling . By the time Barbera was 15 , his father had abandoned the family and his maternal uncle Jim became a father figure to him .
Barbera displayed a talent for drawing as early as the first grade . He graduated from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn in 1928 . While in high school , Barbera won several boxing titles . He was briefly managed by World Lightweight Boxing Champion Al Singer 's manager but soon lost interest in boxing . In 1935 , Barbera married his high school sweetheart , Dorothy Earl . In school , they had been known as " Romeo and Juliet " .
Barbera and his wife briefly separated when he went to California . They reunited but were on the verge of another separation when they discovered that Dorothy was pregnant with their first child . They had 4 children : two sons ( Neal and an infant boy who died two days after his birth ) and two daughters ( Lynn and Jayne ) . The marriage officially ended in 1963 . Shortly after his divorce , Barbera met his second wife , Sheila Holden , at Musso & Frank 's restaurant , where she worked as bookkeeper and cashier . Unlike Dorothy , who had preferred to stay at home with the children , Sheila enjoyed the Hollywood social scene that Barbera often frequented .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
During high school , Barbera worked as a tailor 's delivery boy . During the Great Depression , he tried unsuccessfully to become a cartoonist for a magazine called The NY Hits Magazine . He supported himself with a job at a bank , and continued to pursue publication for his cartoons . His magazine drawings of single cartoons , not comic strips , began to be published in Redbook , Saturday Evening Post , and Collier 's — the magazine with which he had the most success . Barbera also wrote to Walt Disney for advice on getting started in the animation industry . Disney wrote back , saying he would call Barbera during an upcoming trip to New York , but the call never took place .
Barbera took art classes at the Art Students League of New York and the Pratt Institute and was hired to work in the ink and paint department of Fleischer Studios . In 1932 , he joined the Van Beuren Studios as an animator and storyboard artist . He worked on cartoon series such as Cubby Bear and Rainbow Parades , and Tom and Jerry . This Tom and Jerry series starred two humans ; it was unrelated to Barbera 's later cat @-@ and @-@ mouse series . When Van Beuren closed down in 1936 , Barbera moved over to Paul Terry 's Terrytoons studio .
In 1935 , Barbera created his first solo @-@ effort storyboard about a character named Ciko the Kangaroo . The storyline was of Kiko in an airplane race with another character called Dirty Dog . Terry declined to produce the story . In his autobiography , Barbera said of his efforts ...
" I was , quite honestly , not in the least disappointed . I had proven to myself that I could do a storyboard , and that I had gained the experience of presenting it . For now , that was enough . "
The original storyboard , which had been passed down through the Barbera family , went on sale at auction in November 2013 .
= = = Film = = =
Lured by a substantial salary increase , Barbera left Terrytoons and New York for the new Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) cartoon unit in California in 1937 . He found that Los Angeles was suffering just as much from the Great Depression as Brooklyn and almost returned to Brooklyn .
Barbera 's desk was opposite that of William Hanna . The two quickly realized they would make a good team . By 1939 , they had solidified a partnership that would last over 60 years . Barbera and Hanna worked alongside animator Tex Avery , who had created Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny for Warner Bros. and directed Droopy cartoons at MGM .
In 1940 , Hanna and Barbera jointly directed Puss Gets the Boot , which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best ( Cartoon ) Short Subject . The studio wanted a diversified cartoon portfolio , so despite the success of Puss Gets the Boot , Barbera and Hanna 's supervisor , Fred Quimby , did not want to produce more cat and mouse cartoons believing that there were already enough cartoons of those in existence . Surprised by the success of Puss Gets the Boot , Barbera and Hanna ignored Quimby 's resistance and continued developing the cat @-@ and @-@ mouse theme . By this time , however , Hanna wanted to return to working for Ising , to whom he felt very loyal . Barbera and Hanna met with Quimby , who discovered that although Ising had taken sole credit for producing Puss Gets the Boot , he never actually worked on it . Quimby then gave Hanna and Barbera permission to pursue their cat @-@ and @-@ mouse idea . The result was their most famous creation , Tom and Jerry .
Modeled after the Puss Gets the Boot characters with slight differences , the series followed Jerry , the pesky rodent who continuously outwitted his feline foe , Tom . Hanna said they settled on the cat and mouse theme for this cartoon because " we knew we needed two characters . We thought we needed conflict , and chase and action . And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good , basic thought . " The revamped characters first appeared in 1941 's The Midnight Snack . Over the next 17 years , Barbera and Hanna worked exclusively on Tom and Jerry , directing more than 114 popular cartoon shorts . During World War II , they also made animated training films . Tom and Jerry relied mostly on motion instead of dialog . Despite its popularity , Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent . Nonetheless , the series won its first Academy Award for the 11th short , The Yankee Doodle Mouse ( 1943 ) — a war @-@ time adventure . Tom and Jerry was ultimately nominated for 14 Academy Awards , winning 7 . No other character @-@ based theatrical animated series has won more awards , nor has any other series featuring the same characters . Tom and Jerry also made guest appearances in several of MGM 's live @-@ action films , including Anchors Aweigh ( 1945 ) and Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) with Gene Kelly , and Dangerous When Wet ( 1953 ) with Esther Williams .
In addition to his work in animated cartoons , Barbera and Tom and Jerry layout artist Harvey Eisenberg moonlit to run a comic book company named Dearfield Publishing . Active from 1946 to 1951 , Dearfield 's titles included " Red " Rabbit Comics , Foxy Fagan , and Junie Prom .
Quimby accepted each Academy Award for Tom and Jerry without inviting Barbera and Hanna onstage . The cartoons were also released with Quimby listed as the sole producer , following the same practice for which he had condemned Ising . Quimby once delayed a promised raise to Barbera by six months . When Quimby retired in late 1955 , Hanna and Barbera were placed in charge of MGM 's animation division . As MGM began to lose more revenue on animated cartoons due to television , the studio soon realized that re @-@ releasing old cartoons was far more profitable than producing new ones . In 1957 , MGM ordered Barbera and Hanna 's business manager to close the cartoon division and lay off everyone by a phone call . Barbera and Hanna found the no @-@ notice closing puzzling because Tom and Jerry had been so successful .
= = = Television = = =
Barbera 's first foray into television was a 1957 collaboration with Robert D. Buchanan , Colonel Bleep . The series , the first ever cartoon produced specifically for color television , would feature some of the futuristic designs and limited animation Barbera would later carry over to his other television productions . Barbera 's involvement in Colonel Bleep ( and with Buchanan ) was apparently short @-@ lived ; his only known credited involvement was a creator credit .
In 1957 , Barbera reteamed with his former partner Hanna to produce cartoon films for television and theatrical release . As they had at MGM , the two brought their different skills to the company ; Barbera was a skilled gag writer and sketch artist , while Hanna had a gift for timing , story construction , and recruiting top artists . Major business decisions would be made together , though each year the title of president alternated between them . A coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming of the new company , first called H @-@ B Enterprises but soon changed to Hanna @-@ Barbera Productions . Barbera and Hanna 's MGM colleague George Sidney , the director of Anchors Aweigh , became the third partner and business manager in the company , and arranged a deal for distribution and working capital with Screen Gems , the television division of Columbia Pictures , who took part ownership of the new studio .
The first offering from the new company was The Ruff & Reddy Show , a series which detailed the friendship between a dog and cat . Despite a lukewarm response for their first theatrical venture , Loopy De Loop , Hanna @-@ Barbera soon established themselves with two successful television series : The Huckleberry Hound Show and The Yogi Bear Show . A 1960 survey showed that half of the viewers of Huckleberry Hound were adults . This prompted the company to create a new animated series , The Flintstones . A parody of The Honeymooners , the new show followed a typical Stone Age family with home appliances , talking animals , and celebrity guests . With an audience of both children and adults , The Flintstones became the first animated prime @-@ time show to be a hit . Fred Flintstone 's signature exclamation " yabba dabba doo " soon entered everyday usage , and the show boosted the studio to the top of the TV cartoon field . The company later produced a futuristic version of The Flintstones , known as The Jetsons . Although both shows reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s , The Flintstones was far more popular .
By the late 1960s , Hanna @-@ Barbera Productions was the most successful television animation studio in the business . The Hanna @-@ Barbera studio produced over 3000 animated half @-@ hour television shows . Among the more than 100 cartoon series they produced were The Quick Draw McGraw Show , Top Cat , Jonny Quest , The Magilla Gorilla Show , The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show , Scooby @-@ Doo , Super Friends , and The Smurfs . The company also produced animated specials based on Alice in Wonderland , Jack and the Beanstalk , and Cyrano de Bergerac , as well as the feature @-@ length films Charlotte 's Web and Heidi 's Song .
As popular as their cartoons were with 1960s audiences , they were disliked by artists . Television programs had lower budgets than theatrical animation , and this economic reality caused many animation studios to go out of business in the 1950s and 1960s , putting many people in the industry out of work . Hanna @-@ Barbera was key in the development of an animation technique known as limited animation , which allowed television animation to be more cost @-@ effective , but often reduced quality . Hanna and Barbera had first experimented with these techniques in the early days of Tom and Jerry . To reduce the cost of each episode , shows often focused more on character dialogue than detailed animation . The number of drawings for a seven @-@ minute cartoon decreased from 14 @,@ 000 to nearly 2 @,@ 000 , and the company implemented innovative techniques such as rapid background changes to improve viewing . Critics criticized the change from detailed animation to repetitive movements by two @-@ dimensional characters . Barbera once said that their choice was to adapt to the television budgets or change careers . The new style did not limit the success of their animated shows , enabling Hanna @-@ Barbera to stay in business , providing employment to many who would otherwise have been out of work . Limited animation paved the way for future animated series such as The Simpsons , SpongeBob SquarePants , and South Park .
In December 1966 , Hanna @-@ Barbera Productions was sold to Taft Broadcasting ( renamed Great American Communications in 1987 ) for $ 12 million . Barbera and Hanna remained at the head of the company until 1991 . At that point , the company was sold to the Turner Broadcasting System for an estimated $ 320 million . Turner began using Hanna @-@ Barbera 's television catalog as material for its new Cartoon Network cable channel in 1992 , and by the mid @-@ 1990s Hanna @-@ Barbera was producing several original series for Cartoon Network , among them Dexter 's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls . In 1996 , Turner merged with Time Warner , owners of Warner Bros. , who would eventually absorb Hanna @-@ Barbera into Warner Bros. Animation .
Barbera and Hanna continued to advise their former company and periodically worked on new Hanna @-@ Barbera shows , including shorts for the series The Cartoon Cartoon Show and feature film versions of The Flintstones ( 1994 ) and Scooby @-@ Doo ( 2002 ) . In a new Tom and Jerry cartoon produced in 2000 , The Mansion Cat , Barbera voiced the houseowner .
After Hanna 's death from throat cancer in March 2001 , Hanna @-@ Barbera was absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation , with the unit dedicated to the Cartoon Network original series spun off into Cartoon Network Studios . Barbera remained active as an executive producer for Warner Bros. on direct @-@ to @-@ video cartoon features as well as television series such as What 's New , Scooby @-@ Doo ? and Tom and Jerry Tales . He also wrote , co @-@ storyboarded , co @-@ directed and co @-@ produced The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) , the return of Tom and Jerry to the big screen . His final animated project was the direct @-@ to @-@ video feature Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) .
= = Death = =
He died from natural causes at age 95 at his home in Studio City , Los Angeles on December 18 , 2006 , ending a 70 @-@ year career in animation . His wife Sheila was at his side . He was also survived by two grandchildren and five great @-@ grandchildren . He was also survived by three children from his first marriage , Jayne ( who worked for Hanna – Barbera ) , Lynn , and Neal . He is buried in a private section of the Great Mausoleum in Glendale 's Forest Lawn Memorial Park .
= = Legacy = =
Most of the cartoons Barbera and Hanna created revolved around close friendship or partnership ; this theme is evident with Fred and Barney , Tom & Jerry , Scooby and Shaggy , The Jetson family and Yogi & Boo @-@ Boo . These may have been a reflection of the close business friendship and partnership that Barbera and Hanna shared for over 60 years . Professionally , they balanced each other 's strengths and weaknesses very well , but Barbera and Hanna travelled in completely different social circles . Hanna 's circle of personal friends primarily included other animators ; Barbera socialized with Hollywood celebrities — Zsa Zsa Gabor was a frequent visitor to his house . Their division of work roles complemented each other but they rarely talked outside of work since Hanna was interested in the outdoors and Barbera liked beaches and good food and drink . Nevertheless , in their long partnership , in which they worked with over 2000 animated characters , Barbera and Hanna rarely exchanged a cross word . Barbera said : " We understood each other perfectly , and each of us had deep respect for the other 's work . " Hanna once said that Barbera could " capture mood and expression in a quick sketch better than anyone I 've ever known . "
Barbera and Hanna were also among the first animators to realize the enormous potential of television . Leonard Maltin says the Hanna – Barbera team " held a record for producing consistently superior cartoons using the same characters year after year — without a break or change in routine their characters are not only animated superstars , but also a very beloved part of American pop culture " . They are often considered Walt Disney 's only rivals in cartoon animation .
Barbera and Hanna had a lasting impact on television animation . Cartoons they created often make greatest lists . Many of their characters have appeared in film , books , toys , and other media . Their shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 20 languages . The works of Barbera and Hanna have been praised not only for their animation , but for their music . The Cat Concerto ( 1946 ) and Johann Mouse ( 1952 ) have both been called " masterpieces of animation " largely because of their classical music .
In all , the Hanna – Barbera team won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards , including the 1960 award for The Huckleberry Hound Show , which was the first Emmy awarded to an animated series . They also won these awards : Golden Globe for Television Achievement ( 1960 ) , Golden IKE Award – Pacific Pioneers in Broadcasting ( 1983 ) , Pioneer Award – Broadcast Music Incorporated ( 1987 ) , Iris Award – NATPE Men of the Year ( 1988 ) , Licensing Industry Merchandisers ' Association award for Lifetime Achievement ( 1988 ) , Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( 1988 ) , Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth through Entertainment Youth in Film ( 1988 ) , Frederic W. Ziv Award for Outstanding Achievement in Telecommunications – Broadcasting Division College – Conservatory of Music University of Cincinnati ( 1989 ) , stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( 1976 ) , several Annie Awards , several environmental awards , and were recipients of numerous other accolades prior to their induction into the Television Hall of Fame in 1994 . In March 2005 the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and Warner Bros. Animation dedicated a wall sculpture at the Television Academy 's Hall of Fame Plaza in North Hollywood to Hanna and Barbera .
In 1992 , Barbera met with pop musician Michael Jackson , an avid cartoon fan , in an unsuccessful attempt to arrange for him to sing in Tom and Jerry : The Movie . Barbera drew five quick sketches of Tom and Jerry for Jackson and autographed them . Jackson autographed a picture of himself and his niece Nicole for Barbera with the words : " To my hero of yesterday , today , and tomorrow , with many thanks for all the many cartoon friends you gave me as a child . They were all I had . – Michael "
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= Bill Johnston ( cricketer ) =
William Arras Johnston ( 26 February 1922 – 25 May 2007 ) was an Australian cricketer who played in forty Test matches from 1947 to 1955 . A left arm pace bowler , as well as a left arm orthodox spinner , Johnston was best known as a spearhead of Don Bradman 's undefeated 1948 touring team , well known as " The Invincibles " . Johnston headed the wicket @-@ taking lists in both Test and first @-@ class matches on the tour , and was the last Australian to take over 100 wickets on a tour of England . In recognition of his performances , he was named by Wisden as one of its Cricketers of the Year in 1949 . The publication stated that " no Australian made a greater personal contribution to the playing success of the 1948 side " . Regarded by Bradman as Australia 's greatest @-@ ever left @-@ arm bowler , Johnston was noted for his endurance in bowling pace with the new ball and spin when the ball had worn . He became the fastest bowler to reach 100 Test wickets in 1951 – 52 , at the time averaging less than nineteen with the ball . By the end of the season , he had played 24 Tests and contributed 111 wickets . Australia won nineteen and lost only two of these Tests . In 1953 , a knee injury forced him to remodel his bowling action , and he became less effective before retiring after aggravating the injury in 1955 . In retirement , he worked in sales and marketing , and later ran his own businesses . He had two sons , one of whom became a cricket administrator . Johnston died at the age of 85 on 25 May 2007 .
= = Early years = =
Johnston took up cricket from an early age , playing with his elder brother Allan throughout the year on a backyard pitch on the family 's dairy farm , owned by his father . Beeac 's local team , which competed in the Colac District Association , occasionally had difficulty in assembling a full side . As a result , Johnston made his debut aged only twelve alongside his brother after an invitation from his schoolteacher . On debut , when a draw became a foregone conclusion , Johnston was allowed to bowl the final over , taking a wicket maiden . The following season , the brothers led Beeac 's attack , continuing to do so after moving to Colac High School , where Bill became captain of the cricket and football teams and a prefect . Johnston left school at sixteen , working in Colac , before following Allan to Melbourne in 1939 . He joined Richmond Cricket Club in the Third XI and took 6 / 16 . After five games he was promoted to the Second XI , and made his first grade debut in the last game of the 1939 – 40 season . The following season , when nineteen , he was selected for Victoria 's Sheffield Shield match against Queensland , but the Pearl Harbor attacks forced the cancellation of competitive cricket and the match did not go ahead . Johnston joined the Royal Australian Air Force along with his brother , serving for four years as a radar technician in northern Australia . It was at training camp that he first met Keith Miller . Johnston was not posted overseas , unlike his brother , who died in a plane crash in Ireland .
= = First @-@ class and Test debut = =
Prior to the Second World War , Johnston was a slow @-@ medium and left @-@ arm orthodox spin bowler , but during a practice session , he bowled a quicker ball to Jack Ryder a former Australian captain and Test batsman , who was now a Victorian and national selector . This prompted Ryder to wage a personal campaign to induce Johnston to become a pace bowler . At the same time , Richmond captain Jack Ledward wanted him to bowl spin . Upon the resumption of first @-@ class cricket in 1945 – 46 , Johnston made his first @-@ class debut against Queensland and was entrusted with the responsibility of opening the attack . His maiden wicket was that of leading Test batsman Bill Brown . Johnston took a total of 1 / 84 in a ten @-@ wicket win . He felt that the fast bowling was only for short periods with the new ball , and that he would be allowed to revert to spin bowling as the ball became older . He played a total of seven matches for the season and took 12 wickets at 35 @.@ 08 , with his best performance being 4 / 43 against arch @-@ rivals New South Wales . As a result , he missed the national selection for the tour to New Zealand .
As opportunities for slow bowling became infrequent , he contemplated retirement . Although he dismissed Cyril Washbrook in the first over of Victoria 's match against Wally Hammond 's touring England team of 1946 – 47 , he was skeptical about his pace bowling . After that match he did not take a wicket for the next two months . It took further encouragement from Australian captain Don Bradman after he played against Bradman 's South Australians . Bradman told Johnston that the selectors thought highly of his potential as a medium @-@ fast bowler to reinforce the short bursts of pace spearheads Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller and that pace bowlers were in short supply , whereas spinners were plentiful . In the same season , Colin McCool , Ian Johnson , Bruce Dooland and George Tribe had all played in Tests as specialist spinners . Johnston ended the season with only 12 wickets at 33 @.@ 16 from six matches .
= = = 1947 – 48 season = = =
Johnston practised his pace bowling with new vigour , and at the start of the 1947 – 48 season , the fruits of his labour provided immediate dividends . In the opening match of the season , he delivered an opening burst of 3 / 0 for Victoria against the touring Indian team , removing Vinoo Mankad , Khandu Rangnekar and leading batsman Vijay Hazare , all for ducks . He took three more wickets in the second innings , to end with a match total of 6 / 96 , including Hazare for the second time . Johnston was then called into an Australian XI that played the Indians before the Tests , in what was effectively a dress rehearsal . Although the hosts lost , Johnston took 6 / 141 , all of his victims being frontline batsmen . In the last outing before the Tests , Johnston took 3 / 40 and 5 / 37 to set up a nine @-@ wicket win over New South Wales , including the wickets of Test openers Sid Barnes and Arthur Morris with the new ball at the start of the match .
He was rewarded with selection for four of the five Tests against India , making his debut on a sticky wicket in the First Test in Brisbane. taking 2 / 17 as India fell for 58 in the first innings and 1 / 11 in the second as India fell for 98 following on , resulting in an innings defeat . Johnston 's first Test wicket was Hemu Adhikari and he was not required to bat .
He took match figures of 5 / 48 in the Second Test in a drawn match . He batted for the first time , and remained unbeaten without scoring as Australia collapsed to be all out for 107 on sticky wicket . It was the only time that they conceded a first innings lead in the series , and persistent rain forced a draw .
The Third Test was Johnston 's first Test in front of his home crowd of the Melbourne Cricket Ground . In the first innings , he scored his first runs at Test level , adding five before being run out . He removed both of India 's openers , Chandu Sarwate and Mankad , and ended with 2 / 33 as Australia took a 103 @-@ run first innings lead . In the second innings , he did the same , bowling both players , and ended with 4 / 44 as Australia won by 233 runs . Johnston missed the Fourth Test in Adelaide due to injury but returned for the Fifth Test in Melbourne where he scored 23 not out and took match figures of 2 / 29 in another innings victory and Australia ended the summer with a 4 – 0 win . He headed the series averages with 16 wickets at 11 @.@ 37 . This ensured his selection for the 1948 tour of England as part of Bradman 's Invincibles . However , Johnston was less successful outside the Tests , ending the summer with 20 wickets at 21 @.@ 08 .
= = Invincibles tour = =
During the Ashes tour , Johnston roomed with Doug Ring who was a team @-@ mate in the Richmond and Victorian cricket teams . As Ring was a leg @-@ spin bowler , he and Johnston were in direct competition for a place in the eleven . Australia had traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . When Johnston was omitted in favour of Ring , it appeared he would not be in Bradman 's Test plans . Bradman changed his mind on the morning of the First Test in Trent Bridge when rain was forecast . Johnston was played in the hope of exploiting a wet wicket . He showed his credentials by bowling a total of 84 overs to help Australia to grind out a victory . England batted first and with strike bowler Ray Lindwall breaking down on the first day , Johnston removed Bill Edrich and Joe Hardstaff junior in one over to leave England at 4 / 46 . He returned later in the innings to take 5 / 36 from 25 overs as England were bowled out for 165 . After scoring an unbeaten 17 in a last @-@ wicket partnership of 33 , Johnston bowled 59 overs in the second innings to take 4 / 147 in Lindwall 's absence . Johnston bowled the most overs of any player and was the leading wicket @-@ taker for the match as Australia took a 1 – 0 lead .
He scored his career Test best of 29 in another tail @-@ wagging performance before taking match figures of 4 / 105 as Australia took a 2 – 0 lead in the Second Test at Lord 's . Johnston removed Denis Compton , England 's leading run @-@ scorer for the series , in both innings . In an effective containing performance , Johnston took 3 / 67 in the first innings of the Third Test at Old Trafford in 45 @.@ 5 overs , before the match ended in a rain @-@ affected draw . After supporting Lindwall in a 48 @-@ run partnership in the first innings of the Fourth Test , Johnston took 4 / 95 in the second innings , including three in the space of 16 runs . Australia went on to break the world record Test run @-@ chases record to take a 3 – 0 lead . Johnston rounded off the series with match figures of 6 / 60 in the Fifth Test at The Oval from 43 @.@ 3 overs . Johnston took the last three wickets in the match as Australia completed a 4 – 0 series result with an innings victory . In all , Johnston finished with 27 Test wickets at an average of 23 @.@ 33 , equal to Lindwall .
In both the Test and county matches during the 1948 tour , Johnston carried the heaviest workload , bowling nearly 200 overs more than any other member of the squad . He was the leading wicket @-@ taker with 102 wickets at 16 @.@ 42 , and the last Australian to take a century of wickets on an Ashes tour . His best performances in the tour games included a match haul of 10 / 40 against Yorkshire at Bradford , bowling finger spin on a wet pitch , 8 / 68 against Somerset and 11 / 117 against Hampshire . After carrying a heavy workload in the early stages of the tour , he was used more sparingly in the latter stages . As the tour progressed Johnston improved his control as he restrained England 's batsmen between the new ball bursts of Lindwall and Miller . Johnston finished the season at the top of the first @-@ class bowling averages and was chosen as one of Wisden 's Five Cricketers of the Year . Wisden opined that " no Australian made a greater personal contribution to the playing success of the 1948 side " . Jack Fingleton wrote that Australia had never sent a greater left @-@ hander to England .
= = Later career = =
Upon returning to Australia , Johnston played in the 1948 – 49 Australian season , which was purely domestic with no visiting international teams . He took a total of 32 wickets at 31 @.@ 84 in nine matches . He saved his best performance for New South Wales . He took 3 / 47 and 5 / 62 and his wickets included future Test batsmen Jim Burke , Jimmy de Courcy and Jack Moroney , but was unable to stave off defeat . Apart from a 5 / 65 against Queensland he never took more than three wickets in an innings for the season . He also managed his highest first @-@ class score , recording 38 against South Australia .
= = = 1949 – 50 tour of South Africa = = =
Johnston 's next international assignment was the 1949 – 50 tour to South Africa . The tour started badly ; after taking a total of 5 / 28 in an innings win over Zululand in a non @-@ first @-@ class match , he fell asleep at the wheel outside Durban following a team function . He missed a turn , skidded across gravel and flipped and crashed his car . After a few hours , medical help arrived and Johnston was hospitalised . The team manager Chappie Dwyer was mistakenly informed that Johnston had died , and the bowler later described his injury as a " nine @-@ iron divot in the top of my skull " . Johnston started coughing up blood , and he and Dwyer sought to have the accident private . However , news was leaked back to Australia , and Johnston 's mother fainted ; her husband and other son had already died and she was fearful that her lone remaining relative had joined them . After complaining of chest pain , it was later discovered that Johnston had two broken ribs and he had to rest further .
Keith Miller was called to South Africa as emergency cover , but luckily for the Australias , there were almost two months of warm @-@ up matches before the Tests started . Johnston recovered in time for the final tour match before the Tests , a match against a South African XI , effectively a full @-@ strength Test team . Johnston took 2 / 81 in his only innings but it was enough for captain Lindsay Hassett to put him in the Test team .
Johnston took 2 / 21 in the first innings of the First Test against South Africa at Johannesburg and the hosts were forced to follow on . He took 6 / 44 including the last three wickets in the second innings , his career best innings figures in Test cricket , helping Australia take an innings victory and a 1 – 0 series lead . He removed Owen Wynne and Jack Cheetham in both innings . After going wicketless in the first innings , he took three wickets in the Second Test victory at Cape Town . He then took 11 wickets in the next two tour games , including 6 / 20 against Border . Johnston was more prominent in the Third Test at Durban with match figures of 8 / 114 as Australia took the series 3 – 0 . South Africa had reached 2 / 242 in their first innings when Johnston removed their captain Dudley Nourse , precipitating a loss of 8 / 69 on a sticky wicket as the hosts were bowled out for 311 . He ended with 4 / 75 . Australia then collapsed for 75 on a sticky wicket and South Africa had a lead of 321 when they had reached 2 / 85 in their second innings . Johnston then removed John Nel and Billy Wade without further addition to the score , sparking a collapse of 8 / 14 that saw the home team all out for 99 . Johnston ended with 4 / 39 and Australia went on to reach the victory target . On an erratic surface , six of his victims were bowled or lbw .
After taking 5 / 18 in an innings win over North Eastern Transvaal , Johnston was ineffective in the high @-@ scoring drawn Fourth Test , taking 1 / 68 . He took a total of 6 / 52 and scored 24 not out against Griqualand West , and finished the Test campaign with 3 / 22 in the Fifth Test in Port Elizabeth , taking all his wickets in the second innings as Australia completed an innings victory and took the series 4 – 0 . It was a successful tour for Johnston , with 23 wickets at 17 @.@ 04 , taking the most wickets at the lowest average among the Australian pacemen among those who took more than three wickets . The entire first @-@ class campaign was even more successful ; Johnston took a total of 7 / 37 as the Australians ended their tour with an innings victory over a South African XI . Johnston ended the African summer with 53 wickets at 14 @.@ 09 .
= = = 1950 – 51 season = = =
The 1950 – 51 Ashes series was Australia 's first home series in three years . In the opening match of the season for Victoria against the touring Englishmen , Johnston warmed up by scoring 30 and taking a total of 3 / 89 , including the wickets of leading batsmen Compton and Hutton . In the First Test at Brisbane , England were caught on a sticky wicket and Johnston took 5 / 35 , removing Reg Simpson , Washbrook , Evans , Compton and Arthur McIntyre , as England declared at 7 / 68 . He then took 2 / 30 in the second innings , removing Evans and Compton for a second time as Australia won the match to take a 1 – 0 lead . In the Second Test at the MCG , Johnston took 2 / 28 and 4 / 26 as Australia scraped home by 28 runs , defending a target of only 179 on a cracked pitch . Johnston had quiet Third Test with only a total of 1 / 82 in an innings victory , but he returned to form in the Fourth Test in Adelaide with 3 / 58 and 4 / 73 in a 274 @-@ run win . He did much of the heavy lifting in the second innings , removing the top four English batsmen , Hutton , Simpson , Washbrook and Compton . Johnston struggled in the final Test with match figures of 1 / 91 as England won their only Test of the series . Johnston led the wicket takers list , with 22 at 19 @.@ 18 , as Australia took a 4 – 1 series triumph . Johnston had saved his best performances for the Tests ; he managed only 19 wickets at 40 @.@ 37 in eight matches for Victoria during the season , and never took more than two wickets in an innings . He was particularly unsuccessful against New South Wales , taking a total of 3 / 190 in two matches . Overall , he took 41 wickets at 29 @.@ 00 for the season .
= = = 1951 – 52 season = = =
The 1951 – 52 home series was the first tour by the West Indies for two decades , and Johnston again led the wicket takers with 23 at 22 @.@ 08 , as Australia won the series 4 – 1 . Johnston started the series steadily with match figures of 3 / 90 in the First Test , removing vice @-@ captain Jeff Stollmeyer and leading batsmen Frank Worrell and Everton Weekes as Australia scraped home by three wickets .
He then took 3 / 80 and 2 / 61 and scored 28 in the Second Test , which Australia won by seven wickets . The Tests were interrupted by two consecutive matches between Victoria and New South Wales . In the first match , Johnston took 6 / 159 in the only innings of a high @-@ scoring draw , including four Test batsmen . In the following match , he scored 32 before taking career best innings figures of 7 / 114 . He removed Barnes , Morris , Moroney and Miller , before returning to dismiss future Test teammates Richie Benaud and Alan Davidson . Nevertheless , New South Wales took a 159 @-@ run lead , and after Victoria replied with 416 , Johnston struck three times with the new ball , removing Barnes , Morris and Burke . He ended with 3 / 33 as New South Wales hung on for a draw at 7 / 166 .
Johnston 's best match performance came in the only loss in the Third Test at Adelaide . This happened when captain Lindsay Hassett was a late withdrawal due to injury , leaving Australia with an unbalanced team with only four specialist batsmen who could not consolidate the work done by the five specialist bowlers . It was in this match that Johnston passed 100 Test wickets , the fastest player to do so . Exploiting a wet patch at the striker 's end , Johnston took 6 / 62 in the first innings as 22 wickets fell on the first day in treacherous batting conditions ; however he was unable to stop an Australian defeat , taking only 1 / 50 in the second innings as the tourists reached their target of 233 with six wickets in hand .
At this stage Johnston was at the peak of his career in terms of bowling average and wickets taken per match . In his 24 Tests to the end of the series , he had taken 111 wickets at 19 @.@ 22 , with Australia winning 19 and losing two . In the Fourth Test in Melbourne , Johnston took match figures of 5 / 110 , removing Weekes in both innings , before coming to the crease in the second innings to partner Doug Ring . Australia were 9 / 222 in pursuit of 260 for victory , with the series finely poised 2 – 1 . The crowd of 30 @,@ 000 and the constabulary were resigned to an Australian defeat , with the police officers moving into position to stop the customary pitch invasion at the end of the match . However , the Richmond teammates had other ideas and put together a last wicket partnership of 38 , which sealed an Australian victory by one wicket . Ring thought that playing for a draw was impractical , so he decided to attack , while Johnston attempted to hold up his end with a series of defensive shots . The West Indian captain John Goddard placed his fielders halfway to the boundary , allowing Johnston to easily take singles , while Ring was able to clear the infield easily . The Richmond pair thought that Goddard 's captaincy was poor . Johnston eventually brought up the winning run by turning Frank Worrell for a single behind square leg , 35 minutes after he came to the crease .
As a result , the mayor of Richmond granted the pair the freedom of the city . The scoreboard at Punt Road Oval , Richmond 's home ground was named the Ring @-@ Johnston scoreboard in honour of their feat . Johnston took match figures of 3 / 55 in the Fifth Test as Australia completed the series with a win . Johnston ended the season by taking a total of 7 / 86 in Victoria 's innings win over South Australia . He ended the entire first @-@ class season with 54 wickets at 20 @.@ 63 .
= = Decline = =
= = = 1952 – 53 series = = =
Johnston could not maintain his form in the 1952 – 53 home series against South Africa . In the three matches leading up the Tests , he took only six wickets at 44 @.@ 83 for Victoria . Johnston took match figures of 3 / 83 , 2 / 114 and 2 / 97 as the first three Tests were won , lost and won , respectively . In the meantime , he took his career @-@ best performance at first @-@ class level , taking 8 / 52 in the first innings of a match against Queensland , which remained his best first @-@ class innings analysis . He added 2 / 59 in the second innings to help set up a nine @-@ wicket win . In the return match , he took 4 / 92 and 6 / 54 to set up a seven @-@ wicket win , with six of his victims being Test players .
In the Fourth Test at Adelaide , both Lindwall and Miller broke down in the middle of match , leaving Australia two bowlers short . In their absence , Johnston took 5 / 110 and 2 / 67 but Australia were unable to force a win . He sent down 587 balls for the entire match . Lindwall and Miller were unable to play in the Fifth Test , and in their absence , the South Africans were able to score heavily . Johnston had a large workload , taking 6 / 152 and 1 / 114 as the tourists won by six wickets to level the series 2 – 2 . On this occasion , Johnston sent down 662 balls for the match . In the last two Tests , Johnston conceded more than 100 runs in three of the four innings with the increased burden in his colleagues ' absence ; the only previous occasion when he had conceded a century of runs in an innings was in the First Test against England in 1948 when Lindwall broke down mid @-@ match . Johnston was again Australia 's leading wicket @-@ taker with 21 wickets , but his average of 35 @.@ 10 was substantially higher than in previous seasons , as Australia struggled to a 2 – 2 series result . It was the first time Australia had not won a Test series since the 1938 Ashes tour . His best effort against the South Africans was in the second tour match between Victoria and the tourists , in which he totalled 7 / 122 . Aided by his two ten @-@ wicket match hauls against Queensland , Johnston totalled 59 wickets at 26 @.@ 47 for the season .
= = = 1953 Ashes = = =
After injuring his knee in a festival match at the beginning of the tour at East Molesey , Johnston attributed the injury to a lack of attention to detail . His new boots had spikes that were longer than usual , and the physiotherapist had failed to strap his ankle before the match . His knee soon failed . Johnston missed the first six first @-@ class matches , and with it a month of cricket . He returned against the Minor Counties in late May and took 3 / 20 in an innings win . He staked his claim for selection in the final two tour matches before the Tests ; he took 4 / 65 and 3 / 49 against Sussex and then led the way in a win over Hampshire , much as he did five years earlier , taking 5 / 75 and 4 / 21 . He had taken 20 wickets at 13 @.@ 35 in his four tour matches and was duly selected to play in the First Test at Trent Bridge . He was economical but unpenetrative , conceding 36 runs in 36 overs without taking a wicket in a rain @-@ affected draw . Between Tests , he removed Hutton in both innings of a match against Yorkshire , but it came at a cost ; he ended with 4 / 186 . He took match figures of 4 / 161 in the Second Test but England held on for a draw with three wickets in hand , as a recurrence of the knee injury while fielding intervened again . He then had an operation to remove cartilage in his right knee ; this allowed him more leg movement but also destabilised his knee . The same surgeon had operated on Compton 's knee . After missing another month of cricket , Johnston returned with a remodelled action , and hauls of 4 / 51 , 6 / 63 and 6 / 39 against Surrey , Glamorgan and Essex respectively , saw Johnston return for the Fifth Test at The Oval . Although the pitch was helpful for spin , a total of 74 overs in the match yielded 3 / 146 , as Johnston was unable rekindle the form of 1948 following his knee injury . Compton and Edrich batted cautiously to ensure the victory that saw England reclaim the Ashes 1 – 0 . He managed only seven Test wickets at 49 @.@ 00 , but his first @-@ class form remained strong . After the Tests , Johnston took match figures of 11 / 73 and 9 / 124 in consecutive matches against Kent and the South of England ; Australia won both by an innings . He ended with 75 wickets at 20 @.@ 54 for the entire tour . His injuries were considered a major factor in Australia 's loss of the series .
= = = 1953 – 54 season = = =
Johnston returned to Australia and participated in the 1953 – 54 season , which was purely domestic . He continued his recent strong form against Queensland in the first match , taking 4 / 56 and 5 / 61 to set up a 254 @-@ run win . However , the rest of the season was not so productive ; Johnston managed only 20 more wickets in the remaining seven matches at an average of almost 50 . He ended the season with 29 wickets at 38 @.@ 24 .
= = = 1954 – 55 Ashes = = =
The 1954 – 55 series against England was to be Johnston 's last Test success . He took 19 wickets at 22 @.@ 26 in the first four Tests before missing the last as England took the low @-@ scoring series 3 – 1 . After going wicketless in the opening season 's tour match against the Englishmen , Johnston took a total of 7 / 122 against South Australia and retained his place in the team . He took 3 / 106 as Australia won the First Test by an innings .
In the Second Test at Sydney , Johnston took 3 / 56 and 3 / 70 in a low @-@ scoring match , removing Hutton in both innings . He had another notable innings when he joined Neil Harvey with 78 runs needed for victory on a difficult batting surface against the hostile pace of Frank Tyson and Brian Statham . In particular , Tyson was bowling with a strong tailwind and a slips cordon standing around 40 yards behind the bat . They put together a stubborn 39 run tenth @-@ wicket partnership in 40 minutes , which gave Australia hope of an unlikely victory with Harvey still attacking . Harvey felt that Tyson was almost out of energy after a spell of extreme pace , and that the remaining bowlers were not beyond Johnston . However , a Tyson ball that was aimed at the ribcage saw Johnston fend at the ball ; he was caught behind for 11 , giving England a dramatic victory . After taking 1 / 26 in the first innings , Johnston took 5 / 85 in the second innings of his last Test performance in front of his home crowd at the MCG , with some tight spin on a dry surface . He removed Edrich for 13 and Peter May for 91 before cleaning up the tail with three quick wickets . This left Australia 240 to win but there was to be no fairytale as England won by 128 runs . Johnston then took match figures of 4 / 80 in the Fourth Test at Adelaide , in what was to be the his last Test on Australian soil . Australia lost the match and England retained the Ashes ; it was Australia 's third consecutive Test defeat , the first time they had suffered a hat @-@ trick of defeats since the infamous Bodyline series of 1932 – 33 . Johnston had less success outside the Tests , which were played on bowler @-@ friendly surfaces . He managed only 13 wickets at 30 @.@ 38 in five matches .
= = = 1954 – 55 tour of the West Indies = = =
His career ended unhappily on Australia 's first ever tour to the West Indies . He took match figures of 2 / 126 in the First Test in Kingston , Jamaica in a high @-@ scoring win . These were to be his last Test wickets as he took a total of 0 / 60 in the Second Test in Trinidad . He was retained for the Third Test but injured himself early in the match while fielding and neither batted nor bowled . He was injured for the next month and missed the Fourth Test but returned for the Fifth . Early on the first day he suffered yet another knee injury as he changed direction while attempting to catch a Clyde Walcott pull shot . His teammates Alan Davidson and Peter Burge removed a bench from the dressing room wall and used it as an improvised stretcher to carry Johnston from the ground ; his Test career ended without bowling or batting in either of his last two matches . His final Test wicket had been that of Glendon Gibbs in the second innings of the First Test . In six first @-@ class matches for the tour , he managed only nine wickets at 51 @.@ 00 .
Johnston retired from first @-@ class cricket after the tour , but played grade cricket for Richmond until the end of 1958 – 59 , taking 452 wickets at 16 @.@ 61 in his grade career .
= = Style = =
Standing 188 cm , Johnston had a smooth ten @-@ pace approach to the wicket , with an idiosyncratic dip of his head before the instant of delivery . He had success on moist English pitches , with deliveries from over the wicket because of the increased chances of leg before wicket decisions and to induce edges from balls angling across the batsmen . His stock ball swung into the right @-@ hander , but he mixed this with an away swinger . The late swing in flight which generated the batsman 's uncertainty over the direction in which the ball would move was responsible for the majority of Johnston 's wickets in England . Although his pace was lower than that generated by Lindwall or Miller , he was noted for his accuracy and ability to revert to spin bowling on sticky wickets . Nevertheless , his casual run @-@ up belied a deceptive pace . He possessed strong hands , attributed to his milking of the family 's cattle herd . Johnston was an economical bowler , conceding only 2 @.@ 07 runs per over . He was known for his elbow movement and flailing arms during his delivery action , with one commentator noting " one of these days an umpire will get a poke in the eye " . Johnston also had a reputation of visibly enjoying himself on field , putting his hand on his hips and grinning , regardless of the result of his delivery . According to teammate Alan Walker , Johnston bowled at least as many bouncers as his colleagues , but because of his happy nature , observers thought that he eschewed the short ball .
His feet position were peculiar in that his front foot was parallel to the crease and his back foot perpendicular , the opposite of the conventional posture . This inhibited his follow through and put more stress on his ankles and shins . As a result , his right ankle had to be bound tightly in order to prevent jarring from his awkward delivery . He also followed the recommendation of Bill O 'Reilly and tied a towel around his shins to cut off the circulation and to dull the pain . After the knee injury , he altered his action into a more conventional one so that his front foot pointed towards the batsman . This eased the pressure on his body , but his ability to move the ball diminished . Johnston was a keen student of the game , and although he did not see a state match until his debut , and watched only one Test before his debut , he supplemented his knowledge by reading cricket books . During his early first @-@ class career , upon returning from matches , he would read articles by Bradman , Bert Oldfield and Arthur Mailey from a book given to him by his schoolteacher when he was a schoolboy .
Bradman rated him as " Australia 's greatest left @-@ hand bowler " . As a result of his ability to bowl spin and pace , teammate Neil Harvey noted that the team effectively had 13 players : " we reckoned Bradman was worth two and Bill Johnston was worth two " . Harvey felt that Johnston was the best team man , and Bill Brown noted Johnston 's work ethic in bowling for long periods after Lindwall and Miller were given the best opportunities with the new ball . Ian Johnson described him as " the finest team man and tourist " in cricket and valued his personality , while Miller described him as " the most popular man in cricket " . He sometimes amused others by demonstrating his double jointedness , wrapping his feet around the back of his neck . He is reputed to have nearly drowned when he attempted this in the bath at Lord 's .
Johnston had a reputation as a poor batsman , averaging less than 13 in Tests and first @-@ class matches without making a half century . He headed the averages in England in 1953 , being not out 16 times out of 17 and averaging 102 @.@ 00 . He attributed this to " a lot of application , concentration and dedication " , stating that " class always tells " . When Hassett realised that Johnston was atop the batting averages , he told Johnston to tell the opposing captain of this fact and ask them to refrain from dismissing him . In the last match against T. N. Pearce 's XI at Scarborough , English Test paceman Alec Bedser bowled wide of the stumps and advised Johnston not to do anything that would lose him his wicket . In 1954 – 55 he made 39 for the last wicket with Neil Harvey as they chased 78 for victory before he edged Frank Tyson to the wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans .
" Bill Johnston did his bit for his team with true Aussie grit . His speciality stroke was a right @-@ handed , one @-@ handed , back @-@ handed , glancing scoop off the line of his bum – cricket 's equivalent of tennis ' back @-@ handed retrieve . It bought him a dozen runs – plus a considerable amount of pain when he failed to make contact and the ball clipped his maximus gluteus ! " – Frank Tyson , In the Eye of the Typhoon .
= = Life after cricket = =
Johnston had a varied career after cricket , holding a variety of jobs . These included acting as a sales representative for Dunlop sports goods and shoes , a publican and an apartment building manager . In his later working career , he ran a post office on the Gold Coast of Queensland after he and his wife moved there . Outside cricket , Johnston also played baseball to a high standard . He won the world 's junior championship for throwing a distance of 125 yards ( 114 m ) , and he broke the national baseball long distance record with a 132 @-@ yard ( 121 m ) throw in September 1945 .
He was married to Judy and they had two sons , David and Peter . David played 10 matches for South Australia at first @-@ class level ; he later became an administrator and was the Chief Executive of the Tasmanian Cricket Association at the time of his father 's death . After the death of his wife in 2004 , Johnston moved from the Gold Coast to a Sydney nursing home to be close to his son Peter . He died peacefully in a Sydney nursing home on 25 May 2007 . Also , he is survived by a younger brother , Bruce .
= = Test match performance = =
Key : * – not out
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= Westland Sea King =
The Westland WS @-@ 61 Sea King is a British licence @-@ built version of the American Sikorsky S @-@ 61 helicopter of the same name , built by Westland Helicopters . The aircraft differs considerably from the American version , with Rolls @-@ Royce Gnome engines ( derived from the US General Electric T58 ) , British @-@ made anti @-@ submarine warfare systems and a fully computerised flight control system . The Sea King was primarily designed for performing anti @-@ submarine warfare ( ASW ) missions . A Sea King variant was adapted by Westland as troop transport known as the Commando .
In British service , the Westland Sea King provided a wide range of services in both the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force . As well as wartime roles in the Falklands War , the Gulf War , the Balkans conflict , the Iraq War and the Afghanistan War , the Sea King is perhaps most well known in its capacity as a Royal Navy Search and Rescue ( red and grey livery ) and RAF Search and Rescue Force ( yellow livery ) helicopter . The Sea King was also adapted to meet the Royal Navy 's requirement for a ship @-@ based airborne early warning platform .
As of 2014 , the WS @-@ 61 Sea King remains in operation in Britain , as well as several export customers : Germany , Norway , Egypt and India . Some operators have replaced , or are planning to replace , the Sea King with more modern helicopters , such as the NHIndustries NH90 and the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin .
= = Design and development = =
= = = Origins = = =
Westland Helicopters , which had a long @-@ standing licence agreement with Sikorsky Aircraft to allow it to build Sikorsky 's helicopters , extended the agreement to cover the Sikorsky SH @-@ 3 Sea King soon after the Sea King 's first flight in 1959 . Westland proceeded to independently develop the Sea King , integrating a significant proportion of components from British suppliers ; key changes include the use of a pair of Rolls @-@ Royce Gnome turboshaft engines and the implementation of an automatic flight control system . On this matter , authors Jim Thorn and Gerald Frawley stated that : " Despite appearances , Westland 's Sea King [ is a ] very different aircraft from Sikorsky 's " . Many of the differences between the Westland @-@ built Sea King and the original helicopter were as a result of differing operational doctrine . While the U.S. Navy Sea Kings were intended to be under tactical control of the carrier from which they operated , the Royal Navy intended its helicopters to be much more autonomous , capable of operating alone , or coordinating with other aircraft or surface vessels . This resulted in a different crew arrangement , with operations being controlled by an observer rather than the pilot , as well as fitting a search radar .
The Royal Navy selected the Sea King to meet a requirement for an anti @-@ submarine warfare ( ASW ) helicopter to replace the Westland Wessex , placing an order with Westland for 60 SH @-@ 3D Sea Kings in June 1966 . The prototype and three pre @-@ production aircraft were built by Sikorsky at Stratford , Connecticut and shipped to the United Kingdom to act as trials and pattern aircraft . The first of the SH @-@ 3Ds was initially fitted with General Electric T58s and , after being shipped from the United States , was flown in October 1966 from the dockside at Avonmouth to Yeovil airfield . The other three were delivered from the docks , by road to Yeovil , for completion with British systems and Rolls @-@ Royce Gnome engines . The first Westland @-@ built helicopter , designated Sea King HAS1 , flew on 7 May 1969 at Yeovil . The first two helicopters were used for trials and evaluation by Westland and the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment ; subsequent production Sea Kings were delivered to the Royal Navy 's 700 Naval Air Squadron from August 1969 onwards .
By 1979 , the Royal Navy had ordered 56 HAS1s and 21 HAS2s to meet the anti @-@ submarine requirements , these were also configured for the secondary anti @-@ ship role . The Westland Sea King was updated and adapted for numerous roles , subsequent variants include the HAS2 , HAS5 and HAS6 . Changes from initial production aircraft included an expansion of the cabin and upgraded engines .
= = = Commando and further developments = = =
One of the most extensively modified variants was the Westland Commando , operated by the Royal Navy as the HC4 . The Commando had capacity for up to 28 fully equipped troops and had originally been developed to meet an Egyptian Air Force requirement . Due to the deletion of the amphibious capability , not required in the Egyptian desert , the most noticeable change from the Sea King was the deletion of the side floats , the main undercarriage being carried on stub sponsons . An improved variant of the Egyptian Commando , with changes including the fitting of folding blades common to the ASW variants , was designated as the Sea King HC4 by the Royal Navy and all the aircraft were new build . First flying on 26 September 1979 , due to its operational range of up to 600 nautical miles without refuelling , the HC4 ' Commando ' became an important asset for amphibious warfare and troop transport duties , in particular . Several Royal Naval Air Squadrons have operated the Commando variant , such as 845 Naval Air Squadron , 846 Naval Air Squadron and 848 Naval Air Squadron . In British service , the Sea King HC4 was deployed on operations in the Falklands , the Balkans , both Gulf Wars , Sierra Leone , Lebanon and Afghanistan . Towards the end of the Sea King 's operational life , several HAS6s were repurposed by the removal of the ASW equipment , as troop transports . In 2010 , the last of the UK 's converted ASW Sea Kings to troop transports were retired .
In the 1970s , Westland 's experience with the Sea King led the company to conduct the British Experimental Rotor Program ( BERP ) , in coordination with the Royal Aircraft Establishment , which applied innovations in composite materials and new design principles to the helicopter rotor . Initial trials carried out with active Sea Kings found several advantages to the BERP rotor , including a longer fatigue life and improved aerodynamic characteristics . Subsequent Westland helicopters , such as the record @-@ breaking Lynx and the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin , took advantage of BERP rotors for greater performance . Westland equipped later @-@ built Sea Kings with the new composite rotors as well .
Westland has produced a total of 330 Sea Kings ; export customers include the Indian Naval Air Arm , the German Navy , the Royal Australian Navy , and the Royal Norwegian Air Force . The last of the Royal Navy 's Sea Kings in the ASW role was retired in 2003 , being replaced by the AgustaWestland Merlin HM1 . The Sea King Airborne Surveillance and Control ( ASaC ) variant is expected to be replaced around the introduction of the two Queen Elizabeth @-@ class aircraft carriers . The UK has also planned to retire the HC4 and search and rescue variants in March 2016 .
= = = Search and rescue = = =
A dedicated search and rescue ( SAR ) version , the HAR3 , was developed for the RAF Search and Rescue Force . The type entered service in 1978 to replace the Westland Whirlwind HAR.10. A 16th helicopter was ordered shortly after , and following the Falklands War of 1982 , three more examples were purchased to enable operation of a SAR flight in the islands , initially from Navy Point on the north side of Stanley harbour , and later from RAF Mount Pleasant . In 1992 , six further helicopters were ordered to replace the last remaining Westland Wessex helicopters in the SAR role , entering service in 1996 . The six Sea King HAR3As featured updated systems , including a digital navigation system and more modern avionics .
Westland also manufactured SAR versions of the Sea King for the Royal Norwegian Air Force , the German Navy and the Belgian Air Force . On SAR variants , the cabin was enlarged by a stretch of the fuselage behind the door ; another key feature , used for additional flotation in the unusual event of a water landing , inflatable buoyancy bags were housed inside the aircraft 's sponsons . Upgrades and changes made to SAR Sea Kings include the addition of radar warning receivers , a cargo hook for the underslung carriage of goods , and the redesigning of the cockpit for compatibility with night vision goggles .
As of 2006 , up to 12 HAR3 / 3As were dispersed across the UK , a further two HAR3s were attached to the Falkland Islands , providing 24 @-@ hour rescue coverage . Some Royal Navy HAS5 ASW variants were adapted for the SAR role and served with 771 Naval Air Squadron , Culdrose and HMS Gannet SAR Flight at Prestwick Airport in Scotland . As of 2009 , they are expected to remain in service until 2016 , being replaced with civilian operated SAR rotorcraft . Both Prince Andrew , Duke of York and Prince William , Duke of Cambridge have flown SAR Sea Kings in front @-@ line roles .
= = = Airborne early warning = = =
The Royal Navy 's airborne early warning ( AEW ) capability had been lost when the Fairey Gannet aeroplane was withdrawn after the last of the RN 's fleet carriers was decommissioned in 1978 . During the Falklands War , a number of warships were lost and casualties suffered due to the lack of an AEW platform . The proposed fleet cover by the RAF Shackleton AEW.2 was too unresponsive and at too great a distance to be practical . Consequently , two Sea King HAS2s were modified in 1982 with the addition of the Thorn @-@ EMI ARI 5980 / 3 Searchwater LAST radar attached to the fuselage on a swivel arm and protected by an inflatable dome . This allowed the radar to be lowered below the fuselage during flight and for it to be raised for landing . These prototypes , designated HAS2 ( AEW ) , were both flying within 11 weeks and deployed with 824 " D " Flight on HMS Illustrious , serving in the Falklands after the cessation of hostilities . A further eight HAS2s were modified to a production standard , known as the AEW2 . Two remained " fitted for but not with " . These entered operational service in 1985 , being deployed by 849 Naval Air Squadron . Three Sea King HAS5 / 6s were later converted as part of the ASaC Mk7 programme , bringing the Mk7 fleet to 13 ; still 3 below the requirement .
The upgrade programme resulted in the Sea King AEW fleet being upgraded with a new mission system , Comms , NavAids , JTIDS , Active Noise Reduction and Videographic recording . The Mission System Upgrade ( MSU ) component ( Radar and partial JTIDS integration ) was based around the improved Searchwater 2000AEW radar , with an all @-@ new man Machine Interface . This MSU component was later termed " Project Cerberus " by Thales , after successful integration was conducted by Westland and GEC @-@ Marconi . This variant was initially referred to as the Sea King AEW7 , but renamed ASaC7 just before In Service Date . ( Airborne Surveillance and Control Mk.7 ) . The main role of the Sea King ASaC7 is detection of low @-@ flying attack aircraft ; it also provides interception / attack control and over @-@ the @-@ horizon targeting for surface @-@ launched weapon systems . In comparison to older versions , the new radar enables the ASaC7 to simultaneously track up to 400 targets , instead of an earlier limit of 250 targets . The effectiveness of the AEW7 was greatly increased via the addition of a Link 16 data link , allowing gathered radar information to be analysed and rapidly put to use by multiple allied platforms in range .
The ASaC7s will remain in service until they are replaced under the " Crowsnest " programme ; intended as a podded capability onboard Merlins . Previous proposed replacement programmes , Future Organic Airborne Early Warning ( FOAEW ) and MASC ( Maritime Airborne Surveillance and Control ) were initiated and then cancelled , due largely to the erroneous assumption that the entire ASaC Mk7 system could simply be lifted and plugged into another aircraft type . However , as a result of the time gap between the planned out of service date of the Sea King in 2016 , and the introduction of " Crowsnest " seven Sea King ASaC.7 helicopters will remain in service with the RN through to the second half of 2018 .
= = Operational history = =
= = = United Kingdom = = =
= = = = Falklands War = = = =
A number of Sea Kings were deployed during the Falklands War . They were transported to the combat zone and operated from the decks of various ships of the Royal Navy , such as the landing platform dock HMS Fearless . In the theatre , they performed a wide range of missions , from anti @-@ submarine patrols and reconnaissance flights to replenishment operations and the insertion of special forces . Support provided by the Sea Kings in the form of transport for men and supplies has been viewed as vital to the success of the British operation . Sea Kings also protected the fleet by acting as decoys against incoming Exocet missiles , with some missions being flown by Prince Andrew , Duke of York .
Anti @-@ Submarine Sea Kings of 820 Naval Air Squadron was embarked on HMS Invincible . With 11 HAS.5s , the squadron operated anti @-@ submarine and search and rescue sorties with one helicopter always airborne on surface search duties . On 14 June , an 820 NAS Sea King HAS.5 was used to transport Major General Jeremy Moore to Port Stanley to accept the surrender of Argentine troops on the island . The squadron flew 1 @,@ 650 sorties during the war . A Flight of 824 Naval Air Squadron embarked two Sea King HAS.2As aboard RFA Olmeda and were used to move supplies to other ships on the way south and later anti @-@ submarine patrols . C Flight had three Sea King HAS.2As on board RFA Fort Grange which were used for replenishment duties , supplying over 2 @,@ 000 tons of stores .
825 Naval Air Squadron was formed for the war with 10 Sea King HAS.2s modified as utility variants to support ground forces . The anti @-@ submarine equipment was removed and the helicopters fitted with troop seats . Two aircraft embarked on Queen Elizabeth 2 and were later used for moving troops from QE2 to other ships , the remainder embarked on Atlantic Causeway and were used for troop movements around the islands . Embarked on HMS Hermes was 826 Naval Air Squadron with nine HAS.5s , which carried out continuous anti @-@ submarine sorties . From the departure of Hermes from Ascension in April until the Argentine surrender , the squadron operated at least three helicopters airborne continuously for fleet protection .
On 23 April 1982 , a Sea King HC4 was ditched while performing a risky transfer of supplies to a ship at night , operating from the flagship HMS Hermes . On 12 May , a Sea King operating from Hermes crashed into the sea due to an altimeter problem ; all crew were rescued . On 19 May 1982 a Sea King , in the process of transporting SAS troops to HMS Intrepid from Hermes , crashed into the sea while attempting to land on Intrepid . Twenty @-@ two men were killed and nine survived . Bird feathers were found in the debris , suggesting a bird strike , although the accident 's cause is inconclusive . The SAS lost 18 men in the crash , their highest number of casualties on one day since the Second World War . The Royal Signals lost one man and the RAF one man .
= = = = First Gulf War = = = =
During the 1991 Gulf War Sea Kings from several nations , including Canada , Britain , and the U.S. , were present in the coalition forces against Saddam Hussain 's Iraq regime . Due to the threat of potential use of any Iraqi weapons of mass destruction , it was standard practice for Sea King crews to wear fully enclosed NBC ( nuclear , biological , chemical ) protective suits . Britain 's Sea Kings primarily engaged in inter @-@ ship transport duties , including ferrying troops between the fleet and land . Six Sea King Mk4 helicopters from 845 Naval Air Squadron and six of 848 Squadron , which had been reformed to meet this operational demand , worked in support of the ground advance . There was thorough radar coverage by U.S. airborne early warning and control ( AWACS ) aircraft ; British AEW Sea Kings were not deployed .
Following the end of hostilities , the available Sea Kings remained on deployment in the region to conduct transport missions to relocate people displaced by the conflict to refugee camps and repatriate citizens to their home countries .
= = = = Balkans = = = =
The Sea King participated in the UN 's intervention in Bosnia . 845 Naval Air Squadron and their Sea Kings had been dispatched to the region in late 1992 in response to escalating tensions in the region . They performed various logistical and transport missions , such as the repositioning of Royal Artillery L118 Light Guns in the region and in the evacuation of casualties . In one incident on 24 March 1993 , during an attempt to establish an air evacuation route to a UN @-@ declared safe zone , a flight of French Aérospatiale Pumas and Sea King HC4 helicopters were shelled while taking off from an improvised landing zone . Two further Sea Kings arrived to evacuate several UN casualties , managing to fly the wounded to the Bosnian city of Tuzla , where they came under further enemy fire while unloading .
During NATO 's intervention in Kosovo , Sea Kings of 814 Naval Air Squadron , operating from numerous Royal Navy vessels in the Adriatic , including the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible , maintained a patrol of the Balkans ' coast . The Sea Kings were also heavily used in the transport role during the preparations for a ground invasion of Kosovo .
= = = = 2000s = = = =
In 2000 , Sea King HC.4s of 846 NAS participated in Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone .
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq , multiple Sea King ASaC7 from 849 NAS were operated from HMS Ark Royal . On 22 March 2003 , two AEW Sea Kings from 849 NAS operating from Ark Royal collided over the Persian Gulf , resulting in the death of seven personnel . A report into the collision called for Sea Kings to be outfitted with night vision goggles , as well as better onboard safety equipment , and recommended changes to procedure regarding the use of radar at night .
In July 2006 , Sea King HC.4 helicopters based at RNAS Yeovilton were temporarily deployed to Cyprus to assist in Operation Highbrow , the evacuation of British citizens from Lebanon .
In October 2011 , following several years of service in Afghanistan as troop transports for the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) forces stationed there , the Sea King HC.4s returned to the UK ; their replacement is the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin . Between April 2009 and July 2011 , the Royal Navy 's Sea Kings stationed at Camp Bastion conducted over 1000 operational missions . The initial Afghan deployment had been criticised as the Sea Kings had not been fitted with protective Kevlar armour .
= = = Australia = = =
In 1974 , Australia purchased 12 Westland Sea King Mk 50s as the Royal Australian Navy 's new ASW helicopter ; the Sea Kings replaced the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne 's complement of Westland Wessex HAS31 in the following year . Early operations were troubled by a series of accidents . Between October 1975 to May 1979 , four aircraft were lost in accidents , the primary causes were the loss of oil from the main gearbox .
The Australian Sea Kings had similar avionics to that of the Sea King HAS.1 , with the same ARI 5995 search radar in a dorsal radome , but had American Bendix AN / ASQ @-@ 13A dipping sonar instead of the Plessey sonar of the Royal Navy Sea Kings . They also had more powerful engines giving improved high temperature hover performance . Australia 's Sea Kings were flown by 817 Squadron RAN from HMAS Melbourne until the carrier was retired from service , without replacement . As the Sea King was too large to operate from the Adelaide @-@ class frigates , 817 Squadron was then forced to operate from land bases , in both ASW and utility roles , with the Sea King relinquishing the anti @-@ submarine mission in 1990 .
During the 2003 Iraq War , Sea Kings were heavily used in logistical roles , such as the first delivery of humanitarian aid to the Iraqi capital , Baghdad . In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , Australian Sea Kings played a major role in disaster relief efforts in Indonesia 's Aceh province , delivering medical teams and supplies from Royal Australian Navy ships . Prior to retirement , the last major missions were flown during the 2010 – 2011 Queensland floods , in which Sea Kings provided SAR coverage of the region and delivered aid relief to citizens in the flooded areas .
The replacement of the Fleet Air Arm 's Sea King fleet commenced faster than initially planned following the loss of a Sea King during a humanitarian aid mission in Indonesia in April 2005 , resulting in nine deaths . Investigators uncovered serious faults in the condition of the Sea King 's mechanical flight control system , resulting from maintenance deficiencies . In May 2007 , the six remaining Sea Kings were grounded for two months following the discovery of a number of missing parts .
On 1 September 2011 , the Australian Minister for Defence Materiel , Jason Clare , announced that the Sea Kings would be withdrawn from service in December 2011 ; having flown in excess of 60 @,@ 000 hours in operations in Australia and overseas in that time . The farewell flight was conducted on 15 December 2011 , three Sea Kings flew over Sydney Harbour and across to Canberra , passing Lake Burley Griffin and the Australian War Memorial before landing at Nowra . On 16 December 2011 , the Chief of Navy presided over the ceremonial decommissioning of 817 Squadron RAN at NAS Nowra . Five of the withdrawn helicopters have been made available for sale . The replacement for the Sea King is the MRH 90 .
= = = India = = =
Following the Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1965 , Pakistan invested heavily in modern submarines and long @-@ range torpedoes . In response , India opted to procure six Westland Sea Kings from Britain in 1969 , for ASW duties , designated as Mk42 . The purchase also included the provision of air @-@ droppable homing torpedoes for use against submarines . The delivery of the aircraft began a few months before the Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1971 . Due to training shortfalls on the new helicopters , Sea King operations were considerably restricted during the 1971 war ; by November 1971 , increased aircrew experience had enabled offensive anti @-@ submarine operations to be conducted . The Majestic class aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was also refitted in 1972 – 1974 to enable extensive Sea King operations , becoming the carrier 's primary anti @-@ submarine aircraft .
During the early 1960s , India and Britain agreed upon the domestic production of the Leander @-@ class frigate . The initial helicopter deployed aboard India 's Leanders , known as the Nilgiri @-@ class , was the Aérospatiale Alouette III , however , this offered much less capability in the anti @-@ submarine role compared with the Sea King and the need for design changes was realised to allow the Sea King to be deployed upon the flight deck of the Nilgiri @-@ class , a practice pioneered by the Royal Canadian Navy using their Sikorsky CH @-@ 124 Sea Kings on similar @-@ sized frigates . It proved unfeasible to operate the Sea King from the unmodified Nilgiri @-@ class , with the last two ships of the class being fitted with an enlarged flight deck and hangar . This required removal of the ship 's Limbo anti @-@ submarine mortar . Beyond the original 1971 procurement , India chose to acquire a further six Mk42s in 1974 , and three more in 1980 ; these three had been specifically modified to operate from the flight deck of the last two Nilgiris and designated as Mk42A . As a follow @-@ on to the Nilgiris , India commenced development of a new frigate , based on the Leander / Nilgiri , but larger . The resultant Godavari @-@ class , also known as Project 16 , could operate two Sea Kings simultaneously .
In 1982 , India signed a contract to purchase several Mk42B Sea Kings , an upgraded variant to perform dual @-@ purpose : anti @-@ shipping and anti @-@ submarine missions , following a competition for the order against the Aérospatiale Super Puma . These helicopters would operate from the Godavari @-@ class frigates as well as replace the existing Sea Kings . A team of Indian engineers was sent to Britain to help develop the Mk42B 's avionics , especially the onboard software . Changes from the older Sea Kings included a brand new avionics suite , the use of composite materials throughout the fuselage and in the rotor blades , as well as the integration of the Sea Eagle missile , which had been procured from Britain in 1983 . Between 1988 and 1992 , a total of 20 Mk42B Sea Kings were delivered to the Indian Navy .
Six Sea Kings in troop @-@ carrying capacity , designated Mk42C , were also procured in 1987 . Although the Indian Navy considered the AEW Sea King , expected to be designated as Mk42D , it was judged to be too expensive , consequently , in 2003 , the Russian Kamov Ka @-@ 31 was procured instead . The indigenous HAL Dhruv was the intended replacement for the Sea King in the ASW role , however , in 2000 , it was deemed unsuited , as the Indian Navy were dissatisfied with the design 's folding blade mechanism and by the Dhruv 's maintenance record .
In May 1998 , the United States enacted sanctions upon India as a part of the international response to a series of nuclear weapons tests by India . As of 1999 , these sanctions effectively grounded India 's Sea Kings because India could not purchase any US @-@ supplied spare parts for the fleet . Westland also complied with the sanctions by refusing to maintain any US @-@ made components . A limited number of Sea Kings were kept operational by cannibalising other aircraft and the manufacture of some components by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) . In December 2000 , President Bill Clinton permitted a relaxation of the sanctions . In the late 2000s , HAL and AgustaWestland signed an agreement to jointly maintain and perform upgrades to India 's fleet of Sea Kings .
= = = Norway = = =
The Norwegian Ministry of Justice owns 12 Mk43B Sea Kings which are operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Forces 's 330 Squadron . The aircraft are used for SAR and air ambulance missions and are under the command of the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway and Northern Norway . Introduced in May 1973 , they were originally stationed at Bodø Main Air Station , Ørland Main Air Station , Sola Air Station and Station Group Banak . In 1997 , the squadron conducted 237 SAR and 747 air ambulance missions . From 1995 to 1998 , one helicopter was stationed at Ålesund Airport , Vigra , and since 1999 , one has been stationed at Rygge Air Station . Florø Airport became a station for one helicopter from 2009 .
The helicopters are to be replaced by AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin under the Norwegian All @-@ Weather Search and Rescue Helicopter ( NAWSARH ) programme . The candidates for the NAWSARH contract of 10 – 12 helicopters was the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin , NHIndustries NH @-@ 90 , Eurocopter EC225 and Sikorsky S @-@ 92 . July 2013 , AgustaWestland ( AW101 Merlin ) and Eurocopter ( EC225 ) was short @-@ listed to conduct further discussions for the NAWSARH programme for up to 16 helicopters .
= = = Germany = = =
The German Navy placed an order for 22 Sea King Mk.41s on 20 June 1969 as a replacement for the Grumman Albatross flying boat in the Search and Rescue Role . This was the first export sale for the Westland Sea King , and was the first dedicated Search and Rescue Sea King variant , with an enlarged cabin and more fuel . The German Sea Kings had similar radar and navigation equipment to the HAS.1 , but was not fitted with sonar . The 22 Sea Kings were delivered between April 1973 and September 1974 , equipping Marinefliegergeschwader 5 ( MFG 5 ) ( Naval Air Wing 5 ) . An additional Sea King was delivered in April 1975 to replace one destroyed in a gale . The surviving Sea Kings were upgraded between 1986 and 1988 , adding the capability to carry Sea Skua anti @-@ ship missiles , which required the addition of a Ferranti Seaspray radar in a nose radome .
The 21 remaining Sea Kings are tasked to a variety of roles including SAR , transport , disaster relief , tactical land – sea transport , evacuation , surveillance , reconnaissance and naval support . The main base is Nordholz , although units are always stationed at Heligoland Airport and Warnemünde , and sometimes at Borkum Airfield . The helicopters are scheduled to be replaced by the NH @-@ 90 .
= = = Others = = =
Egypt is a prolific operator of the Sea King , using many different variants for a wide variety of purposes . In addition to operating ASW Sea Kings for coastal patrols , Egypt procured a land @-@ based transport adapted from the basic Sea King , marketed by Westland as the Commando , including a VIP subvariant . An electronic warfare version was also deployed by the Egyptian Air Force , featuring sophisticated onboard jamming systems . As of 2011 , 23 Sea Kings / Commandos remain in service with Egypt .
The Qatar Emiri Air Force also operates Westland 's Commando variant , as a standard utility transport for ground forces , a single one was also equipped specially to perform VIP transport duties . A few Qatari Sea Kings serve in an anti @-@ shipping capacity and have been outfitted to carry , and deploy if required , two Exocet anti @-@ ship missiles .
Pakistan 's Navy took delivery of six Mk.45 Sea Kings , a variant based on the Royal Navy 's Sea King HAS.1 from 1975 . It served in an combined anti @-@ submarine and anti @-@ ship role , carrying the Exocet missile as an alternative to the normal anti @-@ submarine weapon load of four Mark 44 or Mark 46 torpedoes . One of Pakistan 's Sea Kings was lost in an accident in February 1986 , and was replaced by an ex @-@ Royal Navy HAS.5 , redesignated Mk.45C , in January 1989 . Pakistan 's Sea Kings remained in service in December 2011 .
The Belgian Air Force purchased five Sea Kings to perform Search and rescue missions , they were introduced to service in 1976 . As of 2013 , they are gradually being replaced by the NH90 .
= = Variants = =
Sea King HAS.1
The first anti @-@ submarine version for the Royal Navy , with Gnome H.1400 engines , a five @-@ bladed tail rotor , a Plessey Type 195 dipping sonar and MEL ARI 5995 search radar in a dorsal radome . The Westland Sea King HAS.1 first flew on 7 May 1969 . 56 built , many of which were converted to HAS.2.
Sea King HAS.2
Upgraded anti @-@ submarine version for the Royal Navy , based on Australian Mk 50 . More powerful Gnome H.1400 @-@ 1 engines , six bladed tail rotor and upgraded avionics ( including new Type 2069 dipping sonar ) , and improved navigation and communications equipment ; 21 new build aircraft plus conversions from HAS.1s. Some were later converted for AEW ( Airborne Early Warning ) duties .
Sea King AEW.2
Conversion of Sea King HAS.1 or HAS.2s into AEW aircraft after lack of AEW cover was revealed during the Falklands War . Fitted with Thorn EMI Searchwater radar in inflatable radome , with sonar removed . Normally flown with three person ( pilot and two observers ) crew compared with four @-@ person crew for ASW Sea Kings . Nine converted .
Sea King HAR.3
Search and rescue version for the Royal Air Force . Fitted with relocated rear cabin bulkhead giving greater cabin length , extra fuel and additional observation windows ; 19 built .
Sea King HAR.3A
Improved search and rescue version of the Sea King HAR.3 for the Royal Air Force . Fitted with upgraded avionics ; six built .
Sea King HC.4 / Westland Commando
Commando assault and utility transport version for the Royal Navy , with simplified undercarriage , and lengthened cabin . Capable of transporting 28 fully equipped troops ; 42 built .
Sea King HC.4X
One aircraft first flown on 10 April 1989 for the Empire Test Pilots ' School .
Sea King Mk.4X
Two helicopters based on the HC.4 for trials / test beds at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough . Fitted with various nose and / or dorsal sensor installations .
Sea King HAS.5
Upgraded anti @-@ submarine warfare version for the Royal Navy , with longer range MEL Super Searcher radar in enlarged dorsal radome , new AQS902 acoustic processing system with provision to use sonobouys . Entered service in June 1981 ; 30 new build aircraft plus about 55 converted from earlier versions . Some later converted into the HAR.5 for Search and Rescue .
Sea King HAR.5
Conversion of HAS.5 to search and rescue role for the Royal Navy , with ASW equipment removed but retaining Sea Searcher radar .
Sea King AEW.5
Four Sea King HAS.5s were converted into AEW helicopters for the Royal Navy .
Sea King HU.5
Surplus HAS.5 ASW helicopters converted into utility role for the Royal Navy .
Sea King HAS.6
Upgraded anti @-@ submarine warfare version for the Royal Navy. fitted with improved avionics , with new sonar processor , improved tactical displays and better communications equipment ; five new build aircraft plus conversions .
Sea King HAS.6 ( CR )
Five surplus HAS.6 ASW helicopters converted into the utility role for the Royal Navy . The last of the Royal Navy 's HAS.6 ( CR ) helicopters was retired from service with 846 NAS on 31 March 2010 .
Sea King ASaC7
Upgraded AEW2 / 5 for the Royal Navy with Searchwater 2000AEW replacing original Searchwater radar .
Sea King Mk.41
Search and rescue version of the Sea King HAS.1 for the German Navy , with longer cabin ; 23 built , delivered between 1973 and 1975 . A total of 20 were upgraded from 1986 onwards with additional Ferranti Seaspray radar in nose and capability to carry four Sea Skua Anti @-@ ship missiles .
Sea King Mk.42
Anti @-@ submarine warfare version of the Sea King HAS.1 for the Indian Navy ; 12 built .
Sea King Mk.42A
Anti @-@ submarine warfare version of the Sea King HAS.2 for the Indian Navy , fitted with haul @-@ down system for operating from small ships ; three built .
Sea King Mk.42B
Multi @-@ purpose version for the Indian Navy , equipped for anti @-@ submarine warfare , with dipping sonar and advanced avionics , and anti @-@ shipping operations , with two Sea Eagle missiles ; 21 built ( one crashing before delivery ) .
Sea King Mk.42C
Search and rescue / utility transport version for the Indian Navy with nose mounted Bendix search radar ; six built .
Sea King Mk.43
Search and rescue version of the Sea King HAS.1 for the Royal Norwegian Air Force , with lengthened cabin ; 10 built .
Sea King Mk.43A
Uprated version of the Sea King Mk.43 for the Royal Norwegian Air Force , with airframe of Mk.2 but engines of Mk.1 ; single example built .
Sea King Mk.43B
Upgraded version of the Sea King Mk.43 for the Royal Norwegian Air Force . Upgraded avionics , including MEL Sea Searcher radar in large dorsal radome , weather radar in nose and FLIR turret under nose . Three new @-@ build plus upgrade of remaining Mk.43 and Mk.43A helicopters .
Sea King Mk.45
Anti @-@ submarine and anti @-@ ship warfare version of the Sea King HAS.1 for the Pakistan Navy . Provision for carrying Exocet anti @-@ ship missile ; six built .
Sea King Mk.45A
One ex @-@ Royal Navy Sea King HAS.5 helicopter was sold to Pakistan as an attrition replacement .
Sea King Mk.47
Anti @-@ submarine version of the Sea King HAS.2 for the Egyptian Navy ; six built .
Sea King Mk.48
Search and rescue version for the Belgian Air Force . Airframe similar to HAS.2 but with extended cabin ; five built , delivered 1976 .
Sea King Mk.50
Multi @-@ role version for the Royal Australian Navy , equivalent to ( but preceding ) HAS.2 ; 10 built .
Sea King Mk.50A
Two improved Sea Kings were sold to the Royal Australian Navy as part of a follow @-@ on order in 1981 .
Sea King Mk.50B
Upgraded multi @-@ role version for the Royal Australian Navy .
Commando Mk.1
Minimum change assault and utility transport version for the Egyptian Air Force , with lengthened cabin but retaining sponsons with floatation gear ; five built .
Commando Mk.2
Improved assault and utility transport version for the Egyptian Air Force , fitted with more powerful engines , non @-@ folding rotors and omitting undercarriage sponsons and floatation gear ; 17 built .
Commando Mk.2A
Assault and utility transport version for the Qatar Emiri Air Force , almost identical to Egyptian Mk.2 ; three built .
Commando Mk.2B
VIP transport version of Commando Mk.2 for the Egyptian Air Force ; two built .
Commando Mk.2C
VIP transport version of Commando Mk.2A for the Qatar Emiri Air Force ; one built .
Commando Mk.2E
Electronic warfare version for the Egyptian Air Force , fitted with integrated ESM and jamming system , with radomes on side of fuselage ; four built .
Commando Mk.3
Anti @-@ ship warfare version for the Qatar Emiri Air Force , fitted with dorsal radome and capable of carrying two Exocet missiles . Eight built .
= = Operators = =
= = = Current = = =
Egypt
Egyptian Air Force
Germany
German Navy
India
Indian Naval Air Arm
Norway
Royal Norwegian Air Force
Pakistan
Pakistan Naval Air Arm
Qatar
Qatar Emiri Air Force
United Kingdom
Royal Navy
= = = Former = = =
Australia
Royal Australian Navy
Belgium
Belgian Air Component
United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
= = Aircraft on display = =
Australia
Sea King Mk 50 " Shark 07 " is on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum near Nowra
Belgium
Sea King Mk48 ' RS01 ' is on display at the Royal Military museum in Brussels
India
Sea King Mk 42 IN505 is on display at the Naval Aviation Museum at Dabolim in Goa .
United Kingdom
Sea King HAS.6 serial number XV677 is on display at AeroVenture , Doncaster .
Sea King HAS.6 ' XV712'on display at Imperial War Museum Duxford .
Sea King HAS.6 XZ574 is on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum , Yeovilton , the aircraft was delivered to the Royal Navy in 1976 and was operated from HMS Invincible during Operation Corporate . During the rescue of the crew from ditched Sea King HC.4 ZA311 on 5 April 1982 , the helicopter was flown by HRH Prince Andrew .
Sea King HAR.3 XZ592 is on display at Morayvia , Kinloss
= = Specifications ( Sea King HAS.5 ) = =
Data from Omnifarious Sea King
General characteristics
Crew : Two to four , depending on the mission
Length : 55 ft 10 in ( 17 @.@ 02 m )
Rotor diameter : 62 ft 0 in ( 18 @.@ 90 m )
Height : 16 ft 10 in ( 5 @.@ 13 m )
Disc area : 3 @,@ 020 ft ² ( 280 m ² )
Empty weight : 14 @,@ 051 lb ( 6 @,@ 387 kg )
Loaded weight : 21 @,@ 000 lb ( 9 @,@ 525 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 21 @,@ 400 lb ( 9 @,@ 707 kg ) ( overload weight )
Powerplant : 2 × Rolls @-@ Royce Gnome H1400 @-@ 2 turboshafts , 1 @,@ 660 shp ( 1 @,@ 238 kW ) each
Propellers : Five bladed rotor
Performance
Maximum speed : 129 mph ( 112 knots , 208 km / h ) ( max cruise at sea level )
Range : 764 mi ( 664 nmi , 1 @,@ 230 km )
Rate of climb : 2 @,@ 020 ft / min ( 10 @.@ 3 m / s )
Armament
4 × Mark 44 , Mark 46 or Sting Ray torpedoes , or 4 × Depth charges
Provision for a door mounted machine gun of various calibers
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= Operation Lüttich =
Operation Lüttich was a codename given to a German counter @-@ attack during the Battle of Normandy , which took place around the American positions near Mortain from 7 August to 13 August 1944 . ( Lüttich is the German name for the city of Liège in Belgium , where the Germans had won a victory in the early days of August 1914 during World War I. ) The offensive is also referred to in American and British histories of the Battle of Normandy as the Mortain counter @-@ offensive .
The assault was ordered by Adolf Hitler , to eliminate the gains made by the First United States Army during Operation Cobra and the subsequent weeks , and by reaching the coast in the region of Avranches at the base of the Cotentin peninsula , cut off the units of the Third United States Army which had advanced into Brittany .
The main German striking force was the XLVII Panzer Corps , with one and a half SS Panzer Divisions and two Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions . Although they made initial gains against the defending U.S. VII Corps , they were soon halted and Allied aircraft inflicted severe losses on the attacking troops , eventually destroying nearly half of the German tanks involved in the attack . Although fighting continued around Mortain for six days , the American forces had regained the initiative within a day of the opening of the German attack .
As the German commanders on the spot had warned Hitler in vain , there was little chance of the attack succeeding , and the concentration of their armoured reserves at the western end of the front in Normandy soon led to disaster , as they were outflanked to their south and the front to their east collapsed , resulting in many of the German troops in Normandy being trapped in the Falaise Pocket .
= = Background = =
On 25 July 1944 , following six weeks of attritional warfare along a stalemated front , American forces under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley mounted an attack code @-@ named Operation Cobra , which broke through the German defenses near Saint @-@ Lô . Almost the entire western half of the German front in Normandy collapsed , and on 1 August , American forces captured Avranches . With the capture of this town at the base of the Cotentin peninsula , and an intact bridge at Pontaubault nearby , the American forces had " turned the corner " ; the German front could no longer be anchored against the sea at its western end and American forces could advance west and south into Brittany . The U.S. Third Army , commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton , was activated the same day . Despite German air attacks against the bridge at Pontaubault , Patton pushed no less than seven divisions across it during the next three days , and units of his army began advancing almost unopposed towards the Brittany ports .
Beginning on 30 July , the British Second Army , under Lieutenant @-@ General Miles C. Dempsey , mounted a supporting attack ( code @-@ named Operation Bluecoat ) on the eastern flank of the American armies . Much of the German armored reserves being rushed west to halt the American breakthrough were diverted to face this new threat . Meanwhile , the U.S. continued its attacks to widen the corridor around Avranches . Although the Germans held the vital road junction of Vire , U.S. VII Corps , under Major General J. Lawton Collins , captured Mortain , 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of Avranches , on 3 August .
The next day , although U.S. VIII Corps continued to advance west through Brittany toward the ports of Brest and Lorient , Bradley ordered Patton to drive eastward with the main body of the U.S. Third Army , around the open German flank and into the German rear areas . U.S. XV Corps advanced no less than 75 mi ( 121 km ) during the next three days , and by 7 August they were approaching Le Mans , formerly the location of the headquarters of the German 7th Army , and still an important logistic center .
= = German command and decisions = =
Generalfeldmarshall Günther von Kluge was the German supreme commander in the West . After Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel was injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July , Kluge also took over direct command of Army Group B , the formation conducting the battle in Normandy . He had warned Hitler on 22 July that the collapse of the front was imminent , but Hitler continued to order him to stand fast .
On 2 August , Hitler sent a directive to Kluge ordering " an immediate counter @-@ attack between Mortain and Avranches " . General Walter Warlimont — the Deputy Chief of Staff at OKW , the German armed forces headquarters — was also sent to Kluge 's headquarters to ensure these orders were complied with . Kluge suggested that there was no chance of success , and the German forces in Normandy should retire to the Seine River , pivoting on the intact defences south of Caen , but on 4 August , Hitler categorically ordered the attack to be launched . He demanded that eight of the nine Panzer Divisions in Normandy be used in the attack , and that the Luftwaffe commit its entire reserve , including 1 @,@ 000 fighters . According to Hitler , three qualifications had to be met for the attack to proceed . " Von Kluge must believe in it . He must be able to detach enough armour from the main front in Normandy to create an effective striking force , and he must achieve surprise " .
Although ordered to wait " until every tank , gun and plane was assembled " , Kluge and SS General Paul Hausser ( commanding the German 7th Army , which held the western part of the front ) decided to attack as soon as possible , before the overall situation deteriorated further . The main striking force assigned was the XLVII Panzer Corps , commanded by General Hans Freiherr von Funck . Instead of eight Panzer Divisions , only four — one of them incomplete — could be relieved from their defensive tasks and assembled in time ; the 2nd Panzer Division , 116th Panzer Division , the 2nd SS Panzer Division and part of the 1st SS Panzer Division , with a total of about 300 tanks . The Panzer Corps was supported by two Infantry Divisions and five Kampfgruppen , formed from the remnants of the Panzer Lehr Division and four equally battered infantry divisions .
Kluge ordered the attack to be mounted on the night of 6 / 7 August . To avoid alerting American forces to the attack , there would be no preparatory artillery bombardments . The intention was to hit the U.S. 30th Infantry Division , commanded by Major @-@ General Leland Hobbs , east of Mortain , then cut through American defenses to reach the coast . Had surprise been achieved , the attack might well have succeeded , but Allied decoders at Ultra had intercepted and decrypted the orders for Operation Lüttich by August 4 . As a result , Bradley was able to obtain air support from both the US 9th Air Force and the RAF .
= = German attacks = =
At 22 : 00 on 6 August , Funck reported that his troops were still not concentrated , and the commander of the 116th Panzer Division " had made a mess of things " . In fact , this officer ( Gerhard von Schwerin ) had been so pessimistic about the operation that he had not even ordered his tank units to take part . This delay disjointed the German attack , but on the German left flank , the SS Panzer troops attacked the positions of the American 30th Infantry Division east of Mortain shortly after midnight . The Germans achieved temporary surprise , as the Ultra documents had arrived at U.S. First Army Headquarters too late to alert the troops to the immediate assault . They briefly captured Mortain but were unable to breach the lines of the 30th Division , as the 2nd Battalion of the 120th Infantry Regiment commanded Hill 314 , the dominant feature around Mortain . Although cut off , they were supplied by parachute drops . Of the 700 men who defended the position until 12 August , over 300 were killed .
To the north , the 2nd Panzer Division attacked several hours later , aiming south @-@ west toward Avranches . It managed to penetrate several miles into the American lines , before being stopped by the 35th Infantry Division and a combat command of the 3rd Armored Division only 2 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) short of Avranches . The German High Command ordered the attacks to be renewed before the afternoon , so that Avranches could be taken .
= = = Allied air strikes — the offensive stalls = = =
By noon of 7 August , the early morning fog had dispersed , and large numbers of Allied aircraft appeared over the battlefield . With the advance knowledge of the attack provided by Ultra , the U.S. 9th Air Force had been reinforced by the RAF Second Tactical Air Force . Despite assurances by the Luftwaffe that German forces would have adequate air support , the Allied aircraft quickly achieved complete control of the airspace over Mortain . The Luftwaffe reported that its fighters were engaged by Allied aircraft from the moment they took off , and were unable even to reach the battlefield . In the open ground east of Mortain , the German Panzers became exposed targets , especially for rocket @-@ firing Hawker Typhoon fighter bombers of the RAF .
Traditional accounts of the Allied fighter bomber attacks in the Battle of Mortain accepted the claims of the pilots of over two hundred destroyed German tanks . However , subsequent detailed studies of the battlefield showed that most of the destroyed German armor were knocked out by gunfire from ground forces and that the main effect of the Allied air attacks had been to destroy the unarmored vehicles and troops in the German offensive , as well as forcing the German armor to disperse to cover . The accuracy of the rockets and bombs of the Allied fighter @-@ bombers was simply too poor to destroy more than a few of the German tanks , although fear of being incinerated inside a tank should a rocket or bomb actually strike a tank did cause some of the inexperienced German tank crews to abandon their tanks intact while under air attack . In one British study , it was found that the average Typhoon pilot firing a barrage of all eight rockets had only a four percent chance of striking a target the size of a tank .
= = American counter @-@ moves = =
Through 7 August , American troops had continued to press south near Vire , on the right flank of the German attack . The 116th Panzer Division — which was supposed to advance in this sector — was actually driven back . In the afternoon , the 1st SS and 116th Panzer Divisions made renewed attacks , but the flanks of the Mortain positions had been sealed off , allowing the American VII Corps to contain the German advance .
Meanwhile , Bradley had sent two armoured combat commands against the German southern ( left ) flank . On 8 August , one of these ( from the U.S. 2nd Armored Division ) was attacking the rear of the two SS Panzer Divisions . Although fighting would continue around Mortain for several more days , there was no further prospect of any German success . The Germans issued orders to go on to the defensive along the entire front , but poorly communicated orders resulted in this being impossible to achieve , with some German forces retreating , and others preparing to hold their ground .
As the U.S. First Army counter @-@ attacked German units near Mortain , units of Patton 's 3rd Army were advancing unchecked through the open country to the south of the German armies , and had taken Le Mans on 8 August . The same day , the 1st Canadian Army attacked the weakened German positions south of Caen in Operation Totalize and threatened to break through to Falaise , although this attack stalled after two days . In desperation , Hitler ordered the attacks against Mortain to be renewed with greater intensity , demanding that the 9th Panzer Division , almost the only formation opposing Patton 's advance east from Le Mans , be transferred to Mortain to take part in the attack . General Heinrich Eberbach — commander of Panzergruppe West — was ordered to form a new headquarters , named " Panzer Group Eberbach " , to command the renewed offensive . Kluge — who feared he was about to be implicated by the Gestapo in the July 20 Plot — acquiesced in this apparently suicidal order . Eberbach 's proposed counter @-@ attack was soon overtaken by events , and was never mounted .
= = Aftermath = =
By 13 August , the offensive had fully halted , with German forces being driven out of Mortain . The Panzer Divisions involved lost half of their 150 tanks to Allied counter @-@ attacks and air strikes . As Hitler ordered German forces in Normandy to hold their positions , the U.S. VII and XV Corps were swinging east and north toward Argentan . The German attack west left the 7th Army and Panzergruppe West in danger of being encircled by Allied forces . As American forces advanced on Argentan , British and Canadian forces advanced on Falaise , threatening to cut off both armies in the newly formed Falaise Pocket .
Although American casualties in Operation Lüttich were significantly lighter than in previous operations , certain sectors of the front , notably the positions held by the 30th Division around Mortain , took severe casualties . By the end of 7 August alone , nearly 1 @,@ 000 men of the 30th Division had been killed . Estimates for American casualties from 6 – 13 August vary from 2 @,@ 000 @-@ 3 @,@ 000 fatalities , with an unknown number of wounded .
On 14 August , Canadian forces launched Operation Tractable , in conjunction with American movements northwards to Chambois . On 19 August , a brigade of the Polish 1st Armoured Division linked up with forces of the 90th U.S. Infantry Division , sealing off some 50 @,@ 000 German troops in the pocket . By 21 August , German attempts to reopen the gap had been thwarted , and all German troops trapped in the pocket surrendered to Allied forces , effectively putting an end to the German 7th Army .
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= The Boat Race 1886 =
The 43rd Boat Race took place on 3 April 1886 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Repairs to Hammersmith Bridge restricted the crews to pass through a single arch . Umpired by Robert Lewis @-@ Lloyd , Cambridge won the race by two @-@ thirds of a length in a time of 22 minutes 30 seconds , becoming the first crew to come from behind at Barnes Bridge to win .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 miles ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths and held the overall lead , with 23 victories to Cambridge 's 18 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Oxford 's coach was F. P. Bully . Cambridge were coached by Thomas Edmund Hockin ( who rowed for the Light Blues four times in the 1876 , 1877 , 1878 and 1879 races ) , Charles William Moore ( who represented Cambridge in the 1881 , 1882 , 1883 and 1884 races ) , and Herbert Edward Rhodes ( who rowed in the 1873 , 1874 , 1875 and 1876 races ) .
The umpire for the race was Robert Lewis @-@ Lloyd ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times between 1856 and 1859 ) . Hammersmith Bridge was undergoing repair and during practice , the crews struggled to negotiate side @-@ by @-@ side rowing through the same arch without fouling . It was agreed that should such a foul occur during the race , a restart above the bridge would take place , with a new finishing line near Kew . Two sets of oars were taken on the umpire 's launch should such an eventuality arise and a clash result in irreparable damage .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 75 lb ( 77 @.@ 7 kg ) , 4 pounds ( 1 @.@ 8 kg ) more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained three former Blues , including their boat club president Frederick Islay Pitman and Steve Fairbairn , both of whom were rowing in their third Boat Race . Oxford saw six rowers return to the crew , including the boat club president Douglas McLean who was making his fourth appearance in the event , and rowing with his brother Hector for the second consecutive year . There were two non @-@ British registered participants in the race : Australians Fairbairn ( for Cambridge ) and W. St L. Robertson ( for Oxford ) .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex station to Cambridge . Commencing at 1.38pm , the Light Blues made the better start and by the time the crews passed Craven Cottage , they held just less than a half @-@ length lead . Oxford began to close the gap , and by the soap works , the boats were level . On the approach to Hammersmith Bridge , the coxes " steered with such accuracy and nerve as they had never shown in practice " and both crews were able to shoot the bridge safely , with only a " few inches to spare " . Rowing into rough water , Oxford started to pull away and between Chiswick and Barnes Bridge , the lead increased to more than two lengths . At the bridge , Cambridge made a push and increased their rating to 40 strokes per minute , sustaining the drive for three minutes and overtaking Oxford , passing the finishing post by a margin of two @-@ thirds of a length . The winning time was 22 minutes 30 seconds and the win was Cambridge 's second victory in three years , taking the overall record to 23 – 19 in Oxford 's favour .
It was the first time the winning crew had come from behind at Barnes Bridge to win . According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , " never in the whole history of the Boatrace ( sic ) has there been a contest more thrilling to watch or more sensational in its result . "
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= Joe Kelley =
Joseph James Kelley ( December 9 , 1871 – August 14 , 1943 ) was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who starred in the outfield of the Baltimore Orioles teams of the 1890s . Making up the nucleus of the Orioles along with John McGraw , Willie Keeler , and Hughie Jennings , Kelley received the nickname " Kingpin of the Orioles " .
In his MLB career , Kelley played in the National League ( NL ) for the Boston Beaneaters ( 1891 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1892 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 – 1898 ) , and Brooklyn Superbas ( 1899 – 1901 ) , before he jumped to the upstart American League to play for the Baltimore Orioles ( 1902 ) . He returned to the NL with Cincinnati Reds ( 1902 – 1906 ) and Boston Doves ( 1908 ) . Kelley served as player @-@ manager of the Reds ( 1902 – 1905 ) and Doves ( 1908 ) . After extending his career in the minor leagues , he coached the Brooklyn Robins ( 1926 ) , and scouted for the New York Yankees ( 1915 – 1916 ) .
Kelley was regarded as an excellent batter , a good base runner , and a great leader . Over his seventeen season MLB career , Kelley had a .317 batting average , and batted over .300 in eleven consecutive seasons . Kelley stole a career @-@ high 87 bases in the 1896 season , which led MLB . He finished in the league 's top ten in categories such as batting average , home runs , runs batted in ( RBI ) , and stolen bases numerous times . He served as team captain of the Orioles and the Superbas . In recognition of his career achievements , Kelley was elected a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1971 .
= = Early life = =
Kelley was born to Patrick Kelly and Ann Kelly ( née Carney ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts on December 9 , 1871 . Kelley 's parents emigrated to the United States from Ireland , and he had five siblings . According to the 1880 United States Census , Patrick worked as a marble cutter .
As a child , Kelley was educated at a parochial grammar school and St. Thomas Aquinas College in Cambridge , where he starred for the school 's baseball team as a pitcher . He worked for a local piano manufacturer and the John P. Lowell Arms Company . He practiced with the Harvard Crimson , the college baseball team of Harvard University , and played semi @-@ professional baseball for the Lowell Arms Company .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career : Minor leagues and Boston Beaneaters ( 1891 ) = = =
Kelley made his professional debut with the Lowell Indians of the New England League ( NEL ) in 1891 , at age 19 . During games he did not pitch , Lowell 's manager put him in the lineup as an infielder . Kelley had a 10 – 3 win – loss record and a NEL @-@ leading .323 batting average with Lowell .
Lowell folded in July . Three days later , Kelley signed with the Boston Beaneaters of the National League ( NL ) . Kelley made his major league debut in August 1891 with the Beaneaters . After batting .244 in twelve games played , the Beaneaters released Kelley after the season . Kelley began the 1892 season with the Omaha Omahogs of the Class – A Western League , turning down a $ 1 @,@ 200 salary ( $ 31 @,@ 604 in current dollar terms ) from the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League . With Omaha , Kelley batted .316 with 19 stolen bases in 58 games .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates and NL 's Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 – 1898 ) = = =
The Pittsburgh Pirates of the NL purchased Kelley 's contract from Omaha for $ 500 ( $ 13 @,@ 169 in current dollar terms ) on July 2 , 1892 . Ned Hanlon , new manager of the Baltimore Orioles , traded George Van Haltren to the Pirates for Kelley and $ 2 @,@ 000 ( $ 52 @,@ 674 in current dollar terms ) in September 1892 . Hanlon had succeeded Van Haltren as Orioles ' manager during the season ; remaining with the Orioles as a player , Van Haltren openly criticized Hanlon . Hanlon mentioned that he " had [ his ] eye on Kelley for a long time . "
Hanlon taught Kelley how to play center field . During the 1893 season , Kelley batted .305 , with 120 runs scored , and stole 33 bases . He finished ninth in the NL with a .476 slugging percentage ( SLG ) , and tied Eddie Burke for ninth in home runs with 9 . The Orioles won the NL pennant in 1894 , 1895 , and 1896 . Kelley moved to left field in 1894 with the acquisition of Steve Brodie , who played center . That year , he batted .393 with 111 runs batted in ( RBI ) , 199 hits , and 165 runs scored , tying teammate Willie Keeler for second in runs and finishing sixth in batting average and eighth in hits . Combined with 107 walks , which were tied for second most in the NL with Cupid Childs and behind only Billy Hamilton , Kelley posted a .502 on @-@ base percentage ( OBP ) , finishing second in the NL to Hamilton , and hit 48 doubles , good for second in the NL , behind only Hugh Duffy . His .602 SLG was the fourth best in the NL .
These Orioles teams , led by John McGraw , were known to break the rules in order to win , including tampering with their bats and the playing field . Kelley hid baseballs in the outfield , using the closest hidden ball instead of finding the ball batted into the outfield . Kelley hit ten home runs in 1895 , a then @-@ franchise record , tying him for fifth in the NL with five other players . He also tied Brodie for second with 134 RBI , finished fourth with 54 stolen bases , fifth with a .546 SLG , and sixth with a .456 OBP . In 1896 , Kelley finished seventh in the NL in batting average ( .364 ) , fourth in runs scored ( 148 ) , fourth in SLG ( .543 ) , fifth in OBP ( .469 ) , ninth in hits ( 189 ) , and tied Gene DeMontreville for eighth in home runs ( 8 ) .
In 1897 , Kelley agreed to serve as the coach of the Georgetown Hoyas , the college baseball team of Georgetown University . That year , he finished fifth in the NL in batting average ( .362 ) and RBI ( 118 ) , seventh in OBP ( .447 ) , and eighth in SLG ( .489 ) .
By 1898 , Kelley earned an annual salary of $ 2 @,@ 500 ( $ 71 @,@ 110 in current dollar terms ) , plus a $ 200 ( $ 5 @,@ 689 in current dollar terms ) bonus for serving as team captain . He finished third in the league with 110 RBI and ninth with a .438 SLG . Due to insolvency , the Brooklyn Superbas purchased the Orioles after the 1898 season and transferred Kelley , Hanlon , Keeler , Joe McGinnity , and Hughie Jennings to Brooklyn . Wanting an opportunity to manage , and to remain near Baltimore , Kelley requested a transfer to the Washington Senators , but Washington did not have enough talent to send to Brooklyn to make a trade .
= = = Brooklyn Superbas and AL 's Baltimore Orioles ( 1899 – 1902 ) = = =
With McGraw remaining in Baltimore , Hanlon named Kelley team captain . The Superbas won the NL pennant in 1899 and 1900 , as Kelley finished tenth in RBI ( 93 ) , OBP ( .410 ) , and tied several players for tenth in home runs ( 6 ) in 1899 and led the team with a .319 batting average in 1900 , while finishing fourth in the league in SLG ( .485 ) , tying Hickman for seventh in RBI ( 91 ) , and tying Jimmy Collins and Buck Freeman for tenth in home runs ( 6 ) .
Kelley moved back to the infield , becoming the regular first baseman in 1901 . After the 1901 season , Kelley denied reports that he would jump from the Superbas to the Detroit Tigers of the American League ( AL ) , the former Western League which had decided to compete with the NL by creating franchises in east coast cities that housed NL franchises . However , the opportunity to return to Baltimore proved irresistible to Kelley , and after the AL 's successful 1901 season , he jumped from the Superbas to the Baltimore Orioles AL . Kelley 's father @-@ in @-@ law , John Mahon , was president and principal share holder of the AL 's Orioles .
Kelley was named Orioles ' captain and received some stock in the team . McGraw , player @-@ manager of the Orioles , resigned from the team to take over as manager of the New York Giants on July 7 , 1902 . In his absence , Kelley and Wilbert Robinson took over in the interim . Under indefinite suspension by Ban Johnson by July 1902 for fighting with umpires , Kelley entertained the idea of leaving the Orioles with McGraw , who was becoming frustrated with Johnson , and had begun negotiating to join the New York Giants of the NL . With the team in financial straits , Kelley sold his shares of the Orioles to Mahon , who had purchased McGraw 's shares when he left for New York , becoming principal shareholder of the Orioles . Mahon then sold controlling interest in the Orioles to Andrew Freedman , principal owner of the Giants , and John T. Brush , principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds , on July 17 . On the day they owned the franchise , they released the best players on the Orioles from their contracts so that they could be signed by National League teams : Kelley and Cy Seymour signed with the Reds , while McGinnity , Roger Bresnahan , Dan McGann , and Jack Cronin signed with the Giants . Johnson , along with Orioles minority owners , took control of the Orioles franchise , which had to forfeit their game that day as they did not have enough players . Kelley stated that the Orioles owed $ 12 @,@ 000 ( $ 328 @,@ 200 in current dollar terms ) , and that selling his shares was the only way Mahon could pay the team 's debts .
= = = Cincinnati Reds , Toronto Maple Leafs , and Boston Doves ( 1902 – 1908 ) = = =
The Superbas lodged a complaint against the Reds , claiming that Kelley was still under their control , seeking compensation from the Reds . However , the other NL owners saw the situation as a coup for their league , and compelled Hanlon to drop his complaint . Kelley did not immediately report to Cincinnati , instead traveling to Boston to attempt to convince members of the Boston Americans to join him in the NL . Kelley joined the Reds on July 31 .
With rumors that Kelley was negotiating to become the Reds ' manager , incumbent manager Bid McPhee resigned , and Kelley succeeded him . Kelley served as manager of the Reds from 1902 until 1905 . In 1903 , Kelley finished ninth in the NL in OBP ( .402 ) . He was dismissed as manager after the 1905 season , and replaced by Hanlon . He remained as a Reds player for the 1906 season . He batted .228 during the 1906 season , and the Reds released him .
Kelley signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Class – AA International League ( IL ) in 1907 , receiving a $ 5 @,@ 000 salary ( $ 126 @,@ 982 in current dollar terms ) , the highest for a minor league player to date . Kelley batted .322 for the Maple Leafs as a part @-@ time player , spending time in left field and first base . The Maple Leafs won the IL pennant that season .
With Fred Tenney set to leave the Boston Doves of the NL for the Giants , the Doves claimed Kelley from the Maple Leafs , signing Kelley to a two @-@ year contract with an annual salary of $ 5 @,@ 500 ( $ 144 @,@ 854 in current dollar terms ) . Kelley announced that he would play left field . Kelley feuded with Doves ' owner George Dovey , as Dovey wanted George Browne fined for " indifferent play " , which Kelley refused to do . Dovey fired Kelley in December 1908 . Kelley threatened legal action against Dovey , stating in the press that Dovey was releasing him to cut salary . Kelley and Dovey settled their case , freeing Kelley from the second year of his Doves contract .
= = = Later career ( 1909 – 1926 ) = = =
Maple Leafs president James McCafferey secured Kelley 's return to the club in 1909 . He played with the Maple Leafs through 1910 , managing the Maple Leafs from 1912 to 1914 , winning a second pennant in 1912 .
After the 1914 season , the Maple Leafs released Kelley . The New York Yankees considered hiring Kelley as their manager after the 1914 season . Kelley scouted for the Yankees in 1915 and 1916 . Former teammate Wilbert Robinson , then manager of the Brooklyn Robins , hired Kelley and McGinnity to join his coaching staff for the 1926 MLB season . Kelley and McGinnity were not retained after the season .
= = Legacy = =
As a player , Kelley had 11 consecutive .300 @-@ plus seasons during his MLB career . Kelley was also known as a good base runner and stole a career @-@ high 87 bases in 1896 . He retired with a career .317 batting , .402 OBP , 65 home runs , 1 @,@ 421 runs , 1 @,@ 194 RBI and 443 stolen bases in 1 @,@ 853 career games . His 194 triples ranks him ninth all @-@ time . Kelley tied Fred Carroll 's MLB record with nine hits in a doubleheader , which he presently shares with eight other players .
Additionally , he was known as a great leader . He compiled a 338 – 321 win – loss record as a MLB manager .
Kelley was considered by the Veterans Committee for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964 , but was not selected . He was voted into the Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1971 .
= = Personal life = =
Kelley married Margaret Mahon on October 26 , 1897 . Keeler served as Kelley 's best man , and McGraw and Jennings served as groomsmen .
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= Marsileaceae =
The Marsileaceae / mɑːrsɪliˈeɪsiː / are a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi @-@ aquatic ferns , though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns . The group is commonly known as the " pepperwort family " or as the " water @-@ clover family " because the leaves of the genus Marsilea superficially resemble the leaves of a four @-@ leaf clover ( a flowering plant ) . Leaves of this fern have sometimes been used to substitute for clover leaves on Saint Patrick 's Day . In all , the family contains 3 genera and 50 to 80 species with most of those belonging to Marsilea .
= = Natural history = =
Members of the Marsileaceae are aquatic or semi @-@ aquatic . Plants often grow in dense clumps in mud along the shores of ponds or streams , or they may grow submerged in shallow water with some of the leaves extending to float on the water surface . They grow in seasonally wet habitats , but survive the winter or dry season by losing their leaves and producing hard , desiccation @-@ resistant reproductive structures .
There are only three living genera in the family Marsileaceae . The majority of species ( about 45 to 70 ) belong to the genus Marsilea , which grows worldwide in warm @-@ temperate and tropical regions . Marsilea can be distinguished from the other two genera by the presence of four leaflets on each leaf , although some species occasionally produce six leaflets per leaf . A second genus Regnellidium includes a single living species that grows only in southern Brazil and neighboring parts of Argentina ; it has only two leaflets per leaf . The third genus Pilularia grows widely in temperate regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres . Its leaves do not subdivide into leaflets but are slender and tapered to a point , so that it is often overlooked and mistaken for a grass . There are only about five species known .
The closest relatives of the Marsileaceae are the Salviniaceae , which are also aquatic and heterosporous . However , both of these other fern families float freely on the surface of ponds or lakes instead of rooting in soil or mud . The close relationship of these groups to the Marsileaceae is supported by both morphologic and molecular analysis , as well as by the discovery of an intermediate fossil named Hydropteris . In general , the Salviniaceae and Azollaceae have a much better fossil record than the Marsileaceae . Until recently , Rodeites dakshinii was the oldest fossil member known ; it is a preserved sporocarp containing spores , found in Tertiary chert of India . In 2000 , the discovery of fossilized sporocarps from the Cretaceous of eastern North America was announced . These fossils were assigned to the species Regnellidium upatoiensis , and pushed the known history of the Marsileaceae back into the Mesozoic . The oldest fossil known for the Marsileaceae is Regnellites nagashimae from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Japan . The fossils include leaves with visible veins , as well as sporocarps .
= = Morphology = =
The Marsileaceae share many of the basic structural characteristics common to most ferns , but the differences are more noticeable than the similarities . Species of this family have long , slender rhizomes that creep along or beneath the ground . Their fronds ( leaves ) grow in distinct clusters at nodes along the rhizome , with wide spacing between leaf clusters . As a result , the plants appear to be more stem than leaf , unlike other ferns .
Roots grow primarily from the same nodes as the leaves , but may also grow from other locations along the rhizome . The roots of Marsilea and Regnellidium are noteworthy for containing vessel elements . Vessels have also been found in the rhizome of two species of Marsilea . These vessels have evolved independently of vessels in other groups of plants .
The leaves are the most easily observed characteristic for the Marsileaceae ; they have a long slender leaf stalk ending in zero , two , or four ( occasionally six ) leaflets . The number of leaflets differs among the three genera and can therefore be used for identification . In Pilularia , the leaves are narrowly cylindrical and taper to a point . Leaves of Regnellidium bear two broad leaflets , while leaves of Marsilea bear four leaflets at the tip . The four leaflets on the leaf of Marsilea are not borne equally . Instead , they are borne in pairs with one pair of leaflets attached slightly higher than the other . Thus in the developing leaf , the leaflets are folded more like the wings of a butterfly than like the leaflets of a clover .
As with other ferns , the leaves develop in a circinate pattern . They begin as small , tight spirals which unroll as the leaf matures . At full maturity they are held erect with the leaflets unfolded , except in Pilularia whose leaves have no blade . Temperate species are deciduous , losing their vegetative leaves in winter . Tropical species may also lose their leaves during the dry season . These leaves are photosynthetic , and produce most of the food used by the plant .
Some aquatic species of Marsilea , especially those growing with their rhizome submerged , may have vegetative leaves that are dimorphic . Some of their leaves grow up to the surface of the water , and look just like leaves of species growing out of water . These plants also produce other leaves with shorter leaf stalks that are not long enough to reach the surface , and so the leaflets remain underwater . These leaves have different anatomical and cellular characteristics better suited to their submerged environment .
In addition to their vegetative ( sterile ) leaflets , all species of Marsileaceae produce fertile ( spore @-@ producing ) leaflets at or near the base of the photosynthetic leaves . This reproductive portion looks and functions very differently from the vegetative portion of the leaves .
= = Life cycle = =
Like other ferns , members of the Marsileaceae produce spores , but not seeds when they reproduce . Unlike other ferns , the spores in this family are produced inside sporocarps . These are hairy , short @-@ stalked , bean @-@ shaped structures usually 3 to 8 mm in diameter with a hardened outer covering . This outer covering is tough and resistant to drying out , allowing the spores inside to survive unfavorable conditions such as winter frost or summer desiccation . Despite this toughness , the sporocarps will open readily in water if conditions are favorable , and specimens have been successfully germinated after being stored for more than 130 years . Each growing season , only one sporocarp typically develops per node along the rhizome near the base of the other leaf @-@ stalks , though in some species of Marsilea there may be two or occasionally as many as twenty . The resemblance of the sporocarps to peppercorns gives the family its common name of pepperwort .
The sporocarps are functionally and developmentally modified leaflets , although they have much shorter stalks than the vegetative leaflets . Inside the sporocarp , the modified leaflets bear several sori , each of which consists of several sporangia covered by a thin hood of tissue ( the indusium ) . Each sorus includes a mix of two types of sporangium , each type producing only one of two kinds of spores . Toward the center of each sorus and developing first are the megasporangia , each of which will produce a single large female megaspore . Surrounding them at the edge of the sorus and developing later are the microsporangia , each of which will produce many small male microspores .
Because the Marsileaceae produce two kinds of spore ( and thus two kinds of gametophyte ) , they are called heterosporous . While heterospory is the norm among all plants with seeds , such as the flowering plants and conifers , it is very rare among other groups of plants . Also , most heterosporous plants produce their two kinds of sporangia in different places on the plant . Since the Marsileaceae grow both kinds together in a single cluster , they differ from other plants in this regard as well .
The spores remain dormant inside the sporocarp through unfavorable conditions , but when conditions are suitable and wet , the sporocarp will germinate . It splits into halves , allowing the tissue coiled inside to become hydrated . As this internal tissue swells with water , it pushes the halves of the hard outer covering apart , and emerges as a long gelatinous worm @-@ like sorophore . The sorophore is a sorus @-@ bearing structure unique to the Marsileaceae ; it may extend to more than ten times the length of the sporocarp inside which it was coiled . This extension carries the numerous spore @-@ producing sori attached along each side of the sorophore out into the water .
= = Human uses = =
Some species of Marsilea are cultivated in garden pools or aquaria . The Indigenous Australians once made a porridge of pulverized Marsilea sporocarps called nardoo . However , the sporocarps contain toxic levels of thiaminase , so careful preparation methods must be used in order for the nardoo to be safe for consumption .
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= Endtroducing ..... =
Endtroducing ..... is the debut studio album by American music producer DJ Shadow , released on November 19 , 1996 by Mo ' Wax Recordings and A & M Records . The album is known for being composed almost entirely of sampled content , most of which originated from various vinyl records obtained by DJ Shadow during trips to record shops . This is further reflected on the album sleeve . Endtroducing ..... was produced by Shadow in the span of two years using minimal amounts of equipment , most notably the Akai MPC60 sampler . In creating the album 's overall atmosphere , he strived to capture the downbeat nature of his previous releases for the Mo ' Wax label . The album 's content features both moody , slow @-@ paced tracks and upbeat jams reminiscent of DJ Shadow 's early hip hop influences .
Endtroducing ..... received universal acclaim from critics , who praised DJ Shadow 's approach to sampling and the beats he created from samples . It ranked highly on various year @-@ end lists of the best albums of 1996 . The album is considered to be a landmark work in the instrumental hip hop movement , with DJ Shadow 's innovative sampling techniques and arrangements influencing other producers to create similar sample @-@ based works . Endtroducing ..... has since appeared in several publications ' lists of the decade 's greatest albums . The album was released to positive reception in the United Kingdom , where DJ Shadow had already established himself as a rising act . It reached the top twenty of the UK Albums Chart and was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Mo ' Wax issued four singles to promote the album , including the chart hits " Midnight in a Perfect World " and " Stem " . However , it would take considerably longer for Endtroducing ..... to find success in the United States . Upon completing promotion of the album and returning to his hometown of Davis , California , DJ Shadow devoted his time to creating new music . Endtroducing ..... later peaked at number 37 on the American Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart .
= = Background = =
DJ Shadow began his music career in 1989 as a disc jockey for the University of California , Davis campus radio station KDVS . He had previously experimented with a four @-@ track recorder in his high school years to create music utilizing samples , having been inspired by other sample @-@ based music such as It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back ( 1988 ) by American hip hop group Public Enemy . His KDVS work impressed A & R representative Dave " Funken " Klein , leading him to sign DJ Shadow to the Hollywood BASIC label to produce music and remixes . DJ Shadow 's output during this period – including the 17 @-@ minute long " Entropy " and his work with the Solesides crew – brought him to the attention of British musician James Lavelle , who then signed DJ Shadow to his Mo ' Wax label .
DJ Shadow 's singles for Mo ' Wax – including " In / Flux " and " Lost and Found ( S.F.L. ) " – were , as Sean Cooper of AllMusic wrote , hailed as " genre @-@ bending works of art that merged elements of funk , rock , hip hop , ambient , jazz , soul , and used @-@ bin found records . " Andy Pemberton , a music journalist writing for Mixmag , coined the term " trip hop " in June 1994 to describe " In / Flux " and similar tracks being spun in London clubs at the time . DJ Shadow 's follow @-@ up single " What Does Your Soul Look Like " topped the British independent music charts . Following this period , he began work on his debut album , intent on capturing the downbeat mood that characterized his aforementioned three singles . The album was aptly titled Endtroducing ..... , as according to DJ Shadow , " it signified the fourth and final chapter in a series of pieces that I was doing for Mo ' Wax with a certain sound , a certain tone , a certain atmosphere . "
= = Production = =
DJ Shadow started production of the album in 1994 , assembling initial work in his California apartment and later using The Glue Factory – the home studio of music producer and colleague Dan the Automator – as his work station . In making Endtroducing ..... , DJ Shadow strived to create an " entirely 100 % sample @-@ based album . " His studio set @-@ up was minimal , with only three primary pieces of equipment being utilized in making the album : an Akai MPC60 sampler , a Technics SL @-@ 1200 turntable and an Alesis ADAT tape recorder . The Akai MPC60 was particularly instrumental in the production of Endtroducing ..... , with the sampler being used for almost all composition . DJ Shadow has referred to the device as " the instrument I took seriously in terms of becoming the best at it , or one of the best . " He sampled from various vinyl albums and singles accumulated from his trips to Rare Records , a record shop located in his native Sacramento , where he would spend several hours each day searching for music . His routine is depicted in the documentary film Scratch ( 2001 ) , directed by Doug Pray .
The sampled content on Endtroducing ..... originates from various sources , including music of genres ranging from hip hop , jazz , funk , psychedelia , and heavy metal as well as films and interviews . DJ Shadow layered , programmed , and cut samples into smaller fragments to create new tracks . He opted to sample from more obscure selections , making it a personal rule of his to lean away from using more popular material , saying : " I 've always pushed myself to use obscure things , and if I use something obvious , it 's usually only to break my own rules . " Samples of more prominent artists such as Björk and Metallica are , however , present throughout the record . Minor vocal contributions were provided by American rappers Lyrics Born and Gift of Gab , both personal friends of DJ Shadow .
= = Composition = =
DJ Shadow has said that his albums " have always been really varied . " Speaking of the variation on Endtroducing ..... , he explained : " Even on an album like Endtroducing [ ... ] I feel like ' Organ Donor ' sounds nothing like ' The Number Song ' which sounds nothing like ' Midnight ' and on and on . " DJ Shadow has also said that he was " in despair " and often depressed during the production of the album and that " [ his ] feelings of self @-@ doubt and self @-@ esteem come through in the music . "
Endtroducing ..... is opened by " Best Foot Forward " , a brief 48 @-@ second collage of various hip hop vocal samples , along with instances of scratching . " Building Steam with a Grain of Salt " is built around a looped piano melody , with various other musical elements entering throughout the song 's duration : interview samples , a women 's choir , bass fills , electronically altered drum kicks , and a funk guitar . " The Number Song " is characterized by its usage of various breakbeats and vocal samples of count @-@ offs . " Changeling " is reminiscent of new @-@ age music and differs from the fast @-@ paced nature of the album 's previous tracks , slowly building up as more samples are mixed in before finally ending with a " sublimely spacey " coda . It segues into the first of three " transmissions " placed throughout the album , each featuring a recurring sample from the film Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) . " What Does Your Soul Look Like ( Part 4 ) " evokes " uneasy futurism and techno @-@ anxiety " and fuses a " rolling bass groan " with wordless , robotic chants . Track six is an untitled interlude featuring a man reciting a monologue about " Maureen and her five sisters " over a funk sample .
The album 's second half is opened by the two @-@ part " Stem / Long Stem " , which recalls genres such as ambient and jungle . DJ Shadow 's trademark drum chopping is juxtaposed with several other diverse sampled parts , including string movements , comedy routines , film soundtracks , and blues music . Andy Kellman of AllMusic describes it as a " suite of often melancholy music , a piece that consistently refuses to be pigeonholed into any musical style . " " Transmission 2 " plays before the album proceeds with " Mutual Slump " , a " sedate funk " track featuring female spoken narration and prominent samples of Björk 's " Possibly Maybe " . " Organ Donor " is structured around a chopped @-@ up organ solo from Giorgio Moroder 's " Tears " , backed by a funk breakbeat . " Why Hip @-@ Hop Sucks in ' 96 " – DJ Shadow 's commentary on the state of hip hop music at the time – is a brief interlude featuring a looping G @-@ funk @-@ esque beat and a lone voice proclaiming : " It 's the money ! "
" Midnight in a Perfect World " layers a soulful vocal line and a slow drum beat . It is based around mournful piano sampled from David Axelrod 's 1969 song " The Human Abstract " . " Napalm Brain / Scatter Brain " builds slowly , starting with a bassline and a looped drum break before its tempo speeds and additional instrumentation enters ; the track eventually reaches its climax and deconstructs itself , leaving a single string sample playing by its conclusion . Endtroducing ..... concludes on a somber note with " What Does Your Soul Look Like ( Part 1 – Blue Sky Revisit ) " , a wistful track that blends a warm saxophone hook with a keyboard refrain . The track eventually transitions into a third and final " transmission " , which closes the album with the words " It is happening again . " being spoken by an " enigmatic " voice , that of The Giant from the television series Twin Peaks .
= = Release = =
DJ Shadow promoted the album during various interviews and press appearances . The album performed well in the United Kingdom , spending three weeks on the UK Albums Chart and peaking at # 17 . It also managed to chart in the Netherlands , where it peaked at # 75 . " Midnight in a Perfect World " had previously been released as the album 's first single in September , and released to American college and modern rock stations in January 1997 . The single 's music video , directed by B Plus , received prominent airtime on the MTV program Amp ; the single itself peaked at number 54 on the UK Singles Chart . " Stem " was released as the album 's second single on October 28 , 1996 , peaking at number 74 in the United Kingdom and at number 14 in Ireland – DJ Shadow 's first top twenty hit on a singles chart . A remix single of " What Does Your Soul Look Like ( Part 1 – Blue Sky Revisit ) " followed in 1997 , reaching a peak position of 54 in the UK . A fourth and final single – a double A @-@ side release featuring American music producer Cut Chemist 's remix of " The Number Song " and DJ Shadow 's own remix of English electronic music band Depeche Mode 's " Painkiller " – was issued on February 23 , 1998 .
Describing the time spent promoting the album as " some weird roller coaster ride " , DJ Shadow was dismayed by the lack of reaction he received upon returning to his hometown of Davis , compared to the thriving attention he had received within the British music scene . He felt that he had been manipulated by the press and his record label and " went from being angry to being depressed about the perceived lack of control [ he ] had in [ his ] life . " DJ Shadow found himself compelled to produce new tracks such as " High Noon " as a way of expressing his feelings at the time . It was following this period that an interest in DJ Shadow 's work began to generate in the United States , with newspapers running stories on Endtroducing ..... and DJ Shadow receiving several phone calls a day , enough to convince him to hire his own manager . The album later debuted on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart , where it eventually peaked at number 37 . A deluxe edition of Endtroducing ..... was released on June 7 , 2005 . The re @-@ issue includes a second disc of B @-@ sides , remixes , and demo material entitled Excessive Ephemera as well as liner notes by DJ Shadow discussing the album 's making .
= = Critical reception = =
Endtroducing ..... received widespread acclaim from critics when it was first released . Alternative Press called it " an undeniable hip @-@ hop masterpiece " showing " DJ Shadow remembers that sampling is an art form " , while David Bennun from The Guardian said the record was " not only one of the most daring and original albums of recent times , but also one of the loveliest . " In Playboy , Robert Christgau claimed that while listeners unfamiliar with its style of music would not find the tracks as powerful , " they are so rich and eclectic , and spun out with such a sense of flow , that this album establishes the kind of convincing aural reality other British techno experimenters only fantasize about . " Tom Wilkes of Melody Maker wrote : " The album flips hip hop inside out all over again like a reversible glove , and again , and again , and each time it 's sudden and new . I am , I confess , totally confounded by it . I hear a lot of good records , but very few impossible ones ... You need this record . You are incomplete without it . " Author and rock critic Greil Marcus published a glowing review of the album in his " Real Life Rock Top Ten " column for Interview , where he called it " absolutely modern – which is to say ambient @-@ dreamy and techno @-@ abstract " and " quite brilliant throughout " .
Jon Wiederhorn of Entertainment Weekly likened Endtroducing ..... to " a surreal film soundtrack on which jazz , classical , and jungle fragments are artfully blended with turntable tricks and dialogue snippets " and commended that it " takes hip @-@ hop into the next dimension " , while Simon Williams of NME called DJ Shadow " both slyly knowing and brilliantly naive , fusing the dramatic and the deranged to his own sweet end . " Sia Michel of Spin said that the album " practically folds you into its symphonic fantasia , the coming @-@ of @-@ age story of a 24 @-@ year @-@ old bunk @-@ bed dreamer . " Tony Green of JazzTimes commended DJ Shadow 's " unerring ear for motif and texture " . Jon Wiederhorn of Q magazine also responded favorably , writing : " Shadow 's brief is to develop a totally sample @-@ based idiom , weaving a cinematically broad spectrum so deftly layered that the sampling @-@ is @-@ stealing argument falls flat . "
Endtroducing ..... appeared in numerous critics ' lists of the best albums of 1996 . The album topped the year @-@ end polls of Muzik and OOR , while placing second in Melody Maker 's . It was voted fourth place on The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics ' poll for 1996 . In his dean 's list , poll creator Robert Christgau named Endtroducing ..... the best album of the year . The album also ranked in the top ten of year @-@ end lists by the The Face , the Los Angeles Times , Mojo , NME , and Vox .
= = Legacy = =
Endtroducing ..... has been frequently ranked in professional lists of the all @-@ time greatest albums . Various publications , including Q , Rolling Stone , Spin , Pitchfork Media , and Slant Magazine , have placed the album in their respective lists of best albums of the 1990s . Time included Endtroducing ..... in their list of the 100 greatest albums of all @-@ time . " A decade on , " wrote Mojo , " DJ Shadow 's affirmatory essay on record collecting as a creative endeavour has lost none of its grandeur . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said of the album : " ... it 's innovative , but it builds on a solid historical foundation , giving it a rich , multi @-@ faceted sound . It 's not only a major breakthrough for hip @-@ hop and electronica , but for pop music . " Will Hermes , writing in Spin , called it " trip @-@ hop 's crowning achievement " . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .
The almost entirely sampled nature of Endtroducing ..... was considered groundbreaking at the time of its release , and Guinness World Records has cited the album as being the first to be created entirely from sampled sources ( although this isn 't quite true , since the album does in fact contain some spoken @-@ word elements recorded in the studio ) . The album was a driving force in the development of instrumental hip hop music , inspiring several other disc jockeys and producers to create sample @-@ based works . Tim Stelloh of PopMatters cited it as the " benchmark " for the genre . Guitarist Jonny Greenwood of English alternative rock band Radiohead has cited Endtroducing ..... as an influence on his band 's critically acclaimed album OK Computer ( 1997 ) , saying : " We liked how he was cutting up beats quite minutely . " Several of the artists sampled on Endtroducing ..... – including British progressive rock band Nirvana and American musician David Axelrod – have praised the album . DJ Shadow has expressed his surprise at the album 's influence and high regard amongst other musicians , saying : " After the record , I 'd always bump into these world @-@ class producers who 'd say , ' Yeah , Endtroducing ..... – what a great piece of production . ' I just did it on one sampler in a tiny little studio . "
Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club suggested that the influence of Endtroducing ..... may have had a negative effect on the album itself , saying that it " has been partially diluted by the symphonic beat @-@ collage culture it helped spawn . " The album 's acclaim set considerably high standards for future releases by DJ Shadow , and he has expressed his dissatisfaction with being expected to " repeat Endtroducing ..... over and over again " . Despite this , DJ Shadow has made it clear that he views the album in a positive light and denies any pressure that may have come about as a result of the album 's praise : " ... people always seem to suggest that there 's this pressure , and that Endtroducing ..... is some kind of albatross , and I 've just honestly never felt that way . I think that I have a healthy enough respect for the lineage of the music and how rare it is that you can connect with an audience . If that will always be ' the record ' then so be it , that 's cool . " As of April 26 , 2005 , Endtroducing ..... has sold upwards of 290 @,@ 000 copies in the United States alone .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Endtroducing ..... adapted from album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Thunder Run ( Kentucky Kingdom ) =
Thunder Run is a wooden roller coaster at the Kentucky Kingdom amusement park in Louisville , Kentucky . The ride originally operated from August 1990 through to October 2009 , when then @-@ operators Six Flags abandoned the park . After remaining standing but not operating since 2009 , Thunder Run reopened in May 2014 when Kentucky Kingdom reopened under new operators .
The ride was manufactured by Dinn Corporation and designed by Curtis D. Summers and John Fetterman . With 2 @,@ 850 feet ( 870 m ) of track , Thunder Run stands 90 feet ( 27 m ) tall and features a top speed of 53 miles per hour ( 85 km / h ) .
= = History = =
Kentucky Kingdom opened on May 23 , 1987 , leasing 10 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) at the Kentucky Exposition Center property . The Texas investors who operated the park filed it for bankruptcy after only one season of operation . The Ed Hart @-@ led Themeparks LLC firm purchased the rights to operate the park in 1989 , reopening the park the following year . As part of the reopening the new operators added a collection of new rides including Thunder Run , which opened in August 1990 . Early in Thunder Run 's operating life , its train had derailed from the lift hill and the ride 's lap bars were found to be unsafe . No injuries were reported from either incident . The original ride was retracked by Martin & Vleminckx prior to its closure in 2009 .
Thunder Run operated until the end of the 2009 season on November 1 . Amid a corporate bankruptcy , on February 4 , 2010 , Six Flags announced the park would cease operations immediately due to the rejection of an amended lease by the Kentucky State Fair Board . Many attempts were made to reopen the park under new operators . Eventually , on June 27 , 2013 , a group of investors led by Ed Hart negotiated an agreement to reopen the park . The group would spend $ 36 million to reopen the park in May 2014 . Thunder Run would be part of the opening day lineup of attractions . Rocky Mountain Construction was hired to refurbish the ride , resulting in the existing wooden track to be replaced . On October 10 , 2013 , Kentucky Kingdom invited members of the media and amusement industry to ride the refurbished Thunder Run . The ride reopened to the public on May 24 , 2014 .
= = Characteristics = =
The 2 @,@ 850 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 870 m ) Thunder Run stands 90 feet ( 27 m ) tall . With a top speed of 53 miles per hour ( 85 km / h ) , the ride featured a ride duration of approximately 2 minutes . The ride would operate with a single train featuring six cars . Each would seat riders in two rows of two , totalling 24 riders per train . Thunder Run features 70 degree banked turns .
Thunder Run 's design was originally intended for Americana Amusement Park in the late 1980s ; Dinn Corporation was contracted to manufacturer a wooden roller coaster designed by Curtis D. Summers and John Fetterman , before the plans fell through . The design was later used as the foundation for International Coasters ' only two roller coasters which are located at Carowinds and Kings Dominion , both named the Hurler .
= = Ride experience = =
Thunder Run features a double out and back layout . It begins with a left turn out of the station . This leads to the 90 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 27 m ) chain lift hill . Once at the top , riders go down a small dip and along a 180 degree turn to the left . The first drop of 74 feet ( 23 m ) leads into a near @-@ ground level 70 @-@ degree banked turn to the left . A series of small camelback hills are followed by a turnaround . The train proceeds back towards the station with another hill . This process repeats a second time leading back into the brake run and station .
= = Reception = =
In 1993 and 1994 , Thunder Run was cited by Amusement Business as the " Most Terrifying Roller Coaster " on a top 10 list . The American Coaster Enthusiasts ' Inside Track magazine ranked Thunder Run as the " fourth best of its kind in the nation " . In 2007 , the Lexington Herald @-@ Leader described the ride as having " a few nice drops and that jerky , clicking wooden coaster feel that some people love , but it never gets too wild " . Tim O 'Brien , formerly of Amusement Business , rode the inaugural run of the ride in 1990 , as well as the first cycle of the refurbished ride in 2013 . O 'Brien describes the updated ride as " a better ride today than it was back then " , commending the ride 's ability to give a classic wooden roller coaster feel , yet run smoothly . He states Thunder Run " is one of the top wooden roller coasters in the world " .
In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Thunder Run has appeared four times from 2001 through to 2004 . It debuted at position 34 in 2001 before dropping to 49 in 2004 .
Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll is an annual survey of roller coasters from around the world . It is widely regarded as the best and most accurate of any roller coaster poll available due to its ranking algorithm which prevents the poll from becoming a popularity contest . In the poll , Thunder Run entered at position 30 in 1994 , maintaining an average of 54 for the 17 years that followed . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
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= Pilot ( Friday Night Lights ) =
" Pilot " is the first episode of the sports drama television series Friday Night Lights . The episode premiered on the NBC network on October 3 , 2006 . It introduces the men and women involved with the Dillon Panthers , a Texas high school football team . In the pilot episode , the team is preparing for the first game of the season , which will be the first game under new head coach Eric Taylor .
The show is based on the 2004 film Friday Night Lights , which was in turn based on the 1990 non @-@ fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H. G. Bissinger . Peter Berg , who is Bissinger 's cousin and who directed the film , wrote and directed the pilot episode , and served as executive producer for the series . While some of the actors from the movie returned to act on the show , most of the actors were cast specifically for the television series .
Critical reception of the show was good to average , with a general appreciation for the realistic portrayal of Middle America . Generally speaking , however , there were serious doubts about whether the show would be able to stay on the air very long , though it has since gone on to complete five seasons . The episode 's viewership of just over seven million was characterized as disappointing , though it did relatively well among men aged 18 to 34 .
= = Plot = =
It is Monday morning , and five days until the first game of the season for high school football team Dillon Panthers . While coach Eric Taylor is surveying the field , some of the players are getting ready for practice . Fullback Tim Riggins is recovering from a hangover , and his brother Billy warns him that he could be kicked off the team if he does not show . Meanwhile , second @-@ string quarterback Matt Saracen is preparing lunch for his grandmother , before his friend Landry Clarke drives him to practice . At the stadium , a television crew is conducting interviews . It is revealed that coach Taylor , who has recently been made head coach , used to coach the exceptionally gifted quarterback Jason Street . It also becomes clear that there is a deep @-@ seated conflict between Tim Riggins and the brash and loud @-@ mouthed running back Brian " Smash " Williams . Later , at the local fast food restaurant where the players regularly hang out , Landry and Matt try to approach the coach 's daughter Julie . She insists that she does not associate with football players . They assure her that Landry is not on the team and Matt gets virtually no playing time because of Street , but she still rebuffs them both .
On Tuesday night a pep rally is held at the local car dealership . The owner and host is Buddy Garrity , who is also the father of Jason Street 's girlfriend Lyla . Coach Taylor is surrounded by members of the local community questioning him about the game . It is gradually emerging how important football is to the town , and the great responsibility that rests on Taylor 's shoulders . His wife Tami , meanwhile , is reluctantly recruited by the society wives to join their book club . Riggins ' girlfriend Tyra Collette tries to stoke up trouble by flirting with both Street and Smash . Wednesday goes by with a team visit to a group of elementary school football players who idolize the older boys . The two teams recite the Lord 's Prayer together . On Thursday night , the night before the game , Street and Riggins are at a party . Riggins lays out his plan of Street going to the National Football League and Riggins living off one percent of Street 's salary . Then they can retire to a ranch where Riggins will act as Street 's caretaker . They make a toast to " Texas Forever " .
On game night , coach Taylor gives a pep talk where he warns the players against taking the opponents – Westerby High School – too lightly . They say their rallying cry , " Clear Eyes , Full Hearts , Can 't Lose ! " and enter the field . The first half is problematic for the Panthers , and at the end of the second half , the visitors make a potentially game @-@ winning interception . Street is the only one left to make a tackle . He succeeds , but the tackle is so hard that he remains prone on the ground . The crowd is left in silence as the starting quarterback does not move , and has to be taken off on a stretcher to a waiting ambulance . Coach Taylor now has to put in the highly unprepared Saracen , who initially makes several silly mistakes . The coach tells him to relax and focus , and Saracen manages to connect with Smash , who scores a touchdown . Riggins recovers the ensuing onside kick for the Panthers . In the final seconds of the game , Saracen throws a long pass to a receiver , who makes it to the end zone for another touchdown . As the Panthers win the game , both teams gather at mid @-@ field to pray for Jason Street . Team members then head over to the hospital , where Street 's condition is still unclear . Riggins and Smash reconcile , while Julie tries to comfort Lyla . In a voice @-@ over , coach Taylor is heard saying that " We are all vulnerable , and we will all at some point in our lives fall . "
= = Production = =
= = = Conception = = =
The television series Friday Night Lights was based on the 2004 movie Friday Night Lights , which was in turn based on the 1990 non @-@ fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H. G. Bissinger . The book describes the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas . While the movie was set in 1988 , the television series takes place in the present . Peter Berg – who is Bissinger 's cousin – co @-@ wrote and directed the movie , and also wrote and directed the Friday Night Lights pilot . In addition to writing the script of the pilot , he also executively produced the entire project together with Sarah Aubrey and John Cameron .
Berg expressed regret in interviews about having to sacrifice certain story lines in the movie , due to time restraints . The television series allowed interpersonal issues to be addressed more in depth . " The idea was to create a television show that exists as much more of a soap opera , or an exploration of human beings , " said Berg in an interview , " than as a chronicle of a football team 's pursuit of glory . " The series was filmed partly in Austin , and a call went out for local football players to play part roles in the show . In an attempt to maintain an authentic Texas environment , elements were incorporated from local society . Football scenes were filmed at the local Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex , while uniforms were based on those of real @-@ life Pflugerville Panthers .
= = = Casting = = =
Casting of the show included using some of the actors who had already appeared in the movie , including Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a character similar to the one he had played in the movie , and Connie Britton as Tami Taylor , wife of coach Eric Taylor . Britton had felt that the female story lines were underplayed in the movie , but was promised by Berg that these topics would be given more attention in the television series . Kyle Chandler , playing the role of head coach Eric Taylor , said he had played some high school football , " but I was no good " . He recalled showing up to an early meeting with Berg after a friend 's party where he " had too much to drink , smoked too many cigarettes " and was generally quite tired . Berg liked that look , since he wanted the coach to appear old and weary . " You need to drink a lot of scotch and smoke a lot of cigarettes , " he advised .
Scott Porter , playing the role of quarterback Jason Street , knew that his character would be paralyzed from the first episode on , and said that this was a big part of the reason why he took the role . Porter played high school football as a wide receiver . He also played on a highly successful team in high school , and described himself as huge fan of the Friday Night Lights movie . Meanwhile Taylor Kitsch , the show 's Tim Riggins , said in an interview that he was able to relate to his character based on his own personal experiences : " my father is out of my life , more or less " , he revealed in an interview , " So I discover stuff that maybe I wasn 't even dealing with as a person . "
Zach Gilford said about his character Matt Saracen that " there are different parts of it from people I know growing up or people I 'm tight with now " . He credited Peter Berg with coming up with the Saracen character , and said he was grateful to " have some of the most realistic and heartfelt storylines . " When asked which of the actors would have been drafted highest by the NFL , he replied " Probably Taylor [ Kitsch ] . He 's a good athlete , but Scott will kill me for saying that . Scott played football growing up and he has a good arm , but Taylor is faster and I think that would help his draft status . " Gaius Charles , who plays " Smash " Williams , graduated from the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in 2005 , determined to find a job within a year , which he did with Friday Night Lights . He describes himself as " all right " at football , but says that he was taken aback by the intensity of the plays on the set .
Mack Brown , the head coach of the University of Texas at Austin Longhorn football team , plays a cameo in the episodes . He appears in the pep rally scene , where he is a member of the local community questioning coach Taylor . Brown played without a script because , according to Berg , " you 've heard fathers for 33 years , so you ought to know what to say . " Kyle Chandler , as coach Taylor , was reportedly surprised by Brown 's intensity .
= = Reception = =
Lisa de Moraes , in her " TV Column " for The Washington Post , pointed out that in spite of critical praise , the show 's premiere did poorly with viewers . With 7 @.@ 17 million viewers , it had " the worst ratings performance for any series premiere in the official 2006 @-@ 07 TV season . " On the other hand , Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters wrote that the episode 's good performance among the coveted demographic of men aged 18 to 34 could be a saving grace . The episode was nominated for an Artios Award for " Best Dramatic Pilot Casting " . Casting director Linda Lowy was the nominee for the award , which was won by the series Brothers & Sisters for the episode " Patriarchy " .
The pilot of Friday Night Lights received good to middling reviews . Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times gave the episode a very good review , and suggested the series could be good enough to transcend the medium of television . She praised the " intelligent performances " of the actors , and though she found the " Smash " Williams character less convincing than the others , she thought it improved towards the end . She also appreciated the use of audio to tell the story : the buzz of a surgeon 's saw or the sound of skin stuck to leather . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club , wrote " I appreciate the feel for the high stakes attached to small @-@ market school sports , the knowing take on the high @-@ school caste system , and the details of family life . " Still , he worried that America was " failing to fall in love with " the show , and expressed doubts as to whether it would be allowed to survive .
Henry Goldblatt , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the episode a grade B. He accused the show of abandoning the " racial diversity and the gritty poverty " of the film , but still allowed that Peter Berg had " kept the thrust " . The Matt Saracen character was singled out as particularly promising . While positively contrasting the show with other teen @-@ age dramas like One Tree Hill , Goldblatt also had doubts about its staying power . Variety 's Brian Lowry called the show " Earnest , beautifully shot and perhaps more organically religious than anything else in primetime " . Still , he felt the show was " like one of those family programs middle America and conservatives pine for that too few of them actually bother to watch " . He pointed out that the show had to compete with both House and Dancing With the Stars , among women as well as men , in order to survive . The Washington Post critic Tom Shales called the show " Extraordinary in just about every conceivable way , " particularly emphasising the quality of the cast . Shales did have issues with the documentary style of show 's camera movements , but still thought it could be the " best new drama series of the season " .
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= Laid Back ( album ) =
Laid Back is the debut studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Gregg Allman , released in October 1973 by Capricorn Records . Allman , best known as the vocalist / lyricist of the Allman Brothers Band , first began considering a solo career after internal disagreements with that group . He developed the album as a small creative outlet wherein he would assume full control , and he co @-@ produced the album alongside Johnny Sandlin . Laid Back was largely recorded in March 1973 at Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon , Georgia , with additional recording taking place at the Record Plant in New York City .
The album explores Allman 's varying influences , including rhythm and blues and soul music . It consists of several cover songs , originals , and a traditional hymn , and contains performances from a host of musicians , most notably Scott Boyer and Tommy Talton on guitars , Bill Stewart on drums , and Charlie Hayward on bass guitar . The album was created while Allman also worked on Brothers and Sisters , the fourth Allman Brothers album . The album title was a studio term Allman coined for relaxing a song 's tempo , while its cover was painted by Abdul Mati Klarwein .
Upon its release , Laid Back received positive reviews from music critics , and it peaked at number 13 on Billboard 's Top LPs & Tape chart . To support the album , Allman embarked on an ambitious tour , consisting of a full band and an entire string orchestra . Two singles were released to promote the record , with lead single " Midnight Rider " becoming a top 20 hit in the U.S. and Canada . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1974 for shipping 500 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. , making it one of Allman 's best @-@ selling albums .
= = Background = =
Gregg Allman first began exploring music during his teen years in Daytona Beach , Florida . He and his brother , Duane Allman , founded their first band , the Allman Joys , in the mid @-@ 1960s . That group evolved into the Hour Glass , which recorded two albums for Liberty Records between 1967 and 1968 . Subsequently , the duo founded the Allman Brothers Band , which grew in fame in the early 1970s due to their live shows , which combined traditional electric blues , jazz @-@ style improvisation and self @-@ penned instrumentals . Their 1971 live album At Fillmore East represented a commercial and artistic breakthrough . Duane Allman was killed in a motorcycle crash later that year , but the band continued on , recording 1972 's Eat a Peach , a hybrid live / studio album that became an even greater success , shipping gold and peaking at number four on Billboard 's Top 200 Pop Albums chart .
By that summer , the group began rehearsals for what would become their fourth studio album , Brothers and Sisters . Allman brought the band the song " Queen of Hearts " , which he had worked on for , by that point , a year and a half . He was inebriated at the time , and the members would not consider the song . Later that night he returned to Capricorn Studios alone to work on his own songs . He worked for forty @-@ two hours , slept for six , and returned for a final session that wound up lasting a further twenty @-@ eight hours . " Mentally and physically exhausted , " he was unhappy with his output , and discarded the tape reels in a trash can , hoping to set them aflame . Producer Johnny Sandlin walked in and convinced Allman to start over . Together , they worked on a cover of the Jackson Browne song " These Days " , enlisting Scott Boyer to play pedal steel guitar on the track . Later in the year , he worked on several demos for the album at Criteria Studios in Miami , Florida alongside friend Deering Howe and bassist Berry Oakley ( who was killed in a motorcycle crash not long afterward ) .
= = Recording and production = =
Work stalled on Laid Back as production commenced on Brothers and Sisters , though the two were worked on roughly concurrently . Sandlin , a former Hour Glass bassist and longtime Allman friend , helped hire various session musicians to work on the album , including Boyer and Tommy Talton on guitars , Bill Stewart on drums , and Charlie Hayward on bass guitar . Allman likened the album 's presence to a mistress , noting that the rest of the band were not thrilled . It slowed down progress on their own album , and it created tension between the group , particularly between Allman and guitarist Dickey Betts . Nevertheless , several Allman Brothers members made appearances on Laid Back , including Jaimoe , who provided congas , and Chuck Leavell , a new addition to the Brothers , who added piano . Leavell stayed in Macon after leaving Dr. John 's band , and found himself contributing to both albums . Allman felt Leavell 's style of playing fit the album perfectly : " He 'd give you exactly what you wanted , without any questions , and if he embellished on a song , he made it even better . "
Opening the album is a version of " Midnight Rider " , which Allman first composed and recorded for the Allman Brothers Band 's second album , Idlewild South ( 1970 ) . For the new recording , Allman aimed for a " swamp " -like atmosphere , " with the image of moss hanging off the trees , alligators and fog , darkness , [ and ] witches , " he later wrote . Boyer wrote the song " All My Friends " , which Allman provides harmonies on . " I 've always loved the Everly Brothers style of harmony , but I didn 't want it to just follow the traditional 1 – 3 – 5 pattern , " he recalled .
The album cover was painted by Abdul Mati Klarwein , best known for creating the artwork to Miles Davis 's Bitches Brew ( 1971 ) . Allman was introduced to him through a friend . Allman did not have the time to come sit for the painting , so Klarwein worked with a photograph . In Allman 's book , My Cross to Bear he said " I loved that cover ; I thought it turned out perfect . It cost me $ 1 @,@ 500 back then , but today it would like $ 50 @,@ 000 , maybe even $ 150 @,@ 000 . " Allman 's girlfriend at the time ( and later wife ) Janice Blair appears on the album 's sleeve , riding a horse . The album 's title was an inside reference to a studio term Allman coined for when a song had too much energy and needed to be more relaxed , or " laid back . " He spoke more on the term in his later autobiography , My Cross to Bear :
= = Reception = =
Laid Back received glowing reviews from music critics at the time of its release . Rolling Stone reviewer Tony Glover said " Laid Back isn 't quite what you 'd expect from Gregg 's work with the Brothers Band . Instead , it 's a moody LP , often tinged with grandeur , and maybe just a little too rich and one @-@ colored in spots . But on the whole , a moving look at another side of a finely charismatic singer / writer . " Billboard named it a " Spotlight " pick among its Top Album Picks in November 1973 , with the reviewer deeming it " a masterpiece of a set ... featuring exceptional displays of vocal and instrumental talent in many musical areas . "
The album has continued to receive positive attention in the years since its release . Allmusic stated : " Recorded in the same year as the Brothers and Sisters album , this solo debut release is a beautiful amalgam of R & B , folk , and gospel sounds , with the best singing on any of Gregg Allman 's solo releases . " In 2006 , Tom Moon of NPR reviewed the album as a part of his " Shadow Classics " series , calling it " amazing stuff , deep and intense yet nowhere near the decibel levels of his work with the [ Allman Brothers ] band . ... But he 's equally compelling — maybe even more so — in a quieter space , when he 's less fired up . "
= = Tour = =
To promote the album , Allman embarked on a nationwide tour with the musicians who helped record the album as his band . Long inspired by Joe Cocker 's Mad Dogs & Englishmen ( 1970 ) , Allman hired a string orchestra to accompany the group . Drawn from the New York Philharmonic , it consisted of three cellos , six violins , and seven violas . The tour lasted one month and performed exclusively in upscale theaters , which Allman requested for the best sound quality possible . He found performing with the orchestra strikingly different than singing with the Allman Brothers Band , having to adjust his normal singing volume to blend better . A live album of material from the tour was released as The Gregg Allman Tour later that year , to help recoup costs for the tour . " I was really pleased with how the tour went . Some nights were better than others , but they were all good , " Allman would later recall .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks composed by Gregg Allman ; except where indicated
" Midnight Rider " ( Allman , Robert Kim Payne ) – 4 : 28
" Queen of Hearts " – 6 : 17
" Please Call Home " – 2 : 48
" Don 't Mess Up a Good Thing " ( Oliver Sain ) – 4 : 13
" These Days " ( Jackson Browne ) – 3 : 56
" Multi @-@ Colored Lady " – 4 : 55
" All My Friends " ( Scott Boyer ) – 4 : 32
" Will the Circle Be Unbroken " ( Traditional ; arranged by Allman & Johnny Sandlin ) – 4 : 49
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Walter Nowotny =
Major Walter " Nowi " Nowotny ( 7 December 1920 – 8 November 1944 ) was an Austrian @-@ born German fighter ace of World War II . He is credited with 258 aerial victories — that is , 258 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft — in 442 combat missions . Nowotny achieved 255 of these victories on the Eastern Front and three while flying one of the first jet fighters , the Messerschmitt Me 262 , in the Defense of the Reich . He scored most of his victories in the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 , and approximately 50 in the Messerschmitt Bf 109 .
Nowotny joined the Luftwaffe in 1939 and completed his fighter pilot training in 1941 , after which he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 " Grünherz " ( JG 54 ) on the Eastern Front . Nowotny was the first pilot to achieve 250 victories – 194 in 1943 alone – earning him the coveted Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ( Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ) on 19 October 1943 . For propaganda reasons , he was ordered to cease operational flying .
Reinstated to front @-@ line service in September 1944 , Nowotny tested and developed tactics for the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter . He was credited with three victories in this aircraft type before being killed in a crash following combat with United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) fighters on 8 November 1944 . After his death , the first operational jet fighter wing , Jagdgeschwader 7 " Nowotny " , was named in his honour .
= = Early life = =
Walter Nowotny was born in Gmünd , a small town in Lower Austria . His father , Rudolf Nowotny , was a railway official ; his two brothers , Rudolf and Hubert , became officers in the Wehrmacht . Hubert Nowotny was killed in action in the Battle of Stalingrad . From 1925 to 1935 , his family lived in Schwarzenau until his father was relocated to Mistelbach , north of Vienna . Walter attended the primary school ( Volksschule ) in Schwarzenau before graduating to the Bundesoberrealschule in Waidhofen an der Thaya . During these years , he also sang in the Cistercian convent choir in the Zwettl Abbey .
Due to his father 's relocation , Nowotny transferred to the secondary school ( Oberschule ) in Laa an der Thaya , where he received his diploma ( Abitur ) in May 1938 . In his teens , Nowotny was interested in all kinds of sports . In 1935 , he played football for the school team in Waidhofen , and in 1937 , took first place in the javelin throw and third place in the lower Austrian 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) track and field championships . Nowotny also visited the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . For his then mandatory Labour Service ( Reichsarbeitsdienst ) , he joined the Luftwaffe on 1 October 1939 . Nowotny had joined the Nazi Party ( NSDAP — National Socialist German Workers ' Party ) in 1938 with a membership number 6 @,@ 382 @,@ 781 .
= = Luftwaffe career = =
Nowotny 's military basic training began at the 2 . Flieger @-@ Ausbildungsregiment 62 in Quedlinburg ( 1 October 1939 – 15 November 1939 ) and continued at the Luftkriegschule 5 in Breslau @-@ Schöngarten ( 16 November 1939 – 30 June 1940 ) . He was promoted to Fahnenjunker @-@ Gefreiten on 1 March 1940 and shortly afterwards , on 1 April 1940 , to Fahnenjunker @-@ Unteroffizier . On 1 July 1940 , Notwotny was promoted again , to the rank of Fähnrich . He completed his pilot training and received the Pilot Badge on 19 August 1940 . Nowotny also trained as a fighter pilot at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in Wien @-@ Schwechat ( 1 August 1940 – 15 November 1940 ) , the same school that Hans @-@ Joachim Marseille had attended one year earlier . One of his teachers at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 was the Austro @-@ Hungarian World War I ace Julius Arigi . Here Nowotny befriended Karl Schnörrer and Paul Galland , the younger brother of General der Jagdflieger Adolf Galland . Paul Galland claimed 17 aerial victories with Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) on the channel front before he was shot down and killed by a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Supermarine Spitfire on 31 October 1942 . After graduation from the Jagdfliegerschule 5 , Nowotny was transferred to the I. / Ergänzungs @-@ Jagdgruppe Merseburg on 16 November 1940 , flying fighter cover for the Leuna industrial works .
= = = With Jagdgeschwader 54 = = =
Nowotny was posted to the Ergänzungsstaffel ( Training / Supplement Squadron ) of Jagdgeschwader 54 ( JG 54 ) on 1 December 1940 . JG 54 at the time was under the command of Major Hannes Trautloft . Nowotny was transferred again , this time to the 9th Staffel of JG 54 ( 9 . / JG 54 ) , the so @-@ called Teufelsstaffel ( Devils ' Squadron ) where he was further trained by veterans from the front line ( 23 February 1941 – 25 March 1941 ) . From 25 March 1941 to 10 March 1942 , Notwotny flew with the Stabsstaffel of the Ergänzungs @-@ Jagdgruppe JG 54 where he was promoted to Leutnant on 1 April 1941 , effective as of 1 February 1941 .
Nowotny flew a Messerschmitt Bf 109 E @-@ 7 " White 2 " on his 24th operational mission on 19 July 1941 and claimed his first two enemy aircraft , both Polikarpov I @-@ 153 biplanes of Voenno @-@ Vozdushnye Sily ( VVS — Military Air Forces ) KBF 's 12 OIAE / 61 BAB , over Saaremaa . He was shot down in the same engagement by Alexandr Avdeev , also in a Polikarpov I @-@ 153 . According to Soviet archives , no Soviet aircraft was lost in the engagement . Nowotny spent three days in a dinghy in the Gulf of Riga – on one occasion almost being run down by a Soviet destroyer – until finally being washed ashore on the Latvian coast .
For the rest of his combat career , Nowotny always wore the trousers ( German : Abschußhose roughly " shoot down pants " sometimes also referred to as " victory pants " ) that he had worn during those three days in the Gulf of Riga – with one exception , his last sortie , at Achmer on 8 November 1944 , when he was killed flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter . Nowotny quickly recovered from his ordeal and on 31 July claimed a Beriev MBR @-@ 2 flying boat north @-@ west of Saaremaa and an Ilyushin DB @-@ 3 bomber south of the island .
In 1942 , Nowotny increased his tally of victories and claimed his 30th and 31st kills on 11 July over the Wolchow bridgehead , which earned him the Luftwaffe Honor Goblet on 14 July 1942 . Nowotny shot down a further five aircraft on a single day ( 32nd – 36th victories ) on 20 July and seven ( 48th – 54th victories ) on 2 August . After having downed three enemy aircraft on 11 August , Leutnant Nowotny carried out three victory passes over the airfield , despite having sustained combat damage to his own Bf 109 " Black 1 " . In the subsequent landing , his aircraft somersaulted and he sustained moderate injuries . Walter Nowotny was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) on 4 September , after 56 aerial victories . The Ritterkreuz earned him a home leave to Vienna . Here , the brothers Hubert and Walter met for the last time before Hubert was killed at Stalingrad . Leutnant Nowotny was made Staffelkapitän of 1 . / JG 54 on 25 October , replacing Oberleutnant Heinz Lange .
In January 1943 , JG 54 started converting to the agile Focke @-@ Wulf 190 fighter . With the new aircraft , Nowotny scored at an unprecedented " kill " rate , often averaging more than two planes a day for weeks on end . As of 1 February 1943 , Nowotny , Karl Schnörrer , – Nowotny 's wingman since late 1942 – Anton Döbele and Rudolf Rademacher , formed a team known as the " chain of devils " ( Teufelskette ) or the Nowotny Schwarm , which during the course of the war was credited with 524 combined kills , making them the most successful team in the Luftwaffe .
Nowotny scored his 69th to 72nd victory on 16 March . He reached the century mark on 5 June 1943 , on his 344th combat mission . He was the 42nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark . By 24 June , he would accumulate a further 24 victories increasing his total to 124 . On 21 August , Nowotny was made Gruppenkommandeur of I. / JG 54 . In August alone , he shot down 49 aircraft – a number matched exactly by Jagdgeschwader 52 's ( JG 52 ) Erich Hartmann – bringing Nowotny 's total to 161 victories . On 1 September , he scored ten victories in two sorties , which took his tally to 183 . Seventy @-@ two hours later , that number had risen to 189 , earning him the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 8 September . The award was to be personally presented by the Führer , Adolf Hitler , on 22 September 1943 . However , by this date Nowotny had claimed his double century ( 200 ) on 8 September , and , on 15 September , his 215th victory , making him the highest @-@ scoring pilot in the Luftwaffe to that time . Two Lavochkin La @-@ 5s and a Yakovlev Yak @-@ 9 on 17 September brought his score to 218 victories , earning him Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) on 22 September 1943 . The planned " Oakleaves " ( Eichenlaub ) presentation thus became a Swords ( Schwerter ) ceremony .
= = = Diamonds = = =
Nowotny was promoted to Hauptmann on 21 September 1943 , effective as of 1 October , following his 225th victory . On 14 October 1943 , he became the first pilot to reach 250 victories , following his 442 combat missions . Nowotny was celebrating this feat in the Ria Bar in Vilna when he received a phone call from Hitler himself , announcing that he had been awarded the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ( Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ) , making him the eighth of 27 men to be so honored .
The Brillanten ( Diamonds ) were presented by Hitler at the Wolfsschanze , near Kętrzyn ( German : Rastenburg ) on 19 October 1943 . Nowotny immediately went on a short vacation to Vienna before returning to his front @-@ line unit . On 29 October 1943 , Nowotny presented the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ( Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ) to Oberfeldwebel Otto Kittel . In the days following , Nowotny flew as wingman to Karl Schnörrer , helping him accumulate further victories . On 11 November , Anton Döbele was killed when he rammed an Il @-@ 2 Sturmovik . The next day , 12 November 1943 , Schnörrer was severely injured after bailing out at low altitude . Schnörrer was replaced as Nowotny 's wingman by Unteroffizier Ernst Richter . With Richter , Nowotny claimed his final two aerial victories on the Eastern Front on 15 November 1943 . In total , Nowotny had claimed 255 confirmed kills plus a further 50 unconfirmed , before he was taken off combat duty .
Nowotny was sent on a propaganda tour in Germany , which included the presentation of the Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes ( Knight 's Cross of the War Merit Cross ) to the railroad engineer August Kindervater on 7 December 1943 – Nowotny 's 23rd birthday . Shortly before Christmas , he visited the Focke @-@ Wulf production site at Bad Eilsen , where he was met by Professor Kurt Tank . The mayor of Vienna , Dipl.-Ing. Hanns Blaschke awarded Nowotny the city 's ring of honor on 11 January 1944 , the presentation taking place a week later . It was a token that Nowotny accepted reluctantly , feeling that he did not deserve it . His next official visit was the Büromaschinenfabrik ( office machinery factory ) at Zella @-@ Mehlis , before he briefly returned to Jagdgeschwader 54 . Nowotny was made Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 101 ( JG 101 ) and commander of the Jagdfliegerschule 1 , a Luftwaffe fighter pilot training school at Pau in southern France , in April 1944 .
= = = Kommando Nowotny and death = = =
In September 1944 , Nowotny was made commander of a specialist unit dubbed Kommando Nowotny , flying the newly developed Messerschmitt Me 262 out of airfields near Osnabrück . The unit not only had to contend with the enemy , but also with working through the ' teething ' phase of the Me 262 and developing the tactics appropriate for a jet unit . On 7 October , Nowotny downed a B @-@ 24 Liberator bomber , his first aerial victory on the Western Front .
Generals Alfred Keller and Adolf Galland had scheduled an inspection at Achmer for the afternoon of 7 November 1944 . Galland had already visited Kommando Nowotny several times and was deeply concerned over the high attrition rate and meager success achieved by the Me 262 . After inspecting the two airfields at Achmer and Hesepe , he stayed in the Penterknapp barracks discussing the problems of the past few weeks . Several pilots openly expressed their doubts as to the readiness of the Me 262 for combat operations .
The next morning , 8 November 1944 , the Generals arrived again at Nowotny 's command post and Keller declared that the aces of the past years had become cowards and that the Luftwaffe had lost its fighting spirit . Shortly after , news reached the command post of a large bomber formation approaching . Two Rotten of Me 262 were prepared for take @-@ off , Erich Büttner and Franz Schall at Hesepe , and Nowotny and Günther Wegmann at Achmer . At first only Schall and Wegmann managed to take off because Büttner had a punctured tire during taxiing and Nowotny 's turbines initially refused to start . With some delay , Nowotny took off and engaged the enemy on his own , Schall and Wegmann having since retired from the action after sustaining battle damage . Nowotny radioed that he had downed a B @-@ 24 Liberator and a P @-@ 51 Mustang before he reported one engine failing and made one final garbled transmission containing the word " burning " . Helmut Lennartz recalled :
" I remember Nowotny 's crash very well . Feldwebel Gossler , a radio operator with our unit , had set up a radio on the airfield . Over this set I and many others listened to the radio communications with Nowotny 's aircraft . His last words were , " I 'm on fire " or " it 's on fire " . The words were slightly garbled .
It remains unclear whether Nowotny was killed due to engine failure or whether he was shot down by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Captain Ernest Fiebelkorn ( 20th Fighter Group ) and 1st Lieutenant Edward " Buddy " Haydon ( 357th Fighter Group ) east of Hesepe . In recent years , United States military historians proposed that Nowotny 's victor may have been P @-@ 51D pilot Lieutenant Richard W. Stevens of the 364th Fighter Group . Many witnesses observed Nowotny 's Me 262 A @-@ 1a Werk Nummer 110 400 ( factory number ) " White 8 " dive vertically out of the clouds and crash at Epe , 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) east of Hesepe . The Wehrmacht announced his death on 9 November 1944 in the daily Wehrmachtbericht .
Nowotny was given a state funeral in Vienna . The guard of honor was composed of his friend Karl Schnörrer , Oberst Gordon Gollob , Major Rudolf Schoenert , Hauptmann Heinz Strüning , Major Josef Fözö and Major Georg Christl . The eulogy was delivered by General der Jagdflieger Adolf Galland and Generaloberst Otto Deßloch . Nowotny was buried at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna in a grave of honor sponsored by the city of Vienna , which was still part of Nazi Germany . Following an initiative by the Austrian Green Party and debates in the Vienna Landtag , a resolution supported by Social Democrats and Greens was passed to remove the status of honor in 2003 .
= = Awards = =
Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class
Ehrenabzeichen der finnischen Luftwaffe
Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge in Gold with Diamonds
Eastern Front Medal
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for fighter pilots in Gold with pennant " 400 " ( 17 May 1942 )
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( 20 July 1942 ) as Leutnant and pilot
Wound Badge ( 1939 ) in Black
Viennas city ring of honor ( 11 January 1944 )
Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd and 1st Class
German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as Leutnant in the I. / JG 54
Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Brillanten
Ritterkreuz ( 4 September 1942 ) as Leutnant and pilot in the 9 . / JG 54
293rd Eichenlaub ( 4 September 1943 ) as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 1 . / JG 54
37th Schwerter ( 22 September 1943 ) as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I. / JG 54
8th Brillanten ( 19 October 1943 ) as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I. / JG 54
Mentioned six times in the Wehrmachtbericht
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= Chris Beardsley =
Christopher Kelan " Chris " Beardsley ( born 28 February 1984 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker and is the fitness coach at Championship club Burton Albion .
Beardsley played youth football with Mickleover Sports and Derby County before starting his senior career with Mansfield Town . He broke into the first team in December 2002 , and spent a brief period on loan at Worksop Town in the 2003 – 04 season . He left Mansfield in June 2004 and joined Doncaster Rovers a month later . He failed to make an impact , and signed for Kidderminster Harriers in December 2004 . He rejoined Mansfield in July 2005 , but did not play regularly in his one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year stay , and was loaned out to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds in January 2007 . He signed for the club permanently later that month , but struggled for appearances after a change in management . Beardsley joined York City in June 2007 , but suffered a broken jaw in a match against Grays Athletic , and failed to establish himself in the team . He joined Kettering Town in December 2007 , initially on loan , and helped the club win promotion into the Conference Premier in 2007 – 08 .
He rejoined Kidderminster on loan in November 2008 , making a handful of appearances before being released by Kettering in May 2009 . He signed for Stevenage Borough later that month , and helped them earn promotion into League Two in 2009 – 10 . Beardsley was part of the team that earned promotion into League One after winning the 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ offs . He left Stevenage when his contract expired in June 2012 , and signed for Preston North End two months later . He struggled for appearances after a change in management , and spent most of 2013 – 14 on loan with Bristol Rovers . Beardsley returned to Stevenage in July 2014 , and helped them to the 2014 – 15 League Two play @-@ offs . After being released in May 2015 , he started a third spell with Mansfield a month later , where he stayed for one season before his release in May 2016 .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Beardsley played junior football for Mickleover Sports and aged 11 joined the youth system of hometown club Derby County , where he stayed for five years . He joined Mansfield Town 's youth system on a three @-@ year scholarship in June 2000 after leaving school . He missed the second year of his scholarship from a double stress fracture in his back , but within six months of returning to full training made his first @-@ team debut aged 18 as a 57th @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 away defeat to Brentford on 28 December 2002 . Beardsley made five appearances in the 2002 – 03 season , after which Mansfield were relegated into the Third Division with a 23rd @-@ place finish in the Second Division . He signed a one @-@ year professional contract with the club on 4 July 2003 . His first career goal came with a header in Mansfield 's 2 – 0 away win over York City on 11 October 2003 .
In January 2004 , Beardsley was sent on a one @-@ month loan to Northern Premier League Premier Division side Worksop Town , who had tried to sign him at the start of 2003 – 04 . He made his debut in Worksop 's 4 – 1 home win against Radcliffe Borough on 17 January 2004 , in which he was substituted on 80 minutes . In the following match , Beardsley scored the only goal of a 1 – 0 home win against Blyth Spartans on 7 February 2004 with a volley . His fourth and final appearance for Worksop came in a 1 – 1 home draw with Whitby Town , playing 76 minutes before being substituted . Beardsley made 17 appearances and scored once for Mansfield in 2003 – 04 , in which they finished in fifth @-@ place in the Third Division . He was released by the club in June 2004 .
= = = Doncaster Rovers and Kidderminster Harriers = = =
Beardsley joined newly promoted League One club Doncaster Rovers on 19 July 2004 after a successful trial . He debuted in their 4 – 3 away loss to Brentford on 10 August 2004 , which he entered as a 79th @-@ minute substitute . His only goal for Doncaster came after being assisted by Ben Jackson in the 77th @-@ minute of a 1 – 0 away win over Lincoln City in the Football League Trophy on 28 September 2014 . Having struggled to establish himself at Doncaster , Beardsley moved to Kidderminster Harriers of League Two on a contract until the end of 2004 – 05 on 9 December 2004 . He made his debut two days later as a 78th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 1 home win over Rochdale . Beardsley scored his first goal for Kidderminster with a close @-@ range finish in their 3 – 1 home defeat to Southend United on 3 January 2005 . He played 25 times for Kidderminster , scoring 5 goals , but they were relegated into the Conference National after ranking in 23rd @-@ place in League Two . He was offered a new one @-@ year contract with the club in May 2005 .
= = = Return to Mansfield and Rushden & Diamonds = = =
Beardsley 's former club Mansfield spoke to him about re @-@ signing for them in May 2005 , although Kidderminster demanded a £ 5 @,@ 000 fee for him , half of which would go his former club Doncaster . He eventually joined Mansfield , now playing in League Two , on 5 August 2005 for a nominal fee . He debuted as an 82nd @-@ minute substitute in their 3 – 0 home win over Torquay United on 13 August 2005 . However , his 2005 – 06 season came to an end during a 3 – 2 home defeat to local rivals Notts County on 29 August 2005 , when he collided with goalkeeper Kevin Pilkington and broke his leg . Beardsley had made four appearances that season , which Mansfield finished in 16th @-@ place in League Two . He returned to the team almost a year later , on 12 August 2006 , as an 88th @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 1 home draw with Stockport County . His first two goals of 2006 – 07 came in Mansfield 's 3 – 0 Football League Trophy home victory against Grimsby Town on 31 October 2006 .
As he was not playing regularly for Mansfield , Beardsley joined Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds on a one @-@ month loan on 19 January 2007 . He made his debut a day later , when starting in Rushden 's 2 – 1 home victory against Stafford Rangers , and scored his first goal in the following match , with a 75th @-@ minute header in a 3 – 1 home win over Cambridge United . Having helped Rushden move up the table with two goals from three matches , he signed for the club permanently on 31 January 2007 on a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract on a free transfer . He finished 2006 – 07 with 13 appearances and 2 goals for Rushden , as they finished the season in 12th @-@ place in the Conference National . However , he was released the club in May 2007 following a change in management .
= = = York City and Kettering Town = = =
Beardsley was signed by Conference Premier team York on 19 June 2007 , to provide competition for Richard Brodie , Craig Farrell and Onome Sodje . He made his debut as a starter in their 2 – 1 home defeat to Cambridge on 11 August 2007 , in which he was substituted on 62 minutes . Despite struggling for a place in the team , Beardsley turned down a loan move to Conference North side Tamworth in September 2007 , in order to prove his worth at York . He suffered a broken jaw in two places during York 's 2 – 0 away win over Grays Athletic on 22 September 2007 , after being elbowed by Jamie Stuart in an off @-@ the @-@ ball incident , which was likely to rule Beardsley out for at least three months . Essex Police confirmed they were making enquiries following the incident . Beardsley returned to the team as a 73rd @-@ minute substitute in York 's 1 – 1 home draw with Crawley Town on 1 December 2007 . He finished his York career with nine appearances .
To aid his return from injury , Beardsley joined Conference North club Kettering Town on a one @-@ month loan on 31 December 2007 . He made an immediate impact , scoring two goals in a 6 – 1 home win over Solihull Moors a day later , after which he was praised in the Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph for a " magnificent debut performance " . Beardsley continued his scoring form , and had scored five goals from five appearances by the time he joined Kettering permanently on a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract on a free transfer on 28 January 2008 . He played in all of Kettering 's remaining fixtures in 2007 – 08 , which he completed with 11 goals from 22 appearances , as the club was promoted into the Conference Premier as Conference North champions .
Beardsley featured regularly for Kettering at the start of 2008 – 09 , and scored his first goal of the season after turning in Jean @-@ Paul Marna 's cross in the 82nd @-@ minute of a 2 – 0 away win over Cambridge on 25 August 2008 . Having scored four goals in the first two months of 2008 – 09 , he rejoined former club Kidderminster on a one @-@ month loan on 27 November 2008 , with a view to a permanent transfer . He debuted as an 80th @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 2 home victory against Salisbury City on 6 December 2008 . Beardsley made three appearances while on loan at Kidderminster , and returned to Kettering after being recalled in January 2009 . Only weeks after returning , he entered Kettering 's 4 – 2 home loss to Premier League team Fulham in the FA Cup on 24 January 2009 as a 73rd @-@ minute substitute . Beardsley featured mostly as a substitute over the remainder of 2008 – 09 , which he finished with 44 appearances and 5 goals for Kettering . They finished in eighth @-@ place in the Conference Premier , and Beardsley was released by the club in May 2009 .
= = = Stevenage = = =
He signed for Conference Premier club Stevenage Borough on a one @-@ year contract on 27 May 2009 , reuniting him with manager Graham Westley , who had previously signed Beardsley for Rushden . He made a scoring debut in Stevenage 's 3 – 0 home victory over Ebbsfleet United on 18 August 2009 , with a shot from 12 yards in the eighth @-@ minute . Beardsley featured regularly in the first half of 2009 – 10 , but scored only three goals before the Christmas period , in which he scored twice in two games against Cambridge . In the first match on 26 December 2009 , he scored with a shot from Ronnie Henry 's cross in the 85th @-@ minute of a 3 – 1 away win , and in the second match on 1 January 2010 , his goal was assisted Yemi Odubade , as Stevenage won 4 – 1 at home . The latter result saw Stevenage move to the top of the Conference Premier table . Beardsley 's goal tally reached double figures when he scored twice in a 5 – 1 away win over Kidderminster in the FA Trophy semi @-@ final first leg on 13 March 2010 . He started in the final at Wembley Stadium on 8 May 2010 , being substituted on 66 minutes , as Stevenage were beaten 2 – 1 after extra @-@ time by Barrow . His 2009 – 10 season was successful , with Beardsley scoring 10 times from 45 appearances as Stevenage won promotion into League Two after winning the Conference Premier championship . This was the first time in the club 's history that Stevenage had been promoted into the Football League .
He made his first appearance of 2010 – 11 in Stevenage 's first ever Football League fixture , coming on as a 60th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 2 home draw against Macclesfield Town on 7 August 2010 . He scored his first goal of the season in the 50th @-@ minute of a 1 – 1 draw away to Aldershot Town on 28 August 2010 , after finishing from Odubade 's flick @-@ on . On 31 August 2010 , Beardsley suffered a dislocated shoulder in Stevenage 's 1 – 0 home loss to Brentford in the Football League Trophy , ruled him out of the team for six weeks . He returned to the team on 16 November 2010 , starting the FA Cup win against Milton Keynes Dons , before being substituted in the 81st @-@ minute . Stevenage qualified for the play @-@ offs with a sixth @-@ place finish in League Two , and Beardsley scored his second goal of 2010 – 11 in the second leg 1 – 0 win away to Accrington Stanley on 20 May 2011 . Beardsley 's goal was scored in the 90th @-@ minute with a shot into the bottom left corner , having come on as a 77th @-@ minute substitute , and ensured Stevenage won the tie 3 – 0 on aggregate . He came on as an 85th @-@ minute substitute in the final on 28 May 2011 , as Stevenage beat Torquay 1 – 0 at Old Trafford to earn promotion into League One . Beardsley made 32 appearances during the club 's first season in the Football League , scoring 2 goals .
Beardsley made his first appearance of 2011 – 12 as a 95th @-@ minute substitute in a 4 – 3 extra @-@ time defeat at home to Peterborough United in the League Cup , scoring Stevenage 's third goal with a header on 117 minutes , although they lost 4 – 3 . He scored twice in Stevenage 's 3 – 0 away win over Stourbridge in the FA Cup on 3 December 2011 , scoring the club 's first two goals of the match mid @-@ way through the second half , to ensure Stevenage progressed to the third round for the second consecutive season . Recurring hamstring injuries meant Beardsley struggled for appearances during the second half of the season , scoring one further goal on the last day of the regular season , with a 20 yard shot in a 3 – 0 home win over Bury on 5 May 2012 . With a sixth @-@ place finish in League One , Stevenage qualified for the play @-@ offs , and faced Sheffield United in the semi @-@ final . Beardsley featured in the second leg 1 – 0 away defeat as a 63rd @-@ minute substitute , as Stevenage were eliminated 1 – 0 on aggregate . He scored 10 times in 40 appearances during 2011 – 12 , and was Stevenage 's top scorer for the season . In June 2012 , Beardsley left Stevenage after he failed to agree a new contract with the club .
= = = Preston North End = = =
Beardsley signed for League One side Preston North End on a free transfer on 12 August 2012 , linking up again with manager Graham Westley . He had spent the pre @-@ season ahead of 2012 – 13 training with the club , although the transfer had been held up while the club waited for confirmation from the Football League in accordance with new financial fair play rules . Beardsley made his Preston debut in a 2 – 0 home win over Huddersfield Town in the League Cup on 14 August 2012 , assisting the club 's second goal of the game , with his low cross being scored by Nicky Wroe . He scored his first goal for Preston on 4 September 2012 after converting David Amoo 's cross in the third @-@ minute of their 1 – 1 away draw with Carlisle United in the Football League Trophy , a tie that Preston won 3 – 1 on penalties . Beardsley scored one further goal that month , heading in Jeffrey Monakana 's cross on 64 minutes as Preston came from behind to beat Yeovil Town 3 – 2 at home . It proved to be Beardsley 's last goal for five months , ending his goal drought in a 3 – 1 away loss to Yeovil on 12 February 2013 , in what was Westley 's last game in charge of the club . Beardsley made just two appearances under new manager Simon Grayson over the remainder of 2012 – 13 , both all as a second @-@ half substitute . Shortly after the season ended , he was told he could leave Preston if a suitable offer was received . He made 22 appearances during 2012 – 13 , scoring 3 times , as Preston ranked in 14th @-@ place in League One .
Having failed to make an appearance for Preston at the start of 2013 – 14 , Beardsley joined League Two club Bristol Rovers on a one @-@ month loan on 31 October 2013 . He debuted two days later when starting Rovers ' 1 – 0 away defeat to Oxford United , in which he was substituted in the 86th @-@ minute . His first goal for the club came in his next appearance , with a header in a 3 – 3 home draw with York in the FA Cup on 8 November 2015 . On 22 November 2013 , having scored two goals from four appearances , Beardsley 's loan was extended until 5 January 2014 . Just a day later , he was red carded for a late tackle in Rovers ' 1 – 0 away defeat to Burton Albion , for which he received a one @-@ match suspension . On 6 January 2014 , his loan was extended until the end of 2013 – 14 , as manager John Ward felt that " Up front Chris gives a little bit more " . Beardsley finished the loan with 28 appearances and 3 goals , while Rovers were relegated into the Conference Premier with a 23rd @-@ place finish in League Two . He was released by Preston in May 2014 .
= = = Return to Stevenage and third spell with Mansfield = = =
Beardsley was reunited with Westley when re @-@ signing for Stevenage , now playing in League Two , on 12 July 2014 . He missed the start of 2014 – 15 through injury , and only made his debut on 16 September 2014 as a starter in Stevenage 's 2 – 1 away defeat to Bury , in which he was substituted on 62 minutes . Beardsley 's first goal came in a 3 – 2 away defeat to Portsmouth on 21 October 2014 , after latching on to a Joe Devera back @-@ header and scoring in the 74th @-@ minute . After scoring twice in Stevenage 's 5 – 1 home win over Cheltenham Town on 15 November 2014 he endured a five @-@ month goal drought , his next goal coming with a close @-@ range 89th @-@ minute equaliser in a 2 – 2 draw away to Accrington on 18 April 2015 . Stevenage qualified for the play @-@ offs with a sixth @-@ place finish in League Two , with Southend their opponent in the semi @-@ final . Beardsley started both matches , but Stevenage were eliminated 4 – 2 on aggregate , ending his season on 32 appearances and 4 goals . He was released by the club in May 2015 , but was praised by chairman Phil Wallace , who commented that Beardsley had " proved key to Stevenage establishing itself as a Football League club under Graham Westley " .
He re @-@ signed for Mansfield on 5 June 2015 , starting a third spell with the League Two club . His debut came after starting a 4 – 1 away defeat to Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup on 11 August 2015 . He played regularly at the start of 2015 – 16 , but had a spell out of the team with a stress fracture in his shin . He suffered a broken nose on his return as an 89th @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 1 away win over Barnet on 28 November 2015 , and continued to struggle with his shin injury . Beardsley 's first Mansfield goal in over nine years came on 30 January 2016 with a header from Malvind Benning 's corner on 60 minutes in a 1 – 0 away victory over Crawley . He finished 2015 – 16 with 16 appearances and one goal as Mansfield ranked in 12th @-@ place in League Two . He was released by the club in May 2016 .
= = Style of play = =
Beardsley plays as a striker , and was described by his Stevenage teammate Mark Roberts as the " perfect man to lead the line " , because of his work ethic .
= = Coaching career = =
Beardsley moved into coaching when being appointed the fitness coach at newly promoted Championship club Burton Albion on 7 July 2016 .
= = Personal life = =
He was born in Derby , Derbyshire and attended Allestree Woodlands School from 1995 to 2000 and The Manor Academy from 2000 to 2003 . Beardsley studied sports journalism at Staffordshire University from 2008 to 2010 , graduating with a first @-@ class honours degree . He used his degree to take part in regular podcasts , and he also wrote frequently for a local newspaper in Stevenage . He supports his hometown club , Derby County .
= = Career statistics = =
As of match played 2 April 2016 .
= = Honours = =
Kettering Town
Conference North : 2007 – 08
Stevenage
Conference Premier : 2009 – 10
Football League Two play @-@ offs : 2010 – 11
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= Caris LeVert =
Caris Coleman LeVert ( born August 25 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Michigan Wolverines . As a freshman for the 2012 – 13 team , he nearly redshirted but earned a key role off the bench as the team went on to reach the championship game in the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . As a sophomore for the 2013 – 14 team , he became a regular starter and was selected as a second team 2013 – 14 All @-@ Big Ten player for the outright Big Ten regular season champions . His junior and senior seasons where interrupted by injury . LeVert is related to Eddie Levert , Gerald Levert and Sean Levert .
= = Early life = =
LeVert grew up in Northeast Columbus but moved to nearby Pickerington in second grade . As a high school senior , he led Pickerington High School Central to a 26 – 2 record and the 2012 OHSAA Division I state championship . LeVert was a 2012 Associated Press All @-@ Ohio Second Team high school basketball player and the 2012 Columbus Dispatch Metro Player of the Year for Pickerington High School Central . He was not heavily recruited in high school and his only official visit was to Alabama State . He committed to play basketball for John Groce and the Ohio Bobcats men 's basketball program in November 2011 . Meanwhile , when future teammates Mitch McGary and Stauskas joined Glenn Robinson III by committing to Michigan in November 2011 , Michigan became the fifth best recruiting class in the country .
When Groce got hired by Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball in March 2012 , LeVert got lost in the shuffle and decided to commit to Michigan . Ironically , Groce 's 2011 – 12 Ohio Bobcats ' upset of the 2011 – 12 Michigan team in the 2012 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament was probably the reason that Groce was hired by Illinois and LeVert withdrew his National Letter of Intent to play for Ohio .
= = College career = =
The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team had been co @-@ champions of 2011 – 12 Big Ten Conference , but lost both of its co @-@ captains , Zack Novak and Stu Douglass , to graduation and three players as transfers . The team was returning a nucleus of All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke and Tim Hardaway , Jr .
= = = 2012 – 13 season = = =
LeVert arrived at Michigan weighing 152 pounds ( 68 @.@ 9 kg ) . As a freshman , he began the year behind Stauskas , Robinson , Tim Hardaway , Jr . , and Matt Vogrich on the depth chart for the shooting guard / small forward positions and did not play in the first six games as a result . LeVert was a part of an incoming class that included McGary , Stauskas , Robinson , and Spike Albrecht . Eventually , Michigan head coach John Beilein decided that LeVert had value as a perimeter defender and decided to play him rather than redshirt him . On December 1 against Bradley Beilein juggled his lineup : Stauskas made his first career regular season start and LeVert saw his first action . By late December , LeVert became the one @-@ on @-@ one partner for Burke after practices . LeVert made his first start on December 29 against Central Michigan , when Tim Hardaway , Jr. was unavailable . The 3 freshmen in the starting lineup — Robinson , Stauskas and LeVert — combined for 48 points , 12 rebounds and 8 assists . That night LeVert tallied 9 points and 5 assists . LeVert averaged 2 @.@ 3 points in under 11 minutes of play per game . He never scored in double digits as a freshman , but he scored 8 points each in conference wins over Illinois and Michigan State as well as the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament final four victory over Syracuse in 21 minutes of play .
= = = 2013 – 14 season = = =
LeVert 's classmates all made names for themselves as freshmen . During the Spring and Summer semesters ( the offseason ) of 2013 LeVert and Stauskas trained together on the court and in the weight room . He followed fellow Columbus native and National Player of the Year Burke as a key contributor to Michigan basketball as a sophomore . After opening the season with career @-@ highs of 17 points and 5 rebounds on November 8 against UMass Lowell , he posted 24 points on November 12 against South Carolina State . When Michigan played ( # 10 AP Poll / # 8 Coaches ' Poll ) Duke in the ACC – Big Ten Challenge on December 3 , LeVert again posted 24 points , including a 7 – 7 free throw performance . On January 18 , Michigan defeated ( # 3 AP / # 3 Coaches ) Wisconsin at the Kohl Center for the first time since the 1998 – 99 team did so on February 27 , 1999 . It was the highest ranked team Michigan has ever beaten on the road . LeVert contributed a career @-@ high 4 steals and 20 points . LeVert posted his first double double on January 30 at home against Purdue with a career @-@ high 11 rebounds and 14 points . On February 16 , Michigan lost to ( # 21 / 21 ) Wisconsin , despite a career @-@ high 25 points from LeVert . He was a 2014 second team 2013 – 14 All @-@ Big Ten selection ( coaches and media ) . On March 11 LeVert was named to the all @-@ District V ( OH , IN , IL , MI , MN , WI ) team by the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) . The 2013 – 14 team was eliminated in the elite eight round of the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by Kentucky . LeVert and teammate Stauskas , joined Julius Randle , Aaron Harrison and Marcus Lee on the All @-@ Midwest Regional team .
On May 12 , LeVert underwent surgery to repair a stress fracture in his foot . He was expected to be sidelined for 8 – 10 weeks , but be available for the team 's August trip to play in Europe . LeVert returned to action just before the team 's August 15 – 24 10 @-@ day , 4 @-@ game trip to Italy .
= = = 2014 – 15 season = = =
Prior to the 2014 – 15 season , LeVert was named a first team All @-@ Big Ten preseason selection along with Frank Kaminsky , Yogi Ferrell , Terran Petteway , and Sam Dekker . LeVert was selected by NBCSports.com to its Preseason All @-@ American first team , by SB Nation , Blue Ribbon College Basketball Yearbook , Athlon Sports , Bleacher Report , Sports Illustrated , and CBSSports.com to their second teams and by USA Today to its third team . In its preseason top 100 player ranking , LeVert was listed at number 13 by ESPN . He was also listed as a John R. Wooden Award Preseason Top 50 candidate . LeVert also was named to the Oscar Robertson Trophy Watch List on November 24 . He was also included in the early December Naismith Award top 50 watch list .
LeVert was named co @-@ captain of the team along with Spike Albrecht . He opened the season with 9 assists against Hillsdale College on November 15 , surpassing his previous career @-@ high of five . On November 24 , against Oregon , LeVert established a career high by making 11 free throws helping the team to a 70 – 63 victory in the Legends Classic semifinal game . He posted a career @-@ high 32 points and tied a career @-@ high 4 steals on December 6 in an upset loss to NJIT . He posted 4 steals again against Minnesota on January 10 . On January 17 against Northwestern , he reinjured the foot that he had had surgery on the prior May and was lost for the season . At the time of his injury , LeVert led Michigan in scoring ( 14 @.@ 9 ) , rebounds ( 4 @.@ 9 ) , assists ( 3 @.@ 7 ) , steals ( 1 @.@ 7 ) and minutes ( 35 @.@ 8 ) . LeVert was on crutches until early March and in a protective walking boot until early April .
LeVert had been expected to be a 2015 NBA Draft selection , but following his injury some felt his draft stock was impaired . Following the season , he sought advice from the NBA Undergraduate Advisory Committee , but decided that he needed a second evaluation from them as the field of declared underclassmen became more clear with the thinking that " I don 't think it really makes sense to ( leave school ) early and get drafted in the second round " . On April 21 , LeVert announced that he would return for his senior season . According to CBSSports.com 's Sam Vecenie , this would give LeVert a chance to improve his pick and roll decision making , his midrange offensive game and his defense , especially against screens .
= = = 2015 – 16 season = = =
Prior to the 2015 – 16 season , LeVert was named an All @-@ Big Ten preseason selection , for the second straight year . LeVert became the fourth Wolverine to earn the award multiple times in their career , following Maurice Taylor , LaVell Blanchard and Manny Harris . He was also one of five All @-@ Big Ten preseason selections according to the Big Ten Network . He was one of three Big Ten selections to the 20 @-@ man Jerry West Award preseason watchlist ( along with James Blackmon , Jr. and Rasheed Sulaimon ) announced by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . He was an Athlon Sports Preseason All @-@ American 3rd team selection . In preseason top 100 player rankings LeVert was ranked 16 by ESPN and 23 by NBC Sports . He made the initial 50 @-@ man John R. Wooden Award watch list on November 17 . On December 2 , Levert earned recognition on the 50 @-@ man Naismith College Player of the Year watchlist and 33 @-@ man Robertson Trophy watchlists .
After being sidelined for the final 14 games of the prior season for the 2014 – 15 Wolverines , LeVert began the season with a game @-@ high 18 points and 5 assists as a starter against Northern Michigan . On November 16 against Elon , LeVert tied his career high with four steals . On December 5 against Houston Baptist , LeVert made his first start at point guard while Derrick Walton sat out due to a sprained ankle and posted 25 points and 8 rebounds . On December 8 , Michigan lost 82 – 58 to ( 19 / - ) SMU as LeVert slumped on 1 – 13 field goal shooting and 3 – 6 free throw shooting . On December 15 against Northern Kentucky , LeVert posted 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists , becoming the fourth player in Michigan program history to record a triple @-@ double , and the 49th Wolverine to eclipse 1 @,@ 000 career points . Based on his triple double against Northern Kentucky and a 19 @-@ point effort against Youngstown State , LeVert earned Co @-@ Big Ten Player of the Week honors ( along with Malcolm Hill ) on December 21 . On December 30 , Michigan defeated Illinois 78 – 68 in its Big Ten Conference opener as LeVert posted a 22 @-@ point , 10 @-@ assist double @-@ double . LeVert missed the January 2 game against Penn State with a lower left leg injury . At the time , he was the team leader in points , rebounds and assists .
On January 13 , LeVert was one of four Big Ten athletes ( along with Melo Trimble , Jarrod Uthoff and Denzel Valentine ) among the 25 players included in the Wooden Award Midseason Top 25 Watch List . On the eve of LeVert 's sixth missed game , head coach Beilein finally clarified that LeVert 's left leg injury was not related to the two previous left foot stress fractures that LeVert had endured . On February 2 , LeVert was one of two Big Ten athletes ( along with Malcolm Hill ) named one of 10 finalists for the Jerry West Award , despite having missed the last 8 of Michigan 's 22 games . On February 10 , Brendan F. Quinn of MLive.com broke the story that LeVert had been cleared to play . On February 13 , Michigan defeated ( # 18 / 16 ) Purdue 61 – 56 with LeVert recording five rebounds and one assist in 11 minutes after missing the previous 11 games . On March 1 , the team announced that the injury would end LeVert 's season and collegiate career . On March 22 , LeVert had a third surgical procedure in 22 months performed on his left foot in New York City by specialist Dr. Martin O 'Malley . By late April , the draft stock of LeVert had slipped to the second round . According to the Michigan Basketball Twitter feed , he attended graduation in crutches at the end of April . He was invited to the May 11 – 15 NBA Draft Combine . While still on crutches at the combine , LeVert clarified that his injury was a Jones fracture of the fifth metatarsal and that Kevin Durant who has the same agency and used the same doctor had called to offer him encouragement .
= = Professional career = =
The day before the 2016 NBA draft , LeVert authored an open letter to NBA general managers to assure them of his resiliency in the face of all of his doubters due to his injury . On June 23 , LeVert was selected with the 20th overall pick in the 2016 draft by the Indiana Pacers . He became Michigan 's fifth first @-@ round draft selection since 2013 and the fourth player drafted from Michigan 's 2012 entering class . His rights were later traded to the Brooklyn Nets on July 7 , in exchange for Thaddeus Young . Dr. O 'Malley , who had performed LeVert 's most recent foot surgery , was on the Brooklyn Nets medical staff at the time of the trade . On July 14 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Nets .
= = Personal = =
LeVert is the son of Kim and Darryl LeVert and has one sibling , Darryl , who is his junior by 11 months . His mother is a Columbus City Schools first grade teacher . His father , who was a graphic designer , died on April 4 , 2010 at the age of 46 . As of February 2014 , his brother , Darryl , played basketball for Connors State College . LeVert comes from a musical family as he is the third cousin of Eddie LeVert , the lead vocalist of the O 'Jays . Eddie 's sons include singers Gerald LeVert of LSG and LeVert ( along with Sean LeVert ) .
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= Nativity scene =
A nativity scene or crèche ( / krɛʃ / or / kreɪʃ / ; also known as a manger scene , or crib , in Italian presepio or presepe ) is the special exhibition , particularly during the Christmas season , of art objects representing the scene of the birth of Jesus . While the term " nativity scene " may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the Nativity of Jesus in art , it has a more specialized sense referring to seasonal displays , either using model figures in a setting or enactments called " living nativity scenes " in which real humans and animals participate . Nativity scenes exhibit figures representing the infant Jesus , his mother Mary , and Joseph . Other characters from the nativity story such as shepherds and sheep , and angels may be displayed near the manger in a barn ( or cave ) intended to accommodate farm animals , as described in the gospels of Luke . A donkey and an ox are typically depicted in the scene , as well as the Magi and camels belonging to the Magi described in the Matthew . Several cultures add other characters and objects that may be Biblical or not .
Saint Francis of Assisi is credited with creating the first live nativity scene in 1223 ( a " living " one ) intending thereby to cultivate the worship of Christ , having been inspired by his recent visit to the Holy Land where he had been shown Jesus 's traditional birthplace . The scene 's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar pantomimes .
Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches , homes , shopping malls , and other venues , and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings . In the United States , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh annually display Neapolitan Baroque nativity scenes , both of which originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello .
Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy . In the United States , nativity scenes on public lands and in public buildings have provoked court challenges .
= = Birth of Jesus = =
A nativity scene takes its inspiration from the accounts of the birth of Jesus in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke . Luke 's narrative describes an angel announcing the birth of Jesus to shepherds who then visit the humble site where Jesus is found lying in a manger , a trough for cattle feed . ( Luke 2 : 8 @-@ 20 ) Matthew 's narrative tells of " wise men " ( grk.μαγοι magoi ) who follow a star to the house where Jesus dwelt , and indicates that the Magi found Jesus some time later , less than two years after his birth , rather than on the exact day . ( Mat.2 : 1 @-@ 23 ) Matthew 's account does not mention the angels and shepherds , while Luke 's narrative is silent on the Magi and the star . The Magi and the angels are often displayed in a nativity scene with the Holy Family and the shepherds although there is no scriptural basis for their presence . ( Luke 2 : 7 ; 2 : 12 ; 2 : 17 )
= = Origins and early history = =
St. Francis of Assisi is credited with creating the first nativity scene in 1223 at Greccio , central Italy , in an attempt to place the emphasis of Christmas upon the worship of Christ rather than upon secular materialism and gift giving . The nativity scene created by St. Francis is described by St Bonaventure in his Life of Saint Francis of Assisi written around 1260 . Staged in a cave near Greccio , St. Francis ' nativity scene was a living one with humans and animals cast in the Biblical roles . Pope Honorius III gave his blessing to the exhibit . Such pantomimes became hugely popular and spread throughout Christendom . Within a hundred years every church in Italy was expected to have a nativity scene at Christmastime . Eventually , statues replaced human and animal participants , and static scenes grew to elaborate affairs with richly robed figurines placed in intricate landscape settings . Charles III , King of the Two Sicilies , collected such elaborate scenes , and his enthusiasm encouraged others to do the same .
The scene 's popularity inspired much imitation in Catholic countries , and in the Early modern period sculpted cribs were set up in Catholic churches and homes , often exported from Italy . These elaborate scenes reached their artistic apogee in Papal state , Emilia , Kingdom of Naples , Genoa that had an important tradition , notably those of Anton Maria Maragliano . By the end of the 19th century nativity scenes became popular beyond Catholic settings , and many versions of various sizes and in various materials such as terracotta , paper , wood , wax and ivory were marketed , often with a backdrop setting in the stable .
Different traditions of nativity scenes emerged in different countries . Hand @-@ painted santons are popular in Provence . In southern Germany , Austria and Trentino @-@ Alto Adige the figurines are handcut in wood . Colorful szopka are typical in Poland .
A tradition in England , involved baking a mince pie in the shape of a manger to hold the Christ child until dinnertime when the pie was eaten . When the Puritans banned Christmas celebrations in the 17th century , they also passed specific legislation to outlaw such pies , calling them " Idolaterie in crust " .
Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches , homes , shopping malls , and other venues , and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings . The Vatican has displayed a scene in St. Peter 's Square near its Christmas tree since 1982 and the Pope has for many years blessed the mangers of children assembled in St. Peter 's Square for a special ceremony . In the United States , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City annually displays a Neapolitan Baroque nativity scene before a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) blue spruce .
Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy . A life @-@ sized scene in the United Kingdom featuring waxworks celebrities provoked outrage in 2004 , and , in Spain , a city council forbade the exhibition of a traditional toilet humor character in a public nativity scene . People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) indicates that animals in living displays lack proper care and suffer abuse . In the United States , nativity scenes on public lands and in public buildings have provoked court challenges , and the prankish theft of ceramic or plastic nativity figurines from outdoor displays has become commonplace .
= = Components = =
= = = Static nativity scenes = = =
A static nativity scene may be erected indoors or outdoors during the Christmas season , and is composed of figurines depicting the infant Jesus resting in a manger , Mary , and Joseph . Other figures in the scene may include angels , shepherds , and various animals . The figures may be made of any material , and arranged in a stable or grotto . The Magi may also appear , and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem . While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter , nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord .
The nativity scene may not accurately reflect gospel events . With no basis in the gospels , for example , the shepherds , the Magi , and the ox and ass may be displayed together at the manger . Some traditions bring other scriptural characters to the nativity scene such as Adam and Eve and the serpent , Noah and his animals , the twelve sons of Jacob , the twelve prophets and the twelve apostles . Mundane activities such as Mary washing diapers in the River Jordan , or a dove descending on the newborn infant may be depicted . The art form can be traced back to eighteenth @-@ century Naples , Italy . Neapolitan nativity scenes do not represent Palestine at the time of Jesus but the life of the Naples of 1700 , during the Bourbon period . Families competed with each other to produce the most elegant and elaborate scenes and so , next to the Child Jesus , to the Holy Family and the shepherds , were placed ladies and gentlemen of the nobility , representatives of the bourgeoisie of the time , vendors with their banks and miniatures of cheese , bread , sheep , pigs , ducks or grape , and typical figures of the time like gypsy predicting the future , people playing cards , housewives doing shopping , dogs , cats and chickens .
Regional variants on the standard nativity scene are many . The putz of Pennsylvania Dutch Americans evolved into elaborate decorative Christmas villages in the twentieth century . In Colombia , the pesebre may feature a town and its surrounding countryside with shepherds and animals . Mary and Joseph are often depicted as rural Boyacá people with Mary clad in a countrywoman 's shawl and fedora hat , and Joseph garbed in a poncho . The infant Jesus is depicted as European with Italianate features . Visitors bringing gifts to the Christ child are depicted as Colombian natives . After World War I , large , lighted manger scenes in churches and public buildings grew in popularity , and , by the 1950s , many companies were selling lawn ornaments of non @-@ fading , long @-@ lasting , weather resistant materials telling the nativity story .
= = = Living nativity scenes = = =
Pantomimes similar to the scene staged by St. Francis at Greccio became an annual event throughout Christendom . Abuses and exaggerations in the presentation of mystery plays during the Middle Ages , however , forced the church to prohibit performances during the 15th century . The plays survived outside church walls , however , and three hundred years after the prohibition , German immigrants brought simple forms of the nativity play to America . Some features of the dramas became part of both Catholic and Protestant Christmas services with children often taking the parts of characters in the nativity story . Nativity plays and pageants , culminating in living nativity scenes , eventually entered public schools . Such exhibitions have been challenged on the grounds of separation of church and state .
In some countries , the nativity scene took to the streets with human performers costumed as Joseph and Mary traveling from house to house seeking shelter and being told by the houses ' occupants to move on . The couple 's journey culminated in an outdoor tableau at a designated place with the shepherds and the Magi then traveling the streets in parade fashion looking for the Christ child .
Living nativity scenes are not without their problems . In 2008 , for example , vandals destroyed all eight scenes and backdrops at Mount Carmel Christian Church ’ s drive @-@ through living nativity scene in Georgia . About 120 of the church ’ s 500 members were involved in the construction of the scenes or playing roles in the production . The damage was estimated at more than US $ 2 @,@ 000 . Additionally , the use of real animals in living nativity scenes has provoked complaint .
In southern Italy living nativity scenes ( called presepe vivente in Italian ) , are extremely popular , and are rather elaborate affairs , which feature the classic nativity scene as well as a mock rural 19th @-@ century village , complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their particular trades . These attract many visitors and have been televised by Italy 's national station RAI . In 2010 , the old city of Matera in Basilicata hosted the world 's largest living nativity scene of the time , which was performed in the historic center Sassi .
= = = Animals in nativity scenes = = =
A donkey ( or ass ) and an ox typically appear in nativity scenes . Besides the necessity of animals for a manger , this is an allusion to Isaiah : " the ox knoweth his owner , and the ass his master 's crib ; but Israel doth not know , my people doth not consider " Isaiah 1 : 3 . The Gospels do not mention an ox and donkey Another source for the tradition may be the extracanonical text , the Gospel of Pseudo @-@ Matthew of the 7th century . ( The translation in this text of Habakkuk 3 : 2 is not taken from the Septuagint . ) :
" And on the third day after the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ , Mary went out of the cave , and , entering a stable , placed the child in a manger , and an ox and an ass adored him . Then was fulfilled that which was said by the prophet Isaiah , " The ox knows his owner , and the ass his master 's crib . " Therefore , the animals , the ox and the ass , with him in their midst incessantly adored him . Then was fulfilled that which was said by Habakkuk the prophet , saying , " Between two animals you are made manifest . "
The ox traditionally represents patience , the nation of Israel , and Old Testament sacrificial worship while the ass represents humility , readiness to serve , and the Gentiles .
The ox and the ass , as well as other animals , became a part of nativity scene tradition . In a 1415 , Corpus Christi celebration , the Ordo paginarum notes that Jesus was lying between an ox and an ass . Other animals introduced to nativity scenes include elephants and camels .
By the 1970s , churches and community organizations increasingly included animals in nativity pageants . Since then , automobile @-@ accessible " drive @-@ through " scenes with sheep and donkeys have become popular .
= = Selection of distinctive scenes = =
= = = At the Vatican = = =
In 1982 , Pope John Paul II inaugurated the annual tradition of placing a nativity scene on display in the Vatican City in the Piazza San Pietro before the Christmas Tree .
In 2006 , the nativity scene featured seventeen new figures of spruce on loan to the Vatican from sculptors and wood sawyers of the town of Tesero , Italy in the Italian Alps . The figures included peasants , a flutist , a bagpipe player and a shepherd named Titaoca . Twelve nativity scenes created before 1800 from Tesero were put on display in the Vatican audience hall .
The Vatican nativity scene for 2007 placed the birth of Jesus in Joseph 's house , based upon an interpretation of the Gospel of Matthew . Mary was shown with the newborn infant Jesus in a room in Joseph 's house . To the left of the room was Joseph 's workshop while to the right was a busy inn — a comment on materialism versus spirituality . The Vatican 's written description of the diorama said , " The scene for this year 's Nativity recalls the painting style of the Flemish School of the 1500s . " The scene was unveiled on December 24 and remained in place until February 2 , 2008 for The Feast of the Presentation of the Lord . Ten new figures were exhibited with seven on loan from the town of Tesero and three — a baker , a woman , and a child — donated to the Vatican . The decision for the atypical setting was believed to be part of a crackdown on fanciful scenes erected in various cities around Italy . In Naples , Italy , for example , Elvis Presley and Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi , were depicted among the shepherds and angels worshipping at the manger .
In 2008 , the province of Trento , Italy provided sculpted wooden figures and animals as well as utensils to create depictions of daily life . The scene featured seventeen figures with nine depicting the Holy Family , the Magi , and the shepherds . The nine figures were originally donated by Saint Vincent Pallotti for the nativity at Rome 's Church of Sant 'Andrea della Valle in 1842 and eventually found their way to the Vatican . They are dressed anew each year for the scene . The 2008 scene was set in Bethlehem with a fountain and a hearth representing regeneration and light . The same year , the Paul VI Audience Hall exhibited a nativity designed by Mexican artists .
Since 1968 , the Pope has officiated at a special ceremony in St. Peter 's Square on Gaudete Sunday that involves blessing hundreds of mangers and Babies Jesus for the children of Rome . In 1978 , 50 @,@ 000 schoolchildren attended the ceremony .
= = = Santons = = =
A santon ( Provençal : " little saint " ) is a small hand @-@ painted , terracotta nativity scene figurine produced in the Provence region of southeastern France . In a traditional Provençal crèche , the santons represent various characters from Provençal village life such as the scissors grinder , the fishwife , and the chestnut seller . The figurines were first created during the French Revolution when churches were forcibly closed and large nativity scenes prohibited . Today , their production is a family affair passed from parents to children . During the Christmas season , santon makers gather in Marseille and other locales in southeastern France to display and sell their wares .
= = = Kraków szopka = = =
Szopka are traditional Polish nativity scenes dating to 19th century Kraków , Poland . Their modern construction incorporates elements of Kraków 's historic architecture including Gothic spires , Renaissance facades , and Baroque domes , and utilizes everyday materials such as colored tinfoils , cardboard , and wood . Some are mechanized . Prizes are awarded for the most elaborately designed and decorated pieces in an annual competition held in Kraków 's main square beside the statue of Adam Mickiewicz . Some of the best are then displayed in Kraków 's Museum of History . Szopka were traditionally carried from door @-@ to @-@ door in the nativity plays ( Jasełka ) by performing groups .
A similar tradition , called " betlehemezés " and involving schoolchildren carrying portable folk @-@ art nativity scenes door @-@ to @-@ door , chanting traditional texts , is part of Hungarian folk culture , and has enjoyed a renaissance in recent years . An example of such a portable wooden nativity scene is on display at the Nativity Museum in Bethlehem .
= = = In the Czech lands = = =
The Czech Republic , and the cultures represented in the lands of former Bohemia and Czechoslovakia have a long tradition regarding betlémy , crèches . The tradition of home Nativity scenes is often traced to the 1782 ban of church and institutional crèches by emperor Joseph II , officially responding to public disturbances and the resulting " loss of dignity " of such displays . As this followed the Edict of Toleration proclaimed the previous year , it reduced State support of the Catholic church in this multi @-@ confessional land .
The issue of cost arose , and paper @-@ cut crèches , papirový betlém , " the crèche of the poor " , became one major expression . , as well as wood @-@ carved ones , some of them spectacular as they grew in complexity and detail . Many among the major Czech artists , sculptors and illustrators have as a significant part of their legacy the crèches that they created .
The following people are known for creating Czech paper crèches :
Mikoláš Aleš ( 1852 @-@ 1913 ) , famed for his murals of the National Theater .
Marie Fischerova @-@ Kvechova , illustrator of a large number of children books .
Josef Lada ( 1887 @-@ 1957 ) , known for his work in Schvejk .
Josef Wenig ( 1885 @-@ 1939 ) , theater decorator and playwright .
= = = = Krýza 's crèche = = = =
Tomáš Krýza ( 1838 - 1918 ) built in a period of over 60 years a nativity scene covering 60 m ² ( length 17 m , size and height 2 m ) which contains 1389 figures of humans and animals , of which 133 are moveable . It is on display in Jindřichův Hradec , Czech Republic . Since 1998 , it figures as the largest mechanical nativity scene in the world in the Guinness Book of World Records .
= = = In the United States = = =
In 2005 , President of the United States of America , George W. Bush and his wife , First Lady of the United States , Laura Bush displayed an 18th @-@ century Italian presepio in the East Room of the White House , Washington , D.C. , United States . The presepio was donated to the White House in the last decades of the 20th century .
On her Christmas Day 2007 television show , Martha Stewart exhibited the nativity scene she made in pottery classes at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson , West Virginia while serving a 2005 sentence . She remarked , " Even though every inmate was only allowed to do one a month , and I was only there for five months , I begged because I said I was an expert potter — ceramicist actually — and could I please make the entire nativity scene . " She supplemented her nativity figurines on the show with tiny artificial palm trees imported from Germany .
Perhaps the best known nativity scene in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually in the Medieval Sculpture Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . Its backdrop is a 1763 choir screen from the Cathedral of Valladolid and a twenty @-@ foot blue spruce decorated with a host of 18th @-@ century angels . The nativity figures are placed at the tree 's base . The crèche was the gift of Loretta Hines Howard in 1964 , and the choir screen was the gift of The William Randolph Hearst Foundation in 1956 . Both this presepio and the one displayed in Pittsburgh originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello .
A life @-@ size nativity scene has been displayed annually at Temple Square in Salt Lake City , Utah for several decades as part of the large outdoor Christmas displays sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints .
Each holiday season , from Light Up Night in November through Epiphany in January , the Pittsburgh Crèche delights visitors to downtown Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Pittsburgh Creche , a larger @-@ than @-@ life nativity scene , is the world ’ s only authorized replica of the Vatican ’ s Christmas crèche on display in St. Peter ’ s Square in Rome . Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Museum of Art also displays a Neapolitan presepio . Handcrafted between 1700 and 1830 , the presepio has lifelike figures and colorful details that re @-@ create the Nativity within a vibrant and detailed panorama of 18th @-@ century Italian village life . More than 100 superbly modeled human and angelic figures , along with animals , accessories , and architectural elements , cover 250 square feet and create a memorable depiction of the Nativity as seen through the eyes of Neapolitan artisans and collectors .
= = = In Australia = = =
Christmas is celebrated by Australians in a number of ways . Due to its multiculturalism and diversity , the immigrants have influenced the way Christmas is celebrated around the country . In Australia , it ’ s summer season and is very hot during Christmas time .
During the Christmas time , locals and visitors visit places around their towns and suburbs to view the outdoor and indoor displays . All over the towns , the places are lit with colorful and modern spectacular lighting displays . The displays of nativity scenes with Aussie featured native animals like kangaroos and koalas are also evident .
In Melbourne , a traditional and authentic Nativity Scene is becoming very popular at St. Elizabeth ’ s Parish , Dandenong North . This annual Australian Nativity Scene creator and artist Wilson Fernandez has been building and creating the traditional nativity scenes since 2004 at St. Elizabeth ’ s Parish .
To mark this special event , Most Reverend Denis Hart Archbishop of Melbourne celebrated the Vigil Mass and blessed the Nativity Scene on Saturday , 14 December 2013 .
= = = In Canada = = =
Bethlehem Live is an all @-@ volunteer living nativity produced by Gateway Christian Community Church in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The production includes a reconstruction of the ancient town of Bethlehem and seven individual vignettes .
= = Associations and notable collections = =
The Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica , World association of Friends of Cribs was founded in 1952 , counting today 20 national associations dedicated to this subject . Central office is in Austria .
In the United States and Canada Friends of the Creche has over 200 members , with a major conference every two years . FotC maintains a list of permanent exhibits of Nativity scenes in the United States and a list of permanent exhibits of Nativity scenes in other parts of the world .
The Bavarian National Museum displays a notable collection of Nativity scenes from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries .
Every year in Lanciano , Abruzzo ( Italy ) , a Nativity Scene exhibition ( called in Italian " Riscopriamo il presepe " ) takes place at Auditorium Diocleziano , usually until the 6th of January . An average of one hundred Nativity scenes are shown , coming from every region of Italy . There are also many Nativity scenes made by local kindergarten , primary , secondary and high school . The event is organised by Associazione Amici di Lancianovecchia
Museums dedicated specifically to paper Nativity scenes exist in Pečky , Zábrdí .
= = Controversies = =
= = = United States of America = = =
Nativity scenes have been involved in controversies and lawsuits .
In 1969 , the American Civil Liberties Union ( representing three clergymen , an atheist , and a leader of the American Ethical Society ) , tried to block the construction of a nativity scene on the Ellipse in Washington , D.C. When the ACLU claimed the government sponsorship of a distinctly Christian symbol violated separation of church and state , the sponsors of the fifty @-@ year @-@ old Christmas celebration , Pageant of Peace , who had an exclusive permit from the Interior Department for all events on the Ellipse , responded that the nativity scene was a reminder of America 's spiritual heritage . The United States Court of Appeals ruled on December 12 , 1969 , that the crèche be allowed that year . The case continued until September 26 , 1973 , when the court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and found the involvement of the Interior Department and the National Park Service in the Pageant of Peace amounted to government support for religion . The court opined that the nativity scene should be dropped from the pageant or the government end its participation in the event in order to avoid " excessive entanglements " between government and religion . In 1973 , the nativity scene vanished .
In 1985 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in ACLU v. Scarsdale , New York that nativity scenes on public lands violate separation of church and state statutes unless they comply with " The Reindeer Rule " — a regulation calling for equal opportunity for non @-@ religious symbols , such as reindeer . This principle was further clarified in 1989 , when the Supreme Court in County of Allegheny v. ACLU ruled that a crèche placed on the grand staircase of the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh , PA violated the Establishment Clause , because the " principal or primary effect " of the display was to advance religion .
In 1994 , at Christmas , the Park Board of San Jose , California , removed a statue of the infant Jesus from Plaza de Cesar Chavez Park and replaced it with a statue of the plumed Aztec god , Quetzalcoatl , commissioned with US $ 500 @,@ 000 of public funds . In response , protestors staged a living nativity scene in the park .
In 2006 , a lawsuit by the Alliance Defense Fund , a conservative Christian group in the United States , was brought against the state of Washington when it permitted a public display of a holiday tree and a menorah but not a nativity scene . Because of the lawsuit , the decision was made to permit a nativity scene to be displayed in the rotunda of the state Capitol , in Olympia , as long as other symbols of the season were included .
In 2013 , Gov. Rick Perry signed into Texas law the Merry Christmas bill which would allow school districts in Texas to display nativity scenes .
= = = = Baby Jesus theft = = = =
In the United States , nativity figurines are sometimes stolen from outdoor public and private displays during the Christmas season in an act that is generally called Baby Jesus theft . The thefts are usually pranks with figurines recovered within a few hours or days of their disappearances . Some have been damaged beyond repair or defaced with profanity , antisemitic epithets , or Satanic symbols . It is unclear if Baby Jesus theft is on the rise as United States federal law enforcement officials do not track such theft . Some communities protect outdoor nativity scenes with surveillance cameras or GPS devices concealed within the figurines .
= = = United Kingdom = = =
In December 2004 , Madame Tussaud 's London , England , United Kingdom nativity scene featured waxwork models of soccer star David Beckham and his wife Victoria Beckham as Joseph and Mary , and Kylie Minogue as the Angel . Tony Blair , George W. Bush , and the Duke of Edinburgh were cast as the Magi while actors Hugh Grant , Samuel L. Jackson , and comedian Graham Norton were cast as shepherds . The celebrities were chosen for the roles by 300 people who visited the Madame Tussaud 's in October 2004 and voted on the display . The Archbishop of Canterbury was not impressed , and a Vatican spokesperson said the display was in very poor taste . Other officials reacted angrily , with one noting it was " a nativity stunt too far " . " We 're sorry if we have offended people , " said Diane Moon , a spokesperson for the museum . She said the display was intended in the spirit of fun .
= = Gallery = =
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= Indefatigable @-@ class battlecruiser =
The Indefatigable class were the second class built of British battlecruisers which served in the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy during World War I. The design represented a modest reworking of the preceding Invincible class , featuring increased endurance and an improved cross @-@ deck arc of fire for their midships wing turrets achieved by a lengthening of the hull . Like its predecessor , the design resembled the contemporary dreadnought of the Royal Navy , but sacrificed armour protection and one turret from the main battery for a 4 @-@ knot ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) speed advantage .
Originally Indefatigable was the only ship of the class , but Australia and New Zealand were later built as part of a scheme to improve the defense of the Dominions by having each Dominion purchase a ' fleet unit ' of one battlecruiser , three light cruisers and six destroyers . Only Australia fully acceded to the idea , forming the Royal Australian Navy , but New Zealand agreed to fund one battlecruiser . A modified Indefatigable design was chosen rather than the Lion @-@ class battlecruiser then building for the Royal Navy .
They spent most of the war patrolling the North Sea , and participated in most of the battles there , although only New Zealand was in the United Kingdom when the war began . Indefatigable was in the Mediterranean where she pursued the German warships Goeben and Breslau as they fled towards Turkey and Australia was flagship of the Royal Australian Navy in Australian waters where she helped to secure the German Pacific colonies and searched , unsuccessfully , for the German East Asia Squadron before sailing for the United Kingdom in December 1914 . New Zealand participated in a number of the early actions in the North Sea including the Battle of Heligoland Bight and the inconclusive Scarborough Raid . Australia was still under repair after a collision with New Zealand before the Battle of Jutland so only Indefatigable and New Zealand were present where the former was destroyed by a magazine explosion . Both Australia and New Zealand spent much uneventful time at sea after Jutland waiting for the next appearance of the High Seas Fleet , but that had been forbidden by the Kaiser . New Zealand conducted Admiral Jellicoe on his tour of India and the Dominions after the war while Australia returned home where she again became the flagship of the Royal Australian Navy . New Zealand was sold for scrap in 1922 while Australia only lasted two years more before being scuttled to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty .
= = Background = =
Indefatigable was the successor to the Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers . A number of options for large cruisers were considered for the 1906 Naval Programme , including the X4 design of 22 @,@ 500 long tons ( 22 @,@ 861 t ) with 11 @-@ inch ( 280 mm ) armour and 25 @-@ knot ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) speed , but in the end this programme consisted only of three ships of the Dreadnought type . A number of options were considered for the 1907 – 08 programme , ranging from 18 @,@ 100 long tons ( 18 @,@ 390 t ) to 21 @,@ 400 long tons ( 21 @,@ 743 t ) , but in the end battleships were again favoured and no battlecruisers were ordered until the subsequent programme year .
At the time the final design of Indefatigable was approved , the Admiralty was already moving on , Fisher writing in September 1908 " I 've got Sir Philip Watts into a new Indomitable that will make your mouth water when you see it " , a design that was to eventually emerge as HMS Lion . In August 1909 the self @-@ governing dominions met at the 1909 Imperial Conference , and in discussion of Imperial defense , the Admiralty proposed the creation of indigenous fleet units , each to consist of one Invincible @-@ class battlecruiser , three light cruisers of the Bristol class , and six destroyers . These were to be based in Australia , New Zealand , Canada and South Africa in attempt to secure the naval defence of the Dominions while the Royal Navy concentrated in home waters to meet the German threat . While the scheme was rejected by Canada and South Africa , Australia and New Zealand subscribed , each ordering a modified version of the Indefatigable , rather than the originally proposed Invincible class . Australia became a ship of the newly formed Royal Australian Navy , while New Zealand was retained in European waters as a wholly RN unit . Eventually , only one fleet unit was formed , the Australian squadron in 1913 .
= = Design = =
The Indefatigable was ordered as the lone battlecruiser of the 1908 – 9 programme . Her outline design was prepared in March 1908 , and the final design was approved in November 1908 . This design was essentially an enlarged Invincible with revised arrangements of protection and main armament .
= = = General characteristics = = =
Indefatigables were slightly larger than their predecessors of the Invincible class . They had an overall length of 590 ft ( 179 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 ft ( 24 @.@ 4 m ) , and a draught of 29 ft 9 in ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . They displaced 18 @,@ 500 long tons ( 18 @,@ 800 t ) at load and 22 @,@ 130 long tons ( 22 @,@ 490 t ) at deep load , over 1 @,@ 500 long tons ( 1 @,@ 524 t ) more than the earlier ships . They had a metacentric height of 4 @.@ 78 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at deep load .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Each paired set of Parsons direct @-@ drive steam turbines was housed in a separate engine @-@ room and drove two shafts . The wing shaft was coupled to the high @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbines and the low @-@ pressure turbines to the inner shafts . Each wing shaft drove a propeller 10 feet 10 inches ( 3 @.@ 30 m ) in diameter and the propellers on the inner shafts were 10 feet 3 inches ( 3 @.@ 12 m ) in diameter . The turbines were powered by thirty @-@ one Babcock & Wilcox water @-@ tube boilers in five boiler rooms . Indefatigable 's turbines were designed to produce a total of 43 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 32 @,@ 065 kW ) , but reached over 55 @,@ 000 shp ( 41 @,@ 013 kW ) on forced draught during trials in 1911 . The turbines of Australia and New Zealand were slightly more powerful at 44 @,@ 000 shp ( 32 @,@ 811 kW ) . They were designed for 25 @.@ 8 knots ( 47 @.@ 8 km / h ; 29 @.@ 7 mph ) , but all three bettered 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) during trials .
The ships carried approximately 3 @,@ 200 long tons ( 3 @,@ 251 t ) of coal , and an additional 850 long tons ( 864 t ) of fuel oil that was to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , the ships could steam for 3 @,@ 330 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 170 km ; 3 @,@ 830 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Each ship carried eight BL 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Mk X guns in four BVIII * twin turrets . Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline , identified as ' A ' and ' X ' respectively . Two wing turrets were mounted amidships en echelon between the funnels , identified as ' P ' and ' Q ' . ' P ' turret was mounted on the port side and normally faced forward , ' Q ' turret was mounted on the starboard side and normally faced aft ( rearwards ) . ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets were staggered — ' P ' was forward of ' Q ' , enabling ' P ' to fire in a 70 ° arc to the starboard side and ' Q ' to likewise fire towards the port side . These were the same guns as those mounted in Dreadnought , the Lord Nelson class and Bellerophon class .
The guns could initially be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to 13 @.@ 5 ° , although the turrets were modified to allow 16 ° of elevation during World War I. They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 390 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 725 ft / s ( 831 m / s ) ; at 13 @.@ 5 ° , this provided a maximum range of 16 @,@ 450 m ( 17 @,@ 990 yd ) with armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) 2 crh shells . At 16 ° elevation , the range was extended to 20 @,@ 435 yd ( 18 @,@ 686 m ) using the more aerodynamic , but slightly heavier 4 crh AP shells . The rate of fire of these guns was 1 – 2 rounds per minute . The ships carried a total of 880 rounds during wartime for 110 shells per gun .
The secondary armament consisted of sixteen 4 in ( 102 mm ) BL Mk VII guns positioned in the superstructure . All of the guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields during refits in 1914 and 1915 to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action , although two guns were removed at the same time . The guns on their PII * mounts had a maximum depression of 7 ° and a maximum elevation of 15 ° . They fired 31 @-@ pound ( 14 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 864 ft / s ( 873 m / s ) ; this gave a maximum range of 11 @,@ 600 yd ( 10 @,@ 600 m ) . Their rate of fire was 6 – 8 rounds per minute . They were provided with 100 rounds per gun .
An additional 4 @-@ inch gun was fitted in the surviving ships during 1917 as an anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun . It was mounted on a Mark II high @-@ angle mounting with a maximum elevation of 60 ° . It had a reduced propellant charge with a muzzle velocity of only 2 @,@ 864 ft / s ( 873 m / s ) . Earlier anti @-@ aircraft guns included a single QF 3 @-@ inch ( 76 @.@ 2 mm ) 20 cwt AA gun on a high @-@ angle Mark II mount that was added during refits in 1914 – 15 . This had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . It fired a 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ( 760 m / s ) at a rate of fire of 12 – 14 rounds per minute . They had a maximum effective ceiling of 23 @,@ 500 ft ( 7 @,@ 200 m ) . It was provided with 500 rounds . New Zealand carried a single QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss AA gun on a HA MkIc mounting from October 1914 to the end of 1915 . This had a maximum depression of 8 ° and a maximum elevation of 60 ° . It fired a 6 @-@ pound ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 765 ft / s ( 538 m / s ) at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute . It had a maximum ceiling of 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 050 m ) , but an effective range of only 1 @,@ 200 yards ( 1 @,@ 097 m ) .
They mounted two 17 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 450 @-@ mm ) submerged torpedo tubes , one on each side aft of ' X ' barbette , for which twelve torpedoes were carried .
= = = Fire control = = =
The spotting tops , a modern equivalent of the sailing ship 's fighting top , at the head of the tripod fore and main masts controlled the fire of the Indefatigable 's main guns . Data from a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) Barr and Stroud rangefinder was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the Transmitting Station ( TS ) located beneath each spotting top where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns . The target 's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target . Each gun turret had its own transmission equipment and the turrets , Transmitting Stations , and spotting tops could be connected in almost any combination . Firing trials against Hero in 1907 revealed this system 's vulnerability to gunfire as the spotting top was hit twice and a large splinter severed the voice pipe and all wiring running along the mast . To guard against this possibility ' A ' turret of Indefatigable was fitted with a 9 @-@ foot rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof and it was equipped to control the entire main armament during a refit between 1911 and 1914 .
Australia and New Zealand were built with a different arrangement . The spotting top on the main mast was deleted and an armoured spotting tower was built instead into the conning tower where it was better protected , had an improved field of vision and direct access to the primary conning position . The rear Transmitting Station was also deleted and the forward TS was consequently enlarged . Their ' A ' turrets were built with the improvements listed above .
Fire control technology advanced quickly during the years immediately preceding World War I and the development of the Dreyer Fire Control Table was one such advance . It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock and a simplified version , the Mk I , was fitted to the Indefatigables during refits in 1915 – 16 . The more important development was the director firing system . This consisted of a fire @-@ control director mounted high in the ship which electrically transmitted training and elevation angles to the gun turrets via pointers , which the turret crewmen had only to follow . The director layer 's trigger fired the guns simultaneously which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimized the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells . A gun within the ' Y ' turret was also equipped with transmitters so that , as a backup , it could function as a " directing gun " , but there was no provision for the gun battery to be split between the main director and this directing gun . The Indefatigables received their director equipment between mid @-@ 1915 and May 1916 .
= = = Armour = = =
In some ways the armour protection given to the Indefatigables was weaker than that of their predecessors as the armour was reduced in thickness in a number of places , but it was spread out to a greater extent . The main belt ran from stem to stern ; it was 6 inches ( 152 mm ) thick for the middle 298 feet ( 91 m ) of the ship , but was reduced to 4 inches ( 102 mm ) abreast the end 12 @-@ inch gun barbettes and magazines and thinned still further to 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) at the ends of the ship . A 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) bulkhead met the barbette of X turret while the forward bulkhead was 3 – 4 inches ( 76 – 102 mm ) in thickness . The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 7 in ( 178 mm ) of armour , except for the turret roofs which used 3 in ( 76 mm ) of Krupp non @-@ cemented armour ( KNC ) . The supporting beams for the turret roofs were reinforced over those of the Invincibles based on lessons learned in firing trials conducted during 1907 . The thickness of the main deck was generally 1 in ( 25 mm ) of nickel steel , but increased to 2 inches ( 51 mm ) around the base of the barbettes . The lower deck armour of nickel steel was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) on the flat and 2 inches thick on the slope , but increased to two inches at the ship 's ends . The sides of the forward conning tower were 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick while the spotting tower had four inches . The roof and floor of both towers were KNC armour 3 inches thick while the conning tower 's communication tube was four inches of KNC . The torpedo director tower 1 inch of nickel steel all around . Nickel steel torpedo bulkheads of 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch thickness were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms . The funnel uptakes were protected with 1 @.@ 5 inches of nickel steel on the sides and 1 inch on the ends . Krupp cemented armour was used throughout , unless otherwise mentioned .
Australia and New Zealand were built with a different arrangement . The waterline belt did not extend to the ends , but terminated 60 feet ( 18 @.@ 3 m ) short of the bow and 55 feet ( 16 @.@ 8 m ) short of the stern . The sections abreast the barbettes were thickened to 5 inches ( 127 mm ) and the sections at each end were increased to four inches . The main deck armour was increased to 2 @.@ 5 inches around the barbettes and was extended 55 feet past the rear barbette . The lower deck armour was decreased from 1 @.@ 5 – 2 inches to one inch , both on the flat and slope , except at the ends where it was thickened to 2 @.@ 5 inches . After Jutland one inch of armour was added to the magazine crowns and the turret roofs with a total weight of 110 long tons ( 112 t )
= = Construction = =
The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Indefatigable class . Whilst standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores , for some reason the cost quoted in The Naval Annual for Indefatigable includes the armament .
* = estimated cost , including guns
= = In service = =
Indefatigable was initially assigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet upon her commissioning in 1911 . She was transferred to the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet in December 1913 . New Zealand was only briefly assigned to the Home Fleet before she sailed for New Zealand in February 1912 . She returned to Portsmouth the following December and was assigned again to the Home Fleet . She made a number of port visits to France and Russia before the war began . Australia set sail for Australia almost immediately after she was commissioned in June 1913 to assume her duties as the first flagship of the Royal Australian Navy .
= = = Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau = = =
Indefatigable , accompanied by Indomitable , under the command of Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne , encountered the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau on the morning of 4 August 1914 headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of Philippeville , but Britain and Germany were not yet at war so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to Messina to recoal . All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers , but Goeben and Breslau were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th . By this time war had been declared , after the German invasion of Belgium , but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a six @-@ mile ( 10 km ) limit from the Italian coast precluded entrance into the passage of the Strait of Messina where they could observe the port directly . Milne therefore stationed Inflexible and Indefatigable at the northern exit of the Straits of Messina , still expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports ; he stationed the light cruiser Gloucester at the southern exit and sent Indomitable to recoal at Bizerte , where she was better positioned to react to a German sortie into the Western Mediterranean .
The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east , towards Constantinople , trailed by Gloucester . Milne , still expecting Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to turn west , kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August , when he set sail for Cape Matapan , where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier , at a leisurely 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) . At 2 : 30 p.m. he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria — war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later , but Milne followed his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian breakout attempt , rather than seek Goeben . Finally on 9 August Milne was given clear orders to " chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north @-@ east . " Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles , and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean , unaware that the Goeben did not intend to come out .
On 3 November 1914 , Churchill ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Turkey and Russia . The attack was carried out by Indomitable and Indefatigable , as well as the French pre @-@ dreadnought battleships Suffren and Vérité . The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response . The results were deceptively encouraging . In a twenty @-@ minute bombardment , a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at Sedd el Bahr at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula , displacing ( but not destroying ) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers . The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences , and they set about expanding the mine field . This attack actually took place before a formal declaration of war had been made by Britain against the Ottoman Empire which did not happen until 6 November . Indefatigable was remained in the Mediterranean until she was relieved by Inflexible on 24 January 1915 and proceeded to Malta to refit . Having completed her refit she sailed to England on 14 February where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) upon her arrival .
= = = Australia in the Pacific = = =
Following the declaration of war , Australia was assigned to find the German East Asia Squadron , the only Central Powers naval force of note in the Pacific . During this hunt , she was attached to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and provided support during the Force 's invasion of Rabaul , in case the German squadron was present . The squadron 's commander , Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee , was wary of Australia , which he described as being superior to his squadron .
Following von Spee 's withdrawal from the Pacific , Australia was belatedly ordered on 8 November 1914 to join with several Japanese cruisers off Mexico to resume the hunt for the German cruisers . By this time , the German squadron had made its way to the South Atlantic , and in early December was destroyed by a British squadron in the Battle of the Falkland Islands . Australia was sent to join the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron at Rosyth , Scotland , and was made flagship of the squadron after a short refit .
= = = Battle of Heligoland Bight = = =
New Zealand 's first action was as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral Beatty during the Battle of Heligoland Bight operation on 28 August 1914 . Beatty 's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks . They turned south at full speed at 11 : 35 AM when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the Jade estuary . The brand @-@ new light cruiser Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the light cruisers Strassburg and Cöln when Beatty 's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12 : 37 PM . Strassburg was able to duck into the mists and evade fire , but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron . But Beatty was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser Ariadne directly to his front . He turned in pursuit , but reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at a range under 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @.@ 5 km ) . At 1 : 10 PM Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire . Shortly after turning north , Beatty 's main body encountered the crippled Cöln and she was sunk by two salvos from Lion .
= = = Raid on Scarborough = = =
The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast in an attempt to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail . An earlier Raid on Yarmouth on 3 November had been partially successful , but a larger @-@ scale operation was devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper afterwards . The fast battlecruisers would actually conduct the bombardment while the entire High Seas Fleet was to station itself east of Dogger Bank to provide cover for their return and to destroy any elements of the Royal Navy that responded to the raid . But what the Germans did not know was that the British were reading the German naval codes and were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey , although they were not aware that the High Seas Fleet would be at sea as well . Admiral Beatty 's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron , now reduced to four ships , including New Zealand , as well as the 2nd Battle Squadron with six dreadnoughts , was detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank .
Admiral Hipper set sail on 15 December 1914 for another such raid and successfully bombarded several English towns , but British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 5 : 15 and fought an inconclusive action with them . Vice Admiral Sir George Warrender , commanding the 2nd Battle Squadron , had received a signal at 5 : 40 that Lynx was engaging enemy destroyers although Beatty had not . The destroyer Shark spotted the German armoured cruiser Roon and her escorts at about 7 : 00 , but could not transmit the message until 7 : 25 . Admiral Warrender received the signal , as did New Zealand , but Beatty did not , despite the fact that New Zealand had been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and Beatty . Warrender attempted to pass on Shark 's message to Beatty at 7 : 36 , but did not manage to make contact until 7 : 55 . Beatty reversed course when he got the message and dispatched New Zealand to search for Roon . She was being overhauled by New Zealand when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 9 : 00 . Beatty ordered New Zealand to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough .
The British forces split going around the shallow Southwest Patch of the Dogger Bank ; Beatty 's ships passed to the north while Warrender passed to the south as they headed west to block the main route through the minefields defending the English coast . This left a 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) gap between them through which the German light forces began to move . At 12 : 25 , the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper . Southampton spotted the light cruiser Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty . At 12 : 30 Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships . Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper 's ships , however , those were some 50 km ( 31 mi ) behind . The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron , which had been screening for Beatty 's ships , detached to pursue the German cruisers , but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions . This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape , and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers . The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape .
= = = Battle of Dogger Bank = = =
On 23 January 1915 , a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper sortied to clear the Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements . But the British were reading their coded messages and sailed to intercept them with a larger force of British battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Beatty , which included New Zealand . Contact was initiated at 7 : 20 AM on the 24th when the British light cruiser Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg . By 7 : 35 the Germans had spotted Beatty 's force and Hipper ordered a turn to the south at 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , believing that this would suffice if the ships that he saw to his northwest were British battleships and that he could always increased speed to Blücher 's maximum speed of 23 knots ( 26 mph ; 43 km / h ) if they were British battlecruisers .
Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practicable speed to catch the Germans before they could escape . New Zealand and Indomitable were the slowest of Beatty 's ships and gradually fell behind the newer and faster battlecruisers , but New Zealand was able to open fire on Blücher by 9 : 35 . She continued to engage Blücher after the other , faster , battlecruisers had switched targets to the German battlecruisers . After about an hour New Zealand had knocked out Blücher 's forward turret and Indomitable began to fire on her as well at 10 : 31 . Two 12 @-@ inch shells pierced her armoured deck and exploded in an ammunition room at 10 : 35 . This started a fire amidships that destroyed her two port 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) turrets and the concussion damaged her engines so that her speed had dropped to 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) and her steering gear jammed . At 10 : 48 Beatty ordered Indomitable to attack her . But due to a combination of a mistake by Beatty 's flag lieutenant in signalling and heavy damage to Beatty 's flagship Lion , which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal halyards so that Beatty could not communicate with his ships that caused the rest of the battlecruisers , temporarily under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Gordon Moore in New Zealand , to believe that that signal applied to them . So they turned away from Hipper 's main body and engaged Blücher . New Zealand fired 147 shells at Blücher before she capsized and sank at 12 : 07 PM after being torpedoed .
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
On 31 May 1916 the 2nd BCS consisted of New Zealand ( Flagship of Rear Admiral William Christopher Pakenham ) and Indefatigable as Australia was still under repair following her collision with New Zealand on 22 April . It was assigned to Admiral Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea . The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea . Hipper 's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 3 : 20 , but Beatty 's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 2 : 30 . Almost immediately afterwards , at 3 : 32 , he ordered a course change to east south @-@ east to position himself astride the German 's line of retreat and called his ships ' crews to action stations . He also ordered the 2nd BCS , which had been leading , to fall in astern of the 1st BCS . Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard , away from the British , to assume a south @-@ easterly course , and reduced speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up . With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet , then about 60 miles ( 97 km ) behind him . Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still far too north to cut off Hipper .
This began what was to be called the ' Run to the South ' as Beatty changed course to steer east south @-@ east at 3 : 45 , paralleling Hipper 's course , now that the range closed to under 18 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . The Germans opened fire first at 3 : 48 , followed almost immediately afterwards by the British . The British ships were still in the process of making their turn as only the two leading ships , Lion and Princess Royal had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire . The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and the furthest to the west , and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east . The German fire was accurate from the beginning , but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze . Indefatigable aimed at Von der Tann while New Zealand aimed at Moltke while remaining unengaged herself . By 3 : 54 the range was down to 12 @,@ 900 yards ( 11 @,@ 800 m ) and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 3 : 57 . Around 4 : 00 Indefatigable was hit by two or three shells from Von der Tann around the rear turret and almost immediately fell off to starboard and was down by the stern and listing to port . She was hit twice more on the next volley , once on forecastle and on the forward turret , and blew up at about 4 : 03 when her magazines exploded . The most likely cause of her loss was a low @-@ order explosion in ' X ' magazine that blew out her bottom and severed the control shafts between the steering engines and the steering gear , followed by the explosion of her forward magazines from the second volley . Von der Tann only fired 52 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells at Indefatigable before she exploded , taking 1017 men with her . Only two survivors were rescued by the German torpedo boat S68 .
After Indefatigable 's loss New Zealand shifted her fire to Von der Tann in accordance with Beatty 's standing instructions . The range had grown too far for accurate shooting so Beatty altered course four points to port to close the range again between 4 : 12 and 4 : 15 . By this time the 5th Battle Squadron of four Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships had close up and was engaging Von der Tann and Moltke . At 4 : 23 a 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 340 mm ) shell from Tiger hit near Von der Tann 's rear turret and started a fire among the practice targets stowed there that completely enveloped the ship and caused New Zealand to shift fire to Moltke . At 4 : 30 the light cruiser Southampton , scouting in front of Beatty 's ships , spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet charging north at top speed . Three minutes later she sighted the topmasts of Vice @-@ Admiral Reinhard Scheer 's battleships , but did not transmit a message to Beatty for another five minutes . Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting himself before ordering a sixteen @-@ point turn to starboard in succession . New Zealand , last ship in the fleet , turned prematurely to stay outside the range of the oncoming battleships . During the entire ' Run to the South ' she was hit only once , in ' Y ' turret by a 28 cm shell with little effect .
New Zealand was engaged by the battleship Prinzregent Luitpold beginning at 5 : 08 during what came to be called the ' Run to the North ' , but she was not hit , although she was straddled several times . Beatty 's ships maintained full speed to try and put some separation between them and the High Seas Fleet and gradually moved out of range . They turned north and then northeast to try and rendezvous with the main body of the Grand Fleet . At 5 : 40 they opened fire again on the German battlecruisers . The setting sun blinded the German gunners and they could not make out the British ships and turned away to the northeast at 5 : 47 . Beatty gradually turned more towards the east to allow him to cover the deployment of the Grand Fleet into its battle formation and to move ahead of it , but he mistimed his maneuvre and forced the leading division to fall off towards the east , further away from the Germans . By 6 : 35 Beatty was following Indomitable and Inflexible of the 3rd BCS as they were steering east @-@ southeast , leading the Grand Fleet , and continuing to engage Hipper 's battlecruisers to their southwest . A few minutes earlier Scheer had ordered a simultaneous 180 ° starboard turn and Beatty lost sight of them in the haze . Twenty minutes later Scheer ordered another 180 ° turn which put them on a converging course again with the Grand Fleet , which had altered course itself to the south . This allowed the Grand Fleet to cross Scheer 's T and they badly damaged his leading ships . Scheer ordered yet another 180 ° turn at 7 : 13 in an attempt to extricate the High Seas Fleet from the trap in which he had sent them .
This was successful and the British lost sight of the Germans until 8 : 05 when Castor spotted smoke bearing west @-@ northwest . Ten minutes later she 'd closed the range enough to identify German torpedo boats and engaged them . Beatty turned west upon hearing the sounds of gunfire and spotted the German battlecruisers only 8 @,@ 500 yards ( 7 @,@ 800 m ) away . Inflexible opened fire at 8 : 20 , followed almost immediately by the rest of Beatty 's battlecruisers . New Zealand and Indomitable concentrated their fire on Seydlitz and hit her five times before she turned west to disengage . Shortly after 8 : 30 the pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve 's II Battle Squadron were spotted and fire switched to them . The Germans only were able to fire a few rounds at them due to the poor visibility and turned away to the west . The British battlecruisers hit the German ships several times before they blended into the haze around 8 : 40 . After this Beatty changed course to south @-@ southeast and maintained that course , ahead of both the Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet , until 2 : 55 the next morning when the order was given to reverse course .
= = = Post @-@ Jutland careers = = =
Australia rejoined the 2nd BCS on 9 June 1916 as the squadron flagship , but there was little significant naval activity for the Indefatigables , other than routine patrolling , thanks to the Kaiser 's order that his ships should not be allowed to go to sea unless assured of victory . Australia collided with Repulse on 12 December 1917 and was under repair through the following month . She was present at the internment of the High Seas fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918 . New Zealand was refitted between December 1918 and February 1919 for Admiral Jellicoe 's year @-@ long tour of India and the Dominions and she was paid off upon her return on 15 March 1920 into reserve . She was sold for scrap on 19 December 1922 . Australia sailed for Australia on 23 April 1921 and became flagship of the Royal Australian Navy upon her arrival . Pursuant to the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty she was scuttled east of Sydney on 12 April 1924 .
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= Erik Chisholm =
Erik William Chisholm ( 4 January 1904 – 8 June 1965 ) was a Scottish composer , pianist , organist and conductor often known as " Scotland 's forgotten composer " . According to his biographer , Chisholm " was the first composer to absorb Celtic idioms into his music in form as well as content , his achievement paralleling that of Bartók in its depth of understanding and its daring " , which led to his nickname of " MacBartók " . He was also a founder of the Celtic Ballet and , together with Margaret Morris , created the first full @-@ length Scottish ballet , The Forsaken Mermaid . He was also the dean and director of the South African College of Music at the University of Cape Town for 19 years . Chisholm founded the South African College of Music opera company in Cape Town and was a vital force in bringing new operas to Scotland , England and South Africa . By the time of his death in 1965 , he had composed over a hundred works .
= = Early life and education = =
Erik Chisholm was the son of John Chisholm , master house painter , and his wife , Elizabeth McGeachy Macleod . He left Queen 's Park School at the early age of 13 due to ill @-@ health but showed a talent for music composition and some of his pieces were published during his childhood . He had piano lessons with Philip Halstead at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama , and later studied the organ under Herbert Walton , the organist at Glasgow Cathedral . By the time he was 12 he was giving organ recitals including an important one in Kingston upon Hull . The pianist Leff Pouishnoff then became his principal teacher and mentor . In 1927 he travelled to Nova Scotia , Canada , where he was appointed the organist and choirmaster at the Westminster Presbyterian Church , New Glasgow , and director of music at Pictou Academy .
A year later he returned to Scotland and became the organist at Barony Church ; however , as he had no School Leaving Certificate , he could not study at a university . Due to the influence of his future wife , Diana Brodie , he approached several influential music friends for letters of support for an exemption to enter university . In 1928 , he was accepted to study music at the University of Edinburgh , under his friend and mentor , the renowned musicologist Sir Donald Tovey . Chisholm graduated with a Bachelor of Music in 1931 and a Doctor of Music in 1934 . While at university , he had formed the Scottish Ballet Society in 1928 and the Active Society for the Propagation of Contemporary Music in 1929 with fellow composers Francis George Scott and Pat Shannon . In 1930 to 1934 he also worked as a music critic for the Glasgow Weekly Herald and the Scottish Daily Express .
= = Scottish career and World War II = =
After his education , Chisholm 's work was described as " daring and original " , according to Sir Hugh Roberton , while also displaying a strong Scottish character in works such as his Piano Concerto No. 1 , subtitled Pibroch ( 1930 ) , the Straloch Suite for Orchestra ( 1933 ) and the Sonata An Riobhan Dearg ( 1939 ) . In 1933 he was the soloist at the première of his Pibroch Concerto in Amsterdam . He also played the Scottish premieres of Bartók 's Piano Concerto No. 1 and Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 3 . From 1930 he was the musical director of the Glasgow Grand Opera Society which performed in the city 's Theatre Royal , conducting the British premières of Mozart 's Idomeneo in 1934 and Berlioz 's Les Troyens and Béatrice et Bénédict in 1935 and 1936 , respectively . He was also the founding conductor of both the Barony Opera Society , the Scottish Ballet Society , the Professional Organists ' Association , and in 1938 he was appointed music director of the Celtic Ballet . As director he composed four works in collaboration with Margaret Morris , the most famous being The Forsaken Mermaid ; the first full @-@ length Scottish ballet . Chisholm had many friends in the music world , including composers like Bartók , Hindemith , Delius , Bax , Medtner , Szymanowski , Ireland and Bush , and invited many of them to Scotland to perform their works .
At the outbreak of World War II , Chisholm , a conscientious objector , was declared unfit for military service on the basis of poor eyesight and a crooked arm . During the war he conducted performances with the Carl Rosa Opera Company in 1940 , and later joined the Entertainments National Service Association as a colonel touring Italy with the Anglo @-@ Polish Ballet in 1943 and served as musical director to the South East Asia Command between 1943 and 1945 . He first formed a multi @-@ racial orchestra in India , however after arguments with his superior , Col. Jack Hawkins , he was removed to Singapore . Here in 1945 he founded the Singapore Symphony Orchestra . Many of the musicians were ex @-@ prisoners of War , and from them Chisholm recruited Szymon Goldberg as leader . Goldberg had successfully hidden his Stradivarius violin up a chimney in the prison camp for three and a half years . Chisholm created a truly cosmopolitan orchestra of fifteen nationalities from East and West , which gave 50 concerts in Malaya within six months . After returning to Scotland , Chisholm married his second wife , Lillias , the daughter of Scottish composer Francis George Scott . In 1946 he was appointed professor of music at the University of Cape Town and director of the South African College of Music .
= = South African career = =
Chisholm 's obituary in The Edinburgh Tatler recalled that " the three highlights of his life were in hearing at age seven Beethoven 's Moonlight Sonata played by Frederic Lamond on a piano roll ; becoming acquainted with the music of India and lastly being offered the chair of music at Cape Town University in 1947 . "
That year , Chisholm revived the South African College of Music where he eventually would teach composer Stefans Grové and singer Désirée Talbot . Using Edinburgh University as his model , Chisholm appointed new staff , extended the number of courses , and introduced new degrees and diplomas . In order to encourage budding South African musicians he founded the South African National Music Press in 1948 . With the assistance of the Italian baritone Gregorio Fiasconaro , Chisholm also established the college 's opera company in 1951 and opera school in 1954 . In addition , Chisholm founded the South African section of the International Society for Contemporary Music ( ISCM ) in 1948 , assisted in the founding of the Maynardville Open @-@ Air Theatre on 1 December 1950 , and pursued an international conducting career .
The South African College of Music 's opera company became a national success and toured Zambia and the United Kingdom . In the winter of 1956 , Chisholm 's ambitious festival of South African Music and Musicians achieved popular success in London with a programme of Wigmore Hall concerts and the London première at the Rudolf Steiner Theatre of Bartók 's opera Bluebeard 's Castle . The company also performed Menotti 's The Consul as well as Chisholm 's own opera The Inland Woman , based on a drama by Irish author Mary Lavin . In 1952 Szymon Goldberg premièred his violin concerto at the Van Riebeeck Music Festival in Cape Town . His opera trilogy Murder in Three Keys enjoyed a six @-@ week season in New York in 1954 , and two years later he was invited to Moscow to conduct the Moscow State Orchestra in his second piano concerto The Hindustani . In 1961 , his company premièred South African composer John Joubert 's first opera , Silas Marner .
Chisholm did not support the South African policy of apartheid and had socialist leanings . Chisholm convinced Ronald Stevenson , a fellow Scot , to perform at the University of Cape Town . During a performance of Stevenson 's Passacaglia , the programme made references to Lenin 's slogan of peace , bread and land and also in salute of the " emergent Africa " . The following day , South African police searched Chisholm 's study in a failed attempt to link him with working for the USSR .
= = Later years and legacy = =
Sir Arnold Bax called Erik Chisholm " the most progressive composer that Scotland has ever produced . " After 19 years at the South African College of Music , Dr. Chisholm composed an additional twelve operas drawing inspiration from " sources as varied as Hindustan , the Outer Hebrides , the neo @-@ classical and baroque , pibroch , astrology and literature " .
Chisholm died of a heart attack at age 61 and left all his music to the University of Cape Town . Although he composed over 100 works , only 17 were published , of which 14 were issued in printed score . As Scottish composers are few and the quality of his music is often good , his apologists have argued that his works should be heard more regularly . His style was called varied , eclectic , and challenging , but his music was also known to be harsh and often unattractive to audiences . Even so , a number of his works , including his pieces for piano and voice , have been revived and recorded .
He had a lifelong interest in Scottish music and published a collection of Celtic folk @-@ songs in 1964 . He was also interested in Czech music , and completed his book The Operas of Leoš Janáček shortly before his death . His services to Czech music were formally recognized in 1956 , when he became one of the few non @-@ Czech musicians to be awarded the Dvořák medal . The Manuscripts and Archives Library at the University of Cape Town holds the Chisholm collection of papers and manuscripts ; his published scores are in the College of Music library and many copies have now been sent to the Scottish Music Information Centre in Glasgow . In his memory , the South African College of Music offers a memorial scholarship in his name and the Scottish International Piano Competition hosts the Erik Chisholm Memorial Prize .
The biography of Erik Chisholm , written by John Purser with the foreword by Sir Charles Mackerras , Chasing A Restless Muse : Erik Chisholm , Scottish Modernist ( 1904 – 1965 ) , was published on 19 June 2009 . An official launch was held at the Conservatoire of Music , Birmingham City University on 22 October 2009 which was attended by his widow , his daughter Morag , two of his granddaughters and great @-@ grandsons . His widow , Lillias , married the clarinettist John Forbes . Many of his works have been released on CD , performed by pianist Murray McLachlan .
= = Works = =
Erik Chisholm wrote well over 100 works , including 35 orchestral works , 7 concertante works ( including a violin concerto and two piano concertos ) , 7 works for orchestra and voice or chorus , 54 piano works , 3 organ works , 43 songs , 8 choral part @-@ songs , 7 ballets , and 9 operas including one on Robert Burns . He also made several interesting arrangements by composers such as Handel and Mozart . He arranged a string orchestra version of the Symphony for Solo Piano , Op. 39 Nos. 4 – 7 by Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan , a composer still largely unknown at that time , the original of which has been said to surpass even the Transcendental Études of Franz Liszt in scale and difficulty .
Pianist Murray McLachlan divided Chisholm 's works into four periods : the Early Period , the " Scottish " Period , the Neoclassical Period and the " Hindustani " Period . The " Early Period " is extremely large , beginning with teenage efforts including a Sonatina in G minor , written at 18 , and clearly showing something of the influence of John Blackwood McEwen .
The " Scottish " Period began in the early 1930s where all his works were tinged with a remarkable Scottish nationalistic colouring , indicating most persuasively the ambitions of the composer like contemporary Béla Bartók , to nourish his style on the music of his ancestors and countrymen . Chisholm 's Sonatine Ecossaise , 4 Elegies , Scottish Airs , and Piano Concerto no . 1 " Piobaireachd " display a style of percussive bite and energy which made much use of dissonances , note clusters and pounding rhythms in the " Bartók manner " along with material derived from Scottish Folksong and rhythmic dance figurations . His style is so similar that Chisholm 's critics have repeatedly referred to Chisholm as " MacBartók " .
Chisholm 's Neoclassical Period refers to several of his works which were inspired by ancient and obscure motifs from the pre @-@ Classical era . His Sonatina no . 3 , evidently based on several ricercare motifs originally written by Dalza , fuses Brittenesque harmonies and gentle dissonances in quintessentially pianistic textures .
His " Hindustani " Period reflects Chisholm 's love of the East , the occult and his friendship with Sorabji . Important examples of this period are his 2nd " Hindustani " Piano Concerto and the Six Nocturnes , Night Song of the Bards . These compositions display luscious textures , transcendental technical demands and intensity that are comparable to other piano works by Busoni , Szymanowski , Medtner , and Sorabji .
Chisholm 's two piano concertos have been recorded by Danny Driver .
= = Writings = =
Chisholm , E. ( 1971 ) The Operas of Leoš Janáček ISBN 0 @-@ 08 @-@ 012854 @-@ 8 .
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= From Autumn to Ashes =
From Autumn to Ashes is a post @-@ hardcore band that formed on Long Island in 2000 . While the band had gone through many line @-@ up changes , the members include Francis Mark ( lead vocals , drums ) , Scott Gross ( guitars ) , Benjamin Perri ( lead vocals ) , Brian Deneeve ( guitars , backing vocals ) , Stephen Salvio ( guitars ) , Josh Newton ( bass guitar ) , Mike Pilato ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , Rob Lauritsen ( guitars ) , Jonathan Cox ( guitars ) and Jeff Gretz ( drums , backing vocals ) ,
Described as " melody and lushness meets brutality , " the band released their debut full @-@ length album Too Bad You 're Beautiful in 2001 . The album featured former band member Benjamin Perri on harsh vocals , with Mark providing the clean vocals and acted as drummer . 2003 saw the release of The Fiction We Live and 2005 , the release of Abandon Your Friends , the last From Autumn to Ashes album with Perri and Mark in their respective roles . After Perri 's departure shortly after Abandon Your Friends , Mark became lead vocalist and in 2007 , the band released Holding a Wolf by the Ears . On June 9 , 2008 the band announced that they had gone on " indefinite hiatus . " They insisted that the decision was amicable and the band had simply reached its natural conclusion .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and Too Bad You 're Beautiful ( 2000 – 2002 ) = = =
From Autumn to Ashes formed on Long Island in 2000 with Francis Mark ( drums , vocals ) , Steve Salvio ( guitar ) and Benjamin Perri ( vocals ) — Perri provided screaming vocals , while Mark sung clean vocals . Commenting on the name of their band , Scott Gross ( guitar ) said , " you are absolutely not going to get the right answer on this one because that would pretty much end the band " and that " no one is going to know the reason and we are going to keep it that way . " The term " Autumn " refers to both the season and a fictional character the band created . Mark and Gross planned to use the character in a book . For the first few months as a touring band , From Autumn to Ashes claimed to have sold half of their equipment , a car , and spent between $ 3 @,@ 000 and $ 4 @,@ 000 making demos and hand distributing them .
To find a record label , the band says " we pretty much just sent packages to every record label , a shit load of phone calls harassing people . " In 2001 , From Autumn to Ashes performed in Long Island with Ferret Music bands Skycamefalling and Martyr AD , where the founder of Ferret Music , Carl Severson , attended . The following day , Severson contacted the group and they were soon signed in 2001 . The band 's debut full @-@ length album , Too Bad You 're Beautiful , was released on August 14 , 2001 . Too Bad You 're Beautiful , which was written entirety about a relationship Perri had , sold over 100 @,@ 000 records in the United States , and thus , From Autumn to Ashes became the highest selling band on Ferret Records . It had also featured vocals on the song " Short Stories With Tragic Endings " from Melanie Wills of the band One True Thing . A reviewer on Punk News stated the album had the ability to " put you to sleep like a baby 's lullaby , then smash you awake with the most gut wrenching , floor pounding hardcore this side of the Mississippi freakin ' river . " In 2000 under the music label Tribunal , the band released the Sin , Sorrow and Sadness EP on March 5 , and later took part in the Warped Tour during the summer months . In 2002 the band employed a live drummer for a number of songs so that Mark could focus on songs that he did more vocals in .
= = = The Fiction We Live ( 2003 – 2004 ) = = =
In 2003 , following speculation as to which label From Autumn to Ashes would release their next record , the band signed to Vagrant Records and enlisted Garth " GGGarth " Richardson as producer . After performing on the 2003 Warped Tour , they released their second full @-@ length album , The Fiction We Live on September 9 , 2003 , which again featured vocals from Melanie Wills on the song " Autumn 's Monologue " . The album was described as more melodic in sound than Too Bad You 're Beautiful , which had a more " hardcore sound . " Perri explained that The Fiction We Live 's songs had more structure than their debut release , and was the result of the band 's time together . Aubin Paul of Punk News viewed the release as a growth from Too Bad You 're Beautiful , writing that " like their previous [ album ] , [ this one ] contains its share of PSAT words , and overtly maudlin pseudo @-@ poetry , but it 's still a big improvement " . The move to a larger label and slightly more commercialized sound allowed the band to find more mainstream success , producing three singles , " The After Dinner Payback " , " Lilacs & Lolita " and " Milligram Smile " . The song " The After Dinner Payback " also appeared on the soundtrack for the horror film Freddy vs. Jason . For the following months , the group toured the country , also playing on the 2004 Warped Tour , during which time Josh Newton ( bass ) joined , as Pilato left along with Gross .
= = = Abandon Your Friends ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = =
On March 8 , 2005 , a re @-@ release of Too Bad You 're Beautiful was issued , featuring the songs from the Sin , Sorrow , and Sadness EP . Under direction of producer Richardson , From Autumn to Ashes ' third full length album , Abandon Your Friends , was released on August 30 , 2005 . The album stemmed from the idea that " [ abandoning your friends is ] kind of ... what we do . I mean , in the sense of how life goes on when we go away [ on tours ] . " Abandon Your Friends met with speculation about the band 's internal conflicts surrounding a potential break up . Perri had not been much involved in the process of creating the album and did not attend practice sessions , despite stating in interviews that the album was " a full on collaborative effort " and " We just all had a say in what we were writing . " It was revealed in 2007 , in interviews , and when Mark posted in the band 's Myspace blog that he had ghostwritten Perri 's lyrics in a matter of days . The band had made a further move away from the melodic sound of their past albums , and had been a point where the band shifted more focus to Mark 's vocals . CMJ reviewer Tracey John explained that the album " continues to unabashedly straddle both ends of the hardcore / emo spectrum " , however , the band " doesn 't show much of a progression from 2003 's The Fiction We Live . " The album generally garnered reviews in which it was noted that , as a reviewer at Punk News explained that if you 're a " fan of From Autumn to Ashes , you 'll be disappointed . " Others disagreed , like UK magazine Kerrang ! who gave the album a 5 out of 5 review and called it a metal masterpiece . This album would also go on to sell over 100 @,@ 000 copies . Abandon Your Friends produced one single , " Where Do You Draw The Line ? " with an accompanying music video . Unhappy with intraband politics , guitarist Jonathan Cox quit the band .
= = = Holding a Wolf by the Ears ( 2007 ) = = =
After taking a five @-@ month hiatus at the beginning of 2006 , From Autumn to Ashes returned and played the length of the 2006 Vans Warped Tour , adding Rob Lauritsen in place of Cox . In September 2006 , the band rented practice space and began writing material for what would become Holding a Wolf by the Ears . Brian McTernan was chosen as producer because he had previously worked with Mark and Newton on their side project Biology 's album , and the members opted for this release to have a less refined feel than the last albums . As From Autumn to Ashes prepared to begin studio recording for the album , Mark noted that Perri " never came out to any of the practices and he had no involvement . But that was also the way it was when we wrote Abandon Your Friends . " Perri had then declared that he would no longer be a part of the band . As Mark explains , " I thought there was a more considerate way he could have gone about leaving the band " , but it was ultimately " cool of him to recognize that he just didn 't have the passion for the band anymore . " Deciding to move on without Perri as a member , Mark then became lead vocalist , providing both clean and screaming vocals in addition to his already recorded drums . Mark , as the band 's lyricist explained that he " work [ ed ] very hard and writing and revising very personal lyrics " and found that a part of him did not want to hand over the lyrics to another to sing , however , with Perri 's departure and when Mark began recording vocal tracks , " It immediately seemed like that ’ s the way things had been all along " . Mark stated the bulk of the album 's lyrics had been " just about living " and " the idea that extremes are dangerous . " Recorded in about a month 's time , Holding a Wolf by the Ears was named for the quotation by Thomas Jefferson , " But as it is , we have the wolf by the ear , and we can neither hold him , nor safely let him go . Justice is in one scale , and self @-@ preservation in the other . " Reviewer Drew Beringer of Absolute Punk had praised the change in the band 's line up , stating that " Mark is three times the front man Perri was " , and gave " passion that had been severely lacking while Perri was in the band . "
In early 2007 , the band began auditioning drummers to take Mark 's place in the upcoming tours . Initially looking for a temporary member , From Autumn to Ashes would remain a quartet if they did not get along with the drummer . However , Jeff Gretz was officially added to the line @-@ up and in March 2007 , two weeks before From Autumn to Ashes began touring . The These Speakers Don 't Always Tell the Truth EP was released on March 13 , 2007 featuring songs from the forthcoming album and a previously unreleased track . Holding a Wolf By the Ears was released on April 9 , 2007 as the last album for the band 's contract to Vagrant Records , and according to Mark , is " heavier than anything we 've ever done " and the " closest we 've come to capturing how I think this band should sound . " Reviewer Corey Apar of Allmusic noted that the band " sounds stronger than it has in awhile [ sic ] " . Music videos for " Pioneers " and " Deth Kult Social Club " were filmed , the former based on The Lottery , a short story by Shirley Jackson , and the latter , a live video shot on Long Island as the end of February 2007 . " Pioneers " was released as the first single from the album . In September 2007 , Newton left the band and From Autumn to Ashes was joined by original bassist Pilato to take on Newton 's place .
= = = Live at Looney Tunes and indefinite hiatus ( 2008 – 2014 ) = = =
In January 2008 the band performed at the Looney Tunes store in New York . A recording of this show was released on Vagrant records on June 17 , 2008 . This album was From Autumn to Ashes ' final release . A week before the live album came out , the band announced they were going to take an " indefinite hiatus . " Lead singer Francis Mark commented on the break :
" At this point I feel that we have accomplished everything we could have hoped for with FATA . It doesn 't feel much like a break up . Just feels like the end . It 's complete . I would say that we are going on indefinite hiatus because the term breakup suggests a more negative circumstance . There have been no quarrels between band members . It is also not a question of fan support because we are lucky to have some of the most loyal and impassioned friends a band could ask for . Thank you again for the overwhelming support of our last album . "
Mark and Lauritsen started the band Warship , which released one album and announced its break @-@ up on their Myspace page December 30 , 2009 . Soon after , Mark formed the band Tidal Arms with friends Tom Tierney and Patrick Southern . Deneeve and Emanuel singer Matthew Breen came together to create the band Summer Law , which was disbanded after several months so that Deneeve could focus on attending culinary academy in hopes of becoming a Master Pastry Chef . Gretz announced his return to drumming for the band Zao , and is a member of Emanuel and the Fear .
In the meanwhile Brian Deneeve joined the UK boyband The Wanted as one of the guitarists for their backing band . Later he formed a new band called Get Involved which consists of Tucker Rule ( Thursday ) , Derrick Karg , Todd Weinstock ( Glassjaw ) and Marcus Russell Price .
= = = Reunion ( 2014 – present ) = = =
The band 's Twitter account tweeted for the first time on October 13 , 2014 . All the tweet contained was a picture of the band 's debut album Too Bad You 're Beautiful . No information can be found on why they did this or what it means .
Later on November 4 , 2014 , they posted a lyric line from the song " Kansas City 90210 " which contains " " If I wanted to make a comeback would kids receive me ? Unemployment , I 've been ruined by young hands clapping . " which supports the speculation of the band 's possible reunion .
On November 26 , 2014 it was announced the band would be reuniting at Amnesia Rockfest in June 2015 . More shows will be announced soon .
On July 7 , 2015 , vocalist Francis Mark was charged in Michigan with maintaining a drug house . In a public statement , Mark addressed the charge , saying :
= = Musical style and influences = =
The band 's styles included emo , screamo , post @-@ hardcore , and metalcore .
For his stylistic influences for playing drums , Mark references Stewart Copeland of The Police who he " always thought ... had a really good style " , Neil Peart of Rush , John Bonham of Led Zeppelin , and Keith Moon of The Who . Following the release of The Fiction We Live , then screaming vocalist Perri explained that the lyrics he was writing for the forthcoming album ( Abandon Your Friends ) would feature lyrics that were inspired by Billy Joel , stating that they were " billyjoelesque " because " they ’ re more straightforward , not what I ’ m thinking , what I ’ m feeling , instead of poetry and shit " . However , it is unclear whether the lyrics were used on the album , as was revealed by Mark in 2007 , that Perri had not contributed to Abandon Your Friends and it was Mark who had ghostwritten the lyrics .
From Autumn to Ashes also combines genres as Mark has said , The combinations of genres allows them to tour with a variety of bands with different styles . They are able to " go on tour with Taking Back Sunday one month and go on tour with Shadows Fall the next month . "
= = Band members = =
Current lineup
Francis Mark – clean vocals , drums ( 2000 – 2007 ) ; lead vocals ( 2007 – 2008 ; 2014 – present )
Brian Deneeve – lead guitar , piano , backing vocals ( 2001 – 2008 ; 2014 – present )
Mike Pilato – bass , backing vocals ( 2000 – 2004 ; 2007 – 2008 ; 2014 @-@ present )
Rob Lauritsen – rhythm guitar ( 2006 – 2008 ; 2014 – present )
Jeff Gretz – drums , vocals ( 2007 – 2008 ; 2014 – present )
Former
Benjamin Perri – lead vocals ( unclean ) ( 2000 – 2006 )
Stephen Salvio – lead guitar ( 2000 – 2001 )
Scott Gross – guitars ( 2000 – 2004 )
Josh Newton – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 – 2007 )
Jonathan Cox – guitars ( 2005 )
Timeline
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
= = = EP = = =
= = = Live = = =
= = = Music videos = = =
= = = Compilation and soundtrack appearances = = =
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= Judgment Day ( 2007 ) =
Judgment Day ( 2007 ) was the ninth annual Judgment Day professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on May 20 , 2007 from the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri . This was the first Judgment Day event since 2003 to be an inter @-@ brand pay @-@ per @-@ view , as it featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands .
The main match on the Raw brand was John Cena versus The Great Khali for the WWE Championship , which Cena won after forcing Khali to submit to the STFU . The featured match on the SmackDown ! brand was Edge versus Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Edge won via pinfall with a school boy pin . The primary match on the ECW brand was a Handicap match for the ECW World Championship between Team McMahon ( champion Vince McMahon , Shane McMahon and Umaga ) and Bobby Lashley . Lashley won the match by pinning Shane McMahon ; however , he did not win the title since he did not pin the champion , Vince McMahon .
= = Background = =
The main feud heading into Judgment Day on the Raw brand was between John Cena and The Great Khali , with the two battling over the WWE Championship . The rivalry started on the April 30 , 2007 , episode of Raw during a non @-@ title match between John Cena and Shawn Michaels when Michaels was attacked from behind by The Great Khali . Edge and Randy Orton were also knocked out by Khali . The Great Khali then performed a Khali Bomb on Cena . The next week on Raw , Khali defeated Shawn Michaels in a number one contenders match by knockout after executing the Khali Bomb on Michaels through the announce table . Later that night , Khali stole Cena 's WWE title belt . On the May 14 episode of Raw , when Cena attempted to take his belt back , Khali attacked him .
The predominant feud on the SmackDown ! brand was between Edge and Batista , with the two feuding over the World Heavyweight Championship . The feud started on the May 11 episode of SmackDown ! when Batista challenged The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match . Both men escaped the steel cage at the same time , thus ending in a draw . After the match , Mark Henry made his return and attacked The Undertaker . Edge then defeated The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship after cashing in his Money in the Bank contract , which is used to receive a title match of the owner 's time and place of choosing . On the May 18 episode of SmackDown ! , Batista confronted Edge and challenged him to a match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Judgment Day .
The primary feud on the ECW brand was between Team McMahon ( Vince McMahon , Shane McMahon and Umaga ) and Bobby Lashley , with Vince and Lashley feuding over the ECW World Championship . Lashley had represented Donald Trump in the " Battle of the Billionaires " and defeated McMahon 's representative Umaga , thus becoming a rival of the McMahons . The McMahons and Umaga defeated Lashley in a three @-@ on @-@ one handicap match to allow Vince to win the ECW World Championship . Lashley demanded a rematch for the ECW World Championship , and Vince booked himself , Umaga and Shane in another three @-@ on @-@ one handicap rematch against Lashley for the ECW title .
= = Event = =
Before the broadcast began , Kane defeated William Regal in a dark match .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first televised match was between Ric Flair and Carlito . Carlito controlled a majority of the match , as he attacked and applied various submission holds on Flair 's arm . After reversing a Back Stabber attempt by Carlito , Flair forced Carlito to submit with the Figure @-@ Four Leglock to win the match .
The next match on the card was between Bobby Lashley and Team McMahon ( ECW World Champion Vince McMahon , Shane McMahon , and Umaga ) for the ECW World Championship . Towards the end of the match , Lashley delivered a Dominator to Shane and pinned him for the win . Lashley was declared the new ECW Champion , but Vince said that since he did not pin him , the champion , Lashley did not win the title . The third match was between CM Punk and Elijah Burke . Throughout the match , the two exchanged many aerial maneuvers . Punk won the match by pinning Burke after performing a GTS ( Go To Sleep ) .
The match between Randy Orton and Shawn Michaels followed . During an interview segment before the match , Orton attacked Michaels . Before the match began , Orton stood alone in the ring and declared himself the winner by forfeit . Michaels , however , appeared and came to the ring , although he showed signs of injury . Michaels came into the match with a legitimate knee injury . During the match , Orton tried to perform a superplex over the top turnbuckle , but Michaels used an eye rake and caused Orton to fall . Michaels followed up with a diving elbow drop and tried to execute Sweet Chin Music , but collapsed in the process . The referee declared Orton the winner as a result . After the match , Orton attacked Michaels again , causing a kayfabe career @-@ threatening concussion .
Next was The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) versus Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship . Near the end of the match , Matt performed a Twist of Fate on Cade , which was followed by Jeff performing a Swanton Bomb . Jeff pinned Cade and The Hardys retained the World Tag Team Championship .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The following match was Edge versus Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship . Batista controlled most of the match and performed a Spinebuster on Edge . Edge , however , pinned Batista with a school boy to retain the World Heavyweight Championship .
The seventh match was a Two out of three falls match for the WWE United States Championship between champion Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) . MVP gained the first pinfall by pinning Benoit after executing a Playmaker . MVP gained the second fall and won the match after pinning Benoit with an Inside Cradle .
Next was the main event , which saw John Cena defend the WWE Championship against The Great Khali . Khali attacked Cena early in the match , but Cena countered and gained the advantage . Cena performed a diving legdrop bulldog and followed by putting Khali in the STFU . Cena forced Khali to submit to the hold , but Khali 's foot was under the rope , meaning Cena should have broken the hold . The referee , however , did not see this and declared Cena the winner . Cena retained the WWE Championship and gained possession of the belt , which Khali had kayfabe stolen prior to the event .
= = Aftermath = =
Bobby Lashley and Team McMahon continued their rivalry , as Mr. McMahon was forced to book himself against Lashley at One Night Stand in a Street Fight for the ECW World Championship . Lashley won the right to face McMahon by winning a Gauntlet match with the stipulation that he would receive a title shot if he beat Chris Masters , Viscera , Umaga and Shane McMahon in succession . At One Night Stand , Lashley defeated Mr. McMahon in a Street Fight to win the ECW World Championship despite interference by Shane McMahon and Umaga .
Edge and Batista also continued their rivalry over the World Heavyweight Championship after Batista defeated Mark Henry , Kane and Finlay in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match to become the number one Contender to the title . On the June 1 episode of SmackDown ! , Batista verbally and physically confronted Edge on the SmackDown ! debut of Edge 's Cutting Edge talk show . At One Night Stand , Edge and Batista faced each other in a Steel cage match for the World Heavyweight Championship . Edge retained his title after escaping the steel cage first .
Shawn Michaels did not appear on @-@ screen until October 8 , when he returned to confront Orton and restart their feud . On the May 28 episode of Raw , Rob Van Dam claimed on WWE 's website that Randy Orton should not have attacked Shawn Michaels at Judgment Day . Orton challenged Van Dam to a match that same night , which Orton won by forfeit . At One Night Stand , the two had a Stretcher match , which Van Dam won . After the match , Van Dam was attacked by Orton .
John Cena and The Great Khali also continued to feud over the WWE Championship . Following the controversial ending to their match at Judgment Day , where Cena forced Khali to submit while his foot was underneath the bottom rope , meaning Cena should have released the hold , Khali challenged Cena to a Falls Count Anywhere match for One Night Stand . Cena accepted , and Khali attacked him , performing a Chokebomb . At One Night Stand , Cena retained his title by pinning Khali after performing an FU off a crane .
= = Results = =
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= The Ritz Hotel , London =
The Ritz , London is a Grade II listed 5 @-@ star hotel located in Piccadilly in London , England . A symbol of high society and luxury , the hotel is one of the world 's most prestigious and best known hotels . It is a member of the international consortium , The Leading Hotels of the World .
The hotel was opened by Swiss hotelier César Ritz in May 1906 , eight years after he established the Hôtel Ritz Paris . After a weak beginning , the hotel began to gain popularity towards the end of World War I , and became popular with politicians , socialites , writers and actors of the day in particular . David Lloyd George held a number of secret meetings at the Ritz during the latter half of the war , and it was at the Ritz that he made the decision to intervene on behalf of Greece against Turkey . Noël Coward was a notable diner at the Ritz in the 1920s and 1930s .
Owned by the Bracewell @-@ Smith family for a period until 1976 , The Ellerman Group of Companies purchased the hotel for £ 80 million from Trafalgar House in October 1995 . They spent eight years and £ 40 million restoring it to its former grandeur . In 2002 , it became the first hotel to receive a Royal warrant from HRH the Prince of Wales for its banquet and catering services .
The exterior is both structurally and visually Franco @-@ American in style with little trace of English architecture , and is heavily influenced by the architectural traditions of Paris . The facade on the Piccadilly side is roughly 231 feet ( 70 m ) , 115 feet ( 35 m ) on the Arlington Street side , and 87 feet ( 27 m ) on the Green Park side . At the corners of the pavilion roofs of the Ritz are large green copper lions , the emblem of the hotel . The Ritz has 111 rooms and 23 suites .
The Ritz Club , owned by London Clubs since 1998 , is a casino in the basement of the hotel , occupying the space which was formerly the Ritz Bar and Grill . It offers roulette , black jack , baccarat , and poker , as well as some slot machines .
The interior was designed mainly by London and Paris based designers in the Louis XVI style , which is consistent throughout . Author Marcus Binney describes the great suite of ground @-@ floor rooms as " one of the all @-@ time masterpieces of hotel architecture " and compares it to a royal palace with its " grand vistas , lofty proportions and sparkling chandeliers " .
The Ritz 's most widely known facility is the Palm Court , which hosts the famous " Tea at the Ritz " . It is an opulently decorated cream @-@ colored Louis XVI setting , with panelled mirrors in gilt bronze frames . The hotel has six private dining rooms , the Marie Antoinette Suite , with its boiserie , and the rooms within the Grade II * listed William Kent House . The Rivoli Bar , built in the Art Deco style , was designed in 2001 by interior designer Tessa Kennedy , to resemble the bar on the Orient Express .
= = History = =
= = = Construction and early history = = =
Swiss hotelier César Ritz , the former manager of the Savoy Hotel , opened the hotel on 24 May 1906 . It was built on the site which had been the Old White Horse Cellar , which by 1805 was one of the best known coaching inns in England . The financial backers of the Ritz felt that they had secured one of the prime sites in London for their project . They began negotiations in 1901 , and completed the transactions for the simultaneous purchase of the leasehold for the Walsingham House Hotel and the adjacent freehold estate of the Bath Hotel for £ 250 @,@ 000 in 1902 . Demolition of both of the hotels began in 1904 .
The building is neoclassical in the Louis XVI manner , built during the Belle Époque to resemble a stylish Parisian block of flats , over arcades that consciously evoked the Rue de Rivoli . Its architects were Charles Mewès , who had previously designed Ritz 's Hôtel Ritz Paris , and Arthur Davis , with engineering collaboration by the Swedish engineer Sven Bylander . It was one of the earliest substantial steel frame structures in London , the Savoy Hotel extension of 1903 @-@ 04 being the first in the capital . Many of the materials used in the construction of the hotel were US @-@ made . The initial fees for suites ranged from 1 1 / 2 guineas to 3 1 / 2 guineas .
After opening , a long @-@ running feud between the hotel and Lord Wimbourne , a steel magnate who lived next door at Wimbourne House , lasted for years in a dispute over land . A number of locals were also concerned about the building and the impact it would have on their health .
While the Ritz was still under construction , a series of events highlighted the need for another luxury hotel in London . A 3 June 1905 Daily Mail news story reported it was both Derby Week and the height of the tourist season , making hotel accommodation almost impossible to find . The Savoy had to refuse reservations , while Buckingham Palace turned offices into makeshift hotel rooms for visitors . An estimated 2 @,@ 500 more persons needing rooms were expected shortly with the coming visit of the King of Spain .
Though the opening of the Savoy had brought about a marked change in how hotels provided services to its guests , Ritz was determined that his London hotel would surpass its competitor in their delivery . The Ritz installed two large lead @-@ lined tanks on its roof to provide a steady stream of hot and cold water . The hotel 's bathrooms were all spacious with each having its own heated towel bar . Every bedroom in the hotel was provided with its own working fireplace .
Ritz shunned free @-@ standing wardrobes due to his fear of dust settling on them ; instead he built cupboards into the rooms with doors matching the panelling . Ritz 's ideas of cleanliness and hygiene prompted him to originally have all bedrooms painted in white and all beds made of brass , not wood , for the same reasons . Anything new or potentially useful was available to the guests of the Ritz .
César Ritz 's health had declined after his 1902 collapse at the Carlton , but he was feeling well enough to assume an active role in the plans for the hotel 's opening dinner on 24 May 1906 . Unlike the opening of the Paris Ritz , which had catered to society , most of those invited to the Ritz , London opening were members of the national and international press . Major British newspapers such as the Daily Mail , the Daily Mirror and The Daily Telegraph were invited to the dinner along with newspapers which included the Berliner Tageblatt , The Sydney Morning Herald and The New York Times . Ritz 's guest list also included the engineer and architects of the structure along with key staff members of the new hotel and their wives .
The hotel was not immensely profitable in its opening years ; smaller than many of the new hotels springing up in that period , it was not fashionable initially , and was resented by many of the London elite who considered it vulgar . It took £ 3628 in 1908 , over a thousand pounds less than the previous year , and the hotel lost over £ 50 @,@ 000 between 15 May 1906 and 31 July 1908 , which led to the replacement of Elles with manager with Theodore Kroell and appointment of Charles Van Gyzelen as manager of the restaurant .
The hotel also suffered a blow upon the death of King Edward in 1910 , when 38 planned dinners and functions were cancelled , but began to prosper the following year , made fashionable by the Prince of Wales who regularly dined here . King Edward was particularly fond of the cakes made at the Ritz . The hotel would regularly send him a supply , but this was kept in confidence as the King 's chef may not have wanted it known that food he did not prepare was served at Buckingham Palace . Ritz retained control of much of the hotel 's operation for many years . He hired world @-@ famous chef Auguste Escoffier to provide cuisine to match the opulence of the hotel 's decorations ; he placed a special bell in the entryway by which the doorman could notify the staff of the impending arrival of royalty . By 1929 the hotel was still being praised for its architecture ; Professor Charles Reilly wrote about the Ritz in Building magazine in 1929 , calling it the " finest modern structure " in the street , with " an elegance of general form " .
= = = High society = = =
On 4 August 1914 , Lady Diana 's future husband , Duff Cooper , then a Foreign Office official , dined at the Ritz with the Earl of Essex and his American wife , Adele Capell ( née Grant ) and Patrick Shaw @-@ Stewart , and later that day announced that World War I had broken out to the party . Before the war began , the German and Austrian embassies both retained tables at the Ritz Restaurant . The hotel suffered during the war , and lost nearly £ 50 @,@ 000 in 1915 alone ; the ballroom was usually empty and lights went out by 10pm , but rooms were still in demand and the hoteliers believed it to be worth keeping open . Socialites such as Lady Cynthia Asquith , daughter @-@ in @-@ law of H. H. Asquith and Lord Basil Blackwood were documented in her diaries to have dined at the Ritz in the spring of 1916 . The following year , she held a lavish dinner party with the likes of Osbert Sitwell , Gilbert Russell and Maud Nelke and Clare Tennant .
In September 1917 , a shell exploded in Green Park in close proximity to the Ritz , and according to Lord Ivor Churchill it broke all of the windows to adjacent Wimbourne House . David Lloyd George held a number of secret meetings at the Ritz during the latter half of the war , organised by Sir Basil Zaharoff , and it was at the Ritz that he made the decision to intervene on behalf of Greece against Turkey . The Duke of Marlborough recorded dining at the Ritz ; " I lunched at the Ritz . The whole social world goes there , prices being cheap . All women there from M. Paget to the latest tart . "
When asked to summarise hotels in London in the early 1920s , Barbara Cartland remarked that " The Ritz stood for stuffiness and standards , the Carlton was for businessman , the Savoy was rather fast , some other ones were frankly scandalous , and the Berkeley , where you could dance all night for ten shillings , was for the young " . In 1921 , Bonvin , the manager of the Ritz , died , and was replaced with J.S. Walters . Walter was a " tireless salesman " in promoting the hotel , especially in mainland Europe , and flaunted the hotel in the Tatler at a time when it was unpopular to do so . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma frequented the Ritz from his time as a Sub @-@ Lieutenant onwards , and when his friend Charlie Chaplin arrived in London in September 1921 after a nine @-@ year absence , great crowds gathered at Waterloo station and Chaplin had to be ushered to the hotel by some 40 policemen . He stayed in the first @-@ floor Regal Suite and was photographed throwing carnations to his fans from the Arlington Street balcony .
The Ritz became popular with film stars and executives when staying in London , although the hotel has kept most of the names of many of its luminaries a secret in its records . Douglas Fairbanks was known though to frequent the Ritz in the 1920s , and director Alexander Korda 's talent scout held a table at the Ritz in the 1930s . Noël Coward , also a regular diner at the Ritz in the 1920s and 1930s , met with Michael Arlen in the restaurant in 1924 to discuss the urgent problem of generating the funding for his new play , The Vortex . Arlen gave Coward a cheque for $ 250 without question , and The Vortex would go on to be his first major success . Coward 's song , " Children of the Ritz " , which featured in the 1932 revue Words and Music was penned while Coward was lunching in the Ritz with Beverley Nichols . Numerous authors began to meet at the Ritz during the same period , and it began to creep into literature itself . In Michael Arlen 's 1922 novel Piracy , the hotel was described as a " very stout and solid building in the manner of the old Bastille , originally conceived no doubt with a fearful eye on class prejudice " , and R. Firbank had a running gag in his novels about there being " fleas in the Ritz " . Later , the hotel appears in Anthony Powell 's A Dance to the Music of Time . The narrator Nicholas Jenkins meets poet Mark Members at the Ritz , and the golden nymph in the Palm Court of the hotel is mentioned .
" It had a special atmosphere about it and the Palm Court was always filled before luncheon with ' society beauties ' , debutantes and their boyfriends , and famous actors and actresses — though the latter seldom seemed to actually lunch there . Bejewelled American ladies used to parade up and down the corridor awaiting their guests , The Ritz was more like a club than a hotel ; you were bound to see your friends there . To ' meet at the Ritz ' was the obvious choice . It had the combination of elegance and cosiness . The Ritz had an essentially happy atmosphere which radiated from the staff . All the waiters knew everybody and became personal friends . The Ritz in those days had a courtesy and elegance unlike any other hotels ; it was thought of as ' home ' in a sense that never applied to anywhere else " . — Sir Michael Duff , 3rd Baronet on life at the Ritz as a young man in the 1930s .
William Brownlow , 3rd Baron Lurgan , who succeeded Harry Higgins as chairman of the Ritz upon his death in 1928 , was especially keen on attracting American guests to the hotel . He was a close friend of the Earl of Carnavon and his American wife Catherine Wendell , and at times the couple were freely given the entire second floor of the hotel to accommodate guests . Upon the death of Lord Lurgan in 1937 , Carnavon was told that he had to begin paying for his staying at the hotel , but was given a " slight reduction for old time 's sake " . Carnarvon later remarked : " The Ritz has been my London home for over fifty years . I 'm very fond of the place . Nobody knows it better " . In 1931 , the Aga Khan was involved with organising the Round Table Conference at the hotel , which was attended by Mahatma Gandhi and many others . On one occasion Khan took over the Palm Court to hold a meeting with his followers .
In the 1930s , Aletto became the restaurant manager of the Ritz , a " popular and much @-@ mimicked character " according to Montgomery @-@ Massingberd and Watkin . The future Edward VIII and his associates were often seen at the Ritz in the 1930s . In 1932 the Evening Standard observed the Prince performing on the dance floor : " The Prince of Wales never misses an opportunity to raise the stand of his dancing ... He danced three tangoes each of which lasted about thirty @-@ five minutes ! " In 1934 , Edward 's brother , the Duke of Kent , married Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark at the Ritz and scaffolding was put up in the garden for the celebration . The Queen Mother would also attend private parties at the Ritz during this period , as did King Boris of Bulgaria and Queen Marie of Romania . At one point , the Ritz hosted four reigning monarchs simultaneously : King Boris , King Farouk of Egypt , Spain 's King Alfonso and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands . After the romance of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson became public knowledge , both parties could be found at separate tables near the restaurant 's door , in case a speedy exit was necessary .
The Ritz suffered from the effects of the General Strike of 1926 , subsequently seeing competition from the likes of the Dorchester Hotel and Grosvenor House . The Great Depression brought a sharp decline in business to the hotel , and in the summer of 1931 staff wages were reduced — the chefs , kitchen workers and the directors had a 25 % cut in their wages . To increase earnings , in 1935 Fred Cavendish @-@ Bentinck recommended that the hotel commence putting on a Cabaret show . Advertised in the Evening Standard , the programme was an immediate success . In January 1936 , Austrian comedian Vic Oliver was one of the entertainers hired to perform at the hotel for two weeks , and Cyril Fletcher appeared in the show for a month the following year . The BBC began broadcasting live performances from the restaurant of the hotel , with pianist Billy Milton and others . It was through the show that the Irving Berlin song " Puttin ' On the Ritz " grew in popularity , performed by Joe Kaye 's Dance Band . In 1937 , James Stephens shortly succeeded Lurgan as director of the Ritz before being replaced by Hans Pfyffer von Altishofen , who had been on the board of the Ritz Hotel Development Company from 1910 and was also the chairman of the Paris Ritz .
= = = World War II = = =
During World War II , the Ritz became integral to political and social life among the elite , and a number of eminent royals , aristocrats and politicians moved into the hotel . Camilla Russell , the wife of writer Christopher Sykes , stated that the Ritz " enjoyed a tremendous vogue during the war and was , even more than ever , much used as a meeting place " , and at night was " crowded yet somehow safe " . Angela , Countess of Antrim , Syke 's sister , remarked that the Ritz was the ideal meeting place for " gathering news of husbands at the wars " . Emerald Cunard took up residence in the Ritz for a period , but later moved to the Dorchester . In the summer of 1940 , the Albanian royal family , including King Zog I , Queen Geraldine , Crown Prince Leka , the King 's six sisters , two nieces , three nephews and others moved into the hotel and were given their own floor , escorted by Chamberlain , the Albanian diplomats from Paris , and numerous bodyguards . Zog brought the royal gold and jewels with him , which were kept in the storeroom of the Ritz before being deposited in the Bank of England .
Due to Zog 's concerns about safety during air raids , the ladies ' cloakroom was converted into a private shelter for the Albanians . Following an air raid , when a bomb fell between the Ritz and the Berkeley in Piccadilly , shattering glass in the Ritz , most of the Albanian royal family moved to Chelsea , but Zog remained until the spring of 1941 until he was offered Lord Parmoor 's house in Buckinghamshire . In total , the Ritz was damaged nine times during bombing raids , and the Restaurant had to be closed twice .
On one occasion during a royal broadcast from the Ritz to the United States , Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands , Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg , King Haakon of Norway and King Christian of Denmark were all staying at the Ritz at the same time . Edvard Beneš would entertain guests at a private luncheon at the hotel several times a week during the war years . In 1942 , Winston Churchill , Dwight Eisenhower and Charles de Gaulle met in the Marie Antoinette suite of the hotel to discuss operations , Brendan Bracken , who served as an observer and mouthpiece on political society in London , and Anglo @-@ American politician Ronald Tree spent much time at the Ritz , and Tree lived there during the winter of 1940 . Laura Long , who would later become Laura Spencer @-@ Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , the second wife of John Spencer @-@ Churchill , 10th Duke of Marlborough , the architectural writer James Lees @-@ Milne , Harold Acton and writer Norman Douglas were regular diners at the Ritz during wartime .
According to Alastair Forbes and Felix Hope @-@ Nicholson , during World War II , the basement bar at the Ritz was reserved for gay and lesbian guests , while the one upstairs was for heterosexual guests . Hope Nicholson described it as " notoriously queer " , and stated that " the Ritz bar became too chic , too popular and above all , too queer for the authorities " . Evan Morgan , 2nd Viscount Tredegar , MP Harold Nicolson , Brian Howard , and Pauline Tennant were all regulars at the basement bar .
= = = Post @-@ war years = = =
The hotel was owned for some thirty years by the Bracewell @-@ Smith family , who also had significant stakes in the nearby Park Lane Hotel . Although the family were quick to earn a profit from the hotel , there was a turbulent period in the years after World War II , with a workers strike in 1946 , and the restaurant attracting significant criticism in its quality of cuisine . On one occasion , a group of patrons of the Ritz , known as the " Friends of the Ritz " , met with Sir Bracewell Smith in Park Lane Hotel to complain about the standards ; Smith himself dined at the Ritz and informed them that it was quite satisfactory .
Several suicides also darkened the reputation of the Ritz in the postwar years , including that of horse trainer Peter Beatty from the sixth floor window in October 1949 , and that of French gangster Baron Pierre de Laitre , who strangled love interest Eileen Hill to death in his second floor room in March 1953 when she refused to marry him , before killing himself by stuffing a silk sock down his throat .
Nonetheless the Ritz continued to be a social hub for the aristocracy and attract the world 's elite in the 1950s . It was very popular with the wealthy family of Agar Khan , and oil magnate J. Paul Getty , reputedly the richest man in the world at the time , lived at the Ritz after the war . On one occasion a photographer working for Time and Life magazines staged an incident outside the hotel by arranging for the barrowboy to pour coppers onto the pavement as Getty emerged from the hotel and photographed just as he went to pick them up . Shell Oil heiress Olga Deterding lived at hotel for several years , and in one altercation with her lover she threw his trousers out of the window . In 1956 she tired of the high life and spent a period working on Albert Schweitzer 's leper colony in French Equatorial Africa . Film stars Rita Hayworth and Tallulah Bankhead were regular guests at the hotel ; Hayworth was married to Prince Aly Khan between 1949 and 1953 . Another notable resident of the Ritz during this period was Nubar Gulbenkian , an " expansive extrovert " who kept a permanent suite at the Ritz and made exorbitant demands for luxuries and foods , even if out of season .
In January 1959 , Patrice Lumumba , the Prime Minister of Congo , stayed at the hotel and met with Sir Edward Adjaye , the Ghanaian High Commissioner in London and others in the restaurant . The event was picketed by Mosleyites , who in concern with human rights issues in Congo at the time , demonstrated outside of the hotel , displaying banners such as " RAPERS OF CHILDREN – GO HOME " and issuing racial epithets . Adjaye was attacked as he left the hotel , although it has been speculated that he was mistaken for Lumumba .
George Criticos served as head porter of the Ritz for 45 years , retiring in 1960 for health reasons ; he had been recommended for a job at the Ritz by Sir Basil Zaharoff . In his 1959 book , George of the Ritz , Criticos remembered some of the notable people and events during his years of service . Criticos once acted as an agent to the Aga Kahn at the racetrack , having been given US $ 45 @,@ 000 by the monarch to place bets in his name . He was also asked to take the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Prince Aly Khan on a month long tour of the United States to help the young man forget a failed romance . When Criticos saw an unshaven man in coveralls entering the hotel , he called out to the man to stop him . When the man turned to face Criticos , he recognised him as King Boris of Bulgaria , who was a railroad buff and was returning from driving a special train .
= = = Later history = = =
The social scene changed dramatically in London in the 1960s , with Beatlemania and the sexual revolution , and British aristocracy in the capital was not what it had been . By this time the general impeccable standards of the Ritz had fallen . Peregrine Worsthorne noted the change : " Precisely that it was not all Ritzy , in the sense of being conspicuously luxurious ... the glitter had long since faded and shabbiness set in . The place was usually empty , kept alive by memories of former glories and a clientele who preferred nostalgia to comfort " . Yet celebrities often held parties at the hotel , and the Rolling Stones were guests for many years . British Prime Ministers Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and Harold MacMillan often lunched at the Ritz ; Heath would always reserve table 29 in the restaurant .
In the 1970s , the hotel fell into a turbulent period . Terrorist threats from the Irish Republican Army became the chief concern , and bomb scares were not uncommon . The oil crisis in the early 1970s directly affected business and prompted the Bracewell @-@ Smith family to sell their stake to Trafalgar House on 5 April 1976 for £ 2.75m. At the time of the sale , the hotel 's occupancy rate was just 45 percent ; the Ritz Grill Room had been closed and it had lost quite a bit of money in recent times . In 1984 , the Ritz brought back its weekly Sunday tea dances which were popular during the 1920s and 1930s . Because of demand , the hotel considered restricting afternoon tea at the Ritz to hotel guests only , as those staying at the Ritz were often unable to get a table . Many Londoners who would have been barred by this restriction voiced disapproval and the Ritz compromised by requiring reservations for afternoon tea at the hotel . Proper attire for tea is a must ; the Ritz once refused to admit Mick Jagger for tea because he was not wearing a jacket and tie .
The Barclay twins of The Ellerman Group of Companies purchased the hotel for £ 80 million from Trafalgar House , in October 1995 , through their company Ellerman Investments . They spent eight years and £ 40 million restoring it to its former grandeur . Two years after the death of Princess Diana , the Prince and Camilla Parker @-@ Bowles made their first public appearance together at the Ritz , as they left a birthday party for Parker @-@ Bowles ' sister . The couple returned to the hotel in November 2002 for the Prince 's birthday party attended by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . In 2002 , the Ritz became the first hotel to receive the Royal Warrant from his Royal Highness The Prince of Wales for banqueting and catering services .
The Ritz acquired the adjoining Wimbourne House in 2005 . On 27 January 2007 , around 300 people were evacuated to the nearby May Fair Hotel following a fire alarm in the hotel . No one was hurt in the blaze , which started in the basement casino kitchen 's extraction vents . The Ritz casino only suffered " minor damage " . Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was convalescing at the Ritz when she died following a stroke on 8 April 2013 .
There has been criticism because the Ritz has not paid any corporation tax since being taken over by the Barclay twins . The accounts indicate that the profitable hotel uses a series of tax reliefs to reduce its corporation tax to zero . Sir David 's son , Aidan has stated that the company abides by UK law .
= = Architecture = =
Authors Montgomery @-@ Massingberd and Watkin describe the Ritz as " the product of one of those near miraculous convergences of civilised patron and architects and craftsmen of genius working together in complete harmony both with each other and with the social and architectural fashions of the day . The building has been regarded as a masterpiece from the day it was finished ... " Both of the architects , Charles Mewès and Arthur J. Davis , were educated at the prestigious École des Beaux @-@ Arts in Paris , and the education which they received is clear in the design of the buildings , particularly the Renaissance influence , delivering " an authentic fabric of traditional French classicism " . Mewès had previously designed the Hotel Ritz of Paris for Cesar in 1897 @-@ 8 , after which he met Arthur Davis , and began working together preparing designs for the Grand Petit Palais in the Paris Exhibition of 1900 . Both architects worked on the plans for the London Ritz in 1904 @-@ 5 .
According to Montgomery @-@ Massingberd and Watkin the exterior is both structurally and visually Franco @-@ American in influence with little trace of English architecture . For them the exterior " represents an evocative confluence of various Parisian architectural traditions " ; the Piccadilly arcade echoes the arcaded ground floor in the Place Vendrome and the Rue de Rivoli , the steep mansarded skyline on the Green Park facade echoes Hector Lefuel 's work on the Pavillon de Flore of the Louvre , while the tall windows and wall panels of the facades resemble those of Mewès 's earlier work on a smaller building made as a home for Jules Ferry on Rue Bayard .
Excavation for the hotel began by contractors Waring White Building Co . Ltd in June 1904 , and it was completed by 1 October 1905 , and opened the following May . The building progress was documented each month by The Builder 's Journal and Architectural Engineer , and in one edition noted the difficulties of some of the aspects of construction such as hoisting 20 @-@ ton 39 feet ( 12 m ) steel joists in a narrow building site . The Architect and Contract Reporter noted that the limited space did not allow for the storage of materials on site . All mortar had to be mixed in the basement and the stone was dressed " on a platform with a watertight roof over the footway " . The red @-@ brick foundations of the earlier Walsingham House had to be blasted away to facilitate the foundations of the steel structure in concrete .
The total estimated cost was £ 345 @,@ 227 . 8s . 1d . , with £ 102 @,@ 000 going to Messrs Waring and Gillow , £ 49 @,@ 000 to French decorators and over £ 15 @,@ 000 to the English decorators . John P. Bishop and the Swedish @-@ born Sven Bylander were consultant engineers during the building phase .
The facade on the Piccadilly side is roughly 231 feet ( 70 m ) , 115 feet ( 35 m ) on the Arlington Street side , and 87 feet ( 27 m ) on the Green Park side . The irregularity of the site presented initial problems for the builders . Davis dealt with this by " brilliant perspective effects " according to Binney , using curving walls to " cleverly conceal the rapidly diminishing space at the back of the hotel " . The purpose of the arcaded front was to provide more space for the bedrooms above . Expensive Norwegian granite is the material on ground floor , with Portland stone above it .
The steel frame of the building was made in Germany and is based on a model made in the early 1880s in Chicago to increase fire resistance . It was erected by Messrs Potts & Co. of Oxford Street . Fireproofing of the walls were conducted by the Columbian Fireproofing Company Ltd. of Pittsburgh and London , with steel @-@ ribbed bars allowing for ventilation , while remaining sound proof and free from vibration . The internal walls consist of " hollow , porous , terra @-@ cotta blocks " covered with plaster , and the hotel 's flooring was also made fireproof . At the corners of the pavilion roofs of the Ritz are large green copper lions , the emblem of the hotel .
= = = Interior = = =
The hotel was designed mainly by London and Paris based designers in the Louis XVI style , which is consistent throughout , giving the hotel its " special atmosphere of perfect appropriateness and elegant restraint " . Marcus Binney describes the great suite of ground @-@ floor rooms as " one of the all @-@ time masterpieces of hotel architecture " and compares it to a royal palace with its " grand vistas , lofty proportions and sparkling chandeliers " . Waring & Gallow were responsible for many of the fine design work of the interiors The ground floor plan dated to 1906 illustrated a large main restaurant overlooking the terrace and garden , a large central Grand Gallery and Winter Garden , a circular vestibule beyond the reception room , the Marie Antoinette Suite near the restaurant , and numerous shops . The Grill Room had its own entrance on the right side of the entrance doors on Piccadilly , with a staircase leading down . The Grill Room was on the eastern side , and the Banqueting Hall lay at the western end , beneath the restaurant . Today this is home to the Ritz Club . A wide vaulted corridor , the Long Gallery , runs from the Arlington Street entrance on the east side to the restaurant on the west side , with finely woven Savonnerie carpets . Along it are several intricate horseshoe archways . A triangular @-@ shaped staircase features in the building 's southwest corner . The curving main staircase was built to allow women to make a " dramatic entrance and show off their gowns to best effect " .
= = = = The Palm Court = = = =
The Ritz 's most widely known facility is the Palm Court , an opulently decorated cream @-@ coloured Louis XVI setting . It is decorated with lavish furnishings , including gilded Louis XVI armchairs with oval backs , which the architects had designed based on research into French neo @-@ classical furniture design of the 1760s and 1770s , which were made by Waring and Gillow . The room , with its , " panelled mirrors of bevelled glass in gilt bronze frames and " high coving ornamented with gilded trellis @-@ work " , according to Montgomery @-@ Massingberd and Watkin " epitomizes the elegantly frivolous comfort of Edwardian high life " .
There were originally large windows at either end of the court , then known as the Winter Garden , and were replaced with twenty panels of mirrors after 1972 . The fountain of the court , known as " La Source " , is made of Echaillon marble and is extravagantly sculpted . A nymph , gold in colour , is featured in a lair . A wrought @-@ iron and glass roof of the Palm Court contains two gilded wrought @-@ iron lanterns , and the ceiling contains lion skin motifs . The room is done in soft apricot and has remained so since 1906 . César Ritz chose the colour to flatter the complexions of women after weeks of experimentation with various hues .
The Palm Court is the setting for the world @-@ famous institution that is " Tea at the Ritz " , once frequented by King Edward VII , Sir Winston Churchill , Noël Edmonds , Judy Garland , Evelyn Waugh and Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother . It acquired its reputation as " the place for tea " in London after World War I. In the 1920s a small orchestra would play regularly on the court ; film producer John Sutro for instance recalled that Hermione Baddeley once requested the violinist to " play something hot " . Between the Winter Garden and the central Grand Gallery is a screen featuring two Ionic columns .
= = = = Dining = = = =
The hotel has six private dining rooms , the Marie Antoinette Suite , with its boiserie , and the rooms within the Grade II * listed William Kent House . Marcus Binney states that the restaurant is " not only one of the most beautiful interiors in London , it can be claimed as the most beautiful restaurant in the world " .
César Ritz once commented that the room was so heavily designed in bronze that it was fortunate that the hotel was built from steel , or the " walls would collapse with the weight of all that bronze " . Flanking the entrance to the main restaurant are two life @-@ sized figures set in " bronze vert after Clodion , holding gilded bronze lustres with six lights each , mounted on pedestals of polished Echaillon marble ornamented with bronze " . The restaurant and adjacent guest room were designed by P. H. Remon and Sons of Paris . The ceiling is a described by Montgomery @-@ Massingberd and Watkin as a " painted trompe @-@ l 'oeil ceiling on which pinkish clouds drift across the blue sky encircled by a garlanded balustrade " . Bronze chandeliers are also a feature , influenced by an 18th @-@ century Augustin de Saint @-@ Aubin engraving known as Le Bal Pare et Masque , and Le Festin by Moreau le Jeune , which was given by the City of Paris to the King and Queen on 21 January 1782 .
On the northern end against the Piccadilly arcade are floor @-@ to @-@ ceiling mirrors , divided into panes , which give the room a spacious effect , especially when the lights are on all day during the winter . At the south end of the restaurant is a watercolour by Davis and gilded figures known as " The Thames and the Ocean " , with a buffet made from Norwegian pink marble below it , believed to be inspired by Louis Seize 's " Buffet of Mansart " .
During the 1977 major renovation of the hotel , the scaffolding used in the project was hidden by a clean cloth during mealtimes in the Louis XVI restaurant so as not to upset diners with a possibly disturbing sight . During the renovation , the columns in the hotel 's lobbies were stripped of many coats of cream @-@ coloured paint to display their original pink marble . Most of the work done in the renovation was done to restore and clean while keeping the original 1906 colour scheme . Much of the furniture from the original opening was still in use ; new items were faithful copies styled after the originals . The hotel retained its nightstand call buttons for maid , waiter , valet and servant , refusing to make its patrons dial a telephone for services .
From its inception , the kitchen was run mainly by French chefs , and it had a specialist in Russian soups and Viennese pastry ; it cakes became so famous that King Edward made regular orders from Buckingham Palace . M. Malley , who had been saucier at the Paris Ritz was appointed Chef des Cuisines , and invented dishes such as Saumon Marquise de Sevignre ( Salmon with a crayfish mousse ) , Filet de Sole Romanoff ( served with mussels , small slices of apple and artichokes ) , and Poulet en Chaudfroid ( chicken accompanied by a curry @-@ flavoured pinkish mousse ) at the hotel . The Ritz is renowned for its supreme catering service , as well as using its fine rooms for conferencing between executives and directors of multi @-@ national firms . A table at the restaurant still needs to be booked weeks in advance . The Rivoli Bar , built in the Art Deco style , was designed in 2001 by interior designer Tessa Kennedy , to look like a bar on the Orient Express . The lounge was decorated by Marcel Boulanger in the Louis VIV style , the clubroom was by Lenygon and Morant , who were influenced by the Palladian design of Cumberland House in Brettingham , and other rooms were decorated with clear William Chambers and Robert Adam influences . Meals can be served on Nanking china in the Trafalgar Suite . The banquet and catering services received a Royal warrant from HRH the Prince of Wales in 2005 .
= = = = Marie Antoinette Suite = = = =
The Marie Antoinette Suite is accessed from the main restaurant . According to Marcus Binney " the gilded detail of the room has the lustre and crispness of gilt bronze , even the egg @-@ and @-@ dart in the boldly modelled cornice " . Floral motifs are a common feature of the room , given the namesake , Marie Antoinette , and represents the flowers at one of her feasts . Over the overmantel is a basket of flowers , with " flowers spilling out over the frames of the oval lunettes " . In the small entrance lobby of the suite are two terracotta statues of Spring and Summer , with " drum @-@ shaped pedestals ornamented with gilt @-@ bronze flowers and ribbons " . The ventilation grilles , of considerable size , are decorated in bronzed lattice . On the walls are a series lamp holders held by miniature Apollo lyres , with each bulb holder containing around 25 leaves opened out . The lights , according to Binney , are hung on " cords from ribbons tied in bows , entwined at intervals with flowers , descending to a cluster of tassels " . The panels of the walls are treated like picture frames , with inner and outer mouldings , in contrast to the window frames and the wall mirrors which are surrounded by " clusters of reeds , with an inset behind which a curtain could hang without obscuring the moulding " , according to Binney .
= = = = Rooms and suites = = = =
As of 2015 , The Ritz London has 134 guestrooms , of which 111 are bedrooms and 23 are suites . The main bedrooms are divided into three principal categories : Superior Queen / King / Twin , Executive King / Twin and Deluxe King / Twin . The Superior Queen and King rooms are 215 square feet ( 20 @.@ 0 m2 ) and 260 square feet ( 24 m2 ) in size respectively , while the Executive and Deluxe king rooms are 320 square feet ( 30 m2 ) and 385 square feet ( 35 @.@ 8 m2 ) The suites are divided into the categories : Junior Suite , Superior Suite , Executive Suite , Deluxe Suite , the Trafalgar Suite and the Berkeley Suite , and also include the signature suites the Royal Suite and the Prince of Wales Suite , each with their own unique style . The Executive Suites typically face south , and are 320 square feet ( 30 m2 ) in size , with a small lounge area and antique furniture . The Junior Suites , with " fireplaces , gilded mouldings and antique furniture " are above Piccadilly , and are 495 square feet ( 46 @.@ 0 m2 ) in size , while the 3 @-@ 5 bedroom suites range in size from 1 @,@ 990 square feet ( 185 m2 ) to 2 @,@ 802 square feet ( 260 @.@ 3 m2 ) .
= = = = William Kent House = = = =
William Kent House , also known as Wimbourne House , was opened as an extension of the Ritz . The house has been converted into a complete function area with the Music Room , the Burlington Room , the Queen Elizabeth Room and the William Kent room . It also accommodates three of the Ritz ' top suites : The Arlington Suite , the Royal Suite as well as the Prince of Wales Suite . Several of the rooms have Louis XVI chimneypieces . The Grade II building was carefully restored and given a modern touch with period funishings concealing things like flat screen televisions . The restoration won a Royal Institute of British Architects national gold medal in 2007 .
= = = The Ritz Club = = =
The Ritz Club is a casino in the basement of the hotel , occupying the space which was formerly the Ritz Bar and Grill . In the original structure , this was where the Ritz ballroom was located . A May 1906 edition of Truth magazine described the basement with the Grill Room and Banqueting Hall as palatial , ivory @-@ white in decor , with " mirrors on all the walls reflecting an endless intersection of arched ceilings " . The rooms were used for dinners , balls and theatrical shows , with a stage at the south end of the Banqueting Hall . By the mid 1920s the Grill Room had been relocated into the Banqueting Hall , and furnished with circular tables with oval back wicker chairs . One 1926 brochure stated that it was the scene of " some of the finest private and public balls ever given in London " .
During World War II it became known as the nightclub La Popote . The interior of the club was made to simulate a combat dugout complete with sandbags . The club 's chandeliers were made out of various types of empty liquor bottles with candles in their necks for light . The dance floor was crowded during wartime , but it later declined in popularity . Laurie Ross was in charge of the Ritz Bar and Grill for many years . The bar , known to its regulars as " Laurie 's Bar " , closed when Ross retired in 1976 . By the 1970s the basement rooms were closed to the public .
In 1977 , Trafalgar House agreed to lease the basement to Mecca Sportsman and Pleasurama , and the Ritz Club was opened the following year , under separate management from the hotel . The basement was restored in the hotel 's Louis XVI style of 1906 , and the decorations included 6 @,@ 000 sheets of gold leaf . Gold leaf was not spared on moldings , cupids and garlands and a blue sky with fluffy clouds painted on the ceiling above the gaming tables . The restoration consisted of repainting , cleaning and recovering all in the original color scheme . Furniture was restored to its original state and replicas replaced what could not be restored . Stephen Pulman was appointed Head Chef , after being recruited from the exclusive club and restaurant Annabel ’ s . When it opened , the Ritz Club was open to members and hotel guests only . However , unlike most casinos , it charges a fee to enter . The games are considered " high stakes " in that the minimum bet is usually very high . They offer roulette , black jack , baccarat , and poker , as well as some slot machines .
In 1998 , the club was purchased by London Clubs , who moved their premises from the Devonshire Club on St James 's Street to the basement of the Ritz . A new company was formed in June 1998 , the Ritz Hotel Casino Ltd . , which was granted legal permission to open a casino . After very quick refurbishment , it reopened on 12 September with exclusive membership , although members are permitted to invite a guest . As of 2006 the Ritz Club was divided into four main areas — the restaurant , bar , lounge and the private gaming room , situated in the former Banqueting Hall . In July 2014 , London High Court heard a case against the club , in which Nora Al @-@ Daher claimed she was ' taken advantage ' of and asked for £ 2 million in losses .
= = In popular culture = =
Evelyn Waugh 's 1942 novel Work Suspended features a scene at the Ritz in which the narrator falls in love with a friend 's wife during a luncheon . Alan Bennett 's allegorical play , Forty Years On was later set in the basement of the Ritz during the war . In the universe of the book Good Omens , two primary characters , the angel Aziraphale and the demon Crowley , often frequent the Ritz . The hotel is mentioned in the song " A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square " as well as in Queen 's " Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy " . Large portions of the 1999 romantic comedy Notting Hill were filmed in and around the hotel .
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= Maneater ( Nelly Furtado song ) =
" Maneater " is a song by Canadian singer Nelly Furtado from her third studio album Loose ( 2006 ) . The song was written by Furtado , Tim " Timbaland " Mosley , Nate " Danja " Hills , and Jim Beanz , and released to mainstream radio in the United States in September 2006 . The song 's musical style and production were inspired by pop arrangements from the 1980s by bands such as Eurythmics and Hall & Oates . Furtado stated that Hall & Oates ' song of the same name was an influence during the writing and recording of the song .
The song received positive reviews from music critics , most of them comparing the song to Madonna and Depeche Mode songs from the 1980s . Outside North America , " Maneater " became one of Furtado 's most popular singles , topping the charts in the United Kingdom and peaking within the top ten of the charts across much of Europe and Australia . It became a club hit in North America but was less commercially successful than the lead single " Promiscuous " .
The accompanying music video was filmed by American director Anthony Mandler in Los Angeles . The video premiered on Yahoo ! Music on 6 September , and was given a " First Look " on MTV 's Total Request Live on 8 September . The song was included on the setlist for Furtado 's third tour Get Loose Tour .
= = Writing and recording = =
" Maneater " was one of the first songs Furtado and Timbaland worked on in the Hit Factory Criteria recording studios in Miami , Florida . She has described the song as an analogy of how she incorporated the " creative energy " of Timbaland and his production crew into Loose . When making the album , Furtado and Timbaland were influenced by the work of musicians from the 1980s such as Talking Heads , Blondie , Madonna , The Police and Eurythmics . " Eurythmics had this spooky , keyboard @-@ driven pop sound " , Furtado said . Final production of the track was delayed after a speaker caught fire in the studio control room .
Furtado has characterized " Maneater " as " a ' couture pop ' song " , explaining that it is " in your face and very fashionable , stylistic and of @-@ the @-@ moment . " In an interview with MTV News , she compared it favorably to eating too much cheesecake : " It 's got a crazy loud beat , and the vocals are bitchy and loud . A lot of people say it sounds like Peaches , because of the delivery , the spooky vocals . " According to Furtado , the song is related to how people become " hot on themselves " when dancing in their underwear in front of a mirror . " [ It ] truly has a life of its own ; it makes you move " , she said . Media sources compared it to the 1982 Hall & Oates single " Maneater " , which Furtado has cited as an influence on the song .
Furtado recorded a remix of " Maneater " with rapper Lil Wayne , which was featured in a Timbaland 's compilation album Remix & Soundtrack Collection . The instrumental of this version was also used during many television performances of " Maneater " . In Australia , the CD was released in two formats , although one version ( the international single ) had an extremely limited run and was not widely available . The Australia @-@ exclusive " Maneater " CD single includes a cover of Gnarls Barkley 's " Crazy " recorded on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge program , on which " Maneater " was covered three times , by pop punk band Panic at the Disco , dance music duo Basement Jaxx and rock band Boy Kill Boy , whose cover was released on the album Radio 1 's Live Lounge .
= = Music structure and composition = =
" Maneater " is an uptempo electropop song that combines 1980s electro synths and a more dance @-@ oriented beat . The uptempo song has prominent rock and synthpop influences and is lyrically related to how people become " hot on themselves " when dancing in their underwear in front of a mirror . She stated : " [ It ] truly has a life of its own ; it makes you move . " Media sources compared it to the 1982 Hall & Oates single of the same name , which Furtado has cited as an influence on the song . The song has a dance tempo and is composed in the key of B flat minor with a tempo of 132 beats per minute .
= = Critical reception = =
" Maneater " has earned acclaim from music critics . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone stated that while not a Hall & Oates cover , the song " bumps hard enough to qualify as a sequel , and that 's high praise indeed . " Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited " Maneater " as a highlight of Furtado 's makeover , but believed that no matter how much Furtado sings about sex , she does not sound sexy and does not " generate much carnal heat . "
About.com 's Bill Lamb gave the song 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , praising the " powerful thumping beat and insanely catchy chorus " , but considering the song repetitive and more suitable for the dance floor than radio stations . IGN 's review considered it too similar to British singer M.I.A. : " the blatant attempt to capitalize on [ M.I.A. ] that ultimately causes the track to crumble . " The song was later ranked as the twentieth best single of 2006 at The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop poll .
= = Chart performance = =
" Maneater " was made available as a download ( via the Apple iTunes Store ) on 22 May . It was released on maxi CD as the album 's first single outside North America on 26 May in Austria , Germany and Switzerland , and on 5 June in the United Kingdom and other European markets . It debuted at number eight on the UK Singles Chart the week before its physical release , and a week later ( on 11 June 2006 ) it went to number one . " Maneater " was the seventh highest selling single in the UK in 2006 , with 296 @,@ 000 units sold . In early 2007 , chart rules were changed to allow tracks not accompanied by physical singles to appear on the singles chart , and " Maneater " subsequently re @-@ entered the top forty on downloads alone . The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) certified " Maneater " gold for shipments of 400 @,@ 000 units .
The single became a hit elsewhere in Europe , reaching the top five in Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Ireland and Norway , the top ten in Belgium , Finland and the Netherlands and the top twenty in France . " Maneater " was released on U.S. national television at the Fashion Rocks event on 8 September 2006 . It entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty @-@ two , the highest debut of the week , and peaked at number sixteen ; it also reached the top twenty on Billboard 's Pop 100 . " Maneater " reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , but it was not as commercially successful in the U.S. as the preceding single , " Promiscuous " , which reached number one on all three charts . The single debuted on the Australia ARIA Singles Chart on 25 September and rose to the top five the following week , peaking in its seventh week at number three . The ARIA accredited " Maneater " as a gold single for selling over 35 @,@ 000 copies .
In Canada , where " Promiscuous " topped the singles chart , " Maneater " reached number twenty @-@ two on 23 November 2006 ( its fifteenth week ) . Its underperformance was attributed to the limited release of the CD single , which had been sold through retailers as early as " Promiscuous " . " Maneater " was the second best @-@ selling digital track of 2006 in Canada - behind James Blunt 's " You 're Beautiful " - with 66 @,@ 607 downloads . " Maneater " was nominated for a 2006 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song . It was also awarded a 2007 NRJ Music Award for Best International Song .
= = Music video = =
The official music video was directed by Anthony Mandler . The video features former So You Think You Can Dance contestant Jamile McGee as a dancer . Furtado had to schedule extra practicing sessions for her own dancing in the video .
The video does not have a substantial plot and , per Furtado 's request , focuses on simultaneously celebrating and parodying the " maneater cliché " . It begins with Furtado searching for her runaway Great Dane , Toby , at night in a seemingly deserted industrial district of an unnamed city . She follows the dog to the basement of a dark , dilapidated building , where she encounters a silent crowd of people in the middle of what MTV News described as a " Fight Club @-@ esque party " . Furtado positions herself in the middle of the crowd and , as the initial beat of the song emerges , begins to dance with " a sense of abandon " , according to Furtado . This serves as the catalyst for a dance party that continues as the song plays . Towards the end of the video , Furtado moves to the roof of the building and dances in front of the rising sun . In the end she leaves the party at dawn , finding her dog sitting at the stairhead near the exit . " I like to walk on the dangerous side of life " , Furtado said of the filming of the video .
In the U.S. , the video premiered on Yahoo ! Music on 6 September and was given a " First Look " on MTV 's Total Request Live on 8 September . It debuted on the show 's top ten video countdown on 11 September and peaked at number nine , remaining on the countdown for three consecutive days . The video entered the MuchMusic Countdown in Canada in the week ending 22 September , and it peaked at number one in the week ending 8 December . At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards , Furtado was nominated in the category of Female Artist of the Year for " Maneater " and " Say It Right " .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits = =
Credits adapted from the Loose liner notes :
Technical
Recorded at The Hit Factory in Miami , Florida
Mixed at Thomas Crown Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia
Personnel
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= County Road 510 ( Marquette County , Michigan ) =
County Road 510 ( CR 510 , Co . Rd . 510 ) is a primary county road in Marquette County , Michigan , that connects Marquette with the community of Big Bay . The road runs through rural forests as a paved and dirt road in northern Marquette County . It crosses the Dead River near the Hoist and McClure dams and runs for 26 @.@ 103 miles ( 42 @.@ 009 km ) before terminating at an intersection with CR 550 south of Big Bay .
The road was originally part of the State Trunkline Highway System as M @-@ 35 . In 1919 , the highway was to run through the Huron Mountains in northern Marquette County . A bridge was moved from rural Pennsylvania in 1921 to carry the road over the Dead River . The Huron Mountain Club opposed the highway , and with the aid of Henry Ford , the road 's construction was stopped during the 1920s , leaving a gap in the routing through the mountains . In 1939 , the state transferred control of M @-@ 35 to local authorities , and the Marquette County Road Commission ( MCRC ) designated it CR 510 . Since that time , the bridge over the Dead River has survived a flood in 2003 , and it was bypassed in 2010 by a new section of road with another bridge over the river .
= = Route description = =
Starting at an intersection with CR 502 ( Midway Drive ) in Negaunee Township , CR 510 runs northwesterly through the forest as paved road toward the Dead River . The road curves westward near the McClure Storage Basin , a reservoir formed by the McClure Dam on the river . CR 510 follows the course of the basin on cliffs above it and then turns northward to cross the river . The bridge crosses the river 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the water on a bridge opened in late 2010 . North of the river , the road turns westerly again to approach the northern shore of the Hoist Basin , which is another reservoir on the river . The roadway continues northwesterly as a dirt and gravel road through rural northern Marquette County . The landscape is all woods with some small lakes . The road meanders through the landscape , intersecting several secondary county roads and logging trails . In Powell Township , CR 510 intersects the eastern end of Co . Rd . AAA , the Triple A Road , which connects westerly across the county line on the Yellow Dog Plains . North of this intersection , the county road turns to the east at the intersection with Blind 35 . About three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) after this intersection , CR 510 terminates at its intersection with CR 550 south of Big Bay .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
In 1919 , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) designated a scenic shoreline trunkline to run north from Negaunee to Skanee and L 'Anse by way of Big Bay . The highway would continue from the L 'Anse and Baraga area to eventually end at Ontonagon at an intersection with M @-@ 64 . Local Upper Peninsula historian Fred Rydholm summarized the routing planned in 1925 as extending " ... in a northwesterly direction , across the Dead River , over the Panorama Hills , then west past the Elm Creek swamp , along the south side of Burnt Mountain , across the Cedar Creek , the Cliff Stream and out past Cliff Lake to Skanee and L 'Anse " . This highway was designated as an extension of M @-@ 35 , which ended in downtown Negaunee . Work was completed on a significant portion of the route in Marquette County by 1926 . M @-@ 35 was routed east along M @-@ 15 toward Marquette before turning north @-@ northwesterly toward Big Bay . This section of roadway follows the modern CR 510 in Marquette County . Similar work was completed in Baraga County connecting L 'Anse and Skanee by 1932 .
Construction on the two ends left the center portion through the Huron Mountains unfinished and shown on state maps as a dashed line marked " impassable " . The section not included in CR 510 , with guard rails and cement culverts has been called " Blind 35 " since .
One of the first tasks for the MSHD was bridging the Dead River in Negaunee Township , three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of US 41 . The state solved the problem by buying a bridge in Pennsylvania , where bridges of this design were more common . MDOT describes the bridge as :
... a rare Pennsylvania through truss highway bridge , particularly because of the length [ 271 feet ( 83 m ) ] of this single span . It was purchased by the State Highway Department in 1919 , moved from an unspecified Allegheny River site , probably considerably upstream from Pittsburgh , and then erected on this site in 1921 .
The structure has been known as the Steel Bridge to local residents since it was reassembled over the Dead River .
= = = Henry Ford = = =
Records of the Huron Mountain Club , an exclusive private organization with large land holdings in northern Michigan , show that Henry Ford visited the Upper Peninsula many times , including at least once with Harvey Firestone and Thomas Edison on Ford 's yacht , Sialia . Many of these trips involved research to keep his operations supplied . His UP land provided wood for the manufacture of Ford automobiles such as the Model T , which required 250 board feet ( 0 @.@ 59 m3 ) of lumber per car . Ford , who was considering becoming the " owner – producer – handler " of the resources he needed , invested in sawmills in Alberta and Kingsford . He also bought the entire town of Pequaming , along the shores of the Keweenaw Bay . The town belonged to Dan Hebard , who also sold Ford a sawmill , tugboats , a 14 @-@ room bungalow , and land near the Huron Mountain Club . Hebard retired to spend his summers at a cabin on the Pine River on land belonging to the Club .
Ford built a hydroelectric dam along the Menominee River to supply power to the Kingsford mill , bought the Imperial Mine , and opened the Blueberry Mine near Ishpeming to supply iron ore . The Ford Railroad was constructed between L 'Anse and the Cliff River for his logging operations on 300 @,@ 000 acres ( 100 @,@ 000 ha ) of timberland purchased in 1922 . He often visited the Upper Peninsula on business , but as early as 1917 , the year he ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate , he sought entry into the Huron Mountain Club . Since the club limited its membership , Ford worked to improve his chances . His admission would ultimately come when M @-@ 35 construction was halted in the Huron Mountains .
Hunters , campers , hikers , fishermen and some landowners opposed highway construction near the Huron Mountains . Rydholm said , " ... there seemed to be no groundswell of sentiment in favor of it , but it looked as the though the die was cast and nothing could be done to stop it " . The Huron Mountain Club members opposed the highway because it would open vast reaches of the back country and might harm the wilderness . Highway construction would also open the possibility of a resort hotel . William C. Weber , a real estate developer from Detroit , owned property along Mountain Lake , in northern Marquette County . A Michigan attorney general 's opinion provided a way for blocking the road if two @-@ thirds of the property over which the road would pass was owned by people opposed to the project . The proposed highway was to cross two 40 @-@ acre ( 16 ha ) parcels of Huron Mountain Club property , but that was not enough to halt construction .
In 1926 , Hebard was elected the new president at the Huron Mountain Club and changed its rules for admission . Before the changes , all existing members voted on new admissions , and four " no " votes meant rejection . After Hebard 's changes , only club directors could vote , and only one " no " was needed to block election . In 1927 , the road grading for M @-@ 35 had reached the Salmon Trout River . That same year , Ford bought more land near Mountain Lake . This property encompassed more than the requisite two @-@ thirds necessary to stop construction of the road . In 1928 , the road was moved to connect with the Big Bay Road ( CR 550 ) , leaving the stub of " Blind 35 " behind . According to club records , " by 1929 , M @-@ 35 was dead in its tracks and Henry Ford was a member " . To commemorate his membership , Ford built a white pine log cabin on club property that cost between $ 80 @,@ 000 and $ 100 @,@ 000 in 1929 ( equivalent to $ 5 @.@ 2 million to $ 6 @.@ 5 million in 2015 ) .
= = = After Ford = = =
In 1939 , M @-@ 35 from Negaunee to Big Bay to L 'Anse was officially canceled as a state trunkline highway . Constructed portions were turned over to local control , becoming CR 510 in Marquette County .
The Steel Bridge is still in place over the Dead River and previously carried CR 510 as the successor to M @-@ 35 in northern Marquette County . It survived a May 15 , 2003 , flood caused by the breaching of the Silver Lake Dam . The Marquette County Road Commission had announced plans in 2006 to bypass the structure with a modern replacement , leaving the existing bridge as a footpath or bike path . Construction on the bypass road and replacement bridge began in October 2007 . The concrete work for the replacement span was started in late 2009 , with an original projected completion date of November 1 , 2010 . The new crossing is 100 feet ( 30 m ) above river level compared to the 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) for the 1921 span . The total budget for bridge construction was $ 4 @.@ 5 million and an additional $ 1 @.@ 7 million for the approach work , with an 80 @-@ percent federal , 15 @-@ percent state and 5 @-@ percent county funding split . The new bridge opened to traffic in September 2010 , diverting traffic from the Steel Bridge . Completion of the new span came after about a decade of planning .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire road is in Marquette County .
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= Blue Picardy Spaniel =
The Blue Picardy Spaniel ( or Épagneul Bleu de Picardie ) is a breed of Spaniel originating in France , from the area around the mouth of the River Somme , around the start of the 20th century . It is descended from Picardy Spaniels and English Setters , and is described as a quiet breed that requires much exercise due to its stamina . It is especially good with children . Similar to the Picardy Spaniel , it has a distinctive coloured coat . Recognised by only a handful of kennel associations , the breed is predominantly known in France and Canada .
= = Description = =
= = = Appearance = = =
A Blue Picardy Spaniel on average is around 22 – 24 inches ( 56 – 61 cm ) high at the withers and weighs 43 – 45 pounds ( 20 – 20 kg ) . Its coat is speckled grey black forming a bluish shade , with some black patches . The coat is flat or a little wavy with feathering on the ears , legs , underside and tail . It has long legs with some setter characteristics .
It has a long broad nose and muzzle , with thick ears covered in silky hair that usually end around the tip of the muzzle . Its chest is of medium size that descends down to the same level as the elbows . Both the forequarters and the hindquarters are well muscled . Its tail typically does not extend beyond the hock and is normally straight .
The breed has many similarities with the Picardy Spaniel due to the two breeds ' recent history . The Blue Spaniel is described as being softer , as well as the obvious difference in coat color . The Picardy has a brown coat whereas the Blue Picardy has a black and grey coat , which was brought into the breed by the introduction of English Setter blood . Similar in the modern era due to the close similarities of the two different breed standards . In addition , the Blue Picardy is a little faster , and has a slightly finer nose .
= = = Temperament = = =
It is a versatile hunting dog , used for its ability to locate and retrieve game in harsh and adverse terrain and conditions . It is not specialised to any one type of terrain , and tends to score well in field trials . The Blue Picardy is considered to be a quiet breed , but requires a great deal of exercise as it has a high level of stamina . It loves to play , and is a responsive and obedient breed which thrives on human companionship . It is especially good with children .
= = Health = =
The breed has no known genetic health issues . Blue Picardy Spaniels can be prone to ear infections , which are common among dogs with pendulous ears , including Basset Hounds and other breeds of Spaniel . It has an average life expectancy of thirteen years .
= = History = =
The first French Spaniel is speculated to have appeared following the Crusades of the 11th century , and it was these breeds of dogs that were described in Gaston III of Foix @-@ Béarn 's 14th @-@ century work Livre de Chasse . Following the French Revolution the commoners in France were allowed to raise and keep their own hunting dogs . This in turn meant that the pre @-@ existing French Spaniel split into several types specific to their own regions , which were classified according to physical appearance and hunting abilities .
At the turn of the 20th century the area around the mouth of the River Somme was considered a paradise for hunters interested in wildfowl . Because of quarantine restrictions in the United Kingdom , British shooters would board their dogs in the Picardy area , near the mouth of the Somme . This caused the infusion of English Setter blood into the local Spaniel population and developed the Blue Picardy Spaniel .
While the first black , blue @-@ grey Spaniel was recorded in 1875 , it was not until 1904 when the Picardy Spaniel was first shown . This Spaniel was officially classified as a French Spaniel , and was shown at the Paris Canine Exposition . When the Picard Spaniel and Blue Picardy Spaniel Club was formed in 1907 the two different breeds of Picardy Spaniel were categorised .
In France , the Blue Picardy was recognised as a separate breed in 1938 , and there are about 1000 puppies born in France each year . The first person to import the Blue Picardy Spaniel into Canada was Ronald Meunier of Saint @-@ Julien , Quebec , around 1987 , and the breed was then recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club effective 1 June 1995 . The breed is recognised by the American Rare Breed Association , which uses the same standard as the Fédération Cynologique Internationale .
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= Manhunt ( video game ) =
Manhunt is a stealth @-@ based survival horror video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It was originally released for the PlayStation 2 on November 18 , 2003 , and for Microsoft Windows and Xbox on April 20 , 2004 . The game was also re @-@ released through the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in 2013 and 2016 , respectively . Players control James Earl Cash ( voiced by Stephen Wilfong ) , a death row prisoner forced to participate in a series of snuff films for an underground director , former film producer Lionel Starkweather ( Brian Cox ) .
The game received positive reviews by critics , with particular praise directed at its dark tone and violent nature . The game also received great controversy , due to the level of graphic violence in the game . It was banned in several countries , and implicated in a murder by the UK media , although this implication was later rejected by the police and courts . The game won several accolades , and spawned the sequel Manhunt 2 in 2007 . As of March 2008 , the series has collectively sold 1 @.@ 7 million copies .
= = Gameplay = =
Manhunt is a stealth @-@ based psychological horror game played from a third @-@ person perspective . The game consists of twenty levels , called " scenes " , as well as four unlockable bonus scenes . Players survive the scenes by dispatching enemy gang members , occasionally with firearms , but primarily by stealthily executing them . At the end of each scene , players are graded based on their performance , and awarded one to five stars . Unlockable content becomes available only when the player achieves three or more stars on a certain number of levels . On normal difficulty ( called " Fetish " ) , players can earn only four stars ; one is awarded for completing the scene under a certain amount of time , and one to three stars are awarded based on the brutality of the executions carried out during the scene . On hard difficulty ( called " Hardcore " ) , players are graded out of five stars ; one for speed , one to three for brutality and one for simply completing the scene . To gain the maximum number of stars , a set number of brutal executions must be carried out over the course of each scene ; face @-@ to @-@ face fighting does not award stars .
In order to carry out executions , players must approach a hunter from behind , undetected . To facilitate this , each scene is full of " dark spots " ( shadows where the player can hide ) . Enemies cannot see into the shadows ( unless they see the player actually entering the area ) . A standard technique in the game is to hide in the shadows and tap a wall to attract the attention of a nearby hunter . When the hunter has examined the area and is moving away , players can emerge from the shadows behind them , and execute them . The game has three levels of execution , with each level progressively more violent and graphic than the last : " hasty " executions are quick and not very bloody , " violent " are considerably more gory , and " gruesome " are over @-@ the @-@ top blood @-@ soaked murders . Players are entirely in control of which level they use ; once players have locked onto an enemy , the lock @-@ on reticule changes color over time to indicate the three levels : white , yellow and red .
Over the course of the game , players can use a wide variety of weapons , including plastic bags , baseball bats , crowbars and a variety of bladed items . Later in the game , firearms become available ( which cannot be used for executions ) . Should players take damage , their health depletes ; health can be restored through the use of painkillers , which are available throughout each scene . Players also have a stamina meter which depletes as they sprint , but automatically replenishes when remaining stationary . Manhunt also makes use of the PlayStation 2 's optional USB Microphone and the Xbox Live microphone feature on the Xbox in their respective versions of the game . When such a device is connected , players can use the sound of their own voice to distract in @-@ game enemies . This adds an extra element to the stealth aspect of the game , as players must refrain from making noises such as coughing as these sounds too can attract the attention of any nearby hunters .
= = Plot = =
In 2003 in Carcer City , the story opens with a news anchor ( Kate Miller ) reporting on James Earl Cash ( Stephen Wilfong ) , a death row prisoner recently executed by a lethal injection . In reality however , Cash awakens to hear a voice coming from an earpiece , revealing his lethal injection was only a sedative . The voice , who refers to himself as " The Director " , promises Cash his freedom , but only if Cash follows his instructions . He must move through an abandoned section of the city being patrolled by a gang called " The Hoods " , murdering them as he goes , all being filmed by CCTV . Cash successfully dispatches the Hoods , but despite the Director 's promise of freedom , he is beaten and thrown into the back of a van by a group of private security experts called " The Cerberus " .
Cash is then told by the Director that he reneged on their original deal and that he has more to do before the night is out . Cash is subsequently taken to various locations around the city and forced to face off against a series of increasingly dangerous gangs . First , he is pitted against a group of white nationalists and Neo @-@ Nazis in a scrap yard . Then , he faces a gang of a former military turned mercenaries called " The Wardogs " in an abandoned zoo . Here Cash has to save members of his own family who have been kidnapped by the Wardogs and are being used as bait to lure him out . Following this , he fights a gang of Satanic Latino occultists and perverted pedophiles called " The Innocentz " in a derelict shopping center .
During this conflict , Cash discovers that the Director had his family killed despite his promise to let them go . After watching their deaths on a TV set up for him by the Director , Cash vows revenge as the Director coldly tells him " I 'm all the family you need , now . " After again facing the Innocentz in a graveyard and abandoned factory , Cash is forced to face off , in what is supposed to be the final scene of the film , against a gang of schizophrenic , sociopaths called " The Smileys " who have taken over an insane asylum . Here , Cash unexpectedly survives , killing the Smileys ( including their leader dressed in a rabbit costume ) and escaping the asylum after killing several Cerberus . As such , the Director deploys the remaining Wardogs , led by the vicious Ramirez ( Chris McKinney ) , to hunt Cash down and kill him ; from this point on , the Director no longer communicates to Cash .
As Cash escapes the asylum and enters an abandoned apartment complex , he is caught by Ramirez and the Wardogs , who decide to play a little game of cat and mouse ; Cash manages to kill the gang and Ramirez before backup arrives . Upon fleeing the area , the journalist reporting on Cash suddenly arrives in her car and rescues him . She explains that the Director is actually Lionel Starkweather , a former film producer from Los Santos , who was popular in the 90s , but was forced to leave the industry due to a " scandal . " The reporter has been putting together evidence about Starkweather 's snuff movies for months , and now she has enough to expose him . First , however , she needs to retrieve some of this evidence from her apartment . Meanwhile , Starkweather orders the chief of the Carcer City Police Department , Gary Schaffer , to bring both Cash and the journalist to him , blackmailing him that he will expose his corruption to the Liberty City Supreme Court if he does not comply .
Protecting her from the police , Cash takes the journalist safely to her apartment , and from there , heads off to deal with Starkweather personally . Killing off several police officers , Cash then evades the SWAT teams , before making his way through a train yard , only to be cornered by more police and SWAT . They begin to beat him , and just as they 're about to execute him , they are suddenly ambushed and killed by the Cerberus , who recapture Cash and bring him to Starkweather 's mansion . There , they are about to kill Cash , but Piggsy - a mentally disturbed , chainsaw @-@ wielding psychopath , who wears a pig 's head as a mask and was normally kept chained up in Starkweather 's attic - breaks free . This distraction allows Cash to work his way through the garden and mansion , killing members of the Cerberus along the way . He finally reaches the upper levels of the mansion , where he and Piggsy stalk one another . Cash triumphs after luring Piggsy onto a grate that collapses under his weight . After using Piggsy 's chainsaw to hack his way through the last of the Cerberus , Cash finally confronts Starkweather in his office . Upon disemboweling him with the chainsaw , Starkweather pleads with Cash to spare him by saying " Cash , I made you ! " , but Cash thrusts the chainsaw into his face , killing and impaling him .
Later , the media and the police arrive at the mansion , with the journalist exposing Starkweather 's snuff ring and police complicity , and Schaffer is arrested for corruption and brought on trial in Liberty City for his actions . Cash , however , is nowhere to be found .
= = Development = =
Rockstar North began development of Manhunt in the mid @-@ early nineties , building the game with the RenderWare engine that had been used for the Grand Theft Auto titles . In September 2003 , GamesMaster published a preview of Manhunt , commenting " [ Rockstar North has ] scraped its imagination to further twist the way games are made in the future and delivers a chiseled , no @-@ apologies assault on gaming standards . [ ... ] it possesses a warped subtlety that questions game reality ... It creates a barren , harsh , violent experience and then punctures it with something trippy and darkly comic ... "
Many more news outlets , including magazines and websites such as GameSpy , GameSpot and IGN , all previewed Manhunt from late 2003 to early 2004 , when the game was released on Microsoft Windows and Xbox . Rockstar also released exclusive merchandise , limited editions and pre @-@ order bonuses such as official soundtracks , a Piggsy figure , and a handheld voice changer . During the release of the first game , a former Rockstar employee admitted that the game almost caused a mutiny in the company , saying that the team had " already weathered plenty of controversy over GTA III and Vice City — we were no strangers to it — but Manhunt felt different . With GTA , we always had the excuse that the gameplay was untethered — you never had to hurt anybody that wasn 't a " bad guy " in one of the missions . You could play completely ethically if you wanted , and the game was parody anyway , so lighten up " . The game became available through the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3 on May 14 , 2013 , and for the PlayStation 4 on March 22 , 2016 .
= = Reception = =
Manhunt received generally favorable reviews . Metacritic calculated an average score of 76 / 100 based on 47 reviews for the PlayStation 2 version , 75 / 100 based on 28 reviews for the Windows version , and 74 / 100 based on 37 reviews for the Xbox version . As of March 26 , 2008 , the Manhunt series has sold 1 @.@ 7 million copies worldwide . At the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards , the game was nominated for " Console Action Adventure Game of the Year " . In 2010 , it was included in 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die , and listed at # 85 in IGN 's " Top 100 PlayStation 2 Games " .
The game 's dark nihilistic tone and violent nature was singled out by many critics as representing something unique in the world of video gaming . GameSpot concluded that , " like it or not , the game pushes the envelope of video game violence and shows you countless scenes of wholly uncensored , heavily stylized carnage . " Game Informer praised the game 's audacity and competent technical capabilities , stating " it 's a frightening premise that places gamers in a psychological impasse . The crimes that you commit are unspeakable , yet the gameplay that leads to these horrendous acts is so polished and fierce that it 's thrilling . " IGN complimented the game 's overall challenge , calling it a " solid , deep experience for seasoned gamers pining for some hardcore , challenging games . " Watchmojo listed the game at # 6 in its " Top 10 Rockstar Games " , calling it the publisher 's " most controversial game to date " while adding that " if you ’ ve got the stomach for it , the tense stealth experience is really exhilarating from start to finish . "
The Chicago Tribune was especially complimentary of the game , arguing that it marked a significant moment in video gaming history ;
Manhunt is easily the most violent game ever made . It will likely be dismissed by many as a disgusting murder simulator with no reason to exist . But Manhunt also is the Clockwork Orange of video games , holding your eyes open so as to not miss a single splatter -- asking you , is this really what you enjoy watching ? Had Manhunt been poorly made , using the snuff film angle as a cheap gimmick , the game would have been shameful and exploitative . What elevates it to a grotesque , chilling work of art is both presentation and game play . Manhunt is solid as a game ; it 's engaging to use stealth as you creep through the streets of this wicked city , using your smarts to avoid death , while dishing out much of your own . It 's Ubisoft 's Splinter Cell meets the cult Faces of Death videos [ ... ] If Manhunt succeeds at retail , it will say more about America 's fascination with violence than any political discourse or social debate . That makes Manhunt the most important video game of the last five years .
The game received some criticism . Certain gameplay elements , such as the shooting mechanics , were called " frustrating " by Eurogamer , who claimed that " more than half the time the targeting reticule refuses to acknowledge an oncoming enemy until they 're virtually in front of you . " GameSpot concurred , noting that the " AI is much worse in the more action @-@ oriented levels . " 1UP.com said that one quickly became " tired of [ the ] violence [ ... ] AI quirks [ and ] repetitive level design . "
= = Controversy = =
The controversy surrounding the game stems primarily from the graphic manner in which the player executes enemies . In 2007 , former Rockstar employee Jeff Williams revealed that even the game 's staff were somewhat uncomfortable about the level of violence ; " there was almost a mutiny at the company over that game " . Williams explained that the game " just made us all feel icky . It was all about the violence , and it was realistic violence . We all knew there was no way we could explain away that game . There was no way to rationalize it . We were crossing a line . "
The violence in the game drew the attention of U.S. Representative Joe Baca , who was the sponsor of a legislation to fine those who sell adult @-@ themed games to players younger than 17 . Baca said of Manhunt , " it 's telling kids how to kill someone , and it uses vicious , sadistic and cruel methods to kill . " The media was also drawn into the debate . For example , The Globe and Mail wrote " Manhunt is a venal disconnect for the genre . There 's no challenge , just assembly @-@ line , ritualistic slaughter . It 's less a video game and more a weapon of personal destruction . This is about stacking bodies . Perhaps the scariest fact of all : Manhunt is so user @-@ friendly that any sharp 12 @-@ year @-@ old could navigate through the entire game in one sitting . "
Toronto Star writer Ben Rayner , however , praised the relevance of the game , defending its violence and graphic nature as very much a product of its time , and condemning calls to have it banned ;
As entertainment and cultural artifact , Manhunt is totally disturbing . But so is the evening news , the " I 'll eat anything for money " lunacy of Fear Factor and the unfettered , misanthropic gunplay of Bad Boys II , so I will defend until my last breath Rockstar 's right to sell this stuff to me and anyone else who wants it . Do I think games such as these could have dire psychological consequences , particularly for young people ? As always , I remain agnostic on the matter . Who knows , really ? The debate will never be resolved . The American military obviously thinks there 's something there : The troubling new TV ad campaign for the U.S. reserves lures potential young soldiers with tales of adventure accompanied by blatant , video @-@ game @-@ styled animation . And , curiously , no one has complained about or tried to ban SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs , in which stealth and killing figure even more heavily than in Manhunt .
= = = The murder of Stefan Pakeerah = = =
The controversy surrounding Manhunt reached a peak on July 28 , 2004 , when the game was linked to the murder of 14 @-@ year @-@ old Stefan Pakeerah by his 17 @-@ year @-@ old friend Warren Leblanc in Leicestershire , England . Initial media reports claimed that police had found a copy of the game in Leblanc 's bedroom , which police had seized as evidence , and Giselle Pakeerah , the victim 's mother , stated " I think that I heard some of Warren 's friends say that he was obsessed by this game . To quote from the website that promotes it , it calls it a psychological experience , not a game , and it encourages brutal killing . If he was obsessed by it , it could well be that the boundaries for him became quite hazy . " Stefan 's father , Patrick , added " they were playing a game called Manhunt . The way Warren committed the murder this is how the game is set out , killing people using weapons like hammers and knives . There is some connection between the game and what he has done . " Patrick continued " The object of Manhunt is not just to go out and kill people . It 's a point @-@ scoring game where you increase your score depending on how violent the killing is . That explains why Stefan 's murder was as horrific as it was . If these games influence kids to go out and kill , then we do not want them in the shops . " A spokesman for the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers ' Association ( ELSPA ) responded to the accusations by stating " We sympathize enormously with the family and parents of Stefan Pakeerah . However , we reject any suggestion or association between the tragic events and the sale of the video game Manhunt . The game in question is classified 18 by the British Board of Film Classification and therefore should not be in the possession of a juvenile . Simply being in someone 's possession does not and should not lead to the conclusion that a game is responsible for these tragic events . "
During the subsequent media coverage , the game was removed from shelves by some vendors , including both UK and international branches of Game and Dixons . Rockstar responded to this move by stating , " we have always appreciated Dixons as a retail partner , and we fully respect their actions . We are naturally very surprised and disappointed that any retailer would choose to pull any game [ ... ] We reject any suggestion or association between the tragic events and the sale of Manhunt . " Rockstar also reiterated that the game was intended for adults only ; " Rockstar Games is a leading publisher of interactive entertainment geared towards mature audiences , and [ it ] markets its games responsibly , targeting advertising and marketing only to adult consumers ages 18 and older . " As the media speculated that the game could be banned completely , there was a " significantly increased " demand for it both from retailers and on Internet auction sites . Giselle Pakeerah responded to this by saying " it doesn 't really come as surprise , they say no publicity is bad publicity . But I must say I 'm saddened and disappointed . The content of this game is contemptible . It 's a societal hazard and my concern is to get it off the shelves as there 's enough violence in society already . "
Shortly after the murder , later @-@ disbarred American attorney Jack Thompson , who has campaigned against violence in video games , claimed that he had written to Rockstar after the game was released , warning them that the nature of the game could inspire copycat killings ; " I wrote warning them that somebody was going to copycat the Manhunt game and kill somebody . We have had dozens of killings in the U.S. by children who had played these types of games . This is not an isolated incident . These types of games are basically murder simulators . There are people being killed over here almost on a daily basis " . Soon thereafter , the Pakeerah family hired Thompson with the aim of suing Sony and Rockstar for £ 50 million in a wrongful death claim .
However , on the same day that Thompson was hired , the police officially denied any link between the game and the murder , citing drug @-@ related robbery as the motive and revealing that the game had been found in Pakeerah 's bedroom , not Leblanc 's , as originally reported in the media . According to a spokesperson for Leicestershire Constabulary , " the video game was not found in Warren LeBlanc 's room , it was found in Stefan Pakeerah 's room . Leicestershire Constabulary stands by its response that police investigations did not uncover any connections to the video game , the motive for the incident was robbery . " The presiding judge also placed sole responsibility with Leblanc in his summing up , after sentencing him to life . The Pakeerahs ' case against Sony and Rockstar was dropped soon thereafter .
Three years later , in the build @-@ up to the release of Manhunt 2 , the controversy re @-@ ignited . Two days after announcing the game , which was set for release in July , Take @-@ Two Interactive ( Rockstar 's parent company ) issued a statement which read , in part : " We are aware that in direct contradiction to all available evidence , certain individuals continue to link the original Manhunt title to the Warren Leblanc case in 2004 . The transcript of the court case makes it quite clear what really happened . At sentencing the Judge , defense , prosecution and Leicester police all emphasized that Manhunt played no part in the case . " Later that day , however , Patrick and Giselle Pakeerah condemned the decision to release a sequel , and insisted that Manhunt was a factor in their son 's murder . Upon the announcement of the sequel , Patrick stated " I 'm very disappointed . This is rubbing salt into the wounds in the month we will be marking the anniversary of Stefan 's death . I 'm very surprised they are doing this after all that has happened and all the publicity . " Giselle added " It is an insult to my son 's memory that they have announced this game in the month we will be marking this anniversary . These game moguls are making a lot of money out of games which are morally indecent . Why do they have to pump more violence into society ? " Leicester East MP Keith Vaz supported the Pakeerahs , claiming he was " astonished " that Rockstar were making a sequel ; " It is contempt for those who are trying very hard to ensure something is done to control the violent nature of these games . "
Several weeks later , Jack Thompson vowed to have Manhunt 2 banned , claiming that the police were incorrect in asserting the game had belonged to Pakeerah , and that Take @-@ Two were lying about the incident :
[ I ] have been asked by individuals in the United Kingdom to help stop the distribution of Take @-@ Two / Rockstar 's hyperviolent video game Manhunt 2 in that country due out this summer . The game will feature stealth murder and torture . The last version allowed suffocation of victims with plastic bags . The original Manhunt was responsible for the bludgeoning death of a British youth by his friend who obsessively played the game . The killer used a hammer just as in the game he played . Take @-@ Two / Rockstar , anticipating the firestorm of criticism with the release of the murder simulator sequel , is lying to the public on both sides of the pond in stating this week that the game had nothing to do with the murder .
His efforts to have Manhunt 2 banned were unsuccessful .
= = = Legal status = = =
In New Zealand , the game was banned on December 11 , 2003 , with possession deemed an offence . Bill Hastings , the Chief Censor , stated " it 's a game where the only thing you do is kill everybody you see [ ... ] You have to at least acquiesce in these murders and possibly tolerate , or even move towards enjoying them , which is injurious to the public good . " The game was similarly " refused classification " in Australia on September 28 , 2004 by the Classification Review Board , despite having already been on sale for almost a year at the time with the classification of MA15 + ( restricted to ages 15 and over ) .
In Canada , following a meeting in Toronto on December 22 , 2003 between Hastings and officials from the Ontario Ministry of Consumer and Business Services , Manhunt became the first computer game in Ontario to be classified as a film and was restricted to adults on February 3 , 2004 . Apart from Ontario , however , Manhunt had little or no classification problems elsewhere in North America . The British Columbia Film Classification Office reviewed the game after the controversy in Ontario and deemed the Mature rating by the ESRB to be appropriate . In Germany , the Amtsgericht in Munich confiscated all versions of Manhunt on July 19 , 2004 for violation of § 131 StGB ( " representation of violence " ) . According to the court , the game portrays the killing of humans as fun . They also said it glorified vigilantism , which they considered harmful .
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= The Warning ( Eminem song ) =
" The Warning " is a hip hop diss song written and performed by American rapper Eminem and produced by Dr. Dre as part of an ongoing conflict with Mariah Carey . Throughout his career , Eminem claimed he once had a relationship with Carey , dating her for six months . Carey , however , always denied the claim . As a result , Eminem recorded a number of songs in which he rapped about the singer in a negative light , angered by her not admitting to seeing him .
Eminem 's sixth studio album Relapse ( 2009 ) features a song entitled " Bagpipes from Baghdad " , with lyrics suggesting that Eminem is still in love with Carey , and features insulting comments about the singer and her then husband Nick Cannon . After , Cannon made a post on his website , defending Carey and expressing his disgust at the rapper 's comments , Eminem responded to his comment by saying he meant well and that the song is actually " wishing the couple the best " , and later noted that he respected Cannon for his comment , expecting him to defend his wife .
After the release of Carey 's " Obsessed " , a song about an obsessed man who claims to be having a relationship with her , suspicions were raised by many , including Eminem himself , that it was directed at Eminem , despite claims to the contrary by Cannon . As a response , Eminem released " The Warning " , in which he claims he still has proof of the couple . Cannon responded to the song with his " I 'm a Slick Rick " , and even challenged Eminem to a boxing match for charity which never took place . Though not released as a single or as part of an album , " The Warning " appeared on three Billboard charts .
= = Background = =
From the year 2001 onwards , Eminem claimed to have dated Carey for six months throughout the gloomy times in her life . Carey denied ever having been involved with the rapper in a personal relationship , claiming that they had only met a handful of times , and it was professional . Subsequently , he referred to Carey in several of his songs in a negative light , claiming to have been angered by her not admitting to seeing him . On Charmbracelet , Carey included a song titled " Clown " , which critics suggested was aimed at Eminem . " Clown " ' s lyrics were described as " languidly sinister " by Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , and read : " I should 've left it at ' I like your music too ' ... You should never have intimated we were lovers / When you know very well we never even touched each other . " In 2005 , during concerts on the rapper 's Anger Management Tour , he began playing voice @-@ mails and recordings that were reportedly left by Carey . One of the messages said : " I heard you were getting back with your ex @-@ wife . Why won 't you see me ? Why won 't you call me ? " . After playing the excerpt , Eminem would pretend to be sick before launching into his song " Puke " . On May 12 , 2009 , Eminem released his sixth studio album Relapse , which included the song " Bagpipes from Baghdad " . The song 's lyrics suggested Eminem was still in love with Carey and " wanted her back " : " I want another crack at ya " and " Nick Cannon better back the f * * k up . I 'm not playing , I want her back , you punk . " After the song 's release , Cannon went on his website , defending Carey and expressing his disgust at the rapper 's comments :
I felt sorry for him because he must really be stuck in the past . Not only has his music not evolved , but also homeboy is still obsessed with my wife , the same female that wouldn 't let him get to second base from eight years ago . What type of grown ass man lies about getting with a chick ? Only Slim Lamey ! LOL ! I ’ m putting this out there now . Marshall Mathers , you need to holler at me ... Man to man , let ’ s meet up and deal with this like adults . So , Miss Marshall , I 'm going to make you wish you never spoke my name and regret the ungodly things you said about my wife . Your legacy has now been tainted from this day forth ! You will now be known as the rapper who lost to corny @-@ ass Nick Cannon !
Eminem responded to Cannon 's comments sarcastically , clarifying that the song was really " wishing the couple the best " , and that it was a misunderstanding . In an interview with BBC Radio , Eminem clarified that although contained a " harsh " line , he meant well : " There 's a line on there that was a little harsh . It 's a harsh line . But it 's like this , the way I look at it , I had no idea he was gonna take it like he took it . I had no idea Nick Cannon was gonna start wildin ' out on me . No pun intended . " He later commented that he respected Cannon for his comment , and that he expected him to stand up for his wife : " I didn 't read his blog or anything . But it is what it is . He 's supposed to defend his wife , and I expected him to do that . But at the end of the day , it 's a line I said – it 's a song . What I actually meant to say is , I wish them the best . That 's what I meant to say . That 's the whole message of the record . "
After Carey premiered " Obsessed " on June 16 , 2009 , the media frenzied and began speculating the song was targeting Eminem , due to its lyrics and overall message . Following the song 's accompanying music video , which featured Carey playing a role that resembled the rapper , critics considered it Carey 's response to Eminem 's " Bagpipes from Baghdad " . Soon after both the release of the song and its video , Eminem released " The Warning " on July 30 , 2009 , which he claimed to be a retaliation . In the aftermath of the releases , Cannon was questioned regarding the inspiration of " Obsessed " , and whether it was ever directed at Eminem :
She 's Mariah Carey . She 's not beefin ' , she 's a vegetarian . People keep saying [ ' Obsessed ' ] was directed at certain people . To be completely honest , she did the record ' cause she 's a huge fan of this movie Mean Girls , and there 's a line in the movie where one of the girls is like , ' Why are you so obsessed with me ? ' She says that at the beginning of the song , and that 's where the concept came from . But , you know , art imitates life .
= = Content and composition = =
Produced by Dr. Dre , " The Warning " is a mid @-@ tempo track that is almost entirely made up of soft piano keys playing in the background , a consistent drum beat , and occasional horns every few seconds . The song contains no chorus .
The song 's lyrics allude to his supposed relationship with Mariah Carey , the music video for " Obsessed " , and pictures and proof he claims to have of the couple . The song begins " Only reason I dissed you in the first place is because you denied seeing me . Now I 'm pissed off , " before describing Carey 's impersonation of him in her video , " Oh gee , is that supposed to be me in the video with the goatee ? / Wow Mariah , didn 't expect you to go balls out . " Eminem continues describing a near @-@ sexual encounter with the singer , threatening to release voice @-@ mails and pictures he still has in his possession . Additionally , the song features a females voice , unknown whether or not Carey 's , where she calls herself Mary Poppins , as well as several intervals of her laughter .
= = Response = =
Although Carey did not publicly respond to " The Warning " , in September 2010 Cannon responded with a song titled " I 'm a Slick Rick " , on which he attacks Eminem for his disparaging lyrics towards Carey , using a flow similar to that of English rapper Slick Rick . He also later proposed a boxing match between himself and Eminem for charity , even setting up a Facebook page to promote the idea : however , the event never took place .
Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone noted that Eminem " is more sharp and on @-@ point here than on some of Relapse . " Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly however , stated that there is only one " clever " line aimed at Cannon , and that " everything else is just so predictable coming from Em [ inem ] at this point . "
= = Chart performance = =
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= Burger King legal issues =
The legal issues of Burger King include several legal disputes and lawsuits , as both plaintiff and defendant , of the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King ( BK ) , in the years since its founding in 1954 . Situations involving these many legal topics have affected almost every aspect of the company 's operations . Depending on the ownership and executive staff at the time of these incidents , the company 's responses to these challenges have ranged from a conciliatory dialog with its critics and litigants to a more aggressive opposition with questionable tactics and negative consequences . The company 's response to these various issues has drawn praise , scorn , and accusations of political appeasement from different parties over the years .
Controversies and disputes have arisen from a diverse source of group such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) over the welfare of animals , governmental and social agencies over health issues and compliance with nutritional labeling laws , and unions and trade groups over labor relations and laws . These situations have touched on the concepts of animal rights , corporate responsibility and ethics , as well as social justice . While the majority of the disputes did not result in lawsuits , in many of the cases the situations raised legal questions , dealt with statutory compliance , or resulted in legal remedies such as changes in contractual procedure or binding agreements between parties . The resolutions to these legal matters have often altered the way the company interacts and negotiates contracts with its suppliers and franchisees or how it does business with the public .
Further controversies have occurred because of the company 's involvement in the Middle East . The opening of a Burger King location in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories lead to a breach of contract dispute between Burger King and its Israeli franchise ; the dispute eventually erupted into a geopolitical conflagration involving Muslim and Jewish groups on multiple continents over the application of and adherence to international law . The case eventually elicited reactions from the members of the 22 @-@ nation Arab League ; the Islamic countries within the League made a joint threat to the company of legal sanctions including the revocation of Burger King 's business licenses within the member states ' territories . A second issue involving members of the Islamic faith over the interpretation of the Muslim version of canon law , Shariah , regarding the promotional artwork on a dessert package in the United Kingdom raised issues of cultural sensitivity , and , with the former example , posed a larger question about the lengths that companies must go to insure the smooth operation of their businesses in the communities they serve .
A trademark dispute involving the owners of the identically named Burger King in Mattoon , Illinois led to a federal lawsuit ; the case 's outcome helped define the scope of the Lanham act and trademark law in the United States . An existing trademark held by a shop of the same name in South Australia forced the company to change its name in Australia , while another state trademark in Texas forced the company to abandon its signature product , the Whopper , in several counties around San Antonio . Legal decisions from other suits have set contractual law precedents in regards to long @-@ arm statutes , the limitations of franchise agreements , and ethical business practices ; many of these decisions have helped define general business dealings that continue to shape the entire marketplace .
= = Legal disputes & agreements = =
= = = Animal welfare = = =
In 2001 , the animal rights group PETA began targeting fast food chains in the United States regarding the treatment of chickens by suppliers such as Tyson Foods . Using parodies of corporate logos and slogans , the group sought to publicly embarrass the companies into changing their corporate policies in dealing with their poultry suppliers . After winning concessions from McDonald 's with its " McCruelty " campaign , the group targeted Burger King with a six @-@ month campaign it called Murder King . The group and its supporters , with the backing of celebrities including Alec Baldwin , James Cromwell , and Richard Pryor , staged protests outside Burger King restaurants across the United States , calling on the company to establish these new compliance guidelines . On June 28 , 2001 , Burger King entered into an agreement with the group and established a contractual framework that defined procedures to ensure that its suppliers were conforming to the agreed @-@ upon standards of animal welfare . These changes , along with the company 's new vegetarian offering , the BK Veggie sandwich , drew praise from the group .
In 2006 , PETA went before Burger King 's board of directors during its parent company 's annual corporate meeting to request that poultry suppliers switched to a more @-@ humane method of slaughter called controlled atmosphere killing ( CAK ) . Instead of using its previous tactic of stating that the procedure is more humane , the group claimed that CAK was economically more feasible as it reduces the chances of injury to workers in poultry factories and it produces better products by preventing injury to the animal . Responding to the proposal in March 2007 , Burger King announced it would make further changes to its animal @-@ welfare policies . The new policies favor suppliers of chickens that utilize CAK rather than electric shock to knock birds unconscious before slaughter , and require its pork and poultry suppliers to upgrade the living conditions of pigs and chickens . Under the agreement , 2 % of BK 's North American egg suppliers are to use cage @-@ free @-@ produced eggs and 10 % of pork suppliers are to use crate @-@ free pigs for its pork products . PETA and the Humane Society of the United States were quoted as saying that Burger King ’ s initiatives put it ahead of its competitors in terms of animal rights and welfare and that they were hopeful that the new initiatives would trigger reform throughout the fast food industry as a whole .
= = = Nutrition = = =
Since the 1980s , several parties , including the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) , the British Heart Foundation , the City of New York , and the Spanish government , have argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt , fat , trans @-@ fat and calories . After its purchase by TPG Capital from former parent company Diageo in 2002 , the company introduced several large , over @-@ sized products including its European BK XXL line , the British Angus burger six @-@ pack , the Enormous Omelet Sandwich line and the BK Stacker line . These new offerings , and others like them , have resulted in further international scorn and negative attention due the large portion size and increased amounts of unhealthy fats and trans @-@ fats in these items . Many consumer groups have accused Burger King and other fast food restaurant chains of failing to provide healthier alternatives .
A 1985 agreement with the New York city public health commissioner 's office , over publication of nutritional data regarding the food it sells , helped define guidelines used by the city for the dissemination of nutritional information . In a five @-@ month negotiation with Burger King and its then parent Grand Metropolitan PLC ( now part of Diageo ) , the company agreed to post complete nutritional information that complied with the Federal Government 's guidelines for the maximum daily recommended intake of fat and sodium . Additionally the data was to be presented in a format easy for the general public to understand and use . On the basis of this agreement , New York public health commissioner Mark Green , with support of Mayor David Dinkins , proposed legislation that would require all fast food restaurants to display nutritional data as well .
In response to the 2006 introduction of the BK XXL product line in Spain , the Spanish Health Ministry publicly claimed that the company had violated a voluntary agreement between the company and the Spanish Federation of Hoteliers and Restaurateurs , a group to which Burger King belongs , that called on its members to refrain from advertising large portions of food . The Minister of Health , Elena Salgado , claimed that the new promotion and the new sandwiches , averaging over 970 calories each , violated the accord . The head of Spain 's food regulatory body , Felix Lobo , stated a legal case could be made against Burger King for " illegally failing to comply with a contract " . In a response to the Government 's allegations , the European offices of Burger King released this statement : " In this campaign , we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years . Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto ' As you like it , ' in which our customers ' taste trumps all . " The company also explained that it had always worked " to reduce the risk of illness provoked by an inadequate diet and to promote a balanced ... diet . " A spokesperson for the company stated that customers have the choice of salads versus a Whopper , that they have the option to modify their sandwiches as they please , and that the company was going to continue to advertising the products .
In May 2007 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) sought a state @-@ level class action lawsuit against Burger King in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia over the inclusion of trans @-@ fats in foods served by Burger King and Burger King 's failure to set a definitive time line for their elimination from the company 's menu . The CSPI suit sought to require the company to place large heath warnings on Burger King 's food packaging that explained the dangers of trans @-@ fat and the levels of trans @-@ fat contained in its products . Burger King sought to move the case to the Federal courts and have the suit dismissed . The Federal Court denied the company 's motion for dismissal and sent the case back to the Superior Court for trial . To address the CSPI 's legal challenge , as well as several laws passed in New York City , Philadelphia and other cities regarding the issue of trans @-@ fats in its food , BK announced a plan in July 2007 to phase out all trans @-@ fats from its products by the end of 2008 .
In response to the issue of childhood obesity , Burger King announced in October 2007 that it was joining The Council of Better Business Bureau 's Children 's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative . The program is a voluntary self @-@ regulation program designed to modify advertising messages aimed at children so as to encourage healthier eating habits and lifestyles . As part of its participation in the program , Burger King announced a series of steps in its advertising and children 's product lines to which it was committing itself :
... In addition , Burger King Corp. will :
Restrict advertising to children under 12 that uses third @-@ party licensed characters to Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines
Refrain from advertising in elementary schools and from product placement in media primarily aimed at children under 12
Promote Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines on its Web site
Promote healthy lifestyles and healthy dietary choices in advertising
The modified Kid 's Meal line will include new products , such as broiled Chicken Tenders , apple " fries " ( French cut , raw apples served in a fry box ) , and Kraft macaroni and cheese . According to the statement by the company 's corporate parent , Burger King Brands , the meals will contain no more than 560 calories per meal , with less than 30 percent of the calories derived from fat , less than 10 percent of the calories from saturated fat , no added trans fats and no more than 10 percent of calories derived from added sugars . As of August 1 , 2008 , Burger King has introduced the product line in the United States , but not the broiled Chicken Tenders product available in the United Kingdom and Ireland .
= = = Labor = = =
A protracted South Florida labor dispute between the Coalition of Immokalee Workers ( CIW ) and growers of tomatoes in the region expanded to include Burger King and other major fast food companies , including McDonald 's and Yum ! Brands . In 2001 , the CIW sought a pay raise for tomato pickers in the region and , starting with its Boot the Bell campaign aimed at Yum ! subsidiary Taco Bell , began to target the chains with protests , letter writing campaigns , and petitions demanding that the companies purchase tomatoes only from suppliers who agree to the pay increase . The campaign , which eventually attracted the support of religious groups , labor organizations , student groups and anti @-@ slavery activists , became known as the Campaign for Fair Food with a stated goal to increase the wages of the pickers by 1 ¢ per pound picked above the 45 ¢ paid per bucket at the time , or about 77 ¢ for each 32 @-@ pound ( 14 @.@ 5 kg ) bucket in 2005 US dollars . In 2005 , McDonald 's Corporation and Yum ! signed agreements acquiescing to the group 's purchasing demands , although implementation was put on hold due to threats by the Florida Tomato Growers Exchange to fine its members $ 100 @,@ 000 if they complied ; however , Burger King corporate parent Burger King Brands declined to enter into a similar agreement with the group .
A December 2007 QSR Magazine article about the conflict claimed that Burger King Brands had devised a contingency plan to remove itself from the dispute . Citing internal company documents , the Associated Press stated BK had concerns that such agreements might prove to be a possible violation of anti @-@ trust laws , had possible tax implications , and that there were issues with third @-@ party oversight for the agreements . As part of the company 's plan , QSR Magazine claimed that the company was going to cease purchasing product from suppliers with whom the CIW was in disagreement . In response , the company issued a press release in February 2007 claiming that while it is a large purchaser , it is not responsible for the pay rates of it suppliers ' workers as wage disputes are the province of the producer . BK also pointed out that it has an open offer of employment for any dissatisfied CIW members and scholarships ( through its Have it Your Way Foundation ) for family members of CIW workers .
In the release , Steven Grover , BK Vice President of Global Food Safety , Quality Assurance , and Regulatory Compliance , confirmed the factuality of the QSR report and that if the dispute between the growers and the CIW continues , the company would go forward with its plans to stop purchasing tomatoes from farms in the Immokalee region . The company stated it would purchase only one percent of its tomatoes from that area and other suppliers could easily make up the difference . Speaking on the dispute , Grover stated , " We ’ re being asked to do something that we have legal questions about . We want to find a way to make sure that workers are protected and receive a decent wage . " CIW spokesperson Julia Perkins faulted this move , stating , " ... farm workers across the country and world face the same problems as those in the Immokalee region , but many do not have a human rights organization , such as the CIW , to stand up for their interests . Running away from the scene of the crime , does that make you any more innocent ? Are they really willing to pay an exorbitantly higher transportation cost [ s ] to bring in tomatoes from overseas or Mexico and pass that on to their customers rather than pay a penny more per pound ? "
In an April 2008 Senate hearing chaired by U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders ( I @-@ VT ) regarding farm conditions , Eric Schlosser , author of the best @-@ selling Fast Food Nation , commented on Burger King 's recalcitrance to sign an agreement with the CIW while Yum ! and McDonald 's had . Schlosser stated , " The admirable behavior of these two industry giants makes the behavior or Burger King ... seem completely unjustifiable . "
In May 2008 , several issues came to the fore that damaged the credibility of Burger King and its position on the topic . Steven Grover was found to be trolling websites that have posted pro @-@ CIW positions and opinions ; under an assumed screen name , Grover posted several comments disparaging the ethics and honesty of the leadership of the group . Besides the trolling incident , Grover was tied to several terse , stridently worded e @-@ mails sent from a possibly fictitious employee name at the BK global headquarters in Miami to supporters and media groups ; the company labeled these communications as unsanctioned and not reflecting official corporate positions . Additionally , Burger King was found to have hired an outside security company , Pembroke Pines , Florida based Diplomatic Tactical Services , to infiltrate the CIW and its supporting groups and spy on their members . After these issues came to light , BK terminated Grover and company spokesman Keva Silversmith , as well as its relationship with Diplomatic Tactical Services . Critics of the personnel action , such as PR Watch editor Sheldon Rampton , noted that it appeared that the two terminated employees were being made scapegoats by the company . Rampton went on to note that Silversmith had been , up to a few weeks before the story came to light , employed by the PR firm Edelman , which had been contracted by company parent Burger King Brands to provide PR services ; Edelman has employed tactics on the behalf of its other clients , Wal @-@ Mart and Microsoft , which Rampton and his organization termed " sleazy " . Sen. Sanders agreed with Rampton 's claim of scapegoating , and called for hearings into the incidents to investigate the company 's behaviors to see if other Burger King officers had instigated the attacks on the labor group as company policy . Sanders stated that he wished to " make sure that we find out how high up the corporate ladder this scheme went " .
The issue was resolved on May 23 , 2008 when BK CEO John Chidsey announced an agreement with the CIW granting the requested 1 ¢ pay increase to the workers . Chidsey also apologized on behalf of the company for the comments made about the pickers and the behavior of Grover and Silversmith . Additionally , the company agreed to provide a ½ ¢ per pound payment to the CIW to cover payroll taxes and administrative costs for the tomato growers .
= = = Israel , Palestine & the occupied territories = = =
In the summer of 1999 , a geopolitical dispute with the global Islamic community and Jewish groups in the United States and Israel arose over an Israeli franchisee opening stores in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories . When Burger King franchisee in Israel , Rikamor , Ltd . , opened a store in the West Bank settlement of Ma 'aleh Adumim in August of that year , Islamic groups , including the Arab League and American Muslims for Jerusalem , argued that international Burger King parent Burger King Corporation 's licensing of the store helped legitimize the illegal settlement . Beyond the called @-@ for Islamic boycott of the company , the Arab League also threatened the revocation of the business licenses of Burger King 's primary Middle Eastern franchise in the 22 countries that are part of the League 's membership .
Burger King Corporation quickly pulled the franchise license for that location and had the store shuttered explaining that Rikamor , Ltd. had violated its contract by opening the location in the West Bank . Several American @-@ based Jewish groups issued statements that denounced the decision as acceding to threats of boycotts by Islamic groups . Burger King Corporation issued a statement that it " made this decision purely on a commercial basis and in the best interests of thousands of people who depend on the Burger King reputation for their livelihood " .
= = = Islamic relations = = =
An issue of a religious nature arose in 2005 in the United Kingdom when Burger King introduced a new prepackaged ice cream product ; the label of the product included a silhouette of the ice cream that when rotated on its side bore a resemblance to the Islamic inscription for God , Allah ( الله ) . When a British Muslim named Rashad Akhtar , a resident of the community of High Wycombe , was presented with the ice cream cone in a Park Royal Burger King restaurant , he noticed the resemblance and became angered at what he felt was an offense to the Islamic faith . After being informed of the likeness , the local Islamic group Muslim Council of Britain pointed out the issue of the possible interpretation to Burger King and its relevance to Shariah , the Muslim version of canon law which governs the lives of members of the Islamic faith and carries the same weight as civil law in their belief structure . The company responded by voluntarily recalling the product and reissuing it with a new label . The Muslim Council praised the company for its " sensitive and prompt action " in resolving the matter ; however , Akhtar was not satisfied with the company 's withdrawal of the product .
In response to the perceived blasphemy , Akhtar declared it was his personal jihad to find those responsible for the packaging and destroy their professional status , personal life and the UK as a whole for having a culture allowing the insult to occur . This event , Akhtar 's reaction and other similar issues with companies such as Nike and Unilever have been used by conservative political critics , such as James Joyner , claiming that western nations and organizations are kowtowing in too easily to Muslims ' claims or threats and by commentators , including author Daniel C. Dennett , highlighting how factions of the Islamic faith gravitate towards iconoclasm .
= = Cases of note = =
= = = Burger King Corporation v. Hungry Jack 's Pty Limited = = =
When Burger King moved to expand its operations into Australia in the early 1970s , its business name was already trademarked by a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . As a result , Burger King provided the Australian franchisee , Jack Cowin , with a list of possible alternative names derived from pre @-@ existing trademarks already registered by Burger King and its then corporate parent Pillsbury that could be used to name the Australian restaurants . Cowin selected the Hungry Jack brand name , one of Pillsbury 's US pancake mixture products , and slightly changed the name to the possessive form , Hungry Jack 's . The first Australian franchise of Burger King Corporation was established in Perth in 1971 , under the auspices of Cowin 's new company Hungry Jack 's Pty , Limited .
In 1990 , Hungry Jack 's renewed its franchise agreement with then BK parent Burger King Corporation , which allowed Hungry Jack 's to license third party franchisee . One of the terms and conditions of the renewed agreement required Hungry Jack 's to open a minimum number of new locations each year for the duration of the contract . Shortly after the Australian trademark on the Burger King name lapsed in 1996 , Burger King requested that Cowin rebrand the Hungry Jack 's locations to Burger King , which Cowin declined . Burger King Corporation accused Hungry Jack 's of violating the conditions of the renewed franchise agreement by failing to expand the chain at the rate defined and sought to terminate the agreement . Under the aegis of this claim , Burger King Corporation , in partnership with Royal Dutch Shell 's Australian division Shell Company of Australia Ltd . , began to open its own stores in 1997 beginning in Sydney and extending throughout the regions of New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . In addition , BK sought to limit HJ 's ability to open new locations in the country , whether they were corporate locations or third @-@ party licensees .
As a result of Burger King 's actions , Hungry Jack 's owner Jack Cowin and his private holding company Competitive Foods Australia began legal proceedings in 2001 against Burger King 's parent Burger King Corporation with a counter @-@ claim that the company had violated the conditions of the master franchising agreement and was in breach of the contract . In a decision handed down by the Supreme Court of New South Wales that affirmed Cowin 's claims , Burger King was determined to have violated the terms of the contract and as a result was required to pay Cowin and Hungry Jack 's a A $ 46 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 41 @.@ 6 million 2001 ) award . The court 's decision was one of the first major cases in Australia that implied that the American legal concept of good faith negotiations existed with the framework of the Australian legal system , which until that verdict , had rarely been seen in the country 's courts . In its decision , the Court stated that Burger King had failed to act in good faith during contract negotiations by seeking to include standards and clauses that would engineer a default of the franchise agreement , allowing the company to limit the number of new Hungry Jack ’ s branded restaurants and ultimately claim the Australian market as its own , a purpose that was extraneous to the agreement .
After Burger King Corporation lost the case , it decided to terminate its operations in the country , and in July 2002 , the company transferred its assets to its New Zealand franchise group , Trans @-@ Pacific Foods ( TPF ) . The terms of the sale had TPF assume oversight of the Burger King franchises in the region as the Burger King brand 's master franchisee . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods administered the chain 's 81 locations until September 2003 when the new management team of Burger King Corporation reached an agreement with Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd to re @-@ brand the existing Burger King locations to Hungry Jack 's and make HJP the sole master franchisee of both brands . An additional part of the agreement required Burger King Corporation to provide administrative and advertising support as to insure a common marketing scheme for the company and its products . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods transferred its control of the Burger King franchises to Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd , which subsequently renamed the remaining Burger King locations as Hungry Jack 's .
= = = Burger King v. Rudzewicz = = =
In 1979 , two Michigan businessmen , John Rudzewicz and Brian MacShara , entered into a franchise agreement with Burger King to run a restaurant in Detroit , Michigan . After MacShara attended four months of training courses at the regional Burger King training facilities in Michigan and in the Florida headquarters on how to operate and administer a Burger King franchise , it was agreed that the partners would take over operation of an existing Burger King location in Drayton Plains , Michigan . However , during this time disagreements arose between the partners and BK over issues of rent , construction fees , building designs and the assignment of legal liabilities . MacShara and Ruzewicz finally signed their franchise agreement after gaining limited concessions over the issues , with Rudzewicz assuming a 20 @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 financial obligation over the life of the contract .
Due to a recessionary period in the United States beginning with the energy crisis in late 1979 , sales began to decline at the location and the partnership failed to pay their required franchise fees and rent service to Burger King Corporation . After attempts over the intervening months to negotiate a compromise with MacShara and Ruzewicz failed , Burger King terminated the franchise agreement and ordered the pair to vacate the property . Rudzewicz and MacShara refused to comply and continued operation of their restaurant even after they were served the notice . Burger King response was to file a lawsuit in May 1981 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida claiming breach of contract and trademark infringement . Burger King sought an injunction against the pair preventing them from operating the restaurant and seeking damages because MacShara and Ruzewicz were " ... tortiously infringing its [ Burger King ] trademarks and service marks through their continued , unauthorized operation as a Burger King restaurant " . The company also sought reimbursement of all legal fees and costs associated with the filing .
The defendants , MacShara and Rudzewicz , filed a motion to dismiss the case on the argument as Michigan residents , the District Court of Southern Florida did not have jurisdiction . After a hearing , the Court ruled that Florida has personal jurisdiction under State of Florida 's long @-@ arm statute , stating that " ... a non @-@ resident Burger King franchise is subject to the personal jurisdiction of this Court in actions arising out of its franchise agreements " . The partners filed a counter claim and alleged Burger King had violated Michigan 's Franchise Investment Law and sought damages and fees . After a short trial , the Court found for Burger King and ordered Rudzewicz and MacShara to close the restaurant and awarded BK damages , fees , and costs .
After the loss , MacShara withdrew from the case but Rudzewicz appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit . In the filing , Rudzewicz claimed that since they were residents of Michigan , and because the claims did not arise within the Southern District of Florida , that District Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them . Additionally Rudzewicz argued that the long @-@ arm statute violated the 14th Amendment and was unconstitutional . Citing a similar case , World @-@ Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson , the Appeals court agreed with the defendants and overturned the lower court 's decision . The court also agreed with Rudzewicz 's assertion of the constitutionality of Florida 's long arm statute in its application to the case .
In turn , Burger King Corporation asked for a rehearing , which was denied . Burger King then filed an appeal to the US Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case on its merits , after which it would decide if it had jurisdiction to grant a writ of certiorari . In its decision , the Supreme Court overturned the Appellate Court and found that Florida does have jurisdiction in the case . The Court concluded that the defendants , Rudzewicz and MacShara , sought out their franchise in the state of Florida and were availed of the protections of that state and were , therefore , subject to jurisdiction there . Additionally , the Court reasoned that the defendants had a " substantial and continuing " relationship with Burger King in Florida and that due process would not be violated because the defendants should have reasonably anticipated being summoned into court in Florida for breach of contract .
The decision in Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , has been criticized as complicating " personal jurisdiction jurisprudence by creating , in dicta , a new bifurcated test " that duplicates a venue analysis , adds little to the minimum contacts inquiry , hinders predictability , is a burdensome process , and potentially allows a plaintiff to manipulate a defendant 's constitutional rights .
= = = Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots = = =
As the company expanded , it was subject to several legal issues regarding trademarks . Because of its use as a case study in American law schools , one of the most prominent incidents of infringement in the United States occurred with the similarly named Burger King located in Mattoon , Illinois . Eugene and Elizabeth Hoots owned an ice cream shop in the city of Mattoon ; due to the success of the store , in 1957 they expanded it with an additional shop in a former garage next to the original operation . Keeping with theme related to the name of the ice cream shop , Frigid Queen , they named their burger stand Burger King and registered their trademark with the state of Illinois in 1959 . In 1962 The Hootses , with knowledge of the Federal trademark held by Burger King Corporation , added a second location in Charleston , Illinois .
In 1961 , with its first location in Skokie , Illinois , Burger King Corporation and its franchises began opening stores and by 1967 had over 20 locations spread throughout the state . The Hootses , claiming that their trademark gave them exclusive rights to the name in Illinois sued BK in the state , and later federal , courts under the case Burger King of Florida , Inc. v. Hoots 403 F.2d 904 ( 7th Cir . 1968 ) . The decision issued by United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois , and upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , stated that the BK federal trademark , applied for in 1961 and granted in 1963 , took precedence over the Hootses ' older , state trademark ; The Court granted the Hootses exclusive rights to the Burger King trademark within a circular area defined with a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) radius centered on their original location .
The Burger King v. Hoots trademark dispute and its resulting decision went beyond the original case , it established a major legal precedent in the United States in regards to the Lanham Act . The ruling states that while the senior user of the state service mark or trademark has prior usage of the common law marks , federal statute overrides the earlier , state service mark and prohibits the senior user from preventing the junior user from exercising the use of the federally registered mark outside a defined geographic reach of the senior user .
The Hoots decision would again affect Burger King as it moved into the state of Texas . When Burger King expanded into the San Antonio area , it was prevented from utilizing the name of its signature product , the Whopper , in its local advertising and stores due to a prior state registered service mark owned by a local chain known as Whopper Burger . The chain , owned by Frank and Barbara Bates , prevented the company from using the name in Bexar County for several years until Mrs. Bates , the CEO of Whopper Burger after the death of her husband in 1983 , retired and sold the chain with its related trademarks to then @-@ corporate parent Pillsbury in the mid @-@ 1980s .
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= A Year Without Rain ( song ) =
" A Year Without Rain " is a song by American band Selena Gomez & the Scene . It was written by Lindy Robbins and Toby Gad , with the latter also producing the song . The song was released on September 7 , 2010 as the second and final single from the band 's second album of the same name . A Spanish @-@ language version of the song was also recorded , entitled " Un Año Sin Lluvia " [ un ˈaɲo siɲ ˈʎuβja ] . Gomez titled the album for the song because she wanted to base all the other songs around it . Musically , the song is a Eurodance ballad with a techno beat . In its lyrics , the song 's protagonist compares yearning for her love to a year without rain .
Music critics gave the song positive reviews , complimenting it as a dance ballad and noting Gomez 's vocal maturity . " A Year Without Rain " became the band 's third consecutive top forty single in the United States and Canada . It also charted in the lower regions of numerous European charts . The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Chris Dooley and shot on @-@ site in Lucerne Valley , California features Gomez frolicking in the desert surrounded by a swarm of photographs of her and her love interest , before they meet during a rainstorm . The band performed the song a number of times via live performances , including on televised programs such as Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and the 37th Annual People 's Choice Awards .
= = Background and composition = =
In August 2010 , a demo of the song , sung by singer Selin Alexa leaked online . Becky Bain of Idolator called the song a " mature dance track " and said that it " wouldn ’ t entirely be out of place on a Sophie Ellis @-@ Bextor album . " It seems that it was first made for Leona Lewis . In an interview with MTV News , Gomez said that " A Year Without Rain " was the first song she recorded for the album . She also explained why she named the album for the song , commenting , " I feel like that song has a lot of meaning , and it also kind of was the start of what I wanted to base all the other songs around . " A Spanish @-@ language version of the song titled " Un Año Sin Ver Lluvia " was released through the iTunes Store on October 26 , 2010 .
" A Year Without Rain " is a dance ballad , written by Toby Gad and Lindy Robbins , with a length of three minutes and twenty @-@ nine seconds . It was also produced by Gad . Musically , the track uses a standard pop structure and derives from the genre of Eurodance , backed with a techno beat . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , " A Year Without Rain " is set in common time and has a tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is written in the key of C major and follows the chord progression of C – Gm – Dm – F. Gomez 's vocals in the song span from F3 to E5 . Lyrically , the song sees Gomez longing for the object of her affection and compares it to a year without rain : " I need you by my side / Don 't know how I 'll survive / A day without you is like a year without rain . " According to Megan Vick of Billboard , the sound of the song contrasts with its " tender " lyrics .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Allmusic 's Tim Sendra also named the song a standout on the album , calling it " catchy " and " well @-@ sung " . Megan Vick of Billboard said that while Gomez did not have the vocal power of Demi Lovato , she " makes a strong effort to attack the high notes as she croons the chorus " . Vick stated that the song " is compelling enough to separate the singer from other Disney @-@ groomed pop stars . " Wairarapa Times @-@ Age writer Kim Gillespie named " A Year Without Rain " one of the album 's highlights . David Welsh of musicOMH noted Gomez ' mature performance and wrote that the song " reaps rewards with an impressively heartbroken stab at euro @-@ dance " . In contrast , The Washington Post critic Allison Stewart was unfavorable of the lyrical content of the song , commenting that it was " the sort of exercise in teenage co @-@ dependence ... that should be long extinct . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
Propelled by its debut at number fourteen on the Hot Digital Songs chart , " A Year Without Rain " debuted at number thirty @-@ five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the group 's third consecutive top forty single . It remained on the chart for four weeks . On the week dated January 1 , 2011 , the song debuted at number thirty @-@ six on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart . As of August 2014 , the song has sold 1 @,@ 002 @,@ 000 downloads in the US .
The song achieved greater success in Canada , peaking at thirty on the Canadian Hot 100 . The song also appeared on numerous European charts , peaking at seventy @-@ eight in the United Kingdom , fifty @-@ six in Germany , and forty @-@ one in Slovakia . It also reached number three on the Belgian Flanders Tip chart .
= = Music video = =
The music video , directed by Chris Dooley , was shot on location in Lucerne Valley , California . It premiered on September 3 , 2010 on Disney Channel , following the premiere of Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam and a sneak peek of Fish Hooks . The video starts off with the band driving through the desert in a red convertible . Gomez removes a photograph from the sun visor , which is subsequently blown away by the wind . The chorus commences as the band disappears and Gomez steps out of the vehicle , wearing a dress and begins to sing . As the video progresses , a multitude of photographs of her relationship fall from the sky , as Gomez travels elegantly through the desert . During the bridge , it starts to rain as Gomez spots her love interest ( Niko Pepaj ) in the distance . The two begin to walk towards each other , and the video ends as they meet and hold hands .
Nadine Cheung of AOL JSYK said " She sings : ' I 'm missing you so much / Can 't help it , I 'm in love / A day without you is like a year without rain ' and that 's really what 's depicted in a simple and sweet way . "
= = Live performances = =
The band first performed the song on September 22 , 2010 on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . The band performed the song on Good Morning America on September 23 , 2010 . On November 16 , 2010 , the band performed the song on Lopez Tonight , and they performed it on Live with Regis and Kelly on December 1 , 2010 . They performed the song at the 2011 People 's Choice Awards on January 5 , 2011 , and afterwards were awarded the Choice award for Favorite Breakout Artist . Gomez appeared on stage accompanied by low lights and fog . Kara Warner of MTV News commented , " Although it wasn 't a stadium @-@ rocking performance à la Lady Gaga or Katy Perry , Gomez powered through her pop song with a sense of earnestness and commitment . She didn 't even miss a beat when her earpiece appeared to fall out mid @-@ song . " The song was also performed during the We Own the Night Tour .
= = Formats and track listings = =
Germany CD single
" A Year Without Rain " – 3 : 54
" A Year Without Rain " ( Starlab Radio Edit ) – 3 : 41
Digital download
" A Year Without Rain " – 3 : 55
UK promo CD
" A Year Without Rain " – 3 : 54
" A Year Without Rain " ( Instrumental ) – 3 : 54
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Pelican =
Pelicans are a genus of large water birds that makes up the family Pelecanidae . They are characterised by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped up contents before swallowing . They have predominantly pale plumage , the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans . The bills , pouches and bare facial skin of all species become brightly coloured before the breeding season . The eight living pelican species have a patchy global distribution , ranging latitudinally from the tropics to the temperate zone , though they are absent from interior South America as well as from polar regions and the open ocean .
Long thought to be related to frigatebirds , cormorants , tropicbirds , gannets and boobies , pelicans instead are now known to be most closely related to the shoebill and hamerkop , and are placed in the order Pelecaniformes . Ibises , spoonbills and herons are more distant relatives , and have been classified in the same order . Fossil evidence of pelicans dates back to at least 30 million years to the remains of a beak very similar to that of modern species recovered from Oligocene strata in France . They are thought to have evolved in the Old World and spread into the Americas ; this is reflected in the relationships within the genus as the eight species divide into Old World and New World lineages .
Pelicans frequent inland and coastal waters where they feed principally on fish , catching them at or near the water surface . They are gregarious birds , travelling in flocks , hunting cooperatively and breeding colonially . Four white @-@ plumaged species tend to nest on the ground , and four brown or grey @-@ plumaged species nest mainly in trees . The relationship between pelicans and people has often been contentious . The birds have been persecuted because of their perceived competition with commercial and recreational fishing . Their populations have fallen through habitat destruction , disturbance and environmental pollution , and three species are of conservation concern . They also have a long history of cultural significance in mythology , and in Christian and heraldic iconography .
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
= = = Etymology = = =
The genus Pelecanus was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . He described the distinguishing characteristics as a straight bill hooked at the tip , linear nostrils , a bare face , and fully webbed feet . This early definition included frigatebirds , cormorants , and sulids as well as pelicans . The name comes from the Ancient Greek word pelekan ( πελεκάν ) , which is itself derived from the word pelekys ( πέλεκυς ) meaning " axe " . In classical times , the word was applied to both the pelican and the woodpecker .
= = = Taxonomy = = =
Pelicans give their name to the Pelecaniformes , an order which has a varied taxonomic history . Tropicbirds , darters , cormorants , gannets , boobies and frigatebirds , all traditional members of the order , have since been reclassified : tropicbirds into their own order , Phaethontiformes , and the remainder into Suliformes . In their place , herons , ibises , spoonbills , the hamerkop and the shoebill have now been transferred into Pelecaniformes . Molecular evidence suggests that the shoebill and the hamerkop form a sister group to the pelicans , though there is some doubt as to the exact relationship between the three lineages .
= = = Fossil record = = =
The fossil record shows that the pelican lineage has existed for at least 30 million years ; the oldest known pelican fossil was found in Early Oligocene deposits at the Luberon in southeastern France and is remarkably similar to modern forms . Its beak is almost complete and is morphologically identical to that of present @-@ day pelicans , showing that this advanced feeding apparatus was already in existence at the time . An Early Miocene fossil has been named Miopelecanus gracilis on the basis of certain features originally considered unique but later thought to lie within the range of inter @-@ specific variation in Pelecanus . The Late Eocene Protopelicanus may be a pelecaniform or suliform – or a similar aquatic bird such as a pseudotooth ( Pelagornithidae ) . The supposed Miocene pelican Liptornis from Patagonia is a nomen dubium ( of doubtful validity ) , being based on fragments providing insufficient evidence to support a valid description .
Fossil finds from North America have been meagre compared with Europe , which has a richer fossil record . Several Pelecanus species have been described from fossil material , including :
Pelecanus cadimurka , Rich & van Tets , 1981 ( Late Pliocene , South Australia )
Pelecanus cautleyi , Davies , 1880 ( Early Pliocene , Siwalik Hills , India )
Pelecanus fraasi , Lydekker , 1891 ( Middle Miocene , Bavaria , Germany )
Pelecanus gracilis , Milne @-@ Edwards , 1863 ( Early Miocene , France ) ( see : Miopelecanus )
Pelecanus halieus , Wetmore , 1933 ( Late Pliocene , Idaho , US )
Pelecanus intermedius , Fraas , 1870 ( Middle Miocene , Bavaria , Germany ) ( transferred to Miopelecanus by Cheneval in 1984 )
Pelecanus odessanus , Widhalm , 1886 ( Late Miocene , near Odessa , Ukraine )
Pelecanus schreiberi , Olson , 1999 ( Early Pliocene , North Carolina , US )
Pelecanus sivalensis , Davies , 1880 ( Early Pliocene , Siwalik Hills , India )
Pelecanus tirarensis , Miller , 1966 ( Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene , South Australia )
= = = Living species = = =
The eight living pelican species were traditionally divided into two groups , one containing four ground @-@ nesters with mainly white adult plumage ( Australian , Dalmatian , great white , and American white pelicans ) , and one containing four grey or brown plumaged species which nest preferentially either in trees ( pink @-@ backed , spot @-@ billed and brown pelicans ) , or on sea rocks ( Peruvian pelican ) . The largely marine brown and Peruvian pelicans , formerly considered conspecific , are sometimes separated from the others by placement in the subgenus Leptopelicanus but in fact species with both sorts of appearance and nesting behavior are found in either .
DNA sequencing of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes yielded relationships quite different ; the three New World pelicans formed one lineage , with the American white pelican sister to the two brown pelicans , and the five Old World species the other . The Dalmatian , pink @-@ backed and spot @-@ billed were all closely related to one another , while the Australian white pelican was their next @-@ closest relative . The great white pelican also belonged to this lineage but was the first to diverge from the common ancestor of the other four species . This finding suggests that pelicans evolved in the Old World and spread into the Americas , and that preference for tree- or ground @-@ nesting is more related to size than genetics .
= = Description = =
Pelicans are very large birds with very long bills characterised by a downcurved hook at the end of the upper mandible , and the attachment of a huge gular pouch to the lower . The slender rami of the lower bill and the flexible tongue muscles form the pouch into a basket for catching fish and , sometimes , rainwater , though in order not to hinder the swallowing of large fish , the tongue itself is tiny . They have a long neck and short stout legs with large , fully webbed feet . Although they are among the heaviest of flying birds , they are relatively light for their apparent bulk because of air pockets in the skeleton and beneath the skin enabling them to float high in the water . The tail is short and square . The wings are long and broad , suitably shaped for soaring and gliding flight , and have the unusually large number of 30 to 35 secondary flight feathers .
Males are generally larger than females and have longer bills . The smallest species is the brown pelican , small individuals of which can be no more than 2 @.@ 75 kg ( 6 @.@ 1 lb ) and 1 @.@ 06 m ( 3 @.@ 5 ft ) long , with a wingspan of as little as 1 @.@ 83 m ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) . The largest is believed to be the Dalmatian , at up to 15 kg ( 33 lb ) and 1 @.@ 83 m ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) in length , with a maximum wingspan of 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . The Australian pelican 's bill may grow up to 0 @.@ 5 m ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) long in large males , the longest of any bird .
Pelicans have mainly light @-@ coloured plumage , the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans . The bills , pouches and bare facial skin of all species become brighter before breeding season commences . The throat pouch of the Californian subspecies of the brown pelican turns bright red , and fades to yellow after the eggs are laid , while the throat pouch of the Peruvian pelican turns blue . The American white pelican grows a prominent knob on its bill that is shed once females have laid eggs . The plumage of immature pelicans is darker than that of adults . Newly hatched chicks are naked and pink , darkening to grey or black after 4 to 14 days , then developing a covering of white or grey down .
= = = Air sacs = = =
Anatomical dissections of two brown pelicans in 1939 showed that pelicans have a network of subcutaneous air sacs under their skin situated across the ventral surface including the throat , breast and undersides of the wings , as well as having air sacs in their bones . The air sacs are connected to the airways of the respiratory system , and the pelican can keep its air sacs inflated by closing its glottis , but it is not clear how air sacs are inflated . The air sacs serve to keep the pelican remarkably buoyant in the water and may also cushion the impact of the pelican 's body on the water surface when they dive from flight into water to catch fish . Superficial air sacs may also help to round body contours ( especially over the abdomen where surface protuberances may be caused by viscera changing size and position ) to enable the overlying feathers to form more effective heat insulation and also to enable feathers to be held in position for good aerodynamics .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Modern pelicans are found on all continents except Antarctica . They primarily inhabit warm regions , although breeding ranges extend to latitudes of 45 ° South ( Australian pelicans in Tasmania ) and 60 ° North ( American white pelicans in western Canada ) . Birds of inland and coastal waters , they are absent from polar regions , the deep ocean , oceanic islands ( except the Galapagos ) , and inland South America , as well as from the eastern coast of South America from the mouth of the Amazon River southwards . Subfossil bones have been recovered from as far south as New Zealand 's South Island , although their scarcity and isolated occurrence suggests that these remains may have merely been vagrants from Australia ( much as is the case today ) .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Pelicans swim well with their strong legs and their webbed feet . They rub the backs of their heads on their preen glands to pick up an oily secretion , which they transfer to their plumage to waterproof it . Holding their wings only loosely against their bodies , pelicans float with relatively little of their bodies below the water surface . They dissipate excess heat by gular flutter – rippling the skin of the throat and pouch with the bill open to promote evaporative cooling . They roost and loaf communally on beaches , sandbanks and in shallow water .
A fibrous layer deep in the breast muscles can hold the wings rigidly horizontal for gliding and soaring . Thus they use thermals for soaring to heights of 3000 m ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) or more , combined both with gliding and with flapping flight in V formation , to commute distances of up to 150 km ( 93 mi ) to feeding areas . Pelicans also fly low ( or " skim " ) over stretches of water , using a phenomenon known as ground effect to reduce drag and increase lift . As the air flows between the wings and the water surface it is compressed to a higher density and exerts a stronger upward force against the bird above . Hence substantial energy is saved while flying .
Adult pelicans rely on visual displays and behaviour to communicate , particularly using their wings and bills . Agonistic behaviour consists of thrusting and snapping at opponents with their bills , or lifting and waving their wings in a threatening manner . Adult pelicans grunt when at the colony , but are generally silent elsewhere or outside breeding season . Conversely , colonies are noisy as chicks vocalise extensively .
= = = Feeding = = =
The diet of pelicans usually consists of fish , which can be up to 30 cm ( 1 ft ) long , but amphibians , turtles , crustaceans and occasionally birds are also eaten . Aquatic prey is most commonly taken at or near the water surface . In deep water , white pelicans often fish alone . Nearer the shore , several will encircle schools of small fish or form a line to drive them into the shallows , beating their wings on the water surface and then scooping up the prey . They catch multiple small fish by expanding the throat pouch , which must be drained above the water surface before swallowing . This operation takes up to a minute , during which time other seabirds may steal the fish .
Large fish are caught with the bill @-@ tip , then tossed up in the air to be caught and slid into the gullet head @-@ first . A gull will sometimes stand on the pelican 's head , peck it to distraction , and grab a fish from the open bill . Pelicans in their turn sometimes snatch prey from other waterbirds .
The brown pelican usually plunge @-@ dives for its prey , especially for anchovies and menhaden . Although principally a fish eater , the Australian pelican is also an eclectic and opportunistic scavenger and carnivore that forages in landfill sites as well as taking carrion and " anything from insects and small crustaceans to ducks and small dogs " . Food is not stored in a pelican 's throat pouch , contrary to popular folklore .
Consumption of other birds by pelicans is rare , although great white pelicans have been observed swallowing pigeons in St. James 's Park in London . Spokeswoman for the Royal Parks Louise Wood opined that feeding on other birds is more likely with captive pelicans that live in a semi @-@ urban environment and are in constant close contact with humans . However , in the Western Cape region of South Africa , biologist Marta de Ponte recorded the same species eating Cape gannet chicks on Malgas Island as well as Cape cormorants , crowned cormorants , kelp gulls , greater crested terns and African penguins on Dassen Island and elsewhere . Brown pelicans have been reported preying on young common murres in California as well as the eggs and nestlings of cattle egrets and nestling great egrets in Baja California , Mexico .
= = = Breeding and lifespan = = =
Pelicans are gregarious and nest colonially . Pairs are monogamous for a single season , but the pair bond extends only to the nesting area ; mates are independent away from the nest . The ground @-@ nesting ( white ) species have a complex communal courtship involving a group of males chasing a single female in the air , on land , or in the water while pointing , gaping , and thrusting their bills at each other . They can finish the process in a day . The tree @-@ nesting species have a simpler process in which perched males advertise for females . The location of the breeding colony is constrained by the availability of an ample supply of fish to eat , although pelicans can use thermals to soar and commute for hundreds of kilometres daily to fetch food .
The Australian pelican has two reproductive strategies depending on the local degree of environmental predictability . Colonies of tens or hundreds , rarely thousands , of birds breed regularly on small coastal and subcoastal islands where food is seasonally or permanently available . In arid inland Australia , especially in the endorheic Lake Eyre basin , pelicans will breed opportunistically in very large numbers of up to 50 @,@ 000 pairs , when irregular major floods , which may be many years apart , fill ephemeral salt lakes and provide large amounts of food for several months before drying out again .
In all species copulation takes place at the nest site ; it begins shortly after pairing and continues for 3 – 10 days before egg @-@ laying . The male brings the nesting material , in ground @-@ nesting species ( which may not build a nest ) sometimes in the pouch , and in tree @-@ nesting species crosswise in the bill . The female then heaps the material up to form a simple structure .
The eggs are oval , white and coarsely textured . All species normally lay at least two eggs ; the usual clutch size is one to three , rarely up to six . Both sexes incubate with the eggs on top of or below the feet ; they may display when changing shifts . Incubation takes 30 – 36 days ; hatching success for undisturbed pairs can be as high as 95 percent but , because of sibling competition or siblicide , in the wild usually all but one nestling dies within the first few weeks ( later in the pink @-@ backed and spot @-@ billed species ) . Both parents feed their young . Small chicks are fed by regurgitation ; after about a week they are able to put their heads into their parent ’ s pouch and feed themselves . Sometimes before , or especially after , being fed , they may seem to have a seizure that ends in falling unconscious ; the reason is not clearly known .
Parents of ground @-@ nesting species sometimes drag older young around roughly by the head before feeding them . From about 25 days old , the young of these species gather in " pods " or " crèches " of up to 100 birds in which parents recognise and feed only their own offspring . By 6 – 8 weeks they wander around , occasionally swimming , and may practise communal feeding . Young of all species fledge 10 – 12 weeks after hatching . They may remain with their parents afterwards , but are now seldom or never fed . They are mature at three or four years old . Overall breeding success is highly variable . Pelicans live for 15 to 25 years in the wild , although one reached an age of 54 years in captivity .
= = Status and conservation = =
= = = Populations = = =
Globally , pelican populations are adversely affected by four main factors : declining supplies of fish through overfishing or water pollution , destruction of habitat , direct effects of human activity such as disturbance at nesting colonies , hunting and culling , entanglement in fishing lines and hooks , and lastly the presence of pollutants such as DDT and endrin . Most species ' populations are more or less stable , although three are classified by the IUCN as being at risk . All species breed readily in zoos , which is potentially useful for conservation management .
The combined population of brown and Peruvian pelicans is estimated at 650 @,@ 000 birds , with around 250 @,@ 000 in the United States and Caribbean , and 400 @,@ 000 in Peru . The National Audubon Society estimates the global population of the brown pelican at 300 @,@ 000 . Numbers of brown pelican plummeted in the 1950s and 1960s , largely as a consequence of environmental DDT pollution , and the species was listed as endangered in the US in 1970 . With restrictions on DDT use in the US from 1972 , its population has recovered , and it was delisted in 2009 .
The Peruvian pelican is listed as Near Threatened because , although the population is estimated by BirdLife International to exceed 500 @,@ 000 mature individuals , and is possibly increasing , it has been much higher in the past . It declined dramatically during the 1998 El Niño event and could experience similar declines in the future . Conservation needs include regular monitoring throughout the range to determine population trends , particularly after El Niño years ; restricting human access to important breeding colonies ; and assessing interactions with fisheries .
The spot @-@ billed pelican has an estimated population between 13 @,@ 000 and 18 @,@ 000 and is considered to be Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Numbers declined substantially during the 20th century , one crucial factor being the eradication of the important Sittaung valley breeding colony in Burma through deforestation and the loss of feeding sites . The chief threats it faces are from habitat loss and human disturbance but populations have mostly stabilised following increased protection in India and Cambodia .
The pink @-@ backed pelican has a large population ranging over much of Sub @-@ Saharan Africa . In the absence of substantial threats or evidence of declines across its range , its conservation status is assessed as being of Least Concern . Regional threats include the drainage of wetlands and increasing disturbance in southern Africa . The species is susceptible to bioaccumulation of toxins and to the destruction of nesting trees by logging .
The American white pelican has increased in numbers , with its population estimated at over 157 @,@ 000 birds in 2005 , becoming more numerous east of the continental divide while declining in the west . However it is unclear whether its numbers have been affected by exposure to pesticides as it has also lost habitat through wetland drainage and competition with recreational use of lakes and rivers .
Great white pelicans range over a large area of Africa and southern Asia . The overall trend in numbers is uncertain , with a mix of regional populations that are increasing , declining , stable or unknown , but there is no evidence of rapid overall decline and the status of the species is assessed as being of Least Concern . Threats include the drainage of wetlands , persecution and sport hunting , disturbance at the breeding colonies , and contamination by pesticides and heavy metals .
The Dalmatian pelican is the rarest species with a population estimated at between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 following massive declines in the 19th and 20th centuries . The main ongoing threats include hunting , especially in eastern Asia , disturbance , coastal development , collision with overhead power lines and the over @-@ exploitation of fish stocks . It is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as the population trend is downwards , especially in Mongolia where it is nearly extinct . However , several colonies are increasing in size and the colony at the Small Prespa Lake in Greece has nearly 1000 breeding pairs .
Widespread across Australia , the Australian pelican has a population generally estimated at between 300 @,@ 000 and 500 @,@ 000 individuals . Overall population numbers fluctuate widely and erratically depending on wetland conditions and breeding success across the continent . The species is assessed as being of Least Concern .
= = = Culling and disturbance = = =
Pelicans have been persecuted by humans for their perceived competition for fish , despite the fact that their diet overlaps little with fish caught by people . Starting in the 1880s , American white pelicans were clubbed and shot , their eggs and young were deliberately destroyed , and their feeding and nesting sites were degraded by water management schemes and wetland drainage . Even in the 21st century , an increase in the population of American white pelicans in south @-@ eastern Idaho in the US was seen to threaten the recreational cutthroat trout fishery there , leading to official attempts to reduce pelican numbers through systematic harassment and culling .
Great white pelicans on Dyer Island , in the Western Cape region of South Africa , were culled during the 19th century because their predation of the eggs and chicks of guano @-@ producing seabirds was seen to threaten the livelihood of the guano collectors . More recently , such predation at South African seabird colonies has impacted on the conservation of threatened seabird populations , especially crowned cormorants , Cape cormorants and bank cormorants . This has led to suggestions that pelican numbers should be controlled at vulnerable colonies .
Apart from habitat destruction and deliberate , targeted persecution , pelicans are vulnerable to disturbance at their breeding colonies by birdwatchers , photographers and other curious visitors . Human presence alone can cause the birds to accidentally displace or destroy their eggs , leave hatchlings exposed to predators and adverse weather , or even abandon their colonies completely .
= = = Poisoning and pollution = = =
DDT pollution in the environment was a major cause of decline of brown pelican populations in North America in the 1950s and 1960s . It entered the oceanic food web , contaminating and accumulating in several species , including one of the pelican ’ s primary food fish – the northern anchovy . Its metabolite DDE is a reproductive toxicant in pelicans and many other birds , causing eggshell thinning and weakening , and consequent breeding failure through the eggs being accidentally crushed by brooding birds . Since an effective ban on the use of DDT was implemented in the US in 1972 , the eggshells of breeding brown pelicans there have thickened and their populations have largely recovered .
In the late 1960s , following the major decline in brown pelican numbers in Louisiana from DDT poisoning , 500 pelicans were imported from Florida to augment and re @-@ establish the population ; over 300 subsequently died in April and May 1975 from poisoning by the pesticide endrin . About 14 @,@ 000 pelicans , including 7500 American white pelicans , perished from botulism after eating fish from the Salton Sea in 1990 . In 1991 abnormal numbers of brown pelicans and Brandt 's cormorants died at Santa Cruz , California , when their food fish ( anchovies ) were contaminated with neurotoxic domoic acid , produced by the diatom Pseudo @-@ nitzschia .
As waterbirds that feed on fish , pelicans are highly susceptible to oil spills , both directly by being oiled and by the impact on their food resources . A 2007 report to the California Fish and Game Commission estimated that , during the previous 20 years , some 500 – 1000 brown pelicans had been affected by oil spills in California . A 2011 report by the Center for Biological Diversity , a year after the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill , said that 932 brown pelicans had been collected after being affected by oiling and estimated that ten times that number had been harmed as a result of the spill .
Where pelicans interact with fishers , through either sharing the same waters or scavenging for fishing refuse , they are especially vulnerable to being hooked and entangled in both active and discarded fishing lines . Fish hooks are swallowed or catch in the skin of the pouch or webbed feet , and strong monofilament fishing line can become wound around bill , wings or legs , resulting in crippling , starvation , and often death . Local rescue organisations have been established in North America and Australia by volunteers to treat and rehabilitate injured pelicans and other wildlife .
= = = Parasites and disease = = =
As with other bird families , pelicans are susceptible to a variety of parasites . Specialist feather lice of the genus Piagetella are found in the pouches of all species of pelican , but are otherwise only known from New World and Antarctic cormorants . Avian malaria is carried by the mosquito Culex pipens , and high densities of these biting insects may force pelican colonies to be abandoned . Leeches may attach to the vent or sometimes the inside of the pouch . A study of the parasites of the American white pelican found 75 different species , including tapeworms , flukes , flies , fleas , ticks and nematodes . Many of these do little harm , but flies may be implicated in the death of nestlings , particularly if they are weak or unwell , and the soft tick Ornithodoros capensis sometimes causes adults to desert the nest . Many pelican parasites are found in other bird groups , but several lice are very host @-@ specific .
Healthy pelicans can usually cope with their lice , but sick birds may carry hundreds of individuals , which hastens their demise . The pouch louse Piagetiella peralis , which occurs in the pouch and therefore cannot be removed by preening , is usually not a serious problem , even when present in such numbers that it covers the whole interior of the pouch , but sometimes inflammation and bleeding may harm the host . The brown pelican has a similarly extensive range of parasites . The nematodes Contracaecum multipapillatum and C. mexicanum and the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae have caused illness and mortality in the Puerto Rican population , possibly endangering the pelican on this island . In May 2012 , hundreds of Peruvian pelicans were reported to have perished in Peru from a combination of starvation and roundworm infestation .
= = Religion , mythology , and popular culture = =
The pelican ( Henet in Egyptian ) was associated in Ancient Egypt with death and the afterlife . It was depicted in art on the walls of tombs , and figured in funerary texts , as a protective symbol against snakes . Henet was also referred to in the Pyramid Texts as the " mother of the king " and thus seen as a goddess . References in non @-@ royal funerary papyri show that the pelican was believed to possess the ability to prophesy safe passage in the underworld for someone who had died .
Consumption of pelican , as with other seabirds , is considered non @-@ kosher as an ' unclean animal ' , and thus forbidden in Jewish dietary law .
An origin myth from the Murri people of Queensland , cited by Andrew Lang , describes how the Australian pelican acquired its black and white plumage . The pelican , formerly a black bird , made a canoe during a flood in order to save drowning people . He fell in love with a woman he thus saved , but she and her friends tricked him and escaped . The pelican consequently prepared to go to war against them by daubing himself with white clay as war paint . However , before he had finished , another pelican , on seeing such a strange piebald creature , killed him with its beak , and all such pelicans have been black and white ever since .
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature . They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted pelicans in their art .
Alcatraz Island was given its name by the Spanish because of the number of large numbers of brown pelicans nesting present . The word alcatraz is itself derived from the Arabic " al @-@ caduos " , a term used for a water @-@ carrying vessel and likened to the pouch of the pelican . The English name albatross is also derived by corruption of the Spanish word .
= = = Christianity = = =
In medieval Europe , the pelican was thought to be particularly attentive to her young , to the point of providing her own blood by wounding her own breast when no other food was available . As a result , the pelican came to symbolise the Passion of Jesus and the Eucharist , and usurped the image of the lamb and the flag . A reference to this mythical characteristic is contained for example in the hymn by Saint Thomas Aquinas , " Adoro te devote " or " Humbly We Adore Thee " , where in the penultimate verse he describes Christ as the " loving divine pelican , able to provide nourishment from his breast " . Elizabeth I of England adopted the symbol , portraying herself as the " mother of the Church of England " . Nicholas Hilliard painted the Pelican Portrait in around 1573 , now owned by the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool . A pelican feeding her young is depicted in an oval panel at the bottom of the title page of the first ( 1611 ) edition of the King James Bible . Such " a pelican in her piety " appears in the 1686 reredos by Grinling Gibbons in the church of St Mary Abchurch in the City of London . Earlier medieval examples of the motif appear in painted murals , for example that of c . 1350 in the parish church of Belchamp Walter , Essex .
The self @-@ sacrificial aspect of the pelican was reinforced by the widely read medieval bestiaries . The device of " a pelican in her piety " or " a pelican vulning ( from Latin vulno , " to wound " ) herself " was used in heraldry . An older version of the myth is that the pelican used to kill its young then resurrect them with its blood , again analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus . Likewise , a folktale from India says that a pelican killed her young by rough treatment but was then so contrite that she resurrected them with her own blood .
The legends of self @-@ wounding and the provision of blood may have arisen because of the impression a pelican sometimes gives that it is stabbing itself with its bill . In reality , it often presses this onto its chest in order to fully empty the pouch . Another possible derivation is the tendency of the bird to rest with its bill on its breast ; the Dalmatian pelican has a blood @-@ red pouch in the early breeding season and this may have contributed to the myth .
= = = = Heraldry = = = =
Pelicans have featured extensively in heraldry , generally using the Christian symbolism of the pelican as a caring and self @-@ sacrificing parent . The image became linked to the medieval religious feast of Corpus Christi . The universities of Oxford and Cambridge each have colleges named for the religious festival nearest the dates of their establishment , and both Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , and Corpus Christi College , Oxford , feature pelicans on their coats of arms .
The medical faculties of Charles University in Prague also have a pelican as their emblem . The symbol of the Irish Blood Transfusion Service is a pelican , and for most of its existence the headquarters of the service was located at Pelican House in Dublin , Ireland . The heraldic pelican also ended up as a pub name and image , though sometimes with the image of the ship Golden Hind . Sir Francis Drake 's famous ship was initially called Pelican , and adorned the British halfpenny coin .
= = = Modern usage = = =
The great white pelican is the national bird of Romania . The brown pelican is the national bird of three Caribbean countries — Saint Kitts and Nevis , Barbados and Sint Maarten — and features on their coats of arms . It is also the state bird of the US state of Louisiana , which is known colloquially as the Pelican State ; the bird appears on the state flag and state seal . It adorns the seals of Louisiana State University and Tulane University , and is the mascot of the New Orleans Pelicans NBA team , Tulane University , and the University of the West Indies . A white pelican logo is used by the Portuguese bank Montepio Geral , and a pelican is depicted on the reverse of the Albanian 1 lek coin , issued in 1996 . The name and image were used for Pelican Books , an imprint of non @-@ fiction books published by Penguin Books . The seal of the Packer Collegiate Institute , a pelican feeding her young , has been in use since 1885 .
The pelican is the subject of a popular limerick originally composed by Dixon Lanier Merritt in 1910 with several variations by other authors . The original version ran :
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= Freedom ( Nicki Minaj song ) =
" Freedom " is a song by Trinidadian recording artist Nicki Minaj , for the reissue of her second studio album Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , subtitled The Re @-@ Up ( 2012 ) . It was written by Minaj , Matthew Burnett , and Matthew Samuels . Production was helmed by Samuels under his stage name Boi @-@ 1da . The song was released for digital download by Cash Money Records in the US and Canada on November 2 , 2012 and in other countries on November 6 , 2012 . It was serviced to US urban radio on November 27 and to mainstream radio in the United Kingdom the following day . " Freedom " is a downtempo hip hop and R & B song that features a " sonically breezy " soundscape , complied with ambient riffs , pop @-@ inspired synths , and soft pop choruses .
To promote the song , an accompanying music video for the song was released on November 15 , 2012 . It was shot mainly in black and white , and features Minaj in a variety of scenes such as a deserted area with a boat , dressed as a Queen on a throne , and is interspersed with scenes of nature . The song peaked at number 17 on the UK R & B Chart , number 23 on the US Rap Songs , and number 31 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . " Freedom " was promoted with several live performances , most notably the American Music Awards of 2012 .
= = Background = =
In September 2012 , Minaj announced the reissue of Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , subtitled The Re @-@ Up , containing an additional disc with eight newly @-@ recording songs and an exclusive behind @-@ the @-@ scenes DVD to supplement the standard edition of the original album . Minaj commented at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards , " I 'm putting lots of new songs on there and I 'm actually going to drop my new single like next week . Barbz , you are gonna spaz . You are gonna love it . You are gonna go crazy ! " Production of the project was a main focus on Minaj 's three @-@ part E ! special , Nicki Minaj : My Truth , which aired in November 2012 . On On Air with Ryan Seacrest , Minaj stated that " I feel like the music is such a better representation of me where I am now as an artist in my career . As long as people can hear the music , I 'm good . "
= = Composition and critical reception = =
Musically , " Freedom " is a hip hop and R & B song that follows a similar style to other Minaj songs heard on her debut album , Pink Friday . The song features street @-@ slang bravado and " venomous " rapping in the verses with thin , fragile vocals over whipsy soft pop choruses . The instrumentation in " Freedom " mixes together smooth ambient riffs , pop @-@ inspired crystal @-@ clear synthesizers , and a smooth R & B beat , creating a sonically breezy soundscape . Lyrically , Minaj is still confrontational yet reflective , talking about her life in the spotlight and rise to fame . In the lyrics , Minaj states how other rappers " in the competition " will never thank her for opening the doors for them , and how they don 't even thank their creator Jesus Christ for helping them get far , saying : " They 'll never thank me for opening doors / But they ain 't even thank Jesus when he died on the cross / ' Cause your spirit is ungrateful , bitches is so hateful , I remain a staple . "
Charley Rogulewski of Vibe said " The old Nicki Minaj is back on her latest track " Freedom . " " , while going onto note the songs " dreamy " production and compared it to " Right Thru Me , " " Your Love " and " Save Me " off her debut album . Entertainment Weekly reviewer Kyle Anderson called the song " middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road R & B " and criticized Minaj for choosing to make music that appeals to pop radio , instead of being unique . Josiah Hughes of Exclaim ! was critical of the song , saying it was : " by @-@ the @-@ books Nicki , as she delivers venomous raps on the verses before giving saccharine @-@ sweet melody a whirl on the choruses . Surprise , surprise — the whole thing is delivered atop poppy , crystal clear synths . "
= = Music video = =
The video was shot in black @-@ and @-@ white at Dungeness , Kent , United Kingdom . It begins with a stairway set in a foggy setting leading up to the sky . Then angles of different scenery are shown such as a deserted area with a boat next to railroad resembling Noah 's Ark , railroad pathaway , and a True Cross with a key hung over it . Minaj is shown fading into clouds , before she raps her first verse wearing a black flowing dress and a crown of thorns . Minaj has various wardrobe changes in the video . Minaj is then seen dressed as a queen , over a balcony with a spiral chandelier behind her . Various clips of nature are shown such as waves , birds , and grass . Minaj is then seen singing the chorus in a blonde wig , in a vast space , with a lot of fog . Minaj raps her second verse sitting on a throne donning a black wig similar to the on she wore in her previous music video for " I Am Your Leader " . After scenes of nature and of Minaj , the video transforms into color . The video concludes as Minaj is seen with a stray @-@ like face , walking in the wilderness , while clips of Minaj singing continue throughout the video . It closes with the stairway , seen in the beginning of the video . Tom Eames of Digital Spy complimented the video for its " glamorous " shots of Minaj , a sentiment echoed by Liza Darwin of MTV News , who said : " We already know Nicki 's got her beauty and fashion game on lock these days , but for her new vid the singer ditches the bustiers , tutus , and Zenon @-@ inspired ensembles for a toned @-@ down ( for her , at least ) wardrobe of glittery gowns , decadent furs , and more than one crown . After all , if there 's ANYONE fit to be queen bee , it 's this lady . "
= = Live performances = =
Minaj performed the song live for the first time on the American Music Awards of 2012 on November 18 , 2012 . For the performance , Minaj wore a white fur cape and boots , and was later joined on @-@ stage by a choir . " Freedom " was also performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on January 15 , 2013 , where she sang in a slim red dress , surrounded by fog and gina chandeliers . On January 25 , 2013 , Minaj performed the song along with " Va Va Voom " and on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on January 25 , 2013 .
= = Charts = =
= = Radio and release history = =
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= Rodrigues solitaire =
The Rodrigues solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria ) is an extinct , flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Rodrigues , east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean . Genetically within the family of pigeons and doves , it was most closely related to the also extinct dodo of Mauritius , the two forming the subfamily Raphinae . The Nicobar pigeon is their closest living genetic relative .
Rodrigues solitaires grew to the size of swans , and demonstrated pronounced sexual dimorphism . Males were much larger than females and measured up to 90 centimetres ( 35 inches ) in length and 28 kilograms ( 62 pounds ) in weight , contrasting with 70 centimetres ( 28 in ) and 17 kilograms ( 37 lb ) for females . Its plumage was grey and brown ; the female was paler than the male . It had a black band at the base of its slightly hooked beak , and its neck and legs were long . Both sexes were highly territorial , with large bony knobs on their wings that were used in combat . The Rodrigues solitaire laid a single egg , that was incubated in turn by both sexes . Gizzard stones helped digest its food , which included fruit and seeds .
First mentioned during the 17th century , the Rodrigues solitaire was described in detail by François Leguat , the leader of a group of French Huguenot refugees who were marooned on Rodrigues in 1691 – 1693 instead of being taken to their intended destination , Réunion . It was hunted by humans and introduced animals , and was extinct by the late 18th century . Apart from Leguat 's account and drawing , and a few other contemporary descriptions , nothing was known about the bird until a few subfossil bones were found in a cave in 1789 . Thousands of bones have subsequently been excavated . It is the only extinct bird with a former star constellation named after it , Turdus Solitarius .
= = Taxonomy = =
The French explorer François Leguat was the first to refer to the bird as the " solitaire " ( referring to its solitary habits ) , but it has been suggested that he borrowed the name from a 1689 tract by Marquis Henri Duquesne , his sponsor , mentioning the Réunion solitaire . The bird was first scientifically named in 1789 as a species of dodo ( Didus solitarius , based on Leguat 's description ) by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the thirteenth edition of Systema Naturae . Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville suggested the common descent of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo in 1848 . They dissected the only known dodo specimen with soft tissue , comparing it with the few Rodrigues solitaire remains then available .
Strickland stated that , although not identical , these birds shared many distinguishing features in the leg bones otherwise only known in pigeons . The fact that the Rodrigues solitaire laid only one egg , fed on fruits , was monogamous and cared for its nestlings also supported this relationship . Strickland recognised its generic distinction and named the new genus Pezophaps , from ancient Greek pezos ( πεξος ‘ pedestrian ’ ) and phaps ( φάψ ‘ pigeon ’ ) . The differences between the sexes of the bird were so large that Strickland thought they belonged to two species , naming the smaller female bird Pezophaps minor . Later study of skeletal features by Alfred and Edward Newton indicated that the solitaire was morphologically intermediate between the dodo and ordinary pigeons , but differed from them in its unique carpal knob .
The term " solitaire " has also been used for other species with solitary habits , such as the Réunion ibis . Some scientists believed that Réunion was home not only to a white dodo , but also to a white bird similar to the Rodrigues solitaire , both of which are now believed to be misinterpretations of old reports of the ibis . An atypical 17th @-@ century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues , now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire , led Abraham Dee Bartlett to name a new species , Didus nazarenus ; it is now a junior synonym of this species .
For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a family of their own , the Raphidae ( formerly Dididae ) , because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved . Each was also placed in a monotypic family ( Raphidae and Pezophapidae , respectively ) , as it was thought that they had evolved their similarities independently . Osteological and DNA analysis has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae , and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily , Raphinae , within the family Columbidae .
= = = Evolution = = =
In 2002 , American geneticist Beth Shapiro and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire for the first time . Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA sequences isolated from the femur of a Rodrigues solitaire and the tarsal of a dodo confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae . The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian Nicobar pigeon ( Caloenas nicobarica ) to be their closest living relative , followed by the crowned pigeons ( Goura ) of New Guinea , and the superficially dodo @-@ like tooth @-@ billed pigeon ( Didunculus strigirostris ) from Samoa . This clade consists of generally ground @-@ dwelling island endemic pigeons . The following cladogram shows the closest relationships of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire within Columbidae , based on Shapiro et. al , 2002 :
A similar cladogram was published in 2007 , inverting the placement of Goura and Dicunculus and including the pheasant pigeon ( Otidiphaps nobilis ) and the thick @-@ billed ground pigeon ( Trugon terrestris ) at the base of the clade . Based on behavioural and morphological evidence , Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the Gourinae subfamily along with the Groura pigeons and others , in agreement with the genetic evidence . In 2014 , DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct spotted green pigeon ( Caloenas maculata ) was analysed , and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon , and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire .
The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo diverged around the Paleogene @-@ Neogene boundary . The Mascarene Islands ( Mauritius , Réunion , and Rodrigues ) , are of volcanic origin and are less than 10 million years old . Therefore , the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their lineage . The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae , which indicates the flightless raphines had ancestors that were able to fly , were semi @-@ terrestrial , and inhabited islands . This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by island hopping from South Asia . The lack of mammalian herbivores competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain very large sizes . The dodo lost the ability to fly owing to the lack of mammalian predators on Mauritius . Another large , flightless pigeon , the Viti Levu giant pigeon ( Natunaornis gigoura ) , was described in 2001 from subfossil material from Fiji . It was only slightly smaller than the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo , and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons .
= = Description = =
The beak of the Rodrigues solitaire was slightly hooked , and its neck and legs were long . One observer described it as the size of a swan . The skull was 170 mm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) long , flattened at the top with the fore and hind parts elevated into two bony ridges structured with cancellous bone . A black band ( a contemporary description described it as a " frontlet " ) appeared on its head just behind the base of the beak . The plumage of the Rodrigues solitaire was described as grey and brown . Females were paler than males and had light @-@ coloured elevations on the lower neck .
Sexual size dimorphism in this species is perhaps the greatest in any neognath bird . Males were considerably larger than females , measuring 90 cm ( 35 in ) in length and weighing up to 28 kg ( 62 lb ) , whereas females were 70 cm ( 28 in ) and weighed 17 kg ( 37 lb ) . This is only 60 % of the weight of a mature male . Their weight may have varied substantially due to fat cycles , meaning that individuals were fat during cool seasons , but slim during hot seasons , and may have been as low as 21 kg in males and 13 kg in females . Though male pigeons are usually larger than females , there is no direct evidence for the largest specimens actually being the males of the species , and this has only been assumed based on early works . Though the male was probably largest , this can only be confirmed by molecular sexing techniques , and not skeletal morphology alone .
The Rodrigues solitaire shared traits with the dodo , its closest relative , such as size and features in the skull , pelvis and sternum . It differed in other aspects ; it was taller and more slender than the dodo and had a smaller skull and beak , a flatter skull roof and larger orbits . Its neck and legs were proportionally longer , and the dodo did not possess an equivalent to the carpal knob of the Rodrigues solitaire . Many skeletal features of the Rodrigues solitaire and dodo that are unique among pigeons have evolved to adapt to flightlessness . Their pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted birds ( to support their greater weight ) , and their pectoral region and wings were paedomorphic ( underdeveloped , retaining juvenile features ) . However , the skull , trunk and pelvic limbs were peramorphic , which means they changed considerably with maturity .
Members of both sexes possessed a large tuberous knob of bone exostosis situated at the base of the carpometacarpus of each wrist . Other wing bones also sometimes show similar structures . The knob was cauliflower @-@ like in appearance , and consisted of up to two or three lobes . The knobs were about half the length of the metacarpus , were larger in males than females , and described as the size of a musket ball . One study measured the largest knob to be 32 @.@ 9 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 30 in ) in diameter . The knobs vary in size across individuals , and were entirely absent from 58 % of specimens examined for the study . These are thought to be immature birds , or birds without territory . The carpometacarpi of males without the knobs were smaller on average than those with it , but there was little difference between the females . In life , the knobs would have been covered by tough cartilaginous or keratinous integument , which would have made them appear even larger . Carpal spurs and knobs are also known from other extant as well as extinct birds . Within Columbidae , the crowned pigeons and the Viti Levu giant pigeon have outgrowths on the carpometacarpus which are similar to those of the female Rodrigues solitaire . Other well known examples are the steamer ducks , the torrent duck , sheathbills , screamers , the spur @-@ winged goose , and the extinct Xenicibis xympithecus .
= = = Contemporary descriptions = = =
Apart from François Leguat 's rather simple depiction , the life appearance of the Rodrigues solitaire is only known from a handful of descriptions ; no soft @-@ tissue remains survive . Leguat devoted three pages of his memoirs to the Rodrigues solitaire , and was clearly impressed by the bird . He described its appearance as follows :
Of all the Birds in the Island the most remarkable is that which goes by the name of the solitary , because it is very seldom seen in company , tho ' there are abundance of them . The Feathers of the Males are of a brown grey Colour : the Feet and Beak are like a Turkey 's , but a little more crooked . They have scarce any Tail , but their Hind @-@ part covered with Feathers is roundish , like the Crupper [ rump ] of a horse ; they are taller than Turkeys . Their Neck is straight , and a little longer in proportion than a Turkey 's when it lifts up his Head . Its Eye is Black and lively , and its Head without Comb or Cop . They never fly , their Wings are too little to support the Weight of their Bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves , and flutter when they call one another . They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times together on the same side , during the space of four or five minutes . The motion of their Wings makes then a noise very like that of a Rattle ; and one may hear it two hundred Paces off . The Bone of their Wing grows greater towards the Extremity , and forms a little round Mass under the Feathers , as big as a Musket Ball . That and its Beak are the chief Defence of this Bird . ' Tis very hard to catch it in the Woods , but easie in open Places , because we run faster than they , and sometimes we approach them without much Trouble . From March to September they are extremely fat , and taste admirably well , especially while they are young , some of the Males weigh forty @-@ five Pounds .
Several of Leguat 's observations were later confirmed through study of subfossil Rodrigues solitaire remains . The curved contour lines of the pelvis also support the roundness of its hind parts , which he compared to that of a horse . Also , a ridged surface appears at the base of the beak , indicating the position of the caruncular ridge , which Leguat described as a " widow 's peak " . Before fossils of the carpal knob were found , Strickland noted that the keel of the sternum of the Rodrigues solitaire was so well @-@ developed as to almost indicate it had possessed the power of flight ; however , since the humerus was very short he inferred that this was instead related to Leguat 's claim that they used their wings for defence .
Leguat continued with an elaborate description of the female Rodrigues solitaire , which also appears to be the sex depicted in his illustration of the bird :
The Females are wonderfully beautiful , some fair , some brown ; I call them fair , because they are the colour of fair Hair . They have a sort of Peak , like a Widow 's upon their Breasts [ beaks ] , which is of a dun colour . No one Feather is straggling from the other all over their Bodies , they being very careful to adjust themselves , and make them all even with their Beaks . The Feathers on their Thighs are round like Shells at the end , and being there very thick , have an agreeable effect . They have two Risings on their Craws [ crop ] and the Feathers are whiter than the rest , which livelily represents the fine neck of a Beautiful Woman . They walk with so much Stateliness and good Grace , that one cannot help admiring them and loving them ; by which means their fine Mein often saves their Lives .
It has been proposed that Leguat 's comparison between the crop of the female Rodrigues solitaire and the " beautiful bosom of a woman " ( changed to " fine neck " in some editions of his memoirs ) was out of longing for female companionship .
Leguat 's statements were confirmed by another description by Julien Tafforet , who wrote in 1726 :
The solitaire is a large bird , which weighs about forty or fifty pounds . They have a very big head , with a sort of frontlet , as if of black velvet . Their feathers are neither feathers nor fur ; they are of light grey colour , with a little black on their backs . Strutting proudly about , either alone or in pairs , they preen their plumage or fur with their beak , and keep themselves very clean . They have their toes furnished with hard scales , and run with quickness , mostly among the rocks , where a man , however agile , can hardly catch them . They have a very short beak , of about an inch in length , which is sharp . They , nevertheless , do not attempt to hurt anyone , except when they find someone before them , and , when hardly pressed , try to bite him . They have a small stump of a wing , which has a sort of bullet at its extremity , and serves as a defence .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Observations of the Rodrigues solitaire in life indicate that they were highly territorial . They presumably settled disputes by striking each other with their wings ; to aid this purpose , they used the knobs on their wrists . Fractures in their wing bones also indicate that they were used in combat . It has also been suggested that these fractures may have been the result of a hereditary bone disease rather than battle @-@ injuries . But in all extant birds where carpal spurs and knobs are present , these are used as weapons without exceptions . Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures , it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison with the Rodrigues solitaire . Since Rodrigues receives less rainfall and has more seasonal variation than Mauritius , which would have affected the availability of resources on the island , the Rodrigues solitaire would have more reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour . Several accounts state that they also defended themselves with a powerful bite .
In addition to their use as weapons , both sexes of the Rodrigues solitaire also used their wings for communication . The wings could create low @-@ frequency sounds for communicating with mates , or to warn rivals , but it is unknown exactly how this sound was created . The sound could be heard 200 yards ( 182 m ) away , and this may therefore be the size of the territory of an individual . Other species of birds are also known to use their wings to create sounds that attract mates or mark their territory .
In 1869 , the Newton brothers suggested that the carpal knobs may have been formed through continuous injuries , as they resemble diseased bone . It has also been claimed that the carpal knobs were instead formed due to a hereditary disease caused by inbreeding . This was dismissed in a 2013 study , since such lesions would likely not occur only in a specific part of the skeleton , but would appear in any growing bone tissue . If such a disease was due to inbreeding , it would also be present in other isolated island bird populations , but it is not . The authors instead suggested that the wing bones contained metaplastic tissue able to form the knob . This development was either in response to continuous impacts during combat , or to hormones released when individuals paired up and acquired territories . It appears a male which had long held a territory would possess especially large carpal knobs , and that their mates would have such developments as well , only smaller .
Some evidence , including their large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates , indicates that the Rodrigues solitaire may have had a protracted development period . Based on mass estimates , it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 28 , and the female 17 . Pierre @-@ André d 'Héguerty , writing about his time on the island around 1735 , stated that a captive Rodrigues solitaire ( which he described as having a melancholic appearance ) would always walk in the same line until running out of space , and then return . The species may have lived primarily in the island 's woodlands , rather than on the shores .
Many other of the endemic species of Rodrigues became extinct after the arrival of man , so the ecosystem of the island is heavily damaged . Before humans arrived , forests covered the island entirely , but very little remains today due to deforestation . The Rodrigues solitaire lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the Rodrigues rail , the Rodrigues parrot , Newton 's parakeet , the Rodrigues starling , the Rodrigues owl , the Rodrigues night heron , and the Rodrigues pigeon . Extinct reptiles include the domed Rodrigues giant tortoise , the saddle @-@ backed Rodrigues giant tortoise , and the Rodrigues day gecko .
= = = Diet = = =
Leguat stated that the Rodrigues solitaire fed on dates , whereas Tafforet mentioned seeds and leaves . No other accounts mention diet . It has been suggested it ate latan palm fruits , for which it competed with the now extinct Cylindraspis tortoises . It is not known how the young were fed , but related pigeons provide crop milk . The risings on the crop of the female may have covered glands that produced the crop milk . If the theory is correct , the birds may have practiced a division of labour , where the female stayed and fed the young crop milk , while the male collected food in the crop and delivered it to the female . It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the solitaire and the dodo was limited by the amount of crop milk they were able to produce for their young during early growth .
Several contemporary accounts state that the Rodrigues solitaire used gizzard stones . Dodos also did this , which may imply a similar diet . Leguat described the stones in the following passage , mentioning that Rodrigues solitaires refused to feed in captivity :
Tho ' these Birds will sometimes very familiarly come up near enough to one , when we do not run after them , yet they will never grow Tame . As soon as they are caught they shed Tears without Crying , and refuse all sustenance till they die .
We find in the Gizzards of both Male and Female , a brown Stone , of the bigness of a Hen 's Egg , ' tis somewhat rough , flat on one side and round on the other , heavy and hard . We believe this Stone was there when they were hatched , for let them be never so young , you meet with it always . They never have but one of ' em , and besides , the Passage from the Craw to the Gizard is so narrow , that a like Mass of half Bigness cou 'd not pass . It serv 'd to whet our Knives better than any other Stone Whatsoever .
In 1877 three stones were found in a cavern on Rodrigues , each near a Rodrigues solitaire skeleton , and were inferred to be the gizzard stones mentioned by Leguat . One of the stones was examined and found to be dolerite : somewhat rough , hard and heavy , c . 50 g ( 1 3 ⁄ 4 oz ) , but hardly flat on one side as described by Leguat . This could be due to its association with a young individual . Although Leguat asserted that the bird hatched with the gizzard stone already inside , in reality adults most likely fed the stones to their hatchlings .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The most detailed account of the reproductive habits of the Rodrigues solitaire is Leguat 's . He described mating and nesting as follows :
When these Birds build their Nests , they choose a clean Place , gather together some Palm @-@ Leaves for that purpose , and heap them up a foot and a half high from the Ground , on which they sit . They never lay but one Egg , which is much bigger than that of a Goose . The Male and Female both cover it in their turns , and the young is not hatch 'd till at seven Weeks ' end : All the while they are sitting upon it , or are bringing up their young one , which is not able to provide itself in several Months , they will not suffer any other Bird of their Species to come within two hundred Yards round of the Place ; But what is very singular , is , the Males will never drive away the Females , only when he perceives one he makes a noise with his Wings to call to the Female , and she drives the unwelcome Stranger away , not leaving it till ' tis without her Bounds . The Female do 's the same as to the Males , whom she leaves to the Male , and he drives them away . We have observ 'd this several Times , and I affirm it to be true .
The Combats between them on this occasion last sometimes pretty long , because the Stranger only turns about , and do 's not fly directly from the Nest . However , the others do not forsake it till they have quite driven it out of their Limits . After these Birds have rais 'd their young One , and left it to itself , they are always together , which the other Birds are not , and tho ' they happen to mingle with other Birds of the same Species , these two Companions never disunite . We have often remark 'd , that some Days after the young leaves the Nest , a Company of thirty or forty brings another young one to it , and the now fledg 'd Bird , with its Father and Mother joyning with the Band , march to some bye Place . We frequently follow 'd them , and found that afterwards the old ones went each their way alone , or in Couples , and left the two young ones together , which we call 'd a Marriage .
The clutch was described as consisting of a single egg ; given the bird 's large size , this led to proposals that the solitaire was K @-@ selected , which means it produced a low number of altricial offspring , which required extensive parental care until maturity . The gathering of unrelated juveniles suggests that they formed crèches , that may have followed foraging adults as part of the learning process . A study of subfossil remains found that the carpal knob only developed after the bird reached skeletal maturity .
Tafforet 's account confirms Leguat 's description of reproductive behaviour , adding that Rodrigues solitaires would even attack humans approaching their chicks :
They do not fly at all , having no feathers to their wings , but they flap them , and make a great noise with their wings when angry , and the noise is something like thunder in the distance . They only ly , as I am led to suppose , but once in the year , and only one egg . Not that I have seen their eggs , for I have not been able to discover where they lay . But I have never seen but one little one alone with them , and , if any one tried to approach it , they would bite him very severely . These birds live on seeds and leaves of trees , which they pick up on the ground . They have a gizzard larger than the fist , and what is surprising is that there is found in it a stone of the size of a henn 's egg , of oval shape , a little flattened , although this animal cannot swallow anything larger than a small cherry @-@ stone . I have eaten them : they are tolerably well tasted .
The size difference between sexes has led to the suggestion that the Rodrigues solitaire was not monogamous as stated by Leguat , and that this deeply religious man attributed the trait to the bird for moral reasons . It has been proposed that it was instead polygynous , and the wing @-@ rattling behaviour described for males suggests lek @-@ mating , where males gather for competitive mating display . However , size dimorphism does occur in some monogamous birds ; most other pigeons are monogamous as well . A 2015 article proposed that males invited females into their territories as secondary mates , which would result in the resident female acting aggressively towards the newcomer . Similar behaviour is seen in species that practice resource @-@ defence polygyny . The territories probably provided all the food the birds needed in adittion to acting as breeding @-@ areas , and there was probably intense competition for favourable territories . The fact that Rodrigues island shrank by 90 % at the end of the Pleistocene may also have contributed to such competition over territories , and thereby furthered sexual dimorphism .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Hans Hendricksz Bouwer was the first to list " dodos " , most likely referring to the Rodrigues solitaire , as part of the fauna of Rodrigues in 1601 . Sir Thomas Herbert mentioned " dodos " on Rodrigues again in 1634 , and they were also mentioned in 1700 . The next account , which was the first referring to the bird as the " solitaire " , was published in François Leguat 's 1708 memoir , A New Voyage to the East Indies . Leguat was the leader of a group of nine French Huguenot refugees , who were the first to colonise the island from 1691 to 1693 , after they were marooned there by their captain . His description of the Rodrigues solitaire and its behaviour is the most detailed account of the bird in life , and he also described other species that are now extinct . Leguat 's observations are considered some of the first cohesive accounts of animal behaviour in the wild . He later left for Mauritius , but was too late to observe dodos there . The Huguenots praised the Rodrigues solitaires for their flavour , especially that of the young , and used their gizzard stones as knife sharpeners . D 'Héguerty later claimed these were also useful in medicine , and referred to them as bezoars . The second most detailed description of the bird was found in an anonymous document rediscovered in 1874 called Relation de l 'Ile Rodrigue , which has been attributed to Julien Tafforet , a mariner marooned on Rodrigues in 1726 . His observations are considered credible , though it is known he had a copy of Leguat 's memoirs with him during his stay .
Many old accounts mention that Rodrigues solitaires were hunted by man . Writing in 1735 , Gennes de la Chancelière described the capture and consumption of two specimens as follows :
Our men told of having seen goats and a large quantity of birds of different kinds : they brought , amongst others , two of which were bigger by a third than the largest turkey ; they appeared , nevertheless to be still quite young , still having down on the neck and head ; their wingtips were but sparsely feathered , without any proper tail . Three sailors told me of having seen two others , of the same species , as big as the biggest ostrich . The young ones that were brought had the head made more or less like the latter animal , but their feet were similar to those of turkeys , instead of that of the ostrich which is forked and cloven in the shape of a hind 's foot . These two birds , when skinned , had an inch of fat on the body . One was made into a pie , which turned out to be so tough that it was uneatable .
Japetus Steenstrup noted that some Rodrigues solitaire remains bore traces of having been broken by man or perhaps another large predator , to extract bone marrow .
Unlike the dodo , no Rodrigues solitaires are known to have been sent to Europe alive . However , it has been claimed that Bertrand @-@ François Mahé de La Bourdonnais sent a " solitaire " to France from the nearby island of Réunion around 1740 . Since the Réunion solitaire is believed to have become extinct by this date , the bird may actually have been a Rodrigues solitaire .
= = = Extinction = = =
The Rodrigues solitaire probably became extinct sometime between the 1730s and 1760s ; the exact date is unknown . Its disappearance coincided with the tortoise trade between 1730 and 1750 ; traders burnt off vegetation , hunted solitaires and imported cats and pigs that preyed on eggs and chicks . In 1755 , Joseph @-@ François Charpentier de Cossigny attempted to obtain a live specimen , as he had been assured the Rodrigues solitaire still survived in remote areas of the island . Though trying for 18 months , and offering large rewards , none could be found . He noted that cats were blamed for decimating the species , but suspected that it was due to hunting by humans instead . Alexandre Guy Pingré did not encounter any solitaires when he visited Rodrigues to observe the 1761 transit of Venus , although he had been assured they survived . His friend Pierre Charles Le Monnier named the constellation Turdus Solitarius after the bird to commemorate the journey . Although the Rodrigues solitaire is the only extinct bird to have a former constellation named for it , celestial mapmakers did not know what it looked like and star maps depict other birds .
In 1786 , subfossil Rodrigues solitaire bones encrusted in stalagmite were discovered in a cave and sent to Georges Cuvier about 1830 . For unknown reasons , he stated they had recently been found on Mauritius , which caused confusion , until they were compared with other bones from Rodrigues that were found to belong to the same species . These finds confirmed Leguat 's descriptions , but at this time no living residents of Rodrigues remembered having seen live specimens . In 1831 , a man who had lived on Rodrigues for 40 years said that he had never seen birds large enough to be Rodrigues solitaires . Rodrigues covers only 104 square kilometres ( 40 sq mi ) , making it implausible that the bird would have survived undetected .
Subfossils were also recovered during the 1860s , but more complete remains were found during the 1874 transit of Venus , since an observation station was located on the island . Many of these excavations were requested by brothers Alfred and Edward Newton , who used them to describe the osteology of the bird in detail . Thousands of bones were excavated , and mounted skeletons were composed from the remains of several specimens . It has been suggested that the skeleton of this species is the best described after that of humans . In spite of this , some later scholars doubted Leguat 's story , and the existence of the Rodrigues solitaire . In 1955 , George Evelyn Hutchinson doubted aspects of the bird 's biology mentioned by Leguat , and in 1921 , G. Atkinson claimed the memoir was merely a novel , and that the man had never even existed . Today , it is widely accepted that Leguat 's memoirs are credible observations of the bird in life .
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= 2011 Leopard Trek season =
The 2011 season for Leopard Trek / ˈleɪoʊpɑːrd trɛk / , its first , began in January at the Tour Down Under and ended in October at the Giro di Lombardia . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every race in the UCI World Tour . The team formed for 2011 as a Luxembourgian national project and boasts that nation 's two premier riders , Andy and Fränk Schleck . Several riders from the Schleck brothers ' former Team Saxo Bank joined the new team .
The team was built for strong showings in the classic cycle races , and includes the best classics rider from the 2010 season , world time trial champion Fabian Cancellara . Though Cancellara did not win any race that awarded points to the UCI World Tour , he consistently placed highly enough that he was briefly the world number one rider in the midst of the classics season . Thanks to Cancellara 's performances and the Schleck brothers both finishing on the podium at Liège – Bastogne – Liège , the team was also in the top spot for a time .
Team member Wouter Weylandt died after crashing during stage 3 of the Giro d 'Italia , leading to the team 's mass withdrawal the next day . Though he won a stage with a long solo breakaway in the mountains , and wore the race leader 's yellow jersey for a day , Andy Schleck was runner @-@ up at the Tour de France for the third consecutive year . Brother Fränk joined him on the podium in third place .
The team won its final race under the Leopard name , with Oliver Zaugg finishing first at the Giro di Lombardia . For 2012 , the team was set to merge with the American Team RadioShack , under the new name RadioShack – Nissan . Though most of that team 's management and sponsors were to come on board , the resultant squad continued to be based in Luxembourg under the same license , meaning it is a continuation of this franchise and not the American one .
= = 2011 roster = =
Ages as of January 1 , 2011 .
= = = Riders ' 2010 teams = = =
= = Genesis of the new team = =
It was first reported shortly after the conclusion of the 2010 Tour de France that Andy and Fränk Schleck would leave Team Saxo Bank , the team for which they had each ridden for the entirety of their respective careers , at the conclusion of that season . It was soon revealed that they would spearhead a new team , one based in their native Luxembourg , led by former Team Saxo Bank staff Kim Andersen and Brian Nygaard . Luxembourg real estate tycoon Flavio Becca was eventually revealed as the team 's owner . Andersen and Nygaard sought him out in May 2010 for advice . Becca , a sports fan , had plans to form a new cycling team himself , and he offered Nygaard the position of general manager for his team , essentially combining their ambitions . Becca also brought Andersen on , giving the Dane a position as a sporting director . Fränk Schleck later revealed that he and his brother had had little to do with the formation of the team , being approached with the prospect of joining at the 2010 Tour of Luxembourg in June . Despite a good relationship with Team Saxo Bank manager Bjarne Riis , the brothers felt the opportunity to ride for a " home @-@ based team " was too good to pass up . Andersen made similar comments , saying that the team would have gone forward even if the Schleck brothers rode elsewhere in 2011 .
A solid portion of the team 's ridership came from Team Saxo Bank just as the Schlecks had , as eight of the eleven riders to depart Team Saxo Bank in the 2010 offseason did so for this team . The most prominent of these was four @-@ time world time trial champion Fabian Cancellara , who was under contract to Team Saxo Bank for 2011 and had to buy his way out of it . After doing so , the Swiss rider signed with the team for three years . The team had hired a roster of 25 riders at the time of their presentation , with Thomas Rohregger joining in late February .
No title sponsor was announced for the team in 2010 , as it went about signing riders for its inaugural season . It was known simply as the " Luxembourg Pro Cycling Project " for the first several months of its existence . Even as the end of 2010 neared , Nygaard steadfastly refused to reveal the team 's official name , opting to hold off on doing so until the team 's official presentation on January 6 , 2011 . Team member Jakob Fuglsang perhaps inadvertently revealed part of the name in an interview about three weeks before the team 's presentation , saying the team would be called " Team Leopard " and that Leopard would be the name in the center of the jersey . Trek , which signed as on as bike supplier in September , was revealed as a title sponsor at the team 's presentation , officially making the team 's name Leopard Trek . The Leopard name has no particular meaning ; it reflects Becca 's holding company and is simply an animal he likes . The team presentation itself was something of a spectacle , featuring gymnasts , race videos , and presentations for each rider in front of an audience of 4 @,@ 000 people , culminating in Nygaard and all riders appearing on stage wearing suit jackets and black scarves as they posed for photos . Shortly after the team 's presentation , Trek sent out a primer to cycling media detailing their preferences that the team not be referred to with the prefix " Team " as some other teams are and that there be no hyphen between the sponsors ' names . They also specified a preferred verbal pronunciation and that when referred to in print , the team 's name should appear in all capital letters . This last request was not widely adhered to .
When the UCI released its list of teams graded according to their hierarchy that decided who would receive a World Tour license , this team 's signees put them at the top , making them world number one before they even existed . This did not guarantee the team a top @-@ level license , it simply qualified them for it , but they were later announced as having received a four @-@ year World Tour license . Whether intentionally or incidentally , this corresponded to the initial financial guarantee Becca put up for the team . Nygaard hailed the license acquisition as the fruition of many months of hard work . This afforded the team automatic invitations to all World Tour events , including the season 's three Grand Tours .
= = One @-@ day races = =
= = = Spring classics = = =
Klemme got the team 's first @-@ ever win early in the spring season , at Le Samyn . After a solo escapee was caught by an elite 12 @-@ rider group that came clear of the peloton , Klemme timed his attack on the day 's final climb with precision and stayed out front for victory by eight seconds over Kevyn Ista . The team came to the first monument race of the season , Milan – San Remo , with high ambitions . Cancellara aimed for a second triumph in the race , having previously won the 2008 edition , but he recognized that slipping away unmarked in the race 's final kilometers as he did three years prior would be difficult to do again . He considered Philippe Gilbert to be his principal rival for the race . Cancellara and O 'Grady made the day 's major selection on the Le Manie climb , after a crash 90 km ( 56 mi ) from the finish . O 'Grady hit out on the attack a few times shortly before the end of the race , but it was Cancellara who was present in an eight @-@ rider group that formed on the Poggio which decided the race . These eight riders represented eight different teams , so no one was able to get a proper leadout . After Gilbert , Vincenzo Nibali , and Yoann Offredo opened up the sprint , Cancellara tried to come around them for the win , but was beaten at the line by HTC – Highroad 's Matthew Goss . Cancellara was deeply disappointed to finish second , feeling that even though he had done one of the best sprints of his life , he had not done adequately to pay off his team 's efforts on the day .
Cancellara was noticeably still recovering from his Milan – San Remo effort at Dwars door Vlaanderen , where he tried to attack for victory in the finale , but faded quickly and finished only 36th . The squad 's best @-@ placed rider was Posthuma in 31st . Cancellara 's recovery was perhaps complete at the E3 Prijs Vlaanderen – Harelbeke . After a series of mechanical incidents , resulting in several wheel changes and then a whole bike change , Cancellara sped past the trailing peloton on the Oude Kwaremont climb and effortlessly bridged to the front of the race . Once there , he left even the front group on the road well behind him , winning the race by a full minute over second placed Vladimir Gusev . Cancellara said he was more impressed with this victory than when he won the same race in 2010 , and analysis of his win suggested he stood as the odds @-@ on favorite for the Tour of Flanders . Jonathan Vaughters , whose Garmin – Cervélo team had effectively controlled the front of the race but were powerless to stop Cancellara , stated that should an on @-@ form Cancellara ever get even five seconds ' advantage at the front of a race near the end , he would likely not be seen again . Vaughters joked that rival teams would need a sniper to stop the Swiss classics specialist .
Cancellara 's pedigree , 2011 successes , and status as defending champion made him a major favorite for the second monument race , the Tour of Flanders . Cancellara put in a seemingly decisive move from the head of the main field on the Leberg , the fourteenth cobbled climb on the day 's parcours . He quickly opened up a time gap of over a minute , and the race seemed to be decided . He cracked on the Muur van Geraardsbergen , however , and was swept up by an elite leading group of favorites and contenders . He put in a second acceleration on the last climb , the Bosberg , and was followed by Sylvain Chavanel and Nick Nuyens . Having perhaps spent himself too early in the race by attacking solo and not working with other riders to gain a large time gap , Cancellara could only manage third of the three . After the race , Cancellara blasted Nuyens and the other riders in the race , saying they only rode to keep him from winning . He referred to himself as a " gladiator " and said that the manner in which Nuyens won , staying in Cancellara 's slipstream and then outsprinting him with the line in view , had no value in his eyes .
Cancellara was again thought to be the odds @-@ on favorite at the next monument classic , Paris – Roubaix . After an aggressive first two hours of racing kept any breakaway groups from going clear , a leading group of 21 slowly formed between the start of the cobbles and the Arenberg sector . They took a maximum advantage of two and a half minutes . The second group on the road gradually whittled down to a select group of top favorites . Cancellara tried several times to accelerate out of this group to bridge to the front of the race . Thor Hushovd , Alessandro Ballan , and Juan Antonio Flecha marked his moves , but did not contribute any work , instead simply holding Cancellara 's wheel . Eventually , Cancellara decided against towing the superior sprinter Hushovd to the front of the race with him , and for a while forewent further attacks . During this time , the leaders ' time gap held steady at about 90 seconds for many kilometers . Right about the time that Johan Vansummeren attacked from the leading group and got free to occupy first position on the road , with 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) left to race , Cancellara did likewise out of the group of favorites , putting in easily his most intensive pull . Only Hushovd and Ballan could follow , and they stormed past the remnants of the earlier breakaway , with the exception of Vansummeren who remained out front for victory . Cancellara bested Maarten Tjallingii and Grégory Rast in a sprint for second place 19 seconds back of the Belgian . Cancellara again rued after the race that everyone had marked him and only him . He claimed that the non @-@ cooperation of riders like Hushovd and Ballan had meant victory for him was not possible , and so second place for him was like a victory that day . Vaughters commented that Cancellara was indeed the strongest single rider in the race , but his squad had been the strongest team , which was why they won . Cancellara was also badly isolated from his teammates as a result of his rivals ' tactics and his teammates ' lesser form . The only other Leopard Trek rider after to finish the race was Mortensen in 94th , almost 14 minutes down . Cancellara 's ride was not entirely without reward , as it was after Paris – Roubaix that he attained the UCI world number one ranking , thanks mostly to his three podium finishes at the monuments .
Cancellara was not considered to be a favorite for the Amstel Gold Race , though he was part of the strong squad that the Leopard Trek team brought to the race . Sporting director Kim Andersen stated the race was more of a goal for one of the Schleck brothers . Cancellara commented that he felt " free as a bird " in the Amstel , riding it for the first time since 2004 , and that he was not under pressure to get a result . He identified Philippe Gilbert as the main favorite for the race , and promised not to ride against him as he felt his rivals had done to him in the cobbled classics . The race took place two days after Fränk Schleck 's 30th birthday , further intensifying it as a goal for him . Cancellara and both Schleck brothers effectively stayed at the front of the race most of the day , but Cancellara and Fränk Schleck lost contact after crashing on the Gulperberg 28 km ( 17 mi ) from the finish . This left Andy Schleck alone to fend for victory , and his tactic was a solo attack launched from 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) out , on the Keutenberg . The tactic was nearly successful , as the younger Schleck brother occupied first position on the road with only 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) left to race , but a chase pack led by Gilbert overhauled him at that point . Visibly spent from his solo effort , Schleck had nothing left for the finale and finished 11th , 28 seconds down on race winner Gilbert . He stated after the race that he was satisfied with his effort , feeling that going for the win from so far out was his only play for victory without any teammates in the front group . He may have finished a few positions higher if he had stayed with the Gilbert group , but he almost certainly would have had no chance for victory against the fast finisher Gilbert ; thus , the solo attack was the correct move in his eyes , since his only ambition was victory .
The Schleck brothers were again the squad leaders for the remaining Ardennes classics , La Flèche Wallonne and Liège – Bastogne – Liège . Pre @-@ race analyses mentioned them as contenders for both races . At La Flèche Wallonne , Andy Schleck worked for brother Fränk , taking pulls at the front of the main field to help chase down the morning breakaway . He did not feel physically up to riding for the win . Fränk was able to ride at the front of the race all day , and made the selections up to the race @-@ concluding Mur de Huy . Philippe Gilbert made an early attack on the Mur and held on to win – Fränk was seventh , six seconds back . Both brothers rode well at Liège – Bastogne – Liège . On the Côte de Roche aux Faucons , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the end of the race , they both surged clear of the group of race favorites . Gilbert marked them , and stayed in their slipstreams as the trio surged to the front of the race . Later , the Belgian also took pulls , and even tried to solo for victory , but could not shake the Schlecks . The three survived to the finish , 24 seconds clear of a chase pack that formed on the Côte de Saint @-@ Nicolas . Neither brother attacked in the finale , which came on a slight downhill , leaving the superior sprinter Gilbert to take a rather easy win , his fourth in 11 days .
Despite the spring classics season ending without any victories , Nygaard stated he felt satisfied with the many high placings the team had achieved , particularly in the face of Gilbert 's clear strength . Additionally , Leopard Trek became the number one team in the UCI 's rankings after Liège – Bastogne – Liège , a position they had occupied , to no small amount of criticism , before the season and before they officially existed . Nizzolo closed out the team 's early @-@ season account by with a podium finish at the inaugural ProRace Berlin , taking second in the mass sprint behind Skil – Shimano 's Marcel Kittel .
The team also sent squads to Omloop Het Nieuwsblad , the Clásica de Almería , Kuurne – Brussels – Kuurne , the Scheldeprijs and the Eschborn @-@ Frankfurt City Loop , but placed no higher than 11th in any of these races .
= = = Fall races = = =
The team had an excellent later half of the season in single @-@ day races , attaining top @-@ ten placings in all but one such race that they entered . This successful run started at the Clásica de San Sebastián . Both Schleck brothers were mentioned as possible pre @-@ race contenders , and Fränk Schleck rode to sixth place on the day by finishing with the first chase pack back of solo winner Philippe Gilbert and second @-@ placed Carlos Barredo . In August , Nizzolo continued his strong neo @-@ pro season with a fifth place ride at the GP Ouest @-@ France , finishing second @-@ best from the peloton behind three attacking riders who took each podium place just ahead of them .
The team next took high placings at the two UCI World Tour races in Canada , the GP de Québec and the GP de Montréal . Though Andy Schleck intended to start the GP de Québec , he was forced to pull out due to dental issue . Wegmann was mentioned among the pre @-@ race contenders , and it was indeed the veteran German who turned in the team 's top performance . He followed eventual race winner Gilbert when the Belgian made his winning move on the course 's penultimate climb , eventually coming in fourth at the finish , 14 seconds down . Denifl was the team 's top rider two days later in Montréal . Part of a late breakaway , he occupied third position on the road until the final moments , when Gilbert and his Omega Pharma – Lotto teammate Jurgen Roelandts surpassed him , leaving him fifth on the day . Back in Europe later in September , the team achieved podium finishes at the Grand Prix de la Somme and the Grand Prix d 'Isbergues . Wegmann finished third at the Grand Prix de la Somme , completing the podium behind Anthony Roux and Lloyd Mondory at the front of a 13 @-@ rider sprint finish . O 'Grady then narrowly missed out on taking a first solo win in three years in Isbergues , losing a two @-@ up sprint to Saxo Bank – SunGard 's Jonas Aaen Jørgensen and settling for second place overall . Wagner led the peloton over the line 8 seconds later to give Leopard Trek two of the three podium spots .
In October , Wegmann rode to sixth place in his native Germany in the mass finish to the Sparkassen Giro . The next day , trainee rider Rüdiger Selig won a selective sprint finish at Binche – Tournai – Binche , beating out former Tour de France green jersey winner Baden Cooke and a field including seven first @-@ division teams . Viganò nearly joined him on the podium , taking fourth place . Zaugg then showed signs of his coming late @-@ season form at the Giro dell 'Emilia , finishing in ninth place 33 seconds back of the solo winner . The team took two top @-@ ten places at the next day , at concurrent races , the GP Bruno Beghelli and Paris – Tours . At the Italian race , Monfort found his way into a winning breakaway that formed as the morning 's initial breakaway was caught , eventually finishing the day in 7th place , 21 seconds behind the winner Filippo Pozzato . At the same time in France , O 'Grady rode to an 8th place finish behind BMC Racing Team 's Greg Van Avermaet .
With the team 's merger with Team RadioShack already announced , the traditional season @-@ closing weekend in Italy at the Giro del Piemonte and the Giro di Lombardia effectively figured to comprise the team 's final races under this guise . At the Giro del Piemonte , Bennati made each of the day 's selections , first a 31 @-@ rider group that formed at the 85 km ( 53 mi ) to go mark and then a 14 @-@ rider break in the race 's final kilometer . He could manage only seventh in the uphill final sprint , however .
The team did not have any rider highlighted as a favorite entering the Giro di Lombardia ; pre @-@ race analyses held Gilbert as the man to beat . Zaugg rode at the front of the race the entire day , riding off the front to occupy first position as the solo leader on the Villa Vergano climb . He then maintained his advantage on the alternating flat sections and remaining climbs ( the Muro dell 'Alpino and the finishing climb in Lecco ) , holding on for victory ahead of Garmin – Cervélo 's Dan Martin and Team Katusha 's Joaquim Rodríguez by 8 seconds . The victory was not only Zaugg 's first monument classic win , or even his first single @-@ day win , it was his first professional victory of any kind , coming at age 30 . Post @-@ race analysis compared Zaugg 's triumph to some of the more notable upsets to which the race has played host in its history .
The team 's lone miss to this level of success was at Vattenfall Cyclassics , where Wegmann finished as the team 's best rider , in 15th place .
= = Stage races = =
After the team had been shut out in early season stage races , Cancellara was victorious in the short individual time trial that closed out Tirreno – Adriatico . Taking the course some two hours before the race 's top riders , the four @-@ time world champion covered the 9 @.@ 3 km ( 5 @.@ 8 mi ) distance in 10 ' 33 " , and only one rider came within ten seconds of his time . At Critérium International in March , five @-@ time champion Voigt was hopeful of breaking the record he shares with Emile Idée and Raymond Poulidor to stand alone as a six @-@ time champion , but admitted that the course and the weather did not suit him , and so his chances would be slim . During the decisive stage 1 , Voigt bridged up to a morning breakaway some 90 km ( 56 mi ) from the finish on the Col de l 'Ospedale . He said afterward that he might slip away unmarked and stay away for victory , but if he were chased it would make the race hard , and a hard race would suit the Schleck brothers . The latter scenario is exactly what occurred . Voigt was caught well before the summit of the Ospedale and finished the day in 75th place , over 20 minutes down , but the Schlecks both stayed with the front group on the road throughout the stage . Fränk Schleck put in his own attack for victory 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the summit and stayed away for victory . Andy Schleck was tenth , a minute down on his brother . The elder Schleck brother held his advantage through the flat stage and individual time trial on day two of the three @-@ stage race , emerging as overall victor .
Bennati found great success at the Circuit de la Sarthe , taking his first wins in over a year at that race . The Italian sprinter first won stage 1 in a full field sprint before Garmin – Cervélo 's Michel Kreder defeated him in the sprint finish the next day . Later the same day as stage 2 , Bennati won the 6 @.@ 8 km ( 4 @.@ 2 mi ) time trial to extend his overall lead . It was the first time trial Bennati had ever won as a professional . He finished six minutes down in the hilly fourth stage , losing any chance at winning the race overall , but he rebounded to claim a third win in the event in a reduced sprint in stage 5 . Three wins and a second place meant he handily won the event 's points classification as well .
The team rode with heavy hearts at the Tour of California in May . It was their first event back in competition after their mass withdrawal from the Giro d 'Italia the day after the death of team member Wouter Weylandt . The race paid tribute to Weylandt by holding a moment of silence before its first stage and allowing the Leopard Trek team to lead the peloton into the neutralized zone , as well as all organization , staff , and riders wearing black armbands . The team did not attain any victories in the race , with Gerdemann in 11th place their best finisher . Neo @-@ pro Nizzolo took the team 's lone win in the month of May , triumphing in the field sprint finish to Bayern @-@ Rundfahrt 's final stage .
The team proved to be a prolific winner in stage race events over the summer . The first was the Tour de Luxembourg , a race with special meaning for the team as it is in Luxembourg where they are headquartered and derive much of their identity . Several riders all but certain to participate in the forthcoming Tour de France rode the Tour de Luxembourg . Cancellara dominantly won the 2 @.@ 6 km ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) prologue individual time trial , finishing five seconds the better of Team Europcar 's Damien Gaudin . No other time gap from one rider to the next exceeded three seconds , and most were only fractions of a second . Two days later , Gerdemann seized control of the race by winning stage 2 after dropping two breakaway companions . He rode solo to the win 9 seconds ahead of the peloton , which gave him the race lead . He retained through the conclusion of the race two days later , thus taking the overall crown . Later in the month of June came the Tour de Suisse . Cancellara again proved the best in the prologue time trial , this one 7 @.@ 1 km ( 4 @.@ 4 mi ) long , besting HTC – Highroad 's Tejay van Garderen by 9 seconds . He then won the longer time trial stage that concluded the event eight days later , a 32 @.@ 1 km ( 19 @.@ 9 mi ) race against the clock . This performance was not as dominant , as his winning margin was again 9 seconds , this time over Team RadioShack 's Andreas Klöden . The team missed out on the event 's final podium but nonetheless showed strongly overall , with Fuglsang , Fränk Schleck , and Monfort all finishing in the top ten . Andy Schleck also took what is for his career a relative rarity gaining a noteworthy result outside the Tour de France . He won the climber 's jersey , having first taken it after stage 7 . Later in the summer , the team won stages at three further events , with Bennati winning sprints at the Tour of Austria and the Tour de Wallonie , and Fuglsang a solo win at the end of a finishing circuit in stage 3 at the Tour of Denmark .
The team also sent squads to the Tour Down Under , the Tour of Qatar , the Volta ao Algarve , Vuelta an Andalucía , Driedaagse van West @-@ Vlaanderen , Paris – Nice , Volta a Catalunya , the Tour of the Basque Country , the Tour de Romandie , the Four Days of Dunkirk , the Tour of California , the Critérium du Dauphiné , Delta Tour Zeeland , the Ster ZLM Toer , the Tour de Pologne , the Eneco Tour , the USA Pro Cycling Challenge , the Tour du Poitou Charentes , the Tour of Britain , the Tour de Wallonie @-@ Picarde and the Tour of Beijing , but did not achieve a stage win , classification win , or podium finish in any of them .
= = Grand Tours = =
= = = Giro d 'Italia = = =
Leopard Trek entered the Giro with limited aspirations . Squad leader Wegmann was a former Giro mountains classification winner , but he said he would not target that award in the 2011 Giro and instead hoped for a stage win . He said the squad would aim to finish eighth or better in the opening team time trial and that Zaugg was the squad 's general classification rider , though it would be unlikely for him to finish higher than 15th . The squad came in 14th in the team time trial , finishing with eight riders together at a deficit of 42 seconds to the winners HTC – Highroad . Weylandt was ninth in the field sprint to finish stage 2 the next day .
= = = = Death of Wouter Weylandt = = = =
During the descent of the third @-@ category Passo del Bocco in stage 3 , Weylandt crashed and suffered catastrophic injury . Race doctor Giovanni Tredici and the doctor for the Garmin – Cervélo team were in cars very near Weylandt 's group on the road , and administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation for approximately 40 minutes . Doctors also gave Weylandt adrenaline and atropine to try to restart his heart , though Tredici stated after the fact that resuscitation efforts were rather clearly in vain , and that Weylandt was already dead by the time they got to him . They were never able to revive the Belgian , and he was declared dead on the spot . A short time later , Weylandt 's body was airlifted off the descent and taken to a nearby hospital , where the pathologist conducting the autopsy concluded that the Belgian had sustained a basilar skull fracture , and had died immediately upon crashing . Weylandt 's death was the first at the Giro in 25 years , and the first at one of cycling 's Grand Tours since Fabio Casartelli died during the 1995 Tour de France .
Manuel Antonio Cardoso of Team RadioShack had been nearest to Weylandt when he crashed , and stated that Weylandt had touched a small retaining wall on the left side of the road with either his pedal or his handlebars , and was then catapulted across the road to the other side , where he again collided with something . He had looked behind him to ascertain his exact position in the race when he clipped the wall . Teammate Stamsnijder also witnessed the accident , saying " it was a very hard fall . " Italian police , conducting an inquest into Weylandt 's death , also took an official statement from the Portuguese rider at Team RadioShack 's hotel . A memorial was placed at the crash site , where Weylandt 's widow and mother , along with cyclists , passersby and residents of nearby villages , placed flowers . The Leopard Trek team remained in the race for another day at the encouragement of Weylandt 's family . Race leader David Millar spent the evening discussing with members of Leopard Trek , his teammate ( and Weylandt 's training partner and best friend ) Tyler Farrar , and Weylandt 's family how best to pay tribute to the fallen rider . Weylandt wore bib number 108 in the race , and Giro officials have said they will not assign the number in future editions of the race .
The next day 's stage was preceded by a minute 's silence , and ridden as a procession in Weylandt 's memory . In keeping with convention , there was no competitive racing . Each of the 23 teams took to the front of the peloton for about 15 minutes , and the remaining Leopard Trek squad , along with Farrar , were allowed to finish first with their arms around each other . Millar led the rest of the field across the line a few seconds later . No results for the stage were recorded , and it did not count towards the general classification or any of the points competitions . After the stage , instead of any podium presentations , the four jersey classification leaders ( Millar , Alessandro Petacchi , Gianluca Brambilla , and Jan Bakelants ) appeared on stage with the Leopard Trek team to lead another moment of silence . Subsequently , Farrar and the remaining Leopard Trek squad all decided to leave the race . Feillu did not want to leave the Giro , feeling that continuing to race would have been the best way to honor Weylandt , but he did not mind acquiescing to his teammates ' will . For most of them , the decision was based on a desire to attend Weylandt 's funeral , which took place nine days after his death . Members of the Giro squad served as pallbearers . Other teammates , as well as Farrar , members of Weylandt 's former team Quick @-@ Step , and Giro director Angelo Zomegnan were all in attendance , along with hundreds of cycling fans assembled outside the chapel .
= = = Tour de France = = =
Leopard Trek came to the Tour de France with , per season @-@ long expectations , a squad centered around overall victory . The leader was probably Andy Schleck , entering as runner @-@ up in the past two Tours de France and three @-@ times running winner of the young rider classification , an award for which he was no longer eligible . Brother Fränk said his goal was to have Andy win the Tour , with Fränk himself also there on the podium with him . The remaining squad members were Cancellara , Gerdemann , Monfort , Fuglsang , Voigt , O 'Grady , and Posthuma . Every rider on the squad had ridden the Tour de France before , and all but Monfort , Fuglsang , and Posthuma had previously worn the yellow jersey . Pre @-@ race analysis speculated Cancellara could aim for a few days in the race lead before the course shifted to the high mountains .
Cancellara showed himself in the finale of the Tour 's first stage , which featured a mostly flat course culminating in a short uphill finish . He attacked for victory inside the final kilometer , but Omega Pharma – Lotto 's Philippe Gilbert quickly closed the gap , effectively neutralizing the move . Cancellara then sat up ( abandoned any further attempts to win ) , and finished 18th . Both Schleck brothers managed to stay at the front of the race ahead of two major crashes toward the end , which led to riders such as Samuel Sánchez and Alberto Contador losing a minute and 20 seconds . The next day 's team time trial presented an opportunity for the squad . With four @-@ time and reigning world time trial champion Cancellara leading them , they rode to fourth place on the day , within fractions of a second of BMC Racing Team and Team Sky and four seconds the lesser of the day 's winners Garmin – Cervélo . While the team missed out on taking the yellow jersey , the ride did install Gerdemann , Fränk Schleck , and Cancellara into fifth through seventh place overall , with Andy Schleck in tenth and Fuglsang in 11th tied on the same time , giving the team several options going forward . Two days later , Fränk Schleck was the team 's best man on the Mûr @-@ de @-@ Bretagne , finishing in the leading group with stage winner Cadel Evans . Brother Andy , along with Fuglsang , was in the chase group eight seconds back . Cancellara finished with the second @-@ to @-@ last group a little over four minutes down on the winner , ruling him out of any possibility of wearing the yellow jersey in this Tour .
The next several stages favored sprinters and a solo breakaway winner . The overall standings did not change until stage 9 , when a breakaway group involving Thomas Voeckler gained sufficient time that the veteran Frenchman became the new race leader . The Schleck brothers were two and a half minutes down in the classification at this point , but within a few seconds of the nearest true overall favorite Evans . Fuglsang as well remained in the top ten , 30 seconds the lesser of Andy Schleck and just over three minutes off the race lead . Fränk Schleck took time out of the bulk of the field in stage 12 . With 2 @.@ 5 km ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) remaining in the stage @-@ concluding climb to Luz Ardiden , the elder Schleck brother broke free of the group of the race 's top riders in pursuit of two down the road . He did not quite reach them , finishing ten seconds back on the day , but the ride moved him up to second place overall , 28 seconds ahead of his brother and 17 the better of Evans . The brothers both missed an important move in stage 16 , ending on the descent from the second @-@ category Col de Manse . Contador , Sánchez , and Evans rode the most aggressive descent , a tactic which gained them a solid measure of time . Evans took 21 seconds out of Fränk Schleck to re @-@ assume second place overall ; the younger Schleck brother lost a full minute and six seconds to the veteran Australian .
The team set about taking time back in the high mountain stage 18 , ending with an hors catégorie arrival at the Col du Galibier . Monfort and Posthuma both made the morning breakaway , providing support for Andy Schleck after he attacked out of the group of overall favorites on the ascent of the Col d 'Izoard . Schleck bridged first to Posthuma and then to Monfort , the latter guiding him down the 17 km ( 11 mi ) long descent of the Izoard , as Schleck is a superlative climber but a poor descender . After catching and surpassing all other remaining members from the morning breakaway , Monfort then rode an extremely lengthy and strenuous pull ahead of Schleck until 17 km ( 11 mi ) remained in the stage , when he finally bonked and dropped back . This left Andy free to climb the Galibier solo , taking the stage win alone two minutes ahead of the next rider , which happened to be brother Fränk . He rode clear of the group of the race 's top riders in the final kilometer , gaining eight seconds against Evans . While the team 's tactics on the day appeared to cinch the yellow jersey for Andy , prior race leader Voeckler retained the yellow jersey by a margin of 15 seconds . The status quo among the Schlecks and Evans held on stage 19 , though with Voeckler finally falling from the top of the overall classification that gave Andy Schleck the yellow jersey ahead of the stage 20 individual time trial . Stage 19 , ending at Alpe d 'Huez , had favored Schleck ahead of Evans , and he was characterized as missing an important opportunity to pad his lead ahead of the time trial , where Evans ' skills are superior .
Though Evans was the stronger of the two against the clock , Schleck had surpassed expectations in the long time trial at the 2010 Tour de France , leading to speculation as to whether his 57 @-@ second cushion over the Australian could be sufficient for him to win the Tour . Evans rode one of the best time trials of his career , finishing in second place seven seconds off the pace of Tony Martin , the rider who was crowned world time trial champion later that year . Andy said of his and his brother 's rides that they were probably the best time trials likewise of their respective careers , but they were no match for Evans ' performance . The Australian was two and a half minutes better than both of them , taking the overall lead by a minute and a half with Andy slipping to second and Fränk to third . Since the Tour 's final stage is traditionally mostly ceremonial save for a final sprint finish , the time trial effectively cemented the final overall standings . Andy took the positive from the result , saying he and his brother were both proud of each other for their efforts and were excited to stand on the podium together in Paris , even if neither of them was on the top step .
= = = Vuelta a España = = =
Leopard Trek 's squad for the Vuelta a España consisted of Bennati , Cancellara , Fuglsang , Monfort , O 'Grady , Viganò , Wagner , Zaugg , and Rohregger . Bennati was speculated to be a contender for the Vuelta 's sprint stages , while for Cancellara the race represented an opportunity to hone his form ahead of the world championships . No rider on the squad was highlighted as an overall contender .
The squad was one of the first to start the stage 1 team time trial . Viganò crashed at one point and finished almost three minutes behind his teammates , but the squad still managed to put up the day 's winning time , finishing with the necessary five riders together four seconds the better of defending Vuelta champion Vincenzo Nibali 's Liquigas – Cannondale squad . Fuglsang was the rider who crossed the line first , making him the first wearer of the race leader 's red jersey . He said after the stage that the team had not pre @-@ determined who would cross the line first , as is customarily the case in advance of a team time trial . It had simply been Fuglsang 's turn to ride on the front when the finish line came . He said would try to ride for the overall classification , with Bennati and Cancellara to hunt for stage wins in the sprints and individual time trial , respectively . Bennati contested the sprint finish the next day , taking sixth behind Christopher Sutton . Since Fuglsang also finished at the front of the race , combined stage finishes meant that Bennati would take the red jersey for stage 3 . Solo stage winner Pablo Lastras claimed the jersey the next day , but Fuglsang and Monfort continued to be well @-@ placed in the overall standings .
Neither dropped below 11th place overall heading into the stage 10 individual time trial , where the squad had three riders finish in the top ten . Cancellara 's fourth @-@ place ride was perhaps a disappointment , in that he finished a minute and 27 seconds slower than the stage winner Tony Martin , the rider seen as his chief rival for the world championships time trial . Fuglsang took sixth on the day and Monfort tenth , putting Fuglsang 12 seconds off the race lead in second place overall and Monfort sixth 59 seconds back . Both of them lost time in stage 11 , finishing in a group 27 seconds back of the group containing most of the race 's top riders , but both remained in the top ten overall . Both again fell down the standings in stage 14 on La Farrapona , a day when out of the first 50 riders no more than four finished together . Their overall positions reversed the next day on the storied Alto del Angliru . Monfort finished with a group that lost time to only six riders , while Fuglsang was a further minute and eight seconds down the road from his teammate . This left Monfort fifth overall and Fuglsang seventh , after Fuglsang had been the higher @-@ placed of the two for the entire race to that point . The next major mountain was Peña Cabarga in stage 17 . Both riders were well off the pace , with Monfort finishing 19th and Fuglsang 31st . Monfort still held sixth overall with the result , but Fuglsang fell out of the top ten , down to 12th place . Fuglsang improved a place to 11th after stage 19 , when Wouter Poels , who had been ahead of him , finished six minutes behind the main field . Those were their final overall positions , with both Monfort 's sixth place and Fuglsang 's 11th representing the best such finishes for either of them in a Grand Tour . The day before the race ended , Bennati gave the team a second stage win , coming home first in a large sprint finish in stage 20 at Vitoria .
= = Away from competition = =
= = = Merger with Team RadioShack = = =
During the Vuelta a España , reports surfaced that the Leopard Trek team was in talks to bring in sponsorship and management from the American @-@ based Team RadioShack . Reports suggested that team owner Flavio Becca was dissatisfied with the team 's management and aimed to bring aboard Johan Bruyneel and others from Team RadioShack . While team officials for Leopard Trek initially denied the rumor , and Bruyneel refused to address them altogether , the merger was confirmed by both sides on September 6 , with five days remaining in the Vuelta . Becca had sought out Bruyneel because of his history of successes in the Tour de France , guiding Lance Armstrong to seven championships there and Alberto Contador to two . Bruyneel later commented that he looked forward to trying to add Andy Schleck 's name to his list of Tour success stories . Bruyneel 's arrival effectively ousted Brian Nygaard , who immediately left his position as the team 's general manager ; it is unclear who , if anyone , succeeded him for the remainder of 2011 . Becca offered him a lesser position within the team , but Nygaard refused it , saying it was as good as being fired . Upon announcing Nygaard 's departure , Becca also revealed that his company would hold the fused team 's license and that it would continue to be based out of Luxembourg , essentially confirming the 2012 entity as an extension of this franchise while Team RadioShack would be considered defunct .
What followed was a period of uncertainty regarding exactly who would and would not be a part of the merged team . Leopard Trek had 27 riders under contract for 2012 and Team RadioShack had 13 – UCI rules impose a hard limit of 30 riders on top @-@ level teams , meaning at least ten riders with valid contracts would be released from them . Leopard Trek riders were not told about the merger ahead of time and were unsure of their status at a time when riders everywhere looked to conclusively determine their places of employment for the upcoming season . The situation was further complicated by two rider transfers made in August , when Ben Hermans and Grégory Rast signed with Leopard Trek away from Team RadioShack , meaning they had effectively re @-@ joined the team they had only just left . The new team also signed four riders who had not been a member of either side in 2011 . This resulted in 12 riders departing for other teams , with 13 incoming from Team RadioShack 's 2011 formation ( that number including Hermans and Rast ) and 12 riders being retained from Leopard Trek 's 2011 formation . The fused team announced its new name as RadioShack @-@ Nissan @-@ Trek , though UCI rules limit registry to two title sponsors , meaning their name in the official UCI record is RadioShack @-@ Nissan .
Reactions to the merger were widespread . Amid descriptions of the team as a " super @-@ team " from at least one analyst were Team Saxo Bank manager Bjarne Riis ' claims that he simply looked forward to defeating them . Cervélo co @-@ founder and former Cervélo TestTeam manager Gerard Vroomen saw the merger on a strictly business level , with neither side having sufficient resources to field a team at the level they would like , while cooperatively they would . Trek had been bike supplier for both teams in 2011 , and funneling money they would normally spend on two teams into one , coupled with an expected reduction in support from the electronics company RadioShack , would make it all the simpler for them to back a top @-@ level team . The merger also drew criticism , as the two sides ' initial press releases describing it did not make it seem that they were in agreement over their perception of the merger and the newly combined entity . The fact that neither ridership nor lower @-@ level management nor ousted sponsors seemed to know about the move at all ahead of time also drew criticism .
= = = Rider breakdown = = =
With 58 riders – excluding Wouter Weylandt , after his death at the Giro d 'Italia – competing for Leopard Trek and Team RadioShack during the 2011 season , a battle for places on the squad ensued . As UCI regulations stipulated that a squad could not have more than 30 riders for the season , many riders were left without a guaranteed place in the merged RadioShack – Nissan team for the 2012 season . Thirteen riders remained within the Leopard SA @-@ licensed setup for 2012 ; the two @-@ year contracts of Daniele Bennati and Jakob Fuglsang , as well as the three @-@ year contracts of Fabian Cancellara and Maxime Monfort , and the four @-@ year contracts for Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck , were all honoured . Joost Posthuma , Jens Voigt , and Oliver Zaugg , who had all joined the team on one @-@ year contracts in 2011 , extended their deals to remain with the team into 2012 . Linus Gerdemann also remained with the team , despite having been linked with Team Katusha , while Thomas Rohregger signed a new two @-@ year deal with the team . Also remaining with the team were Giacomo Nizzolo and Robert Wagner .
= = = = Riders in = = = =
A total of seventeen riders joined the Leopard SA setup for 2012 , of which thirteen riders had been part of Team RadioShack in 2011 . These riders included American national champion Matthew Busche , Tour of California winner Chris Horner , Vuelta an Andalucía victor Markel Irizar , and Andreas Klöden , who won the Tour of the Basque Country in 2011 . Also joining from Team RadioShack were stagiaire George Bennett – signing his first professional contract – as well as Ben Hermans , Ben King , and Portuguese duo Tiago Machado , and Nelson Oliveira . Yaroslav Popovych and Grégory Rast both signed with the team to bolster their efforts in the Classic races , while Jesse Sergent and Haimar Zubeldia followed the lead of some of their team @-@ mates to join the newly formed team .
The four remaining places on the roster were taken by riders who had not been involved with the merging of the two teams , and joined RadioShack @-@ Nissan @-@ Trek from rival squads ; Jan Bakelants joined from the Omega Pharma – Lotto team , Laurent Didier from Saxo Bank – SunGard , Tony Gallopin left Cofidis to join the team , while Hayden Roulston joined from HTC – Highroad , which also ceased to exist at the end of the season .
= = = = Riders out = = = =
Aside from Weylandt , thirteen members of Leopard Trek in 2011 did not continue with the merged team in 2012 . Will Clarke joined Champion System as the squad made their début as a UCI Professional Continental Team in 2012 . Stefan Denifl and Martin Mortensen both joined Vacansoleil – DCM , while Anders Lund and Bruno Pires joined Team Saxo Bank . Other riders to join UCI ProTeams were Stuart O 'Grady , who joined the new @-@ for @-@ 2012 GreenEDGE team , Davide Viganò left for the Lampre – ISD team , Fabian Wegmann joined Garmin – Barracuda , and late @-@ season stagiaire Rüdiger Selig joined Team Katusha for the 2012 season . Elsewhere , Dominic Klemme and Tom Stamsnijder joined Project 1t4i , later Argos – Shimano ; Brice Feillu found a place on the roster of the Saur – Sojasun team , while Martin Pedersen signed with domestic Continental team Christina Watches – Onfone .
= = Season victories = =
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= Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace =
Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace is the sixth studio album by rock band Foo Fighters , released on September 25 , 2007 by RCA Records . The album is noted for a blend of regular rock and acoustic rock tracks with shifting dynamics , which emerged from the variety of styles employed on the demos the band produced . It also marks the second time the band worked with producer Gil Norton , whom frontman Dave Grohl brought to fully explore the potential of his compositions and have a record that sounded different from their previous work . Grohl tried to focus on songs with messages that resonated on the audience , writing reflective lyrics which drew inspiration from the birth of his daughter .
Critical reception to Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace was mostly positive , with praise to the sonic variety and songwriting , though some reviewers found the record inconsistent and uninspired . The album topped the charts in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and Austria , and had three successful singles , " The Pretender " , " Long Road to Ruin " and " Let It Die " . Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace was nominated for five Grammy Awards , winning Best Rock Album , and was also awarded the Brit Award of Best International Album .
= = Background and recording = =
The tour for the Foo Fighters ' fifth album , In Your Honor , had both acoustic and electric shows to fit the song variety in that record . Frontman Dave Grohl discussed this with RCA Music Group president Clive Davis , on how " it 'd be so cool " if the Foo Fighters were the band that did those different shows that appealed to specific audiences " and they wouldn 't necessarily have to go to both " , to which Davis replied that " you can do both together " . Grohl took this advice when composing his following album . Grohl added that " we didn 't plan the new album to be half rock and half acoustic " , picking the songs the band considered the best , with " demos which ranged from psycho fucking Nomeansno to sloppy , Tom Petty country to fucking piano @-@ driven songs " .
Since Grohl felt the songs were different from the band 's previous input and " had the potential to be something great " , he considered that instead of doing something like the last three albums , the band had to go out of " our own comfort zone " and " needed someone to push us out of there " . So Grohl decided to work again with Gil Norton , who produced the band 's second album The Colour and the Shape , citing how Norton taught the band of the importance of pre @-@ production and refining the composition , and claiming Norton 's " unconventional " approach " seems to capture the best of this band " , considering that with him " we 're not going to do a straightforward AC / DC record , he 's gonna make it different " .
Preparation was extensive : first Grohl had his usual start @-@ off by developing demos with drummer Taylor Hawkins , but for the first time Grohl tried to input vocals and lyrics in this early composition stage . After rounding up composition with guitarist Chris Shiflett and bassist Nate Mendel , Grohl spent two weeks with Norton discussing " arrangements , harmony and melody " and reducing the song ideas , and then the band spent four weeks rehearsing , playing " a song a day , from noon to midnight " . Hawkins stated that " we basically played each of these songs 100 different times , trying every little thing every different way " and that it was the first time since The Colour and the Shape " that Dave had to deal with someone in the room questioning all his ideas " , given how condescending previous producer Nick Raskulinecz was . Grohl claimed the choices were for the " most powerful , dramatic songs " , and that there was an effort to " make everything sound as natural as possible - just like on the albums we grew up listening to " , citing 1970s artists such as Neil Young and Wings as a major influence . Shiflett added that for the first time he played lead guitar in some tracks while Grohl " usually works out all the bits " of composition .
Recording began on March 2007 at Studio 606 in Dave Grohl 's Virginia home 's basement ( the studio has since been moved to Northridge , California ) . As the band took a ten @-@ day break in April , Grohl thought that the record needed another uptempo song , so he spent his time developing an unfinished song that became " The Pretender " . The sessions wrapped in mid @-@ June , and for the first time the band did not feel the need to rerecord any song . Grohl stated that while In Your Honor was a double album because he felt " schizophrenic " to alternate between loud and acoustic songs , Norton helped on sequencing the tracks into " an album that makes sense " .
The album features the Foo Fighters ' first instrumental , " Ballad of the Beaconsfield Miners " . It was written by Grohl after meeting with one of the miners involved in the Beaconsfield mine collapse who requested an iPod with In Your Honor in it during the incident . As Grohl was moved by this action , he decided to " write something just to dedicate to him that night because he definitely seemed like a hero " , and later promised to include the instrumental on the album . The album version features Kaki King , whom Grohl invited to record the song as she was visiting Studio 606 . Grohl later said that " I showed it to her once , and she shredded 10 times better than I ever played it " . Another guest was guitarist Pat Smear , who had been a bandmember from 1995 to 1998 , and a guest musician on the tour for In Your Honor . Smear , who has since been reinstated as a full @-@ on member , described his participation as " the oddest recording experience I had with Foo Fighters " given he had no input in composition and was " going in and playing on a song that was already written " .
= = Composition = =
Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace offers a mix of both electric and acoustic songs , which Grohl likened to the band growing older and " comfortable with all kinds of music " instead of just focusing on straight rock songs , saying that listening to the album he felt like " we 've gotten over our insecurities , because it presents us in a way that we probably hid in the past . " Grohl also stated that " the idea now is to step up and make [ The Zombies ' ] Odessey and Oracle " - the album he claimed to have listened the most during production - and that " it has always been my dream to mix Steely Dan with Nomeansno . " Amidst the amount of heavier tracks and themes Grohl decided to include the song " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) " , described as " the most light @-@ hearted , melodic song of all " which " seemed like a little ray of hope in the middle of all this despair . " Grohl added that there was a bigger focus on melodies even in heavier tracks such as " The Pretender " , " Let It Die " and " Erase / Replace " , and that album closer " Home " , a ballad featuring Grohl on the piano , was " the best song I 've ever written " .
The songs of the album are noted for their changing dynamics - with " middle sections [ that ] turn into this mass orchestrated swarm and ridiculous time signatures " which include musical references to 1970s soft rock bands such as Wings , Eagles and Bread - summed by Hawkins by saying the band " wanted to make sure that everything ' built ' on this record , that each instrument started somewhere and went somewhere else in the course of a song " . The drummer attributed this to the acoustic tour leading the band to " shed some of the fear of incorporating mellower stuff with the heavy stuff " , and Grohl added that " we wanted the stops to be pin @-@ drop silent before exploding . If we had a beautiful melody , we 'd throw a fucking string quartet in there . So we did everything we could to really magnify all those elements and that was fun . Usually you have a few parameters you 're afraid to pass but , this time , there was no fear of going too far . " Mix engineer Rich Costey added that his work of " preserve what [ the band ] had done to a fairly large degree " with " balancing and rides to get the dynamics to happen " was difficult given the sonic variety of Echoes , which went from " [ the Foo Fighters ' ] endless walls of guitar overdubs , almost like a swarm of bees " to string quartets : " The challenge of this type of mix is to retain the power of the track , yet define a space for everything . "
As the acoustic tour made Grohl realize " we were making music worth listening to , rather than music made for pummelling the person next to you " he decided to give more importance to the lyrics and " have a connection with the crowd in front of us " , considering that among the many compositions the band made on pre @-@ production " the ones that stand out are the ones that say something " . So for the first time the lyrics started being written before recording begun , with Grohl stating that he " sat in the back of the studio and just wrote every day for about 14 hours a day . " Most of the lyrics of the album deal with themes of birth , death and life , which Grohl attributed to the birth of his daughter Violet , considering that having a child " changes your entire outlook on the world " , and that he was suddenly more emotional - " So when you 're writing music with that in mind or that in your heart , everything just blooms into this fucking incredibly colourful , colourful feeling . " Helped by the extensive lyrical preparation , the lyrics also tried to show more of Grohl 's feelings , " those things that you 've always wanted to do or always wanted to say " , with Hawkins adding that he could not listen to " Stranger Things Have Happened " as " I 'm one of his best friends , and the last thing I want to do is read a love letter to his wife or whoever it is . "
= = Packaging = =
The cover art was made by Invisible Creature , and features a combination between a torpedo and a guitar amplifier tube to juxtapose the weapon " with another object that traditionally wasn ’ t associated with war or violence " . The remainder of the album sleeve has similar juxtapositions of objects " that reflected the album 's tone of life and mortality " .
The album 's title comes from a lyric on the album 's final song , " Home " . Grohl stated that as he struggled to think of a title given the musical variety of the album , even considering the title " The One With That Song On It " , he looked at the song lyrics and after reading the ones from " Home " Grohl " thought it was nice because it 's open to interpretation and it 's a beautiful title and I think the album is beautiful in its diversity and its melody and its musicality – it goes from delicate acoustic moments to the heaviest shit we ’ ve ever done . "
= = Release and promotion = =
The album 's first single , " The Pretender " , had a forty @-@ second preview released on a cross @-@ promotional campaign with rock radio stations in July 2007 , and eventually saw its debut on August 3 , 2007 at ESPN 's broadcast of the X Games XIII . It was released for music download and for radio play in August 2007 , with a CD single coming out on September 17 , 2007 . " Long Road to Ruin " was released as the second single in December 2007 . In 2008 , " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) " was issued as a download single in the UK , with " Let It Die " being picked instead for the United States . All three North American singles topped Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks charts , making it only the ninth album in history to spawn three number one hits on this chart , and " The Pretender " set a record by spending eighteen weeks at the summit .
Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace was released on September 24 , 2007 . Pre @-@ orders through iTunes were awarded with a free download of " The Pretender " , advance tickets through Ticketmaster , and the bonus tracks " Seda " and " Once and For All " . The album was also issued as a double vinyl record .
The promotional tour begun in September 2007 , after some concerts in the United Kingdom during the summer , and lasted until Fall 2008 . While the back @-@ up band compiled for the In Your Honor tour - guitarist Pat Smear , keyboardist Rami Jaffe , violinist Jessy Greene , and percussionist Drew Hester - remained to perform complex songs such as " Come Alive " , a few tracks had more stripped @-@ down arrangements .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
In the United States , Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace entered the Billboard 200 album chart at number three , selling 168 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , and has since been certified Gold by the RIAA . As of April 14 , 2011 , it has sold 897 @,@ 000 copies in US . The album debuted at the top of the UK album chart , selling 135 @,@ 685 albums in its first week ; Australia and New Zealand , being certified platinum in its first week in both countries ; and Canada , where the album went Platinum .
= = = Critical reaction = = =
Initial critical response to Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace was positive . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has received an average score of 71 , based on 30 reviews .
Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Tom Sinclair considered that while the record was not ground @-@ breaking , " the Foos have found a way to create their own archetype , with an instinctive feel for what constitutes a killer song " , and praised " how damn near flawless the tone of the whole set feels " . Rolling Stone 's David Fricke praised the sonic variety , described by him as " an anthology of strong new songs by a great bunch of bands , all calling themselves Foo Fighters " . Jessica Letkemann of Billboard was acceptive of the " delicious sundown grooves " of the quieter piece and " the Foos ' usual soft @-@ louder @-@ loudest ' radio friendly unit shifters ' " - referencing a track of Nirvana 's In Utero - while considering " Home " the only disappointing track . Robert Christgau rated the album a B , describing it as a " candid attempt to recapitulate Nirvana Mark II 's 10 @-@ year @-@ old triumph , The Colour and the Shape " . Henrik Holmgren of Melodic praised the production of the album and felt that Grohl singing " gets better and better with every record . " Dave Simpson of The Guardian called Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace the band 's " most accomplished album " , praising the composition and saying that " Gil Norton 's stunning production can 't disguise the raw humanity beneath the sheen " .
A few critics considered the album not as inspired as the band 's previous work . Kyle Anderson of Spin wrote that " two @-@ thirds of these tracks sound a lot like songs Grohl has done before " , considering that album 's strengths came from " the handful of songs that deviate from the wallop 'n'wail template " . Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine also felt the rock songs were not as remarkable " compared to the almost effortlessly engaging melodies of the softer songs " , ultimately describing Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace as " just another Foo Fighters album instead of the consolidation of strengths that it was intended to be " . Pitchfork Media 's Adam Moerder considered that the album " feels like a retread " and that the band was " sounding less and less relatable " , with innefective acoustic tracks and rock songs that " sound cold and detached compared to heart @-@ wrenching Foo pop gems like ' Big Me ' or ' Everlong ' " . While Sputnikmusic reviewer John Hanson was acceptive of the rock songs , where he felt " the boys are most comfortable " , he considered that the songwriting " has just become stale " and ultimately described Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace as " extremely boring and uninspired " . PopMatters ' Josh Timmermann was very critical of the overtly serious tone of the record compared to the lighthearted work the band had done before , joking that the title of " Cheer Up , Boys " " sounds like the suggestion of a concerned fan for a band he or she used to actually care about . "
= = = Accolades = = =
At the 50th Grammy Awards , Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album , and " The Pretender " was chosen for Best Hard Rock Performance . The album was also nominated for Album of the Year , while " The Pretender " was also nominated for Record of the Year and Best Rock Song . The album also won Best International Album at the 2008 Brit Awards . Q ranked it the 12th best album of 2007 , while Rolling Stone put the album at the 45th spot in a similar list .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Dave Grohl , Taylor Hawkins , Nate Mendel and Chris Shiflett except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Dave Grohl – lead vocals , rhythm guitar , piano on " Summer 's End " , " Statues " and " Home "
Nate Mendel – bass
Taylor Hawkins – drums , backing vocals on " Erase / Replace " , " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) " , " The Pretender " and " But , Honestly " , piano on " Summer 's End "
Chris Shiflett – lead guitar , backing vocals on " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) "
= = = Additional musicians = = =
Drew Hester – percussion on " Come Alive " , " Let It Die " , " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) " , " Long Road to Ruin " and " Summer 's End "
Rami Jaffee – keyboards on " Let It Die " , " Erase / Replace " , " Long Road to Ruin " , " Come Alive " and " But , Honestly " , accordion on " Statues "
Brantley Kearns Jr . – fiddle on " Statues "
Kaki King – rhythm guitar on " Ballad of the Beaconsfield Miners "
Pat Smear – rhythm guitar on " Let It Die "
Strings on " The Pretender " , " Statues " , " Home " and " Come Alive " by The Section Quartet ( arranged and conducted by Audrey Riley )
Oliver Allgood - Lute on " Long Road To Ruin "
= = = Production = = =
Gil Norton – producer
Adrian Bushby – engineer
Jake Davies - protools engineer
John Lousteau – assistant engineer
Rich Costey – mixer
Claudius Mittendorfer – assistant mixer
Brian Gardner – mastering
= = Chart positions = =
= = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
| }
= = = Singles charts = = =
I ^ " Let It Die " was released as a downloadable single only .
II ^ " Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) " was released as a downloadable single in the UK only .
A ^ " Long Road to Ruin " Charted only on the Belgian combined sales and airplay chart ( Ultratip ) .
B ^ " Let It Die " did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 but peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart at number 3 , and on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 6 .
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= Pennsylvania Route 434 =
Pennsylvania Route 434 ( designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as SR 0434 ) is a 12 @.@ 47 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 20 @.@ 07 km ) state highway located in northeast Pennsylvania . The western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 739 in the Blooming Grove Township community of Lords Valley . The eastern terminus of the route is at the New York @-@ Pennsylvania border in Shohola Township , where PA 434 crosses the Delaware River and enters New York , becoming New York State Route 55 at an intersection with New York State Route 97 in the town of Highland . State Route 434 used to be part of Pennsylvania Route 37 and Pennsylvania Route 137 .
= = Route description = =
Route 434 begins at an intersection with Route 739 and Pike County Quadrant Route 4004 in Lords Valley , a community in Blooming Grove Township . Route 434 heads to the northeast , passing businesses and homes before leaving the community . The highway then gets into a more scenic rural region , with trees surrounding the highway . Route 434 , which makes several curves for the next few miles , passes to the south of a lake . The highway continues on for several miles in this way . A short time later , the highway passes a couple homes and crosses Shohola Creek . Just north of the creek , the area becomes somewhat urbanized with homes beginning to surround the road again . However , this does not last long , with forests returning once more . Just north of the community , Route 434 intersects U.S. Route 6 .
After the intersection with U.S. Route 6 , the surroundings around the highway become a mix of homes and forests . This lasts for much of the distance on Route 434 until Greeley , where it becomes urbanized again . In downtown Greeley , Route 434 splits at an intersection where Pennsylvania Route 590 begins . The highway makes a curve , turning to the southeast for a distance north of Greeley . Soon afterwards , Route 434 parallels Shohola Creek , heading northeastward . Route 434 begins to become urbanized for a third time , passing some large buildings along with homes and forests . The creek continues to parallel , with the highway turning in several different directions . The forests begin to recede as Route 434 enters Shohola Township . Twin Lakes Road , a quadrant route , terminates at Route 434 before crossing the Delaware River and becoming New York State Route 55 and Sullivan County Route 11 at the border .
= = History = =
In 1928 , what is now Pennsylvania Route 590 between Lackawaxen and present @-@ day PA 434 in Greeley was designated Pennsylvania Route 37 . From Greeley , PA 37 continued south along the PA 434 alignment to its southern terminus at U.S. Route 6 . In 1946 , PA 37 was removed from the PA 590 alignment .
While PA 37 occupied the 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) segment of modern PA 434 from US 6 to Greeley , a spur of PA 37 , Pennsylvania Route 137 , occupied the remainder of PA 434 from Greeley to the state line from 1928 to 1946 . In 1946 , however , PA 37 was realigned to follow the entire alignment of PA 434 from US 6 to New York , decommissioning PA 137 in the process . PA 37 remained in existence until 1967 when PA 37 was replaced by PA 434 . In 2004 , State Route 434 was extended from its southern terminus down to an intersection with State Route 739 in Lords Valley .
PA 434 shared a brief 0 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 16 km ) concurrency US 6 after its extension to PA 739 was created . A new unsignalized intersection was built between 2005 and 2008 eliminating this concurrency .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Donna Freedman =
Donna Freedman is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours , played by Margot Robbie . Believing she had performed badly in the audition , Robbie went on holiday to Canada . She then learned she had won the part and had to return to Australia to begin filming . She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 2 June 2008 . Donna was initially introduced as a guest character , but Robbie was promoted to the regular cast shortly after she made her debut . In April 2010 , it was revealed that Robbie had told producers she would like to leave when her contract expired at the end of the year . Five months later , it was announced that Robbie had quit Neighbours and she departed on 26 January 2011 .
Donna was originally portrayed as an obsessive fan of musician Ty Harper ( Dean Geyer ) and someone who had a desire for friends and acceptance . After befriending the teens of Ramsay Street , Donna changes her ways and matures into a warm , loveable girl . She has been described as being fiery , beautiful , kooky and confident . The character 's storylines have seen her develop a relationship with Ringo Brown ( Sam Clark ) , kissing Sunny Lee ( Hany Lee ) , deal with the arrival of her family , searching for her biological father and having an affair with Andrew Robinson ( Jordan Smith ) . The character became popular with viewers and Robbie earned various award nominations for her portrayal of Donna , including two Logie Award nominations .
= = Casting = =
Margot Robbie auditioned for the role of Donna in 2008 . The actress believed that she had performed badly in the audition and decided to leave for a five @-@ week snowboarding holiday in Canada . Robbie had been in Canada for two days when she received a phone call telling her that she had been successful and that she had to return to Australia . Robbie began appearing on @-@ screen in June of that year . Donna was originally supposed to have a guest character role , but Robbie was promoted to regular cast member shortly after her debut .
In April 2010 , it was revealed that producers were " battling " to keep Robbie with the show after she told them that she would like to leave when her contract expired at the end of the year . Producers began negotiating with Robbie to renew her contract and a spokesperson said " Margot isn 't going anywhere for a long while yet . Producers love the character of Donna Freedman and there 's plenty in store for her in the coming months , particularly in terms of her on @-@ off romance with Ringo . "
= = Character development = =
= = = Characterisation = = =
Donna 's personality has evolved and developed throughout her time on the show . Donna arrives as an obsessed groupie of Ty Harper ( Dean Geyer ) , who manages to force her way into the Ramsay Street teen group . Donna had no one to turn to and buried her love in the music scene and Ty , who became her focus for love and acceptance . Donna is driven by a fierce need for approval and acceptance , which makes her try too hard . Robbie revealed that she shares some of Donna 's characteristics . She said " [ Donna ] ' s fiery and outgoing and I 'm a bit like that . Sometimes I can be too loud and say things when I shouldn 't . But I don 't stalk people . Other than that , we 're kind of similar . "
TV Week described Donna as " beautiful and a free spirit who is also a little loud and obnoxious " , while the Metro called her " kooky . " The teens of Ramsay Street warm to her eventually and with their help , Donna changes her ways and becomes accepted . The official Neighbours website states that Donna has become a warm , loveable , charming and playful girl . Her integration into the street and the lives of the other residents has matured Donna and she leads the normal life she always wanted . In May 2009 , Robbie said that Donna is a " really likeable character " and that she gets to play out funny and crazy storylines while playing her . In November of that year , it was revealed that Robbie had begged the scriptwriters to let Donna go off the rails or go to rehab . Robbie said that she would like a dramatic storyline , but the show 's G rating makes it difficult . Robbie also said that she enjoys playing Donna , as she is " great " and a " bit crazy " . She added " I 'm really glad I get to play her and not an average , boring teenage girl . You can be an average , boring teenage girl every other day of the week . It 's fun to be able to say and do these things you normally wouldn 't " .
= = = Family = = =
Donna initially lives with and is cared for by her father , Matt Freedman ( Benjamin Mitchell ) , but after he tries to cover up a hit @-@ and @-@ run accident that Donna committed , he tells her that he must leave or face jail . Donna is hurt and humiliated when he leaves her alone . Donna eventually confesses to Elle Robinson ( Pippa Black ) that Matt has left and Donna moves in with Elle , who later becomes her guardian . At the end of 2008 , Donna 's younger brother and sister , Simon ( Mauricio Merino , Jr . ) and Tegan ( Chelsea Jones ) were introduced to the show . Merino and Jones won three @-@ month contracts with the show through a competition with Dolly magazine . It was announced that the siblings would be " Donna 's worst nightmare " and they were described as being " cheeky " and " pesky " . Robbie said she was looking forward to the arrival of Donna 's siblings and developing her character further with their introductions . She added " The more storylines I do , the more real my character becomes . Now , I can do things and relate to her and understand where she 's coming from " .
Following the introduction of her siblings , Donna 's mother was also introduced in February 2009 . Australian actress and singer , Tottie Goldsmith was given the role of Cassandra Freedman . Goldsmith described her character as being " manipulative " and " insanely selfish " . Donna and her mother were seen clashing on many occasions as Cassandra had hurt her daughter a lot in the past . Cassandra was a young girl when she had Donna and she did not have the maturity to deal with a baby . Goldsmith said that Cassandra " resented Donna and saw her as a threat . Over the years , Cass has hurt Donna so much that her daughter 's almost become immune to the way her mother behaves " . Goldsmith added that Cassandra is not a " maternal person " and she has not been able to connect with her children . Cassandra moves into the street in a bid to win over wealthy resident , Paul Robinson ( Stefan Dennis ) . She is later driven out of town after she makes her relationship with Donna worse .
Just before Cassandra leaves town , she tells Donna that Matt , the man who raised her , is not her biological father . Cassandra tells Donna that her real father is a man named Nick . In 2009 , it was announced that Donna 's father had been cast and would be introduced the following year . Brian Vriends was given the role of Nick Nixon . Of the introduction of Brian and Nick , executive producer , Susan Bower said " The Freedman family have provided fantastic drama for us so far and we have lots in store for Brian , it 's great to have him with us . This is just one of many , many great storylines we have coming up in 2010 " . Donna discovers that there are two men that could be her father and she contacts them both . Nick Nixon replies first and Donna begins to believe that he is her father . However , Professor Nicholas McKay ( Chris Bunworth ) later turns up and Donna becomes confused over the situation . Nicholas has just been released from jail and he is keen to do something right . However , he hurts Donna when he tells her that she is just like her mother and that she will run away . Robbie said " He takes a horrible approach " . Nicholas ' arrival makes Donna more afraid to find out the results of the DNA test she asked Nick to take . On the situation , Robbie said " She 's a hopeless romantic and wants the happily ever after – not only with Ringo , but with her family . " The DNA test eventually proves that Nick is her real father .
= = = Bisexuality = = =
When Robbie first began filming , she was told that Donna was bisexual . Of this Robbie said , " In one of the blocks she is talking to Bridget about their ' first time ' and Donna asks Bridget if it was with a guy or girl ? I liked the way the writers conveyed that , it was just really subtle and they didn 't make a big coming out scene of it . I think it 's a good message to send out because it 's not such a big deal to lots of people . Not all of them have such drama surrounding it " . Donna 's first storyline that included this aspect of her character was a kiss between herself and fellow female character , Sunny Lee ( Hany Lee ) . The kiss occurs after Donna discovers that Sunny has been writing the romantic love letters given to her by her boyfriend . Sunny is shocked when Donna leans over and kisses her on the lips , as it is her first kiss . The show 's producers called the kiss between Sunny and Donna as " impulsive " and Robbie agreed saying " It 's really not a big deal at all . It 's not an actual gay storyline , it 's just kind of an impulsive peck " . The storyline came weeks after rival soap Home and Away endured a backlash to its own same @-@ sex romance .
The storyline received attention from the Australian Family Association , with spokesman John Morrissey saying that he was concerned about TV " normalising " same @-@ sex relationships . Psychologist Dr Janet Hall praised the storyline , saying it allows families to discuss the topic . Bower defended the kiss , which was shot before the Home and Away controversy , saying " Ours is a lovely tale about friendship . It 's very innocent . " She added " If we were going to do a lesbian story – and Neighbours is not against lesbian stories – we would do it properly . This is a teenage romance story . There 's nothing sexual " . In June 2009 , Bower was asked if there were any plans to explore Donna 's bisexuality , to which she replied that there was not . She said " We 're getting an enormous amount of leverage with Donna being the person she is and there 's just so much storyline with her and romance with Ringo that I 'm not saying it 's out of the question , but it 's not in any planning stages now " .
= = = Relationship with Ringo Brown = = =
Shortly after her character 's arrival on @-@ screen , Robbie said " There is some love coming up for Donna . She gets in to a long term relationship and really falls for someone . " Donna first kisses Ringo Brown ( Sam Clark ) at a kissing booth to get in with the established teen group . Donna and Ringo later begin a relationship , but when Donna wants to take things further , Ringo tells her that he wants to slow things down . Donna believes that she is being rejected and when she hears about Ringo 's relationship with Carmella Cammeniti ( Natalie Blair ) and then sees them together , she confronts Ringo . Ringo then tries to convince Donna that his heart belongs to her . The couple 's relationship goes through various problems . During a moment of time together at home , Donna leaves Ringo to retrieve the cat and the house is set alight . Donna is forced to rescue Ringo and drag him outside . After Zeke Kinski ( Matthew Werkmeister ) returns to Ramsay Street , Ringo believes that Donna had cheated on him with his friend and breaks up with her . Donna then goes to Zeke to seek solace and it leads to a love triangle between the three of them .
Towards the end of 2009 , Donna and Ringo 's relationship goes through a rocky patch and during schoolies week , Donna sleeps with Andrew Robinson ( Jordan Smith ) . Andrew later turns up in Erinsborough much to Donna 's shock . Robbie said that Donna begins to " freak out " because she did not expect to see Andrew again and now he could tell everyone what happened between them . Robbie added " Ringo and Donna were definitely going through a rocky patch for a while , but things were starting to look up . If she comes clean , they might find a way to work through it . But it doesn 't look good . " Sam Clark said that Ringo and Donna 's love for each other is very strong , but he was not sure if it was strong enough to survive a betrayal . Robbie and Clark also said that the couple were heading in different directions career @-@ wise and it would be challenging for them . Donna later begins an affair with Andrew after he helps her out and then puts pressure on her to give in to their attraction . Robbie said that Donna is " flattered " by Andrew 's interest in her and when Ringo puts his career before her , Andrew tells Donna what she wants to hear . On Andrew and Donna 's compatibility , Robbie said " Andrew 's more into the fashion scene than Ringo . He 's suave and well @-@ dressed , and he 's an apsiring businessman . He 's perfect for the world Donna is trying to get into . " However , Robbie admitted that Ringo is the perfect guy for Donna as they balance each other out well . Ringo leaves for Sydney after finding out Donna cheated on him and when he returns his relationship with Donna is " frosty " . Robbie commented on the ex @-@ couple 's future and said " I think at the moment it 's quite in the balance . It 's right up to the network at the moment as to whether they 'll get back together or not . "
Ringo and Donna later get back together and to prove that he loves her , Ringo proposes . In June 2010 , it was revealed that the 6000th episode celebrations would see the wedding of Donna and Ringo . News.com reported that producers hoped that the wedding would " recreate the magic " of Scott Robinson ( Jason Donovan ) and Charlene Mitchell 's ( Kylie Minogue ) 1987 wedding . Robbie said she had " big shoes to fill " , but she was honoured to be working on her biggest storyline since she arrived . Clark said that Donna and Ringo had made the decision that they are going to be with each other for life and that they are " going to be solid from now on " . On the wedding day , Donna 's car breaks down and she is forced to ride in the back of Lucas Fitzgerald 's ( Scott Major ) truck . Donna walks down the aisle to Ringo 's version of " Suddenly " , the original song played at Scott and Charlene 's wedding . Clark added " It 's a perfect day , but I can 't promise they 'll live happily ever after . " Donna and Ringo became the 36th couple to get married on the show . A month later , Ringo is knocked down by Stephanie Scully 's ( Carla Bonner ) motorcycle and he dies . Donna is devastated and she stays in her room . Steph comes to visit her and as she is apologising , Donna gets up and hugs her . Of Donna 's reaction , Robbie said " Donna is almost in a state of confusion and insists that the whole thing was an accident . Donna is just numb and she doesn 't know what to feel . "
= = = Departure = = =
In September 2010 , Robbie confirmed rumours that she was to leave Neighbours after almost three years . Of her reason to leave Robbie said " I want to go to America ; it 's always been my goal to work in Hollywood . It 's the one stage in my life where I have absolutely nothing holding me down " . Robbie filmed her final scenes in October and her character left on @-@ screen in early 2011 . Robbie later revealed her character 's exit is positive and that Donna departs Ramsay Street for a fashion design school in New York . Robbie said " It is very daunting for Donna at first . Ringo was the one who applied for Donna to do this course – it 's like he 's doing this one last thing for her . " She said that Donna becomes determined to be a success and that it is her last chance to live up to Ringo 's expectations of her . Robbie added that she wanted Donna to go to rehab or have a dramatic death , but she got a " boring old happy ending " instead .
= = Storylines = =
Donna comes to Charlie 's to see musician Ty Harper , who is her main focus in life . Ty introduces Donna to Rachel Kinski ( Caitlin Stasey ) and they try to get her to leave . Ringo Brown decides to help Donna make friends . Donna helps to clear an area of the bush and when a fire breaks out , she is suspected of starting it because of her strange behaviour . Daniel Fitzgerald ( Brett Tucker ) , a school counsellor , talks with Donna , who then decides to transfer to Erinsborough High . There she eventually becomes friends with Rachel and Bridget Parker ( Eloise Mignon ) , and starts dating Ringo . Donna 's father , Matt , bans her from seeing Ringo and she steals his car . Donna accidentally hits Nicola West ( Imogen Bailey ) and her dog , Bronte . However , Donna is initially unaware that she hit Nicola and she and Ringo ask Lucas Fitzgerald to fix the car . When she realises that she also hit Nicola , Donna tells Matt what happened . He tries to frame Lucas to save her , but he is caught and then goes on the run . Elle Robinson takes Donna in and becomes her legal guardian .
After she stops taking her birth @-@ control pills , Donna believes she may be pregnant . Donna convinces Rachel and Bridget to take pregnancy tests with her . Donna 's is negative , but Bridget discovers that she is pregnant . Donna 's younger siblings , Simon and Tegan , arrive in Ramsay Street and their mother , Cassandra , follows not long after . Ringo and Donna break up and she becomes closer to Rachel 's brother , Zeke . They share a kiss and Donna decides to leave Erinsborough to sort her head out . On her return , she gets back together with Ringo and clashes with her mother . Before Cassandra leaves town , she tells Donna that Matt is not her biological father . Donna creates an online vlog in a bid to find her father and James Linden ( Tim Ross ) turns up claiming to be Donna 's half brother . They take a DNA test and James tells Donna that it confirms they are related . James later transfers Elle 's money out of her online bank account and leaves , devastating Donna . Donna meets fashion designer Saffron Jankievicz ( Shanyn Asmar ) and she is offered an internship with her company . Donna skips school and neglects her friends and chores . She decides to quit and Saffron slaps her . Donna presses charges and Saffron apologises . Donna befriends Kate Ramsay ( Ashleigh Brewer ) following Rachel 's departure and Bridget 's death .
During Schoolies week Donna meets Andrew Robinson and has sex with him . Andrew turns up in Erinsborough and he and Donna eventually continue their affair . One of their trysts is accidentally recorded and Scott Griffin ( Eamonn George ) finds it and shows at Charlie 's . Ringo is devastated and leaves for Sydney . Donna begins university and during her second lecture , Saffron turns up as a guest speaker . Saffron turns Donna 's classmates against her , but Donna stands up to her . While going through her mother 's diary , Donna discovers that there are two men , Nick Nixon and Nicholas McKay , who could be her biological father . She contacts them both and she gets a job in Nick Nixon 's restaurant to see what he is like and she eventually tells him that she might be his daughter . They take a DNA test , which confirms that they are related . Donna tries to be nice to Ringo 's new girlfriend , Naomi ( Kate Bell ) , but she struggles . Ringo breaks up with Naomi and Donna discovers that Naomi has been following her . Naomi 's trashes Donna 's university project and steals her own medical file from the hospital . Donna is arrested , but Declan Napier ( Erin Mullally ) and Ringo find the file at Naomi 's house and Donna is released .
Donna is crushed by some scaffolding after she goes to a building site to pick up Ringo . Earlier in the day , Paul had tampered with the scaffolding platform due to a feud with the site 's owner . Ringo helps Donna to breathe and she is rushed to hospital , where she undergoes surgery to repair a ruptured spleen . Donna and Ringo then reunite and Ringo proposes to her . However , Donna turns him down , before proposing to him herself . Ringo wins a green card to the United States and they decide to bring the wedding forward . Donna meets Ringo 's mother , Prue ( Penny Cook ) and she later discovers Prue and Nick together . The wedding venue has to be changed and Donna 's car breaks down , so Lucas has to drive Donna and Nick to the new venue . They are stopped by the police , but Donna eventually makes it to the ceremony and she and Ringo marry . Following the honeymoon , Donna moves in with the Kennedy family . On their one month anniversary , Ringo is knocked down by Stephanie Scully 's ( Carla Bonner ) motorbike and dies . Donna is devastated and she struggles to accept that he has gone . Donna initially blames Kate for Ringo 's death because he pushed her out of the way . Donna is upset when she misses Ringo 's funeral . Donna is angry when Paul tries to use her to upset Steph at her trial . She later tells the court that Steph should not go to jail as it will not bring Ringo back . Donna receives a letter from a New York design school and Zeke tells her that Ringo applied for a place on her behalf . After initially deciding to stay in Ramsay Street , Donna 's friends manage to convince her to leave by staging a fashion show showcasing her designs . Donna says her goodbyes in the street and she leaves for New York with Nick .
= = In other media = =
In 2009 , Neighbours became the first Australian series to establish Twitter accounts for its characters . Donna was one of four characters to have an account set up , with the others being Declan , Ringo and Zeke . They began sending daily updates to their fans , giving advice and talking to each other . The updates are " complementary to the show 's on @-@ air storylines " . FremantleMedia Enterprises vice @-@ president of licensing Ben Liebmann said , " We thought it was a really great way to continue or allow the audience to engage with the Neighbours world off @-@ screen " . The messages are overseen by the Fremantle digital team , which is integrated with the story department of the Neighbours production team .
= = Reception = =
Robbie earned several award nominations for her portrayal of Donna . She was nominated for Most Popular New Female Talent at the 2009 Logie Awards . She was nominated for Best Newcomer and Funniest Performance at the Inside Soap Awards and Fave Aussie Hottie at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards . In 2011 , Robbie received a nomination for the Most Popular Actress Logie Award .
The character has been well received . The South Wales Evening Post called Donna " one of the programme 's most popular faces " and the Bristol Evening Post said she was " one of the most refreshing Neighbours characters to come along for many a moon " . Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy said the character had become a favourite with fans . Ruth Deller , of television website Lowculture , called Donna " fierce and fabulous " . Robbie 's co @-@ star , Scott Major ( Lucas Fitzgerald ) praised her performance as Donna saying , " Donna could 've been played in so many ways , but I think Margot nailed it , she 's always fun to work with , she 's a barrel of laughs and always works hard at her stuff . She 's really created Donna on her own and made Donna her own character " .
Website AfterEllen commented on Donna 's bisexuality saying that her introduction to Neighbours was " progress " . They were also happy to see that Donna had been added to the credits , meaning that she would be around for a while . Holy Soap named Donna 's most memorable moments as " Stepping out with Zeke after Ringo had dumped her " and " Locking lips with Korean exchange student Sunny " . In August 2010 , TV Week included Donna in their " Top 25 Neighbours characters " . They said " Ditzy , but kind @-@ hearted Donna always lands herself in trouble " .
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= No Depression ( album ) =
No Depression is the first studio album by alternative country band Uncle Tupelo , released in June 1990 . After its formation in the late 1980s , Uncle Tupelo recorded the Not Forever , Just for Now demo tape , which received a positive review by the College Media Journal in 1989 . The review led to the band 's signing with what would become Rockville Records later that year . The album was recorded with producers Sean Slade and Paul Q. Kolderie at Fort Apache Studios , on a budget of US $ 3 @,@ 500 .
No Depression was critically acclaimed and sold well for an independent release . Selling over 15 @,@ 000 copies within a year of its release , the album 's success inspired the roots music magazine No Depression . The record is considered one of the most important alternative country albums , and its title is often used as a synonym for the alternative country genre after being popularized by No Depression magazine . After regaining the rights to the album through a lawsuit , Uncle Tupelo released a remastered version in 2003 through Legacy Records , expanded to include six bonus tracks .
= = Background = =
Jay Farrar , Jeff Tweedy and Mike Heidorn began their musical careers in the 1980s playing in a garage band , The Plebes . After a few gigs , creative differences between the members led to the development of a punk rock sound for the band . As punk rock was unpopular in the St. Louis region , the band changed their style to blues @-@ rock and renamed themselves Uncle Tupelo . At this point , they stopped performing covers and began to write their own songs .
The band discovered a musical niche around Washington University in St. Louis , where bands such as Brian Henneman 's Chicken Truck performed in a similar style . The trio recorded its first professional tracks in Champaign , Illinois with future Chicago punk producer Matt Allison . The demo tape , Not Forever , Just for Now , contained early versions of several songs that would later appear on their debut album , including " Train " , " Whiskey Bottle " , " Flatness " , " Screen Door " , and " Before I Break " .
That demo , as well as the band 's rigorous touring schedule , attracted the attention of several music scouts . Record labels initially were wary of signing the band whom they perceived as straddling " the divide between the countrified punk of early 1980s such as Green on Red , Jason & the Scorchers , and X — none of whom had bum @-@ rushed the charts — and the Pacific Northwest grunge of Mudhoney and Nirvana , which was still years from breaking out commercially " . However , the influential CMJ New Music Report gave the demo tape a favorable review in 1989 , praising its " mature , developed , seriously thought @-@ out songwriting " . This review prompted New York City @-@ based distributor Dutch East India Trading to provide funding for the band to record an album on their Giant Records label , shortly before the label was renamed to Rockville Records .
= = Recording = =
Six months before signing a full contract with Giant / Rockville , Uncle Tupelo recorded the tracks for No Depression over ten days in January 1990 at Fort Apache South , a musician @-@ run studio in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . As the trio could not afford the cost of recording at a twenty @-@ four track studio in nearby Cambridge , they settled on the cheaper Fort Apache studio . The album cost US $ 3 @,@ 500 to produce , $ 1 @,@ 000 of which went to in @-@ house producers Sean Slade and Paul Q. Kolderie . The band was interested in working with Slade and Kolderie after hearing their production of Dinosaur Jr . ' s album Bug . The producers allowed Farrar to use the same 1961 Gibson Les Paul guitar that J. Mascis used on Bug , which gave the power chords on No Depression a richer tone .
Slade and Kolderie suggested that the band deemphasize the roots rock influences heard on Not Forever , Just for Now and convinced them to replace the harmonica parts with pedal steel guitar . For this , Slade and Kolderie recruited guitarist Rich Gilbert of Human Sexual Response for the recording . The tracks were recorded using little overdubbing ; only a few banjo and acoustic guitar parts were later added to the songs . At the suggestion of Slade and Kolderie , No Depression was recorded on eight @-@ track , so " the music would compress and " jump " off the tape during playback " . The recording sessions occurred before Uncle Tupelo officially became affiliated with Giant Records , so there was little input from the label .
Lyrically the songs reflected the band members ' experiences growing up in Belleville . Farrar and Tweedy romanticized tales about unemployment , alcoholism , and the feeling of living in a small town in an effort to emulate the profundity of songwriters such as Woody Guthrie . Musically , No Depression was influenced by the start @-@ stop musical pattern of the Minutemen . The cover of the album features a blurry photo of the band , taken by J. Hamilton , reminiscent of the albums released on Folkways Records .
= = Promotion and reception = =
No Depression was released by Rockville Records on June 21 , 1990 . The promotional tour for the album began at Cicero 's Basement , a St. Louis bar associated with Washington University . The tour took Uncle Tupelo to both the East Coast and the Southwestern United States . Missouri radio stations KDHX and KCOU frequently played tracks off the album . By March 1991 , No Depression had sold over 15 @,@ 000 units , a hit by independent record standards . The proceeds from the album recuperated the $ 3 @,@ 500 cost of the album , but Rockville refused to pay the band any royalties . Farrar and Tweedy later successfully sued Rockville CEO Barry Tenenbaum to attain the royalties . The surprise success of the album prompted Columbia Records to pay the band to record additional tracks with Slade and Kolderie at Fort Apache Studio in the summer of 1990 , but the results were not released . Rolling Stone did not publish a review of the album upon its initial release , although the magazine later featured Uncle Tupelo in an article about rising stars alongside the Black Crowes . Rolling Stone later called the album " one of the loudest , loneliest wails in recent memory to arise from the Midwest 's recession @-@ plagued plains " . Robert Christgau dismissed the album as a " dud " .
After the lawsuit with Tenenbaum , Farrar and Tweedy received the rights to their first three albums ( including No Depression ) , which were previously held by Rockville . In 2003 , Uncle Tupelo remastered and re @-@ released No Depression with six bonus tracks through Legacy Records , a Sony Music label . Among the bonus tracks were cover versions of the Flying Burrito Brothers ' " Sin City " , the Carter Family 's " Blues Die Hard " , and The Vertebrats ' " Left in the Dark " . The liner notes for the re @-@ release featured an article written by Mike Heidorn about Uncle Tupelo 's early days and the creation of No Depression . Upon re @-@ release , Allmusic referred to the album as " Uncle Tupelo 's landmark opening salvo " , praising its " undeniable electricity " and remarking that it brought " new life " to the fusion of country and punk rock . Rolling Stone critic Tom Moon lauded " the band 's impressive songwriting range " , but noted that the bonus material was " pleasant but unconsequential " . Pitchfork Media gave the re @-@ issue an 8 @.@ 4 rating out of 10 , proclaiming " No Depression is a significant record " .
No Depression is cited by RealNetworks as one of the most important albums in the alternative country genre . This was partly due to the success of the alternative country periodical No Depression , which took its name partly from the album . Due the impact of the album on alternative country , " No Depression " is sometimes used as a synonym for the genre . Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny noted that the album helped the band " kick @-@ start a revolution which reverberated throughout the American underground " . In 1999 , Spin listed the album as one of the " Top 90 Albums of the 90s " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written by Jay Farrar , Jeff Tweedy , and Mike Heidorn except as indicated .
" Graveyard Shift " – 4 : 43
" That Year " ( Farrar , Tweedy ) – 2 : 59
" Before I Break " – 2 : 48
" No Depression " ( A.P. Carter ) – 2 : 20
" Factory Belt " – 3 : 13
" Whiskey Bottle " – 4 : 46
" Outdone " ( Farrar , Tweedy ) – 2 : 48
" Train " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 19
" Life Worth Livin ' " – 3 : 32
" Flatness " ( Tweedy ) – 2 : 58
" So Called Friend " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 12
" Screen Door " – 2 : 42
" John Hardy " ( traditional , arr . Lead Belly ) – 2 : 21
Track 13 is a CD only bonus track .
2003 CD reissue bonus track
" Left in the Dark " ( Draznik ) – 3 : 09
" Won 't Forget " – 2 : 51
" Sin City " ( Parsons , Hillman ) – 3 : 53
" Whiskey Bottle " ( Live Acoustic ) – 4 : 40
" No Depression " ( 1988 Demo ) – 2 : 19
" Blues Die Hard " ( 1987 Demo ) ( A. P. Carter ) – 4 : 08
Tracks 17 – 19 previously unreleased .
2014 Legacy Edition Track Listing
Disc 1
Original Album + 2003 Bonus Tracks
" Graveyard Shift " – 4 : 43
" That Year " – 2 : 59
" Before I Break " – 2 : 48
" No Depression " ( A.P. Carter ) – 2 : 20
" Factory Belt " – 3 : 13
" Whiskey Bottle " – 4 : 46
" Outdone " – 2 : 48
" Train " – 3 : 19
" Life Worth Livin ' " – 3 : 32
" Flatness " – 2 : 58
" So Called Friend " – 3 : 12
" Screen Door " – 2 : 42
" John Hardy " ( traditional , arr . Lead Belly ) – 2 : 21
Disc 1 bonus tracks
" Left in the Dark " ( Ken Draznik ) – 3 : 09
" Won 't Forget " – 2 : 51
" I Got Drunk ( A @-@ Side ) " – 2 : 26
" Sin City ( B @-@ Side ) " ( Parsons , Hillman ) – 3 : 53
" Whiskey Bottle " ( Live Acoustic ) – 4 : 40
Disc 2 - Demos
" Outdone " – 2 : 57
" That Year " – 3 : 14
" Whiskey Bottle " – 4 : 55
" Flatness " – 3 : 24
" I Got Drunk " – 3 : 07
" Before I Break " – 2 : 44
" Life Worth Living " – 3 : 25
" Train " – 3 : 31
" Graveyard Shift " – 4 : 58
" Screen Door " – 2 : 46
" No Depression " – 2 : 18
" Blues Die Hard " – 4 : 08
" Before I Break " – 3 : 11
" I Got Drunk " – 2 : 55
" Screen Door " – 2 : 23
" Blues Die Hard " – 4 : 00
" Pickle River " – 2 : 18
Tracks 1 @-@ 10 from 1989 demo tape " Not Forever , Just for Now " , tracks 11 @-@ 12 from 1988 demo tape " Live & Otherwise " , and tracks 13 @-@ 17 from 1987 demo tape " Colorblind and Rhymeless " .
= = Personnel = =
Uncle Tupelo
Jay Farrar – vocals , guitar , banjo , mandolin , fiddle , harmonica
Mike Heidorn – drums , cymbals
Jeff Tweedy – vocals , acoustic guitar , bass guitar
Additional personnel
Rich Gilbert – pedal steel guitar
J. Hamilton – photography
Paul Q. Kolderie – production , audio engineering , sound effects
Sean Slade – production , piano , engineering , background vocals
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= Ontario Highway 140 =
King 's Highway 140 , commonly referred to as Highway 140 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The highway connects Port Colborne near Lake Erie with Highway 406 in Welland , via the Main Street Tunnel . It was constructed in the early 1970s as part of the Welland Bypass project of the Welland Canal , which resulted in the severance of several highways and rail lines . Opened to traffic in late 1972 , several months following the tunnel , Highway 140 has remained unchanged since , despite growing calls to resign it as an extension of Highway 406 .
= = Route description = =
Highway 140 begins at an intersection with Highway 3 on the eastern edge of Port Colborne . From there , Highway 3 continues east to Fort Erie ; to the west it becomes Niagara Regional Road 3 . The roadway carrying Highway 140 continues south of Highway 3 as a local road named Elizabeth Street , whereas Highway 140 travels north , to the west of forestland and a quarry . The highway parallels the Welland Canal throughout its length , always within 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the waterway . Wooden high @-@ tension powerlines parallel the highway until it diverges , curving towards the northeast immediately north of Chippawa Road . It travels diagonally for several kilometres before ascending on an overpass and crossing the former Canadian National Humberstone Subdivision tracks .
The highway gradually straightens to a north – south alignment as it crosses Highway 58A and a set of railway tracks , both of which travel beneath the nearby Welland Canal to the west . Continuing north , Highway 140 passes over Lyons Creek , which meanders northeast to converge with the Welland River west of the Niagara River . The highway ends approximately 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) north of this point at an intersection with Main Street ( Niagara Regional Road 27 ) . Main Street travels beneath the Welland Canal immediately west of Highway 140 , providing a connection to Highway 406 on the opposite side . Because of its importance as both a through route past the canal and in linking Highway 140 with Highway 406 , East Main Street between Highways 140 and 406 is maintained the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) as Highway 7146 .
= = History = =
The history of Highway 140 begins in May 1966 , when the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority received Federal approval for the Welland Bypass , a 13 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 3 mi ) channel that would serve to bypass the canal through downtown Welland , where several crossings proved to be a hazard for shipping traffic and the shipping traffic an impediment to pedestrian and vehicular traffic . The new channel would be dug out and flooded , providing the opportunity for the construction of cheap cut and cover tunnels beneath the channel . By 1968 , construction was underway on tunnels at East Main Street and at the Port Colborne – Welland townline .
Due to the numerous road disconnections that would take place as a result of the Welland Bypass , a new highway was proposed to link Welland with Port Colborne . One of the severed highways was Highway 58 , which then followed Canal Bank Street south from Welland . In late 1970 , the Department of Highways tendered contracts for the construction of the new highway on the east side of the bypass . Construction began from the north , reaching as far south as Ramey Road .
The section north of Townline Road was completed within a year . Around the same time , the third and final contract was tendered for the section north of Highway 3 . On May 20 , 1972 , the Main Street Tunnel was opened to traffic at a morning ceremony featuring local officials and the Welland Police Association Pipe Band . Highway 140 was opened several months later , without ceremony , on October 5 . It has remained unchanged since then , and was not affected by the provincial highway transfers in 1997 and 1998 .
The various municipalities serviced by Highway 140 , as well as Niagara Region , have called for four @-@ laning the route and redesignating it as Highway 406 . However , the MTO is committed to extending Highway 406 to Highway 58 southwest of Welland . On April 4 , 2006 , the MPP for Erie — Lincoln , Tim Hudak , introduced a Private Member 's Bill . The Highway 406 to Port Colborne Act passed first reading , but was not brought up for a second reading .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 140 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara .
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= K @-@ 26 ( Kansas highway ) =
K @-@ 26 is a 3 @.@ 601 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 5 @.@ 795 km ) state highway located entirely within Cherokee County , Kansas . It runs from an intersection with U.S. Route 166 ( US @-@ 166 ) and US @-@ 400 northwest of the Missouri / Kansas / Oklahoma tripoint north to K @-@ 66 in Galena . The highway is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) .
The route was designated in 1937 on a roadway that ran from Crestline to the Missouri state line , but was moved to its current location via a series of route re @-@ designations that took place over the following decades , assuming its current route in the mid @-@ 1980s .
= = Route description = =
K @-@ 26 begins at an intersection with US @-@ 166 and US @-@ 40 east of Baxter Springs . The roadway heads north through a wooded area , passing several farms . The route then crosses Shoal Creek and enters the city of Galena as Main Street . In Galena , K @-@ 26 reaches its northern terminus at K @-@ 66 , which is also known as 7th Street . Main Street continues north of the intersection toward a BNSF Railway line .
The route is maintained by KDOT , which is responsible for constructing and maintaining highways in the state . As part of this role , KDOT regularly surveys traffic on their highways . These surveys are most often presented in the form of annual average daily traffic , which is a measurement of the number of vehicles that use a highway during an average day of the year . In 2010 , KDOT calculated that a total of 3230 vehicles used the road daily , including 225 trucks . No part of the highway has been listed as part of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the nation 's defense , mobility , and economy .
= = History = =
K @-@ 26 was first designated in 1937 over the former eastern segment of K @-@ 34 , a gravel road that ran from K @-@ 96 and US @-@ 69 in Crestline east to the Missouri state line . In 1941 , K @-@ 26 and the easternmost portion of K @-@ 96 switch designations . After this , K @-@ 26 ran from US @-@ 66 west of Galena north to K @-@ 96 and US @-@ 69 . This roadway was paved when K @-@ 26 was designated along it . Between 1948 and 1953 , the highway was extended east along US @-@ 66 to Galena and south from there to its current southern terminus at US @-@ 166 . In the mid @-@ 1980s when US @-@ 66 was decommissioned , the portion of K @-@ 26 along it was re @-@ signed as K @-@ 66 and the portion of the highway from US @-@ 66 to Crestline was designated as part of U.S. Route 69 Alternate ( US @-@ 69 Alt ) .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Cherokee County .
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= Three Gorges Dam =
The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping , located in Yiling District , Yichang , Hubei province , China . The Three Gorges Dam is the world 's largest power station in terms of installed capacity ( 22 @,@ 500 MW ) . In 2014 the dam generated 98 @.@ 8 TWh of electricity , setting a new world record by 0 @.@ 17 TWh previously held by the Itaipú Dam on the Brazil / Paraguay border in 2013 of 98 @.@ 63 . But in 2015 , the Itaipu power plant resumed the lead in annual worldwide production , producing 89 @.@ 5 TWh , while production of Three Gorges was 87 TWh .
Except for a ship lift , the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4 , 2012 , when the last of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production . The ship lift was complete in December 2015 . Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW . The dam body was completed in 2006 . Coupling the dam 's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators ( 50 MW each ) to power the plant itself , the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22 @,@ 500 MW .
As well as producing electricity , the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River 's shipping capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space . The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering , social and economic success , with the design of state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art large turbines , and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions . However , the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1 @.@ 3 million people , and is causing significant ecological changes , including an increased risk of landslides . The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad .
= = History = =
A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat @-@ sen in The International Development of China , in 1919 . He stated that a dam capable of generating 30 million horsepower ( 22 GW ) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges . In 1932 , the Nationalist government , led by Chiang Kai @-@ shek , began preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges . In 1939 , Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed the area . A design , the Otani plan , was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China .
In 1944 , the United States Bureau of Reclamation chief design engineer , John L. Savage , surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for the ' Yangtze River Project ' . Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the U.S. for training . The original plans called for the dam to employ a unique method for moving ships ; the ships would move into locks located at the lower and upper ends of the dam and then cranes with cables would move the ships from one lock to the next . In the case of smaller water craft , groups of craft would be lifted together for efficiency . It is not known whether this solution was considered for its water @-@ saving performance or because the engineers thought the difference in height between the river above and below the dam too great for alternative methods . Some exploration , survey , economic study , and design work was done , but the government , in the midst of the Chinese Civil War , halted work in 1947 .
After the 1949 Communist takeover , Mao Zedong supported the project , but began the Gezhouba Dam project nearby first , and economic problems including the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed progress . After the 1954 Yangtze River Floods , in 1956 , Mao Zedong authored " Swimming " , a poem about his fascination with a dam on the Yangtze River . In 1958 , after the Hundred Flowers Campaign , some engineers who spoke out against the project were imprisoned .
During the 1980s , the idea of a dam reemerged . The National People 's Congress approved the dam in 1992 : out of 2 @,@ 633 delegates , 1 @,@ 767 voted in favour , 177 voted against , 664 abstained , and 25 members did not vote . Construction started on December 14 , 1994 . The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009 , but additional projects , such as the underground power plant with six additional generators , delayed full operation until May 2012 . The ship lift was completed in 2015 . The dam had raised the water level in the reservoir to 172 @.@ 5 m ( 566 ft ) above sea level by the end of 2008 and the designed maximum level of 175 m ( 574 ft ) by October 2010 .
= = Composition and dimensions = =
Made of concrete and steel , the dam is 2 @,@ 335 m ( 7 @,@ 661 ft ) long and the top of the dam is 185 metres ( 607 ft ) above sea level . The project used 27 @.@ 2 million cubic metres ( 35 @.@ 6 × 10 ^ 6 cu yd ) of concrete ( mainly for the dam wall ) , 463 @,@ 000 tonnes of steel ( enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers ) and moved about 102 @.@ 6 million cubic metres ( 134 @.@ 2 × 10 ^ 6 cu yd ) of earth . The concrete dam wall is 181 metres ( 594 ft ) high above the rock basis .
When the water level is at its maximum of 175 metres ( 574 ft ) above sea level , which is 110 metres ( 361 ft ) higher than the river level downstream , the dam reservoir is on average about 660 kilometres ( 410 mi ) in length and 1 @.@ 12 kilometres ( 3 @,@ 700 ft ) in width . It contains 39 @.@ 3 km3 ( 31 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water and has a total surface area of 1 @,@ 045 square kilometres ( 403 sq mi ) . On completion , the reservoir flooded a total area of 632 square kilometres ( 244 sq mi ) of land , compared to the 1 @,@ 350 square kilometres ( 520 sq mi ) of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam .
= = Economics = =
The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion yuan ( US $ 22 @.@ 5 billion ) . By the end of 2008 , spending had reached 148 @.@ 365 billion yuan , among which 64 @.@ 613 billion yuan was spent on construction , 68 @.@ 557 billion yuan on relocating affected residents , and 15 @.@ 195 billion yuan on financing . It is estimated that the construction cost will be recovered when the dam has generated 1 @,@ 000 terawatt @-@ hours ( 3 @,@ 600 PJ ) of electricity , yielding 250 billion yuan . Full cost recovery is expected to occur ten years after the dam starts full operation .
As of December 20 , 2013 , the full cost of the Three Gorges Dam project has been recovered .
Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund , profits from the Gezhouba Dam , loans from the China Development Bank , loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks , corporate bonds , and revenue before and after the dam is fully operational . Additional charges were assessed as follows : Every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam has to pay ¥ 7 @.@ 00 per MWh extra . Other provinces had to pay an additional charge of ¥ 4 @.@ 00 per MWh . The Tibet Autonomous Region pays no surcharge .
= = Power generation and distribution = =
= = = Generating capacity = = =
Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power , a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation ( CTGC ) — a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC . The Three Gorges Dam is the world 's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators : 32 main generators , each with a capacity of 700 MW , and two plant power generators , each with capacity of 50 MW , making a total capacity of 22 @,@ 500 MW . Among those 32 main generators , 14 are installed in the north side of the dam , 12 in the south side , and the remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam . The expected annual electricity generation will be over 100 TWh .
= = = Generators = = =
The main generators weigh about 6 @,@ 000 tonnes each and are designed to produce more than 700 MW of power . The designed head of the generator is 80 @.@ 6 meters ( 264 ft ) . The flow rate varies between 600 – 950 cubic metres per second ( 21 @,@ 000 – 34 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) depending on the head available . The greater the head , the less water needed to reach full power . Three Gorges uses Francis turbines . Turbine diameter is 9 @.@ 7 / 10 @.@ 4 m ( VGS design / Alstom 's design ) and rotation speed is 75 revolutions per minute . Rated power is 778 MVA , with a maximum of 840 MVA and a power factor of 0 @.@ 9 . The generator produces electrical power at 20 kV . The outer diameter of the generator stator is 21 @.@ 4 / 20 @.@ 9 m . The inner diameter is 18 @.@ 5 / 18 @.@ 8 m . The stator , the biggest of its kind , is 3 @.@ 1 / 3 m in height . Bearing load is 5050 / 5500 tonnes . Average efficiency is over 94 % , and reaches 96 @.@ 5 % .
The generators are manufactured by two joint ventures . One of them includes Alstom , ABB Group , Kvaerner , and the Chinese company Haerbin Motor . The other includes Voith , General Electric , Siemens ( abbreviated as VGS ) , and the Chinese company Oriental Motor . The technology transfer agreement was signed together with the contract . Most of the generators are water @-@ cooled . Some newer ones are air @-@ cooled , which are simpler in design and manufacture and are easier to maintain .
= = = Generator installation progress = = =
The 14 north side main generators are in operation . The first ( No. 2 ) started on July 10 , 2003 . The north side became completely operational September 7 , 2005 with the implementation of generator No. 9 . Full power ( 9 @,@ 800 MW ) was only reached on October 18 , 2006 after the water level reached 156 m .
The 12 south side main generators are also in operation . No. 22 began operation on June 11 , 2007 and No. 15 started up on October 30 , 2008 . The sixth ( No. 17 ) began operation on December 18 , 2007 , raising capacity to 14 @.@ 1 GW , finally surpassing Itaipu ( 14 @.@ 0 GW ) , to become the world 's largest hydro power plant by capacity .
The 6 underground main generators are also in operation as of May 23 , 2012 , when the last main generator , No. 27 , finished its final test raising capacity to 22 @.@ 5 GW . After 9 years of construction , installation and testing , the power plant is now fully operational .
= = = Output milestones = = =
By August 16 , 2011 , the plant had generated 500 TWh of electricity . In July 2008 it generated 10 @.@ 3 TWh of electricity , its first month over 10 TWh . On June 30 , 2009 , after the river flow rate increased to over 24 @,@ 000 m3 , all 28 generators were switched on , producing only 16 @,@ 100 MW because the head available during flood season is insufficient . During an August 2009 flood , the plant first reached its maximum output for a short period .
During the November to May dry season , power output is limited by the river 's flow rate , as seen in the diagrams on the right . When there is enough flow , power output is limited by plant generating capacity . The maximum power @-@ output curves were calculated based on the average flow rate at the dam site , assuming the water level is 175 m and the plant gross efficiency is 90 @.@ 15 % . The actual power output in 2008 was obtained based on the monthly electricity sent to the grid .
The Three Gorges Dam reached its design @-@ maximum reservoir water level of 175 m ( 574 ft ) for the first time on October 26 , 2010 , in which the intended annual power @-@ generation capacity of 84 @.@ 7 TWh was realized . In 2012 , the dam 's 32 generating units generated a record 98 @.@ 1 TWh of electricity , which accounts for 14 % of China 's total hydro generation .
= = = Distribution = = =
The State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid paid a flat rate of ¥ 250 per MWh ( US $ 35 @.@ 7 ) until July 2 , 2008 . Since then , the price has varied by province , from ¥ 228 @.@ 7 – 401 @.@ 8 per MWh . Higher @-@ paying customers receive priority , such as Shanghai . Nine provinces and two cities consume power from the dam .
Power distribution and transmission infrastructure cost about 34 @.@ 387 billion Yuan . Construction was completed in December 2007 , one year ahead of schedule .
Power is distributed over multiple 500 kilovolt ( kV ) transmission lines . Three Direct current ( DC ) lines to the East China Grid carry 7 @,@ 200 MW : Three Gorges – Shanghai ( 3 @,@ 000 MW ) , HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou ( 3 @,@ 000 MW ) , and HVDC Gezhouba – Shanghai ( 1 @,@ 200 MW ) . The alternating current ( AC ) lines to the Central China Grid have a total capacity of 12 @,@ 000 MW . The DC transmission line HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong to the South China Grid has a capacity of 3 @,@ 000 MW .
The dam was expected to provide 10 % of China 's power . However , electricity demand has increased more quickly than previously projected . Even fully operational , on average , it supports only about 1 @.@ 7 % of electricity demand in China in the year of 2011 , when the Chinese electricity demand reached 4692 @.@ 8 TWh .
= = Environmental impact = =
= = = Emissions = = =
According to the National Development and Reform Commission of China , 366 grams of coal would produce 1 kWh of electricity during 2006 . At full power , Three Gorges reduces coal consumption by 31 million tonnes per year , avoiding 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions , millions of tonnes of dust , one million tonnes of sulfur dioxide , 370 @,@ 000 tonnes of nitric oxide , 10 @,@ 000 tonnes of carbon monoxide , and a significant amount of mercury . Hydropower saves the energy needed to mine , wash , and transport the coal from northern China .
From 2003 to 2007 , power production equaled that of 84 million tonnes of standard coal , reducing carbon dioxide by 190 million tonnes , sulfur dioxide by 2 @.@ 29 million tonnes , and nitrogen oxides by 980 @,@ 000 tonnes .
The dam increased the Yangtze 's barge capacity sixfold , reducing carbon dioxide emission by 630 @,@ 000 tonnes . From 2004 to 2007 a total of 198 million tonnes of goods passed through the ship locks . Compared to using trucking , barges reduced carbon dioxide emission by ten million tonnes and lowered costs by 25 % .
= = = Erosion and sedimentation = = =
Two hazards are uniquely identified with the dam . One is that sedimentation projections are not agreed upon , and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault . At current levels , 80 % of the land in the area is experiencing erosion , depositing about 40 million tons of sediment into the Yangtze annually . Because the flow is slower above the dam , much of this sediment will now settle there instead of flowing downstream , and there will be less sediment downstream .
The absence of silt downstream has three effects :
Some hydrologists expect downstream riverbanks to become more vulnerable to flooding .
Shanghai , more than 1 @,@ 600 km ( 990 mi ) away , rests on a massive sedimentary plain . The " arriving silt — so long as it does arrive — strengthens the bed on which Shanghai is built ... the less the tonnage of arriving sediment the more vulnerable is this biggest of Chinese cities to inundation ... "
Benthic sediment buildup causes biological damage and reduces aquatic biodiversity .
= = = Earthquakes and landslides = = =
Erosion in the reservoir , induced by rising water , causes frequent major landslides that have led to noticeable disturbance in the reservoir surface , including two incidents in May 2009 when somewhere between 20 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 26 @,@ 000 and 65 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of material plunged into the flooded Wuxia Gorge of the Wu River . Also , in the first four months of 2010 , there were 97 significant landslides .
= = = Waste management = = =
The dam catalyzed improved upstream wastewater treatment around Chongqing and its suburban areas . According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection , as of April 2007 more than 50 new plants could treat 1 @.@ 84 million tonnes per day , 65 % of the total need . About 32 landfills were added , which could handle 7 @,@ 664 @.@ 5 tonnes of solid waste every day . Over one billion tons of wastewater are released annually into the river , which was more likely to be swept away before the reservoir was created . This has left the water looking stagnant , polluted and murky .
= = = Forest cover = = =
In 1997 the Three Gorges area had 10 % forestation , down from 20 % in the 1950s .
Research by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization research suggested that the Asia @-@ Pacific region would , overall , gain about 6 @,@ 000 km2 ( 2 @,@ 300 sq mi ) of forest by 2008 . That is quite a turnaround from the 13 @,@ 000 km2 ( 5 @,@ 000 sq mi ) net loss of forest each year in the 1990s . The main reason is China 's huge reforestation effort . This accelerated after the 1998 Yangtze River floods convinced the government that it must restore tree cover , especially in the Yangtze 's basin upstream of the Three Gorges Dam .
= = = Wildlife = = =
Concerns about the potential wildlife impact of the Dam predate the National People 's Congress 's approval in 1992 . This region has long been known for its rich biodiversity . It is home to 6 @,@ 388 species of plants , which belong to 238 families and 1508 genera . Of these plant species , 57 percent are endangered . These rare species are also used as ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines . Already , the percentage of forested area in the region surrounding the Three Gorges Dam has dropped from twenty percent in 1950 to less than ten percent as of 2002 , negatively affecting all plant species in this locality . The region also provides habitats to hundreds of freshwater and terrestrial animal species . Freshwater fish are especially affected by dams due to changes in the water temperature and flow regime . Many other fish are hurt in the turbine blades of the hydroelectric plants as well . This is particularly detrimental to the ecosystem of the region because the Yangtze River basin is home to 361 different fish species and accounts for twenty @-@ seven percent of all endangered freshwater fish species in China . Other aquatic species have been endangered by the dam , particularly the baiji , or Chinese river dolphin , now extinct . In fact , Government Chinese scholars even claim that the Three Gorges Dam directly caused the extinction of the baiji .
Of the 3 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 remaining critically endangered Siberian crane , a large number currently spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges Dam . The dam contributed to the functional extinction of the baiji Yangtze river dolphin . Though it was close to this level even at the start of construction , the dam further decreased its habitat and increased ship travel , which are among the factors causing what will be its ultimate demise . In addition , populations of the Yangtze sturgeon are guaranteed to be " negatively affected " by the dam .
= = Floods , agriculture , industry = =
An important function of the dam is to control flooding , which is a major problem for the seasonal river of the Yangtze . Millions of people live downstream of the dam , with many large , important cities like Wuhan , Nanjing , and Shanghai situated adjacent to the river . Plenty of farm land and China 's most important industrial area are built beside the river .
The reservoir 's flood storage capacity is 22 cubic kilometres ( 18 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) . This capacity will reduce the frequency of major downstream flooding from once every ten years to once every 100 years . The dam is expected to minimize the effect of even a " super " flood . In 1954 the river flooded 193 @,@ 000 km2 ( 74 @,@ 518 sq mi ) , killing 33 @,@ 169 people and forcing 18 @,@ 884 @,@ 000 people to move . The flood covered Wuhan , a city of eight million people , for over three months , and the Jingguang Railway was out of service for more than 100 days . The 1954 flood carried 50 cubic kilometres ( 12 cu mi ) of water . The dam could only divert the water above Chenglingji , leaving 30 to 40 km3 ( 7 @.@ 2 to 9 @.@ 6 cu mi ) to be diverted . Also the dam cannot protect against some of the large tributaries downstream , including the Xiang , Zishui , Yuanshui , Lishui , Hanshui , and the Gan .
In 1998 a flood in the same area caused billions of dollars in damage ; 2 @,@ 039 km2 ( 787 sq mi ) of farm land were flooded . The flood affected more than 2 @.@ 3 million people , killing 1 @,@ 526 . In early August 2009 , the largest flood in five years passed through the dam site . The dam limited the water flow to less than 40 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 52 @,@ 000 cu yd ) per second , raising the upstream water level from 145 @.@ 13 metres on August 1 , 2009 , to 152 @.@ 88 on August 8 , 2009 . 4 @.@ 27 cubic kilometres of flood water were captured and the river flow was cut by as much as 15 @,@ 000 cubic metres per second .
The dam discharges its reservoir during the dry season between December and March every year . This increases the flow rate of the river downstream , and provides fresh water for agricultural and industrial usage . It also improves shipping conditions . The water level upstream drops from 175 m to 145 m , preparing for the rainy season . The water also powers the Gezhouba Dam downstream .
Since the filling of the reservoir in 2003 , the Three Gorges Dam has supplied an extra 11 cubic kilometres of fresh water to downstream cities and farms during the dry season .
During the 2010 South China floods , in July , inflows at the Three Gorges Dam reached a peak of 70 @,@ 000 m3 / s ( 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) , exceeding the peak during the 1998 Yangtze River Floods . The dam 's reservoir rose nearly 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in 24 hours and reduced the outflow to 40 @,@ 000 m3 / s ( 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) in discharges downstream , effectively alleviating serious impacts on the middle and lower river .
= = Navigating the dam = =
= = = Locks = = =
The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from ten million to 100 million tonnes annually , as a result transportation costs will be cut between 30 and 37 % . Shipping will become safer , since the gorges are notoriously dangerous to navigate . Ships with much deeper draft will be able to navigate 2 @,@ 400 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 500 mi ) upstream from Shanghai all the way to Chongqing . It is expected that shipping to Chongqing will increase fivefold .
There are two series of ship locks installed near the dam ( 30 ° 50 ′ 12 ″ N 111 ° 1 ′ 10 ″ E ) . Each of them is made up of five stages , with transit time at around four hours . Maximum vessel size is 10 @,@ 000 tons . The locks are 280 m long , 35 m wide , and 5 m deep ( 918 × 114 × 16 @.@ 4 ft ) . That is 30 m longer than those on the St Lawrence Seaway , but half as deep . Before the dam was constructed , the maximum freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18 @.@ 0 million tonnes per year . From 2004 to 2007 , a total of 198 million tonnes of freight passed through the locks . The freight capacity of the river increased six times and the cost of shipping was reduced by 25 % . The total capacity of the ship locks is expected to reach 100 million tonnes per year .
These locks are staircase locks , whereby inner lock gate pairs serve as both the upper gate and lower gate . The gates are the vulnerable hinged type , which , if damaged , could temporarily render the entire flight unusable . As there are separate sets of locks for upstream and downstream traffic , this system is more water efficient than bi @-@ directional staircase locks .
= = = Ship lift = = =
In addition to the canal locks , there is a ship lift , a kind of elevator for vessels . The ship lift can lift ships of up to 3 @,@ 000 tons . The vertical distance traveled is 113 metres , and the size of the ship lift 's basin is 120 × 18 × 3 @.@ 5 metres . The ship lift takes 30 to 40 minutes to transit , as opposed to the three to four hours for stepping through the locks . One complicating factor is that the water level can vary dramatically . The ship lift must work even if water levels vary by 12 meters ( 39 ft ) on the lower side , and 30 metres on the upper side .
The ship lift 's design uses a helical gear system , to climb or descend a toothed rack .
The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest of the project was officially opened on May 20 , 2006 . In November 2007 it was reported in the local media that construction of the ship lift started in October 2007 .
In February 2012 Xinhua reported that the four towers that are to support the ship lift had almost been completed .
The report said the towers had reached 189 metres of the anticipated 195 metres , the towers would be completed by June 2012 and the entire shiplift in 2015 .
As of May 2014 , the ship lift was expected to be completed by July 2015 . It was tested in December 2015 and announced complete in January 2016 . Lahmeyer , the German firm that designed the ship lift , said it will take a vessel less than an hour to transit the lift . An article in Steel Construction says the actual time of the lift will be 21 minutes . It says that the expected dimensions of the 3 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 kg ) passenger vessels the ship lift 's basin was designed to carry will be 84 @.@ 5 metres ( 277 ft ) X 17 @.@ 2 metres ( 56 ft ) X 2 @.@ 65 metres ( 8 @.@ 7 ft ) .
= = = Portage railways = = =
Plans also exist for the construction of short portage railways bypassing the dam area altogether . Two short rail lines , one on each side of the river , are to be constructed . The 88 kilometer long northern portage railway ( 北岸翻坝铁路 ) will run from the Taipingxi port facility ( 太平溪港 ) on the northern side of the Yangtze , just upstream from the dam , via Yichang East Railway Station to the Baiyang Tianjiahe port facility in Baiyang Town ( 白洋镇 ) , below Yichang . The 95 kilometer long southern portage railway ( 南岸翻坝铁路 ) will run from Maoping ( upstream of the dam ) via Yichang South Railway Station to Zhicheng ( on the Jiaozuo – Liuzhou Railway ) .
In late 2012 , preliminary work started along both future railway routes .
= = Relocation of residents = =
As of June 2008 , China relocated 1 @.@ 24 million residents ( ending with Gaoyang in Hubei Province ) as 13 cities , 140 towns and 1350 villages either flooded or were partially flooded by the reservoir [ A _ 2 @-@ M : CR3 @-@ 1HP : S @-@ 15 ] , about 1 @.@ 5 % of the province 's 60 @.@ 3 million and Chongqing Municipality 's 31 @.@ 44 million population . About 140 @,@ 000 residents were relocated to other provinces .
Relocation was completed on July 22 , 2008 . Some 2007 reports claimed that Chongqing Municipality will encourage an additional four million people to move away from the dam to the main urban area of Chongqing by 2020 . However , the municipal government explained that the relocation is due to urbanization , rather than the dam , and people involved included other areas of the municipality .
Allegedly , funds for relocating 13 @,@ 000 farmers around Gaoyang disappeared after being sent to the local government , leaving residents without compensation .
= = Other effects = =
= = = Culture and aesthetics = = =
The 600 km ( 370 mi ) long reservoir flooded some 1 @,@ 300 archaeological sites and altered the appearance of the Three Gorges as the water level rose over 300 ft ( 91 m ) . Cultural and historical relics are being moved to higher ground as they are discovered , but the flooding inevitably covered undiscovered relics . Some sites could not be moved because of their location , size , or design . For example , the hanging coffins site high in the Shen Nong Gorge is part of the cliffs .
= = = National security = = =
The United States Department of Defense reported that in Taiwan , " proponents of strikes against the mainland apparently hope that merely presenting credible threats to China 's urban population or high @-@ value targets , such as the Three Gorges Dam , will deter Chinese military coercion . "
The notion that the military in Taiwan would seek to destroy the dam provoked an angry response from the mainland Chinese media . People 's Liberation Army General Liu Yuan was quoted in the China Youth Daily saying that the People 's Republic of China would be " seriously on guard against threats from Taiwan independence terrorists . "
The three gorge dam is a steel @-@ concrete gravity dam . The water is held back by the innate mass of the individual dam sections . As a result , damage to an individual section should not affect other parts of the dam . Due to the sheer size of the dam , it is expected to withstand tactical nuclear strikes .
= = = Structural integrity = = =
Days after the first filling of the reservoir , around 80 hairline cracks were observed in the dam 's structure . The submerged spillway gates of the dam might pose a risk of cavitation , similar to that which severely damaged the poorly designed and cavitating spillways of the Glen Canyon Dam in the US state of Arizona , which was unable to properly withstand the Colorado river floods of 1983 . However 163 @,@ 000 concrete units of the Three Gorges dam all passed quality testing and the deformation was within design limits . An experts group gave the project overall a good quality rating .
= = Upstream dams = =
In order to maximize the utility of the Three Gorges Dam and cut down on sedimentation from the Jinsha River , the upper course of the Yangtze River , authorities plan to build a series of dams on the Jinsha , including Wudongde Dam , Baihetan Dam , along with the now completed Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba dams . The total capacity of those four dams is 38 @,@ 500 MW , almost double the capacity of the Three Gorges . Baihetan is preparing for construction and Wudongde is seeking government approval . Another eight dams are in the midstream of the Jinsha and eight more upstream of it .
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= 2007 – 08 Bradford City A.F.C. season =
The 2007 – 08 season was the 105th season in Bradford City A.F.C. ' s history , their 93rd in The Football League and 95th in the league system of English football . After finishing 22nd in League One during the 2006 – 07 season , Bradford City were relegated to League Two meaning the season would be their first in the bottom tier of The Football League since 1981 – 82 . It was also Stuart McCall 's first season as manager , after he was appointed the full @-@ time successor to Colin Todd in May 2007 . It covers a period from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008 .
McCall brought in seven new signings in pre @-@ season , as well as a number of loan players , but from September to November , the club failed to win in eight games , leaving them in 21st place in League Two . The club improved during the latter part of the season , finishing in 10th place , three places and 16 points outside the play @-@ offs . Bradford also suffered first round exits in two of the cup competitions they entered , and lost in the second round of the FA Cup . Peter Thorne was the club 's top goalscorer , recording 15 goals , 14 in the league and one in the FA Cup . The season also marked centre back David Wetherall 's retirement after 304 league games with the club . Joe Colbeck was named player of the season , despite spending part of the season on loan at Darlington . The club 's average attendance of 13 @,@ 756 was the highest in the division .
= = Background = =
During the 2006 – 07 season , manager Colin Todd had been sacked because of a poor run of results . Club captain David Wetherall was originally appointed Todd 's successor on a caretaker basis , before being handed the role until the end of the season , during the following month . Wetherall could not stop City 's run of poor form , and the club were relegated to League Two on 28 April 2007 after a 3 – 0 defeat at Chesterfield . It was the club 's third relegation in seven seasons , and meant the 2007 – 08 season would be their first season in the fourth division of English football in 25 years . On 22 May 2007 , former City player Stuart McCall , who had played more than 400 games for the club during two previous spells , was announced as the club 's new manager to take over on 1 June 2007 . Although the club had just 13 players with first @-@ team experience , the bookmakers made City second favourites to win the League Two title .
Despite the club 's relegation , off the field , chairman Julian Rhodes had announced a deal to slash the price of watching professional football to just £ 138 , the equivalent of £ 6 per match , and the cheapest season tickets in England . In June 2007 , Rhodes was also joined by Mark Lawn as new joint chairman of the club . Lawn signed a deal to wipe out the club 's debts .
= = Review = =
= = = Pre @-@ season = = =
With just 13 players on the books , McCall 's first job was to sign a number of new players to build a first @-@ team squad . McCall 's first signings were strikers Barry Conlon , from Mansfield Town , and Peter Thorne , from Norwich City , both on free transfers , on 2 July 2007 . No more players were signed by the time City played their first pre @-@ season friendly away at Harrogate Town on 16 July 2007 . However , there were eight trialists in the team which won 1 – 0 . The only goal of the game was a header from David Wetherall . Two days later , City were defeated 2 – 1 by Conference side Farsley Celtic , before a 2 – 0 victory against North Ferriby United . Scott Phelan , who had played all three of the pre @-@ season games during a trial , became McCall 's third signing on 24 July from Everton . The same day , City drew 1 – 1 with Burnley in their only home pre @-@ season friendly open to fans , with a goal from Paul Evans . McCall signed full back Darren Williams , from Hartlepool United , Kyle Nix on a monthly contract , and Nathan Joynes on loan from Barnsley but released three other trialists . Joynes had been the third loan signing from Barnsley , following Paul Heckingbottom , who had played for Bradford in the 2003 – 04 season , and Thomas Harban . The following two friendlies both ended in defeat ; first 1 – 0 to York City , then 2 – 1 to Blackpool in a private practice match , with another goal from Evans . Evans completed his transfer the following day , to be followed by Alex Rhodes , who had been on trial from Brentford , and Guylain Ndumbu @-@ Nsungu on loan from Gillingham , the following week .
A new home and away strip for the season was announced , with the home shirts worn for the first time in the friendly against Burnley . The club also sold more than 12 @,@ 000 season tickets , with 12 @,@ 019 fans buying one before the end of the deadline for the cheap offer on 31 July .
= = = August = = =
Bradford started their league season on 11 August 2007 with a 1 – 1 draw with Macclesfield Town , when a crowd of 14 @,@ 345 was inside Valley Parade , 1 @,@ 000 more than was originally announced . The attendance was more than 6 @,@ 000 higher than any other game in the division . Macclesfield had taken the lead , with City equalising shortly before half @-@ time when Guylain Ndumbu @-@ Nsungu scored with a rebound after Barry Conlon 's penalty was saved . Four days later City were at Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers , for the first round of the League Cup . Wolves scored twice in the first five minutes of the second half , and despite Kyle Nix pulling one back for Bradford , City went out 2 – 1 . City 's second league game of the season was the first league game to be played at Shrewsbury Town 's new £ 15m ground the New Meadow , when an early penalty from former City player Dave Hibbert gave the home side a 1 – 0 win . McCall 's first win as manager came in the third game when a debut goal from Luke Medley secured a 2 – 1 victory over Wrexham .
= = = September = = =
Bradford started September with consecutive defeats ; first 2 – 1 in the league against Barnet , before a 5 – 1 loss to Doncaster Rovers in the Johnstone 's Paint Trophy . For the latter game , McCall had named a weakened team , which included debutants Ben Saynor and Sean Taylforth , and City faced a £ 5 @,@ 000 fine from The Football League , but were eventually only fined £ 3 @,@ 000 . Two victories in the league followed against Lincoln City — the first time the two teams had met in a league game since the fire disaster in 1985 — and Peterborough United . But the month ended as it had started with back @-@ to @-@ back defeats against Hereford United and Wycombe Wanderers .
= = = October = = =
The run of consecutive defeats extended to five during the first two weeks of October . After a 3 – 0 defeat to Accrington Stanley , McCall added two more loan signings to the squad , Nicky Law , son of former City manager Nicky Law , and goalkeeper Rhys Evans . Both played as City lost 2 – 1 to both Milton Keynes Dons , when Barry Conlon scored his first goal for the club , then Morecambe . The run of defeats came to an end when City drew 0 – 0 with Darlington , but the month ended without a single victory after another draw , this time 1 – 1 with Grimsby Town , when Rhys Evans was substituted after 24 minutes for City , and Ndumbu @-@ Nsungu scored a late equaliser following Grimsby 's own goalkeeper Phil Barnes ' red card . Evans ' loan deal was cut short following the injury and he returned to Blackpool after just four games . Young midfielder Joe Colbeck , who had been one of several players McCall wanted to send out on loan to gain first team experience , was loaned out to Darlington for a month .
= = = November = = =
Bradford 's run without a league victory extended to eight games after a 2 – 1 defeat to Brentford . The run , which stretched back to 15 September came to an end with a 2 – 1 win over Chester City on 6 November 2007 when Alex Rhodes scored his first goal for the club . City again defeated Chester City four days later , this time in the FA Cup , when Peter Thorne 's first goal for the club secured a 1 – 0 win . City won their third game in a row with a 4 – 1 victory over Dagenham & Redbridge — their highest victory of the season , before the month ended with a 1 – 1 draw against Stockport County .
= = = December = = =
Bradford were eliminated from the FA Cup with a 3 – 0 defeat to League One side Tranmere Rovers . They returned to league action with two more draws , away to Mansfield Town and Chesterfield , the latter game of which featured Joe Colbeck , who had returned from Darlington early despite his one @-@ month loan spell being originally extended . The following week City signed Willy Topp for £ 35 @,@ 000 — the first time they had paid a transfer fee for a player since Andy Tod in November 2001 — nearly three months after he first came on trial . City were given two weeks off before their next game , when their home game against Rotherham United on 15 December was postponed because of a frozen pitch . But they could not take advantage of the extra rest and despite taking the lead against Peterborough United , two second half goals gave Peterborough a 2 – 1 win and helped them to second in the league . The highest attendance of the season for a League Two game attended City 's next game on Boxing Day against Lincoln City . It was the first time the two teams had met in the league at Valley Parade since the fire of 1985 and the crowd of 15 @,@ 510 observed a minute silence and wreath @-@ laying ceremony before the game . Peter Thorne gave City the lead , and despite an equalier from Lincoln , Barry Conlon secured a 2 – 1 win for Bradford in the last minute . The 2007 calendar year finished with another home game , but this time City lost 3 – 1 to Hereford United .
= = = January = = =
The New Year started with a number of changes off the field . Loan signing Ndumbu @-@ Nsungu returned to Gillingham but Heckingbottom 's deal was extended to allow him to play against Accrington Stanley on New Year 's Day , before a permanent deal was finalised the following week . Midfielder Lee Bullock was also signed on a loan transfer from Hartlepool United . City beat Accrington 2 – 0 with Matthew Clarke scoring his first for the club and Joe Colbeck adding his first since he returned from his loan spell at Darlington . It was followed up with another win , when Thorne scored City 's first hat @-@ trick for two years , to defeat Notts County 3 – 0 . Two away draws followed at Bury and Wrexham , but City returned to winning ways with a 4 – 2 victory over Shrewsbury Town to finish the month unbeaten .
McCall had also been busy in the transfer market during January , with the trio of Ben Starosta , Scott Loach and TJ Moncur all arriving on loan . Bullock made his loan permanent and signed an 18 @-@ month contract , and David Brown signed after impressing on a trial . Five players also left Valley Parade on loan deals during January , with Craig Bentham joining Farsley Celtic , Luke Medley joining Cambridge City , Sean Taylforth and Luke Morgan both going to Droylsden , and Simon Ainge joining Halifax Town . Goalkeeper Donovan Ricketts was also expected to leave but his transfer to Queens Park Rangers collapsed after the Home Office rejected his application for a work permit .
= = = February = = =
City 's unbeaten run was extended to six games when David Brown scored on his debut to beat Macclesfield Town 1 – 0 . The run came to an end with consecutive 2 – 1 defeats to Bury and Rochdale . On 20 February 2008 , David Wetherall , who had played nearly 300 league games for City since he joined in 1999 , announced he would retire at the end of the season . City won their first win in three games when they beat Notts County for the second time in as many months , with a 3 – 1 win . Three days later City added a second consecutive win by defeating Rotherham United 3 – 2 in the game which had been postponed in December , with Lee Bullock scoring his first goal for the club . The same day , club chairman Julian Rhodes announced a new season ticket offer in a bid to fill more of the 25 @,@ 000 @-@ seater stadium for the following season by offering free tickets if more than 9 @,@ 000 adult tickets were bought .
= = = March = = =
March started with two more consecutive defeats . Dagenham & Redbridge defeated City 2 – 0 in their first game at Valley Parade , when Barry Conlon missed a penalty and then an open goal both when the score was 1 – 0 . In the following game , Peter Thorne scored a penalty to give City the lead against Stockport County , but County scored twice to win 2 – 1 . Four days later , Bradford recorded their third victory of the season against Chester City , when Conlon scored the only goal of the game in a 1 – 0 victory . Conlon scored another in the following game but City again were beaten , 2 – 1 by Mansfield Town . Following Wetherall 's announcement that he would retire , City 's supporters staged a special day to celebrate his career and contribution to the club , during the away fixture on 22 March 2008 at Rotherham United , where the team had lost 4 – 1 the previous season during Wetherall 's spell as player @-@ manager . The result of the game finished 1 – 1 , during which Omar Daley was sent off . City played a second game two days later , because of the Easter fixture list , when Peter Thorne scored the 150th league goal of his career to help City beat Chesterfield 1 – 0 . The month finished with a 3 – 1 victory over Darlington , when Tom Penford scored his first goal for the club , and both Barry Conlon and Joe Colbeck scored against their former club . The victory put City into the top half of the table for the first time since September . During March , City also won a Football League award for their season ticket deal at the start of the season .
= = = April = = =
On 1 April 2008 , first City 's keeper Donovan Ricketts was blocked from coming back into the country following a Jamaica call @-@ up , before City lost 2 – 1 at Rochdale , following a late winning goal from Rochdale 's Adam Le Fondre . City returned to winnings ways four days later , when Eddie Johnson scored the only goal of a 1 – 0 victory over Morecambe . Johnson scored for a second successive game , three days later to secure a 1 – 1 draw with Barnet in a rearranged game at Valley Parade . A second successive draw on 12 April , this time 2 – 2 against Brentford , meant that City could no longer reach the play @-@ offs , ensuring that they would again be playing in League Two during 2008 – 09 . A late goal from Joe Colbeck on 19 April prevented a third successive draw and gave City a 2 – 1 victory over Grimsby Town . Colbeck was named the club 's player of the season at the annual award ceremony on 23 April , but was sent off in the club 's final home of the season against Milton Keynes Dons . Bradford were already 2 – 0 behind when Colbeck was dismissed , and despite a goal from Omar Daley , they lost 2 – 1 , which crowned Milton Keynes as the league champions .
On 29 April 2008 , McCall announced the list of players he would be keeping and releasing at the end of the season . As well as Ricketts , who was unlikely to be given a new work permit , the first team players to be released were Darren Williams , Paul Evans , Tom Penford and Alex Rhodes . Craig Bentham , who had spent three months on loan at Farsley Celtic , and Scott Phelan , who had not featured since December , were also deemed surplus to requirements . Back @-@ up goalkeepers Ben Saynor and Jamie Waite , neither of whom had played a first team league game , and youngsters David Brown , Luke Morgan and Damian Hopkins completed the list of 13 players to leave the club . Barry Conlon and Kyle Nix were the only first team regulars to be offered new contracts , along with juniors Luke Medley , Luke O 'Brien and Sean Taylforth .
= = = May and June = = =
City finished the season with a 2 – 1 defeat at Wycombe Wanderers , when Luke Medley scored a penalty on his first start for the club . McCall had made a number of changes to the side , after his decision to release 13 players , giving a debut to Sean Taylforth and also giving places to three of the released players . It was also David Wetherall 's final game for the club .
In the week after the season had finished , Barry Conlon was the first to sign a new deal keeping him at the club until January 2008 , before Kyle Nix and Luke O 'Brien signed their season @-@ long contracts . By the end of the week , McCall made his first transfer of the summer when he signed goalkeeper Jonathan McLaughlin from non @-@ league Harrogate Town . It was not until the end of the month that he added his second signing , when midfielder Chris Brandon , a former club trainee , joined from Huddersfield Town on a free transfer . Defender Paul Arnison , who had been released by Carlisle United in May , became the club 's third summer transfer , when he signed a two @-@ year contract on 18 June 2008 . On 30 June 2008 , the final day before City would return to pre @-@ season training , City signed a second defender , when Graeme Lee joined on a free transfer from Doncaster Rovers . He also signed a two @-@ year contract .
= = Match results = =
= = = Legend = = =
= = = Football League Two = = =
= = = FA Cup = = =
= = = League Cup = = =
= = = Football League Trophy = = =
= = League table = =
Source : The Football League
Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored * Rotherham United deducted 10 points for entering administration ( C ) |
= Champion ; ( R ) =
Relegated ; ( P ) |
= Promoted ; ( E ) =
Eliminated ; ( O ) |
= Play @-@ off winner ; ( A ) =
Advances to a further round .
Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) |
= Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) =
Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) |
= Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) =
Disqualified from tournament .
= = Player details = =
Source : Soccerbase
= = Transfers = =
= = = In = = =
= = = Out = = =
= = = Loans in = = =
= = = Loans out = = =
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= Bowling Green State University =
Bowling Green State University ( BGSU ) is a public research university located in Bowling Green , Ohio , United States . The 1 @,@ 338 @-@ acre ( 541 @.@ 5 ha ) main academic and residential campus is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Toledo , Ohio . The institution was granted a charter in 1910 as a normal school , specializing in teacher training and education , as part of the Lowry Normal School Bill that authorized two new normal schools in the state of Ohio . Over the university 's history , it developed from a small rural normal school into a comprehensive public university .
As of 2012 Bowling Green offered over 200 undergraduate programs , as well as master 's and doctoral degrees through eight academic colleges . Its academic programs have been nationally ranked by Forbes magazine , U.S. News & World Report , and Washington Monthly . The 2011 Carnegie Foundation classified BGSU as having " high research activity " . Research projects in the areas of psychology , sociology , education and human development , energy and sustainability are among the most prominent . BGSU had an on @-@ campus residential student population of 6 @,@ 500 students and a total student population of over 17 @,@ 000 students as of 2011 . The university also maintains a satellite campus , known as BGSU Firelands , in Huron , Ohio , 60 miles ( 97 km ) east of the main campus . Although the majority of students attend classes on BGSU 's main campus , about 2 @,@ 500 students attend classes at Firelands and about 1 @,@ 000 additional students at extension locations or online . About 85 % of Bowling Green 's students are from Ohio .
The university hosts an extensive student life program , with over 300 student organizations . Fielding athletic teams known as Bowling Green Falcons , the university competes at the NCAA Division I level ( NCAA Division I FBS for football ) as a member of the Mid @-@ American Conference in all sports except ice hockey , in which the university is a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association . The campus is home to annual events including the Dance Marathon a student @-@ organized philanthropy event , Winterfest , and Buckeye Boys State .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The movement for a public high learning institution in northwestern Ohio began in the late 1800s as part of the growth in public institutions during the Progressive Era to meet demands for training and professional development of teachers . During the period , people of northwestern Ohio campaigned for a school in their region to produce better quality education and educators . The movement argued that the existing universities , The Ohio State University in Columbus , Miami University in Oxford and Ohio University in Athens , were distant and the region lacked a state @-@ supported school of its own .
In 1910 , the Ohio General Assembly passed the Lowry Normal School Bill that authorized Governor Judson Harmon to appoint the Commission on Normal School Sites to survey forty communities for two sites for normal schools , one in northeastern Ohio and one in northwestern Ohio . The commission examined population within a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 @.@ 2 km ) radius of each community , along with railroad and transportation infrastructure , the moral atmosphere , health and sanitary conditions and site suitability . Bowling Green offered four possible sites and became one of four finalists including Fremont , Napoleon , and Van Wert . Despite the town being the home of John Lowry , Napoleon was ruled out because the commission found it had numerous saloons . Fremont was eliminated mainly due to the specific stipulations imposed by the President Rutherford B. Hayes Memorial Commission . Bowling Green was chosen on November 10 , 1910 over Van Wert in a 3 – 2 vote by the commission . The site located on 82 @.@ 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 334 km2 ) of primarily rural land and a small town park , nearby railroad and transportation infrastructure , its central location in the region , and Bowling Green 's dry status were major factors that the town was chosen by the commission . At the same time , the commission chose Kent for a school in Northeastern Ohio . Over the years 1911 and 1912 , the Board of Trustees was appointed by the Governor and elected a school president on February 16 , 1912 . A campus plan was created and $ 150 @,@ 000 was appropriated to develop the campus and construct the first buildings .
The school opened on September 15 , 1914 as Bowling Green State Normal School in two temporary locations at the Bowling Green Armory and at a branch school in Toledo for the 1914 – 1915 academic year . It initially enrolled 304 students from Ohio , Michigan , and New York who were taught by 21 faculty members . The school graduated its first class in 1915 , consisting of 35 certified teachers . University Hall and Williams Hall opened that year , the school 's first two permanent buildings . Two years later the first baccalaureate degrees for teacher education were awarded . On March 28 , 1920 a tornado , part of the 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak , damaged three of the school 's buildings . The tornado touched down near Bowling Green and strengthened as it moved into Ottawa County where it killed two people in Genoa .
= = = Early growth and development = = =
Over the next decade the school expanded academic facilities , athletics and student life , as enrollment grew to over 900 students . On October 28 , 1927 , Ivan " Doc " Lake , a BGSU graduate and sports editor of the Daily Sentinel @-@ Tribune , established the nickname “ Falcons " . Lake thought the falcon was a fitting nickname because the falcon is a small but powerful bird of prey , and like the athletes , goes through extensive preparations and training . He also thought the nickname fit with the school 's colors . Prior to Lake 's creation of the nickname , sports writers used various others , including : “ B.G. Normals , ” “ Teachers , ” and the “ B.G. Pedagogues " . The school achieved the status of college in 1929 when the Emmons @-@ Hanna Bill changed renamed it to Bowling Green State College ( BGSC ) . At the same time , the college expanded its curriculum through the addition of the College of Liberal Arts , now known as the College of Arts and Sciences .
Enrollment levels held steady into the Great Depression ; but in 1933 , the Ohio State Senate Welfare Commission proposed a plan to convert the school into a mental health institution . Students , faculty and administrators organized with the Bowling Green community to counter the proposal . The Student Protest Committee coordinated with the faculty and administration to organize a campus rally and march through the downtown Bowling Green . Members of the Protest Committee then launched a letter @-@ writing campaign to community leaders throughout northwest Ohio , which helped convince the state legislature that closing the school would be counterproductive . The measure was defeated by a 14 – 5 vote . A few years later , in May 1935 , the college was granted university status and changed its name to Bowling Green State University . The university added the College of Business Administration to the existing College of Education and College of Liberal Arts . Within a year BGSU added master 's degree programs in Education , English , History , Social Science and Mathematics . In 1939 , the university established The Committee for Gifts , Endowments , and Memorials , its first private endowment fund .
= = = World War II , Post @-@ war era expansion = = =
The 1940s , including World War II and its aftermath , brought big changes to BGSU . The war caused a drastic decrease in male enrollment and by 1943 , the university canceled dances and formals , citing the lack of male students . The university continued expanding facilities including its first student union , The Falcon ’ s Nest , and new cottage @-@ style dorms for social groups and learning @-@ living communities , and dedication of the Wood County airport . Bowling Green was one of 240 colleges and universities to take part in the V @-@ 5 and V @-@ 12 Navy College Training Programs to supplement the lower enrollment during the war . The programs offered students a path to a Navy commission , enrolling cadets in regular college courses as well as naval training . Faculty were added to accommodate the military training programs . Student life adapted to the wartime era with efforts such as the War Relief Committee , blood drives and War Bonds initiatives .
In the post @-@ war era , BGSU constructed temporary structures to keep up with the increased housing demands for veterans and their families . BGSU added 40 trailers to house male and married students in 1945 , known as " Falcon Heights " . In 1946 , the university added 15 steel buildings to house male students in an area near the football stadium that became known as " Tin Pan Alley " . By the late 1940s , the student house shortage became so severe that the nearby National Guard Armory and ODOT garage were converted to house male students . The Federal Housing Authority provided two wooden barracks , ten trailers , and more steel buildings . The BGSU Army ROTC was established on campus in 1948 as enrollment increased dramatically in the post war era . The university continued to add academic programs as the enrollment increased during the mid to late 1940s , including the Graduate School in 1948 after Dr. Emerson Shuck led the effort to create school . By 1950 , enrollment grew to new record highs , with over 5 @,@ 000 students .
= = = McDonald era = = =
1951 saw major changes when Ralph W. McDonald was appointed the fourth president in school history , following the retirement of Frank Prout . McDonald was the first university president from outside Ohio and came to BGSU with a focus on improving teacher education and certification standards . Prior to becoming president , he served as the Executive Secretary of the Department of Higher Education of the National Education Association for seven years . Under McDonald , BGSU reorganized its three colleges to group common departments together within each college . Reflecting the Cold War era , BGSU added an Air Force ROTC program and a Department of Air Science and Tactics . BGSU continued to add programs and in the early 1950s added a Master of Education ( M.Ed. ) and a Master of Science ( M.S. ) in Education . The university constructed new residence halls during the decade , Prout Hall in 1955 and Founders Quadrangle in 1957 . The new student center opened in 1958 , after four years of construction at a cost of $ 2 @.@ 75 million . In the years 2012 @-@ 2014 , the residence hall was renovated and remodeled . This renovation updated the rooms , bathrooms , lobbies and outside sidewalks and walkways .
= = = 1960 – 1990 : Diverse Growth = = =
The College of Education experienced rapid growth and expansion during the 1960s when the university added various specialized education programs , including majors in special education , school psychology , guidance and counseling and vocational rehabilitation counseling . It expanded arts and music programs when the music department became the College of Education 's first " school " , renamed the School of Music in 1961 . Specializations in guidance and counseling were added to the Master of Arts and Master of Education degrees in 1964 ; as well as a new department for teaching college administration . By 1965 , BGSU 's College of Education enrolled 5 @,@ 470 students and was ranked the 16th largest producer of teachers in the United States . The university added new academic , administrative , and athletic facilities during the 1960s . Memorial Hall , later known as Anderson Arena , opened in 1960 . The new Administration Building opened in 1964 and the William T. Jerome Library opened in 1967 .
Student activism became common in the 1960s , reflecting the various social and political events of the time period . Vietnam War protests were common in downtown Bowling Green and on campus . In 1969 , a Black Student Union formed to encourage unity , scholarship , leadership , culture and political awareness of African Americans students . The majority of student activism at BGSU was peaceful and Bowling Green was the only public college or university in Ohio to remain open in the spring of 1970 , following the Kent State shootings during anti @-@ war protests .
Bowling Green added two colleges in the early 1970s when the College of Health and Human Services opened in 1973 and the School of Music was elevated to the College of Musical Arts in 1975 . In addition to the new colleges , the BGSU Popular Culture Center opened in 1970 as one of the first pop culture centers in the United States . In 1978 , the university established the University Honors Program .
Throughout the 1970s construction continued , starting with the Mathematical Sciences Building , followed by the Offenhauer Towers in 1971 and Industrial Education & Technology Building in 1972 . The Business Building and the Industrial Arts Building opened in 1973 and University Hall received renovations in 1974 that included new seating , an improved sound system , and air conditioning in the auditorium . In 1979 , the Student Recreation Center and the Moore Musical Arts Center opened . In 1970 , the Board of Trustees ended an alcoholic beverage ban on campus . The Cardinal Room , an on @-@ campus eatery , began serving beer . A growing trend in the late 1960s and early 1970s was the development of large apartment complexes adjacent to campus . By the 1970s approximately 4 @,@ 000 students lived in private , off @-@ campus housing . On campus , Darrow Hall became the first co @-@ ed dorm in 1972 with men and women inhabiting alternating floors .
The School of Technology was given college status in 1985 and renamed the College of Technology . The university expanded many of the technology and science facilities during the 1980s , including constructing the Planetarium and Physical Sciences Building . In 1985 Ronald Reagan became the seventh president or president to @-@ be to visit the university after Warren G. Harding , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , and Gerald Ford .
= = = Recent history = = =
During the 1990s the university renovated and constructed many buildings . The BGSU Fine Arts Center received a $ 9 @.@ 8 million addition in the early 1990s . Founders Hall was reopened in 1994 after extensive renovations at a cost of $ 15 million . That same year BGSU opened Olscamp Hall . East Hall opened in 1998 . All residence halls received wiring for Ethernet connections .
In 2008 , the university began the first phase of a $ 200 million renovation project . BGSU first announced plans for the Stroh Center , a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat arena to replace the aging Anderson Arena . The $ 36 million arena opened in September 2011 , hosting basketball and volleyball ; in addition to graduation ceremonies , concerts and other events . The arena was named for Kermit Stroh and Mary Lu Stroh , who donated $ 7 @.@ 7 million for the project , the largest single private gift in BGSU 's history . In 2009 the university began construction on the Wolfe Center for the Arts . The 93 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 600 m2 ) facility opened in 2011 with performance space , as well as work and classroom areas for art studies of the School of Art , the Department of Theatre and Film , and the School of Musical Arts . The facility was designed by Norwegian architectural firm Snøhetta , the firm 's first American project . That same year , BGSU built a $ 40 million residence hall project that included two new residence halls , one a traditional @-@ style dorm and a second suite @-@ style for upperclassmen . The residence hall project added more than 800 beds . In the fall of 2011 , BGSU opened The Oaks dining hall . The Oaks was constructed with sustainable designs that included a hybrid solar and wind power system to fulfill Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) , an electric @-@ powered truck to distribute food on campus , and a rooftop garden . The building used sustainable and recycled construction materials .
= = Campuses = =
= = = Main = = =
The main academic and residential campus is located on the northeast side of Bowling Green . The campus is arranged in a rectangle roughly one and a half miles long and one mile wide . It includes over 116 buildings on 1 @,@ 338 acres ( 5 @.@ 41 km2 ) . The campus is bordered by Wooster Street to the south , Thurstin Avenue to the west , Poe Road to the north , and I @-@ 75 to the east . The university also owns buildings and parking lots throughout Bowling Green and the Bowling Green Research Enterprise Park just east of I @-@ 75 . Ridge Street and East Merry Street run east @-@ west through campus and Mercer Street bisects campus on a north @-@ south axis .
The oldest portion of the BGSU campus is located in the southwest corner . It contains the oldest buildings on campus and was the original location . This area offers green space with large trees and historic buildings built in the early 1900s . Administrative services and classrooms occupy these buildings . Although not part of the historic section , Founders Hall , a large dorm , is located on the Southwest corner . Hanna Hall houses The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater and Gallery . Dedicated to BGSU in 1976 , it features early film memorabilia and highlights the careers of both Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish . The theater was renovated and rededicated in 1990 . It seats 168 and is home to Tuesdays at the Gish , an International Film Series , and a Sunday Matinee Series , which are all free and open to the community .
The Science Research Complex is located on the northwest side of campus . The buildings of the science research complex were built in the mid @-@ 60s . They include Mathematical Science , Life Science , Psychology , Physical Science , and Technology ( engineering ) . The Geology , Chemistry and Earth Science departments are located in Overman Hall there .
Three large residence halls occupy the western edge of campus . Offenhauer Towers consist of a ten @-@ story and an eleven @-@ story tower , connected by a first @-@ floor lobby . Offenhauer shelters a small grocery store called Outtakes Quick Cuisine . McDonald Hall houses over 1 @,@ 200 students and an eco @-@ friendly dining facility known as The Oaks . Falcon Heights , a new residence hall , was added in 2011 across the street .
The Bowen @-@ Thompson Student Union opened in 2002 in the west @-@ central part of campus . It houses eateries including The Falcon 's Nest food court , Starbucks and The Black Swamp Pub . Other facilities include the Campus Bookstore , The Peregrine Shop ( a convenience store ) , an on @-@ campus post office , computer labs , meeting rooms , a 250 @-@ seat movie theater , ballrooms , and various student lounges .
Central Campus features large lecture halls and classroom buildings . One of the most prominent is the 95 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 9 @,@ 000 m2 ) Olscamp Hall , which contains 28 classrooms and lecture halls capable of seating a total of 2 @,@ 000 students . Others include Business Administration , Education , Math / Science and the Eppler Complex , home to the Sport Management department . Anderson Arena is a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat arena , home for BGSU men 's and women 's basketball and women 's gymnastics and volleyball . Memorial Hall is connected to Anderson and houses the college 's ROTC programs . Jerome Library is the main library on campus and the second tallest building at nine stories . Conklin North is another residence hall in the central portion of campus . Oak Grove Cemetery is located in the north @-@ central portion of campus . Student Health Services was once located next to the cemetery but now is located off campus near the Education building .
The BGSU campus police station as well as counseling services are located in the College Park Office Building on the southern edge . Kohl Hall is a dormitory exclusive to members of the Chapman Learning Community , Partners in Context and Community for Urban Educators . A new , predominantly freshman dormitory known as Centennial Hall was established in 2011 and is equipped with its own dining hall , known as Carillon Place Dining . The southern edge hosts on @-@ campus fraternity and sorority houses , although the majority of sororities are near the Student Union on the western edge .
Arts programs are located to the east of Anderson Arena and Jerome Library in the east @-@ central area . The Fine Arts Center is home to the School of Art and houses classrooms , a studio , workshop spaces , art galleries a glassblowing studio and faculty offices . BGSU is one of only a few schools that offer degrees in glassblowing . The Moore Musical Arts Center is located along Ridge St and is the home to the College of Musical Arts . Moore includes classrooms , recording studios , rehearsal halls , and Kobacker Hall , a large theater where many performances on campus are held . Moore also includes MidAmerican Center for Contemporary Music , a national center with a focus on the study , performance , creative work and promotion of contemporary music . The Wolfe Center for the Arts opened in December 2011 . It is the new centerpiece for the Arts , located between Fine Arts and Moore . The 93 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 9 @,@ 000 m2 ) building houses the School of Art , the Department of Theatre and Film , and the School of Musical Arts . It includes classrooms , rehearsal space , performance / theater space , as well as design and office space , the 400 @-@ seat Thomas and Kathleen Donnell Theatre , and a black @-@ box stage , editing and digital laboratories , classrooms , studios , faculty space , and choral rehearsal rooms .
Nearby are two identical residence halls known as the Harshman Quadrangle and the Kreischer Quadrangle , separated by a large field . Each quadrangle contains four connected halls that operate as separate units . In the Harshman Quadrangle , these units are identified as Anderson , Bromfield , Chapman , and Dunbar . In Kreischer , the halls are known as Ashley , Batchelder , Compton , and Darrow . Kreischer features a popular dining hall called The Sundial as well as an Outtakes store in Kreischer @-@ Ashley . Kreischer @-@ Compton is home to the Arts Village Learning Community , for students with interests in dance , art , creative writing , theater , or music . This community offers members @-@ only classes . Bowling Green State University opened the Falcon health center in 2013 , after demolishing the Popular Culture building in 2012 .
= = = = Athletic and recreation facilities = = = =
Most athletic and recreation facilities are located on the eastern half of campus . The Student Recreation Center is a 185 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 17 @,@ 000 m2 ) facility that includes two swimming pools , four weight rooms , a cardio room , an elevated running track , an Activity Center for aerobics and a large sports center which accommodates basketball , tennis , volleyball , and badminton and other sports . North of the center lies Perry Field House , a 127 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 12 @,@ 000 m2 ) athletic facility with a 100 x 60 indoor synthetic turf , four batting cages , and a 200 @-@ meter track encircling four courts for basketball , volleyball , or tennis . The BGSU Ice Arena is a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat ice hockey arena that is used by various teams and clubs as well as public use . The rink is also home to the Black Swamp Ice Frogs , a special needs hockey team . The arena also includes a smaller ice sheet for curling , figure skating , youth ice hockey , and public skating . The Eppler complex is the oldest building on campus for athletics and is the main practice area for cheerleading , gymnastics , dancing and fencing . At one time it housed the original natatorium . Doyt Perry Stadium is a 28 @,@ 600 seat football stadium located on the eastern edge . The Stroh Center is a new on @-@ campus venue for athletics , concerts , commencement , lectures , and numerous campus and community events . The facility serves as the home for the Falcons men ’ s and women ’ s basketball and volleyball programs . Notably , the new structure is one of the most environmentally friendly buildings on campus , designed to achieve challenging Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) certification . There is also the Poe Ditch Rugby field on the north side of campus on Poe Road . BGSU is also home to Forrest Creason Golf Course located on the Northeast portion of campus . It is located to the North of Doyt Perry Stadium . The course is run by Kurt Thomas . The course is open to the public and offers great venues of campus and the surrounding area of Bowling Green .
= = = = Transportation and safety = = = =
The campus fare @-@ free bus transit system began in 1990 and runs throughout the campus and surrounding neighborhoods . In 2005 the university started testing Hybrid buses on the service 's main route . The first hybrid bus on the system used a proprietary diesel @-@ electric propulsion system , known as a Hybrid Booster Drive ( HBD ) , and was developed by the Electric Vehicle Institute ( EVI ) within the BGSU College of Technology . The system is made up of four routes . It includes major stops at various residence halls , academic buildings and athletic buildings . The campus has a phone application that allows the students to track the location of the different buses around campus . This application also gives an estimated time on the buses arrival to the bus stops .
The Orange Bike program began in 2008 as part of an increase in campus sustainability . The program operates a community bikeshare system to reduce the carbon footprint of students ' commutes across campus . Riders register once and have the option to ride an Orange Bike anywhere on @-@ campus , lock it up at any university bike rack for other riders .
The University Police Department provides 24 @-@ hour law enforcement and security , campus escort service , motorist assistance , educational programs , and crime prevention information for the BGSU campus and surrounding areas . The department is staffed by 24 full @-@ time , state @-@ certified police officers granted full police authority by the Ohio Revised Code . In addition to the officers , the department includes a student safety services staff that provides services for the university community , such as crowd control and the campus escort service . The department deploys uniformed officers to patrol the campus in marked police cars , bicycles , and on foot and has a mutual aid agreement with the Bowling Green City Police and with all other state university police departments in Ohio .
= = = BGSU Firelands = = =
The college is located in Huron , Ohio , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) east of Bowling Green . BGSU Firelands is a non @-@ residential , commuter school and accommodates approximately 2 @,@ 500 undergraduate and graduate students served by 51 full @-@ time faculty members , as well as part @-@ time faculty . BGSU Firelands has a 20 : 1 student @-@ faculty ratio . Approximately 32 % of Fireland 's student population is " nontraditional " ( over age 25 ) . The college offers fifteen associate degrees in 22 areas of study and prepares students for transfer to bachelor ’ s programs or for entry into the job market in technical or paraprofessional areas . The college also offers nine on @-@ site bachelor 's degree programs in Early Childhood Education , Criminal Justice , Business Administration , Liberal Studies , Visual Communication Technology , Applied Health Science , Nursing , and Advanced Tech Ed . Students can take general education classes towards BGSU majors at the main campus classes or transferring to another four @-@ year institution .
First offered in 1946 in the Sandusky area and later expanded to serve Erie , Huron , Lorain , and Ottawa counties , extension programs established a foundation for BGSU Firelands , the university 's regional campus . The college was established at a site located near Lake Erie in Huron , Ohio when the first building ( now Foundation Hall ) was opened . In 2003 , Cedar Point Center opened its doors on the Firelands campus . The facility houses a 450 @-@ seat divisible public meeting area , smaller conference rooms , a cyber cafe , multimedia classrooms , and two distance learning classrooms . In March 2011 , BGSU Firelands unveiled a new master plan calling for the construction of three buildings to handle more students , more college / community partnerships ; and expand the James H. McBride Arboretum to the entire campus .
= = Academics and organization = =
Bowling Green State University offers more than 200 undergraduate majors and confers degrees . BGSU has full accreditation from the Higher Learning Commission ( HLC ) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools . Bowling Green has been fully accredited by the North Central Association of the Higher Learning Commission since 1916 and received its ten @-@ year renewal in 2002 – 2003 . In addition , BGSU has accreditation from the HLC to offer full degree programs online . The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its eight colleges :
BGSU was ranked 97th on the Top Public Schools ranking by U.S. News & World Report . The university remains a leader in teacher preparation and was ranked 127th among America 's Best Education Schools by U.S. News & World Report . Students enrolled in the College of Education and Human Development may choose majors from among several teacher licensure areas , including early childhood ( grades Pre @-@ K to 3 ) , Middle Childhood ( grades 4 – 9 ) , Adolescent @-@ Young Adult ( grades 7 – 12 ) , Special Education ( grades K – 12 ) , and foreign language ( grades K – 12 ) . In addition , BGSU continues to have one of the top four programs in the United States for Industrial & Organizational Psychology per U.S. News & World Report .
BGSU offered the nation 's first PhD program in photochemical science and the first Ph.D. program in applied philosophy . The college of Business recently opened a facility at Levis Commons in Perrysburg , Ohio for its Professional MBA program . BGSU opened a satellite campus offering MBA classes at Owens State Community College in Findlay , Ohio in January 2013 .
= = = Tuition and graduation rates = = =
Fall 2012 undergraduate tuition for the main campus costs are $ 371 @.@ 40 dollars per credit hour for in @-@ state tuition while out @-@ of @-@ state tuition is $ 676 @.@ 40 per credit hour . The prices for undergraduate main campus tuition and fees are a 3 @.@ 5 % increase from the 2011 – 12 academic year . The increase in tuition was in response to a $ 2 @.@ 8 million cut from the state funding . Fall 2012 graduate tuition costs are $ 485 @.@ 00 per credit hour for in @-@ state tuition , and out @-@ of @-@ state tuition is $ 790 @.@ 00 per credit hour .
The six @-@ year graduation rate for the university 's main campus was 61 percent . Bowling Green State University 's six @-@ year graduation rate exceeded its predicted rate of 47 percent . The university 's was named in the top five positive differences between actual and expected graduation rates of similar public universities by U.S. News & World Report . Graduation rates for by race among this group are 60 percent unknown race , 60 percent white , 55 percent Asian @-@ American , 50 percent African @-@ American , 50 percent international students , 48 percent Hispanic @-@ American , and 43 percent Native American students .
= = = Faculty and research = = =
BGSU has a student @-@ faculty ratio of 20 : 1 . The university currently has 1 @,@ 982 academic staff , including 797 full @-@ time faculty , 312 adjunct faculty , and 873 graduate assistant and research staff . Since November 2010 , BGSU full @-@ time faculty have been represented in collective bargaining by the BGSU Faculty Association , a chapter of the American Association of University Professors .
In 1979 , American author James Baldwin taught at BGSU for one quarter as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Ethnic Studies Department , after a month @-@ long stint as writer in residence in 1978 .
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classified Bowling Green State University as a Doctorate @-@ granting Research University with high research activity . In the first quarter of fiscal year 2012 , BGSU received about $ 8 @.@ 1 million in research funds from federal , university , private and others sources with over 52 % from the National Science Foundation , National Institutes of Health , the United States Department of Energy , the United States Department of Health and Human Services , and the United States Department of Education . Research projects in the areas of Psychology , Sociology , Education and Human Development , Energy and Sustainability , are among the University 's most prominent .
The BGSU Center for Sustainability and the Environment was named as one of Ohio ’ s Centers of Excellence in advanced energy by the Ohio Board of Regents in October 2009 . The center conducts research on renewable energy such as solar energy and wind generation on Lake Erie , energy conversion , and using algae to generate biofuel . Research in conjunction with the University of Toledo created new ways to effectively determine appropriate Ohio windmill sites .
In 2010 , BGSU 's Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan Center was named as a Center for Excellence by the Ohio Board of Regents . The Center of Excellence for Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan primarily focuses on research pertaining to areas such as physical health , substance use and abuse , mental health , voice and speech science , family and marriage research , and health communication . It houses the first National Center for Family & Marriage Research , established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services along with the Center for Family and Demographic Research , which received long @-@ term funding by the National Institutes of Health for voice and speech science research .
= = = Presidents = = =
BGSU has had many Presidents , some of them are distinguished :
= = Athletics = =
Bowling Green 's athletic teams are known as the Falcons . The university participates in NCAA Division I ( Division I @-@ A for football ) as a member of the Mid @-@ American Conference and the Western Collegiate Hockey Association for ice hockey . BGSU is one of only 13 universities in the country offering NCAA division I @-@ A football , division I men 's and women 's basketball , and Division I ice hockey . The Falcons ' main rivals are the Rockets of the University of Toledo . Separated by just 20 miles ( 32 km ) on Interstate 75 , the two schools celebrate a heated rivalry in several sports . The most well @-@ known of these games is the Battle of I @-@ 75 , a football game held each year in which the winner takes home the Peace Pipe , a Native American peace pipe placed upon a wood tablet . The university sponsors 18 athletic teams : baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross county , football , men 's and women 's golf , women 's gymnastics , men 's ice hockey , men 's and women 's soccer , softball , women 's swimming , women 's tennis , women 's track and field , and women 's volleyball .
The Falcons women 's basketball teams had recent postseason success . The team won conference championships in women 's basketball in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 . At the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , the Falcons lost in the first round in 2005 and 2006 , but then reached the " Sweet Sixteen " in 2007 . The 1984 Falcons hockey team defeated the University of Minnesota Duluth in the longest college hockey championship game in history , to win the NCAA National Championship . Former BGSU head football coach Doyt Perry led the Falcons to the NCAA " Small College " Football National Title and undefeated season in 1959 . Several BGSU coaches went on to prominent careers . Football coach Urban Meyer went on to great success at the University of Florida , earning two BCS National Championship Game appearances in a three @-@ year span , winning in 2007 and 2009 . He also won the first FBS Playoff championship while coaching at The Ohio State University in 2015 . Hockey coach Jerry York became the winningest active coach in NCAA hockey , winning four NCAA National Championships at Boston College in 2001 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 after his Bowling Green championship in 1984 .
= = = Club sports and events = = =
BGSU offers a variety of sports at the club level . Men 's sports include cross country / track and field , rugby , lacrosse , baseball , basketball , soccer and ice hockey . Women 's club sports include rugby , cross country / track and field , Lacrosse , soccer , softball , equestrian , figure skating , and gymnastics . In recent years , the club rugby team has been very successful . Also , in April 2011 , BGSU hosted the National Club Track and Field Championships at Whittaker Track on the east end of campus .
= = Student life = =
Ohio residents account for 85 % of the undergraduate student population while out @-@ of @-@ state students come from all 50 US states and 70 foreign countries . The student body consists of 54 % women and 46 % men , of which , 22 % are either of international origin or members of ethnic minority groups . Bowling Green had an on @-@ campus residential student population of 6 @,@ 500 students as of 2011 . Approximately 85 % are in @-@ state students . The majority of students attend classes on BGSU 's main campus . In addition to the main campus enrollment , 2 @,@ 500 students enrolled in classes at BGSU Firelands as of 2011 . 300 students attend classes at BGSU extension locations , and over 600 students attend classes via distance learning .
The university has an extensive student life program , with over 300 student organizations ; club and recreational sports programs ; nationally ranked living @-@ learning communities and freshmen experience programs ; student media organizations and publications ; and Greek organizations . Bowling Green State University was recognized for excellence in first @-@ year experience programs and residential living / learning communities by U.S. News & World Report from 2002 – 2003 through 2010 – 2011 . In BGSU 's residential learning communities , students with similar interests , majors , cultural connections , and goals live and study together . In the academically @-@ based communities students work closely with faculty members who teach classes and have offices in the residence hall . BGSU offers eight residential learning communities : Arts Village , Global Village , Honors Learning Community , La Comunidad , La Maison Française , Natural and Health Sciences Residential Community , Partners in Context and Community , Chapman Community at Kohl ; eight residential theme communities : Army ROTC , Aviation , Batchelder Music Community , Construction Management , Fraternity and Sorority Life , Wellness , and SEARCH ; and one non @-@ residential learning community known as Honors Scholars . BGSU was included U.S. News & World Report 's rankings for First @-@ Year Experience Programs for the 2006 – 07 through 2011 – 2012 reports . The university was again ranked in the top ten in the 2011 – 12 edition .
In 2012 Bowling Green redesigned its undergraduate curriculum , creating an interdisciplinary program known as the BGeXperience ( BGeX ) , that places a focus on personal growth and development , social connections , critical thinking , problem solving and diversity . First @-@ year students begin the BGeX program during the BGeX Introduction Weekend prior to the start of the semester and continued taking courses designed to meet BGeX criteria throughout the four years of the undergraduate programs .
GeoJourney is a special academic program conducted by the School of Earth , Environment , and Society that features a nine @-@ week field trip / camping trip / road trip across the United States to national parks and monuments granting 24 students a semester of college credit . The GeoJourney field program includes Geology , Environmental Studies and Native American studies . Credits apply to the BG Perspective general education requirements . Students on the journey conduct interdisciplinary field investigations and gain first @-@ hand experiences in a wide range of environments . In 2004 the first GeoJourney trip went to 24 states , 30 national parks and covered over 14 @,@ 500 miles across the United States .
As part of the Department of Recreational Sports , the BGSU Outdoor Program offers outdoor trips , an indoor climbing wall , team @-@ building , and an outdoor equipment rental center to BGSU students , faculty , staff and surrounding community members . In August 2008 the program introduced the Freshman Wilderness Experience , which couples a week @-@ long backpacking trip on the Appalachian Trail with a monthly class to assist students in transitioning from high school to college life . In 2009 The Outdoor Program won the David J Web Award by the Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education ( AORE ) as an outstanding non @-@ profit outdoor program .
= = = Greek life = = =
Bowling Green is home to many fraternities and sororities . The university began Greek community initiatives during the 1940s and it has slowly flourished into a strong community . Each fraternity and sorority at BGSU promotes community service efforts , academic excellence , philanthropic events , and university involvement each through their own nationally recognized organization . As of 2013 , 8 % of undergraduate men and 12 % of undergraduate women were members of Greek organizations . BGSU is demolishing its current Greek Town Homes located on old Fraternity Row , old Sorority Row , and the North and South Greek Conklin buildings while they plan and construct a new Greek Village which will consolidate all of the organizations together on the West side of campus against Wooster Street . The plan consists of 10 buildings divided into 33 sections consisting of 4 @-@ Bedroom , 12 @-@ Bedroom , and 18 @-@ Bedroom style homes . The site lies on top of old Fraternity Row and the North and South Conklin building locations . The demolition is scheduled for the fall of 2014 and the new Greek Village is scheduled to be finished in the fall of 2016 .
= = = Media and publications = = =
Campus newspapers include the independent student newspaper , The BG News , published since 1920 . It was known as the Bee Gee News before assuming its current name on September 21 , 1951 . The paper is available for free at 135 newsstands . In 2009 the paper became available on a web portal known as BG Views . The paper prints 7 @,@ 000 copies of the paper Monday through Friday during the fall and spring semesters , and on Wednesday during the summer . The university 's independent , student operated yearbook was first published in 1918 but stopped after one edition for six years . In 1924 it resumed production and was published every year as a record of students , activities , and events for a given year . In 2008 , the yearbook was replaced with a magazine format , The Key Magazine , and is published semi @-@ annually , in fall and spring semesters .
Electronic media include two radio stations and one public television station , as well as student @-@ produced television . BGSU 's Public Broadcasting Service affiliate , WBGU @-@ TV , broadcasts to nineteen counties in northwestern and west central Ohio and hosts PBS programming , local programming and BG24 News , a student @-@ run television newscast airing live at 5 : 30pm twice a week ( Tuesday and Thursday ) . The campus is home to two student @-@ operated radio stations as part of the Department of Telecommunications . WBGU 88 @.@ 1 FM and WFAL Falcon Radio . WBGU @-@ FM serves as an independent radio , non @-@ commercial educational ( NCE ) , FCC @-@ licensed station that focuses mostly on independent music programming and broadcasts women 's basketball and hockey ; while WFAL Falcon Radio , formerly WFAL 1610 AM , is a student @-@ run commercial radio station that broadcasts music including Modern rock , Top 40 , Hip hop and talk shows . Both radio stations host news and sports talk shows and BGSU athletic events through partnerships with other student @-@ media organizations . The Bowling Green Radio News Organization ( BGRNO ) provides radio news coverage Monday @-@ Friday through student @-@ produced shows ; while the Bowling Green Radio Sports Organization ( BGRSO ) broadcasts BGSU athletic events on WBGU @-@ FM and WFAL as well as local high school sports on WFAL .
The Mid @-@ American Review is an international literary journal published through the BGSU Department of English . The Mid @-@ American Review showcases contemporary fiction , poetry , nonfiction , and translations . It was created in 1980 when the format changed from a student @-@ published literary magazine , known as the Itinerary , to an international publication . Prairie Margins is a national undergraduate literary journal published by students in the Creative Writing Program . The annual journal features literary work by both BGSU students and undergraduate creative writers from other institutions . The Projector is a peer @-@ reviewed electronic journal on film , media and culture published twice a year by the Department of Theatre & Film .
= = = Traditions and events = = =
SICSIC is an official spirit organization at BGSU that began in 1946 by President Frank J. Prout . SICSIC routinely attends major BGSU sporting events and other campus activities promoting school spirit . The organization is secret and contains six members , two each for sophomore , junior and senior classes . Two new members are chosen at the end of their class 's freshman year to replace that year 's two graduating seniors . The group is characterized by their use of gray jumpsuits and masks of famous pop culture and political figures to hide their identities , which are not revealed until the last home basketball game of their senior year .
BGSU 's official mascots are Freddie and Frieda Falcon . Freddie Falcon began appearing at athletic events in 1950 , while Frieda first appeared on February 25 , 1966 as Mrs. Freddie Falcon . Frieda returned in the 1980 – 81 academic year as Freddie ’ s little sister . 1980 marked the first official female Frieda after the 1966 version was played by a male cheerleader . Freddie and Frieda routinely make appearances at BGSU athletic events and other major events around campus and the community . In a similar tradition to SICSIC , the identities of the students who play Freddie and Frieda are not revealed until the end of the basketball and hockey seasons .
BGSU currently is the home of Ohio 's largest student @-@ run philanthropy , Dance Marathon . BGSU 's chapter is one of the largest and most active Dance Marathon organizations in the nation . BGSU Dance Marathon operates similar to other dance marathon events held nationwide at other college . The event is run entirely by college students and the proceeds go to local children 's hospitals . Funds raised through BGSU 's Dance Marathon benefit children at the Mercy Children 's Hospital in Toledo via the Children 's Miracle Network . 2011 marked the 16th year the BG has conducted the Dance Marathon . Since the event began , it has raised over $ 2 @.@ 2 million for the Children 's Hospital .
Bowling Green hosts an annual event for three days in February similar to other winter cities to celebrate winter , snow , and cold weather activities . Winterfest was first held in 2009 and centers around the town 's rich ice skating and ice hockey traditions . Winterfest events are held all over Bowling Green . Many of the on campus events are held at the BGSU Ice Arena , including curling , skating , BGSU ice hockey and figure skating exhibitions .
Bowling Green has hosted the American Legion event known as Buckeye Boys State since 1978 . The program gathers high school juniors from all over Ohio for a nine @-@ day program in June . At Buckeye Boys State , the students operate a full government modeled after the Government of Ohio .
= = = Marching band = = =
The Falcon Marching Band is the largest student organization at BGSU , with over 260 members . The band performs at home football games and other university functions including select road football games and various bowl games including the Raisin Bowl in Fresno , California , Silver Bowl in Las Vegas , Nevada , the Motor City Bowl in Detroit , Michigan , the GMAC Bowl in Mobile , Alabama , the Humanitarian Bowl in Boise , Idaho , the Military Bowl in Washington , D.C. , and the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl in Detroit , Michigan . In 2007 , the band was invited to the Bands of America Regional in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Athletic Band is auditioned group that at most basketball and hockey games , as well as other university events .
The first band to represent what would become Bowling Green State University was formed during the 1923 @-@ 1924 academic year . Making its first appearance early during the football season , the band 's premier performance that year as at the dedication of the new athletic field at Homecoming . The Falcon Marching Band , features a symphonic sound and chair step marching that rivals bands of larger conferences . Under the direction of Dr. Michael King , the 250 member marching band is the largest student organization on campus . The band performs at all home football games , which are hosted in Doyt Perry Stadium as well as other various university functions . The Falcon Marching Band only exists during the football season .
The FMB serves as a showcase of the finest in musical and visual performance , as well as a centerpiece for athletic spirit at BGSU , and is composed of students from all colleges of the University . Membership is open by audition to students of all class levels and all majors .
= = Notable alumni = =
Alumni of Bowling Green State University have become notable in a variety of different fields including politics and government , business , science , literature , arts and entertainment , and athletics . A number of Bowling Green Falcons have excelled at the collegiate , Olympic , and professional levels sports , including : Kevin Bieksa , Rob Blake , Dan Bylsma , Scott Hamilton , Orel Hershiser , Mike McCullough , George McPhee . Ken Morrow , Don Nehlen , Jordan Sigalet , Nate Thurmond , and Dave Wottle . Alumni involved in government and politics include : former Israeli ambassador Daniel Ayalon , Ohio state senator Kevin Coughlin . , Ohio state senator Randy Gardner , and current Ohio congressman Tim Ryan . Other notable alumni include : explorer Conrad Allen , author Philana Marie Boles , TCU Chancellor Victor J. Boschini actor Tim Conway , ESPN sportscaster Jay Crawford NYU economic professor William Easterly , CBS News Correspondent Steve Hartman , ESPN sportscaster Jason Jackson , Adobe Systems President and CEO Shantanu Narayen , actress Eva Marie Saint , and author James Carlos Blake , winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize .
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= Dubai =
Dubai ( / duːˈbaɪ / doo @-@ BY ; Arabic : دبي Dubayy , Gulf pronunciation : [ dʊˈbɑj ] ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai , one of the seven emirates that make up the country . Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country 's legislature . The city of Dubai is located on the emirate 's northern coastline and heads up the Dubai @-@ Sharjah @-@ Ajman metropolitan area . Dubai is to host World Expo 2020 .
Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East . It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo . By the 1960s , Dubai 's economy was based on revenues from trade and , to a smaller extent , oil exploration concessions , but oil was not discovered until 1966 . Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969 . Dubai 's oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city , but its reserves are limited and production levels are low : today , less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . The emirate 's Western @-@ style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services . Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events . The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high @-@ rise buildings , in particular the world 's tallest building , the Burj Khalifa . Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the city 's largely South Asian workforce . Dubai 's property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 – 09 following the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , but the emirate 's economy has made a return to growth , with a projected 2015 budget surplus .
As of 2012 , Dubai is the 22nd most expensive city in the world and the most expensive city in the Middle East . In 2014 , Dubai 's hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world , after Geneva . Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U.S. global consulting firm Mercer .
= = Etymology = =
Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word " Dubai " . One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq , which was similar to the souq in Ba . Another theory states that the name came from a word meaning " money " , as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading center of the location . An Arabic proverb says " Daba Dubai " ( Arabic : دبا دبي ) , meaning " They came with a lot of money . " According to Fedel Handhal , a scholar on the UAE 's history and culture , the word Dubai may have come from the word daba ( Arabic : دبا ) ( a past tense derivative of yadub ( Arabic : يدب ) , which means " to creep " ) , referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland . The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word , but to its alternative meaning of " baby locust " ( Arabic : جراد ) due to the abundant nature of locusts in the area before settlement .
= = History = =
Although stone tools have been found at many archaeological sites , little is known about the UAE 's early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found . Many ancient towns in the area were trading centers between the Eastern and Western worlds . The remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp , dated at 7000 BC , were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City . The area was covered with sand about 5 @,@ 000 years ago as the coast retreated inland , becoming part of the city 's present coastline . Pre @-@ Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries . Prior to the introduction of Islam to the area , the people in this region worshiped Bajir ( or Bajar ) . After the spread of Islam in the region , the Umayyad Caliph of the eastern Islamic world invaded south @-@ east Arabia and drove out the Sassanians . Excavations by the Dubai Museum in the region of Al @-@ Jumayra ( Jumeirah ) found several artifacts from the Umayyad period .
The earliest recorded mention of Dubai is in 1095 in the Book of Geography by the Andalusian @-@ Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al @-@ Bakri . The Venetian pearl merchant Gaspero Balbi visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai ( Dibei ) for its pearling industry .
Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village in the early 18th century and was , by 1822 , a town of some 7 – 800 members of the Baniyas tribe and subject to the rule of Sheikh Tahnoon of Abu Dhabi .
In 1833 , following tribal feuding , members of the Al Bu Falasa tribe seceded from Abu Dhabi and established themselves in Dubai . The exodus from Abu Dhabi was led by Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti who became joint leaders of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836 , leaving Maktum to establish the Maktoum dynasty .
Dubai signed the treaty of ' Perpetual Maritime Truce ' of 1853 along with other Trucial States and also – like its neighbours on the Trucial Coast – entered into an exclusivity agreement in which the United Kingdom took responsibility for the emirate 's security in 1892 .
Two catastrophes struck the town during the 1800s . First , in 1841 , a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai locality , forcing residents to relocate east to Deira . Then , in 1894 , fire swept through Deira , burning down most homes . However , the town 's geographical location continued to attract traders and merchants from around the region . The emir of Dubai was keen to attract foreign traders and lowered trade tax brackets , which lured traders away from Sharjah and Bandar Lengeh , the region 's main trade hubs at the time . Persian merchants naturally looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai . They continued to trade with Lingah , however , as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today , and they named their district Bastakiya , after the Bastak region in southern Persia .
= = = Pre @-@ oil Dubai = = =
Dubai 's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location . The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen , chiefly those from Iran , many of whom eventually settled in the town . By the beginning of the 20th century , it was an important port .
Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s ; the pearl trade was damaged irreparably by the Great Depression in the 1930s and the innovation of cultured pearls . With the collapse of the pearling industry , Dubai fell into a deep depression and many residents starved or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf .
In the early days since its inception , Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi . In 1947 , a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border escalated into war . Arbitration by the British and the creation of a buffer frontier running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities .
Despite a lack of oil , Dubai 's ruler from 1948 , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure . Electricity , telephone services , and an airport were established in Dubai in the 1950s and , in 1959 , the emirate 's first hotel , the Airlines Hotel , was constructed . This was followed by the Ambassador and Carlton Hotel in 1968 .
On 7 April 1961 , the Dubai @-@ based MV Dara , a five thousand ton British flagged vessel that plied the route between Basra ( Iraq ) , Kuwait and Bombay ( India ) , was caught in unusually high winds off Dubai . Early the next morning in heavy seas off Umm Al Qawain , an explosion tore out the second class cabins and started fires . The captain gave the order to abandon ship but two lifeboats capsized and a second explosion occurred . A flotilla of small boats from Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman and Umm Al Qawain picked up survivors but in all 238 lives were lost in the disaster .
In 1962 the British Political Agent noted that " Many new houses and blocks of offices and flats are being built ... the Ruler is determined , against advice [ from the British ] to press on with the construction of a jet airport ... More and more European and Arab firms are opening up and the future looks bright . "
The asphalt runway was constructed in 1965 , opening Dubai to both regional and long haul traffic . In 1970 a new terminal building was constructed which included Dubai 's first duty @-@ free shops .
= = = Oil era = = =
After years of exploration following large finds in neighboring Abu Dhabi , oil was eventually discovered in territorial waters off Dubai in 1966 , albeit in far smaller quantities . The first field was named ' Fateh ' or ' good fortune ' . This led the emirate to grant concessions to international oil companies , thus leading to a massive influx of foreign workers , mainly Asians and Middle easterners . Between 1968 and 1975 the city 's population grew by over 300 % .
As part of the infrastructure for pumping and transporting oil from the Fateh field , located offshore of the Jebel Ali area of Dubai , a number of 50 @,@ 000 gallon storage tanks were built , known locally as ' Kazzans ' , by welding them together on the beach and then digging them out and floating them to drop onto the seabed at the Fateh field . These were constructed by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company , which gave the beach its local name ( Chicago Beach ) until the Chicago Beach Hotel was demolished and replaced by the Jumeirah Beach Hotel in the late nineties .
Dubai had already embarked on a period of infrastructural development and expansion . Oil revenue , flowing from 1969 onwards supported a period of growth with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of building infrastructure and a diversified trading economy before the emirate 's limited reserves were depleted . Oil accounted for 24 % of GDP in 1990 , but had reduced to 7 % of GDP by 2004 .
Critically , one of the first major projects Sheikh Rashid embarked upon when oil revenue started to flow was the construction of Port Rashid , a deep water free port constructed by British company Halcrow . Originally intended to be a four @-@ berth port , it was extended to sixteen berths as construction was ongoing . The project was an outstanding success , with shipping queuing to access the new facilities . The port was inaugurated on 5 October 1972 , although its berths were each pressed into use as soon as they had been built . Port Rashid was to be further expanded in 1975 to add a further 35 berths before the larger port of Jebel Ali was constructed .
Port Rashid was the first of a swathe of projects designed to create a modern trading infrastructure , including roads , bridges , schools and hospitals .
= = = Reaching the UAE 's Act of Union = = =
Dubai and the other ' trucial states ' had long been a British protectorate where the British took care of foreign policy and defence , as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Gulf . This was to change with PM Harold Wilson 's announcement , on 16 January 1968 , that all British troops were to be withdrawn from ' East of Aden ' . The decision was to pitch the coastal emirates , together with Qatar and Bahrain , into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind .
The principle of union was first agreed between the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 meeting in an encampment at Argoub Al Sedirah , near Al Semeih , a desert stop between the two emirates . The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates , including Qatar and Bahrain , into the union . Over the next two years , negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed -often stormy- as a form of union was thrashed out . The nine @-@ state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where heavy @-@ handed British intervention resulted in a walk @-@ out by Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah . Bahrain and Qatar were to drop out of talks , leaving only six emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971 .
On 2 December 1971 , Dubai , together with Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Qawain and Fujairah joined in the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates . The seventh emirate , Ras Al Khaimah , joined the UAE on 10 February 1972 , following giant non @-@ Arab neighbour Iran 's annexation of the RAK @-@ owned Tunbs islands .
In 1973 , Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency : the UAE dirham . In that same year , the prior monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the UAE Dirham was introduced throughout the Emirates .
= = = Modern Dubai = = =
During the 1970s , Dubai continued to grow from revenues generated from oil and trade , even as the city saw an influx of immigrants fleeing the Lebanese civil war . Border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation of the UAE ; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached that ended disagreements . The Jebel Ali port was established in 1979 . JAFZA ( Jebel Ali Free Zone ) was built around the port in 1985 to provide foreign companies unrestricted import of labor and export capital . Dubai airport and the aviation industry also continued to grow .
The Gulf War of 1990 had a negative financial effect on the city , as depositors withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade , but subsequently , the city recovered in a changing political climate and thrived . Later in the 1990s , many foreign trading communities — first from Kuwait , during the Gulf War , and later from Bahrain , during the Shia unrest — moved their businesses to Dubai . Dubai provided refueling bases to allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War , and again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . Large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War encouraged Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism .
= = Geography = =
Dubai is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level ( 16 m or 52 ft above ) . The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south , Sharjah in the northeast , and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast . Hatta , a minor exclave of the emirate , is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman ( in the west ) and Ras Al Khaimah ( in the north ) . The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate . Dubai is positioned at 25 @.@ 2697 ° N 55 @.@ 3095 ° E / 25 @.@ 2697 ; 55 @.@ 3095 and covers an area of 1 @,@ 588 sq mi ( 4 @,@ 110 km2 ) , which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial 1 @,@ 500 sq mi ( 3 @,@ 900 km2 ) designation due to land reclamation from the sea .
Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert . However , the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai 's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns , while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country . The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine , clean and white . East of the city , the salt @-@ crusted coastal plains , known as sabkha , give way to a north @-@ south running line of dunes . Farther east , the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide .
The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains , which run alongside Dubai 's border with Oman at Hatta . The Western Hajar chain has an arid , jagged and shattered landscape , whose mountains rise to about 1 @,@ 300 metres ( 4 @,@ 265 feet ) in some places . Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases ; however , Dubai does have a natural inlet , Dubai Creek , which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through . Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes , which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains . A vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter . Seismically , Dubai is in a very stable zone — the nearest seismic fault line , the Zagros Fault , is 200 kilometres ( 124 miles ) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai . Experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami .
The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms . Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of the city , while acacia and ghaf trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains . Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and neem as well as imported trees such as the eucalypts grow in Dubai 's natural parks . The houbara bustard , striped hyena , caracal , desert fox , falcon and Arabian oryx are common in Dubai 's desert . Dubai is on the migration path between Europe , Asia and Africa , and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through the emirate in spring and autumn . The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish , including the hammour . The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical fish , jellyfish , coral , dugong , dolphins , whales and sharks . Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the hawksbill turtle and green turtle , which are listed as endangered species .
Dubai Creek runs northeast @-@ southwest through the city . The eastern section of the city forms the locality of Deira and is flanked by the emirate of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south . The Dubai International Airport is located south of Deira , while the Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf . Much of Dubai 's real @-@ estate boom is concentrated to the west of Dubai Creek , on the Jumeirah coastal belt . Port Rashid , Jebel Ali , Burj Al Arab , the Palm Jumeirah and theme @-@ based free @-@ zone clusters such as Business Bay are all located in this section .
= = Climate = =
Dubai has a hot desert climate . Summers in Dubai are extremely hot , windy , and humid , with an average high around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and overnight lows around 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the hottest month , August . Most days are sunny throughout the year . Winters are warm with an average high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) and overnight lows of 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in January , the coldest month . Precipitation , however , has been increasing in the last few decades , with accumulated rain reaching 94 @.@ 3 mm ( 3 @.@ 71 in ) per year . Dubai summers are also known for the moderate to high humidity level , which can make it uncomfortable for many . The highest recorded temperature in Dubai is 52 @.@ 1 ° C ( 126 ° F ) , reached in July 2002 .
= = Governance and politics = =
Dubai has been ruled by the Al Maktoum family since 1833 ; the emirate is an absolute monarchy with no elections ( other than the few thousand Dubai citizens participating in the electoral college for the Federal National Council of the UAE ) . The ruler , Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and member of the Supreme Council of the Union ( SCU ) . Dubai appoints 8 members in two @-@ term periods to the Federal National Council ( FNC ) of the UAE , the supreme federal legislative body .
The Dubai Municipality ( DM ) was established by the then @-@ ruler of Dubai , Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , in 1954 for purposes of city planning , citizen services and upkeep of local facilities . DM is chaired by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum , deputy ruler of Dubai , and comprises several departments such as the Roads Department , Planning and Survey Department , Environment and Public Health Department and Financial Affairs Department . In 2001 , Dubai Municipality embarked on an e @-@ Government project with the intention of providing 40 of its city services through its web portal , [ dubai.ae ] . Thirteen such services were launched by October 2001 , while several other services were expected to be operational in the future . Dubai Municipality is also in charge of the city 's sanitation and sewage infrastructure .
The UAE has a Minister of Happiness , appointed by his High Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum . The UAE has also appointed a Minister of Tolerance to promote tolerance as a fundamental value of the UAE , a country filled with a diverse range of faiths and ethnicities , and also a Minister for Youth Affairs .
= = = Law enforcement = = =
The Dubai Police Force , founded in 1956 in the locality of Naif , has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate . The force is under direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum , ruler of Dubai .
Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not conform to the federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates . The emirate 's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance , the Court of Appeal , and the Court of Cassation . The Court of First Instance consists of the Civil Court , which hears all civil claims ; the Criminal Court , which hears claims originating from police complaints ; and Sharia Court , which is responsible for matters between Muslims . Non @-@ Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court . The Court of Cassation is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only .
= = = Sharia laws = = =
Kissing in public is strictly illegal and can result in deportation .
Non @-@ Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol in licensed venues , typically within hotels , or at home with the possession of an alcohol license . Restaurants outside hotels in Dubai are typically not permitted to sell alcohol .
= = = Dress code = = =
The Emirati attire is typical of several countries in the Arabian peninsula . Women usually wear the " Abaya " , a long black robe with a hijab ( the head @-@ scarf which covers the neck and part of the head ) . Some women may add a niqab which cover the mouth and nose and only leaves the eyes exposed . Men wear the " Kandurah " also referred to as " dishdasha " or even " thawb " ( long white robe ) and the headscarf ( Ghotrah ) . The UAE traditional Ghotrah is white and is held in place by an accessory called " Egal " , which resembles a sort of black cord . The younger Emiraties prefer to wear red and white Ghotras and tie it round their head like a turban .
The above dress code is not compulsory , but prohibitions on wearing " indecent clothing " or revealing too much skin are aspects of the UAE to which Dubai 's visitors are expected to conform , and are encoded in Dubai 's criminal law . The UAE has enforced anti @-@ indecency prohibitions in all public places ( aside from waterparks , beaches , clubs , and bars ) .
= = Human rights = =
Human rights organisations have heavily criticised violations of human rights in Dubai . Most notably , some of the 250 @,@ 000 foreign labourers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as " less than humane " . The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the difficult @-@ to @-@ make documentary , Slaves in Dubai ( 2009 ) . The Dubai government has denied labour injustices and stated that the watchdog 's ( Human Rights Watch ) accusations were ' misguided ' . The filmmaker explained in interviews how it was necessary to go undercover to avoid discovery by the authorities , who impose high fines on reporters attempting to document human rights abuses , including the conditions of construction workers . Towards the end of March 2006 , the government had announced steps to allow construction unions . UAE labour minister Ali al @-@ Kaabi said : " Labourers will be allowed to form unions . "
= = Demographics = =
= = = Ethnicity and languages = = =
According to the census conducted by the Statistics Centre of Dubai , the population of the emirate was 1 @,@ 771 @,@ 000 as of 2009 , which included 1 @,@ 370 @,@ 000 males and 401 @,@ 000 females . The region covers 1 @,@ 287 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 497 @.@ 1 sq mi ) . The population density is 408 @.@ 18 / km2 – more than eight times that of the entire country . Dubai is the second most expensive city in the region and 20th most expensive city in the world .
As of 2013 , only about 15 % of the population of the emirate was made up of UAE nationals , with the rest comprising expatriates , many of whom either have been in the country for generations or were born in the UAE . Approximately 85 % of the expatriate population ( and 71 % of the emirate 's total population ) was Asian , chiefly Indian ( 51 % ) and Pakistani ( 16 % ) ; other significant Asian groups include Bangladeshis ( 9 % ) and Filipinos ( 3 % ) . There is a sizable community of Somalis numbering around 30 @,@ 000 , as well as other communities of various nationalities . A quarter of the population ( local and foreign ) reportedly traces their origins to Iran . In addition , 16 % of the population ( or 288 @,@ 000 persons ) living in collective labour accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or nationality , but were thought to be primarily Asian . There are over 100 @,@ 000 British expatriates in Dubai , by far the largest group of Western expatriates in the city . The median age in the emirate was about 27 years . In 2014 , there were estimated to be 15 @.@ 54 births and 1 @.@ 99 deaths per 1 @,@ 000 people .
Arabic is the national and official language of the United Arab Emirates . The Gulf dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by the Emirati people . English is used as a second language . Other major languages spoken in Dubai due to immigration are Hindi @-@ Urdu ( or Hindustani ) , Persian , Malayalam , Punjabi , Pashto , Bengali , Sindhi , Balochi , Tulu , Tamil , Kannada , Sinhala , Marathi , Telugu , Tagalog and Chinese , in addition to many other languages .
= = = Religion = = =
Article 7 of the UAE 's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE . The government subsidises almost 95 % of mosques and employs all Imams ; approximately 5 % of mosques are entirely private , and several large mosques have large private endowments . All mosques in Dubai are managed by the Government of Dubai and all Imams are also appointed by the Government . An Imam caught preaching racism or religious hatred or caught promoting Islamic extremism is usually jailed and deported .
= = = = Minorities = = = =
Dubai also has large Christian , Hindu , Sikh , Bahá 'í , Buddhist and other religious communities residing in the city .
Non @-@ Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship , where they can practice their religion freely , by requesting a land grant and permission to build a compound . Groups that do not have their own buildings must use the facilities of other religious organisations or worship in private homes . Non @-@ Muslim religious groups are permitted to advertise group functions openly and distribute various religious literature ; however , outright proselytising is strictly prohibited under penalty of criminal prosecution , imprisonment and deportation for engaging in behaviour offensive to Islam . Strict prohibition extends to small groups such as the Ahmadiyya . Catholics have no proper jurisdiction in the UAE , but are served pastorally by the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia .
= = Economy = =
One of the world 's fastest growing economies , Dubai 's gross domestic product is projected at USD 107 @.@ 1 billion , with a growth rate of 6 @.@ 1 % in 2014 . Although a number of core elements of Dubai 's trading infrastructure were built on the back of the oil industry , revenues from oil and natural gas account for less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenues . It is estimated that Dubai produces 50 @,@ 000 to 70 @,@ 000 barrels ( 7 @,@ 900 to 11 @,@ 100 m3 ) of oil a day and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields . The emirate 's share in the UAE 's total gas revenues is about 2 % . Dubai 's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years . Real estate and construction ( 22 @.@ 6 % ) , trade ( 16 % ) , entrepôt ( 15 % ) and financial services ( 11 % ) are the largest contributors to Dubai 's economy .
Dubai ’ s non @-@ oil foreign trade stood at $ 362 billion in 2014 . Of the overall trade volumes , imports had the biggest share with a value of $ 230 billion while exports and re @-@ exports to the emirate stood at $ 31 billion and $ 101 billion respectively .
By 2014 , China had emerged as Dubai 's largest international trading partner , with a total of $ 47 @.@ 7 billion in trade flows , up 29 % from 2013 . India was second among Dubai ’ s key trading partners with a trade of $ 29 @.@ 7 billion , followed by the United States at $ 22 @.@ 62 billion . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was Dubai ’ s fourth trading partner globally and first in the GCC and Arab world with a total trade value of $ 14 @.@ 2 billion . Trade with Germany in 2014 totalled $ 12 @.@ 3 , Switzerland and Japan both at $ 11 @.@ 72 billion and UK trade totalled $ 10 @.@ 9 billion .
Historically , Dubai and its twin across Dubai Creek , Deira ( independent of Dubai City at that time ) , were important ports of call for Western manufacturers . Most of the new city 's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area . Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s . Dubai has a free trade in gold and , until the 1990s , was the hub of a " brisk smuggling trade " of gold ingots to India , where gold import was restricted . Dubai 's Jebel Ali port , constructed in the 1970s , has the largest man @-@ made harbour in the world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports . Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance , with industry @-@ specific free zones throughout the city . Dubai Internet City , combined with Dubai Media City as part of TECOM ( Dubai Technology , Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority ) , is one such enclave , whose members include IT firms such as Hewlett @-@ Packard , EMC Corporation , Oracle Corporation , Microsoft , Dell and IBM , and media organisations such as MBC , CNN , BBC , Reuters , Sky News and AP .
The government 's decision to diversify from a trade @-@ based , oil @-@ reliant economy to one that is service- and tourism @-@ oriented made property more valuable , resulting in the property appreciation from 2004 to 2006 . A longer @-@ term assessment of Dubai 's property market , however , showed depreciation ; some properties lost as much as 64 % of their value from 2001 to November 2008 . The large @-@ scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the Emirates Towers , the Burj Khalifa , the Palm Islands and the most expensive hotel , the Burj Al Arab . Dubai 's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate . By early 2009 , the situation had worsened with the Great Recession taking a heavy toll on property values , construction and employment . This has had a major impact on property investors in the region , some of whom were unable to release funds from investments made in property developments . As of February 2009 , Dubai 's foreign debt was estimated at approximately $ 80 billion , although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide . Dubai real estate and UAE property experts believe that by avoiding the mistakes of the past , Dubai 's realty market can achieve stability in the future .
The Dubai Financial Market ( DFM ) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds , both local and foreign . As of fourth quarter 2006 , its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares , worth $ 95 billion in total . The DFM had a market capitalisation of about $ 87 billion . The other Dubai @-@ based stock exchange is NASDAQ Dubai , which is the international stock exchange in the Middle East . It enables a range of companies , including UAE and regional small and medium @-@ sized enterprises , to trade on an exchange with an international brand name , with access by both regional and international investors .
Dubai is also known as the City of Gold , because a major part of the economy is based on gold trades , with Dubai 's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011 reaching 580 tonnes , with an average price of US $ 1 @,@ 455 per troy ounce .
A City Mayors survey ranked Dubai 44th among the world 's best financial cities in 2007 , while another report by City Mayors indicated that Dubai was the world 's 27th richest city in 2012 , in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . Dubai is also an international financial centre and has been ranked 37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index ( 2007 ) , and 1st within the Middle East .
In 2012 , the Global City Competitiveness Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Dubai at No. 40 with a total score of 55 @.@ 9 . According to its 2013 research report on the future competitiveness of cities , in 2025 , Dubai will have moved up to 23rd place overall in the Index . Indians , followed by Britons and Pakistanis are the top foreign investors in Dubai realty .
Dubai has launched several major projects to support its economy and develop different sectors . These include Dubai Fashion 2020 , and Dubai Design District , expected to become a home to leading local and international designers . The AED 4 billion first phase of the project will be complete by January 2015 .
= = = Tourism and retail = = =
Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government 's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirate . Dubai 's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping , but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions . As of 2013 , Dubai was the 7th most visited city of the world based on air traffic and the fastest growing , increasing by a 10 @.@ 7 % rate . Dubai is expected to accommodate over 15 million tourists by 2015 . The emirate is also the most populous of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates .
Dubai has been called the " shopping capital of the Middle East " . Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping centres , including the world 's largest shopping centre , Dubai Mall . Dubai is also known for the traditional souk districts located on either side of its creek . Traditionally , dhows from East Asia , China , Sri Lanka , and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks . Dubai Creek played a vital role in sustaining the life of the community in the city and was the resource which originally drove the economic boom in Dubai . As of September 2013 , Dubai creek has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Many boutiques and jewellery stores are also found in the city . Dubai is also referred to as " the City of Gold " as the Gold Souk in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops .
Dubai Creek Park in Dubai Creek also plays a vital role in Dubai tourism as it showcase some of the most famous tourist attractions in Dubai such as Dolphinarium , Cable Car , Camel Ride , Horse Carriage and Exotic Birds Shows .
= = = Expo 2020 = = =
On 2 November 2011 , four cities had their bids for Expo 2020 already lodged , with Dubai making a last @-@ minute entry . The delegation from the Bureau International des Expositions , which visited Dubai in February 2013 to examine the Emirate ’ s readiness for the largest exposition , was impressed by the infrastructure and the level of national support . In May 2013 , Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed . Dubai then won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013 . The event will bring huge economic benefits by generating activities worth billions of dirhams and may create over 270 @,@ 000 jobs . The main site of Dubai Expo 2020 will be a 438 @-@ hectare area ( 1 @,@ 083 acres ) , part of the new Dubai Trade Centre Jebel Ali urban development , located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi .
= = Cityscape = =
= = = Architecture = = =
Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles . Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture can be found here , due to a boom in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general , and in Dubai in particular , supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and engineering design firms such as Al Hashemi and Aedas , but also by top firms of New York and Chicago . As a result of this boom , modern Islamic – and world – architecture has literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and technology . Dubai now has more completed or topped @-@ out skyscrapers higher than 2 / 3 km , 1 / 3 km , or 1 / 4 km than any other city . A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the Burj Khalifa ( Khalifa Tower ) , now by far the world 's tallest building at 829 @.@ 8 m ( 2 @,@ 722 ft ) . The Burj Khalifa 's design is derived from the patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture , with the triple @-@ lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert flower hymenocallis which is native to the Dubai region . The completion of the Khalifa Tower , following the construction boom that began in the 1980s , accelerated in the 1990s , and took on a rapid pace of construction unparalled in modern human history during the decade of the 2000s , leaves Dubai with the world 's tallest skyline as of 4 January 2010 . At the Top , Burj Khalifa , the world ’ s highest observatory deck with an outdoor terrace is one of Dubai ’ s most popular tourist attractions , with over 1 @.@ 87 million visitors in 2013 .
= = = = Burj Al Arab = = = =
The Burj Al Arab ( Arabic : برج العرب , Tower of the Arabs ) , a luxury hotel , is frequently described as " the world 's only 7 @-@ star " , though its management has said it has never made that claim . A Jumeirah Group spokesperson is quoted as saying : " There 's not a lot we can do to stop it . We 're not encouraging the use of the term . We 've never used it in our advertising . "
= = = = Burj Khalifa = = = =
Burj Khalifa is an 828 metres ( 2 @,@ 717 ft ) high skyscraper in Dubai , and the tallest man @-@ made building in the world . The tower was inspired by the structure of the desert flower named as Hymenocallis . It was constructed by more than 30 contracting companies around the world with 100 nationalities of workers . It is a building icon .
= = = Dubai Miracle Garden = = =
On February 14 , 2013 , the Dubai Miracle Garden , a 72 @,@ 000 @-@ metre ( 236 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ) flower garden , opened in Dubailand . It is the world 's largest flower garden . The garden has a total of 45 million flowers with re @-@ use of waste water through drip irrigation . During the summer seasons from late May to September when the climate can get extremely hot with an average high of about 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , the garden stays closed .
= = Transportation = =
Transport in Dubai is controlled by the Roads and Transport Authority ( RTA ) , an agency of the government of Dubai , formed by royal decree in 2005 . The public transport network has in the past faced congestion and reliability issues which a large investment programme has addressed , including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for completion by 2020 , when the population of the city is projected to exceed 3 @.@ 5 million . In 2009 , according to Dubai Municipality statistics , there were an estimated 1 @,@ 021 @,@ 880 cars in Dubai . In January 2010 , the number of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6 % .
= = = Road = = =
Five main routes – E 11 ( Sheikh Zayed Road ) , E 311 ( Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road ) , E 44 ( Dubai @-@ Hatta Highway ) , E 77 ( Dubai @-@ Al Habab Road ) and E 66 ( Oud Metha Road ) – run through Dubai , connecting the city to other towns and emirates . Additionally , several important intra @-@ city routes , such as D 89 ( Al Maktoum Road / Airport Road ) , D 85 ( Baniyas Road ) , D 75 ( Sheikh Rashid Road ) , D 73 ( Al Dhiyafa Road now named as 2 December street ) , D 94 ( Jumeirah Road ) and D 92 ( Al Khaleej / Al Wasl Road ) connect the various localities in the city . The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by Al Maktoum Bridge , Al Garhoud Bridge , Al Shindagha Tunnel , Business Bay Crossing and Floating Bridge .
The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the RTA . The bus system services 140 routes and transported over 109 million people in 2008 . By the end of 2010 , there will be 2 @,@ 100 buses in service across the city . In 2006 , the Transport authority announced the construction of 500 air @-@ conditioned ( A / C ) Passenger Bus Shelters , and planned for 1 @,@ 000 more across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses .
All taxi services are licensed by the RTA . Dubai licensed taxis are easily identifiable by their cream bodywork colour and varied roof colours identifying the operator . Dubai Taxi Corporation , a division of the RTA , is the largest operator and has taxis with red roofs . There are five private operators : Metro Taxis ( orange roofs ) ; Network Taxis ( yellow roofs ) ; Cars Taxis ( blue roofs ) ; Arabia Taxis ( green roofs ) ; and City Taxis ( purple roof ) . In addition , Dubai Taxi Corporation has a Ladies Taxi service , with pink roofs , which caters exclusively for female passengers , using female drivers . The Dubai International Airport taxi concession is operated by Dubai Taxi Corporation . There are more than 3000 taxis operating within the emirate making an average of 192 @,@ 000 trips every day , carrying about 385 @,@ 000 persons . In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving around 140 @.@ 45 million passengers .
= = = Air = = =
Dubai International Airport ( IATA : DXB ) , the hub for Emirates Airlines and flydubai , serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country . The airport was the 7th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic handling 70 @.@ 4 million passengers in 2014 . The airport is also the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic . In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub , the airport is the 7th busiest cargo airport in world , handling 2 @.@ 37 million tons of cargo in 2014 Emirates Airline is the national airline of Dubai . As of 2014 , it operated internationally serving 142 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents .
The development of Al Maktoum International Airport ( IATA : DWC ) was announced in 2004 . The first phase of the airport , featuring one A380 capable runway , 64 remote stands , one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250 @,@ 000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year , has been opened . When completed , Dubai World Central @-@ Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world with five runways , four terminal buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo .
= = = Metro rail = = =
A $ 3 @.@ 89 billion Dubai Metro project is operational . It consists of two lines ( Red line and Green line ) which run through the financial and residential areas of the city . The Metro system was partially opened on September 2009 . UK @-@ based international service company Serco is responsible for operating the metro . The metro comprises the Green Line , which has 20 stations ( 8 underground , 12 elevated ) and runs from the Etisalat Station to the Creek Station and the Red Line , the major back bone line , which has 29 stations ( 4 underground , 24 elevated and 1 at ground level ) and runs from Rashidiya Station to UAE Xchange Station Jebel Ali . A Blue and a Purple Line have also been planned . The Dubai Metro ( Green and Blue Lines ) will have 70 km ( 43 @.@ 5 mi ) of track and 43 stations , 37 above ground and ten underground . The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula . All the trains run without a driver and are based on automatic navigation .
= = = Palm Jumeirah Monorail = = =
The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a monorail line on the Palm Jumeirah . It connects the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland , with a planned further extension to the Red Line of the Dubai Metro . The line opened on 30 April 2009 . Two tram systems are expected to be built in Dubai by 2011 . The first is the Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System and the second is the Al Sufouh Tram . The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4 @.@ 6 km ( 2 @.@ 9 mi ) tram service that is planned to service the area around the Burj Khalifa , and the second tram will run 14 @.@ 5 km ( 9 @.@ 0 mi ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates .
= = = Tram = = =
A tramway located in Al Sufouh , Dubai , will run for 14 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 0 miles ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates with two interchanges with Dubai Metro ’ s Red Line . The first section , a 10 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometer ( 6 @.@ 6 mi ) long tram line which serves 11 stations , was opened on 11 November 2014 , by H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , The Vice @-@ President and Prime Minister of UAE and Ruler of Dubai , with the line opening to the public at 6 am on 12 November 2014 .
= = = High speed rail = = =
Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high @-@ speed rail system which will eventually hook up with the whole GCC ( Gulf Cooperation Council , also known as Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ) and then possibly Europe . The High Speed Rail will serve passengers and cargo .
= = = Waterways = = =
There are two major commercial ports in Dubai , Port Rashid and Port Jebel Ali . Port Jebel Ali is the world 's largest man @-@ made harbour , the biggest port in the Middle East , and the 7th @-@ busiest port in the world . One of the more traditional methods of getting across Bur Dubai to Deira is by abras , small boats that ferry passengers across the Dubai Creek , between abra stations in Bastakiya and Baniyas Road . The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System . Water bus is a fully air conditioned boat service across selected destinations across the creek . One can also avail oneself of the tourist water bus facility in Dubai . Latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi .
= = Culture = =
The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab culture . The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture , music , attire , cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well . Five times every day , Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country . Since 2006 , the weekend has been Friday @-@ Saturday , as a compromise between Friday 's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday @-@ Sunday .
The city 's cultural imprint as a small , ethnically homogenous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals — first by the Iranians in the early 1900s , and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s . In 2005 , 84 % of the population of metropolitan Dubai was foreign @-@ born , about half of them from India .
Due to the touristic approach of many Dubaites in the entrepreneurial sector and the high standard of living , Dubai 's culture has gradually evolved towards one of luxury , opulence and lavishness with a high regard for leisure @-@ related extravagance . Annual entertainment events such as the Dubai Shopping Festival ( DSF ) and Dubai Summer Surprises ( DSS ) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues in excess of $ 2 @.@ 7 billion .
Major holidays in Dubai include Eid al Fitr , which marks the end of Ramadan , and National Day ( 2 December ) , which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates .
The International Festivals and Events Association ( IFEA ) , the world 's leading events trade association , has crowned Dubai as IFEA World Festival and Event City , 2012 in the cities category with a population of more than one million . Large shopping malls in the city , such as Deira City Centre , Mirdiff City Centre , BurJuman , Mall of the Emirates , Dubai Mall ( the world 's largest ) and Ibn Battuta Mall as well as traditional souks attract shoppers from the region .
= = = Food = = =
Arabic food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city , from the small shawarma diners in Deira and Al Karama to the restaurants in Dubai 's hotels . Fast food , South Asian , and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available . The sale and consumption of pork , though legal , is regulated and is sold only to non @-@ Muslims , in designated areas of supermarkets and airports . Similarly , the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated . A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol ; however , alcohol is available in bars and restaurants within hotels . Shisha and qahwa boutiques are also popular in Dubai . Dubai is known for its nightlife . Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws . The New York Times described Dubai as " the kind of city where you might run into Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash " .
Biryani is also a popular cuisine across Dubai with being the most popular among Indians and Pakistanis present in Dubai .
= = = = Dubai Food Festival = = = =
The inaugural Dubai Food Festival was held between 21 February to 15 March 2014 . According to Vision magazine , the event was aimed at enhancing and celebrating Dubai ’ s position as the gastronomic capital of the region . The festival was designed to showcase the variety of flavours and cuisines on offer in Dubai featuring the cuisines of over 200 nationalities at the festival . The next food festival will be between 22 February 2016 to 21 March 2016 .
= = = Entertainment = = =
Hollywood and Indian movies are popular in Dubai ( UAE ) . Since 2004 , the city has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival which serves as a showcase for Arab film making talent . Musicians Amr Diab , Diana Haddad , Aerosmith , Santana , Mark Knopfler , Rick Ross , Elton John , Pink , Shakira , Celine Dion , Coldplay , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Justin Bieber , Selena Gomez and Roxette have performed in the city . Kylie Minogue was reportedly paid $ 3 @.@ 5 million to perform at the opening of the Atlantis resort on 20 November 2008 . The Dubai Desert Rock Festival was also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists but is no longer held in Dubai .
Popular films set in Dubai include : Balram vs. Tharadas , Black Friday ( 2004 film ) , Body of Lies ( film ) , Boom ( film ) , City of Life , Deewane Huye Paagal , Dubai ( 2001 film ) , Dubai ( 2005 film ) , Furious 7 , Glitter Dust : Finding Art in Dubai , Happy New Year ( 2014 film ) , Hungama in Dubai , Italians ( film ) , Mission : Impossible – Ghost Protocol , Naqaab , Silver Bears ( film ) , Switch ( 2013 film ) , Welcome ( 2007 film ) and Kung Fu Yoga .
One of the lesser known sides of Dubai is the importance of its young contemporary art gallery scene . Since 2008 , the leading contemporary art galleries such as Carbon 12 Dubai , Green Art , gallery Isabelle van den Eynde , and The Third Line are bringing the city on the international art map . Art Dubai , the growing and reputable art fair of the region is as well a major contributor of the contemporary art scene 's development .
The largest Cinema Hall in UAE is Reel Cinemas located at Dubai Mall . It has 22 screens available with a total of 2800 seats .
= = = Dubai Shopping Festival = = =
The Dubai Shopping Festival is a yearly event in Dubai , It started in 1995 , attracts a lot of visitors from worldwide to visit Dubai and get advantage of the sales during this festival .
In 2015 it started from 1 January and went until 1 February , but , The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing in Dubai announced the cessation of all entertainment and musical activities related to the Dubai Shopping Festival for 3 days , starting from Friday , 23 January to Sunday , 25 January due to the death of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz former ruler of Saudi Arabia .
= = = Media = = =
Many international news agencies such as Reuters , APTN , Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting Center ( MBC ) operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City . Additionally , several local network television channels such as Dubai One ( formerly Channel 33 ) , and Dubai TV ( EDTV ) provide programming in English and Arabic respectively . Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets . Dar Al Khaleej , Al Bayan and Al Ittihad are the city 's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers , while Gulf News , Khaleej Times and 7DAYS are the largest circulating English newspapers .
Etisalat , the government @-@ owned telecommunications provider , held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the establishment of other , smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ( EITC — better known as Du ) in 2006 . Internet was introduced into the UAE ( and therefore Dubai ) in 1995 . The network has an Internet bandwidth of 7 @.@ 5 Gbit / s with capacity of 49 STM1 links . Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System ( DNS ) data centres in the country ( DXBNIC1 , DXBNIC2 ) . Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates . Homosexuality , drugs , and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo .
Internet content is regulated in Dubai . Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent with the values of the country , such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy ; sites pertaining to dating , gay and lesbian networks , and pornography ; and sites originating from Israel . Emirates Media and Internet ( a division of Etisalat ) notes that as of 2002 , 76 % of Internet users are male . About 60 % of Internet users were Asian , while 25 % of users were Arab . Dubai enacted an Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital signatures and electronic registers . It prohibits Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) from disclosing information gathered in providing services . The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography ; however , it does not address cyber crime or data protection .
= = = Sports = = =
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai . Five teams ( Al Wasl FC , Al @-@ Ahli Dubai , Al Nasr SC , Al Shabab Al Arabi Club and Dubai Club ) represent Dubai in UAE Pro @-@ League . Al @-@ Wasl have the second @-@ most number of championships in the UAE League , after Al Ain . Dubai also hosts both the annual Dubai Tennis Championships and The Legends Rock Dubai tennis tournaments , as well as the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament and the Dubai World Championship , all of which attract sports stars from around the world . The Dubai World Cup , a thoroughbred horse race , is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse . Dubai also hosts the traditional rugby union tournament Dubai Sevens , part of the Sevens World Series Event pictures of Rugby 7 Dubai 2015 . In 2009 , Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . Auto racing is also a big sport in Dubai , the Dubai Autodrome is home to many auto racing events throughout the year . Cycling became one of the biggest sports in the UAE and Fun Ride Sports focus on cycling events and to be at all the races to provide world class events .
= = = Cricket = = =
Cricket is followed by Dubai 's large community of Indians and Pakistanis alongside the residents from other cricket playing nations ( Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , England , Australia , South Africa and Nepal ) . In 2005 , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) moved its headquarters from London to Dubai . The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass grounds are being developed in Dubai Sports City . Numerous tournaments also take place in Dubai . Since Pakistan played Australia in a One @-@ Day International in Dubai in 2009 , not only have top international teams competed in the city , but the emirate is helping to improve the standard of cricket around the world with the ICC Cricket Academy , a training and coaching facility which is used by the world ’ s leading nations . Board of Control for Cricket in India played some Indian Premier League matches here .
= = Education = =
The school system in Dubai follows that of the United Arab Emirates . As of 2009 , there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 145 private schools . The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language , while most of the private schools use English as their medium of instruction . Most private schools cater to one or more expatriate communities .
More than 15 schools offer an international education using the one or more of the four International Baccalaureate Programmes for students aged 3 – 19 . Several schools have introduced the new IB Career @-@ related Programme that can be combined with a vocational qualification such as a BTEC . The Abu Dhabi Education Council ( ADEC ) signed an agreement with the IB in efforts to widen the options offered for parents and to meet the different needs of students in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) .
Additionally a number of schools offer either a CBSE or an Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Indian syllabus . The Indian High School , DPS are some examples . Similarly , there are also several reputable Pakistani schools offering FBISE curriculum for expatriate children in Dubai .
A number of schools also offer British primary education up to the age of eleven . British style eleven @-@ to @-@ eighteen secondary schools offering General Certificate of Secondary Education and A @-@ Levels include Dubai Gem Private School , Dubai British School , English Language School Pvt. Some schools , such as The American School of Dubai , also offer the curriculum of the United States .
The most well @-@ known universities in Dubai are American University in Dubai , Hult International Business School , Al Ghurair University , The American College of Dubai , University of Wollongong in Dubai , British University in Dubai offering courses in Business Administration , Engineering , Architecture and Interior Design . American University in Dubai is one of the six UAE universities featured in QS World University Rankings 2014 / 2015 . In 2013 Synergy University Dubai Campus opened its campus in Jumeirah Lakes Towers being a first University in Dubai to be located outside of Educational Zones ( Knowledge Village or Academic City ) .
= = Healthcare = =
Healthcare in Dubai can be divided into two different sectors : public and private . Each Emirate is able to dictate healthcare standards according to their internal laws , although the standards and regulations rarely have extreme differences . Public hospitals in Dubai were first built in the late 1950s and continued to grow with public health initiatives . There are now 28 hospitals in Dubai , 6 public and 22 private , with 3 more major hospitals scheduled to be built by 2025 .
By the end of 2012 , there were also a total of 1 @,@ 348 medical clinics , 97 % of which are operated privately . In 2015 , Dubai phased in mandatory health insurance for all inhabitants , thereby leading to increased demand for medical services .
= = Notable people = =
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
= = International relations = =
= = = Twin towns and sister cities = = =
Dubai is twinned with the following cities :
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= Marija Bursać =
Marija Bursać ( Serbian Cyrillic : Марија Бурсаћ ; 2 August 1920 – 23 September 1943 ) was a Bosnian Serb member of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia and the first woman proclaimed a People 's Hero of Yugoslavia . Bursać was born to a farming family in the village of Kamenica , near Drvar . After the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers and their creation of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 , Bursać supported the Partisan resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( KPJ ) . Like other women in her village , she collected food , clothing , and other supplies for the Partisan war effort . Bursać became a member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia in September 1941 . The following August she was appointed political commissar of a company of the 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade , which harvested crops in the Sanica River valley , and was admitted to the KPJ at the end of that summer .
Bursać became a Partisan in February 1943 , joining the newly formed 10th Krajina Brigade . With the brigade , she fought in the Grahovo , Knin , Vrlika and Livno areas and served as a nurse . In September 1943 , Bursać was wounded in the leg while throwing hand grenades during an attack on the German base at Prkosi in northwestern Bosnia . As she was being transported to a field hospital at Vidovo Selo , she sang Partisan songs . Bursać 's wound soon developed gangrene , and she died at the hospital on 23 September 1943 . She was proclaimed a People 's Hero of Yugoslavia the following month . Schools , streets and organisations were named in her memory following the war , commemorating her service to the Partisan cause .
= = Early life = =
Bursać was born on 2 August 1920 in the village of Kamenica , near Drvar in the region of Bosanska Krajina , the north @-@ western sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( then part of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . The Drvar area was inhabited primarily by ethnic Serbs , with Bosnian Muslims and Croats forming less than four percent of the population . Bursać was the oldest of five children of stonemason Nikola Bursać and his wife , Joka , who mostly raised sheep and cattle on their family farm . Like other village girls , Bursać did not go to school — only the boys attended elementary school in Drvar . A shepherdess until age fourteen , she later helped her mother with housekeeping and agricultural work . Bursać became skilled at weaving , spinning , knitting and embroidery before completing a six @-@ month tailoring course in Drvar .
In 1938 , an elementary school opened in Kamenica at which Velimir Stojnić was a trainee teacher . Stojnić , a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Komunistička partija Jugoslavije or KPJ , outlawed since 1921 ) , organised a public library , reading and sports clubs and a cultural @-@ artistic group . He established a secret KPJ cell in Kamenica in 1939 , the first communist organisation in the area . His ideological convictions earned him a following among the village youth , including Marija 's brother Dušan . The authorities soon became aware of Stojnić 's activities , and he was removed from Kamenica in February 1940 .
= = World War II = =
On 6 April 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded from all sides by the Axis powers , led by Nazi Germany . The Royal Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije or VKJ ) capitulated on 17 April , and the Germans , Italians and Hungarians dismembered the country . A fascist puppet state , the Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH , including almost all of modern @-@ day Croatia , all of modern @-@ day Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina and parts of modern @-@ day Serbia ) was proclaimed on 10 April . The NDH was an " Italian @-@ German quasi @-@ protectorate " , controlled by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement under Ante Pavelić . One of the NDH 's policies was to eliminate the state 's ethnic Serb population with mass killings , expulsions and forced assimilation . The first Drvar Serbs were killed on 18 June 1941 . The atrocities accelerated the formation of two large resistance movements in occupied Yugoslavia . Royalists and Serbian nationalists led by VKJ Colonel Draža Mihailović founded the Ravna Gora Movement , whose members were known as Chetniks . The KPJ , led by Josip Broz Tito , decided in Belgrade on 4 July to launch a nationwide armed uprising and the members of the KPJ @-@ led forces became known as Partisans .
= = = Pro @-@ Partisan activity = = =
Between 20 and 26 July 1941 local KPJ leaders organised three Partisan detachments , armed with about 200 rifles and seven light machine guns , in the immediate vicinity of Drvar ; one was the Kamenica Detachment . Men from Kamenica had previously established a camp in a nearby forest for weapons and supplies . Bursać was one of the village 's most active women , collecting food and clothing for the insurgents and serving as a courier for the Kamenica camp . On 27 July the Partisans liberated Drvar , beginning the uprising in Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina . Over the next few days , other parts of Bosanska Krajina were also liberated , although at this stage the KPJ had little control of the Serb villagers who took up arms . The liberated area around Drvar and Grahovo , under constant attack by the Ustaše , was defended by the Partisans from their surrounding positions . Bursać and other women from Kamenica joined Odbor fonda ( the Funds Committee ) , collecting food , clothing and other supplies for the Partisans , and she made clothes for them from wool and cloth . She joined the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije , or SKOJ ) in September 1941 .
On 25 September 1941 Italian troops captured Drvar and Grahovo , but the Partisans retained control of most of the area 's villages . By the end of 1941 , SKOJ 's Kamenica branch had 23 members ; the men served in Partisan units and the women , including Bursać , joined labour companies to support the war effort . A literacy course was organised for female members , which Bursać attended . Some villagers gave agricultural products such as milk , cream and eggs to the Italians , receiving salt , kerosene and rice in return . This practice was strongly condemned by the KPJ , which gathered people from several villages in the hall of the Kamenica school in January 1942 to dissuade them from trading with the enemy . After several KPJ members spoke , Bursać began her speech , but was interrupted by disparaging comments and threats from a young man in the audience . At that moment , a group of men stormed into the hall with wooden poles and pitchforks . In the ensuing chaos Bursać shouted , " You can do nothing to us , you will not hinder us ! " as the other women fled through the windows . In early 1942 she joined the village committee of the Women 's Anti @-@ Fascist Front ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Antifašistički front žena or AFŽ ) , a major KPJ @-@ affiliated women 's organisation .
On 13 June 1942 Drvar was retaken by the Partisans , with Bursać 's labour company clearing rubble and repairing houses in the town . The company also helped in working the land of families whose men were away fighting with the Partisans . In July , Partisan units composed of fighters from Serbia and Montenegro came to Drvar , and Bursać helped carry their wounded to field hospitals in the mountains . She was one of the most active members of Kamenica 's SKOJ organisation , which sometimes met at her house . The Partisan @-@ held territory around Drvar expanded significantly , and included the Sanica River valley in late July 1942 . The valley 's primarily non @-@ Serb population had fled before the advancing Partisans , whom they feared because of Ustaše propaganda . The Partisan command engaged young people from western Bosanska Krajina to harvest wheat and other crops from the valley , transporting them to storage facilities on Mount Grmeč . The workers ( mostly young women ) were organised into military @-@ style units , which were merged in mid @-@ August into the four @-@ battalion 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade . Bursać was appointed political commissar of the 3rd Company of the brigade 's 2nd Battalion . Guarded by Partisan units , the brigade completed its work despite attacks by enemy planes . Bursać was admitted to the KPJ at the end of summer 1942 ; at the beginning of 1943 , she was president of the village committee of the United Federation of Anti @-@ Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije , or USAOJ ) .
= = = Yugoslav Partisan = = =
Tito came to Drvar at the end of January 1943 , during a major Axis offensive against the Partisans ( code @-@ named Fall Weiss in German ) . After consulting with Đuro Pucar , the head of the KPJ regional committee for Bosanska Krajina , Tito decided to form a Partisan brigade around a battalion of experienced fighters from Drvar . Additional manpower would consist of recovered Partisans who had been wounded or ill , older men not previously in combat units and young male and female volunteers . The four @-@ battalion 10th Krajina Brigade , intended to play a primarily @-@ defensive role at this stage , was established on 4 February 1943 ; its 800 members included about 120 women . Bursać , one of the volunteers , was assigned to the 2nd Battalion and was transferred to the 3rd Battalion 's 3rd Company the following month . Until September 1943 , she fought the Ustaše , Germans , Italians , and anti @-@ communist Chetniks around Grahovo , Knin , Vrlika , Livno and Mount Dinara , was commended for her courage and skill in combat , and served as a nurse . In February and March 1943 , during the Axis offensive , the brigade experienced constant enemy attacks , food shortages , cold , deep snow and outbreaks of typhus . Emaciated , Bursać was transferred to the military kitchen at brigade headquarters at the beginning of spring ; after a month , she was returned to her company at her insistence . When she became ill some time later , Bursać was sent home to recover .
The Germans had a fortified base , Stützpunkt Podglavica , near Podglavica in the village of Prkosi ( between Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf ) . The base , with about 500 members of the 373rd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division and an artillery battery , secured the roads from Petrovac to Bihać and Kulen Vakuf . In September 1943 , the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 10th Krajina Brigade and a battalion of the Drvar – Petrovac Partisan Detachment were directed to attack it . Bursać volunteered to throw hand grenades at the pillboxes and machine @-@ gun nests protecting the base . Although her company commander objected because she still appeared ill , Bursać insisted on throwing the grenades . The three Partisan battalions attacked the base from three directions on 18 September at 11 pm . Bursać and her group of grenade throwers destroyed several pillboxes before they came under fire from another . They destroyed the pillbox , but Bursać received a serious leg wound and was carried to a less exposed area .
The Partisans overran portions of the base , retreating before daybreak after the arrival of German reinforcements from Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf . The brigade reportedly captured four howitzers , two mortars , a heavy machine gun , ten light machine guns , five rifles , a mobile radio and 29 enemy soldiers , and Stützpunkt Podglavica reported 31 German soldiers missing after the attack . The Germans described the night attack as eerie , with female Partisans ' shrill shouts of " Forward ! " ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Napred ! ) . The battle at Prkosi was the first major offensive action by the 10th Krajina Brigade ; in 1944 , they participated in the liberation of Belgrade .
After the battle , Bursać and other heavily @-@ wounded Partisans were carried on stretchers to the field hospital in the village of Vidovo Selo , about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) away over rugged terrain . During the arduous journey ( which took over three days ) , she sang Partisan songs such as :
Bursać had lost much blood and her wound developed gangrene , which the field hospital was poorly equipped to treat . She died in Vidovo Selo on 23 September 1943 , and was buried with military honours at Kamenica ; deputy commissar Veljko Ražnatović spoke on behalf of the 10th Krajina Brigade . Bursać 's final eulogy was delivered by her brother Dušan , leader of the SKOJ district committee for Drvar .
= = Legacy = =
Bursać became a People 's Hero of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1943 , the first woman to receive the honour . Her proclamation was published in the October 1943 issue of the Bulletin of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia :
По одлуци Врховног штаба Народноослободилачке војске и партизанских одреда Југославије , a на предлог V корпуса Народноослободилачке војске Југославије , додељује се назив народног хероја другарици Марији Бурсаћ , борцу @-@ бомбашу III батаљона X крајишке бригаде . Другарица Марија била је примјер јунаштва у свим борбама и на крају дала свој живот за слободу свога народа јуришајући на ровове непријатеља код с . Пркоса .
" By decision of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia , and at the proposal of the 5th Corps of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia , the Order of the People 's Hero has been conferred on comrade Marija Bursać , a hand @-@ grenade thrower of the 3rd Battalion of the 10th Krajina Brigade . Comrade Marija was an example of heroism in all fights and ultimately gave her life for the freedom of her people charging enemy trenches at the village of Prkosi . "
Yugoslav writer Branko Ćopić wrote a poem , Marija na Prkosima ( " Marija at Prkosi " ) , about Bursać . Its title , which may also be interpreted as " Marija defiant " , is a play on words . Bursać " entered the triptych of history , legend , and poetry in the Yugoslav lands " , according to author Jelena Batinić . After the war , schools , streets , and organisations in Yugoslavia were named after her ; a Belgrade neighborhood bears her name . A 2013 comic strip , Marija na Prkosima , was published in the Serbian daily newspaper Danas as part of its Odbrana utopije ( " Defense of Utopia " ) comic @-@ strip project . Graphic artist Lazar Bodroža 's strip combines events from Bursać ’ s life with verses of Ćopić 's poem and left @-@ wing visual symbolism .
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= Thank Me Later =
Thank Me Later is the debut studio album by Canadian recording artist Drake , released on June 15 , 2010 , by Aspire Music Group , Young Money Entertainment , Cash Money Records , and Universal Motown Records . Production for the album took place at various recording studios during 2009 to 2010 and was mostly produced by longtime collaborators Noah " 40 " Shebib and Boi @-@ 1da . It also featured contributions from Timbaland , Swizz Beatz , Nicki Minaj , Lil Wayne , The @-@ Dream , and Kanye West , among others .
Thank Me Later has a languorous , ambient production that incorporates moody synthesizers , sparse beats , obscured keyboards , minor keys , and subtle arrangements . Thematically , the album focuses on Drake 's introduction to fame and his romances over the course of confessional , club @-@ oriented , and sexual songs . Drake 's emotionally transparent , self @-@ deprecating lyrics are delivered in both rapped and subtly sung verses , and explore feelings of doubt , insecurity , and heartbreak .
Upon its release , the album received generally positive reviews from music critics , who complimented Drake 's personal themes and drew musical comparisons to the works of hip hop artists Kanye West and Kid Cudi . Following an anticipated release , it debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 on first @-@ week sales of 447 @,@ 000 copies , and attained platinum certification in Canada within its debut week . All four of the album 's singles became hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , including the top @-@ 10 hit " Find Your Love " . Thank Me Later was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and , as of August 2015 , has sold 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the US .
= = Background = =
Released in February 2009 , Drake 's mixtape So Far Gone proceeded his series of early mixtapes and achieved unexpected critical and commercial success , earning him two Grammy Award @-@ nominations and producing the hit single " Best I Ever Had " . The single reappeared on his debut EP , which was released after a bidding competition among labels and his signing with Universal Motown Records amid support from high @-@ profile hip hop artists such as Kanye West , Jay @-@ Z , and Lil Wayne . Drake followed @-@ up on So Far Gone 's success with several guest appearances on other rappers ' works , adding to the hype surrounding him at the time .
In an interview for Complex , Drake stated that his debut album will be " a solid hip hop album " and musically distinct from his So Far Gone mixtape , which received negative comparisons to Kanye West 's 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . He expressed a desire to work with André 3000 , Kid Cudi , and Sade for the album . In an interview for MTV , Drake cited Nas and André 3000 as influences for parts of Thank Me Later , stating " Nas was somebody that I used to listen to his raps and never understood how he did it . I always wanted to understand how he painted those pictures and his bar structure . I went back and really studied Nas and André 3000 and then came back with this album " . In comparing the album to his previous work , he stated " It 's gonna be bigger , it 's gonna sound happier . More victorious , ' cause that 's where I 'm at in my life " . He told Entertainment Weekly that , " I didn 't make this album for commercial purposes . A lot of the verses are extremely long . I just made it to share with people . I hope they can enjoy " .
= = Recording and production = =
Drake resumed work on the album in October 2009 , following an onstage injury from a July 2009 concert . Recording sessions for the album took place at several recording studios , including Metalworks Studios , BLD & DSTY , and Cherry Beach Studios in Toronto , Nightbird Studios in West Hollywood , Gee Jam Studios in Portland , Jamaica , The Setai Hotel Recording Studio and The Hit Factory in Miami , Blast Off Studios and Rock the Mic in New York , Glenwood Studios in Los Angeles , Triangle Sounds Studios in Atlanta , Takeover Studios in Houston , and Avex Recording Studio in Honolulu . The track " Up All Night " was recorded on a bus " somewhere in Lexington " , and " Unforgettable " was recorded on a bus " somewhere in New Orleans " . The album was mixed at Tree Sound Studios , Blast Off Studios , Gee Jam Studios , Cherry Beach Studios , The Setai Hotel Recording Studio , Metalworks Studios , Stadium Red in New York , and Studio 306 in Toronto . Lil Wayne , Cortez Bryant , Gee Robinson , Ronald " Slim " Williams , and Bryan " Birdman " Williams served as executive producers for the album .
Producers Noah " 40 " Shebib and Boi @-@ 1da handled most of the tracks ' programming and instrumentation . Besides his Toronto @-@ based producer team , Drake also collaborated with European producer Crada , who previously worked on Kid Cudi 's 2009 debut album Man on the Moon : The End of Day . Drake told Entertainment Weekly that he collaborated with an Indie pop band named Francis and the Lights . Kevin Rudolf also participated in the album 's recording , contributing with keyboards on " Show Me a Good Time " and " Find Your Love " . R & B singer Mary J. Blige contributed additional vocals to the track " Fancy " . In March 2010 , Drake confirmed that he had recorded a track with Eminem and Dr. Dre . In early November 2009 , Lil Wayne released an official statement explaining that Thank Me Later had been completed , though Drake later commented that he was still working on the album . On April 26 , 2010 , Drake announced to a crowd during a show that he had finished recording and had turned in a final copy of the album .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Thank Me Later has a languorous , ambient production and is characterized by subtle arrangements , obscured keyboards , skittering snare drums , reverbed percussion , sparse beats , moody synthesizers , and minor keys . Lyrically , Thank Me Later has moody , introspective subject matter , and mainly centers around Drake 's introduction to fame and his romances . The Toronto Star describes the content as " about the sorts of doubts , excesses , betrayals and creeping paranoid suspicions that arrive hand @-@ in @-@ hand with celebrity . " Music journalist Greg Kot describes the album as " personal and eccentric , the journal of a flawed , self @-@ doubting regular guy rather than a strutting icon @-@ in @-@ waiting . "
The album 's first @-@ half generally discusses fame directly with confessional songs about unrequited love , money , and women , followed by club @-@ oriented and sexual songs . Drake 's lyrics explore feelings of doubt , insecurity , and heartbreak , while exhibiting both emotional and grammatical malapropisms . Araba Appiagyei @-@ Dankah of The Harvard Crimson characterizes Drake as " self @-@ deprecating , privileged , [ and ] lovesick " . He raps in a nasal voice and sings subtly , with a flow generally in A @-@ B @-@ AB form . Music journalist Jody Rosen observes " emotionally transparent " rapping that eschews the " thuggy " style previously popular in hip hop , finding Drake 's style to be " subtle and rueful rather than loud and lively " .
Music writers liken Thank Me Later to Kanye West 's 808s & Heartbreak . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club writes that , " musically , Drake favors warm washes of synthesizers that create a melancholy , fragile mood redolent of 808s & Heartbreak . " Comparisons are also drawn to Man on the Moon : The End of Day by Kid Cudi , a protégé of West . By contrast , Joshua Ostroff of The Globe and Mail feels that Thank Me Later 's " emotional navel @-@ gazing lacks West ’ s often @-@ suffocating self @-@ pity and offers a proper synthesis of rap and R & B. " Jeff Weiss of the Los Angeles Times views that the album ignores West 's celebratory side " in search of anthems for the easily alienated . "
" Fireworks " references the divorce of Drake 's parents and alludes to his brief fling with Rihanna . " Karaoke " features background keyboards that add to the song 's 1980s musical influence , with lyrics about the difficulty of relationships . In " The Resistance " , Drake worries about fame changing him , with lyrics veering from his ailing grandmother to a one @-@ night stand that resulted in an abortion . " Over " incorporates an orchestral backdrop , and according to Michael Cragg of musicOMH , contains three hooks . The artful song is about the elation and confusion that accompanies fame . " Show Me a Good Time " opens and closes with a squeaky yelling sound . On the song , Drake talks addresses hip hop listeners who find him inauthentic . " Up All Night " has menacing strings , and Drake boastfully rapping about his nightlife , while trading lines with Nicki Minaj . The club song " Fancy " has a predominant hook , looped samples , and backwards strings . It is an ode to women who spend hours primping in preparation for the nightlife . The song features vocals by producer Swizz Beatz and T.I. , with additional harmonies by Mary J. Blige at the song 's conclusion . " Shut It Down " is a piano ballad and slow jam .
" Light Up " features loud synth drums and plaintive piano strings . The Jay @-@ Z @-@ collaboration is a critique on the hip hop industry , its detrimental effects , and the trappings of being an artist : " While all my closest friends out partyin ' / I 'm just here makin ' the music that they party to , " while Jay @-@ Z gives advice : " Drake , here ’ s how they gonna come at you / with silly rap feuds , trying to distract you . " Jay @-@ Z expands on the album 's overarching theme of self @-@ doubt : " And since no good deed go unpunished / I 'm not as cool with niggaz as I once was / I once was cool as the Fonz was / But these bright lights turned me to a monster . " " Miss Me " has Lil Wayne rapping jokes , including a crude punch line about sucking " the brown " off his penis and subsequently groaning , " Ewwww , that 's nasty . " " Cece 's Interlude " has a Prince @-@ like LinnDrum and transparent lyrics addressing a girl : " I wish I / Wasn 't famous / I wish I / Was still in school / So that I could have you in my dorm room / I would put it on you crazy . " The pop song " Find Your Love " was produced by Kanye West and bears similarity to his 2008 song " Heartless " .
= = Release and promotion = =
Thank Me Later was one of the most anticipated hip hop releases of 2010 . Universal Motown Records announced its release date as June 15 , 2010 , before it leaked on June 1 in its entirety . Drake responded on Twitter : " I gave away free music for years so we 're good over here ... just allow it to be the soundtrack to your summer and Enjoy ! June 15th ! " The album was released June 15 , 2010 by Aspire Music Group , with Young Money Entertainment under a joint venture with Cash Money Records and distribution by Universal Motown . When Thank Me Later was released , it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States and sold 447 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It also debuted at number one in Canada with first @-@ week sales of 31 @,@ 000 copies . By August 2015 , the album has sold 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In promotion of Thank Me Later , Drake performed at the 9 : 30 Club in Washington , D.C. on June 13 , 2010 . On June 15 , Drake made an in @-@ store appearance at a Best Buy @-@ outlet in New York City 's Union Square in promotion of the album 's release , interacting with fans and signing copies of the album . On the day of its release , Drake also made interviews for several radio stations through the phone . A planned free concert by Drake at South Street Seaport 's Pier 17 that day was cancelled by concert organizers and authorities after unruly behavior within crowds and unsafe overcrowding . Following the cancellation , Drake appeared at Manhattan nightspot Amnesia for an album @-@ release party sponsored by radio station Hot 97 .
Four singles were released from the album — " Over " on March 8 , 2010 , " Find Your Love " on May 5 , " Miss Me " on June 1 , and " Fancy " on August 3 . All four singles reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 , including " Miss Me " at number 15 and " Over " at number 14 . " Find Your Love " charted at number five on the Hot 100 and also reached number 10 in Canada .
= = Critical reception = =
Thank Me Later received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 75 , based on 26 reviews . Tim Sendra of AllMusic complimented its " rich and nuanced production and Drake 's thoughtful , playful , and intense lyrics " , and felt that his " willingness to be introspective and honest ... makes [ him ] unique and helps make Thank Me Later special . " Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media commented that " Drake vies for superstardom while embracing his non @-@ drug @-@ dealing , non @-@ violent , non @-@ dire history-- one that connects with most rap fans in a completely reasonable way . " Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club commented that " on his cohesive , bittersweet , assured debut , he proves himself worthy of the sometimes @-@ blinding spotlight . " Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen found Drake to be " in total command of a style that would have been hard to imagine dominating hip @-@ hop a few years ago " . Ben Detrick of Spin observed " dynamics like few other hip @-@ hop albums before it " and commented that " Drake 's personal anecdotes lack the bravado of bullet @-@ wound boasts , but they 're intimate and lyrically detailed enough to draw blood . "
Daniel Roberts of PopMatters said that no track on the album was better than " Best I Ever Had " and felt that Drake has an " identity crisis " on the album , finding it " good at parts , but never great " . Josuha Errett of Now found most of the album " just thankless " , commenting that Drake " complains about fame way too much " , and called him " humorless " . In his consumer guide for MSN Music , Robert Christgau called Drake " neither thug nor thug wannabe ... plenty talented , but pretty shallow and without much focus as a mack " , and wrote of the record : " Pleasing and hookful though it be , [ it ] consistently bemoans the confusing emoluments and accoutrements of fame " . Pete Cashmore from NME believed " it 's those constant and predictable superstar interjections that prevent the album from standing out as much as it had potential to do . " Slant Magazine 's Jesse Cataldo viewed Drake 's " insistent navel @-@ gazing " as a flimsy " concept " , but commended the album for " nail [ ing ] confused introspection in a genre famous for willful misrepresentation of self . "
At the end of 2010 , Thank Me Later appeared on several critics ' top @-@ ten lists of the year 's best albums , including Time , who ranked it fifth best , and Rolling Stone , who named it the seventh best album of the year .
= = Track listing = =
• ( co . ) Co @-@ producer
Sample credits
" Fancy " contains elements and samples of " I Don 't Want to Play Around " , written by Aubrey Johnson and Henry Zant , and published by Ace Spec Music ( BMI )
" Unforgettable " contains elements and excerpts from " At Your Best " , performed by Aaliyah , written by Ronald Isley , Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O 'Kelly Isley , and Chris Jasper , and published by EMI April Music Inc ( ASCAP )
" Miss Me " contains elements and excerpts from " Wild Flower " , performed by Hank Crawford , written by Doug Edwards and Dave Richardson , and published by Nettwerk Tunes ( BMI )
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart succession = = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Jack Ely =
Jack Brown Ely ( September 11 , 1943 – April 28 , 2015 ) was an American guitarist and singer , best known for singing the Kingsmen 's version of " Louie Louie " . Classically trained in piano , he began playing guitar after seeing Elvis Presley on television . In 1959 , he co @-@ founded the Kingsmen and with them recorded " Louie Louie " in 1963 ; Ely 's famously incoherent vocals were partly the result of his braces and the rudimentary recording method . Before the record became a hit Ely was forced out of the group and began playing with his new band , the Courtmen . Ely died in Terrebonne , Oregon , on April 28 , 2015 at age 71 .
= = Early life = =
Jack Ely was born on September 11 , 1943 in Portland , Oregon , near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . Both of his parents were music majors at the University of Oregon , and his father , Ken Ely , was a singer . His father died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently remarried .
Ely began playing piano while still a young child , and was performing recitals all over the Portland area before his seventh birthday . When he was eleven , a piano teacher provided what he termed " jazz improvisation lessons . " The teacher would show Ely a section of a classical composition , and the boy would have to make up 15 similar pieces . He would be required to share each in class and then make up one on the spot .
On January 28 , 1956 , Ely watched Elvis Presley on television for the first time , and he decided that he wanted to play guitar . At his first guitar lesson , he was required to play " Mary Had a Little Lamb " , an experience that Ely found so demeaning that he quit after that lesson and began picking out his favorite guitar riffs by ear . Ely played guitar and sang for the Young Oregonians , a travelling vaudeville show for entertainers under the age of 18 . " We didn 't get paid in money , we got paid in experience , " Ely recalled .
= = The Kingsmen = =
Ely was enrolled at Washington High School in Portland , Oregon . He did not play in the school band , but had a passion for singing . In 1959 , Lynn Easton 's mother invited him to play at a Portland hotel gig , with Ely singing and playing guitar with the backup band and Easton on the drum kit . The two teenagers grew up together , as their parents were close friends . Easton and Ely performed at yacht club parties , and soon added Mike Mitchell on guitar and Bob Nordby on bass to round out a band . They called themselves The Kingsmen , taking the name from a recently disbanded group . The Kingsmen began their collective career playing at fashion shows , Red Cross events , and supermaket promotions , generally avoiding rock songs on their setlist . Ely played with the Kingsmen as he attended Portland State University .
In 1962 , while playing a gig at the Pypo Club in Seaside , Oregon , the band noticed Rockin ' Robin Roberts 's version of " Louie Louie " being played on the jukebox for hours on end . The entire club would get up and dance . Ely convinced the Kingsmen to learn the song , which they played at dances to a great crowd response . Unknown to him , he changed the beat from 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 4 , 1 – 2 , 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 4 , 1 – 2 to 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 , 1 – 2 , 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 , 1 – 2 because he based it on the intro only . Ken Chase , host of radio station KISN , formed his own club to capitalize on these dance crazes . Dubbed " The Chase " , the Kingsmen became the club 's house band and Ken Chase became the band 's manager . Ely was begging Chase to let the band record their own version of " Louie Louie " , and on April 5 , 1963 , Chase booked the band an hour @-@ long session at the local Northwestern Inc. studio for the following day . The band had just played a 90 @-@ minute " Louie Louie " marathon .
Despite the band 's annoyance at having so little time to prepare , the Kingsmen walked into the recording studio on April 6 at 10 : 00 am . In order to sound like a live performance , the group 's equipment was arranged such that Ely was forced to lean back and sing into a boom microphone suspended high above the floor . " It was more yelling than singing , " Ely said , " ' cause I was trying to be heard over all the instruments . " In addition , he was wearing braces at the time of the performance , further compounding his infamously slurred words . Ely sang the beginning of the third verse a few bars too early , but realized his mistake and waited for the rest of the band to catch up . In what was thought to be a warm @-@ up , the song was recorded in its first and only take . The Kingsmen were not proud of the version , but their manager liked the rawness of their cover . The B @-@ side was " Haunted Castle " , composed by Ely and Don Gallucci , the new keyboardist . However , credit was given to Lynn Easton on both the Jerden and Wand labels . The entire session cost $ 50 , and the band split the difference .
On August 16 , during a band practice , Easton told Ely that he wanted to abandon the drums and become the frontman and singer . Ely would have to become the drummer , and since The Kingsmen was registered in Easton 's name only , he technically led the band . Ely was not happy with this turn of events , and he and Nordby left the band at once . At the time , the song had sold roughly 600 copies and it was thought that the Kingsmen would disband . When he found out " Louie Louie " was climbing up the Billboard charts , Ely attempted to rejoin the group , but was blocked by Easton who was intent on adding replacements . Undeterred , Ely went on to form his own " Kingsmen " group and also recorded " Love That Louie " in 1964 for RCA Records as Jack E. Lee and the Squires . A legal battle ensued , resulting in Ely ceasing to call his group the Kingsmen and Wand Records being required to credit Ely as lead vocalist on all future " Louie Louie " pressings . Ely received $ 6000 in royalties , and Easton had to stop lip @-@ synching the song in live performances .
= = Later life and career = =
Ely began touring with his renamed group , the Courtmen . In 1966 , they released " Louie Louie ' 66 " and " Ride Ride Baby " with Bang Records ; neither charted . With the Vietnam War on the horizon , Ely was conscripted into the army , and found his career had waned upon his return to the United States in 1968 . Ely spiraled down into drug and alcohol addiction , but then spoke out against it with the Rockers Against Drugs .
Ely lived at his farm in Terrebonne , Oregon , where he trained horses . He was a strong supporter of the Performance Rights Act , which would give royalties to recording artists and record labels . Since Ely was not the original author , he never received any money from the radio play of " Louie Louie . " In an interview , he said , " It 's not just about me . There are a lot of one @-@ hit wonders out there just like me who deserve compensation when their recorded performances are played and stations get ad revenue from it . "
In 2012 , Ely released a Christian rock album , Love Is All Around You Now .
= = Death = =
Ely died at his Oregon residence on April 28 , 2015 at the age of 71 , having long suffered from an unknown illness . " Because of his religious beliefs , we 're not even sure what it [ the illness ] was , " his son Sean Ely said . He was a Christian Scientist and Sean Ely believed his father suffered from skin cancer .
At the time of his death he was survived by his wife of 16 years , Wendy Maxson Ely , three children , Sean , Sierra and Rob , and two daughters by marriage , Chrystal and Sheri . He was also survived by two sisters , six grandchildren , and two great @-@ grandchildren .
= = Discography = =
= = = Singles = = =
" Louie Louie " / " Haunted Castle " ( Jerden 712 ) 1963 ( as The Kingsmen ) – regional release
" Louie Louie " / " Haunted Castle " ( Wand 143 ) 1963 ( as The Kingsmen ) – national release ; " Lead vocal by Jack Ely " on label after 1964 settlement ; B @-@ side changed to " Little Green Thing " on later pressings ; re @-@ released in 1966 as " Louie Louie 64 @-@ 65 @-@ 66 " w / " Haunted Castle " B @-@ side
" Love That Louie " / " Octavepuss " ( RCA 47 @-@ 8452 ) 1964 ( as Jack E. Lee and the Squires )
" Louie Louie ' 66 " / " David 's Mood " ( Bang B @-@ 520 ) 1966 ( as Jack Eely [ sic ] and the Courtmen )
" Ride Ride Baby " / " Louie Go Home " ( Bang B @-@ 534 ) 1966 ( as Jack Ely and the Courtmen )
" Love Is All Around You Now " / " Highway Robbery " ( Roar 201 ) 2012
= = = Albums = = =
The Kingsman ( Signet 3411 @-@ 56J ) , 1990 ( cassette only )
Love Is All Around You Now ( Mondo Tunes 001 ) , 2012 ( Internet release )
= = = Other = = =
Ely 's 1976 and 1980 re @-@ recorded versions of " Louie Louie " appeared on multiple " original artist " compilations of 1960s hits as being by " Jack Ely " or " The Kingsmen featuring Jack Ely " .
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= 1994 Progress Party national convention =
The 1994 national convention of the Progress Party of Norway was held from 15 April to 17 April at the hotel Bolkesjø Turisthotell in Bolkesjø , Telemark . It was originally set up to be a normal convention with 157 delegates in a non @-@ election year , but because of mounting antagonism between a traditionalist and a libertarian faction , it became clear some months before the conventions that personal positions could be at stake . The party leader seat , held by Carl I. Hagen since 1978 , was up for re @-@ election . The deputy leaders Ellen Wibe and Hans J. Røsjorde was not up for election until 1995 , but there were talks about forming a motion of no confidence against Wibe . The political disagreements roughly corresponded to a cleavage between two factions .
The traditionalist ( also called populist ) faction was represented by party leader Carl I. Hagen , Jan Simonsen , Fridtjof Frank Gundersen , Vidar Kleppe , Øystein Hedstrøm , Lodve Solholm and Eli Hagen . The libertarians of the party were first and foremost the deputy leader Ellen Wibe and four members of Parliament ( by some called the " band of four " ) , Ellen Christine Christiansen , Oscar D. Hillgaar , Roy N. Wetterstad and Stephen Bråthen . Buskerud county leader Geir Thoresen , Akershus county leader Per Aage Pleym Christensen and Youth of the Progress Party leader Lars Erik Grønntun were other prominent libertarians . Both during the preceding months and on the opening day , resolutions were passed which ensured full dominance for Carl I. Hagen and the policies of his faction . Wibe resigned as deputy leader , and Carl I. Hagen 's men ( there were no women left in the leadership ) also dominated the new central committee . The personal issues totally overshadowed the regular political debate , and as early as on 17 April the convention was famously dubbed as the " national convention at Dolkesjø " — derived from dolk , the Norwegian word for dagger .
In April and May , the Progress Party lost several members , including former members of Parliament and four current members of Parliament . In July the Youth of the Progress Party dissolved itself in protest of the events ; however , a new , loyal organization immediately surfaced . Some of the withdrawn members joined the Conservative Party of Norway , others joined an entirely new organization ( originally with the narrow intention to support the four parliamentarians ) , the quasi @-@ political party Free Democrats .
= = Run @-@ up = =
= = = Before 1994 = = =
The 1993 national convention was harmonic . The newspaper Verdens Gang remarked that both " the libertarians and the populists cheered " after Carl I. Hagen 's speeches . Jan Simonsen stepped down as deputy leader , and Ellen Wibe succeeded him , being one of the very few women in the Progress Party 's leadership .
There were some tensions , however . Finn Thoresen left the party in November 1992 , and later formed New Future Coalition Party . More importantly , because of disagreements in 1992 and 1993 , pertaining to libertarianism in general and especially the European Union question , several libertarians that had entered the Progress Party in the 1980s ceased their activity in the party . MPs Tor Mikkel Wara and Petter Bjørheim announced their intentions to leave politics after the end of their terms , as did Pål Atle Skjervengen . Jan Erik Fåne tried to win renomination , but the nomination meeting in Akershus put traditionalist Fridtjof Frank Gundersen on top of the ballot . Fåne was offered the second spot , but pulled out . Eight months later it turned out that holding the second spot on the ballot did indeed give a Parliament seat .
The issue of libertarianism became more pressing in the campaign for the Norwegian parliamentary election , 1993 , when Carl I. Hagen said to Verdens Gang that he did not support cutting the income tax . This was not in line with official party policy , and Hagen did not confer with the party , stating that " I had to take an independent initiative " . Ellen Wibe openly criticized the statement , so did former MP and tax spokesperson Steinar Maribo . The tax statement was later seen as the most important factor contributing to the growing Hagen — liberalist schism . In the election the Progress Party won ten seats , down from 22 in the 1989 election .
1 = Left the Progress Party as a result of the convention .
= = = 1994 = = =
The year 1994 started with annual conventions in each county , scheduled between 15 January and 6 April . These conventions elected delegates to the national convention . Tension had mounted between party leader Carl I. Hagen and other factions in the party . Parts of the central committee were skeptical to Hagen 's position and policies . In addition , the youth wing , Youth of the Progress Party , had experienced disagreements with the Hagen @-@ led Progress Party . The leader of the Youth of the Progress Party , Lars Erik Grønntun , had been on the verge of stepping down , but was persuaded around the end of 1993 to run for re @-@ election . Before the county conventions , Grønntun stated a desire for an extraordinary meeting between the party and its youth wing , where he wanted to " contribute to gathering the party and avoid any signs of a split " .
On 3 January , Hagen presented a ten @-@ point plan of action . It was to be sent to each county chapter , and supported or rejected at the county conventions . On 7 January , Ellen Wibe presented a competing plan of action together with Oscar Hillgaar , Ellen Christine Christiansen and Geir Thoresen . Wibe 's plan criticized the party 's organizational culture , communication and institutions . In an interview , Wibe said that the party was too similar to a " charismatic movement " , and that she wanted more power to the central board ( Norwegian : sentralstyre ) . Øystein Hedstrøm announced a possible motion of no confidence regarding Ellen Wibe 's position as deputy party leader , even though she was not really up for election until 1995 . Wibe replied that her intention was to gather the party .
= = = County conventions and national board meeting = = =
In the weekend from 4 to 6 February , county conventions were held in eleven counties , including Hagen 's native Oslo , and Buskerud , Finnmark , Telemark , Vest @-@ Agder , Hordaland , Nordland , Østfold , Troms , Nord @-@ Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal . Hagen belonged to the Oslo chapter , but the leader of the chapter , Peter N. Myhre , stated beforehand that Hagen 's proposal would probably be rejected . It was speculated that rejections could come from the Buskerud and Finnmark 's conventions as well . On 7 February , Hagen confirmed his leadership candidacy for the electoral committee .
On 19 February , the party held a national board ( Norwegian : landsstyre ) meeting at Bolkesjø . Here , Hagen proposed to close the debate on " the party profile and choice of values " , a motion which gained support from 11 of the 24 board members . Ellen Wibe was among the minority , but conceded for the time being . That way , the question was put down before reaching the national convention .
By then , fifteen county conventions had signalized support for Hagen . After the last convention , it was clear that one @-@ third of the delegates had expressed support of Wibe . Before the national convention , Hagen stated in an interview that one " never can know what will happen during a Progress Party national convention " .
= = = Further preparations = = =
The next two months was a quiet period , and Øystein Hedstrøm stated that Wibe had taken a more responsible role , and thus there was no need for a motion of no confidence . News commentator Aslak Bonde remarked that the compromise reached by the factions was " unclear " and that antagonism could surface at the national convention . Wibe stated that her faction still intended to submit a resolution , a " constructive " proposal regarding tactical and organizational issues . Two days before the national convention , this resolution text had not been submitted to the county delegates . On the next day , the resolution text was commented in newspapers . Aftenposten remarked that Wibe 's proposal was a " thorough criticism of Carl I. Hagen " , among others in that it called for " a renewal of the party " . It was signed by Oscar D. Hillgaar , Ellen Chr . Christiansen , Stephen Bråthen and Roy Wetterstad together with Wibe . Verdens Gang reported that Wibe would resign if not given a clear confidence as deputy leader . Wibe refuted this in Aftenposten on the next day ; the newspaper believed that no party split would occur .
Another question of contention was the Progress Party 's policy on Norwegian membership in the European Union . Reportedly , Carl I. Hagen wanted to postpone a decision on European Union policy from the national convention to a national board meeting in June . Others were not in favor of this . In an interview , Hagen stated that political parties should not agitate officially for one opinion or the other . He stated an indifference towards EU membership , and that if accessing the Union , Norway could always use a veto against EU policies when needed . Central board member Terje Sæbø submitted a competing resolution which opposed Norwegian membership .
= = Meeting = =
Carl I. Hagen held the opening speech of the convention . The speech was interrupted by extensive applause nineteen times . In it , he stated :
= = = Resolutions and withdrawals = = =
One of the first questions which was voted over , was the EU issue . Hagen formally submitted a proposal that the factual aspects of this issue should not be debated , and this was passed with 113 against 44 votes .
The EU vote directly caused Ellen Wibe to step down as deputy party leader , stating that she did " not fully understand the new profile of the party " . If not stepping down , she would compromise " values and principles " that were essential in order to " live with [ her ] self as a human being " . The announcement followed a private meeting between Wibe , Hagen , Røsjorde and Grønntun . Allegedly , Tor Mikkel Wara had advised her to resign . Ellen Christine Christiansen stepped down from her position in the central board , leaving Grønntun as the only clear libertarian . Grønntun stated that young party members would not tolerate to be " stepped on and hectored with [ sic ] " forever . More generally , the losing faction signalized a desire to continue promoting a liberal political profile , but in a less dramatic way .
Immediately after Wibe 's announcement , Jan Simonsen entered the chair and spoke strongly in favor of Hagen . Fridtjof Frank Gundersen applauded the end of " women 's bickering " in the party leadership . Hagen 's main resolution proposal , titled En fremtid med rot i fortiden , was passed with 94 against 50 votes . He also received support for prioritizing anti @-@ immigration higher in the following period . In his closing speech , Hagen stated that " disloyal " behavior would be considered as " active withdrawal " from the party . From the rostrum , the " band of four " was even asked to withdraw by several delegates , including Bjørn Andreassen , Gustav Hareide and Frøydis Lange . Andreassen exclaimed that " we don 't want you " , while Lange asked the band of four to form a new party called the Anarchist Party .
The central board held an extraordinary meeting on 17 April , during a pre @-@ scheduled break in the convention . The central board of the Youth of the Progress Party also met , and agreed to support the " band of four " . Their decision was not final until an extraordinary national board meeting could be held . It was speculated that members of the youth wing could leave the Progress Party en masse .
= = = New deputy leader = = =
After Wibe 's resignation , Jan Simonsen was mentioned as an , albeit unlikely , candidate to succeed Wibe . Vidar Kleppe was also mentioned , while traditionalist John Alvheim was regarded by newspapers as a more likely candidate . On Saturday 16 April , it became clear that the vote stood between the Peter N. Myhre and Lodve Solholm . Myhre was the candidate put forward by the electoral committee , and had support among the libertarians , who did not field their own candidate . On 17 April , Solholm won the vote with 90 against 58 ; 8 ballots were blank . Carl I. Hagen was re @-@ elected with 113 against 0 votes , and with 44 blank ballots . One libertarian , former MP Terje Nyberget , who described the convention as a " genocide " , was elected to the national board .
= = Aftermath = =
Political scientist Frank Aarebrot summed up the convention turmoil in the following way :
= = = Band of four defect = = =
Already on the second day of the convention it was speculated that the " band of four " , four libertarian @-@ leaning members of Parliament , considered leaving the party . The four were Oscar D. Hillgaar , Roy Wetterstad , Ellen Christine Christiansen and Stephen Bråthen . The alternative to leaving the party was to mark themselves as dissenting party members . On the third day , news surfaced that the four had talked together . In the news program Dagsrevyen on 17 April , the band of four stated a desire to follow the 1993 party platform and not later resolutions . They were met by a demand from Carl I. Hagen that they continue on the " terms laid down by the national convention or find something else to do " . He later added that if the band of four left the parliamentary group , they should " scram " . To sum up , he said that the libertarians , which were known to be a minority , had gained too much influence , and was set back by the national convention . Øystein Hedstrøm demanded that the four leave the party . Because of the fierce personal antagonism at the convention , it was dubbed as the " national convention at Dolkesjø " — derived from dolk , the Norwegian word for dagger .
Wibe encouraged people to stay in the Progress Party , although her active participation was over . Wetterstad stated in an interview that withdrawing his party membership was out of question , whereas Hillgaar was described as the least conciliatory . Hillgaar publicly lamented the " Moscow processes " of the 1994 national convention , and also the views on women and the " extreme xenophobia " which he felt was conveyed by the party program . The Progress Party county leader in Akershus , Per Aage Pleym Christensen , also reconsidered his position , leaving on 4 May .
Oscar Hillgaar left the party on 22 April . The other three libertarian parliamentarians postponed their decision , attending meetings with county leaders on 17 and 22 April . A leading figure in these talks was Henning Holstad from Oslo . Hagen replied that such talks had no grounds in the Progress Party by @-@ laws . The meeting on 22 April went well for the three parliamentarians , but on 30 April the central committee met , and Øystein Hedstrøm put forward a proposal for a " loyalty declaration " to Hagen and the policies agreed to on the national convention . The proposal of a written declaration was not passed , but the central committee decided to demand loyalty . It also removed Lars Erik Grønntun from the executive board ( Norwegian : arbeidsutvalg ) .
The three parliamentarians finally left the party on 3 May . It was speculated that the deputy representatives for Bråthen and Wetterstad , Per Aage Pleym Christensen in Akershus and Geir Thoresen in Buskerud , would follow . Wetterstad drew the lines to Hagen 's own withdrawal from the Anders Lange Party to form the short @-@ lived Reform Party . Coincidentally , Hagen celebrated his 50th birthday on 6 May .
= = = Youth wing defects = = =
With four of ten having resigned from the parliamentary group , the Youth of the Progress Party was the next institution to experience turmoil . In May Verdens Gang announced that a forthcoming extraordinary national convention , spearheaded by Lars Erik Grønntun , would cut its ties with the Progress Party . The county leader in Oslo , Kim M. Høistad , formally proposed such a move . A straight @-@ forward dissolution of the Youth of the Progress Party would , however , most likely be followed by an immediate resurrection of the youth wing by Hagen @-@ loyal members . Høistad 's proposal was quickly co @-@ signed by the Akershus branch , through its leader Trine Beate Samuelsen , and the Buskerud branch through its leader Per Magne Pedersen . The county chapters in Telemark , Aust @-@ Agder , Vest @-@ Agder , Oppland and Rogaland also voiced support . Hordaland had considered it . National deputy Ole Tom Nomeland was reluctant to comment , but at the national convention he called Ellen Wibe " one of the finest people in Norwegian politics " . He was threatened with exclusion in June , ahead of the convention .
Two days before the national convention , the central committee convened and supported a dissolution of the Youth of the Progress Party . Lars Erik Grønntun even announced plans to cooperate more with the Norwegian Young Conservatives and the Young Liberals of Norway . Young Conservatives leader André Støylen was not negative .
The national convention agreed on dissolving the Youth of the Progress Party , with 63 against 21 votes . Hagen @-@ loyal members summoned the Progress Party national board , which overruled the decision , allowing the remaining members to continue with Ulf Leirstein as leader .
= = = Other defections = = =
Already before the national convention , the entire local party chapter in Osterøy was disestablished , but mainly due to the European Union controversy . The party had one representative in Osterøy municipal council at the time . One day after the national convention , delegate Kristian Eidesvik announced his withdrawal from the party , though he would sit through his tenure as member of Hordaland county council , which lasted until 1995 . Eidesvik was a former member of the central board , and also a former deputy member of Parliament . The same day former MP and youth wing leader Pål Atle Skjervengen withdrew , commenting that the libertarians " are asked by the party leadership to go to hell " . Skjervengen had been criticized by Carl I. Hagen from the rostrum at the national convention . Many years down the road Skjervengen joined the Conservative Party . Harald Eide Ellingsen , member of Stavanger city council , also left .
In Røyken municipal council , three of five representatives left the party , and a fourth , former MP Steinar Maribo , considered doing the same . As did Odd Magnar Brubæk , and former deputy MP Paal Bjørnestad . Terje Nyberget withdrew from the central committee in early May . The leader in the chapters in Finnmark and Nordkapp , Bjørn Magne Solvik , withdrew on 13 May . He cited a lack of liberalism , especially with regards to gay rights and immigration , as the reason . He was the only Progress Party member of a municipal council in Finnmark . Maribo withdrew some time in May . In late May , party secretary Hans Andreas Limi had counted 270 withdrawals , but also 76 new members . Municipal and county council member Liv Skrede left after the youth wing 's national convention in July , so did Tor Mikkel Wara , Ellen Wibe , Jan Erik Fåne and Petter Bjørheim . Hordaland county council member Lene C. Møgster Løtvedt left and joined the Conservative Party in October .
= = = New party = = =
Already during the national convention , the Youth of the Progress Party agreed to form an informal " thinking group " for disenfranchised members . Pål Atle Skjervengen was early in declaring an interest in forming a new , libertarian party . Those who resigned from the parliamentary group initially declared a lack of motivation to form a new party , and they also rejected the possibility of joining another party . They would instead vote according to the 1993 party program . Either way , in a parliamentary context they were known as independents for the remainder of their term . They did discuss the possibility of forming a " support group " which would help the four parliamentarians with practical issues . Odd Magnar Brubæk contributed advice on an informal basis from time to time . With some time passed since the Bolkesjø convention , it was decided to hold a formal conference to form a support group in mid @-@ June . Organizations in Akershus and Buskerud already existed , under the names of Fridemokratene Akershus and Buskerud Liberale Forum .
At the conference , the name Free Democrats ( Norwegian : Fridemokratene ) was adopted , and the band of four were chosen as leaders . Two hundred people joined , and it had four county leaders ; Per Aage Pleym Christensen for Akershus , Geir Thoresen for Buskerud , the former city council secretary Roy Venge Tollefsen in Oslo and Thor Simonsen in Østfold . Wibe , on the other hand , left politics , as did Lars Erik Grønntun . The board members of Aust @-@ Agder Youth of the Progress Party joined the Free Democrats in August . Ellen Christine Christiansen stated that " time will tell whether we become a political party " . The issue was discussed again at a national convention in September 1994 . The Vestfold chapter wanted to field in the Norwegian parliamentary election , 1997 with Oscar Hillgaar on the ballot , but this did not happen .
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= Ontario Highway 58 =
King 's Highway 58 , commonly referred to as Highway 58 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The route is divided into two segments with a combined length of 15 @.@ 5 km ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) . The southern segment travels from Niagara Regional Road 3 , formerly Highway 3 , in Port Colborne , to the Highway 58A junction in the southern end of Welland , a distance of 7 @.@ 2 km ( 4 @.@ 5 mi ) . The northern segment begins at Highway 20 near Allanburg and travels north and west to a large junction with Highway 406 at the St. Catharines – Thorold boundary , a distance of 8 @.@ 3 km ( 5 @.@ 2 mi ) . An 18 @.@ 1 km ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) gap separates the two segments within Welland and Pelham . The entire route is located within the Regional Municipality of Niagara .
The history of Highway 58 is tumultuous due to various relocation projects resulting from the construction of the fourth Welland Canal and Highway 406 . Prior to 1997 , Highway 58 was continuous and travelled through the west side of Welland , maintained under a Connecting Link agreement . The route was first established in 1935 , though it remained unnumbered on the 1935 and 1936 official road maps . By 1937 it extended from Port Colborne to St. Catharines , though the route it travelled between those places shifted several times over the following 30 years . In the late 1990s , the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) transferred several highways or portions of highways throughout the province to lower levels of government . Highway 58 was decommissioned through Welland on April 1 , 1997 .
= = Route description = =
The segment between Highway 406 in Thorold and Niagara Road 57 east of Thorold is a four @-@ lane freeway . It also contains the Thorold Tunnel , one of the three tunnels under the Welland Canal . The remaining segments vary between a two @-@ lane rural highway and four @-@ lane urban roadway . Overall , the highway is 15 @.@ 5 km ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) in length , with a 18 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometre ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) gap separating the two sections .
The southern section of Highway 58 begins at a junction with the former Highway 3 in the city of Port Colborne , several kilometres north of Lake Erie . South of this intersection , the road once continued as Niagara Regional Road 64 to Killaly Street ; such has since been downloaded to the city of Port Colborne . Proceeding north , the highway , known locally as West Side Road , passes through the suburbs of Port Colborne , north of which it skirts the eastern edge of the Wainfleet Bog , one of the few remaining habitats of the Massasauga Rattlesnake . West of Dain City , Highway 58 crosses the Port Colborne – Welland boundary at Forks Road , a grade @-@ separated intersection . The route crosses several rail lines on a bridge south of its terminus at Highway 58A ( Humberstone Road ) at the southern edge of the built up area of Welland . North of there , it continues as Niagara Regional Road 54 ( Prince Charles Drive )
The northern section of Highway 58 begins at an intersection with the western terminus of Highway 20 , approximately 3 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) east of Highway 406 , within Thorold . South of this intersection , the road that carries Highway 58 continues as Niagara Regional Road 82 , whereas west of the intersection the road that carries Highway 20 , Lundy 's Lane , continues as Niagara Regional Road 58 through Allanburg . Highway 58 proceeds north , at first along an established concession road , before branching to the east on its own alignment known as Davis Road . The route crosses several flooded valleys that form part of the Welland Canal before arriving at Thorold Stone Road , at which point Highway 58 turns west and enters the Thorold Tunnel , descending beneath the canal .
At the western end of the tunnel , Highway 58 emerges as a divided highway in Thorold . It meets an interchange with Pine Street ; the eastbound on @-@ ramp from Pine Street features a stop sign and no merging lane prior to entering the Thorold Tunnel . West of Pine Street , the route passes beneath a Trillium Railway line and curves slightly southwest . It encounters an interchange with Collier Street , gradually curving to the northwest and passing beneath Richmond Street . Highway 58 ends at a complicated interchange with both St. Davids Road as well as Highway 406 on the edge of the Niagara Escarpment .
= = History = =
The first portion of what became Highway 58 was assumed on September 4 , 1935 . Although only a short stub travelling south from Main Street in Welland ( then Highway 3A ) , it connected to a road owned by the Welland Canal Authority ( WCA ) travelling along the east side of the old canal , now known by various names including Barber Drive , Canal Road , Kingsway , and Canal Bank Street . Initially unnumbered , the route was extended to Port Colborne and St. Catharines on October 6 , 1937 , and by then had been given the designation of Highway 58 . It now began at Highway 3 in Port Colborne and travelled to Welland along the east side of the canal , and thereafter north along Niagara Street , the Merrittville Highway and Glenridge Road ( Niagara Regional Road 50 ) to Highway 8 in downtown St. Catharines .
On July 17 and 30 , 1958 , the Department of Highways assumed the West Side Road , constructed in the years prior by Welland County between Port Colborne and Welland . The old highway was turned back to the WCA on June 26 and September 4 of that same year . Highway 58 then entered Welland along what is now Prince Charles Drive , meeting and becoming concurrent with Highway 3A at Riverside Drive / Lincoln Street and then turning east along East Main Street . By 1960 , the Welland Bypass was completed along the routing of the former Niagara , St. Catharines and Toronto Railway interurban line – the final operating interurban railway in Canada , which ceased operations on the line on March 28 , 1959 . This rerouted the highway along what is now Prince Charles Drive northwest to Thorold Road , where it turned east to Niagara Street .
North of Welland , Highway 58 initially travelled concurrent with Highway 3A along Niagara Street and the Merrittville Highway to Highway 20 , where Highway 3A ended . Highway 58 turned east and travelled concurrent with Highway 20 across the Welland Canal at Allanburg , before turning north onto the current route . However , it continued north along Allanburg Road into Thorold , where it crossed the Welland Canal on a swing bridge and travelled north into St. Catharines along Ormond Street , Merritt Street and Hartzel Road ( Niagara Regional Road 52 ) to Highway 8 ( Queenston Street , now Niagara Regional Road 81 ) .
= = = Effect of the Thorold Tunnel and Highway 406 = = =
The routing of Highway 58 was eventually upheaved by two major changes within the Niagara Peninsula . The first was the construction of the Thorold Tunnel , which was built as part of the larger Welland Bypass project of the Welland Canal in order to minimize road and rail crossings that plagued the length of the canal prior to the 1970s . The Thorold Tunnel was designed to carry a divided four lane road beneath the canal , bypassing the swinging bridge between Allanburg Road and Ormond Street . It was built during the winter months between 1965 and 1967 , with the canal drained , and opened on September 18 , 1968 . Following its completion , Highway 58 was rerouted through the tunnel , west of which it forked . At the Pine Road interchange , one fork travelled north on Pine , east along Richmond Street and north along Ormond Street ( now Niagara Regional Road 52 ) . The other fork followed the present route . As part of the creation of the Regional Municipality of Niagara , Highway 8 was transferred to the newly formed region as well as the original alignment of Highway 58 .
The second change was the initial construction of Highway 406 in the mid @-@ 1960s , establishing a new northern terminus for Highway 58 at the St. Davids Road interchange on the Niagara Escarpment . The St. Davids Road interchange was fully opened with the Highway 406 extension to Beaverdams Road on November 21 , 1969 . Eventually Highway 406 would reroute the section of Highway 58 along the Merrittville Highway between Welland and Highway 20 to instead turn east from Niagara Street along Merritt Road , where it curved north to become the two @-@ laned Highway 406 . This happened when Highway 406 was extended south from Beaverdams Road to Merritt Road on June 30 , 1971 .
= = = Downloading = = =
Budget constraints brought on by a recession in the 1990s resulted in the Mike Harris provincial government forming the Who Does What ? committee in 1995 to determine cost @-@ cutting measures in order to balance the budget after a deficit incurred by former premier Bob Rae . It was determined that many Ontario highways no longer serve long @-@ distance traffic movement and should therefore be maintained by local or regional levels of government . The MTO consequently transferred many highways to lower levels of government in 1997 and 1998 ( downloading ) , removing a significant percentage of the provincial highway network . As Highway 58 had largely been replaced by Highway 406 , the central segment through Welland and Pelham was deemed to no longer serve long @-@ distance traffic , and was downloaded to the Regional Municipality of Niagara on April 1 , 1997 . It now exists as Regional Road 54 along Prince Charles Drive and Regional Road 50 along Niagara Street and the Merrittville Highway .
No part of Highway 58 today follows the original 1935 route along the Welland Canal . Only a 6 @.@ 7 @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 2 mi ) section of the 1937 routing , north from Highway 20 ( Lundy 's Lane ) is still used by the route now .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 58 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara .
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